959 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fcfce0262e4e76ee452f98a79f9dba1b.jpg 96a902fc20d03abaac194788bea6b578 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS1717 .H43 1898 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0100 Title A name given to the resource The Heart of Toil Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Margaret (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The Heart of Toil, by Octave Thanet (pseudonym), published by C. Scribner's Sons, 1898. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1898 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/46ef9b720d084281e47df6e512c838dc.jpg 9b232b415a15ca577f7f12c586d639f0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PR9199.3.R5269 H42 1906 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0366 Title A name given to the resource The Heart That Knows Description An account of the resource Binding of The Heart That Knows, by Charles G.D. Roberts, published by L.C. Page and Company, 1906. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3c5c0b8e41c3d02e9519495c15162a2.mp3 a461e547f48b637fee05c5dbf2e34218 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Epiphany I Scripture Text Psalm 42:1-2, Matthew 2:2 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19860112 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-01-12 Title A name given to the resource The Heart's Yearning: The Quest for God Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on January 12, 1986 entitled "The Heart's Yearning: The Quest for God", on the occasion of Epiphany I, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Psalm 42:1-2, Matthew 2:2. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c75614e6c706bdfd2fe6754571b6aaed.mp3 c1a13aa53db129e8a1d15093ed0f85e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Advent I Scripture Text Isaiah 11:1, I Thessalonians 4:14, 17 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19851201 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-12-01 Title A name given to the resource The Hereafter - Wishful Thinking Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on December 1, 1985 entitled "The Hereafter - Wishful Thinking", on the occasion of Advent I, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Isaiah 11:1, I Thessalonians 4:14, 17. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1e993e32caa7bc59d6887d81e9247a02.jpg 8ca2da5fa82391703cbe7f1deeb98d3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Michigan Novels Collection. PS3505.R948 H4 1902 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0016 Title A name given to the resource The Heroine of the Strait: A Romance of Detroit in the Time of Pontiac Description An account of the resource Binding of The Heroine of the Strait: A Romance of Detroit in the Time of Pontiac, by Mary Catherine Crowley, published by Little, Brown, and Company, 1902. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sacker, Amy (Designer) Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6cee4bdce54e060e280f3213838da313.mp3 c6cdc40ef928d179451e71f2b1805b18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Lent IV Series The Human Face of God Scripture Text Mark 14:36 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19870329 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-03-29 Title A name given to the resource The Highest Freedom: Thy Will Be Done Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on March 29, 1987 entitled "The Highest Freedom: Thy Will Be Done", as part of the series "The Human Face of God", on the occasion of Lent IV, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Mark 14:36. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ab23a1060cf620833af927091527da4f.pdf b2672f02f651c1d5e9b2047814318f66 PDF Text Text �The Highland Charter Township Comprehensive Plan Prepared by: Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated and Gerald Luedtke and Associates Project Director: Robert K. Swarthout, A.I.C.P., P.C.P., initially as Vice President of Gerald Luedtke and Associates, and subsequently as President of Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated. Associate Project Planner: Neil A. Grossberger, initially as Director of Design for Gerald Luedtke and Associates, and subsequently as Director of Design for Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated . Final graphic design, preparation and layout by Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated. All final maps and diagrams by Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated. Aerial photography by Oakland County Planning Division. Other photography by Neal A. Grossberger and Robert K. Swarthout. Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1 and 10.2 originally prepared by Neal A. Grossberger for Gerald Luedtke and Associates and revised by Neal A. Grossberger and Mary Steffy for Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated. �J J The Highland Charter Township Comprehensive Plan Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated �J J J -, J HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES Roy Burley Chairman Ronald Selke Supervisor David Wohleen Vice Chairman Willis Bullard, Jr . , Supervisor During Plan Preparation A. Roscoe Smith Secretary Joyce Izzi Clerk Eugene Beach, Jr. Member Lillian Ann Walker Treasurer Dr. Raymond Brown Member Clarence Carlson Trustee James Diesch Member Charles Cooper Trustee Emily Ingle Member Marie Hewitt Trustee Joyce Izzi Member Nancy Sharp Trustee Susan Mahle Member HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP ZONING STAFF U. Sidney Beach Past Secretary deceased Helen Armstrong Zoning Administrator This Comprehensive Plan for the Charter Township of Highland has been prepared pursuant to Act 285 of 1931, as amended, the 11 Municipal Planning Commission Act. 11 The Land Use Map (Figure 7.1) became effective August 26, 1982 with the unanimous approval of the Charter Township of Highland Planning Commission. The balance of this Comprehensive Plan became effective January 13, 1983 with the unanimous approval of the Planning Commission. �CONTENTS 1. POPULATION ........................................................... 1 Past Growth Pattern .................................................. 1 Social Patterns ...................................................... 3 Economic Factors ..................................................... 3 Age Structure ........................................................ 5 Population Projections ............................................... 5 Holding Capacity ..................................................... 6 2. COMMERCIAL BASE ANALYSIS ............................................ 11 Existing Commercial Facilities ...................................... 11 Milford Road Commercial Corridor .................................... 12 East Highland Commercial Area ....................................... 12 . West Highland Commercial Area ....................................... 12 Duck Lake Commercial Area ........................................... 13 Projection of Future Commercial Development ......................... 13 Determination of Trade Area ......................................... 13 Determination of Future Trade Area Sales Potential .................. 14 Determination of Locally Captured Portion of Future Sales Potential ......................................... 14 Determination of Retail Floor Area Requirements ..................... 15 Determination of Office Facility Floor Area Requirements ............ 16 Determination of Land Area Requirements ............................. 16 Comparison to Existing Land Use ..................................... 16 Recreation-Oriented Commercial Development .......................... 18 3. INDUSTRIAL BASE ANALYSIS ............................................ 25 Existing Industrial Development ..................................... 25 Potential for New Industrial Development ............................ 27 Locational Requirements for Industry ................................ 28 Employment Projections and Industrial Land Use Needs ................ 29 Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 30 4. J J J NATURAL FEATURES ANALYSIS ........................................... 35 Physiography and Topography ......................................... 35 Water Bodies and Wetlands ........................................... 38 Woodlands .................. .-........................................ 38 Septic Suitability .................................................. 38 Importance of Natural Features ...................................... 42 J J J J iii �5. VISUAL QUALITY ANALYSIS ............................................. 43 Methodo 1ogy ......................................................... 43 Traffic Volumes ..................................................... 43 Seen Zones .......................................................... 44 Visual Sensitivity .................................................. 44 Visual Variety ...................................................... 45 Visual Importance ................................................... 45 Visual Analysis Summary ............................................. 49 6. EXISTING LAND-USE DETERMINANTS ...................................... 51 Res i den ti a1 Determinants ............................................ 52 Commercial and Industrial Determinants ................ . ............. 52 Pub 1i c and Semi -Pub 1i c Determinants ................................. 53 Open Space and Recreation Determinants .............................. 54 Land-Use Issues ..................................................... 55 7. LAND-USE POLICIES .............................. ." .................... 71 Residential Development Policies .................................... 71 Commercial and Office Development Policies .......................... 73 Industrial Development Policies ..................................... 74 Open Space and Recreation Policies .................................. 75 9. I~ LAND-USE PLAN ................................................ ~ ...... 57 Residential Development ............................................. 61 Agriculture and Rural Single-Family Development. .................... 61 Medium- and Small-Lot Single-Family Development ..................... 62 Open Space Single-Family Development ................................ 62 Multiple-Family Development ......................................... 64 Mobile Home Park Development ........................................ 64 Residential Development Boundaries .................................. 65 Phased Residential Zoning Strategy .................................. 65 Commercial and Office Development ................................... 67 Industrial Development .............................................. 70 Open Space and Recreation Development ............................... 70 8. ,,,.. THOROUGHFARES AND TRANSPORTATION SERVICES ......................... . . 77 Existing Thoroughfare System ........................................ 77 Existing Thoroughfare Conditions .................................... 77 Existing Road Classifications ....................................... 78 Current Traffic Volumes and Capacities .............................. 81 Future Traffic Volumes and Needs .................................... 83 Proposed Thoroughfare Development ................................... 84 Seen i c Ori ves ....................................................... 85 Pedestrian-Bicycle Greenways ........................................ 85 Other Transportation Services ....................................... 85 r T :r T r ~ r...,.... iv �10. COMMUNITY FACILITIES ................................................ 87 TOWNSHIP OFFICES AND DEPARTMENTS .................................... 87 Space Analysis and Projection Methodology ........................... 87 Uniform Space Allocation Standards .................................. 89 Office of the Township Supervisor ................................... 91 Office of the Township Clerk ........................................ 93 Office of the Township Treasurer .................................... 95 Office of the Township Assessor ..................................... 97 Office of the Township Building Department .......................... 99 Zoning and Planning Department ..................................... 101 Engineering Department ............................................. 103 Township Maintenance Department .................................... 103 Township Hall Existing and Required Functional Space ............... 104 FIRE SERVICES AND PUBLIC SAFETY .................................... 105 Fi re Services ...................................................... 105 Public Safety ...................................................... 105 SCHOOL FACILITIES .................................................. 107 LIBRARY FACILITIES ................................................. 108 WATER, SANITARY SEWER, AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES ......... 108 PIPELINE EASEMENTS ................................................. 109 HEALTH CARE SERVICES ............................................... 110 OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION FACILITIES ... . ........................... 110 11. Conservation Easement Program ...................................... 113 Subdivision Design Controls and Open Space Subdivision Design ...... 114 Historic Preservation Program ...................................... 115 Architectural Control Program ...................................... 116 J J J J J - BEAUT I FI CATION ..................................................... 113 12. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ............. '.············:117 Zoning Ordinance ................................................... 117 Subdivision Ordinance .............................................. 117 Capital Improvements Program ....................................... 118 Mapped Improvements Ordinances ..................................... 118 Historic District Preservation ..................................... 118 Federal and State Grants-In-Aid .................................... 118 Public Information Program ......................................... 119 Planning Advisory Services ......................................... 119 Improvements of Commercial Areas ................................... 119 Tax Incentives ..................................................... 119 Financing Private Improvements ..................................... 120 Financing Public Improvements ...................................... 121 J j V JI �TABLES Table 1.1: Population of Highland Township and Surrounding Units of Government 1920-1980 .................... 7 Table 1.2: Numeric and Percentage Population Growth for Highland Township and Surrounding Units of Government .......................... . ..................... 8 Table 1. 3: Population per Household for Highland Township and Surrounding Units of Government .......................... 8 Table 1.4: Proportion of Population in the 15 - 44 Year Age Bracket ..................................... 9 Table 1.5: Population Projections for Highland Township ................. 9 Table 1. 6: Alternate Population Growth Patterns ......................... 9 Table 2.1: Population Growth in the Highland Township Trade Area ................................ 19 Table 2. 2: Total Personal Income in the Highland Township Trade Area ................................ 19 Table 2.3: Expenditures of Personal Income in the Detroit Metropolitan Area ............................ 20 Table 2.4: Potential Retail Sales in Highland Township: 1980 .......... 21 Table 2. 5: Potential Retail Sales in Highland Township: 1980 .......... 21 Table 2.6: Potential Retail Sales in Highland Township: Year 2000 ..... 22 Table 2. 7: Sal es per Square Foot of Gross Leas able Area ................ 22 Table 2.8: Retail Space Needs .......................................... 23 Table 2.9: Office Space Needs .......................................... 23 Table 2.10: Parking and Site Requirements ............................ . .. 24 Table 2.11: Land Area Needs ............................................. 24 Table 3.1: Work Force Projections for Highland Township ................ 32 Table 3. 2: Employment Characteristics of Various Types of Industry ..... 32 Table 3.3: Industrial Land and Building Needs for Highland Township Labor Force ........................... 33 [,,... Table 3.4: Industrial Land and Building Needs within Highland Township .................................... 33 ~ :r t T Lr T T T .,.... vi t �Table 6.1: Existing Land Use in Highland Township ...................... 51 Table 7.1: Highland Township Land Use Plan Tabular Summary of Land Uses ................................ 57 Table 7.2: Additional Residential Holding Capacity of the Land-Use Plan ........................................ 66 Table 10.1: Space Assignment Standards .................................. 89 Table 10.2: Supervisor's Office Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ............................ 90 Table 10.3: Clerk's Office Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ............. . .............. 92 Table 10.4: Treasurer's Office Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ............................ 94 Table 10.5: Assessing Department Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ............................ 96 Table 10.6: Building Department Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ............................ 98 Table 10.7: Zoning and Planning Department Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ................. 100 Table 10.8: Engineering Department Existing and Projected Personnel and Space Requirements ........................... 102 Table 10.9: Township Government Functional Space Requirements .......... 104 J J J J 7 vii �- J J - J J 1. POPULATION �1. POPULATION Introduction Highland Township experienced a decrease in population during the early part of this century due to the coming of the tractor and state purchase of recreation land. However, Highland Township has experienced steady population growth for the last fifty years. During each of the decades between 1940 and 1970, the township posted population increases of between 60 and 70 percent. In the decade from 1970 to 1980, the township's population more than doubled. The 1980 Census enumerated the township's population at 16,958. Highland Township has grown because it is a desirable place to live. Many people who work in more densely developed portions of the metropolitan area enjoy the rural character of the township. Single-family homes have been constructed on scenic wooded sites surroun~ing the township ' s lakes, and many houses that were once used only during the summer have been converted for year-round use. New residents have been added in three mobile home parks located in the township. The rising cost of energy for transportation probably will dampen enthusiasm for living long distances from work. Highland Township's future population growth will be less than if energy costs were still low. However, population projections contained herein assume that Highland Township will continue to be a desirable rural residential area . The projected future population growth in Highland Township will affect the need for various land uses in the township. Many factors that affected past growth still will be important considerations in the future. These factors and additional influences on populat i on growth in Highland Township are analyzed below. Past Growth Pattern J J J J The strong population growth trend in Highland Township is similar to the growth trends in neighboring townships in Oakland County, as shown in Tables 1.1 and 1.2, and Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The growth rates of Milford Township, located south, and Rose Township, located north of Highland Township, have been most similar to Highland Township's growth rate, especially in the last thirty years . All three townships have been characterized by steady growth with dramatic increases in the last ten years . White Lake Township, located east of Highland Township, exhibited steady population growth in the early 1900's with a peak growth rate between 1940 and 1950. Since 1950, the population of White Lake Township has been increasing, but at a slower rate. The growth pattern exhibited by White Lake Township may be a general prototype that Highland Township and similar nearby townships follow. Based on White Lake Township's pattern, Highland Township and similar townships could expect to experience a slower rate of growth in future years, even though the population will continue to increase numerically. The growth rates of Oakland County peaked between 1950 and 1960, and between 1970 and 1980 its population increased only 11.6 percent. A decrease in the actual population or in the population growth rate in the County's urban centers are the primary reasons for the overall decrease in ] ... J 1 �1930 1930-1940 1940 1940-1950 1950 1950-1960 1960 1970 1960-1970 1980 1970-1980 .,- ,r 2 I �population growth in the County. Since 1980 the population of Highland Township has represented a continuously larger proportion of the total population of Oakland County (see Figure 1.3). Even though the population growth of Oakland County is expected to continue to decrease through the year 2000, Highland Township's population is not likely to represent a much greater proportion of the County's total population, since the township's growth is expected to also begin leveling off. Social Patterns Social patterns, such as size of household and number of children per household, affect population growth. Highland Township and other communities in Oakland County have experienced a nationwide phenomenon, the trend toward smaller households. As seen in Table 1.3, the number of persons per household in Highland Township decreased from 3.62 to 3.22 in the period from 1970 to 1980. Oakland County experienced a decrease from 3.29 to 2.84 persons per household in the same period. The decrease in household size is reflected in school enrollment figures for the Huron Valley Schools. The kindergarten enrollment in school year 1975-76 (birth year 1970) was 775 students. Since then the enrollment has decreased steadily to a low of 629 kindergarten students in school year 1980-81 (birth year 1975). Even though the construction of new housing units has shown a healthy increase in the last ten years, the trend toward fewer children and smaller households has resulted in slower population increases. If the trend toward smaller households continues, it will have a leveling effect on population growth. Economic Factors J ] ] Economic factors, such as the general state of the Michigan economy, commercial and industrial growth, and the cost of fuel, will affect population growth in Highland Township. The depressed state of the automobile industry has a dampening effect on other facets of the economy. With high unemployment levels and commercial and industrial growth at a low ebb, families are less likely to relocate in more outlying communities such as Highland Township. High interest rates make new homes difficult to afford. New residential construction in Michigan in 1980 was over forty percent below the 1979 building rate. In Highland Township, only 81 building permits were issued for residential construction in 1980, compared to an average of 204 permits per year for the 1970-1979 period. If, as some analysts expect, Michigan's automobile industry does not return to earlier high levels of activity, even after the current downturn has run its course, then long-term residential growth throughout Southeast Michigan will be dampened. High fuel costs also will continue to affect population growth in Highland Township. People who once may have considered Highland Township or another ] ""I I _, 3 �- 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 T T 1985 1990 1995 2000 T - ~ 4 _1 r �nearby community as a desirable suburban location, are now seeking a residence closer to employment and commercial centers. Other people who were considering converting their summer home for year-round use are postponing the conversion because of prohibitive driving costs to and from their place of employment. Age Structure I I I I Age structure is a determinant of the rate of natural increase in the population. The potential for natural population increase is generally reflected in the proportion of the total population in the 15 to 44 age bracket. The 1980 U. S. Census revealed that Highland Township and Oakland County had a slightly higher proportion of people in this age bracket compared to the state or nation as a whole (Table 1.4). In 1980 approximately 51 percent of Highland Township's population was 15 to 44 years of age compared to 43.6 percent of the total United States population. Based on these data Highland Township should experience a steady natural increase in population in the future similar in magnitude to the natural increase in the nation and state as a whole. Between 1970 and 1980 the State of Michigan experienced a natural population increase of approximately 3.5 percent. The potential for natural increase in recent years has been tempered by a nationwide trend toward smaller families. Population Projections The most detailed population projection for Highland Township was completed by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG). The projection is based on the refinement of one growth alternative selected from a total of six alternatives studied. SEMCOG technicians and local representatives choose the alternative they thought would be most likely to occur. They then prepared input data and data manipulation procedures to sharpen the accuracy of t he projection. The resultant seventh alternative foresees a steady increase in the population of Highland Township resulting in a total population of 25,363 by the year 2000 (see Table 1.5 and Figure 1.4). An alternate population projection based on the apportionment method forecasts a slightly lower population for Highland Township in the year 2000. The apportionment method is based on the percentage of Oakland County's population that is expected to reside in Highland Township. Currently 1.67 percent of Oakland County's population resides in the township, up from 0.92 percent in 1970. The township's share of the county population is expected to increase slightly in future years, then level off. If Highland Township ultimately contains two percent of the county's population, then the population of the township in the year 2000 will be about 23,507 people. This estimate is calculated using SEMCOG's forecast of population for the County as a whole. - Both the apportionment method forecast and the SEMCOG forecast project continuous population growth through the year 2000. After a 26 percent increase in population in the period between 1980 and 1985, the apportionment method forecasts a leveling off in the growth rate through the year "1 I . 5 �2000. The SEMCOG forecast projects steady growth throughout the 1980-2000 period. The two forecasts are within a relatively small range in the forecast for the year 2000, with a minimum projection of 23,507 and a maximum projection of 25,363. Both the SEMCOG and Oakland County apportionment population projections were completed without consideration of the impact of the economic trough into which Michigan fell during the period this plan was under preparation. That economic trough has already been deep enough and long-lasting enough to indicate that Highland Township's population growth over the next two decades could be significantly less than projected. How much less will depend on when and to what extent Michigan 1 s economy improves during the planning period. Holding Capacity The amount of land allocated to residential use and the density of development on that land will determine the ultimate population in Highland Township. A total of 7,739.3 acres in Highland Township are in residential use according to a 1981 land use inventory completed by the Oakland County Division of Planning. Thus, the density of existing residential development is only 2.1 people per acre. According to the 1981 land-use inventory about 5,677.0 acres are vacant and about 2,314.6 acres are used for agricultural purposes. The agricultural and vacant lands are the areas where future residential development will occur. These lands must be developed at a comparatively low density because of the standards for septic systems. Based on sewer plans prepared by the Oakland County Department of Public Works and the township engineers, only existing areas of concentrated development will be serviced by new sewer construction. Thus development on other lands will be limited by the capacity of septic systems. A household survey in Highland Township found that lots of one acre or larger generally have fewer septic system difficulties. To meet requirements for isolation of wells and provision for two or more sites for the safe location of tile fields would require a 50,000 square-foot lot or more, provided that a 200-foot lot width was adhered to. As shown in Table 1.6, the potential for population growth varies depending on the amount of agricultural and vacant land allocated for residential use and the density of development on the land. Alternate A shows a lowdensity development pattern with a minimum amount of land allocated to 50,000 square foot lots. Under this scenario the population could increase by 9,179 people. Alternate C shows a high-density development pattern with forty percent of the land allocated to 50,000 square foot lots. Under this scenario the population could increase by 15,708 people. Under Alternate B the population would increase by 10,557 people with twenty percent of the land allocated to 50,000 square foot lots. It is unlikely that all of the existing agricultural and vacant lands will eventually be used for residential purposes, and it is probable that some residential development will still occur at a higher density than is provided under the 50,000 square foot lot size. The approximate holding capacity of Highland Township based on the three alternatives is as follows: 6 r r r' r r t' f2 �Alternate A (lowest density) Alternate B (intermediate density) Alternate C (maximum density) 26,150 27,528 32,679 The holding capacity estimates indicate that the population of Highland Township could continue to increase after the year 2000. A population of only 23,507 to 25,363 is projected for the township in the year 2000. Thus the population could increase by about 1,000 people to reach the low density holding capacity, or by about 9,000 to reach the high density holding capacity. TABLE 1. 1 POPULATION OF HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP AND SURROUNDING UNITS OF GOVERNMENT 1920 - 1980 Year 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Highland Townshi~ 1,075 1,206 1,726 2,944 4,855 8,372 ' 16,958 Year 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Rose Townshi~ 707 661 797 1,105 1,482 2,502 4,465 Mil ford Townshi~ 651 654 913 1,065 1,548 2,557 5,146 White Lake Townshi~ 632 1,114 1,643 4,182 8,381 14,311 21,870 Hartland Townshi~ * 856 733 1,098 1,436 2,630 6,034 Oakland Countt 90,050 211,251 254,068 396,001 690,603 907,871 1,011,793 • ... I j . I 7 �TABLE 1.2 NUMERIC AND PERCENTAGE POPULATION GROWTH FOR HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP AND SURROUNDING UNITS OF GOVERNMENT 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 Highland TownshiE Number Percent 12.2 131 520 43.1 70.6 1,218 1,911 64.9 3,511 72.4 8,586 102.5 Number -46 136 308 377 1,020 1,963 Mil ford TownshiE Number Percent 0.5 3 39.6 259 152 16.6 483 45.3 1,009 65.2 2,589 101.2 White Lake TownshiE Number Percent 482 76.3 529 47.5 2,539 154.5 4,199 100.4 5,930 70.7 7,559 52.8 Hartland TownshiE Number Percent * 123 14.4 365 49.8 338 30.8 1,194 83.1 3,404 129.4 Oakland Count~ Percent 134.6 20.2 55.9 74.3 31.5 11.4 Rose TownshiE Percent -6.5 20.6 38.6 34.1 68.8 78.4 Number 121,201 42,817 141,933 294,602 217,268 103,922 *Data unavailable. TABLE 1.3 POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD FOR HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP AND SURROUNDING UNITS OF GOVERNMENT Highland Township Milford Township White Lake Township Rose Township Oakland County Housing Units 2,310 746 4,684 891 275,652 1970 People Housing Per Unit Units 3.62 5,265 3.43 1,548 3.06 7 ,036 2.81 1,307 3.29 355,187 1980 People Per Unit 3.22 3.32 3 .10 3.41 2.84 t5 - qas !£ 8 :pt �TABLE 1. 4 PROPORTION OF POPULATION IN THE 15 TO 44 AGE BRACKET Age Bracket 15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 Highland Townshi~ 18.0% 19.0% 14.0% Oakland Counti 17.8% 17.1% 12.5% State of Michigan 19.3% 16.3% 11.1% United States 18 . 7% 16.3% 11.3% TOTAL 51.0% 47.4% 46.7% 46.3% Source: 1980 u. S. Census TABLE 1.5 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 SEMCOG Projection 16,958 18,826 21,231 23,666 25,363 Apportionment Method Projection 16,958 21,398 22,022 22,522 23,507 1980 Population based on 1980 U. S. Census. TABLE 1.6 ALTERNATE POPULATION GROWTH PATTERNS 50,000 Sq. Ft. Parcels Five Acre Parcels Ten Acre Parcels ALTERNATE A: 15 Percent 4,674 40 Percent 2,883 45 Percent 1,622 ALTERNATE A 9,179 ALTERNATE B: 20 Percent 6,232 40 Percent 2,883 40 Percent 1,442 ALTERNATE B 10,557 ALTERNATE C: 40 Percent 12,464 30 Percent 2,163 30 Percent 1,081 ALTERNATE C 15,708 Totals Population estimates are based on a standard of 2.99 persons per household. 9 �J J J -, -I ...I - - ,,,,. 2. COMMERCIAL BASE ANALYSIS �2. COMMERCIAL BASE ANALYSIS Existing Commercial Facilities Existing commercial facilities in Highland Township are concentrated in four locations: 1) along Milford Road from Lone Tree Road to Wardlow Road; 2) along Highland Road (M-59) near Duck Lake Road; 3) on Highland Road at Hickory Ridge Road; and 4) on the east side of North Duck Lake Road near Beaumont. Other commercial facilities are located along the north and south portions of Milford Road and in locations scattered throughout the township . Commercial facilities in Highland Township sell predominantly conveniencetype goods. Convenience goods are those that are used on a day-to-day basis; they include groceries, drugs, and hardware. Businesses that market convenience goods usually have a small trade area that encompasses adjacent residential neighborhoods. Only a few businesses in Highland Township sell comparison goods such as clothing, furniture, appliances, jewelry and similar items. Comparison goods are more costly than convenience goods and are purchased less frequently. Normally, a comparison goods store has a large trade area encompassing several neighborhoods. Highland Township does not have a large enough population to support very extensive comparison facilities. Township residents rely largely on regional shopping centers, such as the Twelve Oaks Mall and the Pontiac Mall, for their comparison goods. J J J 7 - 7 ,... 7 11 i:8 �. Milford Road Commercial Corridor Scattered commercial development extends along Milford Road between Lone Tree Road and Wardlow Road. This corridor contains a mixture of commercial, industrial and residential uses. The corridor includes the Central Highland commercial area between Livingston Road and Highland Road, a few small shopping/office plazas and scattered roadside development. The Central Highland commercial area is relatively old and shows some signs of deterioration. The most viable-appearing businesses along Milford Road are located in small shopping plazas between Lone Tree Road and Livingston Road. The Milford Road corridor contains (as of mid-1982) a broad variety of businesses, but it does not provide a full range of convenience or comparison goods and services. The Milford Road commercial corridor contains several specialty food stores (but no supermarket), a drugstore, two hardware and paint stores, and take-out restaurants. The corridor also contains several professional and general office establishments, personal service establishments, and other service establishments. Several specialty stores are located along the Milford Road corridor. These include two craft shops, a produce store, a butcher shop, a pottery shop, a horse care supply store, a photography studio, an amusement arcade and a wine-making supplies store. Specialty stores, which comprise a relatively high proportion of the commercial space in the Milford Road corridor, provide generally nonessential goods and services to residents. East Highland Commercial Area The East Highland commercial area contains three small plazas, office buildings and a variety of highway-oriented businesses. Compared to the Milford Road corridor, the East Highland Commercial area is relatively compact with little vacant land between businesses. The East Highland area contains the only supermarket in Highland Township. It also contains specialty food stores, a full service drugstore and two hardware stores. The East Highland Area contains restaurants, professional and general office establishments, personal service establishments (barber shop, beauty shop, dry cleaner, laundry) and other service establishments (heating and plumbing repair, printing, car wash). East Highland also contains a few comparison goods stores including a clothing store, an electronics shop, and a cycle sales store. Although most East Highland commercial buildings are in generally good condition, some older structures show signs of deterioration and lack of maintenance. Two vacancies were noted in the East Highland area at the time of this commercial base analysis. T f' T I T T T T T T T [,.. West Highland Commercial Area The West Highland Commercial area, located at the intersection of Highland Road with Hickory Ridge Road, contains seven businesses. This commercial area is primarily highway service in nature, with two convenience food stores and two gas station/automobile repair shops. ,. 12 �Duck Lake Commercial Area The Duck Lake commercial area is generally located along Duck Lake Road between Wardlow Road and Divista Drive; however, the majority of businesses in the area can be found between Summit and Davista. The Duck Lake commercial area contains twelve businesses including a beauty salon, boat livery, dairy store, party store, resale shop, laundromat, dentist, engineering office, VFW hall, day care center and cycle shop. Some of the businesses are located in residential areas along Duck Lake Road. Several of these enterprises are in converted residential structures; many of the structures in the area show signs of deterioration and lack of maintenance. Projection of Future Commercial Development Projection of future commercial development in Highland Township is a fivestep process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Determination Determination Determination potential. Determination Determination of trade area. of future trade area sales potential. of locally captured portion of future sales of floor area requirements. of land area requirements. Each of these five steps is discussed in detail below. Determination of Trade Area J J J ] ,,.. ,,.. The most import ant determinants of the trade area of shopping facilities is their accessibility and the.location of competing facilities. Shoppers will travel longer distances if they can travel over high-speed, uncongested thoroughfares. Shoppers will rarely travel very far past one shopping area to get to another which offers essentially the same goods and services. The trade area for convenience goods is generally limited to immediately surrounding residential areas. Because convenience goods purchases are made frequently, people are not usually willing to travel great distances. Convenience goods stores in Highland Township could expect to capture most of the convenience goods trade within the township, plus a small portion from nearby townships including Milford, White Lake, Rose, Springfield and Hartland. The trade area for comparison goods usually encompasses a broader area. Since comparison goods purchases are costly and made infrequently, people are willing to travel longer distances to find the best combination of quality, selection, service and price. The primary trade area for comparison facilities could encompass the area within a 25 to 30 minute driving distance. The secondary trade area, which includes customers who shop ' 13 �occasionally at a given shopping area, may encompass an area within 45 to 60 minutes driving distance. Based on these standards, the primary trade area for comparison goods in Highland Township could include all of the township itself, plus portions of all the surrounding townships except Brighton Township. The secondary trade area for comparison goods could encompass the remaining portions of the eight surrounding townships. Determination of Future Trade Area Sales Potential Determination of future trade area sales potential is based on population growth, per capita income and trade area retail expenditure patterns. Current and projected populations for the trade area are presented in Table 2.1. The trade area for Highland Township encompasses many of the high growth areas in southeastern Michigan. The areas east of Highland Township have experienced especially high growth in recent years because of their location on the fringe of metropolitan Detroit area suburban development. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) population forecasts indicate the growth will continue. A 35 percent increase is projected for the year 1990, and a 24 percent increase is projected for the year 2000 in the Highland Township trade area. Much of the projected growth will occur near major transportation corridors or on the outer fringes of the trade area as an extension of existing suburban development. Table 2.2 shows estimates of total personal income in each unit of government in the Highland Township trade area. The estimates are expressed in 1980 dollars and are based on 1977 per capita income figures updated to 1980 based on changes in the consumer price index. T Data collected by Sales and Marketing Management and the 1977 U. S. Census of Retail Trade indicate that, in the Detroit metropolitan area, between 40 and 45 percent of personal income is spent on retail goods . As shown in the breakdown in Table 2.3, about 15.5 percent is spent for convenience goods, about 13.1 percent for comparison goods and about 11.8 percent for automotive goods. Determination of Locally Captured Portion of Future Sales Potential Not all of the retail expenditures in the Highland Township trade area will actually go to businesses in Highland Township. Provided that a total range of convenience goods is available, it is likely that the convenience goods facilities in Highland Township could capture most of the market. However, it is probable that a small portion of residents, especially those living near Milford, will make convenience goods purchases outside the township. It is estimated that about 85 percent of the convenience goods market within the township could be captured. Because of location, road patterns and future road paving programs, it is also likely that Highland Township business could capture a portion of the convenience goods market in adjoining townships as follows: 14 T T (,.. .,. .,.. �Milford Township White Lake Township Rose Township Springfield Township Hartland Township 15 10 25 15 20 percent percent percent percent percent Comparison goods stores in Highland Township are likely to capture only a portion of the total sales in the trade area because of competing facilities several miles away. Customers are often attracted to regional shopping centers because in one locat i on they can compare the goods offered at several different stores. The Highland Township trade area is overlapped by two regional shopping centers, Twelve Oaks Mall and Pontiac Mall. In addition, several smaller community shopping centers which are located south and east of the township overlap the township's trade area. It is unlikely that a large shopping center could succeed in Highland Township because of its low population density. For example, the primary trade area population for a large regional center recently built in south central Michigan contained over 200,000 people; the primary trade area population in Highland Township is about half this figure. New comparison goods facilities in Highland Township would also encounter the difficulty of altering shopping patterns of customers who are drawn toward existing shopping centers. The existing facilities in Highland Township provide only a minor portion of comparison goods purchased by its residents. With further development in the two main commercial areas, along Milford Road and in East Highland along Highland Road, it is estimated that up to 50 percent of the comparison goods market in Highland Township could be captured. It is also estimated that about 5 percent of the market in White Lake Township and about 10 percent of the market in Rose Township could be captured by comparison goods facilities located in Highland Township. ] J J ,... --, Based on the retail sales capture rates outlined above, potential total retail sales volumes in Highland Township are as follow: 1980, $58,712,492; 1990, $77,176,191; and 2000, $89,811,676. The components of these sales volumes are shown in Tables 2.4-2.6. Determination of Retail Floor Area Requirements Sales volume estimates can be converted into floor space needs with sales per square foot data. The Urban Land Institute's Dollars and Cents of Shopping Centers sets forth sales per square foot of floor area as follows: Convenience goods Comparison goods Automotive goods $143.12 per square foot 81.35 per square foot 113.41 per square foot These estimates have been updated and expressed in 1980 dollars using the cost-of-living index. A more detailed breakdown of sales per square foot is shown in Table 2.7. Based on these data concerning sales per square foot, the total need for retail building space in Highland Township is as follows: 1980, 454,546 square feet; 1990, 579,555 square feet; and 2000, 693,968 square feet. Table 2.8 gives a more detailed breakdown of retail space needs by type of commercial use. ,,. 15 �Determination of Office Facility Floor Area Requirements Projections of office space needs are based on the average number of people that c~n be served by various office operations and on the average size of each type of office. Estimates of office space needs are shown in Table 2.9. Total office space needs are as follows: 1980, 268,250 square feet; 1990, 321,183 square feet; and 2000, 370,171 square feet. The office space needs for finance, insurance and real estate operations were calculated using standards of one office worker per 63 people and an average of 160 square feet of office space per worker. For medical and dental the standards used were one physician per 565 people and one dentist per 1,778 people with an average office size of 955 square feet. For law offices the standards used were one lawyer per 473 people with an average of 600 square feet of office space per lawyer. Miscellaneous office services includes engineers, architects, bookkeeping services, business education and similar services. The standard of 2 square feet of miscellaneous office service space per person was used. Business services include personal service establishments (e.g. laundry, beauty shops, and barber shops), miscellaneous business services (e.g. advertising, data processing, maintenance service, automotive repair or rental, miscellaneous repair and recreation uses). Business service establishments range in average size from 800 to 1,680 square feet. There is approximately one personal service establishment per 493 people, one business service establishment per 5,725 people, one automotive repair or rental service per 1,573 people and one miscellaneous repair shop per 1,829 people. T l Determination of Land Area Requirements Floor space needs can be converted into land area needs based on floor area ratios. The lot size for commercial establishments depends on parking needs, open space requirements, pedestrian and automobile circulation, loading area requirements, and similar considerations. A general standard for shopping centers is that the parking area should be four times the gross floor area of the building. With other site features included, the total site area should be about six times the gross floor area. Floor area ratios for other commercial land uses are shown in Table 2.10. Based on the floor area ratio data, the total land area needs for retail and office uses were calculated as 1980, 120.8 acres; 1990, 150.9 acres; and 2000, 178.0 acres. A more detailed breakdown of land area needs is shown in Table 2.11. The estimated land area needs in Table 2.11 are based on the existing building area to land area ratios throughout the Detroit metropolitan area. The actual ratio in Highland Township may differ. Comparison to Existing Land Use Based on a commercial land use survey completed by the consultant in early 1981, it is estimated that about 146 acres are currently being used for commercial and office uses. This estimate does not include vacant land zoned but not used for commercial purposes, nor does it include a large 16 T ~ T T �tract occupied by a commercial nursery. The 146 acres currently used exceeds the projected 1980 need for commercial and office uses of 120.8 acres (see Table 2.7). Compared to the Detroit metropolitan area, therefore, the Highland Township trade area has a slightly greater proportion of its land allocated to commercial uses. The 1981 field survey revealed there are three possible reasons for the high proportion of commercial land: 1) being a rural township, many of the commercial uses occupy a greater amount of land than is absolutely necessary; 2) the township contains a number of nonessential specialty and craft stores in greater proportions than are usually found in commercial areas; and, 3) rather than being served by a few large full-service grocery stores, drugstores and similar establishments that provide essential goods and services, the township is served by several smaller, convenience-type establishments that occupy a substantial amount of land. The estimated commercial land need in Highland Township is 150.9 acres in 1990, and 178 acres in the year 2000, indicating that additional commercial and office development will be needed in the next two decades to serve the trade area population. ] ] - Future population growth in Highland Township will support some additional convenience retail development. Residents could benefit most from one or more supermarkets to supplement the one supermarket and the assortment of smaller food stores now in the township. The township's one existing supermarket is located near the eastern edge of the township. Future supermarket development should occur where it will be easily accessible to residents of other parts of the township. Additional comparison retail facilities can be supported in the township, but projected population growth will not support a major comparison shopping center. The largest retail complex which could be supported in Highland Township might contain between 100,000 and 135,000 square feet of retail space. Such a commercial complex could include a 30,000 to 40,000 square-foot supermarket, a 10,000 to 15,000 square-foot drug store, a 10,000 to 20,000 square-foot hardware store, and between 50,000 and 70,000 square feet of other convenience and comparison retail uses. A shopping center with 100,000 to 135,000 square feet of retail floor area could require a site of between 15 to 20 acres and should be centrally located. It is entirely possible that the township's future retail needs can be met without development of such a large shopping complex. The township's existing commercial areas contain vacant parcels which could accommodate a substantial amount of 11 i.nfill 11 commercial development. Few 15- to 20-acre infill parcels exist or could easily be assembled, but there are sufficient number of parcels to meet all of the township's retail needs. Altogether, infill on vacant and non-commercial properties in the existing commercial areas could provide for approximately 60 acres of additional commercial development. These 60 acres would accommodate the entire projected additional commercial land need for Highland Township to the year 2000. The acreage between Milford Road and the Highland Hills Mobile Home Park could also be used in part for commercial development if necessitated by future demand. ... ,... 17 �[J Recreation-Oriented Commercial Development There may be a strong potential for recreation-oriented commerce in Highland Township. Such recreation-oriented business could be based on the township's natural beauty, particularly the state-owned Highland Recreation Area. As the price of gasoline increases, the prospects of successful recreation-based commerce in Highland Township will improve because the township is relatively close to major population centers. Most of the recreation-oriented business in Highland Township will result from day-trip tourism which generates a strong demand for eating and drinking establishments. Other businesses that will be needed include recreation supply stores, equipment rental facilities, and similar recreation sales and service establishments. There may also be a potential for overnight accommodations in the form of campground facilities . Generally, successful campground facilities are developed around a family-oriented theme that is compatible with the recreation opportunities in the surrounding environment. Little demand for motel facilities is foreseen in Highland Township, since high visibility from a major freeway is necessary for motel success. New business to serve the tourist market should be located within the existing commercial corridors along Milford Road and M-59. Such a location would be easily accessible from the Highland Recreation Area in the southeast quarter of the township and could enhance the viability of these existing commercial areas. I I I 18 J J :J --,,- �TABLE 2.1 POPULATION GROWTH IN THE HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP TRADE AREA Highland Township Milford Township Milford Village White Lake Township Rose Township Springfield Township Commerce Township Tyrone Township Hartland Township Brighton Township TOTAL 1980 16,958 5,146 5,041 21,870 4,465 8,295 23,757 6,077 6,034 11,222 108,865 2000 1990 21,231 25,363 7,998 9,174 5,033 4,982 29,098 31,986 6,135 7,612 24,850 14,231 24,470 25,934 7,637 13,037 7,258 10,697 18,290 21,615 141,381 175,250 (29.9% (24.0% increase) increase) Notes: 1980 figures are based on the 1980 U. S. Census; 1990 and 2000 projections are based on forecasts by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG). TABLE 2.2 TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME IN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP TRADE AREA Highland Township Milford Township Milford Village White Lake Township Rose Township Springfield Township Commerce Township Tyrone Township Hartland Township Brighton Township ] 1980 $153,990,000 46,689,436 42,506,596 214,500,000 33,948,559 64,672,568 179,560,000 51,323,485 49,651,894 106,180,000 1990 $192,640,000 72,648,762 42,421,583 286,570,000 36,087,318 110,980,000 235,760,000 64,565,000 59,632,000 172,860,000 2000 $230,200,000 83,328,000 41,997,367 314,940,000 44,784,362 193,770,000 249,910,000 110,210,000 87,898,000 204,320,000 Notes: 1980 estimates are based on 1977 per capital income figures, published by the U. S. Census, updated to 1980 dollars using the following formula: 1980 1980 1977 Cost of = total X population per capita X living income income increase 1990 and 2000 estimates are based on SEMCOG population forecasts and are expressed in 1980 dollars. J J 1- 19 �• I TABLE 2.3 EXPENDITURES OF PERSONAL INCOME IN THE DETROIT METROPOLITAN AREA CONVENIENCE GOODS Hardware stores Food stores Eating and drinking establishments Pharmacies Miscellaneous convenience goods TOTAL 0.4% 9.1 % 3.8% 1.6% 0.6% 15 . 5% COMPARISON GOODS General merchandise 6.1 % Apparel and accessories 2.4% Furniture, appliances 2.1 % Building materials, garden supplies 1.3% Miscellaneous comparison goods 1.2% TOTAL 13.1% AUTOMOTIVE (Includes parts supply, and gasoline) TOTAL 11.8% 11.8% TOTAL 40.4% Note: Table is based on 1977 expenditures of income. ◄ c,_:: r 20 , 1 , - �TABLE 2.4 POTENTIAL RETAIL SALES IN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP: Convenience Goods Source $20,288,000 Highland Township 1,085,529 Mil ford Township Milford Village 0 3,324,800 White Lake Township 1,315,500 Rose Township Springfield Township 150,360 Commerce Township 0 Tyrone Township 0 1,539,200 Hartland Township Brighton Township 0 $27,703,389 TOTAL 1980 Comparison Goods $8,069,100 0 0 1,405,000 447,730 0 0 0 0 0 $9,918,830 Automotive Goods $15,445,000 826,403 0 2,531,100 1,001,500 114,470 0 0 1,171,800 0 $21,090,273 Note: All estimates are in 1980 dollars; estimates are based on expenditures of personal income in the following pattern: convenience goods, 15.5 percent of personal income; comparison goods, 13.1 percent; and, automotive goods, 11.8 percent; estimates are based on partial capture of retail sales in Highland Township trade area. See text for explanation. TABLE 2.5 POTENTIAL RETAIL SALES IN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP: Convenience Source Goods Highland Township $25,288,000 Milford Township 1,687,998 Milford Village 0 White Lake Township 4,441,933 Rose Township 1,807,497 Springfield Township 258,018 Commerce Township 0 Tyrone Township 0 Hartland Township 1,848,579 Brighton Township 0 TOTAL $35,332,025 1990 Comparison Goods $10,094,444 0 0 1,877,080 611,059 0 0 0 0 0 $14,876,040 Automotive Goods $19,321,126 1,285,057 0 3,381,550 1,376,061 196,431 0 0 1,407,332 0 $26,968,126 Note: All estimates are in 1980 dollars; estimates are based on expenditures of personal income in the following pattern: convenience goods, 15.5 percent of personal income; comparison goods, 13.1 percent; and, automotive goods, 11.8 percent; estimates are based on partial capture of retail sales in Highland Township trade area. See text for full explanation. 21 �,_ I- TABLE 2.6 POTENTIAL RETAIL SALES IN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP: 2000 Automotive Comparison Convenience Goods Goods Goods Source -$30,310,272 $12,055,235 $23,074,830 Highland Township 1,473,477 1,935,498 0 Milford Township 0 0 0 Milford Village 3,715,655 2,062,540 4,880,806 White Lake Township 1,707,558 758,265 2,242,928 Rose Township 342,952 450,479 0 Springfield Township 0 0 0 Commerce Township 0 0 0 Tyrone Township 2,075,258 2,725,923 0 Hartland Township 0 0 Brighton Township 0 $42,545,906 $14,876,040 $32,389,730 TOTAL Note: All estimates are in 1980 dollars; estimates are based on expenditures of personal income in the following pattern: convenience goods, 15.5 percent of personal income; comparison goods, 13.1 percent; and, automotive goods, 11.8 percent; estimates are based on partial capture of retail sales in Highland Township trade area. See text for full explanation. - r _,. r - TABLE 2.7 SALES PER SQUARE FOOT OF GROSS LEASABLE AREA Junior department store Variety store Supermarket Super drugstore Drug store Restaurant Fast-food restaurant Clothing store Shoe store Home appliance, music store Gifts, specialty stores Jewelry Personal services Beauty shop Barber shop Cleaners Liquor store Hardware $ 78.64 47.56 265 .10 125.54 160.83 105.95 148.84 91.44 87.52 135 .15 63.26 134 . 22 66.55 60.87 48.35 183. 72 49.04 Source: D?llars and Cents of Shopping Centers 1978, published by the Urban Land Institute, updated and expressed in 1980 dollars using the cost of living index. r ... -... 22 - �TABLE 2.8 RETAIL SPACE NEEDS (Gross Leasable Area) CONVENIENCE GOODS Food stores Eating and drinking establishments Pharmacies Hardware, paint stores Miscellaneous convenience goods COMPARISON GOODS General merchandise Apparel and accessories Furniture and appliances Building materials and garden supplies Miscellaneous comparison goods AUTOMOTIVE (including parts and gasoline) TOTAL 1980 Square Feet 1990 Square Feet 2000 Square Feet 154,518 61,353 53,323 17,776 14,575 7,491 114,063 58,726 20,308 11,765 12,095 11,169 185,965 454,546 197,069 78,248 68,007 22,672 18,588 9,554 144,693 74,497 25,761 14,924 15,343 14,168 237,793 579,555 237,303 94,224 81,892 27,300 22,383 11,504 171,067 88,076 30,457 17,644 18,140 16,750 285,598 693,968 1980 Square Feet 1990 Square Feet 2000 Square Feet 43,101 37,765 21,528 33,941 131,915 268,250 53,920 47,694 26,932 42,462 150,175 321,183 64,414 55,643 32,173 50,726 167,215 370,171 TABLE 2.9 OFFICE SPACE NEEDS IN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP Finance, insurance, real estate Medical, dental Legal Miscellaneous office services Business services TOTAL 23 �i.- TABLE 2.10 PARKING AND SITE REQUIREMENTS Land Use Banks Beauty, barber shops Fast-food restaurant Restaurant, sit-down Furniture and appliance store, repair shop Laundry Supermarket General offices Medical offices Parking Spaces Reguired 1/250 square feet 1/50 square feet 1/75 square feet 1/100 square feet 1/800 square feet 3.6 10.0 7.5 6.0 2.0 square square square square 7.5 6.0 4.0 6.0 1/75 1/100 1/200 1/100 feet feet feet feet Site Area Reguired times gross floor area times gross floor area times gross floor area times gross floor area times gross floor area times times times times gross gross gross gross floor floor floor floor area area area area ..... ,,. - ..,... ..,... TABLE 2.11 LAND AREA NEEDS 1980 Acres 1990 Acres 2000 Acres 20.1 8.5 7.3 1.8 1.5 1.0 12.5 8.1 2.1 0.5 0.8 1.0 51.2 37.0 4.0 5.2 2.0 1. 6 24.2 120.8 25.7 10.8 9.4 2.3 1. 9 1.3 16.1 10.3 2.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 65.5 43.6 5.0 6.6 2.5 1.9 27.6 -150.9 31.0 13.0 11.3 2.8 2.3 1.6 18. 7 12.1 3.1 0.8 1. 2 1. 5 78.7 49.6 5.9 7.7 3.0 2.3 30.7 178 . 0 -, CONVENIENCE GOODS Food stores Eating and drinking establishments Pharmacies Hardware, paint stores Miscellaneous convenience goods COMPARISON GOODS General merchandise Apparel and accessories Furniture and appliances Building materials and garden supplies Miscellaneous comparison goods AUTOMOTIVE (including parts and gasoline) OFFICE USES Finance, insurance, real estate Medical, dental Legal Miscellaneous office services Business services TOTAL 24 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [.. ... [. �J ] 3. INDUSTRIAL BASE ANALYSIS ] - �3. INDUSTRIAL BASE ANALYSIS Existing Industrial Development Highland Township is centrally located in the industrial south central region of Michigan. Although the township is predominantly a rural community, it is surrounded by the urban centers of Detroit, Pontiac, Flint, Lansing, and Ann Arbor. The regional economy of south central Michigan is dominated by the automobile industry and other manufacturing industries. The predominance of the automobile industry and manufacturing is reflected in the industrial development in Highland Township. Ten of the approximately 16 industrial concerns in the township are involved in manufacturing. There are also two building contractors, a grain elevator , two machine shops and three utility facilities. Among the products manufactured in Highland Township are air control valves for machinery, industrial cutting tools, coils for small engines, septic tanks and other concrete products, metal buildings, welding supplies, and lighting fixtures. Eleven of the Highland Township's 15 largest industries are "basic" industries that manufacture goods for sale outside the community. Because their products are sold outside the community, basic industries generally expand and strengthen the local economy. In contrast, about ninety percent of the businesses in the township, including five industries, primarily provide only for local needs. Generally, these businesses do not aid in the growth of the local economy even though they provide necessary goods and services. With 300 employees, Numatics, Incorporated is the largest employer in the township. From its Highland Township headquarters, Numatics, Incorporated operates facilities which manufacture air control valves throughout the United States. About 35 percent of its Highland Township product is marketed to automobile companies. The township's second largest employer is Agnew Machine Company which has 65 employees. Agnew manufactures industrial cutting machines and tools. The township's third largest employer, Hi-Mill Manufacturing, employs 60 people. It has employed as many as 135 people in the past. Hi-Mill Manufacturing fabricates tubular products that are used in air conditioning units. A fourth large industrial employer is Polycast, Incorporated, with 50 employees. This firm manufactures welding rods and equipment. The remaining industries in the township are small, employing 20 or fewer people. Except for Numatics, Incorporated, all the industries are single-unit operations with their only facilities located in Highland Township. The pace of industrial development in Highland Township has been slow during the last decade. Two new industries have begun operation and Numatics, Incorporated has expanded its facilities. 25 �Most of the township's industrial concerns are located along Milford Road between M-59 and Wardlow Road. Industries in this area have convenient access to highway transportation along M-59. Some industrial facilities are located elsewhere in the township, primarily along Milford Road and M-59. ,.... I ~ ~ r ~ ....., 26 .,.. �Potential for New Industrial Development Highland Township's location is its most important determinant of industrial potential. The township is approximately equidistant from the major urban centers of Detroit, Pontiac, Flint, Lansing, and Ann Arbor. Although the township's location does not place it very close to the major industrial markets, it is suitable for industries that either: 1) sell their products in several of Michigan's urban centers rather then just in one or two, and/or 2) sell their products to manufacturers located closer to the markets, and/or 3) manufacture products that are not bulky and can be economically transported over longer distances. Compared to more urban industrial areas, another advantage of a Highland Township site is the amount of space available for plant start-up and expansion. The natural features and rural environment in Highland Township are additional characteristics that may attract industry. Also, Highland Township is a growth area. The increased population in Highland Township and surrounding townships will open new markets that may attract industry. For certain industries Highland Township is not an ideal location. The township is not particularly suitable for labor intensive industries. The labor force is often drawn to higher paying employment in the surrounding urban centers. The management of the township's manufacturing firms is aware that this problem is especially acute when the economy is strong and the automobile companies are at full employment. Industries that manufacture bulky products that are difficult to transport would not find Highland Township an ideal location. As transportation costs increase, these industries will experience very high costs to obtain raw materials and to ship the finished product. It is likely that warehousing, distribution and wholesaling companies have not located in Highland Township because of the costs that would be involved in transporting the products to and from distant urban centers. Research firms also would probably not consider Highland Township as a good location since it does not contain a major university. Because of Michigan's currently weak economy, only limited potential exists for new industrial development in the near future in Highland Township. Other industries in Michigan form the market for Highland Township industries. Local industries recently have had to reduce production and cutback employment. When the economy rebounds, existing industries generally will be brought back into full production before new industrial development occurs in Highland Township or elsewhere. Some analysts predict that the automobile companies will never achieve previous production levels. Consequently, suppliers to the automobile companies must find new markets before they can completely recover and achieve full production. 27 �---~---~~-----~~~----~a .,..... ...... Locational Requirements for Industry ACCESS TO TRANSPORTATION: The primary industrial location determinant is fast, easy and convenient access to transportation facilities. The two most important roads crossing Highland Township are state highway M-59 (east-west) and Milford Road, a primary county road (north-south). M-59 provides access to US-23, a limited access north-south highway located about four miles west of the township. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad line runs north-south approximately in the center of the township. However, there are no sites along the railroad which are suitable for railroadoriented industrial uses. Highland Township does not have convenient access to a major airport. The Pontiac Airport is located a few miles east of the township on M-59, but it is not served by major air carriers. ACCESS TO LABOR FORCE: Industry must be located where there is an adequate labor supply. The Highland Township labor supply exceeds the demands of the existing industry in the township. It is estimated that the Highland Township labor force numbered about 6,350 in 1980 of which about 2,300 were employed in industry. Highland Township industries, however, provide only about 600 jobs. The labor supply will continue to grow in future years as more people move into the township. Employment and labor supply are analyzed in greater detail later in this chapter. However, the township's labor supply will seek out employers able to meet very competitive wage scales. ADEQUATE SITE AREA: Industry needs large sites free from foundation and drainage problems. Industrial sites must not only provide room for the initial operation, but also for future expansion. Highland Township has adequate sites for industrial use. These sites can accommodate new industry as well as industries which relocate to Highland Township because their existing sites are inadequate. However, some of the largest parcels in the township may be unsuitable for industry because of limitations such as lack of utilities and incompatible surrounding land uses. AVAILABILITY OF UTILITIES: Industry needs an adequate and reliable supply of utilities including water, waste disposal, power and fuel. Thus far, Highland Township industries have not experienced serious problems with utilities. The township receives electrical service from Detroit Edison Company and natural gas service from Consumers Power Company. Since the township is not served by sewers or water mains, each industry has its own on-site septic system and is supplied with water from private wells. Water quality and public health problems have been reported in certain parts of the township because of malfunctioning septic systems, but local industries have not yet experienced such problems. Future industrial development should be regulated to prevent water and/or sewage disposal problems. Small sewage treatment systems may eventually be necessary to serve several industries or an industrial park. I \ I PROPER LAND USE RELATIONSHIPS: Industrial sites should be located to minimize undesired effects on neighboring land uses and to protect industrial land from the encroachment of residential or other land uses. Highland Township places a high value on the preservation of natural areas and the protection of the quality of residential development. To minimize 28 l �i industrial-residential land use friction, industrial development should be limited to specific sites along Milford Road and M-59. Adequate spatial and physical buffers should be provided between industrial and nonindustrial uses. LOCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY: Based on the preceding analysis, there is a definite but modest potential for certain types of industrial development in Highland Township. Convenient access to transportation facilities exists, but because of the distance to suppliers and markets in major urban centers it would be uneconomical to transport bulky raw materials or finished products. The labor supply is substantial and utilities have been supplied adequately and reliably (although continuous monitoring of sewage disposal and water supply systems will be required in the future) . Land area exists along the two major transportation corridors, Milford Road and M-59. Restrictions on the use of this land are necessary to protect the township's natural features and residential areas from any undesired effects of industry. Employment Projections and Industrial Land Use Needs Employment projections for Highland Township are shown in Table 3.1 based on SEMCOG population projections. It is estimated that the work force will increase from 6,364 in 1980 to 9,511 in the year 2000. In the same period, it is projected that the industrial work force will increase from 2,342 to 3,500 employees. Manufacturing employment trends in Oakland County between 1970 and 1979 indicate that industrial employment may actually decrease as a proportion of total employment. In 1979, manufacturing employment comprised 24.9 percent of total county employment, a decrease of 9.2 percent since 1970. Both automation and decreased industrial production account for the proportional drop in manufacturing employment. The manufacturing employment in Highland Township comprised 37.2 percent of the total work force in 1970. Based on the Oakland County trends, it is expected that Highland Township will experience proportionally less manufacturing employment in future years, approaching the 28 . 9 percent estimates used in the projections for the year 2000 in Table 3.1. Small area forecasts prepared by SEMCOG in 1975 projected employment within township businesses. Of the several forecasts prepared, the most widely accepted is based on 11 local plans modified by trends in local policy changes. 11 In 1970, the base year for the forecast, 213 people were employed in basic industry and 568 were employed in nonbasic industry. Thus only about 27 percent of the labor force actually worked within the township. As seen in Table 3.1, the small area forecast did foresee limited employment increases within the township. Basic employment for the year 2000 was forecast at 724 and nonbasic employment was forecast at 3,504. Thus by the year 2000 it is estimated that about 45 percent of the industrial work force will be employed within the township. Estimated employment can be used to predict the amount of industrial land and building space that will be needed in the future. As shown in Table 3.2, the number of employees per gross acre of industrial land ranges from an average of 24 for labor-intensive industries to 8 for labor-extensive 29 �.....- industries. Most industries in Highland Township would be intermediatelabor-extensive with about 10 to 12 employees per gross acre. Based on this employee/land ratio, the gross industrial acreage needed to employ the projected Highland Township labor force is approximately 195 acres in 1980 and 292 acres by year 2000. Industrial building space needs are estimated at 1.05 million square feet in 1980 and 1.57 million square feet by year 2000. Net industrial site acreage needs are estimated at 156 acres in 1980 and 233 acres by year 2000 (see Table 3.3). The actual industrial land and building needs within the township depend on the proportion of the total industrial labor force that actually works within township industries. As noted earlier, about 27 percent of the industrial labor force currently works within the township and about 45 percent is expected to work within the township by year 2000 (see Table 3.4). The industrial building space need within the township is 284,553 square feet for 1980 and 708,750 square feet for the year 2000. The net industrial site acreage need within the township is 42 acres for 1980 and 105 acres for the year 2000. According to the 1979 land-use inventory prepared by the Oakland County Planning Commission, about 145 acres in Highland Township are in industrial use. Based on the number of industrial employees in the township, the amount of industrial acreage is relatively high. Compared to industries in more urban locations where land is at a premium, Highland Township industrial sites are larger with more space for expansion. In the near future, while the economy remains in a weak state, it is not expected that much additional industrial acreage will be needed in Highland Township. The commuting employment pattern will continue with about 75 percent of the industrial employees working outside the township. As the economy becomes stronger, opportunities will exist for additional industrial development in the township resulting in local employment for a greater proportion of the township's labor force. By the year 2000 it is expected that another 100 to 150 acres of land can be absorbed by new industry. It is usual for land use plans to provide for two or three times the projected twenty-year industrial land need. Summary and Conclusions The following conclusions are derived from the industrial base analysis: 1. 2. At least 200 additional acres should be reserved for industrial use. The industrial land should be located close to the township's main transportation corridor, Highway M-59. It is expected that the additional industrial land will be absorbed gradually as Michigan's economy strengthens. Because Highland Township places a high value on the quality of its natural beauty and residential areas, new industries should be those which are not harmful because of excessive traffic, noise, air or water pollution, or similar effects. Light manufacturing industries have experienced a high degree of success in the township and are probably the most appropriate industries with a strong potential for locating or expanding in the township. ""JIii"""' r I'"" • -r .. .. ,,,. "" ,,, , .... .... .... 30 �3. Attention must be given to the design of industrial areas so that economic development and land-use planning goals are coordinated. Generally, the most efficient and economical plan for industrial areas is achieved through design and development of industrial parks. Industrial development within an industrial park generally provides for better protection of the nonindustrial areas of the township. The design process provides controls over location, site development, spatial and physical buffering, and traffic patterns. A well-designed industrial park can also be an effective tool to attract the desired kinds of industry into the township. 4. Continuous monitoring is required as additional industrial development occurs in order to maintain water quality and supply and prevent waste disposal problems. The competitive advantage of township industries is strengthened by maintaining the adequacy of utilities. 31 �• .. '"I .., TABLE 3.1 WORK FORCE PROJECTIONS FOR HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP 1980 1990 2000 Total Work Force -- Work Force Employed in Industry Work Force Employed in Basic Industry 6,364 7,962 9,511 2,342 3,930 3,500 1,839 2,301 2,749 Note: Estimates are based on the following standards: a) total work force is 37.5 percent of total population; b) industrial employees comprise 36.8 percent of work force; c) basic industry employees comprise 28.0 percent of work force. TABLE 3.2 EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INDUSTRY Employees Per Gross Industrial Acre Labor Intensive 24 Intermediate Extensive 10 Extensive 8 Square Feet Per Employee 171 482 1,262 r Employees Per Net Site Acre 30 14 8 Note: Labor intensive industries include research firms, hand production facilities, and similar businesses. Labor extensive industries include warehousing and distribution facilities, automated production facilities and similar businesses. Source: Industrial Development Handbook, published by the Urban Land Institute, 1975. T 32 �TABLE 3.3 INDUSTRIAL LAND AND BUILDING NEEDS FOR HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP LABOR FORCE 1980 1990 2000 Projected Industrial Labor Force 2,342 2,930 3,500 Gross Industrial Acreage Needed 195 244 292 Industrial Building Space Needed 1,053,900 sq.ft. 1,318,500 sq.ft. 1,575,000 sq.ft. Net Industrial Site Acreage Needed 156 195 233 Note: Estimates are based on the following standards : a) 12 employees per gross industrial acre; b) 450 square feet of building space per employee; c) 15 employees per net industrial site acre. TABLE 3.4 INDUSTRIAL LAND AND BUILDING NEEDS WITHIN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP 1980 1990 2000 Gross Industrial Acreage Needed 53 88 131 Industrial Building Space Needed 284,533 sq. ft. 474,660 sq. ft. 708,750 sq. ft. Net Industrial Site Acreage Needed 42 70 105 Note: Estimates are based on the proportion of total labor force expected to actually work within Highland Township businesses, as follows: 1980, 27 percent (actual); 1990, 36 percent; and 2000, 45 percent. 33 �4. NATURAL FEATURES ANALYSIS �4. NATURAL FEATURES ANALYSIS The physical features of Highland Township are the natural elements which give form to the environment. These elements consist of geologic formations or physiography, topography, water, soils and natural vegetation. The quantity and quality of these elements create the rural character of the township. Physiography and Topography The lay of the land was created during the Ice Age through glacial activity which transported rocks and soils from their place of origin. These soils were redeposited, creating various landforms. Highland Township contains three types of landform: moraines, till plains, and outwash terraces and plains. The map on the following page shows the general location of these land forms. The several types of morainic areas which are located in Highland Township represent approximately 50 percent of the township 1 s 36 square-mile area. Moraines are generally perceived as hills or ridges and are located in the northwest, central and southeast portions of the township. The mean elevation of the township is slightly above 1,000 feet. The morainic areas rise above 1,100 feet with one point, west of Hickory Ridge Road along Clyde Road, reaching 1,190 feet. Moraines create an undulating topography with a discontinuous band of hills and depressions. They consist primarily of fine soils, sand and gravels with some slopes in excess of 30 percent. The water table in these areas is typically more than six feet below the surface. Where the water table occurs at the ground, surface ponds and wetlands can be observed; this occurs primarily in the north central ridge area and the southeast section of the township. Many of the township 1 s large wooded tracts are located in morainic areas. The internal drainage of moraines is variable since a range of materials may be encountered. Fine materials in depressions are naturally poorly drained. Coarser soils in the hilly areas are moderately to well drained. In coarse textured soils on higher ground, percolation rates are generally suitable for septic tank leaching fields, but slopes and seasonal high-water tables act as constraints for their location. The clay fill deposits of the morainic ridge, north of Clyde Road, east of Buckhorn Lake Road, are some of the most productive soils in the township. The moraines offer a wide diversity of spatial and viewing potentials. Regional viewing potential exists on the hilltops and ridges along the edge of the moraine formation; these provide views and vistas over adjacent flat till plains or outwashs. Steeper slopes in morainic areas are sensitive to development or timber cutting and are most visually noticeable immediately adjacent to thoroughfares. A large till plain is located in the western portion of the township where it is traversed by Hickory Ridge Road and Highland Road. This till plain occupies about 15 percent of the township 1 s land area. It is generally characterized by its flat topography and lack of well-defined, integrated 35 �drainage. It consists of a variety of fine textured soils. The water table in this area occurs 1 to 6 feet from the surface; depressions have water tables closer to the surface. The undulating landscape provides very little surface runoff and most of the drainage in this area is underground. Septic tank leaching fields are difficult to site in areas of fine-textured soils since the seasonal high-water table is near the surface and percolation rates are slow. Visually, much of the till plain appears as monotonous flat areas with little spatial variation. The landscape is open due to the lack of vegetative cover. The openness of the landscape will make any substantial development, even low-density single-family development, very visually imposing. Some topographic and visual diversity is found along Tipsico Lake Road and around Dunham Lake. Outwash plains and lake areas are found between the mora1n1c ridge and the southeastern moraines. The outwash plain is characterized by its flat to undulating topography. It consists of a variety of fine sands and silts at the surface with silts, sands and gravels below the surface. The outwash plain area averages 1,020 feet in elevation with slopes ranging from 1/2 to 6 percent. The outwash plain area contains many depressions which are observed as lakes. Extensive areas of high-water table and marshes exist around the lakes. Water tables in outlying areas range from 1 to 6 feet. Septic tank leaching fields can be sited in the outlying areas due to the lower water table and higher percolation rates, however, septic tanks are difficult to site around the depressions and lake areas. The outwash plain with its pitted lake areas provides visual variety in the township. The most interesting views occur close to the major thoroughfares. A very limited amount of improperly sited development can spoil the visual richness these areas give the township. 1' J The most visual variety in Highland Township can be found along the southern edge of the outwash plain, southern moraine and outwash terrace. The eastern edge of the outwash terrace is perched from 10 to 50 feet above the Pettibone Creek water course. The water table is located well below the surface except for the drainage course extending northwest and northeast from Rowe Lake. Soil conditions allow high percolation rates in most of the area west of Milford Road and south of Highland Road. Septic tank leaching fields are easier to site in the terrace area. In general, the central and western portions of the outwash terrace are flat with little visual diversity. Greater topographic and visual variation is observed along the edges of moraines and the Pettibone Creek water course. The greatest potentials for development lie within the outwash terrace area. The outwash plain and terrace area occupies approximately 35 percent of the township. ~ 36 �.,o d>o ,o.,o , 0 < 0 a:: w ~-·"-~·".# "'-'< 0 u ~ -· .:: \- i ~ ~~ 0 -. ~ ~-= < ~UTWASH PLAIN~ WOODRUFF LK ~~ >z:::) I- 0 TILL PLAIN tj ey %1 r u J________ q-=-~ HIGHLAND ROAD J J - .......1/~ /2iiiiiiil.,,~~--~=--------Contour lnterva I·. 50 Feet -, ,....J J [~ ;J__-+t-~w--= ~ :,: i �-,., Water Bodies and Wetlands Water in the form of lakes and ponds comprises approximately 1,454 acres, or 6 percent, of the total land area. Much of the scenic area around the lakes, outside the Highland State Recreation Area, has been developed for residential use. It is estimated that wetlands comprise up to 1,800 acres, or 7.8 percent of the township. Many of these marshy areas are located within the recreation area boundary. Preservation of these water bodies and wetlands is mandatory. While state laws regulate the amount and type of development around wetlands and lakes, the visual preservation of these areas is important in helping retain the character and image of the township. Woodlands Wherever possible, existing forested areas within the township's jurisdiction should be retained. Large tracts of woodlands are located in parts of Sections 5, 6, 7, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21, 28, 29, and 32. Clear cutting of these areas will harm physical systems in the township. The woodlands are important for the protection of slopes, aquifers, and wildlife habitats. They are also essential in providing visual diversity and screening, a major component of Highland Township's rural character. Clear cutting will deplete much of the township's natural beauty. Septic Suitability The Oakland County Planning Department and Oakland County Soil Conservation District have determined the general extent of areas suitable for septic tank and drain field sanitary and storm sewage disposal. Unsuitable areas contain high-water tables, marshlands, poor percolation rates, seasonal flooding, high surface runoff potential, or erosion problems. Development should not occur or should be very carefully restricted in these areas. Marginally suitable areas may be utilized for leaching, however, larger tile fields will be required. These areas may also be unsuitable areas during saturated conditions such as spring and fall rains and snowmelts. Limited, low-intensity development may be possible in some of these areas. 38 7 �~ i w "'~ :,: UJ ~ u: <:?.) 0 <t 0 a: w CLYDE ROAD MURRAYLK ~ (!l 0 ii: >a: 0 "'u :I: "" ~ KELLOGGL 1~ ~ WARDLOW ROAD / ~ >f-z -~ :::J ~ 0 u <:,9 LIVINGSTON ~~ 0 <t 0 a: w "'~ w z 0 a, i= ,_ w c.. - ROAD I I 0 <t 0 a: w ~ 0 I I J I ~ -r 7 - - -7 - a: / I vf$ ~-- ,~--- __ HONEYWELL LAKE ROAD ,......1//~2 ~~o iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-----1Mile ROWE ROAD M ilford Township Figure 4.2. Water Bodies and Wetlands HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN �■ J I T I..... w "'.., <( :c (/) ii: CLYDE ROAD ;~}. ~ ~ ~ .. -· /NSULALK ~ WOODRUFFLK MIDDLE ROAD - - I ',-:;;J >Iz ::::> 0 u .....,, ROWE ROAD - ~ 1/2 1Mile ,, Milford Township HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN r """'1111 �C <( 0 a: w ""_, <( 0 u ~ ;::: C <( 0 a: w C, C cc >a: 0 :c"" u I --9 ~ z ~ Cf) c., C <( 0 0:: w z _," <( > ucii 0 - ~ i❖i: fl HIGHLAND ROAD C <( 0 0:: w C, C cc >- c0 a: 0 ....J u" 0.. ;::: :c J 7 .,- 7 ,- J . . . . . . .1/2 0 lMile Milford Township Figure 4.4 Septic Suitability Areas Unsuitable for Septic Use '·<·,'.·,·.;-.\\ Areas Marginally Suitable for Septic Use HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN �■ -, Importance of Natural Features In summary, the natural features of Highland Township provide a framework of constraints and potentials. Figures 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 indicate areas which should be preserved or at least developed in a sensitive manner. Development has already occurred in many of these areas and water quality problems are evident. The thrust of future development in Highland Township will be directed towards the areas where natural hazards, such as flood-prone areas, wetlands, excessive slopes and lake margins, do not exist. Similarly, areas which contain large wooded tracts should be preserved or developed to retain as much of the natural landscape as possible. These development constraints are strictly functional; the form and character of the township can be maintained if the physical elements are regarded as valuable resources necessary for the public good. The visual assets of Highland Township are directly related to the physical features. An effort to preserve what we see now is important. It is possible to preserve Highland Township's rural character while providing realistic development possibilities for future growth. "'7 42 �------------------------ 7 ,.... J J J 7 .,.. I 7 .,,,.. J 5. VISUAL QUALITY ANALYSIS �5. VISUAL QUALITY ANALYSIS The character of the landscape is the overall visual impression created by its unique combination of natural features. The Visual Quality Analysis is an objective evaluation of the visual aspect of the township's natural features. The Visual Quality Analysis is used in this plan along with the preceding analysis of natural features as a basis for determining future land use. The goal of the Visual Quality Analysis is to define the desired visual quality and identify areas of visual importance within the township. This will form the basis for specifying the type and intensity of future development to retain and enhance the desired visual quality . Methodology The following diagram outlines the methodology of the Visual Quality Analysis. TRAFFIC VOLUMES SEEN ZONES ,.... VISUAL SENSITIVITY ...,., VISUAL IMPORTANCE VISUAL VARIETY J J - J J J J J J The first map prepared in this analysis ranked current traffic volumes along the major roads in the township. A second map plotted and ranked which areas of the township are seen and how they are perceived from the thoroughfares. An overlay of these two maps produced a third map: Visual Sensitivity. A fourth map was developed which ranks the relative variety of the land in the township. The combination of the sensitivity and variety maps produced a fifth map: Visual Importance. The two most important maps, Visual Sensitivity and Visual Importance, are reproduced in this report. Traffic Volumes The character of Highland Township is primarily perceived along the township's major thoroughfares. The first step in the visual analysis is compilation of traffic volumes data for major thoroughfares. The number of viewers is important in determining the importance of what is seen. Current traffic volumes were estimated using 1977 Oakland County Road Commission traffic counts. These counts were increased at a 5 percent compounded rate and ranked in three values. Traffic volumes range from 160 43 �~ .,..... l T vehicles per day along Buckhorn Lake Road to over 20,000 vehicles per day along Highland Road. Each major thoroughfare is grouped according to volume and assigned a value. The highest volume roads are assigned the lowest numerical value. VOLUME VEHICLES/DAY VALUE High Medium Low Over 3,340 1,200 - 3,339 160 - 1,199 1 2 ,... I ~ 3 Seen Zones Three types of seen zones are mapped and ranked for the entire township: foreground, middle ground and background. Foreground zones are areas which the viewer is in. The greatest amount of detail, scale and sensory perceptions are discerned in the foreground adjacent to the major thoroughfares. The extent of the foreground zone varies with the terrain, presence of tree stands and structures and is assigned a numerical value of 1. Middle ground areas provide a visual link between foreground and background. Details and scale relationships are less noticeable to the viewer. Middle ground areas are assigned a value of 2. Background zones are usually least noticed. Much of what exists in the background is not perceived; shapes, details and textures are simplified. Background zones are assigned a numerical value of 3. ZONE VALUE Foreground Middle ground Background -, I r 7 1 2 3 Visual Sensitivity A composite map is produced by overlaying viewer volumes with seen zones. The assigned values for both volumes and seen zones are combined to develop a composite sensitivity map. The sensitivity areas are ranked high, moderate, and low. A map depicting Visual Sensitivity is included in the this component of the Comprehensive Plan. COMPOSITE VALUES VOLUMES AND SEEN ZONES RANK 2 - 3 4 - 5 6 High Moderate Low ASSIGNED VALUES 1 2 3 Areas of high sensitivity are seen by a relatively large number of viewers for a long time or at close range. Areas of moderate sensitivity are seen by a large number of viewers for a moderate amount of time or long C [ 44 C �distance, or by a smaller number of viewers for a long time or at close range. Low sensitivity areas are either not normally seen by the average viewer, or they are only seen for a short amount of time or from a long distance. The areas of highest visual sensitivity are foreground and middle ground zones adjacent to high volume thoroughfares. Visual Variety The variety of the township can be quantified and mapped based on the amount of visual interest perceived in the landscape. The physiography and natural features of the area are major determinants in evaluating the quantity and quality of visual interest. Visual variety is separated into three groups: Priority 1, Priority 2 and Priority 3. Areas which exhibit distinctive variety or contain unique or outstanding features are assigned a Priority 1 value. These areas are generally located around the moraine formations, lakes and some wooded areas. Priority 2 areas exhibit variation of line, form and topography, but are generally common to the area and do not contain outstanding features. Priority 3 areas exhibit a minimal amount of variety in the landscape. These areas have low visual interest, or they have been developed haphazardly or improperly and require some form of physical enhancement. Some of these areas are located along Milford Road south of Middle Road, along Hickory Ridge Road and along Clyde Road east of Hickory Ridge Road. VISUAL VARIETY RANK Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 High Moderate Low VALUES 1 2 3 Visual Importance The Visual Importance map is a composite of traffic volumes, seen zones, visual sensitivity and visual variety. The sum of the composite values from the Visual Sensitivity and Variety maps are combined and plotted on the Visual Importance map. The breakdown of importance priority values is depicted in the following table: J J J J J J J COMPOSITE VALUES (VARIETY &SENSITIVITY) VISUAL IMPORTANCE 3 - 4 Priority Priority Priority Priority 5 6 - 7 8 - 9 1 2 3 4 Priority 1 areas have a composite value of 3 or 4 and are the most visually important areas in the township. These areas contain relatively high degrees of visual variety and are highly sensitive due to the number of viewers and the amount of area seen. Priority 1 areas are primarily 45 �located along Highland Road, Hickory Ridge Road south of Wardlow Road, Milford Road south of Highland Road, Harvey Lake Road south of White Lake Road and around White Lake. Many of these high-priority importance areas, with the exceptions of the lake areas, have minimal physical constraints due to natural hazards or features. Some of these areas have been developed for commercial or residential use while other areas are currently in agricultural production. Some of the Priority 1 areas along Harvey Lake Road and Highland Road in the Highland Recreation Area can be preserved as public open space. Future development in Priority 1 areas should be designed to retain as much open space as is economically feasible. New developments along the major thoroughfares should be of high design quality and should be arranged to maintain the rural character of the township. Where noncommercial developments are proposed in Priority 1 areas with extensive site depth, it may be possible to develop the areas not readily seen while preserving the most visually important areas adjacent to the thoroughfares. Areas rated Priority 2 are generally adjacent to Priority 1 areas and range from distinctive variety with moderate sensitivity to minimal visual variety with a high degree of sensitivity. These areas are generally found along the high volume thoroughfares and include the foreground and middle ground areas. Wherever possible, intensive development should not occur in these areas. From a visual standpoint, developmental modification should not alter more than 25 percent of what is seen. The use of vegetative buffers, berms and sensitive site planning can help achieve this end. Areas rated Priority 3 comprise the largest area of the township. These areas range from distinctive variety with a low sensitivity level to minimal variety and moderate sensitivity levels. Many of these areas are currently vacant or are being utilized as agricultural or large-lot residential areas. Visually, future development within areas of the township s jurisdiction could be developed at a greater intensity than Priority 2 areas without jeopardizing the township's rural appearance. Developments which may alter 50 to 60 percent of the seen area, for example, would not be readily perceived in many cases. Many of the Priority 3 areas are not viewed from any of the major thoroughfares. Priority 4 areas are, for the most part, not seen by the average viewer except for areas within the Highland State Recreation Area. Priority 4 areas are generally agricultural, large-lot residential or vacant, and they have a minimal amount of visual variety with low levels of sensitivity. These areas are generally isolated due to topographic screening or forest barriers. Intensive development could occur in these areas without greatly affecting the visual character of the township. • 1 • The fact that they are frequently seen is insufficient justification for developing all Priority 3 and 4 areas. Areas which are suitable for agriculture or which have extensive woodland should be preserved. Development should respect the constraints imposed by poor soil conditions and other natural features. As development does occur in Priority 3 and 4 areas, attendant road construction will alter the visual priority of portions of these areas. New areas of visual importance will be created. The rural character of these new areas should be protected. 1' I r 46 �J J J J J J -, J oiiii.iialll!"~lllii--------~1 Mile High Moderate Low Figure 5.1 Visual Sensitivity HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN �..., ] J .....,112 i i i l ~~--o-------~1Mile Figure 5.2 Visual Importance -Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 4 HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN �_.J J J J J Visual Analysis Summary Development guidelines based on purely physical constraints will not necessarily preserve the rural character of Highland Township. Future development should be guided by the need to preserve visual amenities as well as the need to preserve quality agricultural land and protect natural systems. This is the only way that the goal of preserving the township's rural character can be realized. This visual analysis identifies the areas which are most important to the township's rural visual quality. The future land use and policies components of this plan set forth approaches for preserving the rural appearance of visual priority areas. J .,,.- J J J J J 49 �,..... 6. EXISTING LAND-USE DETERMINANTS �6. EXISTING LAND-USE DETERMINANTS The existing land-use pattern in Highland Township consists of an emerging residential community in an area still primarily containing agricultural, nonurban and undeveloped land. Highland Township was organized as a distinct township in 1835; in 1846 the center of the township contained an unincorporated village with a saw mill near what is now Harvey Lake Road and Highland Road. By 1860 a post office, grist mill, blacksmith, wagon shop and several other small industries had been built in the village. With the coming of the railroad in the early 1870 1 s, the village moved one-half mile to the west near what is now Milford Road and Livingston Road. The new location was known as Highland Station. During the past century the population of the township has grown considerably. During World War I approximately 1,000 people lived in Highland. By World War II the population had doubled to 2,000 residents. By 1980, the population has increased eight-fold to nearly 17,000 residents. There are approximately 5,666 households, 134 commercial businesses and nearly 20 industrial concerns in the township. Table 6.1 depicts existing land-use allocations in Highland Township. TABLE 6.1 EXISTING LAND USE IN HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP J LAND-USE CATEGORY ACRES Agriculture 2,314.6 Single-Family Residential 7,281.9 Multiple-Family Residential 457.4 Commercial and Office 209.7 Industrial 171.5 Institutional and Public 4,123.4 Business-Improved Open Space 276.4 Utility and Communication 2.6 Vacant Land 5,677.0 Transportation Rights-of-Way 1,140.7 Surface Water 1,454.2 Other 1. 9 TOTAL 23,111.3 PERCENT 10.0 31.5 2.0 0.9 0.7 17.8 1.2 0.0 24.6 5.0 6.3 0.0 100.1 Source: Oakland County Planning Commission 1981 land use tabulations based on county assessment records. 51 �:r t Residential Determinants Residential growth originally focused in the "village" center and around the fringes of the lakes. Highland Township contains over 24 miles of shoreline. Approximately 17 miles of shoreline have been subdivided with nearly 12 miles of shoreline developed. Much of this lake development came in the form of summer cottages dating back to World War I. Between 1940 and 1950 many of these cottages were winterized and used for yearround residences. Residential growth increased rapidly during the next three decades. As the importance of agriculture diminished, many of the farms in the area were subdivided into large residential parcels along the major thoroughfares. The residential density pattern began to emerge: small-parcel higher-density subdivisions were concentrated in the central Highland area and around the larger lakes in the township. These areas were surrounded by a ring of agricultural land and large-lot residences on the north and west portions of the township. Many large-lot parcels were developed along private roads scattered throughout the township. A substantial amount of residential development also occurred along Milford Road, the first major arterial road in the township. Three mobile home parks are located in the township. The oldest and smallest dates from the 1960 1 s, and it is located on Hickory Ridge Road south of Lone Tree Road. The other two date from the 1970 s. They are located on Milford Road between Middle Road and Wardlow Road and on Highland Road (M-59) west of Milford Road. The township's three mobile home developments occupy less than two percent of the township s land area and contain over 23 percent of its population. While a general pattern of residential density areas has emerged, there is no definite edge or limit to these areas. Higher- and lower-density areas appear to be scattered throughout the township. 1 1 Commercial and Industrial Determinants Commercial and industrial development also emerged as the population increased. Businesses, once centered in the villages, began to dot the landscape along the major arteries of the township. Increased use of the automobile decreased the need for centralized commercial and industrial development. Small commercial and industrial enterprises have been developed primarily in various spots along Milford Road, along Highland Road (M-59) and along Duck Lake Road near the lakes. The character of commercial and industrial facilities in the township is described in detail in Components 2 and 3 of this Comprehensive Plan. 52 .,. �Public and Semi-Public Determinants Public and semi-public uses comprise over one percent of the township. They include schools, township service facilities, churches and cemeteries. Highland Township contains three elementary schools, a junior high school and a high school. These are operated by the Huron Valley School District. The three elementary schools are: 1) Highland Elementary located on Livingston Road west of John Street; 2) Apollo Elementary located on the west side of Milford Road north of Wardlow Road; and 3) Spring Mills Elementary located on the east side of Harvey Lake Road south of Chevron. These elementary schools are currently operating under capacity due to declining enrollments. Highland Junior High School is located on John Street next to the Township Hall. Milford High School is located on the west side of Milford Road south of Lone Tree Road. The junior and senior high school facilities are both operating over capacity, but the re are no plans for new facilities. In addition to these five school facilities, the Huron Valley School District operates the Duck Lake Center in a former elementary school facility located on the west side of Duck Lake Road north of Jackson Boulevard. The Duck Lake Center houses the school district's media center, the district's adult education program, the district's preschool program and other activities sponsored by the school district. J Township service facilities include the township hall, the township library and three fire stations. The township hall is located on the west side of John Street near the central fire station which is located at the northwest corner of Livingston Road and John Streets. The township library is located in a newly restored historic structure which formerly housed the Highland United Methodist Church. This facility is located at the southwest corner of Livingston Road and John Street. Taken together, the town ship hall, the library and the central fire station constitute the township municipal center. This municipal center area also contains the Highland Township post office which is located between the township hall and the central fire station. The township maintains a second fire station on Duck Lake Road at Dean Drive and a third station on Clyde Road at Buckhorn Lake Road. Highland Township contains several churches. structures dating back to the 1830 1 s. Some are located in historic 53 �Open Space and Recreation Determinants Highland Township contains an extensive amount of land used for recreation purposes. Nearly 16 percent of the township (3,696 acres) is occupied by the Highland Recreation Area. This park is a passive recreation area which extends into White Lake Township and provides for such activities as hiking, camping, horseback riding, hunting, trapping and dog-trial sports. Much of the private land within the ultimate park boundaries is too intensively developed to be practical for public acquisition. The Highland Recreation Area is a development barrier between the major population centers in Highland Township and the westward, suburban-like expansion pressures of White Lake Township. However, the recreation area is a relatively contiguous unit and does not create physical barriers in other parts of Highland Township. Local open space and recreation facilities in Highland Township represent little more than one-half of one percent of the township area. These facilities comprise approximately 155 acres. Local open space and recreation facilities include township parks, a golf course and private lands dedicated for common use. The golf course comprises almost 75 percent of the local open space areas. Additional active recreation and open space areas are located adjacent to the township schools. Local park and passive open space areas are located around Duck, White, Harvey and Dunham Lakes. i 54 �Land-Use Issues Based on analyses of existing land-use determinants, a variety of issues can be established which affect decisions for future land-use allocation in Highland Township. These issues are discussed below. 1. A pattern of residential development has been established in Highland Township over the past century. The lake areas and central village area have been developed at relatively high densities while other areas contain lower residential densities and agricultural uses. No strong demarcation between different residential densities has been established. 2. Population growth and development pressure in Highland Township is inevitable. A certain amount of new housing development will occur on vacant land within existing subdivisions. However, available infill areas will not be sufficient to provide for the expected 50 percent increase in population over the next 20 years . Additional land will be required for smaller-lot residential development to provide for a satisfactory range of housing choices. New residential development can be achieved without destroying the rural character of the township provided such new development is within carefully drawn boundaries. 3. Industrial development has occurred in a number of locations scattered throughout the township. Most of the township's larger industries are centralized along Milford Road north of Highland Road. A substantial amount of vacant land exists between and around many of these facilities. Industrial infill is the most logical use for this area and should be encouraged to help maintain a diversified tax base and to provide additional job opportunities in the township. 4. Commercial development is scattered along the major thoroughfares. Vacant parcels often separate existing commercial and office uses, particularly along Milford Road. The potential for commercial and office infilling should be encouraged to establish stronger commercial districts and to prevent commercial development from spreading into areas where it would be undesirable. 5. The large compact commercial development in the East Highland area is an asset for Highland Township. Some commercial and office infill potential exists in this area and should be encouraged. 6. Additional commercial development should also be encouraged in the Central Highland area near Highland Road (M-59) and Milford Road. This area is central to the township and commercial development here will give the township a more balanced land-use pattern. J J J J J 55 �J J J J J J ~ 7. LAND-USE PLAN �7. LAND-USE PLAN This Component of the Comprehensive Plan contains the Land-Use Plan and analyzes its different elements. Five separate parts of this component describe and analyze residential development, commercial and office development, industrial development, open space and recreation facilities, and potential thoroughfares designed to serve the proposed land-use pattern. Table 7.1 indicates the areas allocated to different land uses. TABLE 7.1 HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP LAND USE PLAN Tabular Summary of Land Uses ACRES 16,014 PERCENT 69.3 8,518 36.8 863 5,033 1,042 175 383 3.7 21.8 4.5 0.8 1. 6 COMMERCIAL Office and Low-Intensity Commercial General Commercial 252 110 142 1.1 0.5 0.6 INDUSTRIAL Restricted Industrial General Industrial 362 282 80 1. 5 1.2 0.3 PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC 249 1.1 4,097 17.7 683 3.0 1,454 23,111 6.3 LAND USE CATEGORY RES! DENTIAL Agriculture and Rural Residential (10 acre minimum lot size) Agriculture and Rural Residential (5 acre minimum lot size) Medium and Small Lot Residential Open Space Single-Family Residential Multiple-Family Residential Mobile Home Residential J OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION TRANSPORTATION SURFACE WATER TOTAL 100.0 Notes: Public and Semi-Public includes schools, churches, cemeteries, and township facilities; Open Space includes the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Highland Recreation area, township recreation facilities, and private land dedicated to common use; Transportation includes existing and proposed major thoroughfares and railroad rights-of-way. 57 �- ROSE TOWNSHIP - Highland Township Land Use Plan Figure 7.1 ' ~!//({(\):::':} Agricultu~e and Rural [ · ·· ··· ···· ... ..J Residential (10 acre minimum lot si ze ) l\ ::_t/\;:.=i')!:(H=''.J Agriculture and ~ural Residential [. ......,,.,:-.,•::.•·::,·_ (5 ac re mInImum lot si ze ) lll\l\l lI:Il[:[l Medium and Small Lot Residential -- l1:'.'i\7'.W :c~'.U E'Ji1/&n~~ Open Space Residential Multiple-Family Residential Q) -"' 111111111111 Mobile Home Park Residential Office and Low-Intensity Commercial General Commercial ,..... WHITE LAK E Restricted Industrial General Industrial ..,,....l: ~~ ... a Public and Semi:..Public \= r.,,,-=~ !\:: Open Space and Recreation == [ ' · , •..._.] State Recreation Area Planned Boundary L00li" r y r""'-..._...,j Proposed Thoroughfares :::::::•:::::::::::::::::::::::: ······ ······· ····· Central Highland Area .,... • • ~ Highland Road M -59 pd 0 1M ile Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated �Residential Development The predominant land use in the Highland Township Land-Use Plan is residential development. A total of 16,014 acres (69.3 percent of the township) are reserved for residential use. Five types of residential development are recommended: 1) agriculture and rural residential (with areas designated for both 5 acre and 10 acre minimum lot sizes), 2) medium- and small-lot single family, 3) open space single-family, 4) multiple-family, and 5) mobile home park. It is anticipated that by the year 2000 these residential areas could contain the projected population of 25,363 persons which represents and increase of 2,806 households or housing units. The residential development pattern has been designed to protect the rural character of Highland Township and to provide alternative areas for the development of new housing to meet the demands of a growing population. The majority of residential land has been planned for low-density agricultural and rural single-family development in accordance with the character of the existing residential development pattern. Most of the parcels in these areas will range from 5 to 10 acres; many will be larger. Significant areas have been designated for medium- and small-lot single-family and open space single-family development. These areas will primarily accommodate 1.5- to 5-acre and larger residential parcels. These areas will meet the demand for moderate-sized single-family home sites. The 1.5-acre minimum-lot size will ensure, in most cases, adequate land for long-term septic system sewage disposal. A significant amount of land is designated for higher-density multiple-family and mobile home park development to meet the anticipated demand for such housing. Agriculture and Rural Single-Family Development The Land-Use Plan indicates a total of 9,381 acres (40.5 percent of the township) for agriculture and rural single-family development. Within the agriculture and rural single-family category, specific areas are designated for 10 acre minimum lot sizes and 5 acre minimum lot sizes. These lot sizes will provide a range of choice for those who wish to live in a rural density environment. Existing development in these areas consists of large lot single-family residences, small farms and large undeveloped tracts. Approximately 50 percent of the rural single-family area is currently undeveloped. Agriculture and rural single-family areas provide a nonurban 11 ring 11 around the township in conjunction with the Highland Recreation Area in the southeast portion of the township. This low-density "ring 11 consists of approximately 14 square miles. These areas generally follow Clyde Road to the north, Hickory Ridge Road to the west and Lone Tree Road to the south. Approximately 525 acres or 5 percent of the rural single-family area is located within the boundary of the Highland Recreation Area. Several square miles of land located north of Clyde Road and east of Hickory Ridge Road are currently in farm production. It is the intent of this plan to preserve agricultural land wherever possible. The agriculture and rural single-family areas are generally flat and highly visible from the major thoroughfares. The preservation of agriculture and the development of very low-density single-family parcels in these areas will help maintain the rural character of the township. 61 �7 Medium- and Small-Lot Single-Family Development The Land-Use Plan designates a total of 5,033 acres (21.8 percent of the township) for medium- and small-lot single-family development. These acres are primarily intended to be developed within a range of 1.5 to 5 acres per unit. A lot size of 1.5 acres is recommended for adequate septic system development. Medium- and small-lot single-family residential areas are generally concentrated in the central and eastern portions of the township bounded by Clyde Road on the north, Lone Tree Road on the south and the Highland Recreation Area and township boundary on the east. The western edge of the small-lot residential area is along a line east of and parallel to Hickory Ridge Road. These areas comprise nearly 9 square miles in the township; many locations around lakes are almost entirely developed. Approximately 275 acres (5 percent of the medium and small-lot single-family area) is located within the boundary of the Highland Recreation Area. Of the 5,640 acres designated for medium- and small-lot single-family development, approximately 2,295 acres (40 percent) are currently undeveloped. Many of these undeveloped areas are located in and around previously developed residential subdivisions. Medium- and small lot residential areas preserve and round out the basic character of existing residential developments. These areas will accommodate a substantial portion of the 2,806 additional households anticipated by the year 2000. Open Space Single-Family Development A total of 1,042 acres (4.5 percent of the entire township) are designated for open space single-family development. The open space residential areas are strategically located to allow for the preservation of wetlands, woodlands, slopes and other environmentally and visually sensitive areas. Creative site planning in these areas can preserve the sensitive environmental features through the use of common open space. Preservation of natural features will require the siting of homes on parcels less than 1.5 acres in size, but the overall density of the open space residential areas should usually not be less than 1.5 units per net acre. Adequate area for septic fields will still be necessary. r ~ The Land-Use Plan designates 10 areas throughout the township for open space residential development. These sites are located; 1) on both sides of Milford Road north of Reid Road and Watkins Boulevard, 2) on the north side of Lone Tree Road east of Maryland, 3) on Milford Road between one-quarter and one-half mile south of Livingston Road, 4) on Highland Road (M-59) west of Highland Hills, 5) on both sides of Highland Road east of the railroad right-of-way, 6) on both sides of Wardlow Road west of Highland Greens, 7) east of the railroad tracks and north of Underwood Road and Upper Pettibone Lake, 8) on both sides of Harvey Lake Road south of Lakeview Drive and the elementary school, 9) south of Clyde Road at the intersection of Harvey Lake Road, and 10) north of Wardlow Road west of Duck Lake Road. r 62 w.. �·-·-·-·-·-·~ I i pond ] 20 21 [! _·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-•=--------19 ] i::. ...... future residential development ] ] future residential development r CLUSTER SUBDIVISION CONCEPTUAL DESIGN SINGLE-FAMILY SUBDIVISION CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Total Acres: 31.12 Number of Dwelling Units: 48 in 12 4- unit clusters Dwelling Units per Gross Acre: 1.5 Total Acres: 31.13 Number of Lots: 31 Average Lot Size: 32,500 square feet Largest Lot: 45,000 square feet Smallest Lot: 32,500 square feet Dwelling Units per Gross Acre: 1.0 ] Figure 7.2 . ...:i:: "'0 z Conceptual Plans for Variable Lot Size and Single-Family Attached Residential Development �7 population growth in the County. Since 1980 the population of Highland Township has represented a continuously larger proportion of the total population of Oakland County (see Figure 1.3). Even though the population growth of Oakland County is expected to continue to decrease through the year 2000, Highland Township's population is not likely to represent a much greater proportion of the County's total population, since the township's growth is expected to also begin leveling off. Social Patterns Social patterns, such as size of household and number of children per household, affect population growth. Highland Township and other communities in Oakland County have experienced a nationwide phenomenon, the trend toward smaller households. As seen in Table 1.3, the number of persons per household in Highland Township decreased from 3.62 to 3.22 in the period from 1970 to 1980. Oakland County experienced a decrease from 3.29 to 2.84 persons per household in the same period. The decrease in household size is reflected in school enrollment figures for the Huron Valley Schools. The kindergarten enrollment in school year 1975-76 (birth year 1970) was 775 students. Since then the enrollment has decreased steadily to a low of 629 kindergarten students in school year 1980-81 (birth year 1975). l 7 7 Even though the construction of new housing units has shown a healthy increase in the last ten years, the trend toward fewer children and smaller households has resulted in slower population increases. If the trend toward smaller households continues, it will have a leveling effect on population growth. Economic Factors Economic factors, such as the general state of the Michigan economy, commercial and industrial growth, and the cost of fuel, will affect population growth in Highland Township. The depressed state of the automobile industry has a dampening effect on other facets of the economy. With high unemployment levels and commercial and industrial growth at a low ebb, families are less likely to relocate in more outlying communities such as Highland Township. High interest rates make new homes difficult to afford. New residential construction in Michigan in 1980 was over forty percent below the 1979 building rate. In Highland Township, only 81 building permits were issued for residential construction in 1980, compared to an average of 204 permits per year for the 1970-1979 period. If, as some analysts expect, Michigan's automobile industry does not return to earlier high levels of activity, even after the current downturn has run its course, then long-term residential growth throughout Southeast Michigan will be dampened. r High fuel costs also will continue to affect population growth in Highland Township. People who once may have considered Highland Township or another ....... ,..... ...... ...... 3rl ....... �I J J Residential Development Boundaries The 1980 census enumerated the population of Highland Township at 16,958 persons. The population component for the Highland Township Master Plan projects that the population could grow to approximately 25,363 persons during the next 20 years. The residential development boundaries of the future Land-Use Plan are based on three important factors: 1. New residential development should round out existing residential development to logical boundaries. 2. Sufficient acreage for each residential type is necessary to provide reasonable development alternatives while retaining the rural character of the township. 3. Adequate area in all residential developments will be required to contain the potential increase. of 2,806 new households by the year 2000. Table 7.2 sets forth the additional residential holding capacity of the Land-Use Plan. If all residential areas are 100 percent developed, they could contain approximately 4,498 additional residential units. These additional units would provide a surplus of 1,692 units over and above the year 2000 needs. If all residential areas are only two-thirds developed, they could contain approximately 3,015 additional units, a surplus of 209 units over and above the year 2000 needs. The fact that the plan accommodates a surplus of housing units over and above projected year 2000 needs ensures that developers will have a substantial amount of choice in selecting locations for each type of residential development. This range of choice should benefit new residents. All residential areas will probably not develop at an equal rate. However, the pace of demand will probably be sufficiently balanced between the different residential types to permit an adequate locational choice within each type. Phased Residential Zoning Strategy It is not the intent of the Land-Use Plan that residential areas be immediately rezoned to the indicated densities. Rezoning should occur in a phased manner to prevent 11 leap frogging 11 of development. Rezoning from agricultural/Rural Residential densities to Medium- and Small-Lot densities should occur first in central areas which are immediately contiguous with such development. Only later, when the demand for additional medium and small lot development cannot be met by existing supplies, should more outlying areas be so zoned. 65 �TABLE 7.2 ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL HOLDING CAPACITY OF LAND USE PLAN Number of Additional Units Which Can Be Accommodated If Presently Undeveloped Areas Are: I' 100 Percent Developed 67 Percent Developed Agricultural/Rural Residential 1 (10 acre minimum lot size) 200 134 Agricultural/Rural Residential 2 (5 acre minimum lot size) 56 38 Medium and Small Lot Single-Family 3 Open Space Single-Family 4 1,250 838 500 335 Multiple-Family 5 Mobile Home 6 1,500 1,005 992 665 4,498 3,015 ..., ,,. [ I TOTAL Additional Units Needed by Year 2000 2,806 2,806 Surplus (Units which could be accommodated minus units needed): 1,692 209 Surplus as Percent of Additional Units Needed 60% 7% Notes: 1 Based on development of 4,000 additional acres at an average density of 1 unit per 20 acres. 2 Based on development of 450 additional acres at an average density of 1 unit per 8 acres. 3 Based on development of 2,500 additional acres at an average density of 1 unit per 2 acres. 4 Based on development of 1,000 additional acres at an average density of 1 unit per 2 acres. 5 Based on development of 150 additional acres at an average density of 10 units per acre. 6 Based on development of existing mobile home parks at an average density of 5.8 units per acre. r I 7 =1 ,,,.. ..... ..... ...... '!1111111 66 ..... �J Commercial and Office Development The commercial and office land-use pattern has five primary objectives: 1) to strengthen the commercial sector and tax base of the township, 2) to provide adequate convenience, comparison, service and office uses within easy access of population concentrations, 3) to prevent the proliferation of scattered strip commercial development, 4) to promote increased traffic safety by reducing points of conflict between through traffic and commercial oriented traffic, and 5) to improve the visual image of existing commercial areas. The Land-Use Plan provides two categories of commercial development for the township: office and low-intensity commercial development and general commercial development. Commercial land comprises 252 acres (1.1 percent of the entire township) Office and low-intensity commercial areas contain 110 acres, and general commercial areas contain 142 acres. Office and low-intensity commercial areas are intended to accommodate businesses of relatively low-use intensity in comparison to general commercial areas. Restricted commercial and office developments are anticipated in areas which contain shallow sites which back up to residential areas. Such uses may include engineering, legal, accounting or other business offices; and low-intensity convenience and comparison uses such as dry goods, flowers and gifts, tobacco shops, beauty shops, cleaners, photo and art studios, bookstores, furniture stores and interior decorators, jewelry stores, optical retail stores, and sporting goods stores. Banks and medical offices which provide services for these businesses would also be appropriate in office and low-intensity commercial areas. Office and low-intensity commercial development is designated in six general locations in the township: 1. The area on both sides of Milford Road, south of Reid Road and Watkins Boulevard contains 33 acres. An existing dental clinic on the east side of Milford Road is the southern limit of this district. This area contains a car dealership and several small commercial establishments. There is a substantial amount of undeveloped land between existing businesses. 2. The area on both sides of Milford Road north of Lone Tree Road plus the southwest corner of Milford and Lone Tree Roads contains approximately 50 acres. A bank facility and several shopping strips are currently located in this area. A sizable portion of this area is available for commercial infill. 3. The plan provides for a small amount of office and restricted commercial development in the Central Highland area of the township along Milford Road and Highland Road {M-59) north of Livingston Road. 4. A sizable vacant area immediately west of the new Brighton State Bank on Highland Road will provide a highly visible site for commercial and/or office development. This site will be quite narrow after the boulevard construction along M-59 is completed. 67 �r . I "' 5. A 10-acre area along the east side of Milford Road on both sides of Wardlow Road is proposed for office and low-intensity commercial development. This area currently contains convenience food stores, a medical office and a pizza restaurant. A small amount of infill area is available in this district and is opposite a potential multiplefamily area. 6. Office and low-intensity commercial development is designated for the southeast portion of the East Highland commercial district. Several residential structures have been converted for office and commercial uses. This area is highly visible and is located adjacent to proposed and existing multiple-family areas. General commercial uses are primarily indicated in three areas along Highland Road (M-59): 1. 2. The West Highland area at the intersection of Hickory Ridge Road and Highland Road (M-59) comprises approximately 20 acres. This area currently contains an auto parts business and junkyard, a party store, a grocery, a gas station, and a power equipment sales company. The plan does not propose the extension of this commercial area. A small amount of land is currently undeveloped. The Central Highland area at the intersection of Milford Road and Highland Road comprises approximately 50 acres of land. Most of this area is currently undeveloped along the north side of M-59. This area is centrally located in the township and will probably experience commercial development pressure after the completion of the M-59 boulevard project. .... r I 7 ,,.- I 7 1 ~ 3. The East Highland area at the intersection of Highland and Duck Lake Roads is the largest developed commercial area in the township, comprising over 52 acres. A small amount of commercial infill potential exists in this area. The areas surrounding the East Highland commercial district are proposed for multiple-family development. The plan does not propose a significant amount of commercial expansion area in East Highland. I The Commercial-Base Analysis indicates that approximately 178 acres of commercial and office area will be needed by the year 2000. The township currently contains approximately 146 acres of these uses. The Land-Use Plan provides for 252 acres of commercial and office area representing a surplus of nearly 30 percent over year 2000 needs. This land allocation will provide sufficient area for additional commercial and office development alternatives to produce a well-balanced, centralized and compact land-use pattern in Highland Township. """"1111111 68 �J WARDLOW ROAD 0 <t: 0 a: 0 a: 0 LL ....J ~ M-59 ~ NORTH Figure 7.3 200 400 FEET Conceptual Plan for Commercial and Industrial Park Development �• Industrial Development The industrial development configuration in the Land-Use Plan has been designed to enhance the existing centralized industrial development and to help diversify and increase the tax base and employment base of Highland Township. The existing industrial corridor is primarily located along Milford Road north of Highland Road. Existing industrial development comprises approximately 145 acres; the Land-Use Plan provides for 362 acres of general and restricted industry representing a 165 percent increase in land area. The Industrial Base Analysis of the Comprehensive Plan indicates a need for approximately 345 acres of industrial land by the year 2000. The industrial development configuration has been delineated to provide convenient access to M-59. The area is generally surrounded by mobile home, multiple-family, institutional and commercial uses. Approximately 80 acres or 22 percent of all industrial land in the township is intended for general industrial use. The area is currently occupied by a concrete products manufacturing plant. The remaining 282 acres are intended to be developed in restricted industrial uses which would be adjacent to mobile home and planned commercial areas. The Land-Use Plan proposed the development of a new collector thoroughfare which would provide the industrial area with direct access to M-59. ,.,,. 7 r --; I Open Space and Recreation Development The Land-Use Plan does not provide for any significant changes in the patterns of open space and recreation in Highland Township. Approximately 16 percent of the entire township is occupied by the Highland Recreation Area. This area is a tremendous open space and recreation asset. The area does not provide any significant development barriers within the township. The ultimate boundaries for the recreation area were established by the Department of Natural Resources in 1977; boundary extensions are not planned in the future. Local recreation facilities are located around the lake areas of the township and comprise approximately 155 acres. Nearly 115 acres of this category is comprised of the golf course on Highland Hills Drive. Approximately five small local parks are located in various area$ and provide beaches and picnic facilities. Open space and recreation facilities adjacent to the public schools in the township are not included in the total recreation acreage, but they represent a significant amount of open space in close proximity to the population centers of the township. Opportunities for additional open space and recreation areas exist within the proposed open space residential areas. Many of these areas contain amenities which are to be preserved; a number of these open space residential areas can be linked to the Highland Recreation Area, to other open space residential areas and to school recreation facilities by means of hiking, bicycle, equestrian, or cross-country ski trails. Open space residential developments also provide the potential for development of both active and passive recreation areas in the township. 70 7 '!Z'1 1 r �8. LAND-USE POLICIES �8. - LAND-USE POLICIES This section sets forth the land-use policies for the Highland Township Comprehensive Plan. The land-use policies deal with residential, commercial, office, industrial, and open space and recreation land uses. The policies have been stated in a form which is specific enough to provide the planning commission with a basis for decision making, but general enough to remain valid for a reasonable period of years. Residential Development Policies 1. A range of housing types and parcel sizes should be provided to accommodate different income and age groups, household sizes, locational and style preferences. - 2. The size and architectural features of residential buildings within each residential area should be visually compatible. 3. Residential developments should provide adequate light, air, privacy and quietude. 4. Higher-density, multiple-family development should be located in and near visually attractive areas. 5. Residential living areas should be separated from commercial and industrial areas by functional elements such as open space or buffered thoroughfares. 6. Existing housing should be protected from environmental decay through code enforcement and provision of adequate township services. 7. Special emphasis should be placed on the preservation of homes with historic or design interest. 8. Vacant land should be subdivided only when a definite need exists. 9. The development of residential areas should occur in an orderly sequence with the proper provision of public improvements. 10. Residential developments should not be penetrated by major arterial streets. 11. Subdivision design should be encouraged to face away from major thoroughfares. 12. Medium- and higher-density residential areas should be located in proximity to major streets for good accessibility and to prevent extraneous traffic from penetrating low-density residential areas. 71 �• ..., .... 13. Open space pathways and linkages within residential developments should be related to the scenic features, open space and recreation facilities pattern of the township. .... 14. Medium- and higher-density residential areas should be located near the Highland Recreation Area or other open space facilities in order to create a satisfactory environmental balance. - 15. The design of new residential developments should provide for the preservation of existing trees, scenic features and environmentally sensitive areas. 16. New residential subdivisions developed in visually important areas along major thoroughfares should provide adequate open space to help maintain the rural character of the township. I r ~ 17. Pedestrian/bicycle ways should be provided to link residential areas with each other and with commercial and recreation areas. r 18. New residential developments should be designed to ensure that on-site sanitary sewage disposal systems can function properly to prevent contamination of soil, wetlands, lakes and ground water. r 1 1 ~ r ....... ........ r -. -. I 72 �J Commercial and Office Development Policies - 1. Shopping facilities should be clustered in order to strengthen existing corrmercial areas. 2. Convenience shopping facilities should be developed which are easily accessible to residential areas. The development of convenience level facilities in strip development along major arterials should be discouraged. 3. The development of commercial and office facilities should be based upon a realistic determination of market potential so that excessive speculation and abandonment of buildings will not occur. 4. Extension of strip developments along thoroughfares in the township should be discouraged. 5. Commercial development should be concentrated in well deliniated commercial districts, small shopping centers or commercial parks. 6. Incompatible noncommercial uses should be eliminated from commercial areas. 7. Commercial areas should include screenwalls or landscape buffers to minimize undesirable impacts on adjoining residential areas. 8. Commercial shopping and office facilities should be designed to include pedestrian circulation, landscaping and other amenities which create an attractive shopper environment. 9. Architectural compatibility and sign controls should be encouraged in commercial development areas. 10. Early signs of blight and decline in commercial and office areas should be reversed through resolution of traffic ingress and egress problems, prevention of excessive penetration of local driveways into major thoroughfares, elimination of excessive advertising and identification signs, and through provision for improved site planning design and landscaping in remaining developable parcels. New commercial facilities should be subject to site plan review, as should existing facilities which are expanded. 11. A local historic business district with appropriate shopping and office facilities should be encouraged in the Central Highland area. 12. Commercial and office development in the form of adaptive reuse of existing residential structures should be encouraged in the Central Highland area. 13. The township should encourage the maintenance of historically significant structures in commercial and office areas. 14. Hazards such as air, water and soil contamination; noise; and excessive vibration should be controlled by adequate zoning and performance regulations. 73 �• .., Industrial Development Policies 1. The township 1 s industrial development potential should be attained through the provision of sufficient industrial land of suitable quality and location. 2. Industrial development should occur in concentrations unified by land design, structural compatibility and performance characteristics. 3. Industrial areas should be reinforced through improved accessibility. 4. Industrial facilities should be provided with adequate off street parking and loading facilities. 5. Industries desiring a high degree of public exposure should be encouraged to locate in the industrial area adjacent to Milford Road. 6. Industrial land uses should not be scattered among other land uses. 7. Industrial areas should be separated from nonindustrial areas by appropriate open space buffers or other screening methods. 8. Industrial hazards such as air, water and soil contamination; noise; and excessive vibration should be controlled by adequate zoning and performance regulations. 9. Incompatible land uses should not intrude into the industrial area. 10. Industrial uses which pose no threat to the adequacy and quality of ground water supplies should be particularly encouraged. "7 'L, "'"', r r ....... r ...... r ........ 74 �- - Open Space and Recreation Policies 1. A balanced system of recreation facilities should be encouraged. Such a system should include major park and athletic facilities, neighborhood recreation facilities and special facilities such as bicycle, hiking, equestrian and cross-country ski trails for use by the residents of the township. 2. Open space areas should be linked wherever possible in order to create functional relationships. 3. Commercial recreation facilities should be related to the planning and development of public and private open space areas where possible. 4. Open space development should preserve, protect and enhance wooded and scenic areas, unique habitats and environmentally sensitive areas. Such areas can be preserved either through public or private ownership and maintenance and through strategic preservation of open space areas in sensitively-developed residential areas. 5. Open space should be utilized to delineate residenti~l areas, to give individuality and to maintain the rural character of the township. 6. Developers should be encouraged to provide open space and recreation facilities as part of their overall residential development design. 75 �9. THOROUGHFARES AND TRANSPORTATION SERVICES �9. THOROUGHFARES AND TRANSPORTATION SERVICES This component consists of three sections. In the first section Highland Township's existing thoroughfare system is described and analyzed. This section deals with the current state of the roadways in the township, their classification and type of use and existing volumes. The second section deals with the proposed thoroughfare system including anticipated use and volumes and proposed improvements. Consideration is given to anticipated traffic volumes that will result from the optimum development provided for in the Land-Use Plan. This section also contains a description of scenic drives and pedestrian-bicycle greenways in the township. The third section analyzes other modes of transportation which are available to the township and prospects for future service. Existing Thoroughfare System The existing thoroughfare pattern of Highland Township has evolved primarily from one basic highway development factor: the mile road grid pattern. The mile road grid pattern which is predominant in the township reflects the statewide policy of developing access routes along the section lines which date back to the early 19th century survey of the Northwest Territory. This policy of providing access routes along section lines has at times produced seemingly arbitrary road alignment patterns with respect to natural features. However, construction of section line roads has also provided reasonably good access to all points within the state. All of the major thoroughfares in Highland Township are east-west or northsouth roads. In general, there are few problems or interruptions in the township's road network due to road alignment or barriers such as the railroad tracks. Existing Thoroughfare Conditions Access throughout the township is relatively good. All of the major roads in Highland Township, with the exception of Highland Road (M-59), are under the jurisdiction of the Oakland County Road Commission. Highland Road is a state highway which bisects the township from east to west. The major problem which faces the township at the present time is road paving. Many of the roads throughout the township are unpaved. The roads which are currently paved include: Highland Road (M-59), Hickory Ridge Road, Milford Road, Wardlow Road (east of Milford), Harvey Lake Road, Duck Lake Road (north of M-59), Tipsico Lake Road (north of M-59), Livingston Road (to just east of the railroad tracks), Jackson Boulevard, Middle Road. Several subdivision streets around Duck, Woodruff, Harvey and Dunham Lakes are also paved. While the paved roads carry a majority of the traffic in the area, the township has established "priority" roads which will be paved when Oakland County Road Commission matching funds are available. These roads include: Duck Lake Road (south of M-59), Highland Hills Drive, Lone Tree Road, Wardlow Road (west of Milford Road) and Tipsico Lake Road (south of M-59). Several subdivision streets will also be considered for paving when 77 �- .==-- - - ---=--------~----------~- ., funds become available. Once these 11 priority 11 roads are paved, the entire central portion of the township will be more easily accessibile by improved roads. Only the outlying agricultural and residential areas along the north, west and south portions of the township will be served by unpaved roads. Existing Road Classification The roads in Highland Township can be classified into five categories: regional arterials, local arterials, principal collectors, secondary collectors and local roads. Highland Township contains only one regional arterial or state trunkline. Highland Road (M-59) traverses the township in an east-west direction and provides high mobility traffic movement. M-59 connects the cities of Howell and Pontiac to Highland Township and intersects I-96 and U.S. 23 in Livingston County, I-75 and M-53 in Oakland County and I-94 in eastern Macomb County. M-59 is a four-lane divided highway. This is the only four-lane roadway in Highland Township. 78 ,.... I ...., �Local arterials, or county primary roads, serve traffic over moderate trip lengths and at lower levels of mobility than do regional arterials. The Oakland County Road Commission has classified Milford Road, Hickory Ridge Road, Harvey Lake Road, North Duck Lake Road, Jackson Boulevard, Clyde Road and Rose Center Road as local arterials. These roads tend to carry relatively high volumes of traffic and function to distribute traffic within a small geographic area such as the west-central portion of Oakland County. Principal collectors, or county secondary roads, function primarily as collector-distributor roads for relatively large areas. East-west roads which act as principal collectors include Middle Road, Wardlow Road, West Livingston Road, Lone Tree Road, Honeywell Lake Road, White Lake Road, and Rowe Road. The north-south roads which act as principal collectors include South Duck Lake Road, Rose Center Road, Highland Hills Drive and Waterbury Road. The township's principal collectors can be expected to serve as local arterials as ubanization results in heavier traffic volumes. Secondary collectors are also county secondary roads which generally carry lower volumes of traffic. These roads function to provide traffic service between local roads and higher volume routes. Traffic served is generated from a relatively small area or specific attraction such as the Highland Recreation Area. Secondary collectors in Highland Township include Tipsico Lake Road, Fish Lake Road, Buckhorn Lake Road, Reid Road, Pettibone Lake Road, Beaumont Road, East Livingston Road, Cooley Lake Road, Teeple Lake Road, Eagle Road and various other collectors within established subdivisions. In Highland Township it is likely that several secondary collectors which are outside established subdivisions will serve as principal collectors or local arterials as future traffic volumes increase. Local Roads are residential streets and private roads in the township which provide direct access to individual parcels. These roads are primarily located in established subdivisions and connect with other collectors or local arterials. Several county roads classified as secondary collectors could be considered local roads due the low volume and local nature of the traffic they carry. 79 �0 < 0 0: w ...,~ 0 (.) ;;;; ;::: ... 505 726 MURRtJ\ ~ r ,-,um• ~ ~© KELLOGGLK 672 650 1 1r I >z:::, I- 8 2 0 I- 0 < 0 !!; c., " z 5 Cf) -..J ;;;; ~ 5o ---= (.) ~ ~ - - __ \ _~ _/ LONE TREE--f-6::-5::-01- ROAD 716 I I I I J f ~I_ ~~ ~ ~ -=f'- 1---ff?-~ - LAKE _J_ROAD - - iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-: 1Mile . . . . .V~ 2~ o Vehicles Per Day 999 or less Figure 9.1 1981 Traffic Volumes HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN 1981 1,000 - 3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 -, �Current Traffic Volumes and Capacities The 1981 Traffic Volumes Map presents a graphic illustration of current traffic volumes on Highland Township's major thoroughfares . The indicated 1981 volumes are based on average daily traffic estimates supplied by the Oakland County Road Commission and the Department of State Highways. Most of the basic data were accumulated in 1977 and 1978; estimates for 1981 were derived from the base data and factored up at a rate of 5 percent per year. Highest current average daily traffic volumes occur along Highland Road (M-59) and range between 13,200 and 20,300 vehicles per day. The greatest traffic volumes on Highland Road (M-59) occur between Milford Road and Duck Lake Road. Milford Road also carries a large volume of traffic which ranges from 2,040 vehicles per day north of White Lake Road to 14,867 vehicles between Lone Tree Road and Livingston Road. Along Milford Road the greatest concentration of traffic occurs south of Wardlow Road. Duck Lake Road north of M-59 and Hickory Ridge Road south of M-59 also carry relatively large volumes of traffic ranging from 7,000 to 8,000 vehicles per day. Harvey Lake Road carries approximately 5,300 vehicles per day. In contrast, Beaumont Road is estimated to carry only 60 vehicles per day. The capacity of Highland Township's roads varies according to the level of service they are expected to provide, the distribution of green time at intersections and the types of traffic to be moved. The level of service expected of thoroughfares is the most important factor affecting their capacity. The level of service along Highland Township roads is considered to be a stable flow of traffic with operating speeds and maneuverability restricted but satisfactory. In general, right and left turns each represent 10 percent of total traffic, commercial vehicles represent 5 percent of total traffic, no commercial buses use the roadways and the proportion of green time at any signalized intersection is assumed to be equal in both directions. Under these general circumstances, a one-lane roadway 12 feet wide at a signalized intersection such as Milford Road at Livingston Road will accommodate 463 vehicles per hour. If, as commonly assumed, peak-hour traffic represents 10 percent of total daily traffic, the daily capacity of the 12-foot traffic lane described above would be 4,630 vehicles; the two-way daily capacity would be approximately 9,260 vehicles. These data indicate that two-lane portions of Highland Road (M-59) near Hickory Ridge Road and Milford Road south of Wardlow Road are currently overutilized. The road-widening program being implemented for Highland Road will eliminate this problem; however, Milford Road will continue to experience serious deficiencies. Existing traffic volume estimates indicate that traffic on portions of Milford Road south of Highland Road (M-59) represent one- and one-half times the service level capacity. However, road widening is not possible in the vicinity of Milford and Livingston Roads due to the locations of existing structures and there are no plans for future road expansion at the present time. 81 �0 C 0 .... 0:: w C ""1 0 !:? r fj:: 1,100 ,9- ., .,:: 1,000 M URRA,1\ ~ ~ ~ 'l) II <: ~ ~ ~... 1 ,.c=n• KELLOGG LK t If' ~-"'""' ~ WOODRUFFLK r-- rI >z 1- ::> 0 u ,.w ... <( 0 w 0 ..... z 0 "'I-j:: 0 <r 0 ~ ,.. ~ ,F ~ 0 ~ CV) ::, '° ,3 / ~ ~ "' o ~ +::.~ ~~ -- ~ ..."' -1- ._,__ r.:::; - I;:"~-=- g C ~";;;) ~?. L-----::-:::,-- COOLEY LAKE ROAD Figure 9.2 Vehicles Per Day 999 or less 1,000 - 3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 2000 Traffic Volumes HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN �Future Traffic Volumes and Needs Projected traffic volumes are needed to determine the anticipated service levels and capacities along Highland Township's thoroughfares by the year 2000. Traffic volume projections are derived from three sources. Future volumes for M-59 have been estimated by the State Department of Highways. The Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Long Range Planning Division has projected traffic volume increases for Hickory Ridge Road and Milford Road utilizing regional-scale computer modeling techniques. The vehicles per day projections utilized in this analysis are based on SEMCOG peak hour projections. The Milford Road projections have been adjusted downward to reflect proposed improvements to Duck Lake Road not considered by the SEMCOG projections. Future traffic projections for the remaining township thoroughfares were prepared by the consultant using 1981 traffic volume estimates as a base. The map on the following page indicates projections for year 2000 traffic volumes on Highland Township's thoroughfares. The State Department of Highways projections for Highland Road (M-59) indicate a 30 to 60 percent increase in traffic volumes over the next 20 years. Traffic volumes along M-59 will continue to be the highest in the township; future projections range from 21,000 to nearly 26,000 vehicles per day, representing a 30 to 60 percent increase over existing volumes. The current road-widening effort along M-59 is being implemented to increase the service levels and capacity of the highway. J As indicated on the map, Milford Road will be carrying volumes of surface street traffic second only to those on M-59. Traffic volume increases are estimated to average between 50 and 125 percent over the next 20 years. The projections indicate a range in traffic volumes of between 4,000 and 19,200 vehicles per day. The largest percentage increases are expected to occur north of Wardlow Road; however, the greatest traffic volumes will continue to occur south of Wardlow Road. These data indicate that serious deficiencies will continue to exist and will become greater along Milford Road south of Wardlow Road unless the service level of the roadway is increased in the future. The SEMCOG data indicate that large volumes of traffic, ranging between 12,000 and 13,000 vehicles per day, will travel along Hickory Ridge Road south of M-59. Overall, traffic volumes along Hickory Ridge Road are expected to increase an estimated 80 percent over the next 20 years due to anticipated development in the area. These estimates indicate a potential deficiency in the future level of service at the intersection of Hickory Ridge Road and M-59. 83 �Traffic volume projections for the remainder of the township's major thoroughfares were developed based on several assumptions. Most of the major thoroughfares will be used for local traffic. The number of households residing in Highland Township is expected to increase 50 percent by the year 2000 based on the Land-Use Plan. This estimated increase in population may generate similar increases in traffic along many of the thoroughfares. Vacant areas in the township will experience a substantial increase in dwelling units or households over current conditions. Traffic generation along various roads will increase at a relatively greater rate than others which serve previously developed areas. Future paving of gravel roads will also encourage increased traffic utilization and will result in greater percentages of volume increases. It is anticipated that future traffic volumes will increase between 50 and 150 percent along the township's thoroughfares. The largest percentage increases are expected along North Duck Lake Road (over 400%), East Wardlow Road (150%), Lone Tree Road (100% to 150%) and Middle Road (100%). Most of the other thoroughfares should experience traffic volume increases of 50 percent. Projected traffic volumes along North Duck Lake Road between Jackson Boulevard and M-59 may range from 11,000 to 12,000 vehicles per day representing an estimated increase of 50 percent. These projected traffic volumes indicate serious deficiencies will occur unless the service level and capacity of the roadway can be increased near M-59. Harvey Lake Road is expected to carry as many as 8,000 vehicles per day by the year 2000, representing a 50 percent increase. This traffic projection suggests that Harvey Lake Road will be the fifth largest traffic carrier in the township (exceeded only by M-59, Milford Road, Hickory Ridge Road, and North Duck Lake Road) and volumes will approach the established capacity limit of 9,260 vehicles per day. All other thoroughfares in the township will be able to adequately serve the traffic volumes projected for the year 2000. Proposed Thoroughfare Development In addition to the existing rectilinear thoroughfare network in Highland Township, the Land-Use Plan provides for the development of a new thoroughfare to be approximately 1 3/4 miles in length and to act essentially as a north-south mile road located halfway between Milford Road and Hickory Ridge Road. The proposed thoroughfare will extend Fry Road to the south and thus will link Middle Road and Highland Road. The configuration of the thoroughfare is shown schematically on the Land-Use Plan. The actual roadway configuration should respect the terrain and scenic views from Middle Road to Highland Road (M-59). It would be desirable for this roadway to be a county thoroughfare; however, sections of the road will probably necessitate private expenditures by develope rs in Highland Township. It is unlikely that the Oakland County Road Commission will be able to fund such a facility in the foreseeable future. The thoroughfare could be constructed in phases which would coincide with the development of future residential areas. 84 f �The Land-Use Plan proposes a new industrial collector thoroughfare which will link Wardlow Road with M-59. This collector thoroughfare will enable industrial traffic to reach M-59 with minimum disturbance to residential areas. Scenic Drives Many of the thoroughfares in the township could be considered scenic drives. Most of these roads are currently unpaved and pass through gently rolling and wooded rural areas. Many of these areas are either undeveloped, contain large-lot residential parcels, or are located in the Highland Recreation Area. If the concepts set forth in the Natural Features and Visual Quality section of this plan are implemented, thoroughfares such as Clyde, Middle, Wardlow, Lone Tree, Rowe, Tipsico Lake, Honeywell Lake, Fish Lake and Buckhorn Lake Roads will retain much of their natural beauty. This can be accomplished even if the roads are surfaced. Thoroughfares located in and around the Highland Recreation Area (including Reid, Pettibone Lake, Beaumont, Cooley Lake, Teeple Lake, Duck Lake and Waterbury Roads) will not feel the pressures of future development and are assured of retaining most of their scenic qualities. Pedestrian-Bicycle Greenways Highland Township should consider the development of pedestrian-bicycle "greenways" or people paths which are physically separated from vehicular thoroughfares. A hard-surfaced off-road system would, ideally, link higher-density residential areas along heavily traveled thoroughfares to the Highland Recreation Area, schools and some commercial centers. Such a system should be considered along Milford Road between Middle Road and Watkins Boulevard, along Highland Road (M-59) between Livingston Road and Duck Lake Road, and along Duck Lake Road between Jackson Boulevard and M-59. In these cases, the system is adjacent to the most heavily traveled thoroughfares, but in many presently undeveloped areas which are proposed for open space and small-lot residential developments these paths could be planned as an integral part of major developments. Other Transportation Services Mass transit service for Highland Township is currently provided by the Southeast Michigan Transportation Authority which operates two types of buses in the area. SEMTA operates Park-and-Ride services in the area which allows commuters to drive to the designated lots for bus service connections to Detroit. There are no Park-and-Ride lots in Highland Township. Parking lots are currently located at Halstead Road and Grand River in Farmington Hills, at Pine Lake Mall on Lone Pine and Orchard Lake Roads, and at Orchard Mall on Maple and Orchard Lake Roads. An additional Park-and-Ride lot is proposed in Novi near I-96; however, no lots are proposed for Highland Township in the future. 85 �__;w 1 ... SEMTA also provides small bus services which are connector routes serving a limited region. This service utilizes one 12- to 18-passenger bus which operates between Milford, Highland and Pontiac. At the present time there are three round-trip routes operating daily; curb-to-curb service is offered primarily for the elderly and handicapped. It is unlikely that additional routes will be developed in the foreseeable future; however, up to 2 additional buses may be added on-line depending upon future demand. Detroit Metropolitan Airport is the closest airport to Highland Township which offers scheduled commercial passenger and freight service by the major carriers. Oakland-Pontiac Airport, located on Highland Road (M-59) in Waterford Township, offers a wide range of private charter flights for passenger and freight service. Scheduled passenger service at Pontiac Airport has not been successful in the past, but may be possible in the future as demand for passenger service grows. Pontiac Airport also provides for a large number of corporate and recreational flights. Pontiac Airport is growing and will probably provide a much wider range of services in the future. Based on the number of business-oriented flights, Pontiac Airport is currently rated second only to Chicago's O'Hare Airport. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad passes through Highland Township; however, there are currently no facilities for passenger or freight rail service in the area. The C &0 Railroad does not plan any of these facilities in the future in or around Highland Township. I I 86 r �J ft1qhltn~ foamshtt l1'1rttrt:t 10. COMMUNITY FACILITIES �10. COMMUNITY FACILITIES The Community Facilities component consists of seven parts. The first part analyzes existing and future personnel and space requirements for township offices and departments. In analyzing and projecting personnel and space requirements, consideration has been given to departmental functions, current personnel and space utilization, and interdepartmental and public relationships. Comparison of future space requirements with the existing requirements provides a basis for recommendations on the future need to increase its capacity. The second part consists of an evaluation of township fire protection and public safety needs. Existing fire facilities are analyzed. Projections of future needs are based on development proposals contained in the Land-Use Plan. The population of the township is expected to increase by 50 percent by the year 2000. The existing public safety services by the Oakland County Sheriff's Department are also analyzed. The third part contains an analysis of existing and future school facility needs. The fourth part consists of an evaluation of existing and proposed library services provided by the township. The fifth discusses water, sanitary systems, and solid waste disposal needs. The sixth part evaluates health care facilities serving the township. The last part analyzes open space and recreation facilities. TOWNSHIP OFFICES AND DEPARTMENTS The existing township hall occupies approximately 5,758 square feet on a 1.8 acre site located on the west side of John Street. The building is a one-story concrete block and brick veneer structure which houses the principal departments of the township government. The location of the township hall is nearly perfect with respect to the expected township development pattern. The facility is located in the heart of the population and economic center of the township. Space Analysis and Projection Methodology In preparation of the Community Facilities Component, the firm conducted interviews with township personnel to determine general functions, support facility needs, and future personnel and space requirements for each department. Information obtained from interviews and questionnaires was supplemented by on-site space analysis by the consultant to determine future space requirements for township departments. In projecting the future space requirements, consideration was given to anticipated 1990 and year 2000 personnel needs, and the experience of the consultant in other areas of similar size and growth potential. 87 �0 <t 0 a: w "'..,<t 0 r u iii ll. .:: '='a 0 <t 0 a: w MURRAYLK ~ (!) 0 ii: > a: 0 "'u :i: ~ KELLOGGL 0 <t 0 a: > a: u ::, a, a: >fz w i n ::J 0 1r ~ u - I .-.-., _j I I C <t 0 \ I a: I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~~ )? •~. ,L,)!t-- 0--------.;;;j1 ~ 112 - . - ~ ~. . • Schools • Fire Stations .,,,,.,.,.,,, ~~ ~ ~-::i. ." r 0 I;::,-~ ,,.,.,.,.,.,,.,,.,~~~~i.,.,.,.,.,lj\J~,.,,.,.,.,~ EU Mile ♦ Township Hall ■ w . Figure 10.1 Community Facilities and Pipelines HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN Library Pipeline Easements r �Uniform Space Allocation Standards Existing and projected office and departmental space requirements are based on uniform standards. The space assignment standards in Table 10.1 indicate typical space allocations pertaining to various types of unit equipment, work stations, private offices, and conference rooms. Space allocations for the various items include the area required for equipment utilization and the need for access to and circulation around the equipment. For example, in departments requiring counter space, file space requirements were reduced by assuming the use of under-counter file cabinets. Work station spaces allocations were based on the types of equipment commonly grouped together for the use of one clerical or technical employee. Private office space allocations were based on the positions of the occupant, functional job requirements, and the nature and frequency of office conferences. Conference room space allocations were based on the number of persons the various rooms were intended to serve. In addition to the standard space allocations assigned to units of equipment, work stations, offices and conference rooms, the departmental space projections were also based on the intradepartmental circulation space needed to make all functional components work together. TABLE 10.1 SPACE ASSIGNMENT STANDARDS ITEM SQUARE FEET REQU,IRED Equipment Desk Table Drafting Table Legal File Letter, Card, or Lateral File Roller File Hori zonta 1 Pl an File Vertical Plan File Shelf Unit Storage Cabinet Work Stations Clerical Clerical with Side Chair Clerical with Reference Unit such as Table or Credenza 44 44 63 11 9 6 38 18 12 15 44 55 64 Private Offices Department Head Other Personnel 150 104 Conference Rooms Six-Place Twelve-Place 156 260 89 �-I TABLE 10. 2 SUPERVISOR'S OFFICE EXISTING AND PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS EXISTING NO. SQ.FT. PERSONNEL Supervisor Superintendent Assistant Superintendent Personnel Director Purchasing Agent Clerical-Typists SUPPORT FACILITIES Reception Area Files Shelf Storage Storage Cabinet Microfilm ReaderPrinter Conference and Meeting Hall INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT I 2000 1990 NO . Sq--:-rr:- 1 208 NO. sq--:-rr:- 0 1 1 208 52 0 0 1 52 0 1 52 1 52 0 1 1 52 99 1 52 154 1 0 208 55 50 11 24 1,389 2 3 '7' 50 84 48 12 50 168 96 22 22 1,389 1,545 24 .,..,.. I ,,.. ,. r I 66 78 90 1,803 2,094 2,411 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. I ,,,... I ~ r I ~ r 90 �Office of the Township Supervisor The supervisor works with the Board of Trustees, of which he is chairperson, to establish general administrative policies for the township. He serves on a full-time basis with the aid of a clerical-typist. The supervisor is responsible for preparing the township budget, serves as chief personnel manager of the township and is the legal agent of the township. The supervisor's office provides liaison between township government and the people of the township. Personnel and space requirements for the supervisor's office are indicated in Table 10.2. Existing 1990 and 2000 needs are specified. Future personnel projections for the supervisor's office reflect the need to provide township government with additional policy, budgetary and management direction. Growth in the township will probably require the addition of a personnel director and a purchasing agent by 1990 and a superintendent and assistant superintendent by the year 2000. Future space requirements for the supervisor's office and other offices are based on the support facilities utilized as well as the number of personnel. By the time the department is expanded to include a superintendent and other administrative personnel, it should have its own reception area. The supervisor's office should be provided with a large conference room as well as a meeting hall. The conference room and meeting hall will serve working meetings of the Township Board of Trustees and the various township commissions as well as the needs of the staff. Total space requirements for the supervisor's office will increase to approximately 2,094 square feet by 1990 and 2,411 square feet by 2000. These increases are due to projected increases in administrative personnel and support facilities. 91 �TABLE 10. 3 CLERK'S OFFICE r I "'"'J EXISTING AND PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS PERSONNEL Township Clerk Deputy Cl erk Chief Accountant Assistant Accountant Clerical-Typists SUPPORT FACILITIES Counter/Reception Area Files Shelf Storage Storage Cabinet Vault Storage Microfilm ReaderPrinter INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT NO. EXISTING SQ.FT. 1 1 228 120 0 0 1 1990 NO . SQ--:Tf:"" 1 1 1 228 164 104 1 1 1 228 164 104 1 154 3 64 218 0 55 2 2000 NO . SQ--:Tf:"" 78 108 108 55 115 177 48 24 30 30 60 60 22 44 64 76 88 600 1,055 1,363 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities . Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. ry ,,,.,1 1---, .,.. ,,,I I ~ r ' ....... r I II ...... 92 �Office of the Township Clerk The primary work load of the township clerk includes keeping township government records, registration of voters, supervision of elections and various bookkeeping functions. The clerk currently maintains a private office. The deputy clerk and clerical-typist occupy work stations in the open office area in the center of the township hall. The clerk's office provides record keeping services which link it to practically every department and office of township government. The reception and work area of the clerk's office is currently insufficient. The eventual relocation of this department should provide a larger reception area and increase the work space by 70 percent. Future personnel and space requirements for the clerk's office are indicated in Table 10.3. Future personnel requirements for the clerk's office will be directly related to work load increases associated with the projected 50 percent growth in population. It is expected that the township clerk will require the assistance of a chief accountant and one additional clerical-typist by 1990. By 2000, an assistant accountant and one additional clericaltypist will be needed. Future space requirements for the clerk's office are dependent upon support facilities utilized by the office as well as upon the personnel complement needed to carry out responsibilities assigned to the clerk. The clerk's office will utilize a growing amount of file storage and vault storage. By 1990 the clerk's office will require more space, and by 2000 the department will require approximately 1,363 square feet. 93 �TABLE 10.4 TREASURER's OFFICE EXISTING AND PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS NO. PERSONNEL Treasurer Deputy Treasurer Clerical-Typists SUPPORT FACILITIES Counter/Reception Room Files Shelf Storage Vault/ Safe Storage INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT EXISTING SQ.FT. NO. 1990 SQ~ NO. 1 1 2 150 128 108 1 1 3 .... 2000 SQ~ ,..... 1 1 136 84 0 150 128 163 32 32 48 52 12 72 24 72 39 63 63 125 56 68 80 435 645 805 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. r r 1 1 r- r r ~ ~ r ~ r I ~ 94 rI I �Office of the Township Treasurer The treasurer is responsible for rece1v1ng and disbursing most funds necessary for operating the township. Future personnel and space projects are indicated in Table 10.4. Future personnel projections for the treasurer's office are based on anticipated growth in the work load required to meet the responsibilities of the department. It is projected that the treasurer's office will add two clerical-typists by 1990 and a third clerical-typist by 2000. Space requirements for the treasurer's office are based upon the support facilities utilized by personnel as well as the number of personnel. The treasurer currently maintains a private office; the deputy treasurer and seasonal clerical-typist occupy work stations in the office area. The treasurer's office will continue to require a small amount of counter and reception space to accommodate persons paying tax bills and other fees. During the planning period, file storage and vault space requirements will double. The department will require 645 square feet of functional space by 1990 and 805 square feet by 2000. 95 �- , I --, ,,... ~ TABLE 10. 5 ASSESSING DEPARTMENT EXISTING AND PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS PERSONNEL Department Head Assistant Department Head Appraisers Assistant Appraisers Clerical-Typists SUPPORT FACILITIES Counter/Reception Area Files Shelf Storage Cabinet Storage ! I I ! I INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT 2000 NO . SQ--:-rr:- EXISTING SQ.FT. NO. 1990 SQ--:-rr:- 1 136 1 150 1 150 0 1 57 2 104 1 3 104 148 1 0 57 1 1 64 64 1 2 119 NO. 0 64 12 251 24 15 24 335 36 30 24 448 60 45 40 62 74 592 869 1,236 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. ,,.. r ,....... J ..... ,- ....... 96 - �Office of the Township Assessor The assessor's office is responsible for the township assessment and tax rolls and property appraisals. Activities carried out in the assessor's office are primarily clerical in nature. The assessor's office is comprised of a department head, property appraiser, and appraiser aid. In order to prepare assessment and tax rolls, the assessing department has extensive contact with all of the other township departments. Future personnel and space requirements for the assessor's office are indicated in Table 10.5. Assessing department personnel and space projections are based on expected growth over the next 20 years. By 1990, the assessing department will require one clerical-typist and one additional appraiser. By 2000, it is expected that an assistant assessor, another appraiser, and an additional clerical-typist will be needed. Space requirements of the assessor's office will be determined by the support facilities utilized by the department as well as by the size of the department. Existing counter and reception space will continue to be needed to serve visitors inquiring about assessments. File storage requirements will be extensive and will grow as the township grows. By 1990, the assessing department will need 869 square feet and by 2000, the department will require approximately 1,236 square feet. 97 �,,.... TABLE 10. 6 BUILDING DEPARTMENT EXISTING AND PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS NO. PERSONNEL Department Head Assistant Department Head Inspectors Clerical-Typists SUPPORT FACILITIES Counter/Reception Area Files Pl an Fil es Shelf Storage Cabinet Storage I INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT I NO. 1990 SQ.FT. NO. 2000 SQ. FT. 91 1 150 1 150 64 47 0 3 1 127 64 1 4 2 104 171 108 EXISTING SQ.FT. 1 -,, ........ ~ 0 2 1 12 30 64 128 36 12 30 64 172 36 24 30 74 86 98 521 761 1,061 64 95 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. ,.... "7 ~ !I""" ~~ ----~ 9 ,,-- I r r r 98 I �Office of the Township Building Department The building department is charged with evaluating new construction and proposed additions to existing buildings within the township to ensure that codes and ordinances are followed in the design and construction of buildings. Department personnel inspect buildings under construction to ensure that approved plans are properly followed. The department carries out structural, plumbing, and sewer inspections. Building department personnel consist of one department head, two part-time inspectors and one clerical-typist located in two offices. The building department has a close functional relationship with the zoning and planning department, the clerk's office, and the assessor's office. The building department provides up-to-date information needed by the assessor to keep the assessment rolls current. The future personnel and space requirements for the building department are indicated in Table 10.6. Future personnel needs in the building department will be directly related to building activity in the township. Projected population growth indicates substantial building activity throughout the next two decades. The building department is currently staffed by a department head, two part-time inspectors and one clerical-typist. An additional inspector will be needed by 1990, and by 2000, an assistant department head, one inspector, and one more clerical-typist will be required. Future space requirements for the building department are determined by support facilities utilized by the department as well as by the personnel complement needed to carry out department functions. One of the major space requirements will be adequate file storage. A total of 761 square feet will be needed by 1990 and 1,061 square feet will be required by 2000. 99 �TABLE 10. 7 ZONING AND PLANNING DEPARTMENT EXISTING AND PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS NO. PERSONNEL Zoning Administrator Assistant Zoning Administrator Enforcement Officer Clerical-Typists SUPPORT FACILITIES Counter/Reception Area Fi 1es Pl an Fil es Shelf Storage Cabinet Storage Conference Room INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT 2000 NO . SQ--:-rr:- EXISTING SQ.FT. NO. 1990 SQ--:-rr:- 64 1 150 1 150 1 64 1 64 1 2 55 2 108 99 3 165 1 0 1 1 44 64 48 31 48 18 56 12 12 30 45 48 53 74 12 60 60 72 84 371 652 813 42 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. r ......, r ---, r 100 �Zoning and Planning Department I I ' The zoning and planning department is staffed by the zoning administrator, an enforcement officer, and one clerical-typist. The department has the responsibility for enforcing the requirements of the township zoning ordinance, general township ordinances, and other ordinances, and for executing policies set by the township planning commission and the township board. The department will also be responsible for implementation of the Comprehensive Plan. The zoning and planning department will have frequent contacts with the building department and clerk's office, as well as the public . As the township continues to develop, the department will receive many public inquiries and visitors seeking information about zoning and development issues. The future personnel and space requirements for the zoning and planning department are indicated in Table 10.7. Projected increases in department personnel are based on the need to provide a full range of services as the township's population continues to increase. By 1990, an assistant zoning administrator and one additional clerical-typist will be needed; by 2000, the department will require a second enforcement office and a third clerical-typist. Future space requirements will increase due to the staff additions and the needed support facilities. Existing counter and reception space should be adequate during the planning period. The largest space requirements will be adequate file and cabinet storage facilities. The department should also have access to a conference room which would be utilized by the other departments. By 1990, the department will require 652 square feet; approximately 813 square feet will be needed by 2000. 101 �r . 7 TABLE 10.8 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT r f PROJECTED PERSONNEL AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS PERSONNEL Chief Engineer Engineer Draftsman Clerical-Typists Field Personnel SUPPORT FACILITIES Counter/Reception Area Fil es Plan Files Shelf Storage Cabinet Storage Field Equipment Print Machine INTRADEPARTMENTAL CIRCULATION SPACE FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT NO. 1990 SQ~ 1 104 0 0 0 0 NO. 2000 SQ~ 1 1 1 1 1 150 104 86 44 44 24 12 48 24 38 14 76 36 15 50 14 46 58 307 749 24 15 30 Note: Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. 102 ~ - r �Engineering Department It is expected that the township will staff an engineering department by 1990. This department will be responsible for supervising future public works projects, and it will help in reviewing site plans to ensure that proper attention is given to drainage and environmental issues. I I I I Future personnel and space requirements for the proposed engineering department are indicated in Table 10.8. At an early stage of staffing the department might include a chief engineer who may utilize space within the building department. However, a separate area should be provided for the engineering department in close proximity to the building department, zoning and planning department and the supervisor's office. By 2000 it is expected that the engineering department will require an engineer, a draftsman, a clerical-typist and field personnel. Space requirements for the engineering department will include counter space, file and shelf storage, and cabinet and field storage facilities which will increase as the township continues to grow. The engineering department will also require a black-line machine which will be shared with the zoning and planning department and possibly the building department. By 1990 the functional space requirement for the proposed engineering department will be 307 square feet. The functional space requirement will grow to 749 square feet by the year 2000. Township Maintenance Department The Township Maintenance Department consists of one maintenance worker whose primary duties are related to interior and exterior cleaning and maintenance of the Township Hall and the Township Library. The maintenance worker cleans the interior of these buildings, maintains lawns and plants, removes snow and carries out minor repairs. The Maintenance Department utilizes a work room in the Township Hall. The Maintenance Department is expected to increase to two employees by 1990 and three by the year 2000. The Maintenance Department utilizes a 44 square-foot work room. Space needs are expected to increase to 64 square feet by 1990 and 104 square feet by the year 2000. The personnel and space requirements for the Maintenance Department are set forth in Table 10.9 along with a summary of the needs of all other departments. J ' 103 �Township Hall Existing and Required Functional Space Table 10.9 depicts a listing of existing and projected space requirements for the township hall. Functional space currently available equals 5,054 square feet. This total does not include mechanical or utility rooms or rest rooms. The existing functional space requirement is 4,322 square feet. Functional space requirements will grow to 6,383 square feet by 1990 and 8,438 square feet by 2000. The 6,383 square feet required by 1990 represents a 50 percent increase over the 4,322 square feet indicated for 1982 needs. This increase is 20 percent more than can be accommodated in the existing 5,054 square foot township hall. The 8,438 square feet required by 2000 represents a 96 percent increase over 1982 needs; it also represents a 67 percent increase over the total functional space available. ,..-- TABLE 10. 9 TOWNSHIP GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS EXISTING SQ FT Supervisor's Office 1,803 Clerk's Office 600 Treasurer's Office 435 Assessing Department 592 Building Department 477 Maintenance Department 44 Zoning/Planning Department 371 Engineering Department FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT 4,322 FUNCTIONAL SPACE AVAILABLE 1990 SQ FT 2,094 1,055 645 869 717 64 652 307 2000 SQ FT 2,411 1,363 805 1,236 957 104 813 749 6,383 8,438 5,054 Note: Functional space excludes mechanical/utility rooms and rest rooms. Projected personnel requirements are based on interviews with township personnel and on the experience of the consultant in other communities. Future personnel levels will be less than indicated in the Table if township population growth falls short of expectations or if budgetary constraints require a lower level of township services than would be expected from past experience. --, --, 104 --, ------' �FIRE SERVICES AND PUBLIC SAFETY Fire Services Fire protection in Highland Township is provided by a volunteer fire department. The township contracts with the Highland Township Fire Association to provide manpower for the operation of the fire fighting and emergency rescue equipment. The volunteer fire department is funded through a 1-mill levy which provides approximately $160,000 per year for fire protection. The current fire department consists of 52 members and 14 vehicles which are located in three stations. The main station is located on Livingston Road near John Street. The second station is located on Duck Lake Road at Dean Drive. The third station is located on Clyde Road and Buckhorn Lake Road. A 2.9 acre parcel at Hickory Ridge Road and Wardlow Road has been purchased by the township for a proposed fourth fire station. I I I I I I The Fire Facilities map on the following page depicts the township's existing and proposed fire stations and the travel diamonds served by those stations. The travel diamonds represent the areas served within a 1 1/4 mile and 3 mile distance from the stations as recommended by the American Insurance Association. Most of the township is adequately served by the three existing fire stations. The area within the 3 mile travel distance of the stations represents a majority of the high-value and high-density districts in the township. However, the extreme western portion of the township (including the residential subdivision around Dunham Lake and the mobile home park on Hickory Ridge Road) is not adequately served by fire protection. The township plans to establish a fourth fire station on the southeast corner of Hickory Ridge and Wardlow Roads. With this new facility, adequate fire and emergency service can be assured for nearly all of the populated areas of the township. The only exception would be the subdivision south of Rowe Lake off Honeywell Lake Road. However, this subdivision is only 3 3/4 miles from the proposed station. Over half the calls received by the fire department are of a medical nature. Many of these calls are originated in mobile home parks by elderly residents. It can be expected that a majority of the fire and medical calls in the future will originate from the mobile home parks and proposed multiple-family areas. The areas will be adequately served by the four fire stations in the township. Public Safety Highland Township contracts police protection through the Oakland County Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department provides 24-hour protection utilizing five 40-hour deputies (200 man-hours). The current contract provides for an additional four deputies to be available for road patrols. However, recent county manpower cutbacks will reduce the availability of road patrol units to the township in the near future. The township does not plan to create its own police department; the contract with the Sheriff's Department will be renegotiated on a regular basis. In the past, the Sheriff's substation was located in the township hall where it occupied ' 105 �~, ~ - - - - - -'-s-o"'<"c, ---i '%- C ~~ ~ ;.) ~ =1--,# a, C ~~ ,._r,..~~ ::,,.... C <( 0 ~ w Cl C MURRAYLK ~ ~ KELLOG ,... ~ C <( 0 ~ > ~ ::, a> ~ in ~ (~~ 112 0 1 . . . . . . . . ---~!!11111iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.1 Mile ..- Figure 10.2 1¼ Mile Travel Distance •• • • • 3 Mile Travel Distance ~ Areas Beyond 3 Mile Travel Distance A Existing Fire Stations & Proposed Fire Station Fire Facilities and Travel Diamonds HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN I �approximately 160 square feet. Although the substation was not manned on a regular basis its 160 square feet was nonetheless inadequate. The substation was recently relocated to a state-owned house on M-59 east of Milford Road. This building provides approximately 800 square feet of space and it should be adequate for the foreseeable future. The township hall has approximately 400 square feet of space which could be transformed into a Sheriff's substation if the need exists. It can be assumed that population growth will increase the need for police protection. By the year 2000 Highland Township may experience a 50 percent growth in population, primarily in smaller-lot subdivisions in the central portion of the township. This will result in the need for at least 300 to 400 road patrol man-hours, or an increase of 50 to 100 percent over current patrol levels. However, there still may be no need for additional substation space. SCHOOL FACILITIES Schools which serve Highland Township fall under the jurisdiction of the Huron Valley School District. The district is has fifteen school buildings and it encompasses Highland Township, Milford Township, and portions of White Lake and Commerce Townships. Six of the district's schools are located in Highland Township. Milford High School is located on Milford Road south of Lone Tree Road. Highland Junior High School is situated on John Street north of the township hall. The four elementary schools are Highland Elementary School on Livingston Road, Apollo Elementary School on Milford Road north of Wardlow Road, Spring Mills Elementary School on Harvey Lake Road north of Wardlow Road and Duck Lake Center on Duck Lake Road north of Jackson. Duck Lake Center was closed in 1981 due to decreasing enrollments in the district. A second Huron Valley elementary school (located outside Highland Township) was closed in 1982. The highest enrollment experienced in the district was the 1979-80 enrollment of 10,400 students. This enrollment represented the approximate capacity of the district's fifteen school facilities. During the 1980-81 year, district enrollment totaled 10,028, a loss of 3.6 percent over the previous year. The 1981-82 enrollment totaled 9,654 students, a decline of 3.7 percent over the previous year. Since 1979 student enrollment in the district has declined by 746 students representing a 7 percent loss. r During the 1980-81 year, schools within Highland Township recorded an enrollment of 3,973 students. In the 1981-82 term, enrollment dropped to 3,540 students. Elementary schools in the township experienced a 4 percent decline since 1980. The junior high school experienced a 1 percent decline and the high school experienced a decline of 5 percent. Decreasing enrollment can be attributed to the trend of smaller family size as well as the poor economic climate which has brought residential growth to a standstill. As a result, the school district's facilities are under capacity. The projected enrollment for the 1985-86 term is estimated at 8,784 students which represents a further decline of 9 percent. f f f r 107 �-------------------~--------.......,~ ~ Future school facilities in the township will probably not be needed before 1990. Once growth begins to occur, it will take several more years for the enrollment levels to reach the 1979 level. Schools which are or have yet to closed will be put back into operation before new facilities will be built. Population projections for Highland Township in the year 2000 range from 23,507 to 25,363 persons representing an increase of 6,536 to 8,392 persons. Existing household size is 2.99 indicating an average of 0.99 children per household. In simple terms, the number of additional children could range from 2,164 to 2,799. Assuming an even distribution over the 1to 10-year age span, school enrollment increases could range from 1,563 to 2,007 students by the year 2000. If similar growth statistics are recorded in the other parts of the school district, new facilities may be required between 1995 and 2000. The Huron Valley School District owns a 140-acre site on Harvey Lake Road and Wardlow Road for this purpose. LIBRARY FACILITIES Highland Township is currently served by one library which is located on Livingston Road, one block south of the township -hall. This facility comprises nearly 6,000 square feet and has the highest per capita book lending rate in the county. The library was relocated in the historic Highland United Methodist Church at the corner of John Street and Livingston Road. It is on the Federal and State Register of Historic Sites. It, too, is centrally located in the township and should provide a sufficient amount of library space through the year 2000. The new Highland Township Library comes very close to American Library Association (ALA) standards in its number of volumes, but falls short in its total building area. ALA standards recommend a book collection of 33,916 volumes for a community with Highland Township's 1980 population. The library has 32,000 volumes. ALA standards recommend a building size of 0.7 square feet of library space per capita for communities with populations under 25,000 and 0.6 square feet per capita for communities over 25,000. These standards results in a recommended library size for Highland Township's 1980 population of 11,871 square feet, or 5,871 square feet more than the new library facility. ALA standards result in a recommended book collection of 50,726 volumes and a recommended library size of 15,218 square feet for Highland Township's year 2000 population based on the SEMCOG forecast (see Table 1.5). WATER, SANITARY SEWER, AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES Highland Township does not have a community water system or a sewage treatment facility. Existing developments in the township utilize individual wells for water supplies and septic tanks or tile fields for sewage treatment of individual sites. Solid Waste collection is provided by a number of private companies which residents contract for regular pick up. There are no plans for a landfill or sanitation department in Highland Township. Residents will continue to contract for regular trash pick up in the future. 108 r �Most of the developed sites in the township utilize individual wells for water supplies. Community wells are utilized by several developments in the township; in these developments a single well supplies water to a number of individual residences. A community well which can serve 405 units is used in the Highland Hills mobile home park on Highland Road. The Highland Greens mobile home park on Milford Road operates a community well which is capable of serving 907 units. West Highland mobile home park located on Hickory Ridge Road utilizes three wells to service 160 units. Only three single-family subdivisions are currently served by the community wells. The Bretton Oaks subdivision on Milford Road is served by one well and portions of the Heritage Farms and Axford Acres subdivision on Harvey Lake Road are served by another community well. In the future, new residential subdivisions will probably be served by individual wells. Community wells will be most advantageous when developments occur in areas of poor ground water quality or when ground water levels are too deep to be economical for individual systems. There are no sanitary sewer facilities in Highland Township. Most of developed parcels are served by individual septic tanks or tile fields. The township's mobile home parks utilize community tile fields. In some lake areas of the township problems have been discovered as a result of old septic systems developed on small lots and in soils which are not ideally suited for tile fields. These areas are generally located in small-lot residential subdivisions on the north and east shores of Duck Lake, along the west shore of White Lake, along the west shore of Lower Pettibone Lake, along the south shore of Upper Pettibone Lake and along the south shore of Charlick Lake. These residential sites are generally not large enough for the development of new septic systems. Proposals have been developed to create community tile fields near these areas to alleviate the problems. If the state determines that the problems are severe and funds become available, sanitary sewers and community tile fields could be developed in these areas. PIPELINE EASEMENTS Highland Township is traversed by three natural gas pipeline systems. Natural gas is supplied to the township by the Consumers Power Company which maintains a supply line located approximately 1,000 to 3,000 feet west of Milford Road. This gas line extends north from Milford Township to Rose Township and passes through Sections 33, 28, 21, 16, 9 and 4. Michigan Consolidated Gas Company maintains a supply line which provides natural gas to the City of Milford. This easement traverses the township in a southeasterly direction extending from Hartland Township on the west to Milford Township on the south and passes through Sections 19, 30, 29, 33 and 34. r r The Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Company operates a natural gas transfer line which runs in a north-south direction parallel to Milford Road and the Consumers Power gas line. The transfer line is located along the dividing lines of Sections 33 and 34, 28 and 29, 21 and 22, 15 and 16, 9 and 10, and traverses through Section 4 in the northern part of the township. r ( f 109 �---------------~-.------.. HEALTH CARE SERVICES Major health care facilities serving Highland Township include Pontiac General Hospital, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital and Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital. These major facilities are located in the City of Pontiac. Additional health care is provided at the Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital Health Care Center located on Milford Road on the north side of the Village of Milford. The POH Health Care Center provides 24-hour outpatient and emergency service. Specialists available at the POH Health Care Center include general family physicians, pediatricians, podiatrists, dermatologists, allergists, obstetricians and gynecologists. The POH Health Care Center provides radiology services and physical and speech therapy. A certificate of need has recently been approved for a new hospital to be located in nearby Commerce Township. It is probable that no certificate of need will be approved for a health care facility in Highland Township during the twenty year planning period of this Comprehensive Plan. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION FACILITIES Open space and recreation facilities in Highland Township occupy 3,851 acres of land representing approximately 16.5 percent of the entire township. The Highland Recreation Area, located in the southeast portion of the township, occupies 3,696 acres of land and is being developed and maintained by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The remaining recreation land in the township occupies 155 acres and is comprised of the Highland Hills public golf course on Highland Hills Drive (115 acres), a community park located next to the fire station and post office on John Street (1 acre), and five local parks located on outlets in subdivisions developed around various lakes (39 acres). Recreation facilities such as baseball diamonds are also located adjacent to the five public schools in the township and represent a significant amount of open space close to the population centers. Traditionally, recreation plans utilize minimum space standards to establish an ideal recreation area allocation based on the projected future population. For example, typical standards for future community park needs suggest 5 acres for each 1,000 persons, less the land allocated for local and school recreation. The resultant 11 ideal 11 recreation space demands for the the year 2000 are depicted below: 1980 Township Population 110 2000 16,958 persons 25,363 persons Total Park Needs (5 parks/1,000 persons) Local Recreation Total Community Park Needs School Recreation Facilities 85 acres 127 acres - 40 acres 45 acres - 50 acres - 40 acres 87 acres - 50 acres NET COMMUNITY PARK NEEDS - 5 acres 37 acres �Established recreation standards for typical communities indicate that Highland Township has a current park surplus of 5 acres and by the year 2000 would require an additional 37 acres of community parks. However, Highland Township is not a typical community. The amount of land delegated to regional recreation within the community precludes the need for additional community parks which must be maintained by the township. The Highland Recreation Area and Dodge Brothers State Park No. 10 are planned to provide such activities as hiking, camping, picnicing, equestrian sports, hunting, trapping, fishing, boating and swimming. The township's 27 lakes occupy 1,454 acres or 6.3 percent of the entire township and are the major focal point of many residential subdivisions. These lakes provide the township with an important recreational amenity. Outlots within established residential subdivisions are utilized for local beach access and other recreational uses. The Comprehensive Plan recommends that developers provides appropriate open space and recreation sites within each new subdivision; this concept should be implemented in conventional subdivisions as well as the proposed open space subdivisions. These 11 sub-local" recreation areas will be maintained by the residents of the subdivision. Township officials do not anticipate the creation of a parks and recreation department in the foreseeable future. Plans are being considered to transfer control of the township-owned outlots along various lakes to the residents of the subdivision in which they are located. Given the large amount of recreation area which exists in Highland Township and the potentials for additional open space within new developments there is no need for additional township parks in the future. HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Highland Township residents benefit from Oakland County and State of Michigan facilities for higher education. These facilities include Oakland County Community College and Michigan's many fine public colleges and universities. Within the township, Lawrence Institute of Technology, a private technical university, maintains a solar research home at which classes and seminars are conducted and experimental data is gathered. 111 �11. BEAUTIFICATION �11. BEAUTIFICATION The Highland Township Comprehensive Plan provides community decision-makers with guidelines for directing and controlling future development. The township's zoning ordinance is the tool which regulates and enforces the types of development which can occur. However, while proper planning and zoning may take place, the visual quality of the township still may not attain the highest standards . Implementation of the following beautification measures will help ensure a high quality visual environment for the township. Conservation Easement Program The Visual Quality Analysis of this plan depicts areas in the township which are "visually sensitive'' and in which it would be desirable to restrict development to preserve as much of the natural landscape as possible. In order to preserve visually sensitive areas, the township should implement a conservation easement program under the provisions of Michigan's Conservation and Historic Preservation Easement Act, Public Act 197 of 1980. This act allows township acquisition of conservation easements in which development may be restricted to preserve the natural environment. Easements could be acquired through donation or direct purchase. Provision for easement donation could be incorporated in the planned development provisions of the township's zoning ordinance. Assessments to property owners would be reduced since the developability of their land would be restricted. Conservation easements should be established along Highland Road, Milford Road, Harvey Lake Road, Wardlow Road, Middle Road, Lone Tree Road, and Duck Lake Road. A separate study should be completed to identify areas in which to focus conservation easement efforts. 113 �- -,;=,- -,----:-----=-~-----~~~----~· ,. . ...,. Subdivision Design Controls and Open Space Subdivision Design The Comprehensive Plan recommends several "open space" subdivision areas where natural features and visually sensitive areas can be preserved through the use of variable density zoning. The variable density concept is based on the idea that homes may be grouped closer together to preserve woodland or wetland areas on the site. The overall density of such areas would still adhere to established zoning standards. The township should adopt guidelines which define site characteristics which qualify an open space or variable density residential parcel, including natu ral stands of trees, land which serves as a natural habitat for wildlife, unusual topographic features which make development under normal subdivision approaches impractical, poor soil conditions which result in a substantial portion of the site being unbuildable, or unusually narrow or uniquely-shaped parcels which do not lend themselves to conventional subdivision designs. Appropriate design language for variable density open space subdivisions should be incorporated into the township's zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations. ...,.. ..,,. ...,,. ..,.,,. -,, ....,. Common rectilinear plan: 94 lots, 12,000 feet of streets and utilities. Open Space Subdivision Design: 94 lots, 6,000 feet of streets and utilities. 114 Curvilinear plan : 94 lots, 11,600 feet of streets and utilities. Open Space subdivisions will not only preserve sensitive areas but will minimize the amount of roadways and utilities needed to serve the sites. The lot size in the first two examples is 50,000 square feet; in the third example, lot size is reduced to 30,000 square feet with nearly 44 acres left open. Overall site densities are the same. �Historic Preservation Program Highland Township contains a number of historic buildings and sites which should be preserved. Measures should be taken to assure that progress does not dilute the historic qualities of the area. The historic preservation program should contain financing and zoning strategies for the preservation of these sites and the potentials for establishing a historic district should be explored. Where possible, historic preservation should be related to the scenic easements program provided for in the Conservation and Historic Preservation Easement Act, Public Act 197 of 1980. The Michigan Historical Commission conducted a survey of all pre-1935 structures in Highland Township during the fall of 1980. Their survey indicated that 267 structures or sites were built prior to 1935 and may exhibit historic significance. The survey identified 22 sites in the Clyde area, 15 sites in the East Highland area, 107 sites in the Central Highland area, and 22 sites in the Rowe Lake area. A number of historically significant sites were also identified in the Seven Harbors area. The 267 identified structures are located along all of the major thoroughfares and many of the local roads in the township. The largest grouping of sites is located in the Central Highland area, and the potential exists for the establishment of a historic district in this area. This area would include the township library (formerly the Highland United Methodist Church), located on Livingston Road, which was recently placed on both the National and State Registers of Historic Sites. The Stone Rowe house, located at 2530 Rowe Road, is the only other structure in the township which is listed on the National Register. 115 �- ---,,....---=--=---------llllllll!llllll-~-------1r Architectural Control Program Highland Township should develop architectural design guidelines which will guide developers in the renovation of existing buildings and the construction of new buildings. The indigenous rural architectural style of the area can be enhanced if new developments are guided by specific design controls. The architectural design guidelines must address the integrity of construction methods and materials; too much suburban development exhibits fakery in facade designs and materials. The township should develop specific architectural guidelines which control such features as structural scale, textures and construction materials, colors, continuity, style, signage, landscaping of buildings and parking areas, screening, and design of pedestrian areas. While architectural control guidelines are implemented primarily on a voluntary basis, they provide the planning commission with a tool with which to negotiate with developers. The architectural guidelines should include several photos or line drawings of recommended styles and design approaches. _,,,. r-,,- r . .,.,,. ,,.. ....,,. r 116 �12. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Upon adoption of the Comprehensive Plan, the planning commission in cooperation with the township board of trustees, will initiate those actions necessary for converting the Plan into viable community development programs. The principal implementation activities include the adoption of a revised township zoning ordinance incorporating modern regulatory practices; the use of subdivision regulations, the preparations of a capital improvements program, and other approaches indicated in the following paragraphs. Zoning Ordinances Zoning is one of the development controls granted through State enabling legislation which gives the township a method for enhancing, guiding, and assisting public and private development. Zoning regulations are designed to promote the freedom of the property owner, but at the same time can prevent undue land use mix and conflict. A legal zoning ordinance must reflect and be preceded by an acceptable Comprehensive Plan for the township. The new zoning ordinance prepared to implement the Comprehensive Plan has been designed to encourage a high quality of development design while facilitating expeditious processing of zoning decisions. Subdivision Ordinance Regulation of land subdivision by Highland Township is authorized by the Subdivision Control Act. Local Subdivision regulations set forth improvement requirements and procedures for the conversion of vacant land into developed sites. The township board of trustees should have a subdivision control ordinance which sets forth minimum design and improvement requirements for lot identification, streets, utilities, lighting, and landscaping, which will promulgate implementation of the goals and policies set forth in the Comprehensive Plan. Such regulations will aid in achieving a viable balance of capital expenditures among the private developer and taxpaying public. 117 �.. ...,. Capital Improvements Program As a comprehensive plan is directed to the physical growth and development of an area, the capital improvements program is directed to the budgetary long-range accomplishment of the plan. The capital improvements program and the capital improvements budget are closely tied to the budgeting of township funds in conjunction with logical scheduling of required and needed community improvements. They establish a budget cycle which addresses priority issues in advance of their need. In essence, they both are prerequisites to sound planning, management and development, and they are required to enhance the efficiency and economy of government. The capital improvements program usually covers a period of six years and is reviewed and updated annually as long-range community needs and priorities are reviewed. The capital improvements budget covers the first year of the capital improvements program and focuses upon the current operating budget in the expenditure of funds. 11 ...,.. ...,,.. Mapped Improvements Ordinances The Mapped Improvements Act of 1943 enables the township planning commission, in cooperation with the board of trustees, to adopt detailed descriptive maps identifying specific public improvements anticipated on a short-range five to seven year period. Included in the Mapped Improvements Ordinance are streets, parks and other public use facilities which are anticipated. The township board, upon the recommendations of the planning commission, may provide for a building moratorium for the areas specifically identified. Whenever issues arise which may have major impact on a particular area or group of persons, the planning commission should make every effort to fully inform and discuss the issue in open forum. Historic District Preservation The township should consider specific measures for historic preservation. A Historic District Commission should be established to officially designate certain areas within the township as having major historic significance. This commission, under Michigan enabling law, should exercise control over land development, building construction, and aesthetic objectives in order to ensure protection of historic areas. The commission could also be active in encouraging development which is consistent in appearance and character with existing structures or documented historic events and settlements. I. Federal and State Grants-In-Aid The planning commission should take a leading role in garnering federal, state and private grant monies when the funds could further the objectives of the Comprehensive Plan and the township. 118 .......-r: �Public Information Program The Township planning commission should maintain an active informational program utilizing published reports, presentations to the news media, a public speakers service, and newsletters and progress reports. The township's planning commission may also assist in industrial development promotion activities. Planning Advisory Services The township's zoning administrator should provide day-to-day assistance to property owners and residents of the township and to land developers in interpreting the policies of the Comprehensive Plan and in working out detailed solutions to specific land development problems. Improvement of Commercial Areas Improvement of commercial areas in Highland Township requires public and private investment to rehabilitate deteriorated facilities and refurbish businesses that are still in generally good condition. A number of financial incentives can be exercised by the public sector to encourage private investment. A review of the financial incentives that can be used in the township follows. Tax Incentives The Commercial Redevelopment Districts Act, Michigan Public Act 255 of 1978, encourages commercial redevelopment efforts by granting tax benefits to businesses which rehabilitate obsolete commercial facilities or build new commercial facilities in declining commercial areas. Businesses eligible under this act include offices, retail sales operations, warehousing and parts distribution facilities, engineering offices, and research and development facilities. Granting tax benefits under this act is at the discretion of the township in which the facility will be renovated or built. Commercial Facilities Tax Exemption Certificates are granted by townships individually to businesses after the commercial redevelopment district has been established. Exemptions can be granted for up to twelve years according to the following schedule: a. Complete exemption from ad valorem property taxes on the value of improvements to restored obsolete facilities, or b. fifty percent exemption from ad valorem property tax on the value of new or replacement construction. This Commercial Redevelopment District Act can be used most effectively when criteria are set up prior to granting certificates of exemption. 119 �Thus, as an incentive, the exemptions could be granted from one to twelve years depending upon the extent of renovation. For example, renovatio n involving a capital investment that is equal to 70 percent of the market value of the property should receive a longer exemption than renovation involving only 20 percent of the market value. A scale could also be devised so that the length of the exemption could be increased a certain number of years if particular improvements are made. Financing Private Improvements The Economic Development Corporations Act, Michigan Public Act 338 of 1974, provides a means of financing the capital costs of starting up or expanding a business in Michigan through issuance of tax-exempt revenue bonds. Because the bonds are exempt from Federal and state income taxes, the lending institutions or purchases of the bonds are usually able to offer an interest rate that is commonly two or three points below the prime rate. The bonds are repaid from revenues generated by the private development, so the faith and credit of the municipality is not involved. To qualify for revenue bond financing, a business must propose expansion or development of a new facility that can be shown to be in the public interest because it will create employment and add to the tax base. Because the costs of issuing revenue bonds are relatively high, Economic Development Corporation financing is considered a worthwhile financial tool only for larger commercial developments involving a capital investment in excess of $100,000 or $150,000. When several small businesses are involved in an area, it is sometimes possible to issue one revenue bond to finance all of the improvements. In this case, also, it may be necessary to form a legal entity to oversee and take legal responsibility for the project. Each individual project within the overall project must qualify under the stipulations in the act, and a receptive bond purchasing or lending institution must be found to purchase the bond. Small Business Administration (SBA) programs provide easier access to private financing for small businesses that cannot borrow on reasonable terms from conventional lenders. A small retail business, according to the SBA, is one in which the annual receipts do not exceed $1 to $7.5 million, depending upon the particular type of business. SBA loans may be used for business construction and expansion, purchase of machinery, equipment and supplies, and as working capital. The three most commonly used SBA programs are the Section 7(a) regular business loan, the Section 7(a) business loan guarantee, and the Section 502 local development company program. The Section 7(a) regular business loan program provides direct loans in amounts up to $500,000. The funds for this type of loan are not readily available; however, under the Section 7(a) business loan guarantee, SBA insures up to 90 percent of loans up to $500,000 made by local lending institutions to small businesses. This program is used more often than the direct loan program since the availability of funds is greater. ' 120 �The Section 502 program makes long-term financing available to small businesses through development corporations set up by state or local government or by a business association. The loans available through this program can only be used for construction or modernizing buildings, but not as working capital. Financing Public Improvements The Community Development Block Grant Program provides Department of Housing and Urban Development funds for various neighborhood improvements, including commercial revitalization. Block Grant funds can be used for acquisition of deteriorated property; acquisition and construction of public facilities, such as pedestrian malls, parking facilities, utilities, streets and lighting; clearance and demolition of deteriorated buildings; development activities carried out by private nonprofit entities in accordance with the community development plan; administrative costs; and, rehabilitation loan funds. Historically, Block Grant funds have been used for construction of parking facilities, new lighting, street furniture, creation of pedestrian malls, and similar public facilities. However, Block Grants can also be packaged into lower cost loans for businesses that participate in joint improvement programs, such as facade improvements. The funds can also be used to capitalize local development corporations under the Small Business Administration Section 502 program. Thus, Block Grants can be used most effectively in conjunction with other types of financing to provide a comprehensive program of public and private improvements. 121 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Highland-Charter-Twp_Comprehensive-Plan_1983 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-01-13 Title A name given to the resource The Highland Charter Township Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Highland Charter Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared by Robert K. Swarthout, Incorporated and Gerald Luedtke and Associates. The balance of the Comprehensive Plan became effective January 13, 1983. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gerald Luedtke and Associates (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Highland Charter Township (Mich.) Oakland County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ad27b1dba1bf741f96254e0b01c57779.pdf ceeeffda912f5d22b405a3cbb9f6e5ef PDF Text Text The History of the 3 Centers ... The LGBT Resource Center The Women's Center The Office of Multicultural Affairs "If you know whence you came, there are absolutely no limitations to where you can go." - James Arthur Baldwin GRANDVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY www.gvsu.edu �LG BT Resource Center • History Several years ago, the books and other resources available to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students took up one shelf in the Counseling Center. While the new LGBT Resource Center provides much more space for materials, it also gives concrete evidence of Grand Valley's commitment to an inclusive campus. Located in the Kirkhof Center, the LGBT Resource Center serves as a hub for informal meetings, support, and resources for the university's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. The center is staffed by Director Mi It Ford, a graduate assistant, graduate student interns, and student workers. "We are thrilled to have this space and budget," said Ford, also a professor of liberal studies. "It represents important progress for the university to be able to act in this way on its recognition there is an obvious need for students to feel comfortable and that everyone should be treated equally." Plans for an official home for the center began several years ago, but support for Grand Valley's LGBT community has been longstanding among many campus grassroots organizations. The oldest campus group dedicated to supporting LGBT students is Allies & Advocates, which began in 1991. Allies & Advocates trains faculty and staff members on how to provide a safe place and offer resources to students. Members post a placard on their office door and also help at various campus events. Led by Gary Van Harn, members of Allies & Advocates established the GVSU LGBT Scholarship in 2001. It's noted as one of the fastest growing endowed scholarships at Grand Valley. Recently, West Shore Aware, a nonprofit gay and lesbian organization in Saugatuck/Douglas, has established a scholarship which along with the GVSU LGBT scholarship allows for two or three students to receive scholarships per year. Nearly a decade ago, a group called Out 'N' About reorganized efforts for a gay/straight student alliance. Membership has consistently grown as the group regularly sponsors events for National Coming Out Day in October, Transgender Day of Remembrance in November, and National Day of Silence in April. �Two years ago, the newest support group formed; the mission of LGBT Faculty and Staff Association is to create an equitable and welcoming environment for faculty and staff. The LGBT Resource Center sponsors an active calendar of programs and events, highlighted by the Lavender Graduation in April. A tradition at many colleges, Grand Valley's Lavender Graduation ceremony is a celebration for LGBT graduates and their families and friends as they reflect on their contributions to the university. "It was so heartwarming and gratifying for everyone who participated," Ford said. "It means a lot for the students who have identified as LGBT or as supporting LGBT students to be recognized by the university." Other programs include regular roundtable discussions for students, faculty, and staff focusing on LGBT issues as they relate to race, spirituality, politics, and gender. For more information about Grand Valley's LGBT Resource Center, call (616) 331-2530 or visit the Web site, www.gvsu.edu/1 gbtrc. �Women's Center • History It didn't matter much during the earliest days of Grand Valley's Women's Center that staff members worked from a small office in the Dean of Students suite. From the start in 2001, Marlene Kowalski-Braun and Jo Ann Wassenaar were often away from their desks building the relationships on- and off-campus that would serve as the foundation for the center. "The fact that we didn't have a physical home i~ the beginning was not a deterrent," said Kowalski-Braun, who has served as center director since 2001. "It allowed us to build relationships and that makes sense for a women's center. One of the principles of feminist leadership is relationship building, finding a collective voice to help build a vision." It was a collective voice from campus that led to creation of the center. In the late 1990s, faculty and staff members and students served on a task force to research development of a center. Many people thought a center for women students would complement other campus services already in place: the Women and Gender Studies program fulfilled the academic focus, and the Women's Commission served faculty and staff members. Task force members visited women's centers at other universities and gathered information about mission statements, staffing, budgets, and activities. They presented a proposal for a Grand Valley Women's Center to administrators, including Dean of Students and Vice Provost Bart Merkle, and it was approved by then-President Arend D. Lubbers in 2000. "It's one of those unique Grand Valley stories. Because we are such a young institution, creating something new is welcomed and many people and departments are willing to help," KowalskiBraun said. The collaborative spirit that was so instrumental in establishing the center has remained a guiding presence when developing the center's programs and services. The partnerships created by Women's Center staff reach beyond university departments and student organizations to include community nonprofit organizations. That link was forged in part by Wassenaar, associate director, who brought a strong background in nonprofit administration when she began working at the center in 2001. "We never saw ourselves as only being on campus," Wassenaar said. "We had a vision of reaching out before the term 'co-curricular' became popular." The Women's Center connects with many West Michigan nonprofit organizations and regularly places student interns, sponsors events, or hosts celebrations with the Center for Women in Transition in Holland, Girl Scouts of Michigan Trails, Kent County Domestic Violence Community Coordinated Response Team, and Safe Haven Ministries, to name a few. The internships and �requests from students to volunteer continued to increase and led to establishment of the Women's Issues Volunteer Corps in 2003. Since then, nearly a 1,000 students have received training by Women's Center staff members to participate in service-learning projects throughout the area. Connections with the community and Grand Valley's Women and Gender Studies (WGS) program provided the base for the Women's Community Collaborative, a unique academic course that integrates classroom theories and the practices of community activism. Students are placed in internships and serve more than 100 hours per semester at a nonprofit organization, in addition to completing course work. WGS faculty and Women's Center staff members teach the course. Of the many annual programs on the Women's Center calendar, "The Vagina Monologues" is a highlight. Every year since 2002, a diverse cast of nearly 75 students, faculty, and staff members perform provocative and thought-provoking monologues written by Eve Ensler. Proceeds from annual productions have totaled over $70,000 to benefit campus groups and area women's organizations, and the international V-Day Campaign that works to end violence against women and girls. The February event is also a leadership tool for participants. "The students now organize a daylong conference for other universities in the area. They are not just actors, but educators and activists," Kowalski-Braun said. Another Women's Center calendar mainstay is Silent Witness. Each October, red silhouettes are unveiled to tell the stories of West Michigan people who were killed by acts of domestic violence. Other recurring programs include Rape Aggression Defense training; Eyes Wide Open, a peer education program that targets sexual assault; and the Women's Tea, a celebration during Women's History Month. The center also offers two annual scholarships: one for nontraditional students and the other, in connection with Women and Gender Studies, for students who volunteer their time to better the lives of women or girls. The WGS Scholarship is named for Jean Enright, a retired Grand Valley staff member who has made significant community contributions. Since its inception in 2001, Women's Center staff members have made significant contributions to improving student life at Grand Valley. Koleta Moore, director of Grand Valley's EXCEL Program, was a member of the task force that studied the feasibility of a center a decade ago. She said students trust the center as a resource. "What they do here makes it a better place to work for all of us. It broadens what we can do and offer to students," Moore said. For more information about the Women's Center, cal I (616) 331-2 748 or visit www.gvsu.edu/women_cen. �Office of Multicultural Affairs • History From roots that started in the 1980s, Grand Valley's Office of Multicultural Affairs has grown in both size and services offered to meet the needs of countless students. Now housed in the new addition of the Kirkhof Center on Grand Valley's Allendale Campus, OMA staff members serve students through academic and social programs and serve the community by hosting events that focus on fostering a climate of inclusiveness on campus. When it was established in 1988, the department's roots were in the Seidman School of Business, growing from ideas and concepts by Earl Harper and others. Then called Minority Affairs the Multicultural Center, the department was led by Don Williams Sr., who was director of the Minority Business Education Center. Williams said he was given a simple, yet daunting, charge from Grand Valley's president: create a department that would help students of color feel more comfortable on campus and help them succeed in college. While its configuration has changed and its mission broadened, the foundation of its early beginnings remain at the heart of OMA's mission. Williams spent those early years establishing a presence for the new office on campus. As dean of Minority Affairs and the Multicultural Center, he had access to leaders in academic departments and student services. He expanded the successful Minority (now Multicultural) Business Education Cohort program, which provides professional, academic and social support to business majors, and established similar cohorts for students majoring in teacher education and the sciences. Since the inception of the M programs (MBEC, MTEC for teacher education, MSEC for science education and MHEC for higher education), thousands of students have received tutoring services, networked with community professionals and performed community service. They also graduated in larger numbers and in shorter periods of time. He was also a successful fundraiser. In 1994, Williams coordinated the first of several successful "Blues on the Banks of the Grand" concerts. Performing that year and for many more years in a row was jazz singer Joyce Cobb of Memphis, Tennessee. That first concert raised $65,000 for minority student scholarships. By 2001, the fund had grown to $703,000. Before retiring in December 2001, he raised an additional $310,000 in new pledges. The university recognized Williams' efforts at his retirement. Then President Mark A. Murray announced that Grand Valley would contribute funds to raise the minority scholarship endowment to more than $1 million. "Dean Donald Williams has helped countless students graduate from college," Murray said at the time. "In some cases, these graduates are young men and women who might not have succeeded had they not had a mentor like Don Williams." Murray's statement acknowledged the relationships Williams had built with students, business leaders and GVSU faculty and staff members. �Williams set the foundation for OMA and, upon Williams' retirement, Mike Woods built the next level. Woods had been Grand Valley's affirmative action officer and university administrators asked him also to assume duties as multicultural director. He continued and expanded programming and outreach efforts to campus departments that served women, students with disabilities and the LGBT community. Woods also expanded OMA's staff, hiring staff members with ethnic backgrounds that mirrored the student population. Woods also saw the need to develop a database to evaluate the success of students who participated in the M programs. He divided lower- and upper-level classes of M students, allowing participants to receive more individual attention. He also furthered the ideas behind Freshman Academy, which began as academic support for students of color who struggled in science and math courses and has now developed into a program housed jointly in OMA and the Advising Resource Center. Woods retired in 2003 and was replaced by the current dean of OMA, Oliver Wilson. Wilson has continued to build on the solid foundation of OMA to create an intercultural department. Wilson and OMA staff members have created the Professionals of Color Lecture Series, bringing national speakers to campus who share their stories of career success or triumph over personal adversity. OMA also reaches the community. Through the Wade H. McCree Jr. Incentive Program, participating high school students in Grand Rapids, Holland and Muskegon have opportunities to enhance their academic skills and prepare for college. Through programs for high school students, and services and events geared toward the university community, OMA continues to meet its mission that began two decades ago. "There are rising issues and challenges that we see campuses across the country facing," Wilson said. "We want to do our part and educate students about how to have civil discussions. Hopefully they will leave Grand Valley with a better appreciation for diverse perspectives and people, as they enhance their critical thinking skills." For more information about the Office of Multicultural Affairs, call (616) 331-2177 or visit www.gvsu.edu/oma. �Written by Michele Coffill Communications Specialist, News and Information Services @ GRANDVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY www.gvsu.edu Lesbian, Cay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LCBT) Resource Center 11 61 Ki rkhof Center (616) 331-2530 www.gvsu.edu/lgbt Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) 1240 Kirkhof Center (616) 331-2177 www.gvsu.edu/oma Women's Center (WC) 1201 Kirkhof Center (616) 331-2748 www.gvsu.edu/women_cen � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_2008_The-History-of-the-3-Centers-Document Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Title A name given to the resource The History of the 3 Centers Description An account of the resource Narratives of the histories of The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Resource Center, The Women's Center, and The Office of Multicultural Affairs. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/059760ee99a42baffeabc818a4939181.pdf b006545c15c6a996793b83b2872d77fe PDF Text Text + . . . . , ." " , . . . . • I' \ • Prof. Baum & Prof. deYoung "Conflict and Cooperation in Society" HP 231 Fall, 1988 THE HOLOCAUST AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Books required for the course: Eli Wiesel, Night Leon Poliakov, Harvest of Hate Philip Hallie, Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed Joel Dimsdale, survivors, Victims and Perpetrators (Syllabus written by William Baum, July 1988.) Because this course is so unusual, some comments are called for at the beginning. This course came about as a result of work begun several years ago by a committee working to develop a high quality and highly interdisciplinary course in the social sciences. We hereby acknowledge our gratitude to Dean Tony Travis for his moral and financial support of this endeavor. Professor Baum originally assumed the task of organizing the course and continues to do so. In the three years that this course has been offered, he has been helped in many ways by many people. Above all, special gratitude is expressed to Professors Joanisse and deYoung and the guests who serve as witness to the Holocaust and suffer unbelievable memories and pain in doing so. These guests, colleagues and a growing literature remind us that all social phenomena is lived and interpreted at the 'level of daily life.' The ability to generalize is a hallmark of any science, and it is possible to make some �I I valid generalizations about human behavior during the Holocaust. However, we must guard against excessive generalization. As the works of Allen, Henry, Levi, Peukert ana the many diaries cited below indicate so clearly, every life has its own story to tell and the story is almost always one of the fragility and malleability of most every human and most every human situation. He [man] has the capacity to veer with every wind, or, stubbornly, to insert himself into some fantastically elaborated and irrational social institution only to perish with it. [For man] is a fickle, erratic, dangerous creature [whose] restless mind would try all paths, all horrors, all betrayals ... believe all things and believe nothing ... kill for shadowy ideas more ferociously than other creatures kill for food, then, in a generation or less, forget what bloody dream had so oppressed him. Loren Eiseley The subject matter of this course deserves special comment. The committee established in 1985 to develop a high quality interdisciplinary course in the social sciences needed a good case study in order to hold it together. Inevitably (at least it now seems so), we came to focus on the Holocast - the systematic murder of European Jews and certain other groups by the Nazis during World War II. As horrible as this catastroph is to study and contemplate, it does provide an excellent opportunity to consider human behavior in a wide range of contexts. We are forced to �confront the following basic set of questions . How could the people of Germany - the nation of Bach and Kant - become deeply involved in the extermination of some 6 million Jews and Gypsi e s ( and others) whose alleged crime was that they belonged to an "inferior r a ce"? How could Germans beat and kick old women , even young children and babies and then gas them before throwing them into the large ovens of the infamous death camps? How could the "Nazi doctors'' deliberately break the bones of little children so that they could "study'' the healing process? confront the question: In short, we must how and why could humans do these things to other humans? If you are thinking as you read this that only very sick humans are capable of doing these things and that everyone involved in the killing process was psychopathic, you will confront some shocking evidence in this course. A great deal of evidence in the social sciences points to the fact that many or most of us would have been obedient Nazis if we had been there. One of the goals of the course is for you to learn how the structure and organization of modern bureaucracy and certain other groups can "assist'' in the process of human destruction. We will also see the enormous role in this process played by such normal human behavior as denial, repression and "distancing". Another goal of the course is to stimulate an examination of ones' ownself. I think that it is virtually impossible to go through this course and not ask serious �que ::tio ns about who you are and what you are and what your ancestors have passed on to you in the way of religious bel:efs - including prejudice and hatred. ___ ......... ,_ _,\,,; .... "'-"'-' - ,. are wondering, I am not Jewish. ~ Nor am I (And I don't know enough to be an atheist). Chri . tiarJ . I am merel 1 an American, of German-Irish ancestry, who is both curio .~s and troubled by what humans can do to other humans. (B y the way Professor De young is almost none of the above). Ano· her very important goal of this course may be desc r 1b ~ i as the hope that it may make you a more responsible citizen. What happened in Germany was due, in part, to the fa ct t ha ~ not very many Germans did anything to oppose the Nazis . Even though we tend to think of Hitler as a crazed dem on , there is much evidence that suggests that Nazi programs would have been abandoned or modified if Hitler had recei v e d mo re public opposition. Indeed, the so-called Euthanasia program - actually mass murder of persons p] ·,y c. :,- ,:,} }y o r mentally disabled - which began in 1939 was rn o di fl ~d when public reaction reached a high level by 1941. Altho ~ gh we haven't had any Holocaust in this country, we hav e many unsavory chapters in our history, including the system st ic slavery of Blacks, the long standing mistreatment of Na :. i '!e Americans and the widespread prejudice toward Hispa n ic and Asian Americans (to name but some of the p)t"mnl pc::) - . Moc ~ of the examples of human destruction of other humans (herewith defining destruction to include enslaving and the denial of full legal rights) involves a �racial component. Social scientists have come to recognize identifiable steps in a process from mere prejudice (I say "mere'' because I accept the premise that prejudicd cannot be eliminated) to legal discrimination, to segregation, to isolation, to concentration and subsequent destruction. Details will vary, but there is recognizable process, whether in Nazi Germanyor contemporary America. Recent outbreaks ofhostility against Blacks and Asians on American campuses should be a clear warning to us all. We must never forget that there is more to education than merely acquiring knowledge. Knowledge by and of itself is not enough. Haim Ginott's challenge states it eloquently: On the first day in the new school year all the teachers in one private school received the following note from the principal: Dear Teachers: I am a survivor of a concentration camp. saw what no man should witness: My eyes Gas chambers built by learned engineers. Children poisoned by educated physicians. Infants killed by trained nurses. Women and babies shot and burned by high school and college graduates. So, I am suspicious of education. Hy request is that teachers help students become human. Your efforts must never produce learned monsters, skilled psychopaths, educated Eichmanns. Reading, writing, arithmetic are important only if they serve to make our children more humane. It is trying on us all to have such a grim subject matter. One can only hope that we learn and gain an understanding of the processes involved in human destruction. �These proceses, furtherm ore , are not unique to the Nazi Holocaust. It is estimated that in 1914, Turks killed or deported to the desert 2/3 of the estimated 1,800,000 : ~.:.: :~. ,.;:: •. i..:! li s o f th e Ottoman Empire. During the early 1930' s, Stalin embarked on a policy to totally collectivize Soviet peasa n t holdings. Moving against the peasants as a class which must collectivize, become urban workers or be e x term i nated , it is estimated that 15 to 22 million Russian peasants were killed through intentional mass starvation and other means. ( In Marxist literature, belonging to a "wrong" class is tantamount to being a member of an inferior race). Instances of genocide in Asia seem far worse still! In such a morbid contest, any relief is most welcome. The course is titled "conflict and cooperation" and we will deal with genuine instances of compassion and heroism ("cooperation" is hardly adequate here). In October we will consider the case of the French village - Le Chambon sur J.i g . . .,..., :'. - r1;"'r:1 h ow goodness happened there. courag~, t~~ villagers saved as many as thousands of Jewish children and adults from certain death. With great A witness to acts of courage in saving Jews will join us in October. Finally, we come to the principle of "lest we forget". Many echc· the words of Karl Jaspers who wrote of the Holocaust : it is guilt. "That which has happened is a warning. It must be continually remembered. To forget It was possible for this to happen, and it remains possible for it to happen again . .. Only in knowledge can it be prevented." �I d o n ot share Jasper's implied optimism because people caught up in a chain of events seldom comprehend what is going on. For example, many Germans who profited from the closing of Jewish businesses and the expulsion of Jews from the professions in the l930's would have nevertheless insisted that they didn ' t want any killing going on. They would have b een shocked beyond belief if anyone had pointed out to them what would follow within a few years. As we shall see throughout this course, humans are frequently caught up in a series of events that are really out of control - only they don't realize it at the time. But it is important to honor the spirit of Jaspers and recognize the danger signs which indicate when a nation, or culture, has become sick and is on the road to destruciton . A primary objective of this course is to indicate what these danger signs look like in real life. Grading Policies 1) Due to the unique nature of this course, including special guests and films, attendance is required. A bonus will be awarded to those who miss class no more than one time . 2) A term paper of approximately 15 to 18 pages is required. The term paper will be worth approximately 1/3 of your grade. {See the section following this for more information about the term paper). 3) A final exam will count for approximately 1/3 of your �grade. The remainder of your grade is to be made up of an early exam and a daily journal. In a course like this, a so-called "objective'' exam is a poor measuring device. One can name dates and names but fail to understand the Holocaust. We do acknowledge that there are "levels'' or degrees of understanding that tend to accumulate and can be assessed in a diary or journal. From time to time in the smaller discussion sections, we will exchange and discuss our insights. The journal is to be handed in near the end of the course. 4) There is a Holocaust Memorial Center in West Bloomfield, Michigan which you may want to visit. hours will be announced). go there. (The fall visiting I strongly recommend that you You should reserve two hours for the visit. Go slowly and soak it up. It is an impressive museum! From Grand Rapids take I-96 east to I-696. Exit at Telegraph Road and go north to Maple Road. Turn left on Maple Road and head west to Drake Road (past Orchard Lake Read and Farmington Road) . of Maple and Drake, 6602 w. The museum is at the corner Maple. earned by visiting the museum. Extra credit can be The museum also has a library which you may want to use in connection with your term paper. there . They have many rare and very special books Before going there you are advised to call the center at (313) 661-0840 for information. You may also earn additional credit by seeing an important movie/documentary like Shoah . Please comment on �such special events in your journal. The Term Paper Each student is expected to write a term paper. The term paper is to be written after consultation with the appropriate faculty member before the Thanksgiving break. The professors will select the best term papers from each section and invite the students to present them to the larger group late in the semester . Last fall we learned that writing a good term paper is one thing, while writing a good term paper in social science is quite another . the ss. For example, one student wrote a paper on The paper was well-written, reflected careful research and told a great deal about the origin and evolution of the ss. But it wasn't a good social science term paper because it told us little about human behavior. It would have been both important and interesting to know the class origins of SS recruits, personality traits of the recruits, what the training program was designed to accomplish - and how it altered behavior. It also would have been important to study the organization of the ss and show how the organization affected the behavior of its members. The significance of these points is clarified when one considers the evidence which suggests that ss members came from "normal" backgrounds and led "normal" lives after the war . Yet, they were active participants in the murder of millions of people over several years. A good paper would account for �how the behavior of these men was altered so significantly in sucl a short period of time. What makes Robert Lifton' s book on ~he Nazi doctors so interesting and potentially important ~~t~mpt to explain the phenomenon of "biological . '- solt eril ~••, or how these Nazi doctors could come to regard kill~~g as healing. ?he student who authored the paper mentioned above received an "A" because it was a good paper. That it wasn't a goods cial science term paper was due, in part, to the tender .1e of the writer and to the difficulty in cornrnunica~ing to and undergraduate the necessary information involvei. It is our hope that we will do a better job this time around. One of our major tasks as instructors is to communicate what good social science looks like. This task is not made easier by the fact that so much that is passed off aE social science is no more than bilge. (See attached bibliography for examples of good social science). �I PART ONE - WHAT HAPPENED The Nazi Program for the destruction of the Jews of Europe As we begin this course, we will focus on what happened in the incredible years between 1933-1945. Even so, it will be necessary to bring in some historical materials, particularly on the long-standing anti-Semitism in Europe. But we will primarily use Poliakov's Harvest of Hate which deals mainly with the "Hitler years". Wednesday, August 31 Distribution of syllabi and discussion of course content, assignments and grading. Friday, Sept. 2 Professor Baum will comment on some of the problems connected with teaching a course on the Holocaust. Monday, Sept. 5 We will not meet due to the Labor Day recess . But this is the weekend to really get your head into this course. Carefully read Elie Wiesel's Night before September 7. As impossible as it may seem, we will have a guest on Wednesday who was in Auschwitz at the very same time as Wiesel and has a very similar story to tell. �Wednesday, Sept. 2 Today we will have a very special guest with us, Grand Rapids businessman, David Mandel. In recent years Mr. Mandel has •'.:'(··-2 :-..·=- ·1 -= 0 1.t~ly de·:ided to tell his painful story - lest we forge t. · Friday, Sept. 9 Why the Jew? The Holocaust is inconceivable unless "the Jew'' is widely and deeply seen as something less than human. Professor Gilbert Davis will be our guest speaker today and will outline some of the major chapters of this long story. By the way, Profess o r Davis has taught a course on the Holocaust . Monday, Sept . 12 Professor Davis will join us again. Today he will focus on the bitter anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria just prior to Wo rld War I. cb sE s s e d \-li It was in this environment that Hitler became th "The Jew" Wednesday, Sept. 14 The Hol o caust is also inconceivable without the "takeover" of Germany by Adolf Hitler. Today we will see few minutes of a documentary film clip so that you may get an idea of how ~rr~ ~L iv~ Hiller was as an orator. After the brief film, Professor Baum will compare a well-known historical treatment or ttitier witn a more recent "psychohistory" and indicate some problems with interpreting Hitler. �Friday, Sept. 16 The class will meet in separate discussion sections. By now your head (and your journal) must be teeming with questions and thoughts. The discussion groups will focus on one or more of the following: 1) questions or comments you may have about the course to this point; 2) sharing journal entries; 3) the first 30 pages of Poliakov. Here we can "connect" Hitler, the Nazis and the German people as they move against the Jews. Monday, Sept. 19 Read "Persecution Unleashed'' in Poliakov (and review chapter one). We will focus on two matters today: 1) The author discusses the development of ''sacral" and "profane" laws in the Nazi system. What was their nature and function? Why, for instance, did sacral laws extend to the Netherlands but not to France? 2) Even at this early part of the story, it is clear that the predicament of the Jews varied greatly from country to country. What are some of the major factors which account for this variation? Be prepared for class discussion. Wednesday, Sept. 21 Read chapters 3,4, & 5 of Poliakov. Today Professor Baum will discuss the debate among historians and social scientists regarding the start of the Holocaust. Was the extermination of the European Jews the result of long-range �·~ planning (traceab l e t o Mei n Kampf) or did the Nazis "stumble" into it when other measures to rid central Europe of Jews failed? Friday, Sept. 23 The phenomen o n of Hitler involved strong and widespread support among the German people. Professor Baum will explore the "tie" between Hitler and the German people and indicate the socio-economic nature of his most active followers. Monday, Sept. 26 We will have a very special guest with us today . Professor Geoffrey Cocks of Albion College is the author of a widely praised book: Institute. Psychotherapy in the Third Reich - The Goering Professor Cocks will explore how one group of professionals survived the turbulent years of Nazi Germany. This presentation should be of special interest to those of you entering the fields of medicine. Furthermore, as our guest explores his thesis, you can learn something about how to organize a term paper. Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Sept. 28, 29 and 30 These dates are reserved for discussions of the term papers with the appropriate professor. sheets. Sign up on the schedule Two may sign up for each time slot (there is something to be learned by seeing what others are doing and the troubles they are dealing with). We are using class time to insure that everyone will be able to schedule a meeting. �Please bring with you a topic title, a paragraph statement of a hypoth esis o r thesis, and a bibliography of no fewer than five items. Monday, You may also bring a towel to cry on. Oct. ~ Read chapters 6 and 7 Poliakov. Among the questions raised are how men praised for their "honesty" and "gentleness of character" could kill women, children and babies. Baum will discuss how the Professor ss transformed "ordinary" men into killers of enemy soldiers and countless civilians. Wednesday , Oct. 5 More on the ss. Professor Baum will explore, among other things, the argument that the ss was "the alibi of Nazi Germany." Friday, Oct. 7 Read chapter eight of Harvest of Hate - "The Industry of Death". Hitler's program of euthanasia began in September, 1139 and was toned down in August, 1941, due to public pressure. Hitler apparently had 70,273 "feeble-minded" and "incurably insane" exterminated because they wer useless to the state. Furthermore, it gave certain scientists and medical people a chance to "perfect" ways of exterminating large numbers of people. If the German people wee sick and horrified over the extermination of their own "feeble-minded", doesn't this vividly underscore the perception of Jews held by many - if �not most - Germans? The Germans apparently regarded the feel le-minded as humans, but not the Jews. What did Ameican sole .iers in "Nam" call the enemy soldiers? Is the killing ~~~ ,, L~~~~m~nt of other humans only possible after a proc •ss c: self-delusioh - even collective self-delusion has tiken place? Haven't many of the worst crimes in human hist.c :·y been committed by people who first robbed their victim~ of their humanity? After this, isn't everything else "easy"? Note throughout the chapter the many instances of delusio: and dehumanization, and how it even affected the prisoners . One question keeps coming back as I write this syllabus: Why did P.ir.\i11ler and his fellow merchants in death find it possible to build their concrete and steel monuments to death and y ·- t never submit their "final solution" to paper? We will discuss these and related questions today. Read cbapter nine, "The Jewish Reisitance". This chapter raises some interesting questions about Jewish resistance, including ghetto uprising and the partisans. Professor Baum will survEy the debate that has been going on for decades regard~ng the nature and degree of Jewish resistance to ·the Nazis. llt::u..tH=-">uay, 01.,: L. 12 Finish the book, Harvest of Hate. We need to consider several matters as we conclude this �portion of the cour se. 1) Why would anyone exterminate a group of people when one could enslave them. 2) Does the author's account of Himmler make any sense to you? Do you have any understanding of the man? Is Himmler simply a case study of a man who might have carried out 'more rational exploitation' but for the circum st ances - in this Eichmann's opposition as well as the Grand Mufti's desire to see all Jews exterminated? 3) Also very disturbing is the matter of the attitude towards the Jews in countries at war with Germany. Did anti- semitism world-wide really contribute to the 'final solutions'? 1943? Did Goebbles speak the truth on this in May, (p. 262). 4) Finally, we confront one of the most disturbing issues of all: the historic contributions of Christianity to anti- semitism and the Holocaust. We will specifically consider the statements of Thomas Acquinas and Martin Luther concerning the Jews. Is the long history of Christian hatred of the Jews based on a misunderstanding? Does it matter that Jesus was a Jew - or that Jews allegedly killed Jesus? Why are the Gospels so ambiguious concerning the death of Jesus? (In Mark 15 : 15 and Matthew 27:26, "Pilate delivered Jesus to be crucified; in Luke 23:24, Pilate "decided that their (the �Jews) demand should be granted," in John 19:16, we are told that Pilate "handed him over to them (the Jews) to be cruicif ied. John 19:23 says that Roman soldiers carried out the cruci fixion . One cannot a void thinking about this long history of anti - Semitism in psychological terms: perhaps the Chris t ia ns used the Jews as a convienient symbol by which Christianity is measured. Christian rites and rituals became the s~cred, Jewish rites and rituals represent the profane. In-group solidarity is enhanced by having an out-group devil. It is n ~t surprising, in my opinion, that massacres of Jews can be found at many points of western history. Once again, doesn't this follow when one group considers another subhuman? In other words, anti-Semitism is not strictly or exclusively a religi o us phenomenon, but is a phenomenon of group beha v ior. In the rise of Christianity, the Jews were a con v enient foil: they had a different Sabbath, circurnsized males and d : essed differently . Moreover, the separation of the Christian from the Jew clarified the identity of those who refuse to accept Christianity. With the rise of the modern nationstate and the decline of religious belief, "blood" or " race" replaced belief or piousness as a sign of W~8 ~a: ma~kcd for salvation or condemned to death . In November, 1938, Goering acknowledged the importance of ..... c u ........ '::I ':l:,c:: 1..1..v.::, ~,. created," he said. all cities. "They will have to be In either case, the Jews were a convenient scapegoat. It should be noted that France went �through a crisis in the 1890's which involved nationalism and anti-Semitism. Some of the patterns there were repeated in Nazi Germany. Members o f the class may wish to consult a recent work by David A. Rausch,~ Legacy of Hatred: Forget the Holocaust. Why Christians Must Not Rausch examines the long history of Christian intolerance of the Jews. perhaps, is Martin Luther's role: Most disturbing of all, he asked, "What shall we Christians do with the rejected and condemned people the Jews? I shall give you my sincere advice. First, to set fire to their synagogues or schools and to bury and cover with dirt whatever will not burn, so that no man will ever again see a stone or cinder of them. This is to be done in honor of our Lord ... Second, I advise that houses all be razed and destroyed .. Fourth, I advise that rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb . . . Fifth, I advise that safe - conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews ... " Small wonder that Julius Streicher, a Hitler propagandist, would cite Luther in his defense of his actions at his Nuremberg trial . In his last years, Luther gave up on the Jews because they failed to convert to Christianity. What do you think of his comment that if he had been a Jew, he certainly wold have converted! �Friday, Oct. 14 --- Mid-term Exam. Monday, Oct. 17 --- Our 11 two weeks of sunshine." The story of the Holocaust is not entirely a story of horror and atrocity. Almost, but not quite. In this section of the course, we are going to read about and discuss the story of the Protestant village in southern France, LeChambon, where a modern miracle took pklace during WWII. Notice: The class will meet on October 17 and 19 in separate discussion section. Read Prelude and Parts I and II of Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed. Here we confront the author of the book and the central characters, Pastor Andre and MAgda Trocme. Have you ever experience what the author described as 'going through him like a spear' when he read about the village of LeChambon-sur-Lignon, and their act of moral nobility? As for the remarkable Pastor Trocme, your authoridentifies certain events in his life as shaping his character. How do you assess these events - or do you think that Trocme would have done as he did simply because that was the kind of man he was? Why did Vichy France tolerate so much insubordination from �the Chambonnais and Trocme? Shouldn't they have shot him? Does the evidence of warning and other help for the Jews from the Police show how difficult it is for totalitarian regimes to really be totalitarian? Magda Trocrne found it difficult to lie even thoughit was necessary to do so in order to obtain the counterfeit cards to save people's lives. moral codes? Is it sometimes necessary to breach Under what circumstances and why? In a different vein, why did the Chambonnais both admit to the authorities that they harbored Jews but lied about many things associated with this at the same time? Wednesday, Oct. 19 Remember: we will meet in separate discussion sections. Read parts III and IV of Hallie. One of the most important themes in the book is the nonviolent philosophy of Andre Trocme and the Chambonnais. The author claims that nonviolence was crucial if the village was to resist the Nazis and avoid a massacre. The theory of nonviolent resitance was practiced and made famous by the late leader of India, M. Gandhi. It has been said that Gandhi could only have gotten away with this because the British were so civilized. Was this true? about the Nazis? Inasmuch as this is a course in the social sciences, the What �sub:ect at hand is most relevant - besides being interesting. Gan ' h : pe r c eived that non-violent behavior of resistance wou ~d f o rce the armed adversary to re-consider and then alter his )wn ~ehavior. Did this happen in Le Chambon? King was here in April, 1986, she spoke of an incic -n t during the l960's civil rights movement when Police Ch ief Eul l Conners, his men armed with fire hoses and dogs co n £r o nt : d unarmed, but resolute civil right marchers. mar ch E~ were ordered to halt, but they didn't. mo ve d ah ~- d. The Instead, they Suddenly, the situation dramatically changed, the p o lice and dogs acted as though paralyzed, while the march e rs advanced. How can this be explained? By the way, n o n- vio lent resistance would be a very good term paper topic. As we leave Le Chambon, aren't you moved by the work of the Troc me's and the villagers? Does this case study demonstrate what a strong-willed, respected, man and wife can do to inf l ue~ c e the moral climate of a community? Weren't the Chamb o nnais practically intimidated into having to do good by the v ery p r esence of Andre? Meanwhile, only a few hundred miles away, Germans were intimidated by force and threats of force t o help identify and round up Jews in the process of their ~ :::: st:-'.l::tion. Do these events suggest to you anything abou t the relative strength of social forces for good and There are many things in these chapters to think about, but �two standout to me in a course about the Holocaust: perhaps more than anything else, the tragic death of his sons, JeanPierre and Daniel caused Andre Trocme to questions the meaning of life. Are only the very young potentially free of the burden of seeing life as a dark, useless hole in a pointless world? thoughts. Andre Trocme had to do battle with these Yet, he went on to work for world peace for the rest of his life. Compare this with the passage in Night when Wiesel speaks of the nocturnal silence "which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live." As we are about to meet people who did as the Chambonnais did, we might ask what is there about Andre and Magda Torcme that prompted them to do what they did? the same? Would we have done How could we know? Friday, Oct. 21 Today Professor Baum will discuss recent research in the social science literature which attempts to understand and explain why it is some people will risk life, limb, and all their possessions in order to shelter and save total strangers. Monday, Oct. 24 --- The "Dutch Holocaust" Many people in west Michigan are of Dutch descent. It isn't surprising therefore that some of these people were involved in the Holocaust in some way. With a Jewish population of approximately 140,000-150,000 and a special relationship to �the Nazis, Netherlands have bitter memories of the Holocaust. Except for Norway, the Netherlands was occupied by the Germans for a longer period of time than any other country. The special relationship includes the relative small size and terrain which made the country easy to dominate. Most important was the special tratment accorded the Dutch. Goering complained: "The dutch are unique as the nation of traitors to our cause." The Nazis had great hopes for the dutch to go along with them because of "racial similarities," but the Dutch resistance prompted retaliation. In April, 1941, Hitler ordered the deportation of all Jews to the Government General, with some exceptions. As a result, approximately 110,000 Dutch Jews - 80% of the total Dutch Jewish population was deported for extermination. This was the highest rate in western Europe. It is estimated that 20,00 Jews were "hiding out" in the N~th~~:ands - half of whom were discovered and presumably ~xL~rm~nct~E~. During part of this course, we will have special g~ests who will tell us about their own personal experience during WWII in the Netherlands. out guest today is Mandy Evans, who was a Jewish girl who spent years hiding from the Nazis. Her ordeal wasn't helped by the fact of 100,000 Nazi collaborators in the Netherlands. As she told me, "I think about it every day." Note: For those interested, there is a folder marked "Holocaust-Netherlands" available at the circulation desk �unde r Closed Reserve. Wednesday, Oct. 26 --- Today our special guest wil be Rev. John Timmer. He was a boy during the German occupation of the Netherlands and he remembers what his family did to save Jews during this terrible period. �II PART I I - HOW IT COULD HAPPEN Up to this point, we have emphasized what happened during the final years of the Third Reich when 6 million Jews were murdered. The enormity of this crime of genocide is so horrible that it causes a certain degree of disbelief even today. How could one man - a "madman" at that - gain so much power over so many? Why didn't the German people understand what he was doing and stop him? How could doctors and scientists become involved in the extermination of millions? How can anyone function and continue to have a life that is anything but a nightmare? Why was there widespead disbelief as survivors of death camps went out to tell their stories of what was going on? These and hundreds of other questions rush to mind. Answers to these questions have been offered, by many, incl~ding novelists, playwrights, survivors, participants, such as Albert Speer, filmmakers, poets, painters and an almost endless list of sources. To cite but one example, George Orwell warned us in many of his writing of the dangers of the abuse and debasement of language by government officials. This was certainly the case in Nazi Germany where leaders coined deceptive phrases like "final solution" and the "Jewish question" to hide their plan from everyone including themselves. But there was much more to it than language abuse; may victims didn't believe it could happen �(even when they had been warned with evidence), some Nazi officials could apparently convince themselve and the tribunal at Nuremberg that they didn't know Jews were being exterminated. It is in this general area that the social sciences have somethin g to contribute to our understanding of the Holocaust. There is a fairly extensive literature in social psychology which deals with the mechanics of repression and self-delusion. Sometimes it was quite unsubtle: SS troops would get drunk before shooting their many victims. was often far more complicated. But it How could sober, highly- educated bureaucrats keep themselves deluded for years? The first essay in the Dimsdale book by Raul Hilberg will help us with this matter. Likewise, a literature in sociology, public administration, and political science stemming from Max Weber will help us understand bureaucratic behavior and how a functionary working on train schedules from Berlin to Auschwitz would be able to see himself as a professional scheduler rather than as an agent of death. There were many similar examples. This doesn't mean that the Holocaust is something we will ever completely understand. comprehension. It may be beyond Furthermore, as Freud reminded us, human behavior is certainly irrational at times. Our unconscious mind is not completely - or even greatly - understood by our consciousness. This condemns even our conscious, scientific �sel · ·es to have less than full understanding of our social bei1 g. Or so it seems to the writer of this syllabus. In any case, the Holoca u st is a g oo d test for the social ~ri~~ r ~ i n ~s~uch as many of the questions raised about this even · ar~ of major concern to social scientists. JU~9 t You may ior yourself just how well social scientists deal with the se q ue stions as we now turn to what social science may be able tc c ontribu te to our understanding of the Holocaust. Friday, Jct. 28 Ass i gn me1 t: We shall begin this section with Survivors, Victi~s and Perpetrators. Read Raul Hilberg's essay: Nat ur e of the Process" top. 35. scient i st at the university of The Hilberg is a political Vermont and author of one of the major studies concerning the Holocaust : The Destruction of th ~ European Jews. Hilbe r g begins with a discussion of the Nazi bureaucracy. Tn1~ , s m0 st appropriate because an understanding of modern bu r ea uc rac y is essential if one is to understand the Holocaust. To begin, the bureaucrac y o f the state was created, in part, to make the management of the state more efficient and r ~ti~~ 2 l. F~r example, the Michigan legislature passes laws governing the right to drive in Michigan . '-'.I:'-=,. i..!L;. .:;; a ;__v.., ul:. lc:1.1 ge bureau is entrusted to the off ice of the Secretary of State. . The day to day Here clerks sell license plates, re r: nrd poJ. n Ls made against on one's license and give road and �eye tests to prospective drivers. All of this seems sensible enough. But consider the "irrational" or unintentional (at least) results of bureaucracy: that each member of the organization is isolated and cut apart from the goals of the organization. Imagine what would have happened had the following order been issued to every bureaucrat in Nazi Germany in 1942 . "Attention : everyone is ordered to the Extermination Trains . At 0800 tomorrow, we will proceed to Death Camps in Poland. Each person is to bring a revolver. one Jew or Gypsy. You must kill at least Some of you will be asked to shove women and children into mass graves. Before we return, liquidate all the Jews of eastern Europe . horrified. we will Prepare to be The stench will be awful - but it must be done . " How many bureaucrats would have fled, committed suicide or otherwise have tried to escape from this situation? I'll bet th~t many would have gone to extreme lengths to escape. the bureaucracy shielded tnem from much of this. But Instead, in the compartmentalized world of the bureau~racy, Nazi workers worked away like busy drones. In his writings, H1lberg describes in detail how hundreds of bureaucrats worked for years on the problems associated with defining "Jewness" in legal and operational terms. they missed the forest. Embroiled in counting trees, To an unimaginative civil servant, it may have seemed innocent enought to figure out the definition of half-Jews, quarter-Jews, etc. It was decided �that all Mischlinge - i.e., half-Jews who did not belong to the Jewish religion and not married to a Jewish person were to be sterilized. This plan was temporarily abandoned when a bureaucrat calculated that it would cost too much because sterilization for 70,000 Mischlinge would require the equivalent of 700,000 hospital days. But the bureaucratic mentality was still hard at work to crank out production and the suggestion was made that all Jews in mixed marriages be deported. Again an objection was raised. A functionary suggested that spouses would object strenuously and , ghoulishly, that spouses would overburden the courts with their demand for death certificates for those sent away. solutions? The Before Jews in mixed marriages were sent away, the state would simply decree the "marriage as dissolved''. A huge bureaucratic squabble ensued and the proposal was finally abandoned because of departmental in-fighting and calculations of the amount of time the process would take. On e ca n onl ·• wonder at the human ability to lose oneself in his wo rk . But this doesn't mean that bureaucracies are necessarily harmful. They often are not because their design insures that things will go slowly, if at all. Christopher Browning, in hi~ essay ''The Government Experts'' (available at closed reserve in folder marked: The Holocaust= Ideology, bureaucracy and Genocide) tells how Wilhelm Melchers, of the Foreign Office Middle East desk, saved thousands of Turkish �Jews by cleverly using bureaucratic methods to prevent their deportation to the ea st . Me l ch e r s wouldn't i nitial deportation orders and other bureaucrats were too busy to confront him. That bureaucracies do little or nothing is a very sore point with many people concerning the failure of the United States to ass ist t h e Jews . One version of this is told by Henry Feing o ld in "The Government Response", Holocaust ... ). (also available in The In this version, Henry Morganthou, Jr., Secretary of t h e Tre asury and close friend of Roosevelt strongly advocated a rescue effort in behalf of the Jews, but was strenuously opposed by Breckinridge Long, Director of the State Department's Special Problems Division. Long apparently resented the many "city college" Jewish young men who were corning into FDR's administration and replacing the old boy network of Ivy League connectons. according to Long . Or so it seemed, In any case, there were many pressures on Roosevelt from many sides, which often accounts for bureaucratic inactivity. Among the concerns was the fear that admitting large numbers of European Jews would present difficult security problems, as spies and sabateurs might try to slip into the country . Roosevelt was also aware that public opinion was no t favorable f o r any large rescue effort. As a result, little was done. Students of bureaucracy and the Holocaust might also find it interesting that the British response was much like our own. To return to Hilberg: we should focus on his fascinating �investigation of the psychology involved within the bureaucracy of mass murder. Do you agree with him that the destruction of evidence was done, in part, by the Nazis to deceive themselves? In his analysis of "the blood kit" comparable to Poliakov's assertion that the Holocaust was finally ordered by leaders who were determined to force all Germans into the situation where they, too, were criminals and would therefore have to fight to the end? Finally, does Nazi Germany demonstrate that people will behave very differently in a group than individually? In your experience, do you find that people in large organizations behave differently because there is something peculiar about organized humans? Professor Baum will comment today about some of the work that has been done which helps us understand the bureaucratic b~h6vior rel2vant to the Holocaust. Also read chapter 16 of Dimsdale. I think of Germany in the night, and all of sleep is put to flight. I cannot get my eyes to close, the stream of burning teardrops flows. Heinrich Heine Although Heine wrote these lines more than a century before Hitler came to power, they are appropriate to the Germany of this century. �The essay for today was written by John Steiner, survivor of several Nazi death camps. the ss, In his study of former members of Steiner traces the Prussian tradition which is supposedly a part of the Nazi legacy. One is tempted to quote Hein again: A stink of hounds and bitches , a stink of lap-dogs whose pious loyalty would lick the spittle of Power, and die for Alter and Royalty. One of the more interesting and perplexing problems for social scientists is the possible connection between culture and personality. me say this: Before you come to a rapid conclusion, let Hitler and Franz Stangl (the latter was commander of Treblinka) were both Austrians. As I write this syllabus, I have been listening to the music of Franz Shupert and and Mozart. They, too, were Austrian and composed some of the most sublime music ever written. My American Heritage Dictionary offers the following first two defitions of sublime: characterized by nobility; majestic. high spiritual, moral or intellectual worth. Of Can you think of words less fitting to describe Nazi Germany? �The Perpetrator We n o w begin what is probably the most controversial and dist~ubing part of the course. thro ' r.;:ho this section: ' '.°: One question will appear is almost any one of us capable of being a pe rpetra tor? Monda~ , Oct. 31 Assignment: Read chapters 11 and 12 containing excerpts writte n l J Rudolf Hoess and Joseph Goebbels. Is there anyth i n~ about Hoess' youth that strikes you as significant? Did his f 2 ther demonstrate a quality that helps explain Hitler's success: that Germans put a higher premium on obedience than on conscience? wr o te : Shortly before his death Hoess "Unknowingly I was a cog in the wheel of the great extermination machine of the Third Reich . " What is your understanding of this, in particular his use of the word "unkn owingly"? G~~ ~b7 l ~ ~e i seE s o me disturbing questions as well: 1) He te l ls us that news is a weapon and should be used as such by government . Doesn't recent history indicate that government officials all over the world understand this and carefully manage wha t they want to tell us? , UL ' •. . c;_.'VU ~ . ~ Is there anything we can ~ .:_ L.. ~ Toda y we will Eee the movie on the Milgram obedience experiments. �Wednesday , Nov. 2 We will discuss the movie seen on Monday. Friday, Nov. 4 --- Today Professor Baum will discuss another famous and relevant experiment to this course: the so-called "Zimbardo experiment . " Monday, Nov. 7 Assignment : Read chapter 14. a Clear Conscience : "Destroying the Innocent with a Sociopsychology of the Holocaust". Doesn't the history of the Holocaust demonstrate how vulnerable humans are to the ''slippery slope" of morality? In 1930, most Germans would have been horrified if someone could have outlined events of the next 15 years . Yet, step- by-step , th e Nazis and the German nation passed statutes and performed acts which, in retrospect, seemed increasingly bizarre. But once set in motion, how can one stop? Was the fate of European Jews sealed on January 1, 1930 when Stormtroopers killed 8 Jews - the first victims of the Nazi era? (Three year later, on January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor. A ten-year-old Jewish boy, Leslie Frankel, later recalled: "When I got home that day, I learned that Hitler had become Chancellor. Everyone shook. As kids of ten we shook.") Today Professor Baum will comment on the evolution of the Nazi death camps. �Note; Almost all accounts of the Holocaust cast males almost excluEively as perpetrators. know of female Most of them were. But we do ss members - the Aufscherinnen - who were b~ut&l cs camp guards. When the Nazi were forced to leave Hungary in December, 1944, the local Hungarian Arrow Cross continued the extermination of the Jews. One of the members, a Mrs . Vilmos Salzer, sported a riding-habit, brown boots and a Tho~ son sub-machine gun. She reportedly tortured her victims by burning them with candles before shooting them. She was hanged by the peoples' court soon after. Probably no female was more infamous than Ilse Koch - "The Bitch of Buchenwald" - as she became known. Among her grotesque habits was collecting tatooed skin for lampshades. She committed suicide while in prison on 9-1-67. One documented case of female participation was in the Einsatzgruppen - a special action group of the ss. When Ei Ll=~ ~n 0 aded Rubsia in June, 1941, the Einsatzgruppen were se :1 L in as mobile killing units. States listed personnel as: ss, 172 motorcycle riders, Group A, assigned to Baltic 340 militarized formations of 133 Order Police, 89 State Police ... 41 Criminal Police, 18 Administrators, 13 female employees, 8 radio operators and 3 teletype operators. There i8 no evidence known to me of what the females did, but we do know that the Einsatzgruppen killed approximately 2 million Jews in western Russian. record: Group C claims the efficiency On September 29-30, 1941, they killed 33,771 Jews - �a record even the extermination camps could never match. We shouldn't leave this subject without noting degredation of women in Nazi Germany. Mother" in Joachim c. See the chapter "German Wife and Fest, The Face of the Third Reich. Also see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland. --- One major reason for the relatively few documented examples of female brutality was that Hitler wasn't an equal opportunity terrorist. They Nazi concept of a "good" woman (Aryan, to be sure!) was to be a baby machine. This general topic should interest some of you for a term paper. Wednesday, Nov. 9 --- The assignment for today and Friday are chapters 6, 7 and 10 of Dimsdale. (Chapters 8 and 9 are also useful and can be consulted for term paper topics). Today we shall see a movie, In Dark Places, which features interviews with survivors and their children. Friday, Nov . ..!.! Today Profesor deYoung wil discuss the "mental problems" of survivors and how they relate to family members. Monday, Nov. 14 :. Wednesday, Nov. 16 We will now turn to the subject of victims and how some managed to cope. Read pp. 106-111 and chapters 4 and 6 of Dimsdale. "The Social Systems in the Death Camps". �Some commentators have conveyed the idea that the prisoners in the Nazi death camps were engaged in relentless war with one another for survival. While in some instances this was true, it tends to cloak the much larger truth that there was a very complex social system, in some ways put there by the Nazis themselves. Professor Baum will outline some of the major features of "society" in the death camps. Friday, Nov. 18 Was the Holocaust unique? What is the meaning of Genocide? Today Professor Baum will deal with these troublesome and controversial questions. Monday, Nov. 21 --- Today Professor Baum will discuss some of the major controversies which are most interesting and important to those who write and teach courses on the Holocaust. Wednesday, Nov. 23 Today we will see the film "Night and Fog." You may find this relevant on the day before Thanksgiving. Monday, Nov. 28 --- Assignment: Jerusalem. Read chapter 13. Excerpts from Eichman in The late Ms. Arendt was a brilliant and controversial writer who wrote extensively about the human conditon in general and modern totalitarianism in particular. Her writings on Adolph Eichmann are controversial in the extreme, as Jacob Robinson's book, And the Crooked Shall Be �Hade Straight, makes quite clear. Rather than becoming embroile d i n det ai l s over her account of Eichmann, let us consider some of the issues she raises: The sub-title of Ms. Arendt's book on Eichmann is: on the Banality of Evil. ~ Report You can get her point by reading the first several pages of the section. One of the major points of dispute is her contention that Eichmann was a powerless product of a totalitarian system which could corrupt any average person with an innate repugnance toward crime. How well does this describe Eichmann, Goebbels, or Hoess? Even if you disagree with Ms. Arendt, what do you think of her claim that it is the nature of every bureaucracy to make ''functionaries" and "mere cogs" out of men? We now take up a most difficult problem which we have not considered before: the question of sovereignity, legality and the apparent lack of any clear international authority. I realize the enormity of the horror of the Holocaust raises the queston of taste and propriety here. Nevertheless, let us consider the following: Inasmuch as Hitler held his political position legally and Eichmann had been appointed to his post, why couldn't we regard this as a legally valid, however horrible, action by officials of sovereign state? The scale of the Nazi horror shocks many of us, but governments the world over kill, torture, and imprison political and other undesirable �"en ,:mie-s". As we shall consider later, Americans practiced a varJation of genocide with our native Indians. The Russians are rather well known for their treatment of their domestic -;.;!!'=' t l"!~.:: we like it or not, we generally acknowledge the ·0 ve 1~ignity of nations, especially within their own BordE: -:-s. To the objection that Hitler was at war with much of the wor ld and ''out of control" outside of the borders of Germany, we ca,i o :1 ly ask: isn't the old adage still true, that all is fa i ~ in - ~v e and war? Wh a t Isn't it simply a matter of raw power? i n ternational standard do we have to tell us what is rig h t o r wrong? Eichmann was tried and hanged in Jerusalem only because Germany lost the war and he was caught. Right? One of the most troublesome points raise by Ms. Arendt is this: We like to think that rule by law is preferable to rule by caprice and whim. If true, then Eichmann was b e ha ~ i~ a within the boundaries of German law while in the E i chrn a ":n T.r ial the court was "conf rented with a crime it couldn ' t find in the lawbooks". It's a crazy world, isn't it, when the laws in many jurisdictions clearly proscribe s 0 d 0m ; (~ V~l! in the privacy of a marital bedroom), but there is no thi ng to prohibit the mass murder of men, women and children? So much for national and international rationality. Prcfesor Baum will comment briefly on the legal problems faci~g the Nure~~erg Tribunal. �Wednesday, Nov. 30 --- Today we wil l s e e selected portions of the Nuremberg and Eichmann trials. Friday, A rare chance to see some of the top Nazis. Dec. 2 -- Today Professor Irv Berkowitz will join us. His mother survived Auschwitz; his father fought with the partisans. Professor Berkowitz has some interesting thoughts to share with us. Monday, Dec. 5 --- A few student term papers will be presented. Wednesday, Dec. 7 -- - The Meaning of the Holocaust: Some comments on Jewish thinking. The traumas of the Holocaust reach to all areas of our planet. In our country it is referred to in movies, TV specials and our newspapers and news magazines regularly. What is regularly overlooked, however, is the special meaning of the event among Jews. Today Professor Baum will survey the thoughts of several prominent Jewish writers, including Elie Wiesel, Richard Rubenstein, Jacob Neusner, and Emil Fackenheim. Friday, Dec. ~ course conclusion and evaluation. �AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Table of Contents INTRODUCT ION I . II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX . X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. General overview Works Dictionaries Meaning A - Philosophical/Theological Meaning B - Historical Approaches, Methodological Disputes and Arguments About Human Behavior Perpetrators Victims and Survivors Resisters Those Who Helped Those Who Stood By and Did Little or Nothing Women in the Third Reich Daily Life in the Third Reich Hitler Genocide Nuremberg Trials �INTRODUCTION To complete your syllabus, we are including an annotated bibliography for the following reasons: 1) The literature on the Holocaust (which includes, of course, popular subjects such as Hitler, the Nazis and antisemitism) is exploding at what seems to be an exponential rate. Because the Holocaust affected so many people with so many different languages, it is virtually impossible for any one person - or group, for that matter, to really "know" all that is written on this vast subject. Even the studies in English probably number into the tens of thousands. In the confusion of such numbers, some direction is especially welcome for the person with little background in the subject. To help the student sort out the mountain of available material, the bibliography is organized to identify the general works that provide a crucial "overview" of the complex set of events called the Holocaust and then to point out those works in which major studies in the social sciences make significant contributions to our understanding of the Holocaust. A few of the works cited weren't written by social scientists, but in such cases there is a "shared" understanding of the phenomenon in question. To repeat a point made at the beginning of the syllabus, no social scientist could account for the Holocaust, but it is our belief that some of the best studies in the discipline �relevant to the Holocaust do help us to understand how humans could have done such things to other humans. 2) The second major reason for this bibliography is much more practical: The reader will have a much better sense of what is available nearby. Books followed by GVSU are available in the Grand Valley library; books followed by WCB are owned by Professor Baum and may be borrowed under most circumstances. The location of other books referred to in the syllabus is clearly marked. 3) It is also hoped that a reading of the bibliography will add to one's general understanding of this subject. NOTE: A new journal, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, is now available in the Grand Valley library periodical collection. �This bibliography is designed to illustrate the issues and concerns raised when one thinks in terms of an interdisciplinary course in the social sciences which focus on the Holocaust. The syllabus is organized to indicate different "levels" of scholarship on this subject. (Note : these categories are somewhat arbitrary - inevitably so. Furthermore, some re ferences would serve well in another category as well). Type of study Section of syllabus descriptive - empirical I, XI methodological concerns IV normative/moral analysis IV, VIII, IX, XIII, and XIV philosophical/theological meaning III, XIV (Sections not listed will normally be a combination of descriptive - empirical and normative analysis). A general section is placed at the very front of the syllabus indicating those works which provide an overview or gener~l histcry of the period in question. Some general knowledge is important to gain as soon as possible. �The present bibliography is a major revision of a previous one which listed all items alphabetically by author. This served little purpose except to show a certain knowledge of the alphabet by yours truly. The revision was designed to better compliment the social science literature on the subject. For example, the reader for this course is titled: Survivors, Victims and Perpetrators. The title identifies three categories of persons in the Holocaust who exhibit patterns of behavior being studied by social scientists. But as I try to make clear in the following sections, there are additional categories as well. I have included a special section on women to help the interested student investigate the ways in which social roles are developed as well as their consequences. There is also a special section on Hitler and a few other special sections as well. This is probably a good place to mention what the course is and what it isn't. The course doesn't include a comprehensive survey of Jewish history, antisemitism, German history or WWII. This is due, in part, to the limitations of the professors involved. But it is also due to our desire to focus on what the Holocaust reveals about human behavior. We will encounter many discouraging things about humans, including the relative ease with which humans destroy other humans. It is our fervent hope that everyone in the course will come to an understanding of the consequences of racism. Nazi racism may have been "crazy" and based on all kinds of "pseudo science" and just plain prejudice, but it was racism �and it affected more than the Jews - as we will find out. Finally, while it is true that this course is not a history course per se, it deals with an event which has "historical contexts" which must be imterpreted. It is our hope that such authors as Hilberg, Lifton and Steiner are successful in adding important dimensions to your understanding of human behavior which occurs in time and place. E.H. Carr is surely correct, isn't he, when he suggests that" ... the more sociological history becomes and the more historical sociology becomes, the better for both." �I. General Works (Works that provide an overview of the Holocaust) Bauer, Yehuda. ~ History o f Th e Hol ocaust. New York: ~~~uklin Watts, 1982. Recommended for t h ose who want a quick overview of the Holocaust. (350 pp.) GVSU Davidowicz, Lucy. The war Against The Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Bantam Books, 1975 (Rev. in 1985). WCB One of the major histories of the period. Davidowicz, Lucy. House, 1976. A Ho l ocaust Reader. New York: Behrman This reader contains original documents (mostly German) and was designed to be read along with the book previously cited. WCB Fein, Helen. Accounting For Genocide. of Chicago Press, 1979. Chicago: University Strictly speaking, this isn't a history of the Holocaust. But the scope of the work is as broad as that of some of the histories and is complementary to them all. Professor Fein contributes some interesting insights from her field of social psychology. Contains an excellent bibliography in the social science literature. WCB Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust. A history of the Jews of E~r0pe during the Second World War. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985. One of the most recent of the major histories of the Holocaust. This work is based extensively on eyewitness accounts and captures much of the day-to-day atmosphere of those involved . WCB Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of The European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books,1961. A 350 pp. student paperback edition was issued in 1985 by Holmes & Meier of New York . Perhaps the best known and respected of the Holocaust histories. One of the earliest of the histories and one of the best in terms of explaining bow and why the events could have happened. Originalhardcover: GVSU Student paperback: WCB �Laska, Vera. Nazism, Resistance and Holocaust in World War II. - A Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J. Scarecrow Press, 1985: - goldmine of nearly 2,000 references to all phases of the Holocaust. Special sections devoted to the roles of women in resistance movements in particular and the Holocaust in general. WCB A Levin, Nora. The Holocaust. The Destruction of European Jewry 1933-1945. New York: Schocken, 1973. One of the more comprehensive of the histories. WCB Meltzer, Milton. Never To Forget - The Jews of The Holocaust. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Easy to read and brief. Grand Haven Public Library Pilch, Judah. (ed.) The Jewish Catastrophe in Europe. New York: American Association for Jewish Education, 1968. Good brief overview with some interesting photographs. Grand Rapids Baptist College Poliakov, Leon. Harvest of Hate. The Nazi Program For The Destruction of The JewsofEurope. New York: Schocken Books, 1979 (Orig. 1951). One of the earliest and certainly one of the best of the shorter histories of the Holocaust (350 pp.). Poliakov's judgments have stood the test of time very well. WCB Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution - The Attempts to Exterminate The Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1953 (Rev. in 1968). Reitlinger focuses on the period from 1939-45. Still, this is one of the major surveys of the most destructive years of this nightmare. Valuable comments on the fate of some of the perpetrators. Hope College Library Szonyi, David M. The Holocaust. New York: Jewish Resource Center, 1985. National A valuable guide to materials on the Holocaust, including films, novels, diaries, exhibits, courses, available speakers, etc. WCB �II. Dictionaries of Nazi Geraany Any student of this period will welcome these reference works. As far as I know, these are still in print. Taylor, James and Shaw, Warren. Reich. London: A Dictionary of The Third Grafton Books, 1987. Major figures and events are covered. maps and some interesting quotations. - -- Contains photos, WCB Wistrich, Robert. Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Bonanza Books, 1982. New York: Biographical sketches of approximately 350 most important persons in this period. WCB �III. - IV. •understanding" the "Meaning" of the Holocaust. I place these two words in quotes because they are soroewhat presumptuous and used in different senses. To deal with the latter problem, I divide this section into two parts as follows: A. Theological/Philosophical inquiry into the meaning of the Holocaust so as to understand it in terms of teleology, final and formal cause. Questions about God are frequently raised by some students of the Holocaust . B. Scholarly inquiry into the perspectives and methods students of the Holocaust should employ so as to help scholars and interested lay people understand the meaning of the Holocaust as a result of human behavior. There is normally a large gap separating the writing in these two areas which should become clear in the following pages. Meaning A - Philosophical/Theological Cargas, Harry James. Responses To The Wiesel. Critical Essays by Major Jewish and Christian Scholars. New York: Persea Books, 1978. Essays on the dilemma of faith and the question of absurdity in our world. Cohen, Arthur A. The Tremendum. A Theological Interpretation of the Holocaust. New York: 1988 . WCB Crossroads, The Tremendum? "I call the death camps the tremendum, f~~ it i~ the monument of a meaningless inversion of life to an orgiastic celebration of death, to a psychosexual and patholoqical degeneracy unparalleled and unfathomable to any person bonded to life." �A profound book by a theologian who dares to think boldly. WCB Frey, Roberts., and Frey, Nancy Thompson. The Imperative of Response - The Holocaust in Human Context. Lanham, HD-,Unive r sity Press of America. The Freys raise some important questions relevant to studying and thinking about the Holocaust. Interesting bibliography. WCB Godsey, John D. Preface To Bonhoeffer. The Han and Two of His Shorter Writings-.- Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1965 . Brief introduction to this courageous theologian who dared to oppose the Nazis and was executed for it. Contains an essay Bonhoeffer wrote while in prison. Very good bibliography. WCB Hallie, Philip. "From Cruelty To Goodness", The Hastings Center Report, June, 1981, pp. 23-28. Hallie is a student of ethics and the author of the book about the French village we read in this course. Katz, Stephen T. Post-Holocaust Dialogues. York University Press, 1983. New York: New Exploration of meaning of the Holocaust, especially in theological terms. Interesting. Calvin College Library Neusner, Jacob. Stranger At Home - The Holocaust, Zionism and American Judaisrn.-Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. An interesting and most provocative set of essays. Neusner explains why the Holocaust is so "popular". Interesting discussion of the works of Rubenstein and Fackenheim. WCB Rausch, David A. A Legacy of Hatred - Why Christians Hust Not Forqet The Holocaust. Chicago: Moody Press, 1984. Special emphasis on the meaning of the Holocaust for Christians in America. WCB Rubenstein, Richard and Roth, John K. Approaches To Auschwitz, The Holocaust and Its Legacy. Atlanta: Knox, 1987 Highly recommended. Chapter 10 has an excellent "overview" of theological issues connected with the John �Holocaust. Valuable bibliography. WCB Rubens tei n, Richard. The cunning of History - The Holocaust an d The American Future. NewYork: Harper and Row, 1975. As usual, Rubenstein advances some big ideas to think about. Recommended! WCB Wiesenthal, Simon. 1976. A short story religious and Probably very issues raised The Sunflower. New York: Schocken, followed by many comments of individuals, secular, dealing with forgiveness. useful for class discussions of the moral by the Holocaust. Grand Haven Public Library Meaning B - Historical Approaches, Methodological Disputes and Arguments A.bout Huaan Behavior A.bzug , Robert. Inside The Vicious Heart - Americans And The Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Shocking photos from U.S. Army archives and some reminders about the ubiquity of prejudice. WCB Alexander, Edward. "The Incredibility of The Holocaust", Midstream, 49, 1979, pp. 49-58. Alexander adds another dimension to our understanding of the Holocaust: another reason Jews didn't believe what ~ as happening (in early 1940) was the long-standing Jewish habit of "hallucinating moderation in their enemies ... ". "What defeated us, was Jewry's unconquerable optimism, our eternal faith in the goodness of man, our faith that even a German, even a Nazi, could never have so far renounced his own humanity as to murder women and children .... " Arendt, Hannah. "Social Science Techniques and The Study of Concentration Camps", Jewish Social Studies, Vol XII, 1950, pp. 49-64 . A fascinating challenge to social scientists: how are y0 11 going to study this when what the Nazis did is outside the realm of what we think we know about human behavior? Askenasy, Hans. Are We All Nazis? Secaucus, N.J., Lyle �Stuart, 1978. An angry and disturbing book. Must reading for anyone who dismisses the question out-of-hand. Ferris State Bankier, David. "Hitler and The Policy-Making Process On 7~.= Jewish Question", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1988, pp. 1-20. - Bankier tries to build a bridge between functionalists and intentionalists. Some interesting evidence. Bauer, Yehuda. The Holocaust In Historical Perspective. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978. Contained in this little book are 4 essays, some excellent comments on two things in particular: why people tended to disbelieve the Holocaust (in essay #1). Essay #3 contains a brief overview of what happened from country to country to the Jews. GVSU Browning, Christopher. Fateful Months - (Essays on The Emergence of The Final Solution). New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985. An important little book which makes a strong case for the decision of the "final solution" as late as 1941. WCB Browning, Christopher. "Genocide and Public Health: German Doctors and Polish Jews, 1939-1941." Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1988, pp. 21-36-.Browning illustrates the runaway logic that goes with blatant racism: the Jews should be ghettoized (i.e., ~2lt~e2ted, malfed and congested). Then, surprisingly, epidemics spread. The the doctors must prescibe "the final solution". Bullock, Alan. "Hitler and The Origins of The Second World War", Proceedings of The British Academy, Vol. 53, 1967, pp. 259-288. - -One of the earliest essays (known to me) to worry about what revisionist historians might do to excuse Hitler from any blame for starting WWII. Bullock does call for striking some middle ground between what he sees as developing extremes . Cocks, Geoffrey. Psychotherapy In The Third Reich, The Goring Institute. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. �An interesting study of a group of professionals who survived and even thrived during the Third Reich. Fascinating exploration of the compatability between the tenets of psychotherapy and Nazism. WCB Darvidowicz, Lucy s. The Holocaust and The Historians. Harvard University Press, 1981.-- - - Some interesting comments on historians of the Holocaust by a hard-line intentionalist. GVSU Duras, Marguerite. The War. New York: Pantheon, 1986. The first story of this "set" is the most penetrating of the Holocaust literature that I have read. Shows the greater impact a personal experience has to a recitation of numbers. WCB Fleming , Gerald. Hitler and The Final Solution. University of California Press, 1982. Berkeley: Forceful presentation of the "intentionalist" position. A valuable introduction by Saul Friedlander discusses recent issues among historians on this topic. WCB Fox, John P. "The Holocaust and Today's Generation", Patterns of Prejudice. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1983. A major contribution! Fox surveys major problems and perspectives in studying the Holocaust. He concludes with something I think should be quoted: [We need to] .... recognize two of the fundamental lessons of the Holocaust, the basic and indeed constant irrational nature of man and the frailty of what we like to call or think of as modern civilization, and to come to terms with these concepts in contemporary society when searching to bring greater stability and even rationality into the present and all the problems it presents: the maintenance of the rights of religious and racial minorities; the maintenance of the rights of the individual as against that of the state; the maintenance of the interests of society as a whole against those of a particular individual or group, ... Friedlander, Saul. "From Anti-Semitism to Extermination", A Historiographical Study of Nazi Policies Toward The Jews and An Essay on Interpretation. Yad Vashem Studies, 16, 1984, pp. 1-50. Very useful essay in helping us sort out various approaches to the Holocaust. Friedlander points out that scholars fail when they try to place the Holocaust into some sort of a generic "totalitarianism". The case �of Nazi anti-semitism is special! Friedlander discusses what the intentionalists and functionalists can contribute to our understanding of this. Gordon, Sarah. "Hitler, Germans, and the 'Jewish Question'". Princeton, N.J., 1984 Vigorous presentation of the intentionalist view. GVSU Graham, Loren R. "Science and Values: The Eugenics Movement in Germany and Russia In The 1920s". American Historical Review, 82, No. 5, December 1977. pp. 11331164. Explores one important idea relevant to the Holocaust: external social and political forces often "drives science. Heller, Celia. On The Edge of Destruction. Columbia University Press, 1977. New York: Heller is a sociologist who dissects the history of antisemitism in Poland. Chapter 1 has a compact history of this in Poland. Valuable references to social science literature on prejudice. WCB Howe, Irving. "Writing And The Holocaust", The New Republic. Oct . 27, 1986, pp. 27-39. Brilliant essay on the literature of the Holocaust. Provocative! James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins. 1963 (org---:--i938). New York: Random House, This book is not about the Holocaust, but it is about vjrul~nt racism in Santo Domingo and the rebellion led by Tovissant L'Ouverture. Hitler and the Nazis couldn't have "improved" on the kind and degree of torture inflicted there by the slave owners. Helps with a comparative perspective. GVSU Norbert. "Normalizing the Holocaust? The Recent Historians' Debate In The Federal Republic of Germany", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1987, pp. 61-80. Eaiape, Kampe reminds us that politics can enlist the services of history. A critique of Gennanrevisionist historians who would like to excuse Hitler on grounds that, after all, he was only reacting to Bolshevism. As Kampe points out, intellectuals brought Gennans their racism and now peddle "revisionism". �Katz, Jacob. "From Prejudice To Destruction, Anti-Semitism 1700-1933. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980. Wel l -written essay on anti-semitism in modern Europe with special attention on Germany. Hope College Post - Holocaust Dialogues. ·-·-- University Press,-1983. ft&.& .... " ' , New York Includes a comparative analysis of Armenians in Turkey, Indians in America and argues that the Holocaust is unique. Calvin College Klarsfeld, Serge (ed.) The Holocaust And The Neo-Nazi Hythomania. New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1978. Hard evidence to refute those who deny this event. Richard Korherr was Inspector of Statistics for the ss. on 3/31/43, on direction of Himmler, Korherr documents that more than 3 million Jews had been sent to the death camps by that date. Mercy College of Detroit Kren, George H. and Rappoport, Leon. Crisis of Human Behavior. 1980. The Holocaust and The New York: Holmes and Meier, Explores the Holocaust as a "new crisis" in human history. The last chapter and the bibliography essay are most provocative. GVSU Kren, George H. "Psychohistorical Interpretations of National Socialism", German Studies Review, Vol. I, No. 2, Hay, 1978, pp. 150-170 Kre~ argues that psychohistory is necessary when traditional means assume human rationality. Useful overview of psychohistories and a good bibliography. Littell, Franklin H. "Holocaust and Genocide: The Essential Dialectic", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1987, pp. 95-104. Littell points to many similarities between Holocaust and Armenian genocide. (See section on Genocide). MacMillan, Ian. Proud Monster. Press, 1987. San Francisco: North Point A remarkable novel of "prose miniatures" of characters on both sides of the eastern front. The author has a wonderful eye for detail and knows a lot about the Holocaust. By the way, "Proud Monster" is the tank of a �proud German soldi er. GVSU Harrus, Michael R. The Holocaust In History . University Pressof New England, 1987. Hanover: This is a major work of particular value to those with some background on the subject. Marrus makes judgments on major issues, including the meaning of the Holocaust, the debate among historians, resistance, what people knew, etc. Excellent bibliography and end.notes. WCB Miller, Judith. "Erasing The Past", Europe's Amnesia About The Ho loc aust . The New York Times Magazine, Nov. 16, 1986. pp. 30-llY:- -Discussion of Europe's desire to forget. Valuable inquiry into the debate between leading German thinkers, including major historians. Mogilanski, Roman. The Ghetto Anthology. A Comprehensive Chronicle of The Extermination of Jewry in Nazi Death Camps and Ghettos in Poland. Los Angeles: American Congress of Jews From Poland and Survivors of Concentration Camps, Inc., 1985 . Valuable reference book containing detailed information of h undreds of ghettos - killing and work centers. Maps, photos and a bibliography in Polish and English. WCB Hosse, George L. Toward The Final Solution: A History of European Racism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1978. One of America's leading German historians sees WWII as a racial war. Hitler plunged Europe into war so that he cou l d annihilate the Jews. Hope College Orwell, George. 1984. ( org. 1948) New York: Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich Much of his writing offers deep insight into politics. 198 4 is relevant to totalitarian government in general and the Nazis in particular, especially in the abuse of language, the use of war and the abolition of rival institutions, including family and church. For those who want to understand how people can be pressured to do things they don't want to do, read his short story: "Shooting An Elephant". WCB, GVSU Prager, Dennis and Telushkin. Why The Jews? Simon and Schuster, 1985. New York: A unique and interestinq appraisal of antisemitism. Basically, it is argued that the uniqueness of Jewish �religion, laws and customs has something to do with the problem WCB Rhodes, James. M. The Hitler Movement - A Modern Millenarian Revolution. Stanford, California. Hoover Institution Press, 1980. Rhodes breaks new ground in suggesting (borrowing from Norman Cohen and Eric Vogelin) that the Hitler movement was a millenarian-gnostic revolution, that is, the Nazis believed their reality was dominated by fiendish powers and they experienced revelations or acquired pseudoscientific knowledge about their historical situation that required a modern battle of Armageddon. 1st chapter presents an analysis of other major studies of Nazism and a useful annotated bibliography. GVSU Rothkirchen, Livia. "The 'Final Solution' In Its Last Stages", Yad Vashem Studies On The European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance. Vol. 8, 1970, pp. 7-29. More evidence of the degree of Nazi racial hatred. Documented here is the killing that went on even in the very final days of the war. Sanford, Nevitt and Comstock, Craig. Sanctions For Evil. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1971. Prompted by the My Lai Massacre, this book also covers the Holocaust and .American slavery. A valuable book with essays by outstanding social scientists. Good bibliography. Highly recommended. GVSU Schachter, Stanley. "Bettelheim and Frankl: Contrasting Views of The Holocaust", The Reconstructionist, Feb. 10, 1961, pp. 6-11. -Another discussion of the victims; but this one explores the Jewish concept of kiddush hashem (voluntary martyrdom) which might help explain the passivity among so many Jewish victims. Schleunes, Karl A. The Twisted Road£ To Auschwitz - Nazi Policy Toward German Jews. 1933-1939. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. One of the major works in the "functionalist camp". Schleunes makes a strong case for the Nazis-stuabledinto-the-extermination-of-the-Jews theory. GVSU Snodgrass, W.D. The Fuhrer Bunker Editions, 1977. Brockport, N.Y., BOA An amazing set of poems by the prize-winning poet based �on the last days in Hitler's bunker. Based, in part, on an interview with Albert Speer. Fascinating! WCB Steiner, John M. Power Politics and Social Change In National Socialist Germany ----X-Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction. Atlantic Hignlands, N.J., Humanities Press, 1976. An interesting book by a man with a most unusual vantage point: steiner survived Auschwitz and survived to become a scholar of Nazi Germany and the ss. He has personally interviewed more than 200 former SS members. Important insights on bureaucratic behavior. Hope College Library Strom, Margot Stern and Parsons, William S. Facing History and ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior. Waterstown, Mass., 1982, Intentional Educations, Inc. ~ survey of a high school course on the Holocaust and Genocide. Sensitive and well done. WCB Wistrich, Robert. Hitler's Apocalypse - Jews and The Nazi Legacy. New York: St. Martins' Press, 1985. A "hard liner" who takes issue with people like Schleunes. Wistrich shows that Hitler's racial views drove him at every turn. Interesting assessment of anti-semitism today throughout the world. WCB �V. Perpetrators Someone once remarked in a tone of sorrow "we know so much more about those who did the terrible things than we do about their victims." Yes, we do, and isn't it more important that we do? The most disturbing thing about this knowledge is that most of the perpetrators look like you and me. Do you agree? Alexander, Leo. "War Crimes And Their Motivation", The Socio-Psychological Structure of The SS and The Criminalization of A Society, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 39, No. 3, 1948, pp. 298-326. One of the earliest attempts to account for SS behavior. Using a Durkhemian concept, Alexander shows the affinity between common criminals and the SS: not only did the ss recruit criminals to perform some of the most horrible tasks, they were together in the sense of being beyond the law. Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann In Jerusalem. Viking Press, 1964. New York: The One of the most famous and controversial books on the subject. Hs. Arendt covered the Eichmann trial in 1961 and presented to the world the idea of the "banality of evil". GVSU Astor, Gerald. The Last Nazi - The Life and Times of Joseph Hengele. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1985. Another book on one of the most infamous of the Nazis. Astor agrees with Arendt - most of us could commit terrible crimes if the conditions were "wronq". Thus, Kengele is not the last Nazi. There will never be a last Nazi. - Grand Haven Public Library Bartov, Omer. The Eastern Front, 1941-45, German Troops and The Barbarisation of Warfare. New York: st. Martin~ Press, 1986. This important work sheds • uch light on a cliche of WWII - that the German military behaved very well. This may be true of the western ca.mpaiqn - but certainly not in �the east. Bartov studied 3 German divisions who fought in Russia and found great barbarism due, in part, to the terrible conditions at the front; B} the social background of the junior officers (same as Nazis} and C) th e political-racial indoctrination of the troops. Consider: 57.8% o f all Russian POWs died in German captivity - the reverse figures are 36%. Good bibliography. Recommended! WCB Charny, Israel W. "Genocide and Hass Destruction: Doing Harm To Others As A Hissing Dimension In Psychopathology", Psychiatry, Vol. 49, Hay, 1986. Charny asks an excellent question: why do we refer to the Nazis as normal? Normal peoiple don't committ mass murder . Charny suggests a theory which takes into account disorders of incompetence, vulnerability and personal weakness (fairly common} and a newer recognition: disorders of pseudo competence wherein the reaction to life's anxiety by those who bring about a stat e of imcompetence in others is a disavowal of their own imcompetence, weakness, etc. Dicks, Henry V . Licensed Hass Murder - A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers. New York: Basic Books, 1972. Dicks is a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who interviewed 8 SS men convicted of brutal mass murder. In general , Dicks agrees with the conclusions of Arendt and Milgram. GVSU Dimsdale , Joel. Survivors, Victims and Perpetrators - Essays On The Nazi Holocaust. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing Company, 1980. An excellent set of social science studies on the areas inoi c ~ted in the title. Students will find this a gold mine for ideas for term papers and bibliographical suggestions. Used in the course. WCB & GVSU Eisenbach, Artur. "Operation Reinhard" (Hass Extermination of Th e Jewish Population of Poland) Polish Western Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1962, pp. 80-124. Detailed description of extermination of Jews in Poland. Considerable documentation. Interesting quotes from Himmler . Friedlander, Henry. The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide. Milwood, New York. Kraus International Publications, 1977. A set of papers from the San Francisco Conference on the Holocaust. Comprehensive and very well done. Relevant �here are the excellent papers on the professions, the bureaucracy and the universities. WCB Haney, Craig and Banks, Curtis and Zimbardo, Philip. "Interpersonal Dynamics In A Simulated Prison", International Journal of Criminology and Penology. 1, No. 1, 1973, pp. 69-97. Vol. Better known as the "Zimbardo experiment". This simulated experiment of a prison environment dramatically showed how quickly guards and prisoners adapted to their roles of authority and submission. Very important. Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. York: Holmesand Meier, 1985(student edition). New Hilberg has attained the status of the pre-eminent authority on this subject. His major contribution has been to teach us how the modern bureaucracy assists those who would build a machine of mass destruction. Based on the comprehensive, three volume edition. WCB Grunberger, Richard. Press, 1970. Hitler's ss. New York: Delacourte A brief (120 pp.) overview of the ss. GVSU Hirschfeld, Gerhard. The Policies of Genocide Jews and soviet Prisoners "orwar in Naz1Germany. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986. Excellent essays by distinguished historians. Major conclusions: the German Army in the East was involved in wholesale murder. Between June 1941 and May 1944, 580,000 - 600,000 Soviet POWs were given over to the Einsatz commandos. Mainly sides with functionalists. Compare with Bartov. WCB Bohne, Heinz. The Order of The Death's Head - The Story of Hitler's ss. A major study of the ss. Bohne discusses the controversy and misunderstanding surrounding the SS in the introduction. GVSU Katz, Fred E. "Implementation of The Holocaust: The Behavior of Nazi Officials" - Comparative Study of Society and History, 24, 1982, pp. 510-529. Valuable insights into Nazi behavior, includinq the processes of "routinization" and "packaged behavior". JOarsfeld, Serge. Memorial To The Jews Deported From France, �1942-44 . New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1983. In some ways this is the most incredible book in my collection. An example of what the Nazi bureaucratic mind could produce (and preserve!). Here are the names of each of the more than 75,000 Jews sent eastward from France for extermination. Each of the 85 or so convoys is listed, dated complete with the name, date of birth and place of birth of each deportee. Criminal arrogance - or the inevitable consequence of fanatical racism? WCB Koehl, Robert Lewis. The Black Corps - The Structure and Power Struggles ofthe Nazi ss. University of Wisconsin Press, 1983. major work on the ss. The concluding section provides a most interesting overview. Comprehensive bibliography. WCB A Koehl, Robert. "The Character of The Nazi SS", Journal of American History, 34 (September, 1962) pp . 275-283. A valuable overview of major interpretations of the Koehl charts the "topsy-like" growth of this organization. ss. Krausnick, Helmut and Buccheim, Hans, et. al. Anatomy of Th ss State. New York: Walker and Company, 1965. - A fair and informative study of the German scholars. ss by four prominent Hope College Kren, George M. and Rappoport, Leon H. "The Waffen SS" - A Social Psychological Perspective. Armed Forces and Society, Vol. 3, 1976, pp. 87-102. Analysis of how Waffen ss grew on non-traditional grounds, recruiting men who rejected bourgeois values and were highly motivated to adventure and group sol i darity. Released from normal social restraints and heavily indoctrinated into racial views, these men could wage their cruel war. Lanz• ann, Claude. Shoah. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985. The complete text of the 9 1/2 hour film, Shoah. I list the book in this section because of some remarkable interviews with some perpetrators. WCB Lifton, Robert Jay. Books, 1986. The Nazi Doctors. New York: Basic �One of the most important Holocaust books. Lifton started out to study Joseph Mengele and soon decided to deal with the much broader phenomenon: Nazi doctors. Interesting effort to explain the psychology and sociology involved. WCB Hanvell, Roger and Fraenkel, Heinrich. The Imcomparable Crime - Hass Extermination In The Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Guilt. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1967. Interesting. Contains photoplates of damning Nazi documents and much information about the death camps, including cruel women guards. Calvin College Hilgram, Stanley. "The Compulsion To Do Evil" - Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 1, 6, 1967, pp. 3-7. Further discussion of his own famous obedience experiments. Informative! Hilgram, Stanley. & Row, 1974. Obedience To Authority. New York: A crucial book to understanding the Holocaust. people will harm others if pressured to do so. epilogue for a comparison with Hy Lai. Harper Ordinary See the GVSU Hiller, Arthur. The Obedience Experiments - A case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York: Praeger, 1986. A major contribution! An analysis of Hilgram's experiments and many similar ones conducted throughout the world. Exploration of ethical and methodological objections to Hilgram. A tremendous bibliography on the subject. GVSU Muller - Hill, Benno. Murderous Science - Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies and Others, Germany 1933 - 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. (org. 1984). A damning analysis of the racism which ran throughout the German scientific community. Evidence that it was the scientists who thought up the "euthanasia" program. WCB Quarrie, Bruce. Hitler's Samurai - The Waf fen SS in Action .. Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1983. �The book title refers to the ancient Japanese military code which required unconditional loyalty which Hitler demanded of the ss. Many photographs. See also the same author's Hitler's Teutonic Knights for • ore photographs o f the proud men of the ss. WCB Sichrovsky, Peter. Born Guilty - Children of Nazi Families. ?-!::.~•! Y:)rk: Basic Books, 1988. The sins of the parents are passed on to the children. If perpetrators denied to themselves and repressed their own guilt, is it any wonder that they had qreat difficulty in discussing what they did during WWII with their own children. As the childr~n grew and found out more, many assumed a great deal of bitterness and guilt. The "debate" between Rainer and his sister, Bridgette, is fascinating. Tenenbaum, Joseph. "The Einsatzgruppen", Jewish Social Studi es , 17, 1955, pp. 43-64. Some detailed information about the Special Task Forces (killing squads} which went into Poland and Russia. They killed large numbers of people - possibly several million. Weingartner James J. Hitler's Guard - The Story of The Leibslandarte ss Adolf Hitler, 1933-45. Carbondale: Illinois Press, 1974. S. The story of the ss Division commanded by the brutal Sepp Dietrich and answerable only to Hitler (not Hirnrnl er) . GVSU �VI. Victims and Survivors The f ocus of this section will be on the social/psychological dimensions of those who became the victims of the Holocaust, especially on the development of a social network in the death camps which helped a few to survive. Of course, the same social network helped to seal the fate for others. Arendt, Hannah. "Social Science Techniques and The Study of Concentration Camps", Jewish Social Studies, Vol. XII, 1950 , pp. 49-64. Ms. Arendt raises two problems which I think will plague students of this subject. 1) The non-utilitarian nature of the camps (e.g., it confronts what we think we know about egoism and self-interest); 2) The camps surpassed our sense of reality - "normal men do not know that anything is possible." Interesting. Bettelheim, Bruno. The Informed Heart. Free Press, 196~ Glencoe, Illinois: Bettelheim's well-known and extremely controversial argument that adaptation to Buchenwald required a regression to childish dependency on guards. GVSU Bettelheim, Bruno. surviving - .And Other Essays. Vintage, 1980 (essays written from 1952 on). Included here Bettelheim is controversial death camps. listed below. New York: are some major essays on the Holocaust. one of the most provocative and of those who dissect human behavior in the Recommended to be read with Des Pres Borowski, Tadeusz. This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen. New York-:-Penquin Books, 1976. Borowski, one of Poland's qreat young writers, survived Auschwitz, yet took his own life in 1951 at the age of 29. Great writing and amazing insights into this place of horror. WCB �Cohen, Elie. Human Behavior In The Concentration Camp. York: W.W. Norton, 1953-.- - - New Cohen spent more than a year in Auschwitz and later received a medical degree in psychiatry. One of the earliest works on the social psychology of the death camps. Costanza, Marys. The Living Witness. Art in the concentration camps and ghettos. New York: Macmillan, 1982. Remarkable drawings by victims, including children, of their experiences . WCB Des Pres, Terrence. The Survivor. University Press-;-i976. New York: Oxford A well-known work on the subject. Fascinating insights into life in German and soviet death camps. Des Pres has had a long-standing argument with Bettelheim about interpreting what went on there. Good bibliography. WCB Des Pres, Terrence. "The Bettelheim Problem", Social Research, Vol. 46, 4, Winter, 1979, pp. 619-647. More interesting arguments in the battle with Bettelheim about interpreting behavior in the camps. Donat, Alexander. The Holocaust Kingdom. Rinehart-Winston, 1963. New York: Holt- Account of Maidanek and other death camps. Chapter IV has a valuable assessment of the camp social system. An eye witness. WCB Dunin-Wasowicz ! Krzysztof. "Forced Labor and Sabotage In Nazi Concentration Camps" in Gutman, Yisrael. The Nazi Concentration Camps. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984.-Prisoners sometimes were assigned work where sabotage was possible and exciting. Interlibrary Loan Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps - The Sanity of Madness. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981. A major study of the 19 "major" camps by a wo• an qreatly influenced by Kogon's Theory and Practice of Hell. Evaluation of evolution of these camps. WCB Gopnik, Adam. "Comics and Catastrophe", New Republic, June 22, 1987, pp. 29-34. -An appraisal of the cartoon in history and of �Spiegelman's Maus in particular. Glicksman, w. "Social Differentiation In The German Concentration Camps", pp. 381-408 in Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.) Studies In Modern Jewish Social History. New York : KTAV Publish ing Hou se, Inc. YIVO Institute For Jewish Research, 1972. ~ valuclble contribution to our understanding of social stratification at Auschwitz. This study shows how economic activity affected social organization. Gutman, Yisrael. "Social Stratification In The Concentration Camps", in Gutman, (ed.). The Nazi Concentration Camps. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 198~ - Incis i ve study of social systems in some death camps. Kogon, Eugen. The Theory and Practice of Hell. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1950. - New York: -- One of t he most famous of all Holocaust books, Kogon spen t 7 years in Buchenwald and wrote his study between June and December, 1945. His study was supposedly "approved" by 15 other "high-ranking" prisoners. Deta i led information about the camp. Langer, Lawrence. Versions of Survival - The Holocaust and The Human Spirit. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982. An examination of such major death camp authors as Des Pres, Bettelheim, Frankl, Levi, Wiesel, Gertrud Kolmar and Nelly Sachs. Highly recommended. WCB Lasansky, Mauricio. The Nazi Drawings. Winchell Co . , 1960. Philadelphia: Indescribable drawings of the death camps by one of America's foremost artists. Lederer, Zdenek. Ghetto Theresienstadt. Fertig, 1983 (org. 1952). New York: The WCB Howard Detailed account of this camp of deceit - i.e., the camp the Nazis used as a "show piece" by one who survived . WMU Lee, Barbara Schwartz. "Holocaust Survivors and Internal strengths, "Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1, Winter , 1988,pp. 67-96. Discussion of literature of survivors, principally Bettelheim, Des Pres, Frankl and Wiesel, together with interviews. She has found that survivors are healthy �and functioning well. Levi, Primo. The Drowned And The Saved. Books, 1988. -- -- New York: Summit Levi ' s last book, written at the time of his suicide in Apri l , 1987. One reviewer said: "None of his books are less than substantial and some of them are masterpieces, but they could all, in a pinch, be replaced by this one . . . " Levi, Primo. Moments of Reprieve--A Memoir of Auschwitz. New York: PenguinBooks, 1987 (Org. 1979). Wonderful little stories by a master story teller. Bittersweet tales of people Levi knew and the "survival system they built. WCB Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz. Books, 1961. New York: Collier How people with talent use their wits to survive. Perceptive and compassionate. WCB Mandel, David. "One Man's Holocaust" March 6, 13, 1983 . David Mandel's story of Auschwitz. visits our class . Muller, Filip. Chambers. Grand Rapids Press, This man regularly Eyewitness Auschwitz. Three years in the Gas New York: Stein and Day, 1984 (Org. 1979). Yes, Muller spent almost three years in the "burning pits"! .An incredible story of human depravity in "Hell's inmost circle." WCB Pawelczynska, .Anna. Values and Violence in Auschwitz. Sociological .Analysis (Translated from Polish). Berkley: u. of California Press, 1979 . A .An unusual work. Chapter nine has some interesting information about the socio-economic system in Auschwitz . Sensitive and poetic. HOPE COLL Pingel, Falk. "Resistance and Resignation in Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps," 30 - 72 in Hirschfeld, Gerhard, The Policies of Genocide. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986-.- An excellent overview of the evolution of Nazi Camps and an analysis of those who resisted and those who didn't. �Plant, Richard. The Pink Triangle -- The Nazi war Against Homosexuals.~ew York: Henry Holt, 1986. The book title refers to the triangle that homosexuals were forced to wear on their prison uniforms. All prisoners not immediately killed had to wear a triangle designating their status. This was a factor in the evolution of a social system within the camps. WCB Ramati, Alexander. And the Violins Stopped Playing. York : Granklin Watts, 1986. New A story of the "Gypsy Holocaust" from a diary of a young man who lost his wife, family and many friends at Auschwitz. Another gruesome Mengele story is revealed here. WCB Robinson, Jacob. Psychoanalysis In A Vacuum. Bettelheim and the Holocaust-.- New York: Yino Documentary Series, 1970. Bruno Yad Vashem Another lively feud between Bettelheim and a critic concerning how to interpret the victims. Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati Spiegelman, Art. Maus (A Survivor's Tale). Pantheon, 198_6___ New York: Spiegelman is a cartoonist and the son of a survivor, interesting and non famous "cartoon" book on the Holocaust. The Jews are mice; the Germans are cats. Hence: MAUSCHWITZ WCB Weiss, Aharon. "Categories of Camps -- Their Character and Role in the Execution of the Final Solution ... Gutman (ED . ) The Nazi concentration camps (See Gutman). A clear overview of the subject. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Bantam Books, 1960. One of the most famous and perceptive of all the books about Auschwitz. Used in this course. GVSU, WCB �VII. Resisters This short s e ction focuses on those who acted against the Nazis . a~ ~~w~ The range of behavior here is very broad inasmuch hod little or nothing to lose (e.g., death camp prisoners or partisans in Poland), while others (see Hoffmann and S~holl) could have remained in positions of relative safety. traitors? Were the officers who plotted to kill Hitler or stupid? or something else? Hoffmann, Peter. German Resistance to Hitler. Press, 1988. Harvard U. A short but comprehensive review of the courageous few who dared to oppose the Nazis. Fascinating account of the military plots against hitler. Good bibliography. WCB Scholl, I nge. The White Rose--Munich, 1942-3. Conn . , Wesleyan, 198_3___ Middletown, The poignant account of a few courageous students (and a prof.) who destributed pamphlets and defaced walls in opposition to Hitler. Most were caught, "tried," and executed by beheading. WCB Levi! Primo. 1986 . If Not Now, When? New York: Penguin Books, novel based on true stories told to Levi about Jewish partisans in Eastern Europe. Interesting and insightful. A WCB Kowalski, Isaac. Anthology On Armed Jewish Resistance. 1939-45. Vol. I. New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1984. A large collection of documents which document Jewish resistance to the Nazis in Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the Balkans, contains 800 maps, drawings and photographs. An interesting gold mine. WCB NOTE: Much information about resistance, especially within the death camps, can be found in specialized books on Treblinka, Sobibor and Auschwitz. See Feig in Sect. VI. �VIII. Those who helped As the Holocaust literature continues to rapidly grow, we are made more aware of the thousands of people who risked their lives to assi st the Jews. This literature ranges from diaries to historical description to efforts to find solid psychological evidence for a "personality type" of altruism just as their • igbt be a certain personality type associated with perpe tr ators. This section is not to be considered as similar to the one on "resisters . 11 Bierman, J ohn . 1981. The dynamics are quite different. Righteous Gentile. New York: Viking Press, This is but one account of the heroic swede, Raoul Walenberg who may have saved as many as 100,000 Jews at the close of WWII. GVSU Friedlander, Saul. Counterfeit Nazi--The Ambiguity of Good. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969. It is difficult to decide exactly where to list this book. It depends on why Kurt Gerstein joined the ss. I am willing to concede that he wanted to obtain evidence concerning the use of "Zyklon B" to kill prisoners in extermination camps. An amazing story. Principia College; Elsah, Illinois Goldberger, Leo. The Rescue of Danish Jews. Moral Courage Under Stress .~ew York:-New York University Press, 1987. Jews by an European nation. It is important to realize that there are good reasons for this. An account of the most successful rescue of Joffrey, Pierre. A Spy for God -- The Ordeal of Kurt Gerstein. New York-:-Harcourt-Brace, 1971. A dramatic presentation of the problem of interpreting this man. Grand Haven Public Library �Hallie, Philip. Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed. Harper Torchbook. 1979 (originally)-.-- New York: An amazing account of the French village where many Jews reached safety. This is used in this course. Provocative bibliography. WCB and GVSU Oliner, Samuel P. and Oliner, Pearl M. The Altruistic Personality -- Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York : Free Press, 1988. A major effort to develop a theory which explains this special form of altruism. Contains an excellent bibliography on altruism in the social science literature. WCB Sauvage, Pierre. "Ten Things I Would Like to Know About Righteous Conduct in Le Chambon and Elsewhere During the Holocaust". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. Vol. 13, No. 1-2, 1985-6, 252-9. Born in 1944 in Le Chambon and alive today because of the good people there, Sauvage asks some good questions about righteous conduct. Should be read with Hallie and Tee in this section. Tee, Nechama. When Light Pierce The Darkness. oxford Pre~l986 (in paperback). New York: A remarkable book based on interviews with 500 christians who saved Jews in Poland. The remarkable part, perhaps, is that many did so despite their own profound antisemitism. Valuable bibliography. WCB Zuccotti, Susan. The Italians and The Holocaust. New York: Bc\sic Books, 1987. This book is not a "saver" book per SP, but the Italian Holocaust was largely one of helping Jews survive. WCB �XX. Those Who Stood By and Did Little or Nothing This section, as most others, confronts our understanding of human behavior. We must understand the pre;uciice of the time, as Joseph Goebbels certainly did when he stated: "If there is any country that believes it has not enough Jews, I shall gladly turn over to it all our Jews." (He said this in 1939). There were no takers. In this country, the following parody of the Marines's Hymn was widely known during WWII: From the shores of Coney Island, Looking out into the sea, Stands a Kosher air-raid warden, Wearing V for victory, Who chants: Let those christian saps, go fight the Japs, In the uniforms we've made ... NOTE: FDR's New Deal administration was often referred to as the "Jew Deal". For these and more examples, see chapter 1 of Wyman noted below. See Robert Abzrig, for General Patton's anti-semitism and that of other "liberators". While most of the world stood by, this section focuses on American apathy. Laqueur, Walter. The Terrible Secret. Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's "Final Solution". New York: Penguin Books, 1980. This disguished historian chronicles the ways in which the world shielded itself from the 'open secret' known since 1941 that masses of Jews were being exterminated. WCB Lipstadt, Deborah E. Beyond Belief--The American Press and The Coming of the Holocaust 1933-1945. New York: The Free Press, 1986. �Lipstadt chronicales the indifference, disbelief and prej ud ice which was widespread in the American press, government and gener al public. If the Holocaust was beyond belief, t he reporting of i t almost was, valuable endnotes. WCB Horse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died. A Chronicle of American Apathy. Woodstock, N.Y . : overlook Press, 1983. The subtitle says it all. Useful bibliography. WCB Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable. Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust--:--Oetroit: Wayne u. Press, 1988 (paperback edition). Nine essays on specific examples of indifference . The epilogue is highly recommended. Excellent bibliography. WCB Wyman, Davids. The Abandonment of the Jews. America and the Holocaustl941-l945. NewYork:-rantheon, 1984. A painful but perceptive account of American and allied indifference, extending even to our failure to bomb Auschwitz after we knew the truth. Excellent bibliography. WCB �x. Women in the Third Reich Among the reasons for the Nazi loss of WWII was the underu ti lization of women. Their role was defined as mother ~nd loyal wife--not as warrior or munitions maker. The Nazis considered women to be intellectually inferior to men but indispensable to the perpetuation of the Aryan race. Sybil Milton has suggested that "the study of women and the Holocause has barely begun," but the Koonz study in particular belies this assessment. Bridenthal, Renate; Grossman, Atina and Kaplan, Marion. Biology Became Destiny--Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984. When collection of fourteen essays which cover a wide variety of topics. A goldmine of bibliographical suggestions and term paper topics. WCB A Koonz, Claudia. Mothers In The Fatherland. Women, the family and Nazi politics. New York: St. Martins' Press, 1987. A major work. Koonz has an eye both for broad generalization and detail. Very well written. Many ideas for research papers and a useful bibliography. Highly recommended. WCB �XI. Phenomenology of Everyday Life This small section focuses on an important area of social science which is a healthy antidote to the under=~~nding some people have of the Holocaust. Many movies and books suggest that the Nazis marched into power as the German people swooned. This is misleading as we learn when we examine the daily lives of Germans who lived through this period. Allen's book was one of the first of this genre and it conveys the daily struggles in a small German town and the changes that took place as people confronted the "facts" of daily life: the unemployment, the price of potatoes, the intimidation on the street, the arguments at the dinner table, the looks of the neighbors. In short, this literature presents us with the daily struggle people had with these "facts" and their meaning. simply marching in. And it wasn't a matter of Hitler Was it Nietzsche who defined hell as a theory ruined by a fact? Allen, William Sheridan. The Nazi Seizure of Power - The Experience of A Single German Town, 1920-1935. New York: Franklin Watts, 1965. An inportant book that has attained the status of a "classic". This work sheds light on the everyday life of people and the "feelings" of the Nazi takeover. WCB Engel • ann, Berht. Third Reich. In Hitler's Germany Everyday Life In the New York: Pantheon, 1986. -- - A tascinating account of the times by a man born in 1921, later living a "double life" in the Luftwaffe and imprisoned in Daucbau, but who somehow managed to live through it all. WCB �Henry, Frances . Victims and Neighbors - A small town in Nazi Germany rememb ered . South Hadley, Ma.: Bergin and Garney, 1984. Henry is an anthropologist who remembers her life in Nazi Germany as a little girl . She returns to the town and writes of the cruelty and compassion that took place there. WCB Peukert, Detlev J.K. Inside Nazi Germany - Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987. Highly recommended: Written by a Germany scholar who understands so ci al structure, social psychology and variety in human life. Many suggestions for student term papers topics. WCB �XII. Hitler I am by now personally convinced that there are at least three necessary (but perhaps not sufficient) factors behind the Holocaust: 1) longstanding German antisemitism; 2) the "terrible" loss in WWI (perceived in Germany as terrible, at least) followed by Versailles, the Weimar government, catastrophic inflation and a depression which combined to undermine Ge rm an trust in traditional institutions and traditional means; 3) a clever man, Hitler, who was the "wrong man a t the wrong time," able to exploit this climate of frustration and uncertainty. His ability to galvanize great numbers of his own people was a crucial part of the Holocaust. However, interpreting Hitler is very perplexing. isn't due to any shortage of information. And it We have a great amount of detailed information--much of it eye witness and documented . There is one basic generic problem and one specific problem in undertanding this man. confronts social scientists: about one man? The generic one how much can one generalize If each man is unique, the science of behavior is put to question . scientists have sai d since: Aristotle long ago said what science is to generalize. specific problem refers to Hitler's bizarre behavior. The How do we deal wi th a man who, to paraphrase Hannah Arendt in only a slightly different context, had a sense of being able to do anything? What do we do with a man who defies what we think is �explicable human behavior? EXAMPLES: Hitler ordered his troops to stop short of Dunkirk when he could have inflicted great losses on the British. "Barbarossa". He named his Russian campaign Fredrich Barbarossa, for the record, was a medieval German leader known for his critical defeats--and Hitler knew it. In the closing days of the war, Hitler ordered his own military leaders to destroy Germany. these and many, many other examples that could be named are very hard to explain. Such bizarre behavior is probably one of the principle reasons why Hitler is so fascinating to so many and why there is not end in sight to the conflicting interpretation of this man. that: Robert Waite concludes his book with the observation " ... we may doubt that we shall ever be able to 'explain satisfactorily', fully, and finally why it was that Hitler did what he did." NOTE: some of the most interesting data on Hitler comes from the notes and diaries from those intelligent few who escaped or somehow survived long enough to tell about it. Among these are Hitler - Memoirs of a Confidant (Otto Wagener); New Haven, Yale U. Press, 1985; H.R. Trevor-Roger (ed.) Hitler's Table Talk , 1941-1944. London: 1973; Herman Rauschning, Hitler Speaks, London, 1939 and Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich : New York, 1970. Despite the self serving features, Speer reveals a great deal in this book. Binion, Rudolph. Hitler Among The Germans. Elsevier, 1976. New York: �A fascinating piece of psychohistory. An investigation into Hitler's unassimilated trauma - his mother's death. Hillsdale College Library Bullock, Alan. Hitler - A study in Tyranny. Harper and Row, 1962 (Orig. 1952). New York: One of the best and most respected of all the traditional historical studies. A probing look at Hitler's personality in chapter 7. WCB Friedlander, Saul . Reflections on Nazism - An Essay on Kitsch and Death. New York: Harper and Row, 1984 (Orig. 1982). An essay on the fascination shown in our movies, plays and novels to the subjects of Hitler, death and destruction. See Rosenfeld in this section. WCB Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Boston: Hougnton-Mifflin, 1962. (Written in Landsberg Arn Leck Fortress Prison, 1924. First published in 1927). A book everyone knows about, but few have read. Long and tedious, it reveals Hitler's overwhelming racial phobias. Contains one remarkable passage: " ... if 1215,000 Jews had been held under poison gas [in 1914] the war would have gone differently." Most everything Hitler did was discussed here. WCB and GVSU Hoyt, Edwin P. 1988. Hitler's War. New York: McGraw - Hill, a clear and well-written account of the major military blunders of WWII orchestrated by Hitler. WCB Jackel, Eberhard. Hitler's Weltanschauung. Middletown, Conn. Wesleyan U. Press, 1972 (Orig. 1969). Many influential interrrrpreters of Hitler (e.g., Walter Rauschning) treated him as a nihilist/opportunist who only craved power. Jackel interprets Hitler as having a coherent world philosophy (however sick it might be) which he acted upon. GVSU Langer, Walter C. The Mind of Adolf Hitler. American Library, 1972.- New York: New This has great historical value. Langer was commissioned by the oss in 1943 to write a study of Hitler's mind to help in the war effort against Germany. Declassified in 1972, this edition has afterthoughts by Langer and a concluding section by Robert G. L. Waite. WCB �Lewin, Ronald. Hitler's Mistakes. New York: William Morrow, 1984. It's is hard to believe that anyone could chronicle Hitler's major mistakes in only 166 pages, but Lewin does. Interesting! WCB Rosenfeld, Alvin. Press, 1985. Imagining Hitler. Bloominton: Indiana U. This book isn't about Hitler, "but about the ghost of Hitler." Rosenfeld examines the "hold" Hitler has over novelists, poets, playwrights and movie makers. An avid reader of fiction, Rosenfeld is troubled by "fiction's infidelity to history." An important book because most people know Hitler only through moviees, novels, and plays. WCB Waite, Robert G.L. The Psychopathic God - Adolf Hitler. York: New American Library, 197.,.--:- new probing look into this bizarre man. a controversial book because Waite takes chances and dares to discuss Hitle r' s sexual perversions" and many other personal proclivities. Fascinating. GVSU and WCB A Weinstein, Fred. The Dynamics of Nazism. Leadership, Ideology and the Holocaust-.- New York: Acaemic Press, 1980. This book isn't very well known, but I much. The author does a very good job dynamics between Hitler and the German revea l ing study of how Hitler "milked" of tradition. like it very of showing the people. A the German sense WCB �XIII. Genocide Although Genocide, the Holocaust and the Nuremberg Trials have been joined in the minds of many, I keep them distinct here beacause of differences in their history. I respect and honor those who insist that the word Holocaust be reserved for naming the destruction of the European Jews by the Nazis fr om 1939-1945. The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1943 to refer to any synchronized attack on the political, social, cultural, econimic, religious and moral aspects of life of the captive peoples. As Kuper documents in his book Genocide, there have been several cases of genocide in this century, including the Holocaust. A recent movie titled Genocide and materials circulated with it have done much to link the Holocaust with genocide. The concept of genocide was certainly before the jurists at Nuremberg, but they didn't have time to properly digest and develop such a new concept. Therefore, one shouldn't throw them together as though they always had been linked. Dadrian, Bohakn H., "The Methodological Components of the Study of Genocide As A Sociological Problem - The Armenian Case". Recent Studies in Modern Armenian Histo r y. Cambridge, Ma.: Armenian Heritaqe Press, 1972. Some i nteresting comments on comparing the Arllenian and Jewish Holocausts. Gr~b~an, Al ~x and Lavdes, Daniel. Genocide. Critical Issues of the Holocaust (companion to the movie Genocide). Los .Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1983. A valuable overview of the Holocaust as Genocide . �,.. Subjects range from historical background to evolution of the concept of Genocide to meaning and implications. WCB Horowitz, Irving Louis. Taking Lives. Genocide and State Power. New brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1980. An essay into the nature of a new type of mass destruction conducted with the approval of the state apparatus. GVSU Kuper, Leo. Genocide. It's Political Use In the Twentieth Century. New haven; Yale, 1981. A general survey of the major instances of Genocide in this century. WCB Kuper, Leo. 1985 . The Prevention of Genocide. New Haven: Yale, major indictment of the U.N. failure to enforce the 'Genocide Convention' and the lack of public education on the subject. WCB A Rubenstein, Richard. Press, 1983. The Age of Triage. Boston: Beacon Always provocative, Rubenstein compares the Holocaust with the Armenians, Stalin's elimination of Ukranians and the enclosure laws of England and suggests they all reveal genocide against unwanted people in the age of overpopulation and high unemployment. Good bibliography. WCB �.... Irv. Nuremberg Trials This is another extraordinary chapter of the Holocaust atory. Hitler." One British official exclaimed: Imagine indeed. "Imagine trying But the Americans led the way {naively in the opinion of many world leaders) to try top Nazi officials. Interesting problems and issues are raised here. Conot, Robert E. Row, 1983. Justice At Nuremberg. New York: Harper An informed and comprehensive survey of what a participating judge called "the greatest trial in history". Useful bibliography. Luban, David. "The Legacies of Nuremberg." Vol. 54, No. 4 (Winter 1987) 779-829. & WCB Social Research, An interesting essay on the legal and moral problems raised at Nurember--and their legacies. Smith, Bradley F. The Road To Nuremberg. London: Andre Deutsch, 1981. The story of "how the allies finally agreed to try the Nazi leaders--rather than summarily shoot them." WCB Tusa, Ann and Tusa, John. Athenurn, 1986. The Nuremberg Trial. New York: A lucid, comprehensive account of this large and complex event. Very well written. WCB � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_WRI_Lecture-Notes-GVSU-Syllabus-1988-Baum-The-Holocaust-and-the-Social-Sciences Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Baum, William Title A name given to the resource The Holocaust and the Social Sciences Syllabus Description An account of the resource Syllabus written for HP 231 The Holocaust and the Social Sciences, Fall 1988, including an annotated bibliography on literature on the Holocaust. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef15f719614c57aae3ddfffe196e7a17.pdf 6afd88b5d8505c24ee27a7b109a4c5c1 PDF Text Text The Holy Catholic Church From the series: I Do Believe Text: Mark 11:28; Ephesians 4:4 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan May 19, 1996 Transcription of the spoken sermon Today we celebrated the sacrament of Baptism in the name of the Triune God: The Father - God as ground and source of all that is; Jesus Christ - the human face of God in which we have seen love and grace; The Spirit - the operative presence of the Living God here and now, with us. Baptized in the name of the Living God - signed by water as belonging to the people of God, the community of the Covenant of Grace. There is no mention of the Reformed Church in America, no mention of Christ Community Church. No, Baptism is the sacrament of belonging to the People of God, not an institution nor any organizational arrangement of those people. Baptized in the name of the Living God - not in the name of the servant of Word and sacrament - not in my name. The Church is not a personality cult. The celebrant is but a servant of God, of God's Word of grace, of the signs and seals of grace. This morning's baptisms give me occasion to say that but, had there been no sacrament this morning, I would have made this point in any case, because today this congregation will gather, not only in this setting of worship, but also, later, in its organizational form as a congregation. And this is as critical a moment as this congregation has faced in its 126 years, for it will have to decide who it is and what it will be. On the threshold of that decision, I want to be very clear: what is at stake is our sense of what shape God's grace takes in this world. What is at stake is our understanding of the Gospel of God's grace, the interpretation of the scriptures and the translation of the Gospel in our historical context so that it makes a connection between the revelation of God and present human experience. © Grand Valley State University   �The Holy Catholic Church Richard A. Rhem Page 2   At issue is our understanding of how our present human situation is addressed by the Word of the Living God. In making that point, I am challenging two possible bases for how you might decide to cast your vote First of all, you ought not to vote No because you attribute too much importance to the Reformed Church in America, as though the RCA is synonymous with the Holy Catholic Church. The RCA is an organization, a human structure. To say that is not to denigrate the RCA; it is simply to recognize that denominations are human organizational structures and, to be honest, they are more a witness to the sinfulness of the Church than to the spirituality of the Church. Most of them have ethnic roots or they have arisen out of doctrinal conflict. The proliferation that resulted from the rending of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century has been a tragic witness to human cussedness. Yet, the Spirit works in and through them nonetheless. There are affectional family ties and long-time relationships that draw one. I recognize that and I do not belittle that. But, acknowledging that, I must say that what is at stake today transcends those human, positive, emotional bonds. Secondly, you ought not to vote Yes simply to support me, your pastor. The Church of Jesus Christ is not a personality cult. You must not vote on the basis of a human leader. Let me be clear; the literally hundreds of letters, cards, and phone calls, your personal words of love and support, have moved me greatly and touched me deeply. Without that strong sense of your affection and affirmation I do not know how I could have gotten through these past months. Your decision today, however, must not be to follow a human leader. Your decision must be based on your understanding of the grace of God and the concrete form of that grace in human community. In the negotiation meetings between the Classis of Muskegon and our negotiating team, there was, I believe, a defining moment. I was not present; I have not been a part of that process; it is not my place. But I was told that, at the second meeting, one of our people made a statement that put the issue in its true perspective. The person was John Van Eenenaam. John and Marianne and family have been with us for twenty-five years. Before that, they were in Reformed congregations - in fact, their baptisms occurred in these respective Reformed congregations. And John's name - is there a more difficult Dutch name to master, either in its spelling or its pronunciation? Further, John stems from Zeeland! Those are true Dutch Reformed roots, or should I say, bulbs! John said to the Classis people, "If something happened to Dick Rhem, we would look for someone to replace him who is like him, who would lead us into the realization of our Mission Statement." © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Catholic Church Richard A. Rhem Page 3   When I heard that, my heart leaped. That made it clear to all who had ears to hear that what is at issue here is not Dick Rhem. Rather, what is at issue is that message that I have proclaimed and the incarnation of that message in this concrete community. Not the Reformed Church as an organization; not Dick Rhem as a human leader; rather, the message that has shaped us and formed us as the community that we are. Having said that, I do not deny that Spirit needs form and the Church will always take on some concrete form. And the Spirit does call, anoint, and equip human leaders. The organized churches and the human leaders - that is all we have, warts and all. But, we must never confuse a form of organization nor a human leader with the thing in itself - the Holy Catholic Church which is the People of God living in covenant with the God of all mercy. I do believe the Holy Catholic Church. That is, that God's Spirit gathers a community of persons who experience God's grace revealed in Jesus Christ. In all of its ups and downs, its finest moments and its terrible betrayals, there is an ongoing community of people indwelt by God's Spirit, forgiven by God's grace and called to worship and to witness to the God Who is Creator of all and Lover of all, Whose Spirit is moving all things toward the consummation of God's eternal purposes. In the history of that people there have been critical junctures. Certainly we believe such was the case when the Word became flesh. In the traditional role of prophet, Jesus called the People of God to be faithful to their own tradition. That meant radical revision, repentance and renewal and that does not happen without sharp resistance. In Mark's Gospel, Jesus comes but once to Jerusalem. He will take his message of the Kingdom to the religious center of the nation, there to challenge the religious authorities with his call to renewal. His radical action in the temple, driving out the moneychangers as our text has it, was a symbolic prophetic action that called in question the whole Temple system which Marcus Borg describes as "The politics of holiness" in contrast to that quite different understanding of Jesus which Borg calls "The politics of compassion." I read this Gospel lesson, however, not to reflect on the meaning of Jesus' action, but rather to show how such prophetic action raises the question of authority. And they said, ‘By what authority are you doing these things? Who gave you this authority to do them?’ (Mark 11:28) Here we meet the same two factors to which I referred earlier - the organizational structure and the human leaders. © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Catholic Church Richard A. Rhem Page 4   The organizational structure is the form the Spirit takes in concrete human society - political structures, economic structures, religious structures. Over and over again in the respective arenas of human culture, movements are born and gather momentum and experience dynamic growth. Then they level off; they seek a form by which the movement's insights or policy or beliefs can be perpetuated and regularized. Usually the movement begins with the vision of a person or small group but, once the vision becomes institutionalized, caretakers take over - guardians of the system. And then the originating vision is lost in the routine of the system and the caretakers try to find ways to keep the institution going and even try to convince themselves and the people that there is still fire burning somewhere. Enter the prophetic voice uncovering the hollowness of the institutional forms and calling for re-visioning and renewal. But that is threatening to the caretakers; they have a vested interest in maintaining the forms and structures in place. And so, they take on the visionary. The question is quite in order - By what authority? And that is where the battle rages again and again in all dimensions of human society: the organizational personnel charged to keep the institution alive and growing and the prophetic visionary who sees the tradition has hardened and lost its connection to human experience as that continues to develop, and calls for revision and renewal. The organizational people have a responsibility to preserve and perpetuate institutional forms; the prophetic visionary loves that which the forms were created to embody and pass along - the original fire, the burning truth which gets domesticated and calcified with the movement of time, and thus he challenges the forms in order to set free the Spirit. The Temple authorities ask, "Who gives you authority to do these things?" It is the classic clash of institutional form and visionary prophetic challenge and the question is: By what authority? Jesus responded by putting a question to his interrogators: "John's baptism; was it from God or of human origin?" You see, Jesus was not the first to be challenged for making a prophetic protest. John the Baptist had preached fire and judgment on the banks of the Jordan and Jerusalem had streamed out to hear him. There was a Baptist movement parallel to Jesus' early movement. So, Jesus put the question of authority back in the lap of the religious leaders because the question was the same, but it took the focus © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Catholic Church Richard A. Rhem Page 5   off Jesus and put it on John and that created a quandary for the Temple authorities because, if they said John's message was from God, Jesus would ask, "Why then did you not believe his message?," but if they said John's message was of human origin, they feared the people because the people had felt the power of God in John's prophetic preaching. Human society in all aspects of its culture must again and again decide between the established structure and organization and the prophetic voice challenging and calling to new vision. It is seldom simple, never black and white. But the human story is one of Spirit finding form, form conveying Spirit, form growing rigid, imprisoning Spirit and Spirit breaking the form to find new freedom - in the arena of politics, of education, of religion. And the people have to choose - the organizational form or the new vision created by a human leader. The choice should not be made because one absolutizes an institution, nor because one idolizes a person. I do believe the Holy Catholic Church. I do not believe in the Church; I believe the Church - that is, that reality of a gathered people of God called by the Spirit, embraced by grace to worship and to serve the Living God. Over the centuries it has had many forms and experienced many prophetic challenges. It has been terribly corrupt and marvelously renewed. And the people must choose - they ask, "By what authority?" The answer lies in another question - Is this of God, or of human origin? Let me put the question to the Muskegon Classis - Is God's grace evident here in the lives of people transformed, of people touched by grace, healed and experiencing new life? Is there evidence here of worship full of wonder, of devotion to God expressed through commitment to people and compassionate care one of another? Are children nurtured in God's love and youth challenged to follow the way of Jesus? If the answer is Yes, then is this of God or of human origin? If of God, then, I ask, why are we being troubled? If the answer is of human origin, then they must answer to you - as fine and beautiful a community of people as one is likely to find anywhere. I rest my case with you, my people. If what I see in you is not an authentic expression of God's grace effecting human transformation, then I've got it all wrong. But if an honest examination of this community does bear out that this is a community of God's people, then I have nothing more to say. They ask me, "By what authority?" or "Is your theology right?", or however the question is phrased. © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Catholic Church Richard A. Rhem Page 6   I respond, "Is this Christ Community of God or of human origin? You tell me." I believe the Holy Catholic Church - not in, rather, I believe the Church; I believe God will have as God has had, a people, transformed by Grace, constituting a concrete community of compassion. Always, at all times, in all places. I do believe that. I do believe the Church is here in this place. I believe the Church here is and will be: catholic - that is, really one, universal; evangelical - that is, a community of Good News, of Grace; reformed - that is, being always in process, always reforming. I do believe - the Holy Catholic Church, and I believe it comes to concrete expression here. We are the Church! © Grand Valley State University � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d3435d1e8e6e2d6c4ccf1d4487e86de7.mp3 f7c55143d4c5cc6b69c015d4ab1ea058 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Eastertide VII Series I Do Believe Scripture Text Mark 11:28, Ephesians 4:4 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19960519 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996-05-19 Title A name given to the resource The Holy Catholic Church Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on May 19, 1996 entitled "The Holy Catholic Church", as part of the series "I Do Believe", on the occasion of Eastertide VII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Mark 11:28, Ephesians 4:4. Authority Community of Faith Grace of God Nature of God Prophetic Voice https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cf542e792610e5009a2907825faefceb.mp3 7997bdc5316ccb7f286163d9f4d0f2c9 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fbac2e1920cf3255954a7899dec15df4.pdf af881b96b3ab0b92f9f9f75dbb24de62 PDF Text Text The Holy Family – God’s Elect? From the sermon series: Once Upon A Time… Text: Genesis 27:1-4, 18-40; Romans 9:1-18 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan November 24, 2002 Transcription of the handwritten sermon text Laying out sermon series or setting down themes and texts for a 2 or 3-month period or for a season such as Advent or Lent is hard work. It is a creative process that cannot be coerced. Sometimes a couple of days of rather intense struggle leave me empty and, then again, a whole series may take shape in a moment after such struggle. And sometimes I can move methodically through the subjects set down and sometimes the series takes on a mind of its own and I find myself going where, in the setting down of the series, I never dreamed I would go. Such is the case with the present series of sermons from Genesis. Last Sunday you applauded as I ended the sermon suggesting we may need a moratorium from our respective ancient texts – the Jewish Scriptures, our Bible, the Koran of Islam – because the texts are being used in too many instances as justification for hatred, violence and war. Then I suggested we lay down our respective texts and look each other in the eye, meet heart to heart as human beings – Jew, Christian, Muslim, three peoples, three faith traditions, with one common ancestor, Abraham. Do you know the first time ever a sermon of mine received an ovation? It was the last Sunday in October, 1992. I was asked to represent the Reformed Church at a conference at Brandeis University – a conference on congregational participation in Judaism, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. All three were recognizing a falling off of congregational membership and involvement and the conference was called at Brandeis at the Jewish Center there to reflect on what was happening and to show models of some successes in the respective faiths. It was Reformation Sunday. I had been asked to preach at the opening session on Sunday evening. On Sunday morning I concluded the sermon here by saying on that Reformation Sunday we should all go to Geneva and then on to Rome to pick up the Catholics, then to Constantinople to heal the breach between West and © Grand Valley State University   �The Holy Family – God’s Elect? Richard A. Rhem Page 2   East. Then to Medina where Mohammed received his revelation and then all of us together return to Jerusalem where we could be the one people of God. You applauded. I was dumbstruck; it had never happened before. But I touched a nerve – and something in you said, “Yes.” That happened last week too – and the appeal was the same: moving beyond the divisions that have proven so perilous and finding our common humanity before the face of the Mystery toward which we all grope and yearn. Nancy said, “Now I suppose you’ll never retire, after getting an ovation.” I said, “Oh, yeah! How would you like to come back the next Sunday?” I relate this because I became aware again of the intuitive sense of the people – in this case, you – but I wonder if it is not true of a good many people in any given congregation – the intuitive sense that religion should build community, should bond and heal, and that religion is being misused, abused, twisted when it is the stimulus to derision, hatred, violence and war. And, as I said, sometimes a series takes on a life of its own and takes me where I did not intend to go. But here I am seeing what I did not intend to deal with, seeing what is not new to us but seeing it in a new and powerful way: seeing how religion is tribal and leads to tribalism and thus potentially to alienation, hatred, violence and war. There would be no problem with tribal religion if it were recognized that that is what we have and if we could seek the Face of God through our respective stories, rituals and moral codes, but that has not been the case with the Abrahamic faith. There is a universalizing tendency, which is understandable because we claim to be speaking of God, the Creator, the ultimate, the One True God, and thus there has been a tendency to absolutize our vision, our understanding. This doesn’t seem to be a problem in the East, and Judaism considered itself a light to the nations but without the need to proselytize. The universalizing tendency in Christianity has led to the idea that we are to evangelize the world, that the world will be saved through Jesus Christ alone and the rest are lost. This has been the Christian mission. And Islam – sometimes it seems to claim absolute status, sometimes not, in the course of its history. In any case the danger comes from fundamentalism in each of the Abrahamic faiths, and this mentality is the same, whether Jewish, Christian or Islam. And to come back to my suggestion last week that we take another look at the ancient texts – you understand I am not suggesting we forget our respective founding stories, but I am suggesting that we hear them but not absolutize them as if they were the Word of God, that we see them as human products containing © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Family – God’s Elect? Richard A. Rhem Page 3   within themselves all the negative potential of human tribalism, of overagainstness of one group over another. Let’s look at today’s lesson: Esau and Jacob. The story: Is this God’s idea? This is a story written to explore, to justify the existence of the Jewish people. Reaching back to Abraham, Jewish faith understands the Jewish people as God’s chosen, the Elect of God – elected to be light to the nations, to embody the rule of God on earth, to teach the nations Torah– God’s way of life. In its positive statement this is a grand vision: not through conquest or domination, not even by effecting conversion to Judaism, but by its very being and by its Torah as a law or way of life, Israel would be the world’s teacher. And its ancient past is some story: Sarah, Hagar, Isaac, Ishmael, bitterness, heartbreak… amazing that their dysfunction and human misery should be recorded as a peoples’ past. There is a self-critical awareness and honesty in the Hebrew Scripture. The Hebrew prophets, too, criticize the nation. Today: Esau and Jacob. The story: the struggle in the womb, the elder shall serve the younger, father Isaac loving Esau; mother Rebekah loved Jacob. The deceit of Rebekah and Jacob in securing Isaac’s blessing for Jacob and Esau’s piteous cry, “Is there one blessing only, Father?” What a set-up for discord. And, of course, this is explaining the situation of the time of the writer, written back into the past – the present explained in terms of the past – of God’s choice, God’s accomplishing God’s purposes through human deceit. To think of it makes one’s head swim. This is the Holy Family? This is God’s Elect? Well, let’s go again to St. Paul, this passionate Jew who has been converted to the conviction that Jesus was God’s Messiah, God’s promised anointed One, who would effect salvation for Jew and Gentile through his death and resurrection. This Paul brings the message of the God of Israel acting through the Jewish Messiah, Jesus, to the Gentiles, the nations, and he meets with success. However, his own kinfolk are not convinced. Many are but it must have been obvious to Paul that the mass of his people did not share his conviction about Jesus and that is deeply troubling to him. That is the problem he struggles with in Romans 9-11. If the Jews don’t turn to Jesus as Messiah they are missing out on God’s salvation. They are missing the boat. Well then, is God unfaithful to his promise to Abraham? As we saw last week, Paul says, “No.” All of Abraham’s seed is not in the Elect line: through Isaac, not Ishmael. Now, today, we move along a generation to Esau © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Family – God’s Elect? Richard A. Rhem Page 4   and Jacob. Paul is trying to defend God against the charge of failing to keep the promise to Abraham and to Israel. So his argument: God has always worked through the chosen, the elect. Not Ishmael, but Isaac; not Esau, but Jacob. And why? No one can say. God has the prerogative of showing mercy where God will, having compassion where God will. The choice cannot be questioned. There is not a way behind the simple fact of the choice. Brueggemann uses the best term – inscrutable: God’s inscrutable will. Listen to Romans 9:11f: …for the children being not yet born, neither having done anything good or bad, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calls… Nothing to do with character/worth/morality. …. Then verse 13: …I have loved Jacob, but I have hated Esau. But what are we to say? Injustice? I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy… Period. Verse 18: So then he has mercy on whom he will and whom he will he hardens. Well, I’ve been tortured by that for years. It didn’t seem fair. Finally, just yield to it! Who are you to question? And positively – Grace – not merit/work, lest anyone should boast and Election to service not privilege. If one believes the Bible as the Word of God – an infallible, inspired word – what is one to do? Well, I think it’s time simply to recognize what is going on here: tribalism, overagainstness, rivalry. Paul was a Jew. He was captivated by Jesus and believed God’s plan for history was coming to its climax. He believed the God of Israel was God alone and now God was moving into history and beginning to bring all things to their consummation…and so he interpreted the present, his experience, in terms of Israel’s history. – Why are all his countrymen not believing in Jesus? Well, all of Israel never did belong to the chosen line within the nation. © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Family – God’s Elect? Richard A. Rhem Page 5   Is this fair? God can do as God wills. Malachi 1: 2-3 – Jacob loved and Esau hated. Obviously a present situation of threat, alienation and potential violence explained in terms of the ancient story which is imputed to God. I simply do not believe it was some word of God that sent Hagar and Ishmael away. I do not believe God chose Isaac in the womb before the twins were born, nor that God was party to the deceit perpetrated by Rachel and Jacob on old blind Isaac. Look at what literalizing them does. For example, the orthodox Rabbis who transmitted the tradition about the promise of the Land of Israel to Abraham the Patriarch such that a young student assassinates Rabin, who as a military hero was able to lead peace negotiations with Arafat. Or the terrorists who on 911 flew those airplanes into the New York Trade Center and the Pentagon as acts of worship and martyrdom to Allah in the cause not of Islam in its total faith tradition but on the basis of selective interpretation, which places terror in the mind of God. As I was contemplating all of this I was reminded of my friend Krister Stendahl. You remember him – thin as a pencil, thus appearing 7 feet tall – the Dean of Harvard Divinity School for 20 years and for 10 years Lutheran Bishop of Stockholm –a great New Testament scholar and a gracious man. He was my surrogate Bishop during the years of conflict. He preached for us one Sunday, and of course you remember the title – Shepherds, Good and Bad – but the weekend theme was “Good religion opens the mind and warms the heart. Bad religion closes the mind and hardens the heart.” I took his study on Romans off the shelf. Krister loves the Scriptures and he is a marvelous interpreter and preacher. In regard to these chapters, Romans 9-11, he understands Paul as seeing the unbelief of the Jews in his time as the means by which the Gospel is taken to the Gentiles. But he interprets Paul as believing God will redeem Israel in God’s own time and manner. And then I remembered that N. T. Wright, who preached here in May with Marcus Borg, had just completed his commentary on Romans published in the New Interpreter’s Bible Commentary. It is a massive work and Tom Wright and the Commentary on Romans is indicative of the stature he holds in the academic world. He is, as we experienced, a gracious gentleman and a brilliant scholar. He is also a conservative evangelical several paces to the right of where I am and, as we experienced, also of Marcus Borg. © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Family – God’s Elect? Richard A. Rhem Page 6   So I thought what does Tom Wright do with those chapters 9-11? Well I was not surprised. Tom Wright takes Paul as authoritative, writing under the Spirit’s inspiration. So God is involved in the Isaac/Ishmael issue and in the Jacob-Esau issue. And I was reminded of my early years when passages that seemed so contrary to my human experience had to be interpreted so as to put a good spin on what really seemed simply incredible. Tom Wright is careful to guard against using Paul and these passages as justification for anti-Semitism, for attacks on the Jews for not believing Jesus as the Christ, the Messiah. Nonetheless Tom reads Paul in the traditioned fashion as seeing Israel’s story leading to Jesus as the Messiah and as the failure of the Jewish people to thus believe as leading to their exclusion from the Kingdom. Whose reading of Paul is correct? Two brilliant interpreters; both taking the text seriously, both deeply committed Christian scholars: two interpretations, both can be argued. One, Krister, includes Israel, and in the other the Christian Church supercedes Israel and those of Israel who do not come to God in faith through Christ are lost. And as I wrestle with this I have no doubt where I stand – it is with Krister, even though Tom Wright’s interpretation is certainly there as well. But then I move beyond the impasse. The whole conception of God needs overhauling. The biblical God throughout is a God running the show: intervening, interposing, controlling, working out a plan in history with sovereign power. And that is the God of the ancient text. I want to hear the text. I want to know that whole tradition. I want to understand how the Christian faith inevitably claims things that are untrue. And frankly, I do. And then I need to have the courage to argue with the text, to critique the text and to bring to the text everything else we know about the reality of which we are all a part. Then I want to bring our global consciousness to the text. I want to be able to think. I want to bring our knowledge of other faith traditions and of historical consciousness, realizing how these traditions developed. I need to remember that the great civilizations of the East were not even in the purview of the three Abrahamic faiths. And I must add to the mix my understanding of religion and see it for what it is – tribal stories – with all the limitations and dangerous potential of tribal loyalty. And then, for many who have come to see the primitive tribalism of the religions, perhaps one would simply throw up one’s hands and be done with it. But look where that would leave us – where vast multitudes are today, adrift without anchor on a sea of meaninglessness in a pitiless universe. © Grand Valley State University �The Holy Family – God’s Elect? Richard A. Rhem Page 7   And so I return to the stories, not now as divine revelation, but as human stories of folk who have wondered about the meaning and purpose of life, about how to live, how to find comfort and joy and truth and security. And I can look to the stories that make up my story: The story of Jesus – Paul wasn’t interested in the historical Jesus. He saw a divine action in the cross and resurrection for the salvation of the world soon to be consummated. He was wrong about that. But what about Jesus? What about Stephen who died like Jesus, praying for his killers and Paul standing by? What about what Jesus embodied? Is there still something there? Can you imagine Jesus in Jerusalem today? Can you imagine him a Jew turning away a Muslim? Tribal religion has fueled the fire of violence and war. It has been exploited for ethnic advantage, for social control, for domination – and always there is an ancient text which is appealed to, a tribal story which is universalized, absolutized, used to bludgeon the other. Do you really believe there was a family filled with intrigue, conspiring, deceit, treachery, hatred, and alienation that would be God’s Chosen, God’s elect? In spite of groveling in the dust saying I am nothing and all is of grace, pure grace is being chosen – and almost inevitably the chosen ones become proud of their election and absolutize their story. Isn’t it time to see those stories for what they are and to claim therefore not that God is not the Creator Spirit of the whole but that our gods have been too small – tribal gods made in our image. Must God – the Mystery of Being, the Infinite – be indeed the God of the Whole, of the whole creation, of the whole movement of history, of the whole human family – named variously, worshiped in many different ways, imaged in diverse manners, yet the Mystery beyond our limited tribal stories? © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost XXVII Series Once Upon a Time... Scripture Text Genesis 27:1-4, 30-45, Romans 9:1-18 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20021124 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-11-24 Title A name given to the resource The Holy Family - God's Elect? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on November 24, 2002 entitled "The Holy Family - God's Elect?", as part of the series "Once Upon a Time...", on the occasion of Pentecost XXVII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Genesis 27:1-4, 30-45, Romans 9:1-18. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Abrahamic Faiths Interfaith Non-exclusive Pluralism Universal Grace https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec59ac21f42727968eab327d13576bef.jpg cce311ed1c350e1f1b0fe6871b53ad43 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS1582 .H58 1883 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0281 Title A name given to the resource The Hoosier School Boy Description An account of the resource Binding of The Hoosier School Boy, by Edward Eggleston, published by Charles Scribner's Sons, 1883. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1883 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/25839433faf6be0ccc3c2f5575cf69e4.pdf 063439e09df2cf0b3ccd13d73ddabfd0 PDF Text Text The Hope That Heals the Human Hurt From a series on the Wisdom Literature Scripture Text: See below Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan September 4, 1994 Transcription of the spoken sermon " But this I call to mind and therefore I have hope: The steadfast love of the Lord never ceases, God's mercies never come to an end; they are new every morning; great is your faithfulness." Lamentations 3:21-23 ". . . suffering produces endurance, and endurance produces character and character produces hope, and hope does not disappoint us, because God's love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit." Romans 5:4-5 "For in hope we were saved . . . if we hope for what we do not see, we wait for it with patience." Romans 8:24-25 As we conclude this summer series of messages on the Wisdom Literature, let me just remind you of the way we have come. The Wisdom Literature is not an area that I have spent much time in in my ministry, as I have told you, but I have found it this summer a rich mine of teaching and instruction. I hope that it has been helpful to you as well. The struggle of Job, the mystery of suffering, that call to maturity in the Way of Wisdom in the book of Proverbs, and that candid observance of human experience in Ecclesiastes: I have found the Wisdom Literature to be enriching, indeed. I like it because, although it may not have all of the comfort, all of the rich promises of some other parts of the scripture, it is a very honest, a very candid review of human experience. It is a careful observation of human experience, and it holds up to us a mirror of the way life really is. I like that because, as you probably have picked up from me on occasion, what I don't like about religion, what I don't like about preachers, what I don't like about too much devotional literature is the fact that I don't always think it is honest. I think there is much religion, and much purveying of religion, that is too confident, that knows too much and gives too many promises that crash on the rocks of human reality. And for that reason I value the Wisdom Literature. It doesn't have everything, but there are so many times in our human experience when there is some word there to which we cannot but say, "Yes, that's really the way it is." © Grand Valley State University   �Hope that Heals Human Hurt Richard A. Rhem Page 2   And yet, within the limits of what we can observe in human experience, and within the limits of what our human mind can think through, there remains a veil that is impenetrable. There is a mystery that lies beyond and we cannot get hold of it by deep thinking or profound reflection. It simply remains hidden to us. I think the writer of Ecclesiastes understood that. He said God has put eternity in their hearts, but not such that they are able to determine the past or the future, as to what God is up to. I think the writer of Ecclesiastes, who gave us that portrait of life as tragic, was aware there was something more, but he couldn't get hold of it, and, as far as he could observe, it was beyond the grip of human possibility. That's where I left you last week as we had been looking at the drama of Ecclesiastes with that choice, that decision before which one stands. I believe in hard thinking, serious thinking, careful thought, the application of mind to experience. But finally when we hit the limit, we'll have to make a choice. The biologist that I cited last week, Jacque Monaad, said we are aliens on the edge of a universe, which is indifferent to our music, to our hopes, to our suffering, to our crime. No one out there—nothing more. Hans Küng agreed that our human existence is ambivalent and impenetrable. Yet Hans Küng, the Christian believer, says, "I believe the day is coming when I will understand, when I will be free to be all that I am, and all will become clear." That finally is the choice, isn't it? How will you live? In trust or in mis-trust? That is not something that your mind will be able, finally, to determine. It will be the set of the soul. It will be the posture of the heart. So we face the ambiguity, the impenetrable nature of our experience. Which way will we go? What will we do? The great English scholar H. A. L. Fischer, in his History of Europe, said that there is one intellectual excitement that has passed him by. It is to find any pattern or any rhythm in the movement of history. He says, as a historian, he has only one safe rule—that he should recognize in the development of human destinies, the play of the contingent and the unforeseen. I say, "That is the way it is, isn't it?" The contingent and the unforeseen. Who knows what today or tomorrow will bring? How does one find pattern and rhythm? It seems that the word of this historian is all one can say. . . but then how do you explain the continuing presence of hope in the human heart? How does one explain the presence of hope in one's own heart, in the light of the contingent and the unforeseen in a world full of tragedy, in a violent world, in the ups and downs of the human situation? How is it that hope continues to survive? In 586-587 CE, Jerusalem was absolutely decimated. The great Babylonian power came in, removed the cream of Jewish society to Babylon, threw down the walls and burned the temple and desecrated every holy symbol, and shattered every dream, every promise that this people held onto as being a special people of God. I read some selected verses from Lamentations—five poems of bitterness. I don't know if there is any more bitter outpouring in any literature than that that flows from the pen of the poet as he reviews the destruction of all his hopes and dreams. Then in the middle of the middle chapter, right after the wormwood and © Grand Valley State University �Hope that Heals Human Hurt Richard A. Rhem Page 3   the gall, his teeth grinding on gravel, he remembers God. And he says, "The steadfast love of the Lord never ceases. God's mercies are new every morning. Great is Thy faithfulness." How do you explain that? Where did it come from? In the midst of the darkness, the darkest day in his life, surveying nothing but the ashes of all of his dreams, and then in the middle of it, hope is reborn. God's love is not exhausted, and that marvelous image . . . God's mercies are new every morning. I love that image. I live by that image. I wouldn't want to imply this morning that I am a morning person. (Laughter) I much prefer to see the sun set than to see the sun rise. But I have at least one crisis each week, and it's Sunday morning. So I get up very early when I see the eastern sky begin to illumine. And then sometimes, like this morning, when I see that golden glow rising spontaneously, permeating every cell of my being, is that wonderful image of the poet—God's mercy, new every morning. "Great is Thy faithfulness." Where does it come from? How does it continue to arise? Hope seems ever to be reborn in the human heart, in the human experience, so faithfully reflected by the writer of Ecclesiastes. Hope, mercy, conviction of the steadfast love of the Lord. You don't get it by thinking. You don't find it at the end of a logical argument. It is finally, a gift. There is a bumper sticker that could summarize the book of Ecclesiastes and the poet's view of human existence better than anything I know. Unfortunately I can't say it (laughter), but it starts with a four letter word and the second word is "Happens." (Laughter) Dear God, that's honest! It does happen. Doesn't it happen? It happens everywhere all the time. But let me suggest an even finer bumper sticker. We should publish it perhaps. It's another four letter word— because Hope Happens. Hope Happens. It is not something I achieve. It is not something I merit. It is not something I finally struggle through to. Hope Happens. Thank God, Hope Happens! It is a miracle of grace. It is a gift of God. It is the dawning of light in the midst of darkness. Hope Happens! I am not into alliteration, generally, but I have a bunch of H's for you: Hope happens and, paradoxically, hurt is hope’s home. We go kind of drifting through life not thinking too seriously, not having to struggle too much, not wrestling with ultimate questions. Thank God for that! We need a lot of time and a lot of space when we can just sort of go through the motions of life. But then, hurt happens, and paradoxically hurt becomes hope's home. It is precisely in those limit situations of life, when a darkness envelops us and it seems that all is lost. It is in hurt's home that hope is born again, isn't it? Isn't it amazing? Isn't it surprising? Isn't it baffling? It is in the depths of the hurt that the hope suddenly arises. Well, if you can stand a couple more H's—Hope Heals. Hope Heals. We know it. It is documented all over the place. Hope Heals. There is something about hope that releases all of the healing power, all of the recuperative powers of the human body. We can fool one another with our emotional and spiritual state some of the time, most of the time. But we can't fool our bodies. Our bodies will register, our © Grand Valley State University �Hope that Heals Human Hurt Richard A. Rhem Page 4   bodies are the Richter scale of our psychological and emotional and spiritual health. It's all registered in the body, and hope heals the body. In his early best selling book that continues to be on the list forever, Scott Peck, marvels about the fact that healing happens, that there is a kind of orderliness and ongoing rhythm to the cosmos, and that there is healing at all. He speaks of the grace from beyond, an intimation that there is a positive force of life or one invested in life. Hope Heals. Hope rolls back the Z’s. Hope is the best therapy in all the world. The possibility of healing lies with the grasping onto the promise, not to the exclusion of fear, not to the ridding of anxiety, yet still, it is able to break through. It heals. Paul says, "Justified by faith," that is, ceasing from all human performance. Ceasing from every human effort and achievement. Stopping every process to make myself somebody. That is, being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, an access into this grace wherein we stand. We rejoice for a hope that lies before us, hope of the glory of God, hope of that final consummation. And he says, even in the meantime, we are able in our suffering to boast, for suffering produces endurance, and endurance produces character, and character produces hope. Hope leaves us not disappointed because God's Holy Spirit is poured into us; the love of God begins to roll over us. In the middle of the darkness of decimated Jerusalem, the writer of Lamentations said, "The steadfast love of the Lord is not exhausted." And hope sprang to life anew. Paul says that hope is at the end of the process of suffering and endurance, and character and endurance in the end is the presence of God. Steeped in the love of God. So he says, we are saved by hope. Saved now, healed now. But there's more. For he says the whole created order and our old bodies with it are, as it were, in labor pains waiting to be reborn, renewed. There's something afoot, says Paul. There is a whole cosmic process afoot, and it's going to come to full flower and fruition one day, and we don't see it yet. Obviously what we hope for we don't see, but if we hope for it, we patiently wait for it. "Hope Heals Human Hurt." My friend, Arie Brower, died a little over a year ago and in some typewritten copies of his journal I shared with you some of this, but now it is published: "Overcoming the Threat of Death: A Journal of One Christian's Encounter with Cancer." He tells about how he was about to edit his favorite sermon on his favorite text – a favorite of mine as well – a sermon called "Faith in Spite of Everything," based on those wonderful words from Habakkuk, "Though there be no grapes on the vine and no cattle in the stall, and all will be lost, nonetheless I will exalt in God my Saviour." Arie says that up and down the land he preached that sermon on that text "Faith In Spite of Everything," and then, in his encounter with cancer, he began to see that there was something even beyond faith for him. Growth in grace was represented by an experience of hope. He says, "These days I hold out little hope for my cancer to be cured. I haven't given up, but the statistics steadily weigh ever more heavily against it. In spite of that I find © Grand Valley State University �Hope that Heals Human Hurt Richard A. Rhem Page 5   my feelings of hope undiminished. How do I explain this even within the household of faith, to say nothing of a skeptical world? How do I keep people from feeling as they read this that I am clutching at a straw, deceiving myself, using hope as a form of escapism from the harsh reality of terminal illness and death? How do I communicate that in truth we do not sorrow as those who do not have hope? What is this hope that abides in spite of everything? What form does it take? To me this experience of "Hope In Spite of Everything" is even more important than the experience of faith, in spite of everything." I don't know how to explain that. Arie Brower was a thoughtful enough Christian to know that there was no way in the world he could prove to anyone that his hope was not simply illusion. But he witnessed to an indomitable hope so that, as he says in another place, "I hope you understand that I've been healed of cancer," even though cancer took his life. Would that I could throw a switch and fill your hearts with hope. Would that I could give you a formula, a prayer to recite. I can't do that. But I point you to the poet of Lamentations. I point you to St. Paul. I point you to the confirmation of their claim and the experience of a friend. And I remind you that, as the poet of Lamentations sat in the midst of the smoldering ashes of Jerusalem, John on the Isle of Patmos, and the Spirit on the Lord's Day had the vision of the New Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God as a bride adorned for her bridegroom. And he heard a voice from the throne saying, "Behold the dwelling of God is with humankind. God will dwell with them and they shall be God's people. And God will wipe every tear away from their eyes and there shall be an end of death and pain and crying. For the former things have passed away. Behold, I make all things new." I believe that. It fills me with hope, enabling me to live now such that, if this is all there is, it is enough, but promising that there is even more—even more. Thanks be to God. © Grand Valley State University � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/005ddb059b723829026d362be39932ea.mp3 e60b05b09ce94413ac3015f52a9a8929 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost XV Series Wisdom Literature Scripture Text Lamentations 3: 21-23, Romans 5: 4-5, 8:24-25 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19940904 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994-09-04 Title A name given to the resource The Hope That Heals The Human Hurt Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on September 4, 1994 entitled "The Hope That Heals The Human Hurt", as part of the series "Wisdom Literature", on the occasion of Pentecost XV, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Lamentations 3: 21-23, Romans 5: 4-5, 8:24-25. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Grace of God Wisdom Literature Hope Love of God Mystery https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3beaea8e4177efca51fe3639d4e03cd7.mp3 a9b639ee202efa59b3154fd63d5dfc03 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a2b89b74740616688e08cc3d9836e321.pdf 8c031b1a084e9e240797f7a092ca06c1 PDF Text Text The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Text: Isaiah 7:14; Matthew 1:23 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan Advent, December 14, 1986 Transcription of the spoken sermon …Behold, a young woman shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. Isaiah 7:14 …his name shall be called Immanuel (which means God with us). Matthew 1:23 The great Boston preacher of the 19th Century, Phillips Brooks, wrote the carol, "O Little Town of Bethlehem," in 1868 for the children of his parish to sing in their Sunday School Christmas program. It has become a favorite. It was as I was reflecting on the course of the Christian era over centuries past that the phrase from Brooks' carol came to mind The hopes and fears of all the years are met in thee tonight. In that small Judean village a child was born and the carol's author sensed well the biblical witness regarding that birth; it was the pivot point of history. Hopes and fears - a rather good description of the alternating moods of our lives, our corporate existence in the community of nations, our family life, our individual lives. Living in hope of some desired event or resolution; living in fear of some dread result. The hopes and fears of all the years came to sharp focus in Bethlehem: The hope that life has purpose and meaning, that it is going somewhere, that our toil and tears, our suffering and sadness will not be to no avail, ending in emptiness or nothingness. Fearing that we may not hold on, that our best efforts and worst sins may end in a morass of meaninglessness. Tracing the history of Western Civilization from the sixth and seventh centuries to the present has been an interesting and helpful study. One cannot help but sense the ebb and flow of historical tides; one cannot help but realize how shortsighted we are in our quick reaction to events of the immediate present. No doubt © Grand Valley State University   �The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Richard A. Rhem Page 2   that is exaggerated in our day because of the instant news coverage of everything that happens around the globe. There is such a bombardment of facts and opinions fastened on the immediate that one gets a skewed sense of things. There is little historical perspective and sober reflection on the larger patterns of history. We get a sense of the super importance of the present and we are overly impressed with one moment on the canvas of history. We lose the sense of being linked in the larger chain of beings and we lose perspective on that which ultimately matters. NBC may be the first to scoop the events breaking in Washington, but they were not there in Bethlehem. If they had been, you can bet their camera would have been at Herod's court or Jerusalem and Tom Brokaw would probably have remained in Rome at the Imperial residence. Yet in the dark stillness of Bethlehem streets the hopes and fears of all the years were focused. It was not an easy world then. It was in quite as much turmoil then as now. That part of the world has been an open wound on the earth's surface for centuries. Rome was the occupying force. The period of history is part of the Pax Romana, the Roman peace; it was, however, a peace enforced by Roman legions, an enforced peace - certainly not the biblical shalom. Herod was the puppet ruler by the grace of Rome and he was jealous for his power and the perpetuation of his kingdom. Paranoia broke out with a vengeance following the visit of the Magi who spoke of the appearance of a star which foretold the birth of royalty. Male children two years and under were massacred by Herod's order just in case it might be true that one had been born who would lay claim to Herod's throne. Can you imagine the brutality of that world? Can you imagine the fears with which a mother raised a child in that time? Yet even in that brutal age with no press corps to keep a monarch honest, there were serious, reflective spirits who yearned for something better - hopes were present even in the world of pagan Rome. Hans Küng reports that In the year 42 or 41 before Jesus' birth, at the beginning of the fifteenth year of grievous civil war following on the murder of Caesar, the Roman poet Virgil in his famous Fourth Eclogue announced the birth of a world savior. Was this an expression of hope in Caesar's great nephew and adopted son, Octavius and his house? In any case, when Octavius finally returned to Rome in the year 29, as sole ruler, after the victory over Antony and Cleopatra, his first official act was to close the temple of Janus, the double-faced god of war. And "Augustus divi Felius" – "son of the divine one" (of Caesar elevated after his death to be a state god), translated in the Greek East as "Son of God" – did everything possible to realize the hopes nourished by Virgil of © Grand Valley State University �The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Richard A. Rhem Page 3   the Utopia of an imminent reign of peace; Pax Romana, Pax Augusta, sealed with the consecration of the gigantic Ara Paces Augustae, the Augustan altar of peace, in the year 9 B.C.. In the same year (according to the famous inscription found in 1890 in Priene in Asia Minor and later elsewhere) the "gospel" (evangelion, "good news") of the birthday of the "Saviour" and "God" who had now appeared - Caesar Augustus - was proclaimed in the East to the whole world: the savior who had brought to the broken world new life, happiness, peace, fulfillment of ancestral hopes, salvation. (On Being a Christian, p. 438) Was not that ancient world as weary as our own of the interminable conflict, war, suffering and death that has been history's hallmark from the beginning? In Isaiah's time it was little different than our own. The Old Testament lesson reports the international crisis, the intrigue, the maneuvering for position that occurred in the Eighth Century B.C. The year was 734 B.C. On the world horizon, a great Empire was forming and its massive power was becoming a threat to all its neighboring peoples. That empire was Assyria, whose King was Tiglath-Pileser. The smaller neighboring peoples began to confer together. If they united, perhaps they could resist the Assyrian power. There was Syria whose capital was Damascus and whose King was Rezin. There was Israel, the Northern Kingdom, whose capital was Samaria and whose King was Pekah. They formed an alliance and urged their neighbor to the South, Judah, whose King was Ahaz, to join with them. But Ahaz was not ready to join. He, too, knew Assyria was growing in might and influence, but he feared that joining such an alliance would provoke the Assyrians and goad them into an attack. Thus, he rejected the offer of Israel and Syria who, in turn, felt they could ill afford to have their southern flank exposed and decided, consequently, that they would move forcibly against Judah and put a puppet king on the throne. They marched against Jerusalem and King Ahaz and his people tumbled. Jerusalem was besieged and Ahaz was terrified. It seemed he had but two options — yield and join the alliance against Assyria, or appeal directly to Tiglath-Pileser, the Assyrian King, which would make him a vassal of Assyria. A third option never occurred to him: to stand firm and trust God. That, however, was precisely the counsel of the prophet Isaiah. God's word through the prophet was: Be on your guard, keep calm; do not be frightened or unmanned by these two smoldering stumps of firewood… (Isaiah 7:4) © Grand Valley State University �The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Richard A. Rhem Page 4   Although they were determined to bring Jerusalem to its knees, the prophet's word was clear: This shall not happen now, and never shall… Have firm faith, or you will not stand firm. (7:96). Ahaz was a practical man. Talk of standing firm and trusting God was foreign to him. He did not really want to hear Isaiah's word. And so God's word came a second time. This time Isaiah went a step further, offering a sign if the King desired. Ask the Lord your God for a sign, from lowest scheol or from highest heaven. (7:11) And the world lives under a cloud of fear, driven to the brink of hopelessness, yet always hoping, as well, that some conference or summit might yet produce peace on earth. Isaiah's word to Ahaz was trust God for, beyond Damascus and Samaria and Assyria, beyond the kings and rulers of the earth, the Sovereign of history is working His purposes out. And as a sign that that is indeed the case, a child will be born and named Immanuel. That sign was not lost on Matthew reporting the birth narrative of Jesus. In Matthew's narrative of the birth of Jesus, he cites this Isaiah passage, seeing the child Jesus as the ultimate expression of the truth that God is with us. After telling of Joseph's dream in which he was told of Mary's child, Matthew writes: All this happened in order to fulfill what the Lord declared through the prophet: The virgin will conceive and bear a son, and he shall be called Emmanuel, a name which means ‘God is with us.’ Isaiah's statement did not say anything about a virgin bearing a child. The Hebrew word for virgin was not used and the word used refers to a young woman of marriageable age. Matthew definitely uses the passage to support a virginal birth, but he adds that. It is not in Isaiah. It is not our purpose in this message to deal with the question of the Virgin Birth, but I only point out here that in the Old Testament context there is no reference to a virgin birth. The sign is a child of natural birth whose presence points to the presence of God; whose name says it: Immanuel, God with us. And this is important for Matthew, too. If you stop to think about it, Jesus was named Jesus, not Immanuel. Jesus means Saviour. His name was sign-ificant. But Matthew is not concerned that he was not specifically named Immanuel, but only that he be understood as being a sign of God's presence. © Grand Valley State University �The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Richard A. Rhem Page 5   If a child born in Judah in the days of King Ahaz sign-ified God with us, then Matthew says the final and fullest sign of that truth has occurred in the birth of the child Jesus. Matthew wrote a Gospel. That is, Matthew wrote Good News. The Good News is that God is with his people. The Gospel is the story of God's action for his people in Jesus. The Gospel begins with his birth - Immanuel. The Gospel ends with Jesus' word, "I am with you always, to the end of time." That is no coincidence. Matthew brackets the good news with the fundamental truth of God's presence with his people. A child is born whose sign-ificance is "God is with us." The child grows, becomes a man, proclaims the Kingdom, is crucified, resurrected and leaves our spacetime world with the words his name sign-ified, "I am with you always." (Matt. 28:20). Ahaz was not interested. The fact was he did not believe in the preserving power of God. But he did not want to admit that and so he covered up his unbelief with a clever bit of false piety. He said, No, I will not put the Lord to the test by asking for a sign. (7:12) Isaiah was not fooled by this apparent piety about not putting God to the test. Rather, he was exasperated. He set the record straight: Listen, House of David, are you not content to wear out men’s patience? Must you also wear out the patience of my God? Therefore the Lord Himself shall give you a sign. (7: 13-14) And herewith comes the familiar promise associated so indelibly in our minds with the much later birth of Jesus. A young woman is with child, and she will bear a son and will call him Immanuel. (7:14b) In Hebrew that name means "God with us." Who bore the child and who the child was, we do not know. A Jewish tradition says the child was born to Ahaz's wife and was Hezekiah, Ahaz's son, who succeeded him. That, however, is not important. The point of the sign is simply this; a child would soon be born and before that child was weaned or in a period of two to three years, the Syrian and Israelite powers that were presently ringing Jerusalem would themselves be decimated and destroyed. Because of his lack of faith, Ahaz would not enjoy peace and prosperity, but at least at this juncture, Jerusalem and Judah would be spared. The hostile nations would come to misfortune. They need not be feared. © Grand Valley State University �The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Richard A. Rhem Page 6   And every time Ahaz looked on the child he would be reminded that the God Who is for His people is the God Who is with His people. That is the Gospel; that is good news. Ahaz rejected the sign. He followed his own judgment, which was disastrous. He appealed to Tiglath-Pileser and the Assyrian King happily responded, moved in and reduced Judah to a vassal state. Isaiah denounced the action and predicted that Ahaz had opened the floodgates to an Assyrian takeover, which, indeed, he had. Such is the historical context in which Isaiah's word about the sign of a child whose name was Immanuel was spoken. We could change the names of the nations and the leaders and we might be reading the history of the late twentieth century. The Iranian Arms Deal has filled our news for a month now. Only short years after the devastation worked by the fundamentalist revolution in Iran, we are negotiating with Khomeini. Israel, whose existence is not granted by the Arab powers, becomes the middle man in a game of international intrigue that siphons off the profits of arms sale to an adversary to support a revolution in Central America. Our administration argues the necessity of such negotiation because Iran is so crucial in the larger chess game between the super powers whose nuclear arsenals are aimed at each other. We celebrate another Advent. We live in a world with good cause for fear - more cause than Ahaz or even Phillips Brooks dreamed of; we live in a world whose technology has been perfected to a point where we can explode this planet. Yet we are a people of hope. Our world has been the recipient of a sign, the sign of a child whose sign-ificance is "God with us." We live in hope because we trust in God. In God, not in Washington, or Moscow, or Geneva. We do not despise the efforts of world leaders; we rather encourage their efforts and pray for their success. Yet, we know the world has not changed much. Still pride of nation, lust for power, drivenness of ego despoils the world. No human solution will save us; we need the intervention of God. In the sign of a child we have the assurance of his presence with us. He has come to us; He will come to us in history's consummation; He is with us. How we wish God would mount a bulldozer and flatten every obstacle and remove every obstruction to his Kingdom purposes. But that is not his way. He comes with all the force of a hint, with rumor of angels, with the vulnerability of a child. © Grand Valley State University �The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Richard A. Rhem Page 7   It is Advent again. It is not easy to believe. Yet the choice confronts us: Will we live in hope, keeping the vision, or, in bleak despair? Will we give in to fear, to bitterness and cynicism? Advent is a season to lift up our eyes, to await with expectation the coming of the God Who came to us in a child and promises a day when every knee will bow and every tongue confess that the child has become the Lord, the Sovereign of Nations, the Prince of Peace. Emmanuel – God with us – the promise of God coming to us, the promise of a day when the Kingdom of this world will become the Kingdom of our God and of his Christ. Even so, come, Lord Jesus! © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Advent III Scripture Text Isaiah 7: 14, Matthew 1:23 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19861214 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-12-14 Title A name given to the resource The Hopes and Fears of All the Years Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on December 14, 1986 entitled "The Hopes and Fears of All the Years", on the occasion of Advent III, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Isaiah 7: 14, Matthew 1:23. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Advent Birth of Jesus History of Israel Hope Meaning Presence of God Prophet War https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7efa724d9ba1b0e8e1d12c971ca74120.jpg 8e412102c0f355517094b3ae1505be1a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS3527 .I35 H6 1905 c.2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0137 Title A name given to the resource The House of a Thousand Candles Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richardson, Rome (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The House of a Thousand Candles, by Meredith Nicholson, published by The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1905. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1905 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/694b83cf92890f3ba4967b41c104f38a.jpg 73d443ac17d2de7f0c0aaf341bfa401d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS3505.A445 H6 1916 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0092 Title A name given to the resource The House of Fear Description An account of the resource Binding of The House of Fear, by Wadsworth Camp, published by Doubleday, Page & Co., 1916. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/612243fc01c057a507b0a0c43fb164ae.mp3 cd262b702058db4246312cdb684f3afe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Lent IV Series A Fresh Look At an Ancient Story Scripture Text Genesis 3:7, Matthew 9:36 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20010311 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001-03-11 Title A name given to the resource The Human Dilemma Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on March 11, 2001 entitled "The Human Dilemma", as part of the series "A Fresh Look At an Ancient Story", on the occasion of Lent IV, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Genesis 3:7, Matthew 9:36. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cad7291f389d2d48d1276b24de994abc.pdf 8bd6d2d9a013037cb12dda40a155778c PDF Text Text The Human Face of God From the series Faith in Jesus: Trust in God… Text: Acts 3: 14-15 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan Eastertide III, April 25, 1993 Transcription of the spoken sermon You…killed him who has led the way to life. But God raised him from the dead. Acts 3:14-15 We made a switch at Easter. We moved from the consideration of the faith of Jesus to a consideration of a faith in Jesus on the part of that early community that gathered around Jesus. The switch was a switch from examining how Jesus believed, which shaped how he lived, which caused his death, to an examination of how those around him who had been impacted by him, who had experienced the faith of Jesus, came to put faith in Jesus. The Christian movement, which only gradually differentiated itself from the Jewish community, is characterized by those who put faith in Jesus. So with a little switch of the preposition from the faith of Jesus to faith in Jesus we move out of Lent and into Eastertide and try to get a handle on how that early community came to view Jesus as the unveiling of God. Jesus had been a faithful Jew. He lived within the context of the covenant of grace. He knew no God except the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. And he had no intention to do anything but to speak to that covenant community and to speak to them of their God – of the nearness of their God, of the graciousness of their God – and to call them to trust in that God. He was a threatening figure. His destabilizing ways undercut the established shape of things: the temple and the priesthood, the political and religious structures. And because of this he was crucified. It would have appeared that he was simply one more in that line of prophets that had characterized the history of Israel. A prophet would stand and speak for God and would bring upon himself the wrath, particularly of the leadership of the community, and would end up a martyr for the faith. Jesus himself spoke about that whole line of the prophets that had been killed by “Jerusalem.” So it might have appeared that Jesus was simply one more of those. He had made his proclamation. He had made his call. He had been obedient to God. And he was killed. © Grand Valley State University   �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 2   But there was something different this time. This time his followers became conscious of the fact that the one who had been crucified was alive. Not in some bodily form. Unfortunately in our Christian tradition, in order to affirm the reality of resurrection, sometimes we have spoken about the bodily resurrection, and there is not a bodily resurrection—that corpse laid in the tomb didn’t suddenly resuscitate and walk out of the tomb. Jesus is spoken of as “appearing.” When Paul lists the resurrection appearances, sometimes to an individual, sometimes to a group, he also includes the appearance to himself and we know that was a vision. The appearances of Jesus were the inward experiences of those who sensed that the crucified one was alive and present and powerful, but not in an ongoing historical bodily human existence. Rather, God had raised this one to another dimension of life or reality, but a dimension of life and reality that was able to be experienced as personally, powerfully present. Still active, still alive, still with them. So those who had been with him throughout his life, who had understood gradually the faith of Jesus, came to believe that in him God had done some unusual thing. That God had vindicated the Way of Jesus. That God had authenticated this one as God’s servant. That God had said “yes” to Jesus’ faith and Jesus’ way, and Jesus’ call. So the followers around Jesus, and the experience of Jesus living in their midst, spiritually alive, began to put their faith in Jesus. Now in the beginning those early witnesses had no sense of separating from the temple or from the Jewish community. For example, in the story I read a moment ago, Peter and John in the ninth hour, about 3 o’clock in the afternoon, are making their way to the temple to pray. They were good Jews. They were going to pray to the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, to the God of the Covenant, the God of covenant grace. They didn’t know any other faith. They went to the temple to pray and to praise God. They went there with a sense that this one who had been crucified was with them also. They came to a cripple by the gate called “Beautiful,” who was placed there every day by friends so that he could beg for alms. Not a bad place to beg for alms, you see, people coming to church looking for a way to look as good as possible. So they flip him a coin, come in to the altar and feel a little bit justified. It was a pretty good place to pick up a nickel or a dime. This time Peter and John come by and he held out his hand and they say, “We don’t have silver and gold,” and he says, “Then you’re not worth much. Get out of the way so somebody can come.” That’s really the bottom line for this man. But Peter says to him, “Look at us,” catching his attention. “In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, stand up and walk.” And the man stands up and walks, and he begins to leap and to praise God. He goes into the temple and the people see him as the one who had always been there, day after day. He was the lame, the cripple, the handicapped one leaping and praising God, and they were astounded. © Grand Valley State University �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 3   This gives Peter an occasion to bear witness to what had just happened. So he says to them, “Why are you so amazed? Why do you wonder and stare at us as though through our power or our piety this man was made to walk? No,” Peter says, “The God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob, the God of our ancestors has glorified his servant Jesus.” You see Peter and John after Easter and after Pentecost in the presence of the Pentecost Spirit, and Peter says, “It is the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. It is the God of Israel. It is the God whom you are all here to worship. It is this God who has healed this man.” But, notice, this God healed the cripple in the name of Jesus. Peter says to the Jewish leaders who later call him on the carpet for what he has done, “You rejected the holy and righteous one. You killed the author of life.” In the New English Bible, (I like the translation a little bit better) it says, “You killed him who has led the way to Light. You killed him who has led the way to Light, but God raised him up.” Now he says, “…by faith in his name.” His name. The name stands for the person, for the reality, for the essence. The name equals the person in biblical thought. The name of God is the essence of God, the power of God, the person of God. And the name of Jesus is the person of Jesus. He says, “…by faith in his name.” His name itself has made this man strong whom you see and know. And the faith that is through Jesus has given him perfect health in the presence of all of you. Now, this is rather interesting. Here in the immediate aftermath of the explosion of Good Friday and Easter the disciples are sorting out what in the world is happening. Jesus whom they loved was crucified. They think it’s all over. But it’s not over. They experience the presence of the crucified one, living! The crucified one then has been vindicated by God. God has said “yes” to this one, so this one was right. And this one is still with us now. Peter says a cripple is healed by the power of God through this one. What’s going on here? I don’t think they knew. I don’t think any of us could or can know exactly. But for Peter and John, representative of that early apostolic community, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the God of Moses, the God of David, the God of covenant grace, the God of Sinai, the Creator – this God seems to be accessible or available through Jesus. Jesus becomes as it were, a handle on God. How do you image God? Could you form a picture in your mind? Maybe it’s off the cover of an old Sunday School leaflet of your childhood. Were you ever in a group therapy session or a seminar where they had you lie on your back? I remember one instance where I had to lie on my back, breathe deeply, close my eyes and visualize a huge white screen, and then let images tumble. Maybe somebody was reading something and you had to let images tumble. The only thing I ever see on that white screen is a white-out. One time I saw whole flock of white doves. (Laughter) I never see anything. I don’t visualize very well. Some people visualize very well. But, how do you visualize God? How do you bring God near? How do you get in touch? I mean, God – God! The eternal God, God incomprehensible! Beyond our human ability to comprehend, apprehend. That God becomes for us available, even visible in the way of Jesus. Jesus becomes the © Grand Valley State University �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 4   human face of God. God seems to draw near to us in Jesus. So Peter and John can say to this cripple, “In the name of Jesus, rise up and walk.” But they are not claiming that the healing is the power of Jesus. Rather they say clearly that it is the power of God. It is not as though Jesus now comes as a secondary God or in competition with God, but Jesus becomes as it were, the conduit. Jesus becomes the mode of access. Jesus is the one who brings God near. Jesus is the one who draws us into the mystery that is God. Jesus becomes the medium for the experience of God. There was no reason for a Christian Church at this point. For Peter and John, I think it would have been the farthest thing from their minds. If you had said they were going to be disciples of an eventual institution called a Christian Church over against the Jewish community of faith they would have denied it at that moment. Those who study this thing tell us that probably this passage is the earliest attempt to give some kind of formulation to that relationship of Jesus to God. It is stated here that Jesus is not God. I think Jesus might have been very comfortable with Peter and John bringing the power of God to bear on that cripple through his name because Jesus represented God as a God who heals us: the God of the abandoned - the God full of compassion - the God who forgives us - the God whose power is available to us, so I think Jesus probably would have been comfortable with this. I am not so sure Jesus was comfortable with what eventuated down another few decades and down another couple of centuries where Jesus is elevated, and elevated and elevated until Jesus is God. In the early creeds of the Church, this human servant of God, Jesus, is continually elevated until he becomes God and becomes for Christians the primary focus of worship and prayer. I am not sure that that development would have been in accord with the intention of Jesus. There are enough evidences in the New Testament itself that Jesus intentionally deferred to his “Father,” as he called God. Jesus never abrogated to himself the prerogatives of deity. Jesus was the servant. Jesus was the proclaimer. Jesus was the revealer. Jesus in his life showed the Way, spoke the Truth, offered the Light. But in the development within the Christian Church over the first four and a half centuries, the development moved from this kind of conception to a higher and higher and higher raising of Jesus to where (and this is in preparation for Trinity Sunday down the way a few weeks), where in popular conception we almost have three Gods. I don’t know if it’s possible to hop back over those centuries and over those creedal formulations to get back to something like this, but sometimes I think we’d be better off if we could be right where Peter and John were at the Gate Beautiful. If we could say to the cripples, to the broken, to the outcast, to those who are lost, if we could say, “Look at me. In the name of Jesus, God’s servant, stand up and walk.” You see what Jesus made available was the presence and the healing power of God. © Grand Valley State University �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 5   The healing power of God . . . how do we access that? How did Peter and John access that power? It still happens today. There are still healings today. Everybody can’t do it, but some can do it. Some have the gift of healing. Some with the laying on of hands seem to communicate an energy that enlivens and makes whole. Perhaps they are people who believe and know that the whole world is pregnant with God’s power and presence, God who can make us whole so we can live, begging outside at the gate but dancing and leaping and praising God. Most of us are cripples. Most of us are dragging around so much baggage and garbage, and we hold tightly to our lives when someone needs to say to us, “In the name of Jesus, rise up and walk.” How are we healed today? In the name of Jesus, but now through the presence of those who follow in his footsteps. Reach over and take the hand of the person next to you. There, in that flesh, the way of Jesus and the presence of God continues to heal and make one another whole. If we could only divest ourselves of all of our protective layers, we might be more open to the power of God which surrounds us. Feel that presence…and “In the name of Jesus, who showed us the power of God, rise up and walk.” That’s a God you can love. © Grand Valley State University � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ffd458ae1223b42ce15f56618927d4e9.mp3 bd7e9c7d9827b010e6711433435645ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Eastertide III Series Faith in Jesus: Trust in God Scripture Text Acts 3: 14-15 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19930425 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993-04-25 Title A name given to the resource The Human Face of God Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on April 25, 1993 entitled "The Human Face of God", as part of the series "Faith in Jesus: Trust in God", on the occasion of Eastertide III, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Acts 3: 14-15. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Faith Followers of Jesus Presence of God https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/49d0e80abcfa7c811db222e4b44009ea.mp3 1b2ac37108e45b7254ad9bb2196c19c8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/402cc7b8ccdea3c44aca8e2697c62413.pdf 1aa40eae3aa44c6fe01e02686bcd952c PDF Text Text The Human Face of God From the Eastertide series: Credo Text: John 1:18; Colossians 1:19 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan May 6, 2001 Transcription of the spoken sermon The only explanation for the existence of the Christian Church, the Christian religious tradition, is the conviction that the one who was crucified lives. It didn't happen all at once, but gradually. Those who were intimately connected with Jesus were convinced that he was alive still and they experienced his ongoing presence. Jesus was a Jew. Those who followed him were Jews. The earliest Jesus movement was Jewish. The thing that eventually caused the break off and the formation of a new, of another, religious tradition was the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The conviction that this one, who had embodied God in their estimation, this one in whose face they had seen the heart of God, this one of whom they spoke in terms of incarnation – they were convinced, ultimately, that such a life, that such a human existence could not simply be violently ended, entombed and forgotten. And so, eventually, out of that conviction about Easter, about the ongoing presence of Jesus in the Spirit, the Christian community was formed. They gave witness to that in various ways and we have those in the New Testament. We have Paul, for example, the earliest written witness to the ongoing life of Jesus through his visionary experience. Luke tells us that delightful story about the two on the road to Emmaus who were joined by a third whom they did not recognize until, as their host at table, he broke bread and their eyes were opened, they saw him. Luke goes on in the next paragraph to add that, discussing those things on Easter eve, suddenly Jesus was in the midst of them and they were terrified and afraid. He said, "Please, just give me something to eat and calm down." There were various ways in which that reality was witnessed to. There is a great diversity. But, through it all, there is this conviction that the crucified lived and was present with them still, in conversation, in community, in the breaking of bread. It took a long time before that Jesus movement became a Christian movement and gave itself a clear, creedal definition. Before it did that, it had moved from that environment, that context of Israel into the culture and the language of the © Grand Valley State University �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 2 Greek world, the empire. When eventually that faith was carefully defined and refined as it found expression, for example, in the Nicene Creed, 325 CE, and the creed from Chalcedon, 451 CE, what came to creedal expression was reflective of the biblical statements, but more so. John had said, "In the beginning was the word," or the divine intention, and that intention became enfleshed, took on human form in our midst, and no one has ever seen God, but this one reflected God as a son reflects a father. In the Letter to the Colossians written by Paul, perhaps, or a Pauline school, there is that claim that in Jesus all of the fullness of God dwells bodily. The creeds, Nicene and Chalcedon, did not say a lot more than that, but they said that philosophically. They said that very clearly, and the picture was that there was one who came from another realm into our realm, embodying in human form God from another realm, from outside, who, after doing his work, returned to that other realm, so that we live, as it were, in an alien realm. Not only are we alienated, but we are in a natural realm which is not the realm of the Spirit, God existing outside of this order. One of the great Church fathers, Bishop of Alexandria, Athanasius, who carried on a furious controversy over the natures of Christ, affirming the deity of Christ, put it this way: Jesus became human, or God became human that we humans might become divine. God became human that we humans might become divine. With all due respect to this great bishop of the Church, let me suggest another angle. What if God became human in order that we might become human? What if to be human is divine? What if this Jesus around which all this centers, what if this Jesus did not come in from the outside, but emerged in the process? What if this process of billions of years eventuated in a creature that began to be human, that began to be conscious until, in the fullness of time at the right time, there was this one Jesus upon whom they looked and said, "My God ! That's it!" What if the incarnation which we point to in Jesus did not really hinge on Jesus, but on the human? What if the revelation was that God is in the human? What if to be human is to be divine? You young people on your way - what if what God is really about for you is not to make you divine, not to make you some bloodless, blameless, flawless paragon of divinity, but flesh and blood human beings? This preposterous statement in the first chapter of Colossians, that all of the fullness of the Godhead was crammed into him bodily, what does that mean? Doesn't it mean that humanity is a container for divinity? And wouldn't it be possible if what God is about for us is not to make us divine, but to make us human, not to rescue us from this natural order, but to make us at home in this natural order? To be human. Oh, we are not human, you know. Now and again we are human, humane. Now and again we glimpse it. We have moments, but for the most part, the old animal nature takes over, that long clawing out of the jungle. Just put me in a corner, just raise my fear level and my humanity is drained away in a moment. I wonder if the © Grand Valley State University �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 3 divine intent in the revelation in Jesus was not to say to us God is calling us to be human, and to be human - would that not be divine? Now, it may sound a little convoluted, but I am on to something. Do you hear me? Might not the divine intention for us be, not that we become divine as the old Church father contended, but rather that we become human? Ah, if we can become human we could revel in a spring day like this, we could take in the blossoms, we could listen to the cantata of the birds, we could look into the face of a child, we could touch each other with love and melt. That is to be human. On a larger scale, I was thinking this week, there was a proposal that our defenses ought to be altered and, of course, our defenses will need to be altered in a different kind of a world, a world no longer determined by the Cold War when the East and the West had certain kinds of defenses; and the administration is saying that that has to be updated, and certainly that is a valid point. But, as I listened to the discussion about this missile defense system from outer space, the claim is that the technology really isn't there yet. And then, some of my cynicism arose a bit and I thought, "But, it will be good for the defense industry." Then I had another thought. It's a silly thought. It gives witness to my impossible naiveté, but I thought, because I am thinking about God's intention for us to be human, what if this great nation of ours with all of its resources and all of its power should go to these rogue nations? Now that the whole game is changed around and we don't have this impasse of East and West, we have these rogue nations here and there that could well launch a missile. What if we went to them with all of our power and all of our resources and said to them, "What is it that you really need? What is it that you really desire? What is it about us that is so offensive? And what could we do to help you realize your dreams?" Ah, now you know I have entered senility. But, I think about it and I think why wouldn't that be worth a try? I know there are evil people in the world, a Saddam Hussein, a Gaddafi, the Taliban, I know that. But, what makes people ugly? What brings out the worst in people? And are not those, our "enemies," demonized in our minds? What would happen? I was thinking, we change our defense system now, we aim at these rogue nations, we find a way to keep the world at bay, we find a way to keep our thumb on the world. But, what would happen if we, with all of our power and all of our strength, should try to create a different kind of feel in the world? What if we really went and said to people, "Tell us your dreams and let us see if we can help you realize them." The billions of dollars that we will be using to put a missile defense system in place over the next decade just possibly could be invested in human community that might not necessitate a new defense system. Now, that is really stupid: But, I wonder if the call of God is not to become divine, but to become human. And if we could become human, would that not be divine, for in him all of the fullness of the Godhead dwelt bodily, and why not in you? Take bread and cup as a sign of your solidarity with the one who calls you not to be © Grand Valley State University �The Human Face of God Richard A. Rhem Page 4 blameless and flawless, but to be real, to be human. That would cause one to cry, "My God!" © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Eastertide III Series Credo Scripture Text John 1:18, Colossians 1:19 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20010506 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001-05-06 Title A name given to the resource The Human Face of God Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on May 6, 2001 entitled "The Human Face of God", as part of the series "Credo", on the occasion of Eastertide III, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: John 1:18, Colossians 1:19. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Divine Intention Incarnation https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b5db9068f7a11b2ff31cfbc2a72afba1.mp3 045259889d948d2f070e4f49d5933614 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost Scripture Text Psalms 16:8, Acts 2:25, Romans 8:34 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19880522 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-05-22 Title A name given to the resource The Human Hunger for God Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on May 22, 1988 entitled "The Human Hunger for God", on the occasion of Pentecost, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Psalms 16:8, Acts 2:25, Romans 8:34. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/266624bfcb3bdf1c78188b74f23c5299.pdf 3b7c40d80e6c3b94f0c7a00e59b856e8 PDF Text Text The Human Hunger for God Psalm 42:1-2 Richard A. Rhem Lakeshore Interfaith Community, Mother’s Trust Ganges, Michigan September 14, 2008 Prepared text of the sermon For me, the most enjoyable aspect of coming here on these Sunday mornings is the opportunity it affords me to think through seriously some of the dimensions of religious experience and the whole human enterprise of the religious quest. As I have said, I have been on a journey that has brought me from a position of Christian exclusivism, believing salvation was to be found through Jesus Christ alone, to a pluralist understanding that all the great religious traditions that arose in the era around 800 BCE were mediators of the knowledge and experience of the Ultimate, the Absolute, the Sacred Mystery, the One, the real – in my idiom – God. What these Sunday mornings afford me is, in the leisure of retirement from active ministry, the occasion and the joy of looking back over that pilgrimage in light of the continuing contemporary discussions of the phenomenon of religion. I have always found it interesting to find that series I announce at the beginning, in their unfolding, take on a life of their own. I chose to reflect on the poetry of the Hebrew Scriptures – the Psalms as we speak of them – because I am more comfortable with religion in a poetic mode and those utterances have come down to us as profound expressions of the human spirit, expressions of grief, anger, love, praise and deep trust. As I have been working on this series – this is the third of four, I have found myself moving from the expression of a Psalm itself, to reflect on what that expression tells us about the religious quest and the phenomenon of religion in general. In part at least, this adjusted direction has come from encountering an interesting contemporary work entitled Why God Won’t Go Away, whose subtitle is “Brain Science and the Biology of Belief”. The book was recommended to me by Peter Hart who three weeks ago gave a fascinating presentation here about the human brain and the mystical religious experience of unity with the infinite reality. Therefore today I will use Psalm 42 as a poetic expression of the human hunger for God. As a deer longs for flowing streams, So longs my soul for you, O God. © Grand Valley State University   �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 2   My soul thirsts for God, For the living God. When shall I come and behold The face of God? It would appear that the Psalmist was in a situation of exile, cut off from the setting of the Holy Hill of Zion – the Temple, the Altar, the Priesthood – the symbols by which God’s presence, “the face of God” was experienced by him. In that foreign setting he remembers festive worship, the worshipping community and all the joy and fulfillment he found in such religious observance and he confesses his soul is cast down. He talks to himself, trying to encourage his heart that he will yet again praise God, being restored to his spiritual home, while his adversaries taunt him – “Where is your God?” I need do no more with the Psalm beyond hearing the eloquent expression of longing for communion with God, communion mediated with the rich symbols of Israel’s religious celebrations, except to refer to a hymn taken from The Hymnbook, used for years at Christ Community Church: As pants the hart for cooling streams When heated in the chase, So longs my soul, O God, for Thee, And Thy refreshing grace. For Thee, my God, the living God, My thirsty soul doth pine; O when shall I behold Thy face, Thou Majesty divine! Why restless, why cast down, my soul? Trust God; and He’ll employ His aid for thee, and change these sighs To thankful hymns of joy. Why restless, why cast down, my soul? Hope still; and thou shalt sing The praise of Him who is thy God, Thy health’s eternal Spring. A hymn in a Christian Hymnal using the expressions of Israel’s faith tradition – of course the Christian Church is rooted in the faith of Israel so that is not remarkable. Still it is an instance of two great religious traditions where such a hunger and thirst for communion with God is shared. And it is not just Judaism and Christianity; similar expression of longing, yearning for the experience of union and communion with God is expressed in all the great religious traditions. © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 3   In all the traditions there are varying teachings, moral codes, symbols and religious observances, but finally it is union and communion with the Sacred Mystery of Reality that is longed for. This comes especially to expression in the mystical experiences witnessed to in the great majority of religions. This is documented in the work of Andrew Newberg and Eugene D’Acquili entitled Why God Won’t Go Away (2002). The authors, by their own testimony, admit they pretty much operated on the organizing principle of science that everything that is real can be measured, and scientific methods are the only measurements that count. Quoting Freud, “Science is not an illusion! An illusion it would be to suppose that what science cannot give we can get elsewhere.” Thus the reality of the mystics cannot be considered real; it cannot be scientifically verified. This is what they write: Gene and I began, as all scientists do, with the fundamental assumption that all that is really real is material. We regarded the brain as a biological machine, composed of matter and created by evolution to perceive and interact with the physical world. After years of research, however, our understanding of various key brain structures and the way information is channeled along neural pathways led us to hypothesize that the brain possesses a neurological mechanism for self-transcendence. When taken to its extreme, this mechanism, we believed, would erase the mind’s sense of self and undo any conscious awareness of an external world. This hypothesis was later supported by our SPECT scan studies, which began to shed light on the neurological correlates of spiritual experience. In the narrowest scientific view, it would be possible to believe that we had reduced all spiritual transcendence – from the mildest case of religious uplift, to the profound states of union described by mystics – to a neurological commotion in the brain. But our understanding of the brain would not allow us to rest with that conclusion. (p. 145 f) Their experimentation involved wiring the brains of Buddhist monks in meditation and Franciscan nuns at prayer. The SPECT scans gave similar results – recording the brain’s activity during the movement into the mystic experience or the moments of most intensely religious experience or meditation. On the basis of their study they were convinced that the mystical experience is biologically observable and scientifically real. In their words: As our study continued, and the data flowed in, Gene and I suspected that we’d uncovered solid evidence that the mystical experiences of our subjects – the altered states of mind they described as the absorption of © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 4   the self into something larger – were not the result of emotional mistakes or simple wishful thinking, but were associated instead with a series of observable neurological events, which, while unusual, are not outside the range of normal brain function. In other words, mystical experience is biologically, observably, and scientifically real. (p. 7) Without attempting to describe their discussion of the anatomy of the brain, a task beyond my competence and purpose, I simply record their conclusion. The inexplicable unity of the biological brain and its ethereal phenomenon of mind is the first aspect of what we have defined as the mind’s mystical potential. The second characteristic, which was hinted at in our SPECT scan studies, is the ability of the mind to interpret spiritual experience as real. This ability, based on the mind’s capacity to enter altered states of consciousness, and to adjust its assessment of reality neurologically, is a fundamental link between biology and religion. (p. 34) What follows, for those interested, is an extended discussion of “Brain Architecture;” for our purposes I jump over that discussion as well as a chapter on myth-making, ritual, mysticism and the origins of religion, to their discussion of the mind’s search for absolutes and their primary claim – “Why God Won’t Go Away.” The authors ask “a provocative question”: “Can all spirituality and any experience of the reality of God be reduced to a fleeting rush of electrochemical blips and flashes, racing along the neural pathways of the brain? Based upon our current understanding of the manner in which the brain turns neural input into the perceptions of human experience, the simplest answer is yes.” (p. 143). But they go on to ask: “Are we saying, then, that God is just an idea, with no more absolute substance than a fantasy or a dream?” They answer that, based on their “best understanding of how the mind interprets the perceptions of the brain, the simplest answer is no.” They reduce the possible conclusions of their work to two: Either spiritual experience is nothing more than a neurological construct created by and contained within the brain, or the state of absolute union that the mystics describe does in fact exist and the mind has developed the capability to perceive it. (p. 147) And, acknowledging that they cannot objectively prove the actual existence of Absolute Unitary Being, nontheless they assert, Our understanding of the brain and the way it judges for us what is real argues compellingly that the existence of an absolute higher reality or © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 5   power is at least as rationally possible as is the existence of a purely material world. (p. 155) Their research led them to the hypothesis with which they worked – “That spiritual experience, at its very root, is intimately interwoven with human biology. That biology, in some way, compels the spiritual urge.” (p. 8) Such a conclusion led the authors to see all religions as branches of the same tree. Whatever the founding vision, whatever the respective paths that lead to the Absolute, the Sacred Mystery, or to God, the same human brain/mind complex is at work. The authors begin their final chapter, “Why God Won’t Go Away” with a poem prayer by C.S. Lewis, the great English literary scholar. At a later age he was convinced of the truth of Christianity, and, in his early years, wrote a rational defense/exposition of the Christian faith tradition. One can find such in his widely popular Mere Christianity. I was greatly surprised to read his poem “A Footnote to All Prayers” – a far different Lewis than was revealed in his early writings. Whether this poem followed the profound grief experience he suffered in the death of his wife whom he had married later in life and chronicled in his work, A Grief Observed, I do not know. In any case the poem is an amazing and beautiful expression: The one whom I bow to only knows to whom I bow When I attempt the ineffable Name, murmuring Thou And dream of Phaedian fancies and embrace in heart Symbols (I know) which cannot be the thing thou art. Thus always, taken at their word, all prayers blaspheme Worshipping with frail images of folk-lore dream, And all in their praying, self-deceived, address The coinage of their own unquiet thoughts, unless Thou in magnetic mercy to Thyself divert Our arrows, aimed, unskillfully, beyond desert; And all are idolators, crying unheard To a deaf idol, if thou take them at thy word. Take not, O lord, our literal sense. Lord, in thy great, Unspoken speech our limping metaphor translate. Here is C. S. Lewis acknowledging the respective images, symbols, incarnations by which the respective religions access God all fall short of perfect vision of the One, the Absolute, the Final Reality – our prayers utilize language which are but “limping metaphors”. Our authors comment: The conclusions of the mystics seem clear: God is by his nature unknowable. He is not an objective fact or an actual being; he is, in fact, © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 6   being itself. The absolute, undifferentiated oneness that is the ground of all existence. (p. 159) While thinking about our reflection today, I saw an announcement of a book whose title seemed to indicate a similar claim to the one made by Newberg and D’Aquili but from quite a different perspective. The title, Is There a Universal Grammar of Religion? By Henry Rosemont, Jr. and Huston Smith. Huston Smith is probably the best known authority on World Religion. His 1958 publication on The Religion of Man, later revised as The World’s Religions, changed the way the American public thought about religion. Widely respected and loved, Huston Smith is a world-class scholar and marvelous human being. In 2000 he was our guest in Spring Lake as lecturer for the Center for Religion and Life. The recent work is an expansion of The Fifth Master Huuan Hua Memorial Lecture, including portions added by Smith’s discussion partner, Henry Rosemont, Jr. who wrote an introduction, an initial response, a recorded discussion with Huston Smith and a final reflection. Smith’s lecture is summarized in the Preface: Professor Smith offers, in the present small volume, a final distillation of his lifetime of study, practice, and insight. He describes a Universal Grammar of religion, in which he claims fourteen points of substantial identity among all the great traditions. Since these points, he argues, are universals, it is evident that a capacity to respond to them must belong to the innate psychophysical makeup of human beings. Borrowing language from the generative linguist Noam Chomsky, who was his friend and colleague at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Professor Smith concludes that we are hard-wired with a capacity for religious experience in the same way that Chomsky claims we are hard-wired to speak our native tongues within the constraints of the syntactic patterns that collectively comprise “Universal Grammar.” (p. viii) Smith and Rosemont were colleagues at M.I.T. along with Noam Chomsky who is a leading linguist and has claimed we are hard-wired to speak our native tongues. In his response to Smith’s lecture, Rosemont gives a brief explanation of Chomsky’s idea of a universal grammar hard-wired into our brains. Chomsky’s reasoning is straightforward: if there are principles that speakers of a language or dialect demonstrably follow from childhood on, but that were not or could not have been learned solely on the basis of direct linguistic experience or tutoring, then those principles must form part of the cognitive endowment that all normal human beings bring to bear in acquiring their native tongue. And it is the task of theoretical generative linguists to formulate hypotheses about what those highly abstract principles might be, and then “test” those hypotheses by observing linguistic behavior (which might be their own, with the observations introspective). (p. 23) © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 7   Rosemont concludes that Huston Smith is using Chomsky’s claim of human hard wiring for language accurately when he claims the same for human hard wiring for religion. He writes, In the same way, Smith is claiming, if I understand him aright, that human beings have a “capacity” to have intimations of the infinite, to apprehend what is beyond or behind our normal sensory experiences. And the evidence for this claim can be found in the sacred texts and practices of all of the world’s religions, distant from each other in time and space. I believe Smith would call these intimations “religious experiences,” and I would call them that, too… (p. 31) I find it interesting that, while Rosemont stops short of agreeing with Huston Smith’s claims of an ontological reality as the counterpart to the human “intimations of the Infinite”, he nevertheless joins him in understanding the human being as having a capacity to receive such “intimations of the Infinite.” My claim would be that just as we are “hard-wired” to respond in certain ways to human speech – the Universal Grammar – so are we wired equally to feel a sense of belonging in the natural world we experience with our sensory organs. But beyond that I make no ontological commitments, in the same way I do not want to say that nouns, verbs, or linguistic structures of any kind are “out there” apart from human mental organs. Nor would I argue that such a religious response to our environment is or is not in any way adaptive for the species; we just have this capacity for response, that’s all. (p. 47) In his own self-description he writes, I am not a Christian, do not believe in God or gods, am terrified at the possibility of surviving in any way the destruction of my body, and believe the idea of a transcendent realm is not only false, but mischievous, to the extent it causes us to lose sight of the splendor, majesty, and spiritual significance of this world – the only world I believe we will ever know. Thus we have a deeply religious person in Huston Smith claiming a religious capacity is hard wired into the human being and one who does not believe in God who agrees that that native given is indeed part of being human. In his own way Henry Rosemont is religious but his religious experience is limited to this world of nature; it is an inner-human phenomenon with no ontologically existing Higher Order. I make this point because of the parallel to the authors of Why God Won’t Go Away. There, too, no ontological claims were being made beyond the fact that the reality of human religious capacity which is a brain/mind function points to the © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 8   possibility and calls in question the claims of atheistic naturalism that claims only that is real that can be measured by empirical scientific means. I confess my affinity to Huston Smith. In the conversation with Rosemont, Rosemont made the point that although Smith had traveled the world over studying and practicing almost all of the world’s religions, he has remained a Protestant Christian in his childhood Methodist church. Rosemont asked him why, to which in vintage Huston Smith, he replied, “A friend who knows me very well said, ‘Huston, you know full well that the only thing that keeps you in that wishy-washy Methodist church is ancestor worship and filial piety’.” Quoting the Dalai Lama who, when asked about conversion, replied, “Well, it’s best if you can stay in the heritage that raised you because your impulses are just attuned thereto.” As I was thinking about this whole subject I began to wonder about a religious experience that is inner-human and one that has an objective referent. It was the great German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, considered the Father of Protestant Liberalism, who found his evidence for the existence of God in the feeling of absolute dependence. This was the turn from the 18th century – the Age of Enlightenment – to the 19th century. Emmanuel Kant’s epistemological writings had destroyed the traditional proof for the existence of God. Traditional Christian theological claims were seriously challenged and Scriptural authority was coming under siege. Schleiermacher was looking for an alternative foundation for believing in God. He shifted the location of authority from Biblical revelation and church dogma to the human being – the feeling of absolute dependence. This was the initial move but the 19th century saw the rise of modern atheism, pioneered by Ludwig Feuerbach whose projection theory claimed God was the human projection of his own deepest yearnings and virtues on to the screen of reality before which the human then bowed in worship. There was no God out there; God is created by the human in his own image. Taking Feuerbach’s claim for the Truth were Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and finally Fredrick Nietzsche and Nihilism. I bring up Schleiermacher and the trend he initiated by his move to the human as the seat of religious authority because of a comment made by the great Catholic theologian Hans Küng writing of Feuerbach: Was Feuerbach not right to see his philosophy as the end phase of a Protestant theology that – as he thought – long before his time had become an anthropology, so that he needed only to understand and appropriate its real intentions? Does not the danger become apparent at this point of a theology in Schleiermacher’s style, which makes the reality of God dependent on the religious experiences and emotional needs of the devout human subject? But is not the danger also evident of a © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 9   contemporary “political theology,” which reduces theology to a “critical theory of history” or of “society”? Is it not clear at this point how close we are to atheism if we do not distinguish between theological and anthropological propositions, if we identify man’s interest with God’s, if we one-sidedly stress God’s nonobjectivity, almost see God as absorbed in our neighbor and the mystery of being simply as the mystery of love? (Does God Exist? P. 214) The towering figure of Karl Barth, the theological giant of the 20th century, strongly critiqued Schleiermacher for beginning the movement that transformed theology into anthropology – the movement from the study of God to the study of the human. Barth burst on the 20th century scene, stressing the Word of God, the Word of revelation – God the Wholy Other who addresses us vertically from above. Barth shifted the whole direction of continental theology and greatly impacted Protestant theology in this country as well. The times were right for such a shift to be sure. Europe was in chaos following the First World War and many were seeking “some word from the Lord.” I hear Küng’s warning. I am in awe of the accomplishment of Karl Barth. Yet I find myself going back to Schleiermacher in his attempt to give foundation to religious experience without relying on external authority of ancient book or ancient church and its tradition. I’m not certain how relevant my questions are to the other great religious traditions but they are very real for Christianity, Judaism and Islam – religions of the Book. The contemporary neurological research demonstrates that it is in the right brain that our religious experience is located. The right brain is formed and nurtured by emotional experiences, including religious experience such as liturgy, ritual, ceremony, celebrations – experiences of a worshipping community in which one is “moved”. Our right brains are shaped by symbols, music, movement and sensory data. And here is the problem for especially the Protestant tradition in which I was nurtured – the tradition of Schleiermacher/Feuerbach and in reaction , Karl Barth and the neo-orthodox movement. This has been a left brain enterprise. Finally, the reality of spiritual, religious experience is not a matter of rational deliberation but precisely of letting go of intellectual delineation and allowing oneself to enter the flow of the Spirit. As we are learning from recent brain research, it is the right brain that “lights up” in intense religious experience. I wonder whether, before the knowledge of the human brain was available, the distinction of right brain and left brain, Schleiermacher was not reaching for just such a move – from rational, left brain religious rationality to a right brain centered experience of God. © Grand Valley State University �Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page10   For this reason I am encouraged by the contemporary effort to ground religious experience in the anatomy of the human. That does not solve the question of the existence of God – the ontological reality of a Being as the counterpoint to our neurological capacity to receive “intimations of the Infinite” or whether those intimations stem from the Sacred Mystery that is contained within the one reality of the natural world. But these, it seems to me, are the critical contemporary points for further enquiry. As for me, I feel most at home with Huston Smith who sees the commonly shared truth of all the great traditions, yet remains in his native spiritual home. That is the beauty of this inter-faith community where one honors all but can be true to one’s own formation, one’s own story, symbols and rituals that trigger the intimations of the Infinite. I do believe the hunger for God is a human universal. That hunger can be stunted, left dormant and for all appearances seem to be absent. But then perhaps some deep experience whether of joy or grief, of illness or good health causes one to wonder about life’s ultimate questions, the whence, the whither of life and the meaning of it all in the meantime. Then one might identify with the Hebrew poet who exclaimed – As the deer longs for flowing streams, So longs my soul for you, O God. Then one might awaken to a hitherto unawakened hunger, and realize, My soul thirsts for God, For the living God. And that longing will be satisfied in the quietude of the soul’s longing. References: Andrew Newberg and Eugene D’Aquili. Why God Won’t Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief. New York: Ballantine Books, 2001. Harry Rosemont, Jr. and Huston Smith. Is There a Universal Grammar for Religion? © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Lakeshore Interfaith Gathering Series Heartfelt Poems Location The location of the interview Lakeshore Interfaith Center, Ganges References Andrew Newberg & Eugene D'Aquili. Why God Won't Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief, 2002. Henry Rosemont & Huston Smith. Is There a Universal Grammar for Religion?, 2008. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20080914 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-14 Title A name given to the resource The Human Hunger for God Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on September 14, 2008 entitled "The Human Hunger for God", as part of the series "Heartfelt Poems", on the occasion of Lakeshore Interfaith Gathering, at Lakeshore Interfaith Center, Ganges. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Brain Science C.S. Lewis Hans K Mystical experience Schliermacher https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/787671df284084be4e5e6d3607827f62.pdf 3d86fe41e7a056ae445c203e628137a1 PDF Text Text The Human Hunger For God John 23: 1-10; Psalm 2; Acts 17: 22-28 Richard A. Rhem Unity Church Douglas, Michigan October 17, 2010 In his moving spiritual diary Markings, Dag Hammarskjold wrote, God does not die on the day we cease to believe in a personal deity, but we die on the day when our lives cease being illumined by the steady radiance, renewed daily, of a wonder the source of which is beyond all reason. I was reminded of that statement recently as I read Karen Armstrong’s latest work The Case for God. “…a wonder the source of which is beyond all reason.” Karen Armstrong points to the modern period as the time we lost the sense of “being illumined by the steady radiance” as Reason came to dominate the human endeavor. She is clear that human wellbeing depends on reason. It has brought the human family to its present state of accomplishment in arena after arena. She points to ancient cultures where reason, or the Greek word, logos, co-existed with myth or mythos. She writes: In most premodern cultures, there were two recognized ways of thinking, speaking, and acquiring knowledge. The Greeks called them mythos and logos. Both were essential and neither was considered superior to the other; they were not in conflict but complementary. Each had its own sphere of competence, and it was considered unwise to mix the two. Logos (“reason”) was the pragmatic mode of thought that enabled people to function effectively in the world. It had, therefore, to correspond accurately to external reality. People have always needed logos to make an efficient weapon, organize their societies, or plan an expedition. Logos was forward-looking, continually on the lookout for new ways of controlling the environment, improving old insights, or inventing something fresh. Logos was essential to the survival of our species. But it had its limitations: it could not assuage human grief or find ultimate meaning in life’s struggles. For that people turned to mythos or “myth.” Today we live in a society of scientific logos, and myth has fallen into disrepute. In popular parlance, a “myth” is something that is not true. But in the past, myth was not self-indulgent fantasy; rather, like logos, it helped people to live effectively in our confusing world, though in a © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University   �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 2   different way. Myths may have told stories about the gods, but they were really focused on the more elusive, puzzling, and tragic aspects of the human predicament that lay outside the remit of logos. (p. xi) It was in the modern period with the stunning success of the scientific method, that myth, as the means of accessing the realm of mystery, was threatened and so many lost the experience of being illumined – that steady radiance the source of which is beyond all reason. Armstrong contends, During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a time that historians call the early modern period, Western people began to develop an entirely new kind of civilization, governed by scientific rationality and based economically on technology and capital investment. Logos achieved such spectacular results that myth was discredited and the scientific method was thought to be the only reliable means of attaining truth. This would make religion difficult, if not impossible. As theologians began to adopt the criteria of science, the mythos of Christianity were interpreted as empirically, rationally, and historically verifiable and forced into a style of thinking that was alien to them. Philosophers and scientists could no longer see the point of ritual, and religious knowledge became theoretical rather than practical. We lost the art of interpreting the old tales of gods walking the earth, dead men striding out of tombs, or seas parting miraculously. We began to understand concepts such as faith, revelation, myth, mystery, and dogma in a way that would have been very surprising to our ancestors. In particular, the meaning of the word “belief” changed, so that a credulous acceptance of creedal doctrines became the prerequisite of faith, so much so that today we often speak of religious people as “believers,” as though accepting orthodox dogma “on faith” were their most important activity. (p. xv) As would be expected, religious truth cast in the mold of empirical, rational, historically verifiable truth could not succeed because its “truth” was of another sort, the experience of a reality beyond the limits of reason – in Hammarskjold’s words – “a wonder the source of which is beyond all reason.” Thus rational religion bred modern atheism, Feuerbach, who saw God as a human projection, Marx who saw it as the opiate of the people, Freud who named it an illusion and the end of it, Nietzsche’s nihilism. In the 1960’s there were some American theologians who proclaimed the death of God. Thomas Altizer, William Hamilton, Paul Van Buren among others wrote of the end of God such that the April 10, 1966, issue of Time Magazine appearing during Holy Week came out with a black cover announcing the death of God. Even at present, there is a militant and angry atheism proclaimed by Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens. But, while their books sell, God’s obituary is premature. There is a counter movement wherein the © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 3   experience of God is being experienced not at the end of a reasoned discourse but in the practice of the Presence of God. Again, Karen Armstrong: Religion, therefore, was not primarily something that people thought but something they did. Its truth was acquired by practical action. It is no use imagining that you will be able to drive a car if you simply read the manual or study the rules of the road. You cannot learn to dance, paint, or cook by perusing texts or recipes. (p. xii) It is this perspective Karen Armstrong brings to the whole purview of religious history. The insight, wisdom and comfort of good religions is not the result of believing certain ‘truths’ or creedal propositions but disciplined practice. She points to the musician lost in her music or the dancer inseparable from the dance – a satisfaction, she contends, that goes deeper than merely ‘feeling good.’ It can lead to ‘ekstasis’ – a ‘stepping outside’ the norm. Religion is a practical discipline that teaches us to discover new capacities of mind and heart. This will be one of the major themes of this book. It is no use magisterially weighing up the teachings of religion to judge their truth or falsehood before embarking on a religious way of life. You will discover their truth – or lack of it – only if you translate these doctrines into ritual or ethical action. Like any skill, religion requires perseverance, hard work, and discipline. Some people will be better at it than others, some appallingly inept, and some will miss the point entirely. But those who do not apply themselves will get nowhere at all. Religious people find it hard to explain how their rituals and practices work, just as a skater may not be fully conscious of the physical laws that enable her to glide over the ice on a thin blade. (p. xiii) Deep within us, I do believe, is a hunger for God, a yearning for the experience – again in the words of Hammarskjold, “being illumined by the steady radiance, renewed daily, of a wonder the source of which is beyond all reason.” Sometimes that yearning comes at the crisis moments of our lives. In another “God book” which I highly recommend, Barbara Bradley Hagerty’s Fingerprints of God, she makes that point. She is NPR’s religion correspondent and, in that capacity, but also to come to an understanding of her own religious/spiritual experience, she did an exhaustive research project on human religious experience. In the opening pages she asks, Is there a certain set of circumstances, a certain personality type, a certain cocktail of internal and external stress, that erupts in a spiritual experience? …while an encounter with God can happen anywhere, anytime, my research and my own life story tell me that brokenness is the best predictor of spiritual experience. ( p. 12) © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 4   I’m not certain that is the case with the majority of those who witness to the experience of God, but there is no doubt that when we are driven to the extremity of life experiences, the ultimate questions seem to emerge – ultimate questions of “why?,” questions of meaning and purpose. Perhaps the classic biblical story reflecting such agonizing questioning is the drama of Job – not a historical person but a poetic drama that brings forth powerfully the question of suffering, suffering in Job’s case of one who lived righteously. The purpose of the story in the context of the Hebrew Scriptures is to refute the conventional thinking that one who suffers has brought it on through his or her sinfulness. Our Scripture reading from Job 23 has that powerful cry, Oh, that I knew where I might find him, that I might come even to his dwelling! Job’s friends, the famous “miserable comforters,” beg him to confess his sin that he may be forgiven and healed but Job will not be intimidated. He has lived righteously. He has lived faithfully. He is suffering terribly and he has not a clue why that should be. Rather he would take his case before God, But that is the problem. God is not at one’s disposal I would lay my case before him, and fill my mouth with arguments. I would learn what he would answer me, and understand what he would say to me. But he remains in the pain of his suffering with no bright flash of revelation. Yet, wrestling with God, he will not give in to hopeless despair. If I go forward, he is not there; or backward, I cannot perceive him; on the left he hides, and I cannot behold him; I turn to the right, but I cannot see him. But then the tenacity of trust breaks through. But he knows the way that I take; when he has tested me, I shall come out like gold. My intention is not to deal with the issue of this biblical writing – the mystery of suffering, suffering of the righteous. Rather I use it as an instance of that piercing cry, “Oh, that I knew where I might find God!” Whatever the particular circumstances, do we not all at some time or other find that longing in our hearts and minds? Sometimes the cry for God comes out of the horror and darkness we create as evidenced in the horrors of history. I know of no darkness so dark as that portrayed by the Jewish Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel who chronicled his © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 5   experience in the Nazi concentration camp where he and his family were incarcerated. He titles it simply Night. He watched his mother and sister torn from him to become fuel for the gas ovens. He watched the wispy smoke of the oven stacks curl in the blue sky, knowing it was the residue of his own flesh and blood. He watched his father die slowly over weeks and months. He saw a child hung on a gallows in the concentration camp along with two men. The child had been tortured for a number of weeks in order to force him to reveal the names of those that might have been engaged in some revolt against the camp authority. The child would not mention one name and was therefore condemned to die. And so, as the custom was, the whole camp of prisoners was lined up in front of the gallows and the two men and the child in the middle. The three necks were placed at the same moment into nooses. ‘Long live liberty!’ cried the two adults. But the child was silent. ‘Where is God? Where is He?’ someone behind me asked. At a sign from the head of the camp, the three chairs tipped over. Total silence throughout the camp. On the horizon, the sun was setting. ‘Bare your heads!’ yelled the head of the camp. His voice was raucous. We were weeping. ‘Cover your heads!’ Then the march past began. The two adults were no longer alive, their tongues hung swollen, blue-tinged. But the third rope was still moving; being so light the child was still alive… For more than half an hour he stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes. And we had to look him full in the face. He was still alive when I passed in front of him. His tongue was still red, his eyes not glazed. Behind me I heard the same man asking: ‘Where is God now?’ And I heard a voice within me answer him: ‘Where is He? Here He is – He is hanging here on this gallows…’ That night the soup tasted like corpses. For the young Wiesel, God died that day. Yet somehow that deeply formed Jewish faith recovered. He has written, “I have not lost faith in God. I have moments of anger and protest. Sometimes I’ve been closer to him for that reason.” And similarly he writes, And I became religious, even more so. The question to me was a double question. How come that I really became religious, more deeply than before? And the second one, how come I didn’t lose my sanity? I never divorced God. I couldn’t. I’m too Jewish…But I said to myself, ‘I do believe in God.’ But I have the right to protest against His ways. I have the right to be angry. And so, I do it a lot, very often, and I wouldn’t change a word of my discourse to God, my appeals to God, against God. Because I came to a © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 6   certain formulation saying a Jew or a man can be, can be religious or can come from a religious background, with God or against God but not without God. So I cannot live without God. (First Person Singular) Oh, that I knew where I might find God!, the ancient cry; with God or against God but not without God – Wiesel’s summary. A mystery indeed and one that defies our rational faculties to explain. What really can human reason, rational enquiry, do in the face of the horror of the Holocaust or in face of awful human loss as in the Job drama? Through the long human journey in all of the vicissitudes of human experience, faith has been lost, trust broken, anger expressed and protest made. Yet God will not go away; the human hunger will not be denied, the human cry persists: Oh, that I knew where I might find God! It is not always in a situation of awful darkness. Psalm 42 opens with a marvelous image: As a deer longs for flowing streams, so my soul longs for you, O God. It seems the poet may have been in a situation of exile – separated from the faith community, from the temple, from the great festival celebrations and he misses it all terribly. He talks to himself Why are you cast down, O my soul, And why are you disquieted within me? And he tries to rally his spirit Hope in God; for I shall again praise him, My help and my God. One shaped and formed in deep religious experience, the sacred mediated in sacred space, sacred symbol, and faithful telling of the sacred story finds, cut off from that, a very great loss and hunger and a thirst As the deer longs for flowing streams, So my soul longs for you, O God. And it may be, not in an experience of darkness or an experience of lonely exile, but just a question arising out of our human awareness. Whence have we come, whether are we going, and what does it all mean? As Karen Armstrong notes, our rational deliberations are not helpful when we are dealing with the ultimate questions of our human existence. And we must feel our feelings; we cannot think our way around them. When we have exhausted all rational knowledge of our human situation, we realize that there is another dimension of which we are aware but which we cannot penetrate with a reasoned analysis. © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 7   I read the passage from Acts 17, St Paul in Athens. Passionate new convert that he was, convinced the eternal God had now been finally revealed in the human face of Jesus and that history’s drama would soon be brought to consummation, he was distressed by the multitude of statuaries dedicated to a plethora of gods and goddesses. I find it fascinating that in Athens, the greatest university city in the ancient world, there co-existed a great variety of religious practice. St. Paul even quotes from the ancient Greek poets. The divine intention, Paul declares, regarding the human family, is That they would reach for God and perhaps grope for him and find him – though he is not far from each one of us. For in him we live and move and have our being; as even some of your own poets said, ‘For we too are his offspring.’ As far back as we can probe, from the very beginning of the Human, men and women, tribes and peoples have been groping for God in whom we live and move and have our being. Thank God we have moved beyond the era of Enlightenment, which, for all of its impressive achievements, allowed only that to be true that could pass the test of empirical verification. The recent book Fingerprints of God by the NPR’s religious correspondent, Barbara Bradley Hagerty, to which I referred earlier, is a fascinating study of persons who have had an experience of God, mystical or out of body – some experience of the inbreaking into our space and time world of another dimension. Introducing her research she writes, I had come to suspect that there exists another type of spiritual reality just beyond the grasp of our human senses that occasionally, and often unexpectedly, pierces the veil of our physical world. (p. 2) After exhaustive research, really asking all the tough questions, Hagerty entitles her last chapter “Paradigm Shift.” She relates her experience at Cambridge University at a conference sponsored by the University and the Templeton Foundation. The questions addressed: Could God retain a place in the intelligent man’s world? Or, in this scientific age: Had God been reduced to a superstitious belief lacking any rational bases? (p. 268) I would point out that framing the question in that manner already fell into the Enlightenment Trap: a superstitious belief lacking any rational bases. After eight days of lectures Hagerty notes, God was losing. She writes, I was witnessing a blitzkrieg of scientific materialism overrunning the quaint but untestable claims of God. © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 8   This irked, me, especially when I realized that God could not win under the rules of twenty-first-century science. This was not Ali versus Frazier. This was the World Wrestling Federation. The decks were stacked, the outcome certain, the smack-down inevitable. The rules of this game – the paradigm of modern science – revolve around certain core beliefs. One of them dictates that scientists can study only what they can measure: the physical world and observable behavior. Try to investigate something that cannot be precisely measured – such as a spiritual experience that transforms a person’s life – well, that’s cause for immediate disqualification. Another rule is the mind-brain paradigm: everything we are, see, feel, do, or think is a physical state, the electrical and chemical activity in three pounds of tissue called the brain. Mind, consciousness – forget about the soul – must be reduced to matter. It is a closed loop, excluding any notion of God or a spiritual realm. But on that rainy morning in Cambridge I witnessed something extraordinary, akin to Dorothy spotting the little bald man pulling the levers of the Wizard of Oz. For only a moment, the curtain pulled back and we saw the fight for what it was: two belief systems duking it out. John Barrow, a brilliant Cambridge mathematician, was speed-walking us through the hypothesis of a “fine-tuned” universe that is exquisitely and astonishingly calibrated to allow for life. He explained the concept of “multiverses,” which posits that we live in one of 10,500 universes. Then he said, almost as an aside, “I’m quite happy with a traditional theistic view of the universe.” He might as well have dropped an anvil on Richard Dawkin’s foot. (p. 269) After her intensive and extensive research, Hagerty asks, “Is there more than this?” She answers, “Yes, I believe there is, and the new science of spirituality buttresses my instinct. Science is showing that you and I are crafted with astonishing precision so that we can, on occasion, peer into a spiritual world and know God.” (p. 289) Her final sentence, “We have all about us the fingerprints of God.” “Oh, that I knew where I might find God!” to the beautiful image of the lonely Psalmist, “As a deer longs for flowing streams, so my soul longs for you, O God,” to Paul groping around Athens where generations left evidence of their groping for God “in whom we live and move and have our being,” there is a continuity of the quest and a continuous witness to the experience of God – a universal hunger, a universal testimony of being touched by grace, even when the encounter was in protest as with Job or Wiesel, or in weeping and waiting as with the Psalmist, or © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University �The Human Hunger for God Richard A. Rhem Page 9   after a revelatory bolt of light as with Paul, or the inbreaking of another dimension to one surprised by grace. Karen Armstrong documents how the dominance of logos during the modern period brought on modern atheism and religious fundamentalism – two radical solutions in opposite directions. Thank God we have moved beyond those two alternatives. She points out repeatedly that religion is not primarily something people thought but something they did. Its truth is acquired in practical action. That is why you gather here on the first day of the week. That is why in our own individual practice we pray, we meditate, we participate in liturgy and sacrament. We open our lives to the dimension beyond our grasp, beyond our capacity to penetrate but which now and again, here or there, illumines us with “the steady radiance, renewed daily, of a wonder the source of which is beyond all reason.” References: Karen Armstrong. The Case for God. Thorndike Press, 2009. Barbar Bradley Hagerty. Fingerprints of God: The Search for the Science of Spirituality. Riverhead, 2009. Elie Wiesel. Night. Hill and Wang; Revised edition, 2006. Elie Wiesel. First Person Singular. PBS DVD Video, 2002. © 2013 Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Unity Church, Douglas, MI Scripture Text John 23:1-10, Psalm 2, Acts 17:22-28 Location The location of the interview Unity Church, Douglas References Karen Armstrong, The Case for God, 2009. Barbara Bradley Hagerty. Fingerprints of God: The Search for the Science of Spirituality, 2009 Elie Wiesel. Night, 2002, First Person Singular, PBS DVD Video, 2002. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20101017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-10-17 Title A name given to the resource The Human Hunger for God Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on October 17, 2010 entitled "The Human Hunger for God", on the occasion of Unity Church, Douglas, MI, at Unity Church, Douglas. Scripture references: John 23:1-10, Psalm 2, Acts 17:22-28. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Presence of God Spiritual Dimension https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8e05b0c7e3fad4ab81092ce37677cdb4.jpg aa247824f316859f9b463f0b1796eaa2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Michigan Novels Collection. PZ7.I47 Ic 1885 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0025 Title A name given to the resource The Ice Queen Description An account of the resource Binding of The Ice Queen, by Ernest Ingersoll, published by Harper & Brothers, 1885. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1885 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b48164fd3e8da83166d7234f6442a408.jpg baa38ed9747c2d407f9b1e443cd9b6ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Michigan Novels Collection. PZ7.I47 Ic 1905 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0026 Title A name given to the resource The Ice Queen Description An account of the resource Binding of The Ice Queen, by Ernest Ingersoll, published by Harper & Brothers, 1905. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1905 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives