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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans' History Project
Raymond Breen
World War II
1 hour 4 minutes 43 seconds
(00:00:25) Early Life
-Born in Zeeland, Michigan
-Tenth child out of twelve in the family
-Three of his siblings died in infancy
-Still has one sister who is ninety seven years old
-Still spends time with her
-Born on February 4, 1925
-Father was a woodworker and worked in a shop building furniture
-Moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan when he was seven years old
-Attended an elementary school on Leonard Street
-Went to Harrison Park Elementary School
-Attended Union High School
-Dropped out after the eleventh grade
-Went to work for the Grand Rapids Label Company
-Worked there until he got drafted
(00:03:14) Getting Drafted
-Every eighteen year old man had to register for the draft
-Told the officer that he wanted to get drafted as soon as possible
-Six weeks later he was in basic training
-Felt a duty to go and he also wanted to go
(00:03:56) Stationed at Camp Butner (Basic Training, Promotion, and Maneuvers)
-Sent to Camp Butner, North Carolina for basic training
-Went on maneuvers in Tennessee
-Promoted to the rank of staff sergeant during his time at Camp Butner
-After maneuvers in Tennessee he got a fifteen day leave
-After leave all of the privates and privates first class were sent overseas
-Many of them fought, and died, on D-Day
-Basic training was difficult
-Went on speed marches and twenty five-thirty mile hikes with a full backpack
-Got promoted to staff sergeant because he did his job well
-As a staff sergeant he was in charge of a squad of eight men and his squad had an 81mm
mortar
-Trained to be a mortar squad which is what they did in combat
-He was only nineteen years old
-In charge of one man who was thirty five years old and had five children
-He survived the war and was one of the first men sent home
-Stationed at Camp Butner from March 1943 to fall 1944
-He received his training during that time, and also helped train men
(00:09:04) Deployment to the European Theatre

�-Spent thirteen days on the Atlantic Ocean
-Sailed with a convoy
-One day they woke up and the ship was in the middle of the ocean, alone
-Engines had trouble and the convoy sailed on without them
-Completely at the mercy of the U-Boats
-Got the engines working and they managed to catch up with the convoy
-U-Boats became a problem when they got closer to England
-Destroyers engaged the submarines and drove them away by using depth charges
-Pulled into Southampton, England on October 26, 1944
-He did not get seasick
-Ran into a powerful storm
-Ship almost capsized
-Ship was a mess because of material getting thrown around and men getting
seasick
(00:12:18) Arrival in the European Theatre
-Stayed in a little English town for approximately one month
-Spent the time training and preparing to go over to mainland Europe
-Crossed the English Channel and landed at Le Havre, France on November 22, 1944
-Moved east into Belgium and stayed in tents for approximately one week
-Saw V2 Rockets going overhead toward London
-Went so fast that fighter planes couldn't shoot them down
-Traveled from France to Belgium on trucks
(00:14:27) Fighting in the Hurtgen Forest
-They received orders to move into combat and take up positions on the frontline
-His division, the 78th Infantry Division, relieved elements of the 1st Infantry Division
-Mortars were already set up and ready to be fired
-Mortar gunner in his squad had never fired a mortar before
-During a fire mission he dropped a shell too soon causing the mortar to
explode
-Killed him instantly
-Married before deploying and had been sure he would survive the
war
-First man in the 78th Infantry Division to get killed in action
-Their first position was in the Hurtgen Forest
-Stayed there for several weeks
-Stalemate in terms of advancing
-Had to wait for supplies
-Shelled often
-Ironically, they feared the the falling branches and trees more than the artillery
-German soldiers were only a few hundred yards away
-They stayed in slit trenches
-Finally advanced and began to push the Germans out of the Hurtgen Forest
-Encountered stiff resistance and heavy shelling
-Remembers a mortar landing on his slit trench
-The logs covering the trench saved his life
-They moved parallel to the frontline and took up a new position down the line

�(00:22:07) Advancing into Germany Pt. 1
-After breaking out of the Hurtgen Forest they advanced across German farms and cities
-The German people were good people, they just got deceived by Hitler
-He believes they should have figured out what he was and killed him
-Sometimes went into farm houses and asked for food
-Germans always gave them any food they could spare
-Supplemented their meager rations
-Remembers going to sit down and eat his dinner once
-Picked out a snow covered log and sat down
-Discovered that the log was actually a dead, frozen German soldier
-Had to sleep in foxholes with only a wool blanket
-No sleeping bag or tent
-Could only dig down a foot and a half because the ground was frozen
(00:26:00) Crossing the Rhine River Pt. 1
-His battalion in the 310th Infantry Regiment was the first to cross the Remagen Bridge
-March 8, 1945
-One of only two bridges left that spanned the Rhine River
-Drove up to the Remagen Bridge on trucks
-Ran across the bridge to the other side of the river
-German Stuka dive bombers attacked in a desperate bid to stop the Americans from
advancing
-All of the Stukas were shot down
-He remembers diving into a bomb crater
-A piece of metal from one of the planes landed next to him
-The Stukas crashed into the Rhine River
-One of the pilots bailed down, but was shot on his way down
-The bridge collapsed on March 17, 1945 killing twenty eight men
-Fought in the hills overlooking the Rhine River
-Suffered from battle fatigue and a high fever and got evacuated to a field hospital for
three days
-By then pontoon bridges were set up
(00:31:30) Advancing into Germany Pt. 2
-Rejoined his unit and continued with the advance into the hills and through the towns
-Got to a house and got bombarded by mortars
-Went into the basement
-Man in front of him was hit with shrapnel and died instantly
-On another occasion he was in the backyard running parallel to a brick wall
-A mortar landed only a few feet behind and obliterated the wall
-Never feared the German civilians
-One of the men in his unit got wounded by a German 88mm artillery shell
-They were carrying him back to a town to be treated by doctors
-Came upon a wounded German soldier
-One GI was left behind to inspect the soldier while the group continued
-A few minutes later he heard a gunshot and the GI rejoined them
-Believes that that was just cold-blooded murder
-He would have at least tried to help the man back to town

�-Entered the Ruhr Pocket
-German industrial area with larger cities
-Encountered more German civilians
-His duty was as a forward observer
-This meant he carried a radio and helped direct fire for the mortar teams
-On one occasion he was on a hill, directing fire, and the hill took German mortar
fire
-There was a platoon of black American soldiers dug in nearby
-One of those soldiers saw Ray needed cover
-He jumped out of his foxhole and ran to another one
-This allowed Ray to get into that man's foxhole and
survive
-During that time he saw five months of almost daily combat
(00:42:24) End of the War Pt. 1
-They were in the Ruhr Pocket at the end of the war
-Everyone, including German soldiers and civilians, knew the war was coming to an end
-Everyone also knew that the Allies were going to win
-Near the end of the war they got into a village and took fire from some of the buildings
-Ray went in to clear one of the houses and caught a German soldier
-He was trying to change into civilian clothes to avoid getting captured or
killed
-Marched the German out of the house in his long underwear
-The GIs and the other German prisoners laughed
-At the end of the war one GI could capture one hundred German soldiers with no
problem
-He could march them to a holding area for prisoners without any resistance either
-The German people were terrified of the Soviet soldiers
-He heard about how Soviet soldiers raped German women and murdered
civilians
-Remembers in one engagement they sprayed a field with machine gun fire
-Germans surrendered without returning fire
(00:48:36) Crossing the Rhine River Pt. 2
-After they crossed the Rhine River they ran into some German tanks
-He timed their shots as well as he could to avoid getting hit by a shell
-Managed to dodge the tanks and find cover
-Learned quickly that a lot of survival was based simply on instinct
(00:50:58) End of the War Pt. 2
-His unit was in a small town in the Ruhr Pocket when they received word of Germany's
surrender
-There were no major celebrations, but everyone was happy
-He received some leave and got to go to southern France
-Got to stay in the Riviera Hotel on the Mediterranean Sea
-Went there with a group of soldiers from his unit as well other units
-After his leave he rejoined his unit
-They moved to an abandoned German town and got established there for occupation
duty

�-His squad took over a small house
-Stayed in that town for months just waiting to go home
-Didn't have to do anything except exercise
(00:53:23) Coming Home &amp; End of Service Pt. 1
-Had to have eighty five points to get sent home and discharged
-Points were awarded based on length of service, combat seen, rank, and
dependents
-Taken by truck to France when he had enough points
-Boarded a ship and returned to the United States
(00:53:56) Bronze Star
-Near the end of the war he was alerted that four GIs were wounded behind enemy lines
-They were in the back of a broken down truck and needed to be evacuated
-Ray volunteered to take a jeep and save the men
-Brought one of the men from his squad to act as his driver
-Found the wounded GIs and loaded them onto the jeep
-Didn't know if they were going to get shot at, or a grenade thrown at them
-Managed to get all four of the men back to the rear and evacuated to a hospital
-Never found out if any of them survived
-Ray was awarded a Bronze Star for valor
-Learned that the driver wasn't awarded a Bronze Star
-Pushed his officer to make an appeal for the driver so he could be
recognized
-Officer tried, but nothing came of it
(01:00:06) Coming Home &amp; End of Service Pt. 2
-Feels that God was good to him and protected him during the war
-Left France on January 15, 1946
-Got home on January 31, 1946
(01:01:00) Life after the War
-Got a full-time job two weeks after coming home
-Got a job helping his future father-in-law
-Brother served in the Pacific Theatre and made it home without getting hurt
-Still wakes up thinking about certain events, things he will never forget
-Married his girlfriend in September 1946
-Married for sixty nine years as of September 2015
-Had three sons and one daughter
-Gary, Rick, Ray Jr., and Laura
(01:04:04) Reflections on Service
-Something he would not want to do again, but wouldn't trade his experience for anything
-Feels blessed to have gotten through it unharmed and is thankful

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Boring, Frank</text>
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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
World War II
Jane Breidenfield
Length of interview: (38:20)

(00:15) Early Life
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(00:20) Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on August 23, 1921
(00:30) She grew up in Grand Rapids and her father was a carpenter who made cabinets
for ice cream stores. Eventually he was forced to work for the WPA (Works Progress
Administration). He would eventually become the president of his carpenters union.
(2:00) Jane went to Union High school and graduated in 1939. Before and after
graduation she worked and managed a dairy store.
(4:30) She learned a lot about world events from her father’s conversations. She
remembers the shock of Pearl Harbor because her brother, who was in the army, was
stationed in the area.

(5:30) Enlistment and Training
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
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

(5:40) In 1943, she was walking by a recruiting station and decided to enlist in the
Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC).
(6:30) Jane was never asked what section she wanted to be in, they would put her where
she was needed.
(7:30) After taking a train from Grand Rapids to Chicago, she was taken to Fort
Oglethorpe, Georgia for training. There were several train cars for men joining the navy
and several for the women; the navy men never entered the women’s cabins
(9:00) When Jane arrived at Fort Oglethorpe, they were given cloths, assignments, and
sleeping quarters
(9:30) The women had to receive various shots and attend classes. Discipline was very
strict during training. Additionally, there were prisoners of war working the grounds; the
women were prohibited from going near the prisoners or talking to them
(11:30) Adjusting to the strict rules wasn’t difficult for Jane. Following orders in the
military was like obeying the rules in school. Few women in Janes group were
troublemakers

(12:00) Military Life in Florida


(12:20) Training lasted a total of six weeks. While Jane was awaiting her assignment, she
had to remain in a bivouac area for a week. She was eventually assigned to Orlando,
Florida. When the women arrived at their station, they would have to decide on whether
or not they would reenlist; Jane did but many of the women she trained with did not

�





















(14:30) After she arrived in Orlando, she became a plotter. A plotter placed points on a
large map that detailed flight missions overseas. The information would be sent to
Orlando from the personnel overseas. Most of these were bombing missions in Europe.
(16:40) They received the identification of the plane and its speed through headsets. The
only information the plotters received was related to the plane’s location; if something
went wrong with the mission, she was not told.
(17:50) There were usually four plotters working at once. Jane never attempted to learn
more about the missions she was plotting. Since they were always busy plotting missions,
they never got the chance to look at the officers to tell if they were concerned about the
missions that were being carried out.
(18:50) As the missions progressed, the markers used to plot the missions were moved in
real time.
(20:00) Jane was a plotter for a year and a half until better radar equipment was brought
in to replace the job of the plotters
(20:45) Life in Orlando was rather nice. Jane had a lot of freedom to explore the
surrounding area with the small group of friends that she had.
(21:30) There were two female officers, one colonel and one lieutenant who were in
charge of women such as Jane.
(22:00) The women were allowed to mingle with the men. Much of the social interaction
between the men and women occurred in a nearby beer garden, swimming pool, and
social house.
(23:00) Jane would also go into towns around Orlando and sell war bonds. To do this,
they entertained people by singing, dancing, and acting. (24:30) Jane established a small
children’s group to travel to elementary schools and sing.
(25:30) When the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps became the Women’s Army, the
women had to rejoin the service.
(26:00) Her experience with singing and acting was a part of her personal time as well as
her military job. There was a nearby theater where she would partake in various
activities.
(26:45) After her job plotting and selling war bonds ended, Jane became a teletype
operator. There were three shifts that the women rotated between. The most difficult part
of the job was working the 6pm to 12am shift and having to get up early for inspections.
(27:30) Jane began working as a teletype operator before the war ended (middle of 1945
and continued until six months after the war’s end.
(28:20) Jane’s task was to send encoded messages into a room where they were decoded.
After the messages were decoded, the teletype operators sent the messages to Tampa,
Florida and from there they were sent to Washington D.C.

(29:15) Post War Life and Reflections of Service


(29:30) After the war had ended, Jane was still working. Many of the women began to
feel as if they were not needed anymore; when the women finally approached their
commanding officer with their concerns, they were finally released (December 1945)

�
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
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

(30:40) After being discharged, Jane returned to Grand Rapids and joined the Army
Reserve
(32:30) Although the reserves consisted mostly of men, Jane never felt like she was
treated differently. This was much better than the way people treated them in Orlando
where people couldn’t accept the women in uniform. However, this negative stigma was
a result of the poor behavior of a small group of women.
(34:00) In regards to racial segregation, Jane was surprised because she had never
experienced it in Michigan. She remembers delivering a message and a young AfricanAmerican man was bowing to her; she felt that she didn’t deserve to be treated any
differently than any other person.
(35:00) Orlando was small compared to what it is today. Jane remembers that there were
several great restaurants and four or five lakes to swim in.
(35:50) When looking back on her experience in the service, she considers it to be some
of the best years of her life. Military life allowed her to be more sociable and tolerating.
Additionally, she learned to accept things that she normally would not.
(37:00) Jane didn’t look for work immediately after leaving the service because she
wanted to be reacquainted with her family. She would later find work in various places.

�</text>
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&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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Veterans History Project Interview
Fred Breuninger
Length: 34:43
(00:03) Background Information and Training
•
•
•
•
•

Fred was born on April 22, 1922
His father was a banker
He enlisted in the Air Force
He had gone to Castle Lake Military Academy so he knew how to do all of the drills and
marching
The basic training was in Midland, Texas and then he was moved to Sheppard Field,
Texas

(5:25) Deployment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Fred was sent to England with the 8th Air Force
He went over on a troopship called the Queen Mary [converted luxury liner]
Fred stayed in a state room above the water level
Once they got to Europe they had B-24 bombers
He was with the 446th bomb group
There were about 50 bases each with 50 bombers
Fred was part of the HQ company
Most of the activity happened early in the morning
He was in the S3 operations part of the HQ
During his stay in England he would work nights one week and days the next
There wasn’t much down time, they just worked and slept
Fred stayed in an officers’ hut

(22:10) War Ends
•
•
•
•
•

They packed up the base and Fred flew home in a B-24
Everyone thought they were going to Japan next
When they got to the US they were told they were going to be discharged
Fred took a plane to South Dakota and was discharged
He went back to Michigan and became a traveling sales manager

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                  <text>Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American</text>
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                  <text>Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American</text>
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                  <text>Oral history</text>
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                  <text>United States--History, Military</text>
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                  <text>United States. Army</text>
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                  <text>United States. Navy</text>
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                  <text>Veterans</text>
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                  <text>Video recordings</text>
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                  <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections &amp; University Archives</text>
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                  <text>Smither, James&#13;
Boring, Frank</text>
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                  <text>Veterans History Project (U.S.)</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                  <text>RHC-27</text>
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              <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>eng</text>
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              <name>Source</name>
              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="565790">
                  <text>&lt;a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455"&gt;Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Oral History</name>
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                <text>Breuninger, Fred (Interview outline and video), 2008</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Breuninger, Fred</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Fred Breuninger was born on April 22, 1922 and enlisted in the Air Force during WWII.  He had gone to Castle Lake Military Academy, and was put into a HQ company.  Fred was sent to England with the 8th Air Force in the 446th bomb group that used B-24 planes.  He was part of operations in the HQ Company.  They would work 14 hour shifts and alternate from days one week to nights the next.  After VE day Fred went back to the US and thought he was going to be sent to Japan, but was discharged and returned home to Michigan.</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Dion, Ben (Interviewer)</text>
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                <text> Caledonia High School (Caledonia, Mich.)</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Oral history</text>
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                <text>Veterans History Project (U.S.)</text>
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                <text>United States--History, Military</text>
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                <text>Michigan--History, Military</text>
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                <text>Veterans</text>
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                <text>Video recordings</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="505515">
                <text>United States. Air Force</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="505516">
                <text>World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>eng</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505518">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en"&gt;In Copyright&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505519">
                <text>Moving Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="505520">
                <text>Text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505525">
                <text>Veterans History Project (U.S.)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505526">
                <text>2008-06-01</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="547442">
                <text>BreuningerF</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="567185">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455"&gt;Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="794660">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="796729">
                <text>video/mp4</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1030780">
                <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
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        <src>https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8b578d8dd7e1d25e6cfd2d5c49248ef5.pdf</src>
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            <description/>
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                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
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                    <text>�</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Incunabula</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="765550">
                  <text>The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Coverage</name>
              <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                  <text>1450/1500</text>
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              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Incunabula Collection (DC-03)</text>
                </elementText>
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            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="765553">
                  <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en"&gt;No Copyright - United &lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Incunabula</text>
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                  <text>Printing 1450-1500</text>
                </elementText>
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            <element elementId="45">
              <name>Publisher</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="765555">
                  <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections &amp; University Archives</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                  <text>DC-03</text>
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              <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <name>Type</name>
              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                  <text>text</text>
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            <element elementId="44">
              <name>Language</name>
              <description>A language of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="765559">
                  <text>eng&#13;
it&#13;
la&#13;
nl &#13;
de</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763775">
                <text>Breviarium Misnense (Meissen) [folium 110]</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763776">
                <text>DC-03_110Breviarum1483</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763777">
                <text>One leaf from Breviarium Misnense (Meissen) commissioned by Johann von Weissenbach, bishop of Meissen. Printed in Meissen by Marcus Brandis on July 16, 1483.  Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW 5390; ISTC ib01168000]</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763778">
                <text>Meissen: Marcus Brandis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763779">
                <text>Incunabula</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="763780">
                <text>Printing 1450-1500</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763781">
                <text>la</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763782">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en"&gt;No Copyright - United States&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763784">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763785">
                <text>1483</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="763786">
                <text>Seidman Rare Books Collection</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="799307">
                <text>Text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775838">
                  <text>Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775839">
                  <text>Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775840">
                  <text>Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="38">
              <name>Coverage</name>
              <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775841">
                  <text>1910s-2010s</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="48">
              <name>Source</name>
              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775842">
                  <text>Various</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775843">
                  <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"&gt;Copyright Undetermined&lt;/a&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775844">
                  <text>Michigan</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778569">
                  <text>Saugatuck (Mich.)</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778570">
                  <text>Douglas (Mich.)</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778571">
                  <text>Michigan, Lake</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778572">
                  <text>Allegan County (Mich.)</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778573">
                  <text>Beaches</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778574">
                  <text>Sand dunes</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778575">
                  <text>Outdoor recreation</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="45">
              <name>Publisher</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775845">
                  <text>Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775846">
                  <text>Saugatuck-Douglas History Center</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="43">
              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775847">
                  <text>Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project)</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="42">
              <name>Format</name>
              <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775848">
                  <text>image/jpeg</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778576">
                  <text>application/pdf</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="51">
              <name>Type</name>
              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775849">
                  <text>Image</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778577">
                  <text>Text</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="44">
              <name>Language</name>
              <description>A language of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775850">
                  <text>English</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775851">
                  <text>2018</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
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                    <text>Living with PFAS
Interviewee: Brian Steglitz
Interviewer: Dani DeVasto
Date: October 8, 2021
Dani DeVasto: I’m Dani DeVasto and today, October 8, 2021, I have the pleasure of chatting
with Brian Steglitz. Hi Brian!
Brian Steglitz: How are you?
DD I’m fine, how are you?
BS: Good!
DD: Brian, can you tell me about where you’re from and where you currently live?
BS: So, I originally grew up in New Jersey, and have lived in several different locations. I was
working in Washington D.C. for a consulting firm before I moved to Michigan 25 years ago to
take a job with the city of Ann Arbor, as their weather treatment services engineer, so I’ve been
here since 1997, currently live in Ann Arbor, I am president of our water system, too, and
currently serving as the manager of the water treatment services unit for the city.
DD: Alright. Brian, can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS, or with PFAS in
your community?
BS: Uhh sure, so for us it really started back in 2014 when we had to sample this drinking water
as part of a safe drinking water act requirement, part of the monitoring rule, which is part of what
EPA looks at for evaluating emerging contaminants. So we had data from our water system
dating back to 2014 but we didn’t hear anything about it for several years. You know, EPA
comes up with lists of these things, utilities typically don’t know what the health issues are, or
really much about these, we just know that these are what they want data on so we continue to
investigate and explore. So, it wasn’t until probably 2016, 2017 it sort of started to become
more, the media picked up on some of these contaminants, the environmental working group
did a piece on utilities across the country that had PFAS in them, the water in Ann Arbor was
featured there, there was a news article that, “There are poisons in the city of Ann Arbor’s
water,” and the next thing I knew is Channel 7 news was showing up at our doorstep, wanting to
interview me about what we’re doing about these poisons in our waters. So, it was sort of a trial
by fire, we had no, we really didn’t have any information about what these things are, what they
did. No real indication that the levels we had were or were not problematic, so I mean, once
again the media sort of dictated the conversation so at that point we were really scrambling. So
we began to do our homework and understand what the science was around these chemicals
and where is this coming from, you know you, and back at that time, a lot of the contamination
associated PFAS was groundwater related in airport bases, it’s used as part of firefighting foam,
so A-FFF is a common thing sprayed on fires in our airports, it can get into groundwater, we
actually have 2 sources of water for our water supply, the first one being huron river, and the
second one being wells, and the wells are on our Ann Arbor airport property, so we were like,
“Let’s go, let’s sample the groundwater and then we can figure out what we can do about it, we
can replace the FFF that’s at the airport with a safer firefighting foam, maybe that will take care
of the issue. So this is what was going through our minds, originally the samples that we were

�doing were regulatory sampling, it was just in our finished water, so we didn’t know what the
source was, so we were just checking what the finished water contains. So it turns out it wasn’t
our well water, our wellwater had non-detectable levels of PFAS, so we were like, “Wow, that’s
really weird,” and we were at that point, no one had heard of any contamination levels
associated with PFAS, so we started to explore and we measured it, and it was in the heron
river. We started doing some analytical testing and we went upstream and we were trying to see
where, was there a certain distance upstream, does it just disappear, like can we find out where
maybe it’s getting into the watershed? And we might’ve gone up maybe ten miles north of Ann
Arbor in our watershed, and we just continued to see it at similar concentrations, so there’s this
background, on the river? We really didn’t know where it was going, we started engaging
conversations with the state of Michigan, they ended up putting together a really robust
sampling unit, and they went way upstream, like they went over 50 miles upstream, and they
quickly found that there is a creek entering the huron river that is 50 miles upstream that had
extremely high levels of PFAS. I think at the time it was tens of thousands of parts per trillion,
and just to give you a magnitude, we were seeing like somewhere between 50 to 100 parts per
trillion of total PFAS at our intake down in Ann Arbor, so it it was getting into the river at tens of
thousands, then being diluted as it mixed in with the main stretch of the river, so then they
started exploring this creek, so what’s coming in from this creek? The wixam waters treat plant
empties their discharge into this creek, so their affluent was sampled, extremely high levels of
PFAS. So anyway, to make a longer story shorter, it ended up that there is a manufacturing
company that called Tribar, who manufactures parts for the auto industry and they use PFAS
containing chemicals as part of their suppressant to protect their workers, and it’s in their
wastewater, and it’s all over their property, so it’s getting into their storm drains, and so they
were, they’re probably the source of at least 50% of the PFAS that we see in Ann Arbor. So this
took a while, this wasn’t something we discovered right away, this was maybe years in as we
went through this investigation. So the state began to intervene, they’re out of our jurisdiction so
we had little control, and there’s also limited to no regulation, so there were some health
advisory levels at this time, but no regulation, so a lot of this was just collaborative work, like,
“are there things you can do?” so the polluter was not very responsive to taking any voluntary
action, so it took some litigation involving attorney, and consent degrees to eventually implement
some changes, and in subsequently they put in some treatment on their discharges that go to
the wixam plant and now there are guidelines for the wastewater, that comes out or wixam that
gets to the river, unfortunately they’re still out of line with what the drinking water standards are,
so we are still responsible for taking out PFAS from our source water, which I think is very
unfortunate, because customers in Ann Arbor are paying for PFAS remediation which should be
handled, but that’s the philosophical discussion, but it is part of our story, and it’s something that
I’m still fighting for, and I think we should be looking at this more holistically at a water shed level
and make sure that there is alignment, they’re putting it in, I think they should be responsible for
taking it out, so my customers don’t have to deal with it. So that’s the story of how it got into the
system. Through this time a lot of other things have happened, also. So, there was Sconan
Michigan where they had some surface water bodies that had this very bright white foam
accumulating, and there were some stories about PFAS accumulating in the foam, and it’s a
health issue and people should stay away from it, well, we operate and maintain four dams on
the river, and as the water cascades over these dams, foam is generated, and in some cases

�there’s standing foam on the river, and one of my bright ideas is, “Let’s sample this, just to make
sure that there’s not high concentrations of PFAS, and of course where you look you will find,
and we found PFAS in the high tens of thousands of parts per trillion, and in foam sitting in the
heron river where we have people recreate. So we share this information with the state and
people were just freaking out, because no one had had done this type of sampling in this type of
environment, so very quickly, all the health departments in the state were together in a meeting
explaining our situation to them and we’re deciding, “What do we do about this,” and in parallel
with this, the state was taking samples from fish that were living in the heron, and analyzing
them for PFAS, and very quickly we finding that there were hundreds of thousands of parts per
trillion in certain species of fish, so they’re just trying to deal with all these different issues, we
have the drinking water issues, we have the environmental exposure issues, so very soon there
was a “do not eat fish” advisory and it still exists, due to PFAS along the huron river and we
have a lot of anglers who fish. Ann Arbor also has the largest livery in the state of Michigan, in
terms of people, and we have people who canoe and kayak and paddleboard across all these
areas where we have accumulated foam. So subsequently to this there was a “do not eat foam”
advisory, and we never thought that people were coming to Ann arbor just to eat foam, but we
had to post signage to reflect that risk and people had dogs swimming in there keep them away,
so it became a big thing where we were dealing with this from a lot of different places. We
eventually tested things like our compost and we found PFAS in our compost and there’s still
really not a clear direction that has been given to customers that are using this. If you’re putting
your compost into your vegetable garden, there’s a chance of getting some uptake in your food,
so should we post the PFAS levels, and what does that mean? Are there hazards? We’re still
dealing with this evolving issue, and it’s not just a drinking water issue, it’s a community issue. I
think we’re been very transparent about how we handle this and sharing data with our
community and we’ve been very upfront about talking about it even when we didn’t have the
answers and I think that this has built up a lot of trust in our communities. We completely
revamped our public strategies once this hit because if you look at our media coverage of Ann
Arbor in 2016-17, it was all about poisons. This is not the type of coverage you want as a
drinking water utility. You want people to be drinking your water, and if they’re not, you can’t
serve them. So we hired somebody to help with this conversation, so we rebranded the utility
because of PFAS, and we developed a new logo. We have this URL that’s called
qualitywatermatters.org and we use that to talk about this issue. Quality associated with us was
really important to us. If you look at how the community has responded after several years,
we’ve completely changed the perspective on Ann Arbor water, and we’re seen as a leader,
we’ve participated with the state, I’ve testified on PFAS in congress. We are seen as (Audio cuts
out) Ann Arbor Handle it. We have a newsletter called quality water matters and we have as
close to real time information as we can, that we send out monthly. Normally we’d submit our
report yearly, six months into the next one, so the data is old, but now it’s every month, with
these emerging contaminants. It’s been a big part of what I’ve been dealing with these past
several years, but I think we’ve learned a lot and we’ve done a really good job of dealing with a
problem that was fatal to the water. We’re on the cusp of a $100M water improvement plan and
we need to get community support for this. This is the largest water system project in history of
Ann Arbor, and right now what we’re finding is that one of the alternatives is connecting to
Grand Rapids water authority. Should we maintain water autonomy or should we join with the

�water system and make the investments in Ann Arbor? Our township customers in Ann arbor
township are all saying we’re able to deal with these water threats. We want to keep control of
the water system, and 5 years ago they wouldn’t have said that, so being transparent tells them
we’re able to handle this, which helps. We’ve been part of research. We’ll do whatever we do to
make our water drinkable, and I want people to know we’re looking for solutions for everyone in
the water community. We have pilot systems we’ve set up to study how to better remove these,
with types of filtering media, exchange resins, things that we don’t have at our plant, we’re
building and looking at capabilities to remove these, and we’ll be publishing this, so we’re part of
the solution, developing answers.
DD: That’s awesome, that’s inspiring, so it really sounds like you’ve been busy!
BS: We’ve been busy, yeah!
DD: So you mentioned before, you kind of told the story of how the PFAS got into the water, can
you say anything about how it’s now getting out?
BS: So we quickly started to look at the tools in our toolbox, and we already had an inland water
river. In Michigan, that’s unusual, we’re surrounded by the great lakes, there’s a lot of
groundwater, but an inland river has very significant water quality variability because it rains and
the water river could change rapidly, so our plant is probably the most complex in Michigan, so
we already had a lot of technology to deal with stuff like this, so we have filters that contain
grano activated carbon, that’s probably the best available thing that can remove PFAS, but we
weren’t using the right medium, a different type of carbon. There’s lots of variables, and we
settled with one, and we used it for all of it, and it took a couple of years. Our filters are mixed
media, they have sand and carbon. Sand is a marble, but carbon has a bigger surface area, and
PFAS will stick to it, and the carbon will absorb the PFAS and other things, so you have to
replace it, which we already did. Once we started doing that, we looked at how long it would
take, so we started sampling filters to predict the life expectancy, which while costly, helps. So
we settled on a 2 year life, increasing costs by 3K a year. It used to be landfilled, but we’ve been
working to regenerate it, cooking the carbon to get rid of the PFAS, one of the best ways to
destroy it. They bring it back to us so we can reuse it. We’ve made some graphs for the
community about PFAS and how we want to keep from landfilling because that doesn’t help the
environment. PFAS strains are different, some we’re able to remove, but not the smaller ones,
because the bigger ones will kick them off to stick instead through competitive absorption. We’ll
get pretty good removal of all the big ones, the ones we know the most about, but the shorter
ones will be coming to. Looking into the future, we’re keeping an eye on what we can do about
these little ones, and the public health impacts. This is not going away, we’re still learning, and
we’re just trying to stay one step ahead of science so we can be prepared.
DD: Well, it sounds like you guys are doing a lot of really good work, and being really proactive
which is really nice to hear! So, you did hint at my other question about moving forward, are
those the two that you would say, or did you want to add anything else?

�BS: I’m concerned about our ability to deal with this that our current tools don’t have and the
challenge of making affordable safe water depending upon what the rules are. There is a cost
element. We could regulate something at a low level, but nothing exists to do that, so seeing
how technology develops for this, and there’s a lot of research and money, and the university of
Michigan is looking at using plasmas, I don’t quite understand it, but there’s a lot going on trying
to figure out the best solution is. To me, it’s very clear what the best solution is, which is keeping
it out of the environment. We’re lobbying the EPA about the toxic substances control act as they
look at new poisons, we need to be looking at this ahead of time as opposed to afterwords,
which has been the biggest flaw. We need to prevent them from getting in the environment
before we do anything, so we’re pusing EPA to use existing tools to protect all of us.
DD: For sure. So before we wrap up, is there anything else you’d like to add that we haven’t
touched on or anything you’d like to say more about?
BS: I don’t think so, unless there’s anything I missed.
DD: I very much enjoyed listening to your story and all the work that you’re doing, so thank you
so much, Brian, for taking the time to share your story today.
BS: You’re welcome.

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