957
24
26018
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Incunabula
Description
An account of the resource
The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1450/1500
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Incunabula Collection (DC-03)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
it
la
nl
de
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Sermones de tempore et de sanctis [folium 101]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03_101Ferrerius1485
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vincent Ferrer, Saint, approximately 1350-1419
Description
An account of the resource
One leaf from Sermones de tempore et de sanctis by S. Vincentius Ferrerius. Printed in Cologne by Heinrich Quentell in 1485. [GW 9835; ISTC if00129000]
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Cologne: Heinrich Quentell
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Language
A language of the resource
la
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1485
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Incunabula
Description
An account of the resource
The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1450/1500
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Incunabula Collection (DC-03)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
it
la
nl
de
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Speculum morale [folium 99]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03_099Bellovacensis1477
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vincent, of Beauvais, - 1264
Description
An account of the resource
One leaf from Speculum morale by Vincentius Bellovacensis. Printed in Cologne by Conrad Winters, de Homborch, circa 1477. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW M50610; ISTC iv00289000]
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Cologne: Conrad Winters, de Homborch
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Language
A language of the resource
la
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1477
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Incunabula
Description
An account of the resource
The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1450/1500
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Incunabula Collection (DC-03)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
it
la
nl
de
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Speculum historiale [folium 136]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03_136Bellovacensis1473
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vincent, of Beauvais, - 1264
Description
An account of the resource
One leaf from Speculum historiale by Vincentius Bellovacensis. Printed in Strassburg by Johann Mentelin in 1473. Illustrated with red and blue rubricated initials. [GW M50587; ISTC iv00283000]
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Strassburg: Johann Mentelin
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Language
A language of the resource
la
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1473
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Incunabula
Description
An account of the resource
The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1450/1500
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Incunabula Collection (DC-03)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
it
la
nl
de
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Speculum naturale [folium 152]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03_152Bellovacensis1481
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vincent, of Beauvais, - 1264
Description
An account of the resource
One leaf from Speculum naturale by Vincentius Bellovacensis. Printed in Nuremberg by Anton Koberger not after December 13, 1481. Illustrated with red and blue rubricated initals. [GW M50625; ISTC iv00293000]
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Nuremberg: Anton Koberger
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Language
A language of the resource
la
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1481
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
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PDF Text
Text
Interview Notes
Interview Length (42:55)
Ross Vincent
US Army Air Corps
World War II
Pre-Enlistment
Born in Kendallville, Indiana on December 20th, 1924 (0:20)
Mother was a teacher and his father was a mechanic (0:40)
Father lost his job during the Depression, income came solely from his mother (1:25)
Grew up in Hillsdale, Michigan (2:10)
Heard about Pearl Harbor on the radio on Sunday morning (2:40)
Was drafted in 1943, just out of high school (3:30)
Training
Went to Fort Custer in Battle Creek (4:30)
Was supposed to go to Europe as an MP, but passed the Air Corps exam so he was sent to Texas
for training (5:10)
First went to San Antonio (5:30)
Sent him to Toledo, OH for his CTD (College Training Detachment) (6:10)
Civilians with Piper Cubs gave them 6 hours of flight training (6:40)
Took all the book education necessary, passed it and went back to Texas (7:10)
Spent most of his time studying and working in Ohio (7:35)
Lights went out by 9pm, but they had a flashlight to read and study by (8:10)
In Texas, he went through a semi-training in the form of marching until he was assigned to
Hondo, a navigation school (9:10)
Was assigned as a B-24 navigator after Hondo, and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant
(9:25)
Opted out of pilot training because he liked riding in planes, not flying them (10:15)
As a navigator, had to learn how to use a sextant, drift meters and radar towards the end of the
war (10:35)
Training lasted for a year and a half, until 1945 (12:15)
Then sent to the Pacific (12:30)
After they became a crew, they were sent to Walla Walla, Washington, to get the pilot and
gunners (12:45)
Practiced flying together (13:20)
After that, they were sent to San Francisco and flew out to Hawaii (13:30)
Service overseas
Replaced a crew that went down, but was not the main reason they were assigned to the unit
(14:20)
Was trained to bomb Japan, and was told to expect 50% casualties (15:20)
From Hawaii, the crew took a ship to the island of Morotai (16:15)
�Was in a convoy, and had several submarine scares (16:45)
Primitive facilities on Morotai, but very well put together (18:00)
Airbase was right on the edge of the jungle (18:20)
Had an excellent mess hall and mechanics (18:30)
Much of the air crew would help the mechanics out during down times (18:50)
Wrote letters, and had to get accustomed to the climate during down times, as well (19:30)
Living arrangements were on stilts because of the animals and snakes (19:50)
Still had Japanese fighters on the island while he was there (21:45)
Figured there were still several hundred soldiers on the island while they were there (22:30)
Was advised to stay out of the jungle (22:45)
Flew 3 combat missions while on Morotai (23:20)
First one was bombing the oil fields in Borneo (23:30)
Would send one squadron at a time during these raids (23:50)
Would also fly on patrol to locate Japanese ships (24:15)
Flew 8-10 patrol missions while on Morotai (24:30)
Found several enemy ships (25:00)
Never encountered Japanese aircraft or anti-aircraft fire while on missions (27:15)
Moved to Clark Field, located in the Philippines (28:00)
Had nice barracks, good facilities (28:15)
Was assigned more ground duties instead of flying (28:30)
Was an I&E officer (28:45)
Kept people busy doing things they enjoyed (29:00)
Set up a photography unit on base so pictures could be developed (29:40)
Had many Filipinos under his command (30:05)
Philippine people were very appreciative of the American presence in the Philippines (31:00)
Left the Philippines in August of 1946 (32:40)
Went to Manila during his stay, saw it in very good shape (33:00)
Big buildings downtown blown up, but the rest of the city was fine (33:20)
Attended class in Manila (33:50)
Was impressed by the fact that the Filipinos celebrate when people die, but not when they are
born (35:00)
Was ready to go home before he got his orders (36:00)
Post-Service
Was discharged at Fort Sheridan, Illinois (36:15)
Supposed to be there for 3 days, but was asked to stay in the Army Air Corps (36:45)
Ended up staying in Fort Sheridan for 6 days, and signed up for Active Reserve in order to leave
the Air Corps (37:00)
Was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and was assigned to sell the new Air Force Academy
(39:10)
Was assigned an area in Michigan, and looked at the grades of top students to recruit them
(39:40)
Received no compensation for that, and spent a lot of money on gas (40:10)
Was originally a tool and die maker during the day, but went into banking eventually (40:15)
Feels like the military fine-tuned him as an individual (41:20)
�Air Corps gave statements saying one had taken so many classes, and he took enough finance
classes (42:20)
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
VincentR
Title
A name given to the resource
Vincent, Ross (Interview outline and video), 2009
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vincent, Ross
Description
An account of the resource
Ross Vincent was drafted into the Army during World War II. Initially assigned as an MP, Ross took the Air Corps exam, and was sent to Army Air Corps training, eventually becoming a navigator in the Pacific, specifically based off the island of Morotai. After several months, his crew was assigned to Clark Field, in the Philippines, where he became an Information and Education officer. Ross was discharged in 1946, but stayed in the Active Reserves.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
United States. Army Air Corps
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2009-09-16
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f318aec8b57112735175f759fa2e40d3.mp4
370f89c92958ce16f467f333843bced5
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f95ced3568c6ae695fd5695940d9b6a4
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project
Jan Viveen
(57:49)
Background Information (00:35)
Born in 1918 in a small village in North Brabant, Netherlands. (00:40)
His father worked selling fish that were shipped in and sold in the market. (1:15)
Because there was no refrigeration, all the fish had to be sold the day they were received. (2:37)
He was educated through high school in the Netherlands. He graduated in approx. 1935. (3:00)
After graduating jobs were scarce. Jan took a job in a hardware store where he worked for 1
year before he joined the army. (3:30)
He was drafted in 1936. This was normal, most young men were drafted. (4:36)
Basic Training (4:57)
The men were given weapons training. (5:00)
The men had to march approx. 35 miles. There was a lot of physical training. (5:33)
The Dutch army placed high emphasis on military discipline. (5:59)
Training typically lasted 1.5 years. (6:27)
Before the Germans invaded the Netherlands in 1940, Jan paid much attention to the events
occurring in Europe. (7:55)
Jan expected a German invasion. (8:35)
Most Dutch people were afraid of and disliked the Germans. (9:06)
German Invasion of the Netherlands (May 10th 1940) (9:50)
Jan was on the border behind the Erft river manning an anti-tank gun. (9:57)
Jan did not defend a bridge crossing, only the river. (10:52)
The anti tank gun was a 47 mm. (11:27)
The men started fighting at noon. By 5 AM German planes flew overhead and Netherlands was
invaded. For Jan the war was over. (12:00)
At this point Jan’s unit was forced to surrender. (12:26)
Life as a POW (12:30)
The men were shipped by train into Germany. The train trip to the German/Polish border took 4
days. (12:35)
On the 4 day train trip the men did not receive food or water. Some people died. (13:25)
Jan was then placed in a conventional POW camp. (13:55)
Jan was placed with other prisoners from France and Belgium but was kept separate from the
Polish. (14:11)
He was in the prison camp for 4 months. (14:33)
The men were treated fairly well if they didn’t act out. Food was scarce. (14:44)
One slice of bread at 6 AM and one bowl of soup at 6 PM. (15:03)
�
The men could not take baths or showers. (15:55)
Jan personally didn’t know of any prisoners who died of disease. (16:09)
Jan mostly stayed with people from his native country. (16:15)
The prison guards were average soldiers. (16:51)
The men slept on boards without mattresses. (17:18)
Jan signed a form to be released that said the men would not take any actions against the
Germans. Jan was released after 4 months in the camp. (17:48)
Service after Imprisonment (18:10)
He returned home by train on open freight cars. (18:14)
When he arrived back in the Netherlands he and his fellow soldiers were met with much
appreciation. (18:58)
Jan stayed in the Army and was transferred to The Hague, Netherlands.(20:22)
Here he would occasionally march. However he had little to do while stationed there. He did
that for approx 1 month before he was dismissed out of the army in late 1940. (20:46)
Life after Military Service (21:20)
After his discharge he ventured back home. (21:26)
Jan acquired a job on a railroad by coal mines in the southern part of the Netherlands. Here he
regulated the filling and emptying of box cars. (22:00)
He worked with Dutch civilians and never saw German officers. He had the job until the end of
the war in 1945. (22:48)
He had this job for approx 12 years. (23:07)
Life under Nazi Occupation (23:15)
There was very little relationship or interaction between the Dutch and the Germans until 1942.
At this time supplies began to run short for the Dutch civilians. (23:27)
He was married in 1942 during the occupation. (24:07)
The civilians got food using coupons. The coupons were exchanged for the specific types of food
indicated on the coupons. (24:38)
Food was scarcer in the big city. (25:20)
He was aware of resistance in the Netherlands. (26:00)
Jan assisted shot down Allied airmen by providing them with places to stay and cover and aid in
their return back to Allied territory. (26:41)
Resistance members were regularly caught. They were never heard of after the Germens seized
them. (27:56)
The civilians were unable to have radios. They still hid them and listened at night. This is how
they were informed. (28:30)
In 1944 Jan’s house was destroyed after a bombing raid. He then walked to his parents' home
(29:40)
The bombers were targeting bridges. It took 12 tries to destroy the bridges. (30:18)
Sittard in South Limburg was seized by Allied forces 20 minutes after the allied bombing. (31:20)
In the spring of 1945 is when Jan’s city was liberated. (32:17)
�
The mine and the railroads never shut down during military conflict. All of the coal mined went
to Germany. (32:53)
The winter of 1944/1945 was very difficult with recourses, such as food, running low. (33:30)
Jan’s Work in Germany (34:02)
In the spring of 1945, the Dutch were told that they would be transferred to work in Germany.
After no one showed up, 13 Dutch men were captured and killed. Once again the call went out
for workers. This time 4,000 Dutch civilians marched to Germany for work transfer. (34:04)
They marched 30 miles into Germany. A lot of people died on the march. (35:07)
After the march, the men were taken by train to a labor camp in Germany. (35:18)
Jan and his brother were forced to work as army guards until the Americans liberated the camp.
(36:00)
There were some people helping the Germans while they occupied Germany. (37:43)
Jan’s wife stayed back in the Netherlands while Jan and the men were transferred for work.
(39:34)
The women were also sent to another location. Jan’s wife and sisters were allowed to say in the
Netherlands because her brother was the head of the fire department. (40:11)
More food was given to Jan in the labor camp than when he was a prisoner. The food was still
low. (41:11)
After Americans liberated the town, immediately Jan and his brother in law traveled home. The
trip took 4 days. (41:53)
Other men had a motorcycle. To travel. This motorcycle however, was confiscated by allied
forces. (43:30)
Life after the War (43:55)
After the war there were still fuel and food shortages. (44:00)
Jan immediately took back his job at the railroad. (44:15)
Housing was in short supply due to the amount that was destroyed by bombing runs. (44:43)
It took several years before everything was restored by normal. (45:00)
Move to the U.S. (45:23)
The U.S. offered to move Jan to the U.S. because he was bombed out during the war and
survived he was offered an opportunity to move to the U.S. in December of 1956. (45:30)
Jan was fluent in English before moving to the U.S. (46:31)
Because the committee that offered him to travel to the U.S. was in Western Michigan, Jan
immediately moved to Grand Rapids Michigan upon his arrival. (46:45)
Jan began work in a factory making furniture for 4 years. (47:24)
Later Jan worked in a print shop for 22 years. After this he retired. (47:52)
Final Thoughts on Service and War (48:27)
The civilians were always afraid of being killed or harmed by the Germans. (48:58)
He recalls the disappearance of the Jews and the yellow star badges. (49:22)
Jan had a radio which he hid somewhere in the attic. (50:22)
�
Near the end of the occupation, German soldiers came into his parent’s house to sleep. His
father told them to leave after coming home and finding them and surprisingly they did. (51:28)
He didn’t travel seeing to many other travelers when he and his brother in law traveled back to
the Netherlands. (53:11)
The area was completely bombed out after the war. (55:46)
The bombing continued up until the Allies liberated the city. (56:51)
�
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
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Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
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RHC-27
Language
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eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
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ViveenJ0829V
Title
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Viveen, Jan (Interview outline and video), 2010
Creator
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Viveen, Jan
Description
An account of the resource
Jan Viveen, born in 1918 in a small village in North Brabant in the Netherlands. After completing high school in 1936, he was drafted into the Dutch Army in 1936. At the time of the German invasion in 1940, he was manning an antitank gun on the banks of the Erft River, and stayed there until his unit was ordered to surrender. He spent about four months in a POW camp before being allowed to return home. After that, he worked in a rail yard and aided downed Allied airmen. In the spring of 1945, he was sent to a labor camp in Germany, and remained there until the liberation.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
United States. Army
Language
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eng
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
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Moving Image
Text
Relation
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Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
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2010-09-07
Source
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<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
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application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4995617b9115bcb6e30fcaa5ba9ffa9f.jpg
67c056cc6feadc6900ec5cfc918dcf02
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8c5a251700f64873a76c3621d79b41be
Dublin Core
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Title
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Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection
Creator
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Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman)
Termaat, Peter N.
Description
An account of the resource
Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar.
Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1869 - 2012
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Netherlands
Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945
World War, 1939-1945
World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands
Dutch
Dutch Americans
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
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RHC-144
Format
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Text
Image
Type
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application/pdf
image/jpeg
Language
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eng
nl
Still Image
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RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1946-Termaat-family-recto-img556
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vlaanderen, Tonny (photographer)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1946
Title
A name given to the resource
Termaat family, 1946
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of Termaat family. Left to right: Michiel P., Adriana B., Nicolaas P. J., Cornelis B., and Pieter N. Termaat.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Dutch
Netherlands
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a>
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Format
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image/jpeg
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/739ef4a09deea9d8cadbff726bee03f7.mp4
b72907707f330043255dca2c0a1ee7ce
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2a37ec41c47a00dccee77e536e27a71b.pdf
8625ab621c237948d9ae9bd4c5620b75
PDF Text
Text
Interview Notes
Length (51:23)
Donald Vogel
Vietnam War Veteran
United States Navy
(00:20) Pre Enlistment.
• Graduated from High School 1966
• Joined Naval Reserve right out of high school.
(01:57)
• Sent to San Francisco
• When in San Francisco, assigned to Assault Craft Division 13, which worked on
shallow amphibious assault boats.
• These assault boats held four men and worked on coastlines and rivers throughout
Vietnam.
(02:40) Active Duty.
• Arrived in Vietnam in October 1967.
• Returned home in mid 1968.
• When stateside, he was stationed in Coronado, California.
• Worked as an engine mechanic on Naval boats.
(03:45) Second Tour.
• Sent for a second tour in Vietnam in September 1968.
• Was in Vietnam through the beginning of 1969.
(04:24) Living Conditions in Vietnam.
• Traveled with his company for the entire tour, never stayed in one place.
• He helped deliver troops, machinery and supplies.
• Operated between Da Nang and the DMZ.
• There were no sleeping quarters on the boat; instead they slept on the floor.
• His ship was 80 ft. long.
• At times the men were housed on the larger amphibious assault ships which had
sleeping quarters, showers, and a hot meal.
(07:51) Daily Activities
• Mission was to supply troops, not a combat mission.
• After breakfast, he would check all components of the boat to make sure it was
working correctly.
• The men would receive their orders and carry out that particular mission for the day.
• The majority of missions were carried out calmly and peacefully.
• 90% of the time was spent working with the Marine Corps.
�(13:35) Description of the Boat.
• Large open area in front where troops were held.
• The back of the boat held the pilothouse flanked by two 50-caliber machine guns.
(15:00) Duties aboard the boat.
• He manned one of the machine guns next to the pilothouse and was also responsible
for the maintenance of the ship.
• He often stayed up late into the night working on the boat.
(15:36) Injuries
• Although they came under fire, no one in his crew was ever injured in Vietnam.
• Out of the four boats that traveled together, there were only a couple serious injuries.
(17:00) Difficulties about being in Vietnam
• He had been married for three months when he left and missed his wife a great deal.
• It also felt like his entire life was on hold while he was in Vietnam.
• The death and destruction around him reminded him of his own mortality.
• It was also difficult for him to comprehend that someone was out there and was trying
to kill him as their sole mission.
• Soldiers encountered evil, which he believes attributes to the soldiers returning home
very different.
(24:05) The shock of dealing with so many deaths.
• He never got used to the amount of death he witnessed.
• Watched three truckloads of bodies being loaded onto a plane for shipment home
during his first weeks overseas.
• He had to detach himself from the amount of death surrounding him and his
company.
• Was very close friends with a chaplain who was trained to help with Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder who helped him deal with the morbidity of war when he returned
home.
(30:30) Communication.
• His main communication method with his family was letter writing.
• He wrote a letter to his wife every day, who also wrote him every day.
• The mail system was very sporadic.
• Only twice was he able to call his wife, both times from the Philippines, this took
about 40 minutes for connection for only 20 minutes of talk time.
• He is envious of the men in Iraq for having the ability to use the internet and
telephone calls.
• He also used reel-to-reel tape recordings to send messages to his wife.
• He still has every letter sent during his time in Vietnam.
(36:05) Most Vivid Memory.
�•
•
The shock at the sheer amount of death he experienced when he first arrived in
Vietnam.
The sounds of helicopters and fireworks still trigger memories.
(38:47) Political thoughts during Vietnam.
• He was 18 when he joined and admits he was not very aware of politics.
• Soldiers are not political, but obedient to those ranking above him.
• He believes that the Vietnam War was a just cause.
• While the military did some “dumb things” and lost the war, he feels the cause was
just.
(47:30) Comparisons between Vietnam and Iraq.
• He thinks the battle compares politically.
• However, the death toll is far less in Iraq than it was in Vietnam.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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VogelD
Title
A name given to the resource
Vogel, Donald (Interview outline and video), 2007
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vogel, Donald
Description
An account of the resource
Vogel served in the U. S. Navy both stateside and during two tours overseas during the Vietnam War. He joined the Navy immediately after high school to avoid being drafted. Vogel recalls his experiences during basic training, his time spent in Vietnam, and the technology used during the war.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smith, Morgan (Interviewer)
Forest Hills Eastern High School (Ada, Mich.)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
United States. Navy
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
Video recordings
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2007-06-03
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9ebc2508dc8f3905f4653e2885d0a2e2.mp4
37fa89ddcc103eb9ff30fcce42d5cb1b
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1e0f9185b888653c0d0a472bc1d664d2.pdf
7af930ae8099c41259dd5833d261e319
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Name of War:
Interviewee’s Name: Lawrence Vollink
Length of Interview: 1:22:29
Interviewed by: James Smither
Transcribed by: Hokulani Buhlman
Interviewer: We’re talking today with Larry Vollink of Jenison, Michigan and the
interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History
Project. Okay, so Larry, start us off with some background on yourself and to begin with:
where and when were you born?
Well, this is Grand Rapids, Michigan, of course. Here we are, in Grand Rapids, and it all started
just down the road a ways in the Burton Heights area. We used to live there on Darwin right
behind the school and I lived right behind the big chimney; and I always thought that that
chimney was gonna fall on my house when we were kids there on Darwin. It was a wonderful
school, going to school there are Burton, and then we had to—we, after 9th grade, we we went to
South High.
Okay.
And for three years, and then I graduated South High back in 1965.
Okay, now what did your family do for a living when you were a kid?
Well, of course my dad was… he was quite poor, only had an 8th grade education, but he was
religious and so he would take our family to church and my mother and everything, so we found
a nice, you know, beautiful church to go to in the Reformed Church and…
Right. What kind of jobs did he have?
Oh, he worked for Kelvinator. And he loved the Kelvinator, working there, my mother of course
never worked a day in her life, you know…
…Outside of the home?
�Outta the just being a mother. Our kids, I had 4 sister and a brother, all younger than me and so
we had a very active neighborhood where I lived. Wonderful people and I love coming back here
from time to time, I come back here to Grand Rapids and now I’m back for good, since I moved
back here to Grand Rapids after 52 years being away.
Okay, so what did you do after you finished high school in ‘65?
Well, again I graduate from South High School and that’s a very well-known high school
because Gerald Ford, well you know, that’s his high school and Al Green, that’s his high school
and… so some famous people have come out of that high school and so while I was in the
college one of the things that I did at the church there—I went to camp, the church camp, and so
at the church camp as I was getting to make a decision in my life I decided, should I go into the
ministry or not? And… That was my first desire, was to go into the ministry, but then at the time
the Vietnam War was going on, so a lot of people—young people my age—were, you know,
after high school joining the army, going into the military, and probably I would say out of my
high school class there were probably at least 10. And of course one of them was killed that I
didn’t know until years later. So… the idea then, I had to find a bible college with my church
that I went to in Lansing, and the Great Lakes Christian College, actually they called it a Bible
College but it became later the Christian College, so in 1970 I graduated from the college. I
became a minister at a little church up north near Traverse City out in the country somewhere,
paying me $25 a week for my ministry, but so I had to kind of find jobs on the side to be able to,
you know, earn my own income. (4:20)
Okay, I’m gonna back up a little bit to a couple of things.
Yeah, sure!
One of them was, when you made the—did you consider whether or not to go to college at all? I
mean was that when you were in your senior year of high school, what affected the decision to
go to college rather than not?
Okay, well I had a decision to make, you know, whether to go—to join the army. Well, what
happened like 2 months before I was graduating around the month of March, April or March,
there were many, many men and women that were killed in Vietnam. I mean, Grand Rapids
Press talks about all the people that were killed and so, you know, that was kind of scary. Do I
really want to do this? And so, but my grandfather, he was able to help me pay for my college to
go for my first year, and so I went to the Bible College, they changed my draft-status from 1D to
4D, so that meant while I’m going to college I wasn’t gonna be able to be selected to go into the
service like my other high school friends were. So, I continued to stay there in the Bible College
and then I met my first wife, Suzie, and we became husband and wife in 1969. Her family was
�out of the Air Force, she was in France for a couple years during her high school so she had a
military background with her, and so later when it was time for me to go into the military it was
an easy decision with her.
Now for you, if you become, obviously while you’re in college you have a deferment for 4 years
but then if you become a minister after that then you’re exempt from the draft? (6:14)
Exactly, yes.
Okay, alright. And now—but you’re in college now at a Bible College at Lansing, Michigan, did
people pay much attention to the war, did they talk about the war while you were there?
Well, actually where I was at, no. That was not---I mean it wasn't like a, you know, Berkeley and
you know in California, there were no protests of any kind. I think they, in a way they supported,
from the churches, they supported whoever went. There was no, you know, there was no
negativity thing, you know, for the people that did go in. So there was, you know, whatever
happened with people if they did go in there were prayers that were given, there was support
given to families and so it was a positive thing from a Christian standpoint.
And was there any interest sort of in the peace movement or trying to encourage the end of the
war or did people just not discuss the politics?
That's most definitely, yes.
Okay.
We'll, the other part of it is they flew the flag, you know, proudly. They don't do this now but at
the time during when the---a lot of the churches, you'd have two flags: you'd have the Christian
flag and then you'd have the American flag on the pulpit stands. We'll, some of the Bible
Colleges now don't do that, they don't, you know, advertise having you know the American flag
because, you know, because if the idea that hey everybody, you know, the world is we're not just
honoring America, but you know we… So, but the flag was, that was, you know, people were
very patriotic during that time and it's sad how they came back though, of course, with Vietnam
when they came back they were not accepted and so. Later on that helped be my type of being
able to help people when they came back during Desert Storm. I was able to help out in that area.
Okay, so let's steer back: so basically after 1970 you get a small church outside of Traverse City,
how long did you stay there? (8:29)
�Probably about a year and a half, and it's just basically an old school house and an old church
next to the cemetery and at the time there were like only 8 people there. And a couple older men
in their 80s, and it was interesting me being a 20 year old and it was quite an experience being a
preacher there. But, of course because it didn’t pay very much I was looking for another church
and then I found on in Lapeer, Michigan and so I took the church there in Lapeer and again,
followed an older man that was there. I stayed at the Lapeer Church for a couple years and in
following that somebody asked me to come to Ohio, and then I took a congregation in Belle
Center, Ohio a little church, you know, where my ministry was very successful for about three
years and after that I wanted to kind of---again, looking I'm always thinking, you know, "Bigger
church, bigger church" being as young as I was and so I found another church in the Chicago
area in Keagen, Illinois.
Okay.
And then I had my Ministry there. And then it was at that time where I met people from the
Great Lake, the naval base there, and they said "Why don't you look into going into the
chaplaincy, the military chaplaincy?" So I looked into it, found out that I needed a master's
degree, so I went back to Grand Rapids and then I went to the Grand Rapids Seminary. Was
there for four years and got my master's degree in 1980 and joined the army, as a chaplain.
And then while you were stuck doing your master's how did you support yourself and your
family?
We'll, very easily, that's a good question. I just share something with you: when I left the church
there in---what, Waukegan, Illinois? it was a sad situation because I had been there for two and a
half years and I thought, "Well, you know, I'm not too sure this is gonna work. It looks like I
might have to just maybe get into a different kind of… maybe a career " Because here I was, I.
less than three years I've been in three churches and, actually four counting the little one, and
they…so when I moved back, I tell the story, when I moved back to Grand Rapids just down the
road here I stayed at the apartment complex down here, just here on 36 and Clive Park. The first
two weeks I needed to get a job and then I needed some money to pay for my expenses for my
stay there, so I got a job within two weeks, I got a job and the first two weeks I got a paycheck
and the amount of what I had… well actually, I had a check that was out on my door for $834
and it was anonymous, nobody signed the check. And I went "Where did this come from?" Well,
it was kind of an odd figure, it wasn't an even number it was like 834. We'll, two weeks later,
after I'm back here in Grand Rapids when I get my first paycheck, it's the same amount. And that
covered for my expenses and somebody up above was telling me, "This is where you need to
be." and that was kind of one of those signs, you know, that this is a good thing which you did
and so it was an easy thing.
�All right. Now did you have a job as a minister again or doing something else? (12:32)
Yup. Well I did, and I was up in Big Rapids and we were living up there, there was a church
called Roger Heights Christian Church and just outside of Big Rapids. So I ministered to the
church, and then my wife was still here, we were living over here for awhile and she worked at
General Motors, and I worked at Steelcase. And so before I joined the military I had to give up
my two jobs, you know, Steelcase and GM and became a, you know, a military officer You're
commission, you're not enlisted but when you go in as an officer and of course the family said
"Are you sure you want to do this? You're leaving Steelcase, you're leaving General Motors,"
you know, "You got a nice income, everything is beautiful, why are you doing this?"
Okay, I guess I'm just trying to sort the employment history out a little bit: you had the church in
Big Rapids and then did you leave that to work at these other jobs, or?
We'll that was first and kind of like, actually you know it's really busy. I had the church and I
had, you know, GM and Steelcase.
You did all of those things at the same time?
Yes, yes. And then I was doing my seminary.
Yeah.
So, yeah, that was me. Very busy, with two sons.
I was gonna ask that too: any kids? Yeah, okay.
Two sons and my wife was really busy and yeah, if was quite an experience when we left, but in
1980 is when we came in to the military.
Okay, now do they send you---do you do a form of basic training before you actually do
anything else?
Well… you could probably call jt---they call it basic training but it's, you know when they have
chaplains they kind of go easy with chaplains.
I'm not expecting a lot of calisthenics, I guess.
You know, well, yeah.
�You still do PT? (14:32)
Yeah, you still have to do the PT, you still have to do the PT test which is, you know, very
difficult. And so yeah, you do the sit-ups, you do the pushups, you do the sit-ups and… yeah,
you do the 2-mike run. And at the age of 33 it was pretty hard for me.
Where were you doing that training?
Well, I started bout at the Chaplain School. And the Chaplain School for the army is in For
Monmouth, New Jersey. Now… years later they moved to Fort Jackson so that's where the
school is now, everything happens at Fort Jackson. But, yeah, Fort Monmouth… when we
started out there were probably… I would say… probably about 25 to 30 chaplains, new
chaplains that were coming on board that you work with and you train with and… it was a
beautiful experience then, you know? and now… If I think back I would never, you know, think
of wanting to do anything else. This is what I enjoy doing.
Were all of the trainees men?
We had, let me think… at that time, yes. But then later on we had some women that became
really good chaplains. One became a friend of men that worked in my church; it's a little hard for
some churches, you know, for woman to be pastors. Some churches, you know, in some
churches it's accepted and other church's it's not.
Yeah, but I'm asking for the other side, how the military delt with that, but they were allowing
women to become chaplains at a certain point?
Absolutely.
All right.
That's never changed, it's a good thing.
Okay. Now how long was that chaplain school?
Well, the first---when you do the Chaplain School, the first one, you do the basics and that's like
6 weeks. And then they assign you to wherever they want you to go as chaplain, and I got
assigned to Fort Campbell in Kentucky. And then you come back three years later and you go to
the advanced course back to New Jersey, and that's for 6 months, the advanced course. And so
those are the only two chaplain training programs that they have.
�All right, and do you do the advanced course before being promoted to captain or was that not
really linked that way?
Well, when I came in I came in as a captain.
Okay. So you weren't—---you came in as captain? (17:19)
Yup, automatically you become a captain, but about three or four years later they changed it to
being a first lieutenant. So you started out as a first lieutenant and then later you become a
captain automatically after 6 months.
Okay. so, now you go to Fort… Okay, so you're at Fort Campbell, Kentucky and what unit was
based there?
The 101st airborne. Of course that's a real elite group, particularly during the Vietnam War
anand awhile even before that, during World War II.
Right.
You know. And it used to be the airborne and Fort Bragg or Fort Benning---Fort Brag is also
airborne. But later on through the years they took the airborne out of it and it became the air
assault where they repelled a lot of helicopters. And then at that time that's what I did, so I never
was able to jump out of an airplane but I did the repelling and did that kind of training and it was
tough for the chaplain to do that---it took me twice to do that. It's a… like a two week course.
So you go out of Fort Campbell and now you get kind of an introductory course, welcome to the
101st? So you… aside from learning how to repel out of a helicopter what did they teach you?
Well, how to survive out in the field. That's the main thing. And… I can tell you just like a day's
work for a chaplain, like on a Sunday, it's not your normal Sunday that pastors have. And so
when I first came there, there were like 25 other chaplains and they'll assign you a chapel to
minister to. You're assigned on a unit, a battalion, with about.. that's about 550 soldiers. And
my unit they were Infantry soldiers and if course you spend a lot of time out on the field training
and that kind of thing, but just a normal week would mean is basically you do a lot of
counseling. You're like right next door to where those guys are and you know, "Chaplain can I
talk to you?" you're just loaded with all kinds of questions and different things and, you know,
you're busy during the week. Then your Sunday comes. My particular Sunday… well, it started
out usually, at 7 o'clock in the morning. I would go over to the stockade where, you know, there's
about 50 guys that are there in the stockade that are being dogged out by the drill sergeants and
that kind of thing. But they'll offer them a chapel service in the morning and so usually they'll
�come… they were probably about 7:30 in the morning. I'll have a chapel service but maybe
about 10-20 guys.
And just a reference for people who don't know the vocabulary, stockade is basically the base
jail?
Yeah.
Where guys who got in trouble the night before wind up or.
Yup, exactly, that’s what we call the stockade so, yeah. Then right after that I would get in my
car and go over to the high school and because of the—there would only be, at the high school,
there would be the Sunday School program with the adults. And so it had kids that were there
and then we’d have, you know, they asked me to teach the adult class. So now I had the stockade
at 7 and they also asked me to teach the adult class, and I said “Oh, I can do that.” You know, “I
got about 10 years experience, I can do that.” So then they assigned me to the chapel and then I
had to be at the chapel at about 10:30, 11:00, and I would do a chapel service there and usually
there would be about… probably, on the average, about 60 in attendance. And then after that
about 12:30 I’d take my family over to the officer’s club and get a meal, you know, they had a
nice buffet for the people there. And then I’d go back home, you know, put my boys to bed and
then my chaplain assistant would come pick me up in the Jeep and we’d go out into the field
where there would be training going on, and usually I’d have a little chapel service of about 10
maybe 2 or 3 different times during the Sunday. And then I would come back, usually I’d get
back about 5 or 6 o’clock and then my church that I was associated with, I went to their church
services at night and I’d get back about 8 o’clock, and then Monday morning I had to get up for
5 o’clock run, a two-mile run with the battalion and… my commander didn’t care what you did
on Sundays, the only thing he was concerned about was whether you made it to that 5 o’clock or
6 o’clock two-mile run with the battalion, and then, you know, then it started a normal week. So
that’s my—that was my work on a Sunday.
All right. Do you remember which battalion you were attached to? (22:41)
Yes, the first—we’ll call that the first of the 503rd, 3rd brigade and yeah, it was a tough unit.
They were… they had gotten some, you know, during the Bastogne time, if you remember the
WWII times where they had did a jump and did the air assault. I mean, I’m not—
Well they drove into Bastogne.
Bastogne, yeah, the paratroopers.
�Right, yeah.
And that was one of the highlights of their history, and so I was a part of that. That unit. So,
yeah.
Okay. All right, now.
This is going good!
Talk a little bit about the kinds of things that the men would come to talk to you about. What
sorts of issues or problems would they bring in?
Well, you know, suicide of course. That hasn’t ever changed, I mean we still have the suicide
promise today, veterans are still dealing with it and of course in the military it was even stronger.
Sometimes they wanted to get out and, you know, they said here’s what they would do, “Here,
chaplain, here’s what I’m gonna do since they’re not gonna put me out, I’ll make sure they put
me out because I will overeat and make sure I don’t pass the PT test. All those kinds of things,
you know, the negative things that would cause them to go ahead and put me out.” So, and a lot
of times that was the kind of counseling that they were asking me. So, you know, it’s… of course
depression, stress, and you got it—so, there’s a lot of different things like that, you know. And I
work at the VA now and those are kinda like the same things, you know, that these men have.
Okay. Now the people who came and told you they wanted to get out, did you make any
suggestions about more sensible ways of doing it or more stand-up ways of doing it? (24:49)
Well they, the number one was trying to over-eat. I mean at that time, they didn’t want anybody
in the military that was overweight, so.
Right.
So there were guys up to 19 years, okay, I know one man he was in the military for 19 years and
they put him out cause he was overweight. They didn’t care whether he finished up on his 20, so
you know, that’s the kind of strict regulations in the army then.
Were there ways that they could simply leave or get out early, could they petition for that or
were there legal ways of getting out early?
Well, I’m trying to think… not, well probably the only other legal one was when, you know, if
you were gay, okay? They had what they call a Chapter 9 and you’d get like a Chapter 9 and
then, you know, you would got the paperwork and, you know, they would put you out during
�that time. Right, so, other than that... Yeah, it was difficult. You had to either go with the train or
not.
Now with a large unit like that, you said you had 25 chaplains or whatever on the base, did men
sort of choose which service to go if you had Catholics and different versions of Protestants and
so forth?
Oh yeah.
You’re getting, you know, if you have 60 people coming to your service, are some of them from
outside your battalion?
Oh yeah. Absolutely, yeah yeah. They were… my chapel was not in the battalion area, it was in
another brigade area and so the reason they gave me my chapel is because my church
background, we had communion every Sunday. So they would say “Okay, this chapel will have
communion every Sunday.” and then another chapel will be Episcopal, high liturgical.
Yeah.
And then this will be the Catholic and this will be the Jewish chapel and so that’s what they did.
The Pentecostal type thing. They kind of, you know, accommodate to whatever, you know, the
person’s religion was. So that helped with me being able to find the right chapel.
Right, okay. Now did you and your family live on the base? (27:14)
Oh yes, we did. Yeah, they provided housing for us and the other part of it was right next to the
golf course, so I liked the idea that, you know, once I’m getting down and, you know, sometimes
on Saturdays, you know, I hit the golf course. I had a golf friend, you know, “Larry, lets go
golfing!” you know, so that was kind of a neat thing. We always try to keep active when you’re
in the military and so, yeah the housing is a good thing, it’s… you know you meet good friends
while you’re there in the military, you become family with other families and, you know, the
other part of it is they’re still, you know, my friends after so many years. I still have contact with
them and, you know, we keep in touch. You know, the military is a family for life.
Now, was it a standard practice for the military to move the chaplains around from different
place to place?
Yeah, every three years.
Okay.
�Just like everybody else does, yup, we go every 3 years so, it’s time to go.
So after the 3 years at Fort Campbell where do you go next? (28:28)
Okay, I went to Germany and so when I went to Germany there I was assigned to the 36nd
addcom which is an air-defense artillery unit. And they had, the 32nd addcom, was spread out all
over Germany. They had probably a unit in about every other town., so they were scattered all
over from Germany, north to south to east to west and one of the things that I did was, as a
chaplain, I was assigned to a unit, like a unit that was attached to another unit, so my units were
basically scattered all over Germany. So then what my first one, when I first started out, they
assigned me a van, so one week I would go north and visit the troops up north. The next week I’d
go over to the East side over in Grafenwöhr and different places, and then the next week I’d go
south and then again the next week I’d go west.
So where was your home base?
Well, my home base was in Worms, Germany, you know the famous town was Worms,
Germany where the Martin Luther King was—
Well, Martin Luther.
—And did those things but I want to tell you about my unit, this is kind of an exciting thing, we
being scattered all over. I had a full-bird colonel who was assigned a jet so he would fly every
week to all these units during the week, and so sometimes he would go, you know, he’d go to
one unit one day and then he’d go to another unit another day, and so that’s how he did his
travel: with a jet. I was doing the van.
Yeah.
So what happened was, during his time of being in the states one of the planes went down in Fort
Campbell and, some people don’t remember this but they called it the Gander Airplane Crash
and there were 258 soldiers that were killed, and this was in Fort Campbell. And that happened
during the time when my commander was over in the states, so he came back to Germany, you
know, the first thing he does he calls me in the office, and said “Larry, I need to speak to you for
just a minute, but I need to have you lock the door. I need to talk to you privately.” So he told me
about how this had really affected him and because he went flying, you know, with the troops, it
made him very nervous. You know, he thought maybe his life would be in danger by his flying,
so he asks me, “I would feel much more comfortable if you, my chaplain, would fly with me. So
when I to the troops, throw the van away now and you’re gonna be flying with me, so we’re
�gonna be visiting the units this time and here’s what we’re gonna do: we’re gonna go in, I’m
gonna talk to the commanders first, give them a chew-out, and about a half hour later you as the
chaplain will come in and give them a shoulder to cry on.” (Vollink laughs.) And that was my
task of being able to see Germany from the air. So it was a beautiful assignment, I loved being
able to do that. I did that for about a year, so it was good.
And then you stayed in Germany for 3 years total?
Yes.
So after that, you did a year of all the flying around stuff and otherwise was it in the van back
and forth? (32:24)
Yeah, I got—the van was gone after that. So, well sometimes I would, you know, I had a van
assigned to me while I was there, so. Not a helicopter or a plane, but a van.
And you have your family with you at that point?
Oh yes. At that time I had 3 sons, you know, and they were with me. One of my sons was born in
Germany in Heidelberg.
And did you live on or off base then?
Well, they gave us an assignment off-base but it was a military subdivision, you know, assigned
for the military only. But we were basically off the base.
And did they have schools on the base or where did your kids go to? Kids old enough for schol?
That’s a good question. That’s a good question because they didn’t want you mixing with the
German families, so we usually had—wherever we would go we’ve had their own, you know,
their own schools. We’re family and that’s always been good too. So the military always
provided for our best, for our needs, it was a great experience. I wouldn’t trade it for anything in
the world, and I love Germany, it’s a beautiful place to be.
And how did the German people treat the American servicemen while you were there?
In some places it was good, other places it wasn’t, and of course you could tell, you know,
sometimes they’d give you the silent treatment. You know, that means “Don’t bother me.” Other
times you know it would be good. I had some good experiences when I was there, we used to go
to—when my son was first born—we used to go to one of the restaurants out in the country they
�had good food. Good German foods you could get there cheap, and so while we were eating I
had my little son that was born there and the waitress would come up and she would take him
and put him in her arms and, you know, go like this and she would just walk all around and say
“Look at this beautiful baby.” so that was a good experience, yes.
Were there any political tensions between the Americans and Germans at that point? (34:51)
No.
Because a little bit earlier, and we’re back in the 70s, there’s various terrorist groups and things
like that going on, I think they’re probably quieter by the mid 80’s and there may have been
some people that didn’t like Ronald Regan particularly, but on the whole if you felt negativity
was it just because you were foreigners or because you were American or you can’t tell?
Well I think they enjoyed us being there, but the tensions were not in Germany the tensions were
if you went to, like, to Greece? Some of the other countries like Turkey, or if you visited also
France, again some of those countries other than German, yeah you could sense the tensions
there, you know? A few were Americans. And so they kind of like, they would shun you
sometimes, that’s happened, you know I’ve gone to Greece there in Athens at the time and at
Crete, the island of Crete, we did some training there and once and awhile you could sense that
they were saying, “Ehh, we don’t” you know, but they’d like you to visit them of course.
All right, so your unit there, did you do a lot of stuff with other NATO forces or did you just stay
with the Americans?
Yeah, my units weren’t really involved with the NATO parts, you know? NATO was mostly up
in the Belgium areas in the other countries. So that was… yeah that was a different political part
of it, but Germany was very quiet in that area. But, yeah, the NATO part of it was way up there
and we didn’t really see anything that would cause us to, you know, get scared or nervous about.
Well, but it’s also just a question about like joint training exercises and things like that, cause
you have all of these different national armies and so forth.
Yup. At the time we didn’t have those, mostly Germany was where our units were, yup, that’s
what we focused on.
And did you work at all with the German military or was it just all Americans?
No, just all Americans, yeah. Yeah. And I think it’s probably still the same way there, going on
the same way.
�All right. Would you take your family touring around Europe while you were there?
Well I did at one time, I chose to go to England at the wrong time. I had this beautiful van that I
bought, Toyota Van, we call it the moon-thingy because it was a nice beautiful—it was a nice
family van. And of course we took it over to England over there, and we took it to do some
traveling and my parents, well actually my wife’s parents, were with us at the time. So when we
went over there that was around the 4th of July time frame, and it was basically Queen’s Day and
everybody came to London at that time and it was just like the 4th of July being down in
Washington DC on the 4th of July. And of course we had our van there and somebody broke into
it, stole the camera, stole some stuff out of it, so I had to stick around for a couple more days to
get my vehicle fixed so that I could go back home. Sweden is a beautiful place, I would love to
drive over in that area; Wales, you know, those are beautiful places, any time you’re out of
London it’s a beautiful place over there, you know. France, they were not too friendly so we tried
to stay out of the France area, same thing with Spain, you know, but Germany, Austria, beautiful
place and then England, you know, is a beautiful place so it was beautiful there and yeah. I loved
it being there.
All right, and then so after Germany, then, what’s the next stop?
Okay now the next stop would be the chapel school in New Jersey, we had 6 months there.
Again, you gain new friends, new chaplain friends, new men and families and those families they
stay in contact with you for years and so that happened for about 6 months, the training. I just
saw a picture of the chaplain school, advanced school, and a beautiful picture of the graduation
and that looked like about 40 people of the chaplains that had graduated and I remembered those
days when I was there. So then after that time—
Okay, so what do they actually teach you in the chaplain school at that level? What is different
from what you had the first time?
Well, mostly in how to just be an officer, with the higher echelon you get to study a lot of the—
you do some studying with wars, you know, and the backgrounds, you know, military type
things and you have a good understanding of what the military did in the past and…but yeah, a
lot of leadership type things, learning how to be an officer, you know, in the colonel level. That’s
basically that kind of training, and it was good training.
Were you still a captain at that point? (40:28)
Getting ready to—well, yes I was at that time. I was still a captain, it took me some time to
become a Major, so it’s a tough thing. I hate to say this, but in a military Sessing: your officers,
�your military commanders, if they’re gonna—you get an evaluation and what happens is the
chapel has to really be good to get the top block, but most of the time they don’t get the top
block, so what they’ll do it they’ll give their own military men, you know, mentored and that
kind of things. They’ll save the top block for those kinds of men and then they’ll put the chaplain
in the second or third block, so that’s just the way it is in the military. So, chaplains need to get
promoted really quick.
So basically, you’re doing a good job and you can stay on being a chaplain longer but you’re not
necessarily moving up? (41:34)
No.
Okay.
The ones that move up quickly for chaplains are the ones who get that top block from a
commander and if they get that top block you can very much count on them the be getting
promoted. But it doesn’t happen very much.
Okay. All right. Was there politicking around that kind of thing?
Well, yeah sometimes. It could be a political thing, I’ll gave you an example for one chaplain, I
used to tell the story about what happened to him, he was getting ready to be promoted, then to
be rated, he did something that he probably shouldn't have done in his career and that was: his
commander was driving a Jeep for his own personal reasons, you know? For his family and
different things, you know, and course the chaplain didn’t like that too well so he went to his
superior officer and told him about what he was doing. So, needless to say, it got back to him and
so when evaluation time came he got a low rating because he stood up for what he thought was
right. And sometimes chaplains have to do that, they have to stand up for whats right, but it the
long run another chaplain was able to still down the road a ways because of his good… being a
good chaplain for his military, you know, people. He did get promoted, so in due time God will
reward you. May not be your time, but it’ll be a later time.
And so, where did you go after chaplain school?
Well, okay then I got assigned to Fort Carson, Colorado Springs and that’s a beautiful place to
get assigned to. Of course I bought a house there up in the mountain shadows area on the other
side of the Colorado Springs area, and where I bought my house—where I lived was not too far
from the Flying W Ranch and where the mountains were and what we called Kissing Camels
where the red rocks are, you know? So I would take my two boys to school every morning, as I
was taking them to school they would see the red rocks. They would see, you know, the beautiful
�Colorado Springs and then where my house was at I would look outside the back window and I’d
see all the lights of Colorado Springs. I had the most beautiful view there when I was in
Colorado Springs and that was a beautiful thing, and a few years later after that there was a fire
that destroyed all of those homes including my home. Destroyed.
So this is a wild fire?
Yeah, the wild fires, yeah. It was terrible, back a few years back. So the house is gone.
Now, was your job there pretty much the same as it was when you were in Fort Campbell, doing
the same kind of thing? (44:47)
Again, you’re assigned a chapel, you’re assigned a unit, and I was able to minister to the unit, but
you know one you’re at that stage you know pretty much what you have to do every day, it’s not
full of stress. It wasn’t as stressful as what the first few years were and so at that time it was not a
stressful thing, what you did as a chaplain: you met other chaplains. You became families, you
know, and we had we used to play cards, and we used to do all kinds of things together, you
know, chaplains doing things with other chaplains and besides being a chaplain to your troops.
So that was a good experience too, you know, I met some really good [people] they’re still my
friends, you know, from years back so. Good things while being a chaplain in the military.
Now aside from the physical environment, was it pretty much the same kind of experience as
you had at Fort Campbell?
Well… yeah, there was still the same type of ministry, you know again they, your troops, had
still the same kind of problems, the suicidal problems, you know, family problems. The normal
situations that, you know, the troops would come to you as their chaplain, you know, and so we
always had an open door for them, you know, but as a chaplain you still had to do the runs, you
still had to do all those kinds of things and so it was a normal, it was a good thing. I can give you
an experience, I just shared this with someone yesterday: we were talking some… I was telling
them a little bit about one of my situations while there, I was asked the chaplain and what I did is
I’d have a luncheon and I’d have a guest speaker that would come in, and in Colorado Springs
Dan Issel, the big Denver Nuggets basketball star, I was able to have him come in and give a
speech and had a couple other guys that were US Olympic boxing champions that came in and
gave a speech during the lunch hour. So what I did is I would have—get my grills and grill some
hamburgers out in the back and so the first time I did this I only had maybe about 10 to 15 guys
that were there and I though “Oh, this is pretty good, I could feed that many guys.” so and then
they heard about the free lunch the next month, and then they heard about my speaker like Dan
Issel, and so I had a full house that day and I said “Oh no, I didn’t realize that I was gonna have
this many guys coming for my lunch.” and I didn’t buy a whole lot of hamburgers. I got really
�nervous, what am I gonna do? So I’m in the back there and then so I went to the front where the
office was at, where the microwave was, up on top of the microwave was this huge platter full of
hamburgers. I don’t know where they came from, but somehow they appeared and it’s like, God
just gave me all these hamburgers! I believe in the feeding of the 5000, you know? The two fish
and two loves, you know, and well I think I just had a miracle happen. Somehow those
hamburgers just appeared and I was able to feed all those guys, it was an amazing thing. So that
was a good experience with me when I was there. Sometimes you have to believe in some good
miracles that do happen and that’s what I believe.
All right. Anything else from that particular stint that stands out in your memory?
Nope, but again it was a great experience other than, you know, Colorado Springs is a beautiful
place.
All right, so what year did you finish up there then? (49:10)
That was in 1990. Oh, the other thing is that we were able to go to Honduras and we were able to
be there for—we did some training at Honduras and we took our unit there for like a couple
months and during that training exercise, up until the very last day the training exercise went
very well but the very last day we had one of the Jeep soldiers went down the hill and was killed,
and that was a sad thing for us as a unit. We were going back and we thought everything was
going great, and then at the very end somebody, you know, and so I had to minister to my
Commander, you know, cause he was just. He couldn’t understand why those things happen like
that, and so as a chaplain you have the troops and then you also have the ministry to your own
commanders when things like this happen, so. Yup.
Okay. All right, now what time of year did you move on then from Fort Carson?
Well, 1990 cause I was getting ready to end my 3 years. Then I had to have an assignment, well
my home was Michigan of course, and so the opening for Selfridge came up and I thought “Oh,
I’d love to go to Selfridge, it’s my home state.” and so then I came to the Selfridge Air National
Guard Base which is in Mount Clemens, north of Detroit about 30 miles, and they had assigned
housing and I was at the main chapel there and I was the chaplain there at the chapel plus, you
know, doing other kinds of things. So at that time I did a lot of weddings, you know, got asked. I
did that, at that time many weddings, I could have a wedding one day and a funeral the same day,
you know, there were a lot of different things I was kept really busy being there in the chapel. I
was known as the Protestant chaplain, and then we had a Catholic chaplain, so Protestant and
Catholic but that again was 3 years and was a good ministry there, too.
Okay, Selfridge is an Air Base.
�Right.
So what's an army chaplain doing at an air base?
Well, again, they at the Selfridge Air Base, they have the Navy, they had the Navy Reserves,
they had the 127th Air Force, and then they had the TACOM Army Base and so a lot of the army
personnel would work there either on the base or they would work at the, what they call the Tank
Automotive Command and the Tank Automotive Command was very instrumental to Desert
Storm, they sent a lot of tanks and different things I mean they did a lot of planning, research, my
wife also worked there at the plant and she was a—she had top secret clearance and worked for
two of the Generals that were there, so she had a really important job there, being there. So that
too was a good ministry, kept very active.
Now… Saddam Hussein went into Kuwait in 1990. When he went in were you still at Fort
Carson or had you gone to Selfridge by then? (52:51)
Yeah, that was just as I moved right again. But yes, at that time it was right at that time where I
moved from Fort Carson, you know, into Selfridge and so because of the war beginning at that
time my unit that was back at Fort Carson was getting ready to go over to Iraq at the time. And
of course the Commander called me up and said “Chaplain, we need you, can you help us?” and
I had a choice in that so I decided to stay there at Selfridge because I’m already there and, you
know, no sense… you know. But, yeah. So I stayed there in the unit there and during the Desert
Storm, when that was taking place, I was called and they told me, they said, “Chaplain,” they
said, “Now, here’s what you need to understand because we are at war, okay? We need—”
what’d they call it, “---a contingency plan if something happens to any of our men, even our
Chaplains. We need to know if you’re gonna be ready to go.” and I told them, I said, you know,
“Well, what else can you say? You go. I’ll be ready.” but of course we know that it didn’t
happen because the war was very quick, so what happened right after the war then is my—the
communities that were in the Selfridge area, they would give me a call because I was in active
duty, they said, “Can you come over and talk to us? You know, we have troops that are gone and
what are we supposed to do? How can we go about doing the right things for these men?
Because, you know, Vietnam did not do the right thing and we wanna make sure we do the right
thing for us when they come back.” So I gave them some ideas on how to do that and they did it
very well, they were happy for that.
What kinds of things did you recommend?
Well, of course you gotta be there when they fly in at the airport, starting right from when they
come into the airport you have to be there. You know, and be there to walk them home, you
�know, make sure the families are there, that you as your community, you help those families and
you’re there for them, too. The community needs to let them know that you’re there to help them
and to support them.
Now were there any units from Selfridge or that area that actually deployed? Or were you
looking to just individuals from different units? (55:30)
Well, at that time I don’t think there was, at the time that there was, not that I am aware of.
Though the Air Force was not only involved in it but they were of course, they were on stand-by
like everybody else was.
And you did have people from the different communities who were in different units, some of
them served and then came home.
Oh yes, most definitely from the National Guard, that kind of thing yeah. And also they were,
like, active duty in other units too so they were from the community but they were serving in,
you know, other areas. So that was important, and they did have a good welcoming I thought,
they did that well. Selfridge was very good at that and the Commanders. So we were good and
helping that.
All right, and did you work with people from different branches of the service there? Did you
have the airforce people or the Navy people come to your services or did you coordinate with
their chaplains?
Sure. Well, the Navy had a naval reserve over on the other side of the air field and then with the
Marines, we had the marines, we even had the woman’s with a WAC—different units we had, so
they were all there. The Navy chaplain in fact, they had a Navy Reserve chaplain, he came over
and helped me at the chapel, so we shared the chapel duties together. So when we were at the
chapel we had good coverage, you know, if I wasn’t gonna be there somebody was gonna be
there to help out and assist in that. So, yes…. Oh, yeah, I remember something we did have, I
remember. There was a couple during the Desert Storm just as they were getting ready to start.
The night before there was a couple that had gotten married and of course both of them went and
they were transferred and I remember, yeah, that was an interesting thing, yeah. And in fact what
happened was the night of Desert Storm we had a prayer service and we all know that this was
gonna happen the next day, so we called the community together and we said, “We’re gonna
meet here at 7 o’clock, we’re gonna have a prayer service, we know that things are gonna be
happening tomorrow, the world’s gonna be changing. So, when we did that, at 2 minutes to 7
there wasn’t one seat that was empty. They were in the audiences, all around in that chapel, they
were packed and they were there for that prayer service and so we let in that prayer service. We
had a tree, a Christmas tree, during that time that was like right after Christmas and our chapel
�had 9 Christmas trees scattered all over the chapel. We had 1 tree that was still there and we
called that the peace tree, and that tree was still there even after Desert Storm ended, we kept that
tree there to remind us that, you know, our nation is to be a nation of peace. So it was… yeah.
Some memorable moments during that time.
All right. And then when did you complete that assignment? (59:05)
Well I stayed until the end of 1992, you know, when my 20 years was up—well actually when I
was active duty my 3 years, I had to go and so I had to leave the service active duty because I
didn’t get promoted, that was the main reason. You have to get promoted, you know, and if you
don’t then they’ll say they’ll give you your walking papers, but then of course they’ll say “You
can’t be on the active duty anymore, but we want you to join the reserves.” and that’s what I did.
I joined the reserves. Stayed with the reserves there in the community.
Okay.
The other part of it is that after Desert Storm they had, the first thing they did is they had a
Memorial Day parade—ceremony. It’s not a parade, it’s a ceremony, procession. And so in East
Detroit they said “We’re gonna have this ceremony but we wanna ask you, can you be in the
parade? Cause we want you to be in this parade ceremony here.” and I said okay. And they said,
“You don’t understand, we want you to be the Grand Marshal because you did such a wonderful
job for us, we wanna show our appreciation to you.” And so I became the Grand Marshal of that
parade and then we went to the cemetery, they went from the downtown area over to the
cemetery and then at that point there they asked me, “Could you give a speech when we get
there?” and I said, “Why yes, I can do that, that’s pretty simple.” So as I’m speaking there was
someone in the audience, okay, the person that was in the audience that was there who heard me
was running for Commander for the American Legion. To be in the American Legion you have
to be in the military and so this person, Clifford Mann, was getting ready to be the state
commander. So, this happens, you know, they campaign during the summer and so he didn’t
really—he didn’t have a chaplain so he asked me if I would become his chaplain, okay? So, I
did, so in August I started my—August of ‘91 and I started in the [unintelligible] at the
American Legion as the State Chaplain, and then the next year a new commander comes on
board and asks me if I would be their chaplain. This happened 15 years straight. For 15 years
straight I was the State Chaplain for the American Legion, and during that time you travel a lot,
meet a lot of people and become a lot of friends later on, you know, it’s kind of like my ministry
with the veterans.
Right.
�Now, I went from military to veterans and so now I have a new chapel role in the American
Legion State Chapel. While there I did do a lot of articles once a month, I did funeral services for
people, I did weddings, you know. And… but after the 15 years was over with, the next year it
came time for them to choose the National Chaplain, and Michigan had a National Chaplain in
about 20 years older, and so now it’s kinda like Michigan is starting to have a new leader come
from Michigan. When you’re in the American Legion they choose state chaplains from a state,
every year a new state, so finally it’s kinda like coming close to Michigan’s time to have a
National Chaplain. Well, I was selected for that and during that year was an awesome years, I
had to do some wonderful things.
So what does a chaplain do, whether for the state or nationally. You travel around a lot but what
are you doing? (1:03:30)
Oh, as a state chaplain?
Yeah.
Well again, you give a lot of speeches. A lot of services. You know, one of the things the
chaplains, one of the things the American Legion does well is they honor the four chaplains and
in February, the first Sunday in February is what we call Four Chaplains Sunday, and so I did a
lot of those services talking about the Four Chaplains, we did services and they still do them
today, the American Legion, around the state. They have those services. Grand Rapids does one
here really well, we have a really good community that puts that on together every year around
the end of January, close to February, we honor those four chaplains for the ones that during
Desert Storm and World War II, we remember they gave life jackets away. And each of those
chaplains represented a certain faith; one was Catholic—there was a Catholic chaplain, there was
a Jewish chaplain, there was a Methodist chaplain and then there was a Presbyterian chaplain.
The four chaplains. And because of what they did and the heroic efforts that they tried to honor
those men, still today after all these years, when the submarine the Dorchester was torpedoed and
there were like 600 and… at the time there were 900+ men that were on that ship, of the 900
there were 638 I think is the number that were killed during that time. And so there were
survivors—
Oh, wait. There’s a really famous torpedoed ship at the end of the war, it was the Indianapolis.
Dorchester is the name of a small British anti-submarine vessel that was torpedoed off of North
Carolina.
Yeah, that is the one.
�But that would only have—that had British service men on it and it was small. So this sounds
like the Indianapolis. It was torpedoed by the Japanese at the end of the war, and…
No this was more towards the middle of the war.
Okay.
Yeah, I believe in ‘42, yeah. It wasn’t the Indianapolis but I know which one you’re talking
about.
Right, I’m guessing by the size of the ship, the number of people in the crew and so forth
because I’m not sure there was a USS Dorchester…
Yup, that’s what the name of it was.
Okay. I’ll go look it up.
Yup, it’s called the USS Dorchester and it was torpedoed by the Japanese up in the Greenland
area.
Well by the Germans, probably, then. (1:06:26)
Oh, that’s right, yes it was. Germans, yes! Not by the Japanese.
All right.
So yes, look that up because it’s a famous story about these 4 men and again, the civil honor they
give medals and everything for them.
Okay. All right, now as a national chaplain how was that different from just being the state
chaplain?
Okay. Well, again, as a national chaplain you are asked to do, you know, for national meetings
you give prayers and I was able to travel around all of the United States. I was able to go to St.
Louis, New Orleans and I did some Four Chaplain services there. The other part of it is, the
highlight of one of the chaplain duties, is offering the prayer in congress and also in the senate if
you’re able to. I was able to do both: both the congress and the senate, and that was a wonderful
experience. The other part of it is the, in the American Legion we have what we call Boys State
and what we call Boys Nation, and Boys Nation meets right after Boys State, we here just next
week, Grand Valley will be doing Boys State. But they are the Boys State will select two
�representatives out of the Boys State, the 280 some that are there, will select two to go to
Washington, D.C. to represent Michigan to be at Boys Nation. And so if you’re the national
chaplain you get to go there, have a chapel service with them and meet with them and then they
lay the wreath at Arlington and as a chaplain you go there with them. I have pictures of me doing
the laying the wreath with their National Commander during that time. So, some wonderful
things you’re able to do.
All right, now while you were doing that, I mean that chaplain assignment was not really a full
time job was it, you had other work that you were doing? (1:08:42)
Oh yeah. I had—yeah. The nice thing about being the chaplain: they will pay for your expenses,
okay, of being an actual chaplain. Of course, you know, they’ll pay for your airfare, then if you
have to they’ll give you an honorarium, and that’s about it. But really it’s a volunteer position.
And now did you go back to being a pastor or what did you do?
Well I was still, at that time I got selected to go to the VA and Ann Arbor, and so back at that
time—what was it, 2009, I was hired at the VA in Ann Arbor and just completed my 10 years
there at the VA in Ann Arbor. It’s a beautiful hospital, and so at that time, so I kind of wore the
hat as being the national chaplain and being at the VA. Once in awhile you get asked to speak in
different places and I, some of the churches that I attended I was able to preach and still be a
pastor of a little church.
I think you, while you were in the Reserves, you had churches though, right?
Yeah, little churches that I had, yup. Oh yeah. Some little churches, some big.
Okay. All right.
That’s another story.
All right. And then at what point did you come back to Grand Rapids?
Well, just recently this past… as I was contemplating my 5 hats that I wore over in Ann Arbor,
Ypsilanti area, the other hat that I wore is working with Civil Air Patrol.
Okay.
And the uniform that I’m wearing is a Civil Air Patrol, it looks like the Air Force but we’re what
we call the auxiliary of the Air Force and we do the search and rescue missions. We have… it’s a
�wonderful organization for any people that are interested in doing search and rescue work with
our cadets and it’s—so I was the, what we call the wing chaplain, that was the state chaplain for
Civil Air Patrol and I just, after 6 years I said it’s time to give that up, give it to somebody else,
and so somebody else has that now.
Okay. How did you connect with the Civil Air Patrol to begin with? (1:11:07)
Well, that’s a good question, James. It’s… right after I became national chaplain, after that was
over with. The American Legion and the state gave me all kinds of awards and nice
appreciations, I was given the honorary State Commander’s position where I’m able to do the
things that the other state chaplains do—I mean, State Commanders do. I still [indecipherable].
And so after that was over with I had a VA chaplain who I worked with who was in Civil Air
Patrol. He was my boss there then, and so he asked if I wanted to join Civil Air Patrol, so I went
to ISA. I had to go to one of the meetings, so I went to the meeting and there were like about q0
guys sitting there and as he’s introducing me to the Civil Air Patrol guys he said, “I want you to
meet Larry Vollink, he’s gonna be your new chaplain.” (Vollink laughs.) I didn’t know that! I
was quite surprised when he said that, so I became a… you had to go through some orientation to
be a Civil Air Patrol chaplain, you have to have the same credentials you have to in the military,
you have to have an m. div and it’s, you know, so they select chaplains in the Civil Air Patrol
who could still be in the military and have the, you know, credentials. So I became a chaplain
there back in 2012. About 6 months later after I became chaplain, the wing chaplain for
Michigan had a ministry in Pennsylvania and so he moved to Pennsylvania so now that position
is open, so they asked me “Larry, because you’ve been on National status and State status, would
you take this position?” and I said, “Okay.” and so then I did that and then I have other
chaplains, we have what we call squadrons around the state and in the squadrons we have either
chaplains or we have what we call character development instructors, kind of like a chaplains
assistant against the classes, and so I recruit those and I, you know I help them with mentoring
them or with whatever their needs are. So, just recently did I give that position away to someone
else who can do that position very well, and so I’m kind of like in the wings now, I hope in the
wings, waiting for other things to happen.
Now over the course of almost the past 18 years or so, this country has been involved in conflict
in the Middle East and Afghanistan and Iraq and so forth, and you’ve done a lot of work with
veterans and so forth. What kinds of support have you provided, or what kinds of things have
you been involved in to support the veterans coming back from those places?
Well, you know, first of all the VA. That’s been my ministry, you know, for… and so, you
know, that’s my first #1 focus is doing that. The other things I’ve been able to do is service as a
hospice chaplain and I’ve done hospice ministry chaplain work, and so when I do those types of
things one of the things I do because I’m a veteran, they always like where would you, you
�know, go and help minister to these men who are dying, or women. And so I’ve had ministries in
hospice and doing all that, so it’s… you find whatever the Lord wants for you to do and then you
do it.
And what did you do for the VA? (1:15:18)
Right now I’m still in the VA, but when I started out 10 years ago they hired me to help the
Catholic chaplain on some Saturdays. He would come in and he would have a really heavy load
of people to see and to take off that load they said, “Can you help him out and assist him?” and
so I did, I was able to, you know. So I’m still there on Saturdays, every Saturday is my ministry
to the VA, but then also because they have other chaplains I was able to help them during the
week, during vacation times, any time the chaplain was away and that was many times. They
asked me to come in on Tuesday or Monday or whatever during the week or, you know, like for
example the chapel services, and I would help minister to them and again, those are while being
in the VA because of my background, I am a military chaplain, you know? The other chaplains
that we have there have had no experience in the military, so, but you know, they have a passion
for them still. They do very well in ministry to the veterans even though I’m the one that can talk
the language the best.
Now the ones that you’re ministering to, are they now—do you have a lot of younger ones now
or these kind of Vietnam era people mostly, or?
No not really, most of them are my age right now, or the ones that I see. And it’s… most of, like
I said, most of them are, yeah, most of them are with the Vietnam era that I see. Interesting. But I
can identify with them very fast. I’ll give you an example: like last week on the Saturday I
walked into a female older lady… well actually she’s about my age. And we started talking and
found out that she was in the army and that she lived over in the Big Rapids area and she’s going
through some problems, some situations, you know, with her leg and so I was able to identify
with her because of, you know, when she was in, where she lived and I was able to, you know,
have a very effective ministry for her while I was there. And you know, it’s really good that
when you’re there, okay, they’ll say to you “Chaplain, you made my day. I appreciate you
coming and seeing me.” Okay? When the person says that I get a little emotional and I say
“Thanks for letting me be able to have time with you.” The other part of it is too, some share
with you too, that there are some veterans there who have had, you know, they have had the
heart problem dealing in their own heart because they killed somebody. They actually did kill
somebody and they say, “How does God forgive me for this? Can he forgive me for that?” and
so those are hard things that they deal with, you know, and as a chaplain you sit and you listen to
their story and you try to help identify with them, you know, you try to help them be able to
minister to them and help them to say hey, there is a God who does forgive you in this, okay?
You answered the call, you did what you were supposed to do, you did it and you were the one
�that, you know, God’s gonna help you through this. If he was there then, if he helped you there
then, he’s gonna help you here now, in this life. So those are the kind of, you keep that presence
with them in their life still.
And those are things that I’ve found and talked to veterans even World War II era, they often
they know, and they killed someone, especially if it’s maybe just one person it stays with them
and haunts them and follows them, and that doesn’t change much from one war to another.
(1:19:37)
I’ll give you another example with another veteran I met in a nursing home, and I was asked to
go see him in the nursing home, and that before I walk in there was his son and daughter-in-law,
they were both in there waiting for as I was coming in there and they wanted me to, you know,
help do anything I could. So I go in there and I start talking to him, he knows I’m a veteran, well
all of a sudden he’s sharing things that the son has never heard before. It’s like, wow, chaplain
we never heard these things before, we don’t know what you, you know, said or did but now he’s
sharing, you know, his life about some real situations that happened a long time ago and they
were very appreciative of that, being able to see him. So people, like I said, they’ll share their
stories, you know, wait until the very end almost to do that.
I found that. Okay, so if you look back on this extended time you had in the service, overall how
do you think that affected you and what have you taken out of it? (1:20:58)
As I look back now? Again, I wouldn’t trade it for the world. I’ve seen, like I’ve seen God
involved in many of these things that happened, that I believe that God helped me to be there for
that person at the right time and so I believe God has used me in His way, you know? That this
has been a calling, okay, this has not been a job this has been a calling for me and little did I
know that 52 years ago from this church that I’d be where I’m at here, with you, talking to you
about these stories. About how God had used me, and so every opportunity that I have to tell
others is a good thing, so I appreciate what you’re able to be here and listen to where I’m at with
all this.
Well thank you very much for taking the time to share the story with me.
Thank you. Well, thank you for having me, James, and God bless you too.
Alright.
Alright, and again we’ll continue to keep our troops in our prayers every day as we are here, our
troops are serving wherever they may be. Families are with them too and so as a chaplain we try
�to keep that up in the forefront, keep these men in our prayers, always. And women. So thank
you.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
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1914-
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
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Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
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Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
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RHC-27
Language
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eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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VollinkL2314V
Creator
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Vollink, Lawrence
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019-06
Title
A name given to the resource
Vollink, Lawrence (Interview transcript and video), 2019
Description
An account of the resource
Lawrence Vollink was born in the Burton Heights neighborhood of Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he attended local schools and graduated high school in 1965. His father was a deeply religious, poor man with only an eighth-grade education and his mother did not work, but Vollink believed that he lived a comfortable childhood. With the financial help of his grandfather, he attended Great Lakes Bible College and graduated in 1970, becoming a minister. As a minister, Vollink was exempt from the draft and was encouraged to go back to Bible College for his master’s degree so he could become a military chaplain. In 1980, he was admitted into the military as an Army Chaplain at the rank of Captain after attending a reduced Basic Training Course at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. He would console his men over issues such as suicide, depression, stress, and insubordination. After three years at Fort Campbell, Vollink was transferred to Germany where he was assigned to the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command (AADCOM), which had its units scattered all over the country. He then attended a second Chaplain School in the United States for six months before he was promoted to Major and stationed at Fort Carson near Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 1990, Vollink was working at Selfridge when the United States invaded Kuwait and made the decision to remain in Michigan instead of deploying with his former unit from Fort Carson. After the conclusion of the invasion, he provided advice to his military commanders on how to better help and receive the troops returning home from deployment. In 1992, Vollink’s twenty years of active-duty service were up, so he joined the Army Reserves. He later became the State Chaplain, and then the National Chaplain, for the American Legion, serving the institution for a total of fifteen years. Afterwards, he joined the Civil Air Patrol as the organization’s Wing Chaplain in 2012 out of Pennsylvania. Vollink also worked smaller jobs for the VA and Hospice while working for the American Legion and Civil Air Patrol. Reflecting upon his time in the service, Vollink believed that God helped him not only to perform his job effectively, but also to be supportive of his men. Thus, he believed the military was his true calling and that he was used as a tool of God to do good in the military.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States—History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401.
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Rights
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In Copyright
Type
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Moving Image
Text
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2f277260ce2029913b6683b251423dcd.mp4
722dbdd14e37ff51d7cbbb304fc53837
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/87d406f6a4fd8d2e13ec914de5f14b4f.pdf
dcaf8ce595f71d7579a05eaa19557c13
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project
Jerry Von Holt
(1:50:47)
(00:15) Background Information
•
•
Jerry was born on May 16, 1930 in Quincy, Illinois
He liked to play pranks when he was younger; he ran all over town and was very restless
•
Jerry dropped out of school his junior year because he was failing algebra and typing
(16:50) Enlistment 1947
•
•
•
Jerry thought he would be able to take some time off when he had quit going to school
His father found out that he had dropped out and wanted him to start working
Jerry helped is father work in his car service garage, but enlisted in the Navy shortly after
at only 17 years old
(22:30) Training
• Jerry was sent to Saint Louis and then to Los Angeles
• He had boot camp in San Diego along with a group of Marines
• They also had to go to classes, which was nice because it kept them from marching all
day long in the hot weather
• After boot camp Jerry went to electrician school for 6 weeks
• He could not finish the program because he had never been very good at math
• They still allowed him to be an “electrician striker”
(34:00) Draft Boat
• Jerry boarded a draft boat as an “electrician striker”
• They traveled around many islands and he spent a lot of time fishing
(38:25) South Korea
• Jerry then boarded a destroyer and headed into the Pacific
• They arrived in Seoul
• Jerry did a lot of shopping and took many pictures while in South Korea
• He met a nice Canadian that showed him around
• Actual combat started about a month after he had arrived
(54:15) A Break From the Navy
�•
•
Jerry had only signed into Navy for a short amount of time and had been discharged three
days before any actual fighting began
He had been looking for work, but was still too young to find a decent job; most places
would not hire him until he was 21
(57:40) Back in the Navy
• Jerry could not find a decent job so he signed back into the Navy for another 6 years
• He became a seaman on a rescue ship
• He never ran into any problems on the ship or encountered any actual fighting
• He also boarded a destroyer and traveled many times near Korea for about 30 days at a
time
• He traveled back to Japan, and also the Philippines and Hong Kong
(1:04:15) Japan
• Jerry worked on shore duty in Japan from 1953-55
• He started working in crash boats and then worked as a fireman for 4 months
• They often had fake fire drills at 3 in the morning
• He had his own place off their base that only cost $15/month
• Jerry stayed here often during his time off
• They had lots of time off; usually working on for 2 days and then 2 days off
(1:08:05) The end of His Time in the Pacific
• Everyone on the ship back home was an alcoholic
• Jerry had to stop drinking so much when he got back because alcohol cost about 8 times
more in the US
• He was discharged in San Diego
• Shortly after being discharged, Jerry worked on a tug boat in Seattle
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Veterans History Project
Creator
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Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
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1914-
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
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Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
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Smither, James
Boring, Frank
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Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
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RHC-27
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eng
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<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
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VonHoltJ
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Von Holt, Jerry (Interview outline and video), 2007
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Von Holt, Jerry
Description
An account of the resource
Jerry Von Holt served in the US Navy from 1947 to 1956. He served on ships and at bases across the Pacific, including Korea and Japan. He served on destroyers that patrolled Korean waters, but did not see combat. He also received firefighting and rescue training.
Contributor
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Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer)
Collins, Carol (Interviewer)
Subject
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Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Video recordings
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
United States. Navy
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
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eng
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
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Moving Image
Text
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Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
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2007-06-29
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<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
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application/pdf
video/mp4
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d7c8e56a947cf14c227df7c95a40a7c7.mp4
f2007af960eb8ef03eb27a4ca67fb2b5
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cfb2f77e51df20e40bcaebd46ab1d604.pdf
f4eb4baaa39ebb63af181aa15cc23b2e
PDF Text
Text
ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW
KATE VONDERAU
Women in Baseball
Born: Fort Wayne, Indiana September 26, 1927
Resides: Albuquerque, New Mexico
Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, August 5, 2010,
Detroit, MI at the All American Girls Professional Baseball League reunion.
Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, March 6, 2011
Interviewer: “Kate, can you begin with a little bit of personal background to start
with? Where and when were you born?”
I was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana on September 26, 1927
Interviewer: “What did your family do for a living at that time?”
My dad was a maintenance man for the Fort Wayne public schools and my mother was a
bookkeeper, so they both worked.
Interviewer: “Were they able to keep those jobs through the thirties?”
Yes
Interviewer: “So you had enough to eat, at least, growing up. How many kids were
in the family?”
There were three of us, I had two brothers, two older brothers, so I was the youngest and
the only girl, which is an advantage you know.
Interviewer: “How did you windup getting into sports?” 14:34
My dad was always interested in sports and I started with him and we would go out and
play catch and I got interested in playing softball. I started playing softball with a sand
lot team in Fort Wayne and I started that when I was about twelve years old. I played all
through my teens with that team until the All American Girls came to town and they had
tryouts, so I tried out with them and I was able to make the team and I started playing
1
�with them in 1946. I had to wait until I graduated from high school and I started playing
with them. 15:20
Interviewer: “So did you first learn about the league in 1946 or had you heard
about it before that?”
I heard about it before that because Fort Wayne had a team and they started playing, I
think it was, about 1943, so I had known about it before 1946.
Interviewer: “Was that the team that moved from Minnesota?”
They came from Milwaukee.
Interviewer: “Milwaukee, I knew one of them did and Grand Rapids came form
someplace, so 1944 or 45 in there someplace, not 43 right away.”
Yes
Interviewer: “You’re aware of the league, you were playing organized ball, was
that a popular thing for girls to do?”
Yes it was, there were a lot of softball teams in Fort Wayne, a lot of leagues and most
girls of teenage were playing on some kind of organized softball team.
Interviewer: “What position did you normally play?” 16:17
Fist of all first baseman and then we ran out of catchers, so I started catching and that
became my position.
Interviewer: “All right, now when you were catching in softball, did you do the
things that baseball catchers will do? Do you try to call pitches or any of that kind
of thing?”
We didn’t do that too much in softball because our softball pitchers back in those days
only had one pitch—to get it over the plate, so I didn’t have to call too many pitches. I
2
�just had to catch whatever they threw at me, so I didn’t have to do that too much in that
day and age.
Interviewer: “Now, tell me about the tryout then for the league. How did that take
place?”
I don’t remember too much about that really. They had a day when they had people
come to a certain place in Fort Wayne and I don’t even remember what that place was. It
was someplace in Fort Wayne, so I didn’t have to leave the city and we had, of course,
throwing and hitting and that sort of thing and played practice games and they evaluated
us form all of that and they decided whether or not they thought we would be successful
in the league. 17:35
Interviewer: “Do you have a sense of how many girls were trying out then?”
I don’t recall—I don’t recall at all.
Interviewer: “Do you figure a few dozen or a few hundred or two?”
Oh no, not a hundred, maybe a couple dozen at the most.
Interviewer: “Were you trying out simply to get into the league or were you
actually trying out for the Fort Wayne team?”
Just to get into the league at that time, but I was then taken by the Fort Wayne team and I
played with them and I played with Fort Wayne, which is my hometown. 18:28
Interviewer: “Was that the first place you played for?”
Yes
Interviewer: “Who were some of the veteran players on that team when you joined
it?”
3
�Let’s see, Dotty Collins was on that team and Dolly Schroeder, I can’t remember too
many of the others at that time, those are the two that come to my mind immediately. I
guess they were the most prominent two.
Interviewer: “When you joined, you mentioned that you had to wait until your high
school graduation before you started to play, so you missed whatever kind of spring
training they had that year?”
No, I did go to spring training. I went to Cuba and I don’t remember what year that was
that I went to spring training in Cuba.
Interviewer: “Cuba was 1948 maybe?” 19:16
I went to Pascagoula one year and then I went to Cuba another year for spring training,
but the dates escape me, I can’t relate the dates to the places.
Interviewer: “Those we can track down, but do you remember what year was your
first season then? When did you start playing?”
1946
Interviewer: “I think Cuba was a couple years later than that, 1948 or something
like that. So, you joined the Fort Wayne team, do you remember your first game?”
No, I really don’t—I remember one of the games—I caught Dolly Collins and she had a
tremendous curve ball and I would start in one position and catch the ball and by the time
I caught it I was two feet to the right of where I started in order to catch it, so she had a
really tremendous curve ball. 20:16
Interviewer: “Now, did some of those go as passed balls or wild pitches? Would
you lose some of her pitches? As a catcher would you miss some of them?”
4
�Oh no, not too many, not too many, I could usually catch up with it somewhere along the
line.
Interviewer: “There were a number of players in the league who were sort of
notorious as base stealers. You get someone like Sophie Kurys stealing two hundred
in one season and that kind of thing.”
There was only one like that, and it was Sophie Kurys.
Interviewer: “Right, now did you get much of a chance to throw batters out?”
Oh yeah, a lot
Interviewer: “Were you good at it?”
Yeah, I was fairly good at it, and I had a pretty good arm and threw to second base on the
line pretty well. If the pitcher game me time, I could usually get it there on time. A lot of
times the pitcher didn’t give you time to do that. 21:10
Interviewer: “Were you a good hitter?”
No-- in softball I was a really good hitter. I usually got two or three hits every game, but
in baseball the ball was smaller and the pitchers had more control of the different pitcher,
so I was not a very good hitter in baseball, which was too bad, but that’s the way it goes.
Interviewer: “Were you a good defensive catcher though?”
Yes, I was that
Interviewer: “Even in this day, you can have a low batting average if you can do the
rest of the job. How long did you stay in the league?”
I was in the league about eight years, until 1953.
5
�Interviewer: “That’s a pretty good stretch there. Now at the time you joined the
league, how much of the rules and regulations was on dress and behavior? How
much of that was still in place?”
It was the dress code, having to dress in dresses each time you left the bus, that was still
in place, but the charm school was gone, I never had to do that, but we did have to follow
the dress code pretty closely and we had to know fraternization rules, we were not to
fraternize with the other teams and that sort of thing, so those types of things were still in
effect. 22:34
Interviewer: “Did they regulate things like who people could go out on dates with
or that sort of thing?”
Yeah, the chaperones watched that pretty closely.
Interviewer: “What did you think of the chaperones?”
They were very good. The chaperones we had on the teams I played for were all very
good, and I liked them a lot. We couldn’t have done without them.
Interviewer: “What about the managers?”
The managers were also ok. I played for Jimmy Foxx and he was about like he was in
the movie, but was certainly a gentleman, but he wasn’t always as sober as he could have
been, but he was always a gentleman. I played for Max Carey, I played for Bill
Wambsganns, and they were both major league ball players and they were both very
good, so I played for some good manager. I played for Leo Schrall in Peoria and he was
a teacher at one of the colleges in Peoria, I don’t remember what the name of it was.
23:46 He was a very good manager, he was interested in teaching us actually—how to
6
�do things. The others assumed that we knew everything, so he was more a teacher than
he was a coach, so it was very good to play for him.
Interviewer: “What kind of living accommodations did you have?”
When I played for Fort Wayne I lived at home, but when we were on the road, of course,
we lived in hotels and when I played with, like Muskegon, the chaperones found us
private homes to live in and the living accommodations were good. We were always
very comfortable and the chaperones made sure of that, so we were very well supervised.
They took good care of us because we were just youngsters and they watched us pretty
carefully. 24:34
Interviewer: “How much did they pay you to start?”
I would just guess, off the top of my head, sixty five dollars a week or something like
that, which was a lot of money back in those days and especially if you’re living at home
because you didn’t have any expenses. On the road, all your expenses were paid, so I
didn’t have to spend a lot of my money, but when I lived in Muskegon I had to live in
somebody else’s home and then I had some expenses. I always had plenty of money.
Interviewer: “Did you save some of that money?”
Oh yeah. And I went to school later and I went to school, and I went to school, and I went
to school.
Interviewer: “We’ll get into that a little later on here. Now, tell me about some of
the spring training experiences. You said you made the trip down to Cuba, what do
you remember about that?” 25:29
I remember that—that was at the time when Castro was up in the hills and people down
in Havana were shaking that he was going to come down there and capture the city,
7
�which I guess he did eventually. The food was not edible as far as I was concerned and I
lived on the pineapples they sold on the street corner. We were very popular with—the
games were very popular and well attended and people really appreciated the way we
played the game, so it was interesting, very interesting.
Interviewer: “Did you also recruit players in Cuba?”
Yes, we still have a few of them; well we still have one of them that’s here. Have you
interviewed her? She’s-Interviewer: “Lefty Alvarez”
Ah huh, Isabel ah huh, she’s interesting. I played with another one; her name was
Marrero, Mirtha Marrero, I think, who was a pitcher, so when they announced, before the
game they announced the battery, so when they announced the battery she was pitching,
and they and they announced Marrero and Vonderau. 26:53
Interviewer: “Where else did you go for spring training?”
Ah, Pascagoula, which was not too bad, but it was a little buggy and we lived in barracks
and the weather was very hot, I remember that. We had trouble staying out in the sun all
day long and we would get so sunburned we could hardly stand it, but otherwise it was
ok.
Interviewer: “In addition to sort of doing your training down there, did you do any
barnstorming or traveling around playing?”
Yes we did, we played there in Pascagoula and that area, and then we played games all
over, way back up to our hometowns. If it was in Muskegon, we would play games all
the way back up until we got there. 27:54 We did a lot of playing in states along the
way.
8
�Interviewer: “How long did you play in Fort Wayne?”
How long? I played with Fort Wayne several times. I would play with fort Wayne and
get traded away and get traded back, so I’d say maybe four or five years with Fort
Wayne.
Interviewer: “What was the first team you got traded to?”
Muskegon, Muskegon Lassies
Interviewer: “Did they trade you before the season or in the middle of the season?”
That, I don’t remember, I would have to look at my baseball card.
Interviewer: “Were you sorry to leave home or were you looking forward to the
adventure when you left?” 28:46
I was looking forward to being on another team. It was always an adventure. I
remember getting traded to Chicago, the Chicago Colleens, and when I got to Chicago I
had about five dollars in my pocket and I had to borrow money from one of my friends to
get where I was going and where I was supposed to be. I was a little bit short.
Interviewer: “Was it different playing in these different towns? Was Muskegon
different from Fort Wayne or Chicago, either of them?”
The game was pretty much the same. It was always different playing for a different
manager, but the game itself was not that much different.
Interviewer: “What about the surroundings and the people who came to the
games?”
That might have been a bit more different. Playing in my hometown, I think the people
were a little more hostile than they were in other towns where I wasn’t that well known.
It’s always hard to play in your own hometown. 29:48
9
�Interviewer: “They were hostile when you were playing for Fort Wayne?”
Yes, because I was from Fort Wayne and if I made a mistake, that was pretty bad news
because I was a Fort Wayne native.
Interviewer: “Did you have a lot of steady fans there?”
Oh yes, a lot of fans that came every day for every game we played and every night, so
they were the same fans day and night after night, and they heckled you night after night.
They paid to do that, so that was their privilege.
Interviewer: “What kind of people went to the games?”
Just ordinary, average, run of the mill people.
Interviewer: “Were they all ages?”
Yes, all ages
Interviewer: “Men and women?”
Yeah, yeah, and I think they were probably more—probably a little bit older because the
younger people were gone to war, so these were all people who were a little bit older than
they would have been had they been able to go to was, so they were a little bit older.
31:04
Interviewer: “In the late forties we didn’t have a was going on. You got Korea, but
that started up in 1950 though, so you got a certain amount of that there too. Are
there particular moments in your playing career that stand out? When you think
back to playing ball, what do you think of?”
Well, I think of the game itself I guess because I loved playing so much. You can stand
any kind of conditions if you like to play, so—people talk about playing in those skirts,
10
�well, we didn’t care what we played in as long as we got to play so, it was the game itself
and getting to play the game and the competition. It was just fun. 31:51
Interviewer: “What separated that game from the softball you had been playing
before?”
Well, the competition was better and a little more intense, and the game itself was a little
more difficult. The hitting was more difficult and the bases were longer and the pitching
was overhand, so the game was a little bit harder to play, but it was still just as much fun.
Interviewer: “Where else did you play? You mentioned you were in Muskegon,
you were in Chicago, and you were in Fort Wayne and Peoria. What was the team
there?”
The Peoria Red Wings
Interviewer: “Did they last only a short time?”
Oh no, they were in the—Chicago is the one that lasted only a short time, but Peoria was
–they were in the league quite a while. 32:47 They weren’t one of the original teams,
but they were one of the teams that lasted about eight years or something like that.
Interviewer: “Now when you were playing for these different teams, did any of
them make it to a championship series?”
Yeah, we did with Muskegon we went to the championship.
Interviewer: “Now, did you win?”
Ah, I think we won once with Fort Wayne and we got to the championship series in
Muskegon, but we lost the last game, but we did win once in Fort Wayne and I remember
getting a watch or something for having won the championship.
Interviewer: “Were you the regular catcher for the teams that you played for?”
11
�Sometimes yes, sometimes no. It depended on who happened to be on the team at the
same time I was, so I wasn’t always the first sting catcher, sometimes I was second.
Interviewer: “As second string catcher, did you still get to play fairly regularly?”
Oh yes 33:49
Interviewer: “You played so many games you probably had to.”
Yes
Interviewer: “How did the game change over the course of time that you were
playing? Did they do different things with the rules and the size of the ball and
things like that? How was it different at the time you ended your career than at the
time you started?”
I can’t remember that the game itself was all that much different. It was just the ball, the
size of the ball that made it a little bit faster, but the other rules of the game didn’t really
change all that much that I can recall. I just recall the smaller ball, but it was still the
same game, just a little bit faster game.
Interviewer: “Was it harder to catch in baseball than it was in softball? Was your
job harder?”
Yes, because the pitchers threw more different types of pitches and I had to call the types
of pitches that they were throwing, so it became more complicated. 34:50
Interviewer: “Did you learn the batters and that kind of thing the same way they do
these days, so you could now who hit what?”
Yeah, yeah we did that
Interviewer: “Did you have pitchers that didn’t like having you tell them what to
pitch?”
12
�No, not really, they didn’t check me off all that much, but there were some who probably
did. I had a couple pitchers that were maybe a little bit hostile, so if they threw me a low
pitch I threw the ball back to them and if they threw me a high pitch I threw the ball back
to her high, so I had to get even with her somehow.
Interviewer: “Now, as these games were going on, was there—did the managers
make much of an effort to signal to you, while you were catching, to tell you what
pitches to call?”
No, they didn’t do that too much, not unless we got into serious trouble. They didn’t do
that a whole lot. 35:53
Interviewer: ―Did they do the thing where they come out to the mound and talk to
the pitchers?”
Oh yes, they did that occasionally, just like they do in the major leagues.
Interviewer: “Why did you wind up leaving the league, why did you stop playing?”
Well, I was getting injured quite often, more often than I thought I should. I figured that
I had a few more years of my life to go and maybe I better preserve my body a little bit,
so I could live the rest of my life, and the league was about ready to fold too at that time,
so I just decided to stop. 36:34
Interviewer: “What was your last season?”
1953
Interviewer: “How could you tell the league was in trouble by then?”
Well, the attendance had dripped an awful lot and they had started the traveling leagues,
so the handwriting was on the wall and there wasn’t too much doubt that it was going to
fold pretty soon.
13
�Interviewer: “Once you made the decision then to quit, what did you do next?”
Then I went back to college and studied to be a teacher and I taught for about thirty years
after that.
Interviewer: “What level did you teach at?”
All levels, I started in elementary and I taught at junior high, high school, and then to the
university.‖
Interviewer: “What University did you teach at?”
The University of Wisconsin at Whitewater.
Interviewer: ―What were you teaching?”
Physical education, along the way and when I got to the University I was teaching—we
were training physical educators to go teach. That was basically what I was doing. 37:46
Interviewer: “As you were doing these things, teaching at these different levels, did
people know that you had played professional baseball?”
No, not really, no, not really, not until I got to the college level I guess, it never came up.
Interviewer: “When did you start teaching at the college level?”
About 1966 or something like that.
Interviewer: “But there were people who remembered something about the league
or knew that it existed?”
No, because I was teaching in the Midwest. Well, I taught in Wisconsin, but people were
not really aware of the league by that time. Of course it had died about ten years before
that and they had forgotten all about it I guess. It didn’t really come up all that much
until I guess, it was about the time of retirement was when it came up and they started
talking about it, or when the movie came out, maybe that’s when it was. 38:46
14
We
�didn’t really discuss it that much before that. It just never occurred to me, I guess, to
discuss it and I never had the opportunity to discuss it.
Interviewer: “Did you get actively involved in building up girls or women’s sports
programs?”
Yes
Interviewer: “What kinds of things did you do at these different places you
taught?”
I was coach for softball in college, we didn’t do too much at the other levels, at the high
school level, they didn’t really have competitive programs at that time, but at the college
level I coached softball, I coached volleyball I guess that’s all. Those are about the only
two things I coached.
Interviewer: “And were you still doing that when the Title IX legislation went
through and they began to expand things?”
Yeah 39:45
Interviewer: “What was your response to that when it happened? What did you
think of that?”
Well, it was fine, I—one thing I didn’t like about it was—when I coached, all the people
who came out for the sport, I taught them as much as I could as far as softball was
concerned. I let them play, so they could learn how to play, but when the title nine
started it was a different situation. You had to let the most talented people play, so you
had to be focused more on winning and that wasn’t my type of thing. I wanted to be a
teacher and teach them how to play and make sure they knew about the softball game
rather than just work with the skilled people. 40:37
15
�Interviewer: “Now, while you were actually playing in the league yourself, did you
think about how unusual this was that you were doing this, or of you yourself as
being a pioneer by going out and doing something new?”
No, I never thought about it, no, not until years and years later. When somebody told us
we were pioneers, then we thought about it, but it never occurred to us.
Interviewer: “You were doing it because they were paying you to play ball.”
Yes, and we loved playing ball. I would have played without the pay, so it didn’t make
any difference. They could have paid me half the salary and I still would have played, so
we just loved playing and it was an opportunity to play, so played and that’s all.
Interviewer: “When you look back at your career, what effect do you think it had
on you? How did it affect you, just being able to go and play for those years and
have that experience?” 41:36
I don’t really know how to answer that. I was a little bit more shy, I think, when I first
started and it got you out among people and made it easier to meet people and talk to
people and just that sort of thing. Otherwise, I don’t know what else to say about that.
Interviewer: “do you think it gave you a certain level of confidence and the ability
to go out and do things?”
Yeah
Interviewer: “When you were, say eighteen or nineteen, did you think you would
end up teaching college somewhere?”
No, it never occurred to me then, nope.
16
�Interviewer: “If you were asked to, and you probably have been asked to, to review
the movie “A League of their Own”, what would you say about it? 42:40 What
worked well? What did they get wrong?”
Well, I think it was about eighty-five percent true, what they’ve done, and I was very
pleased with it. They did a good job, but some of the scenes that they put in, I know,
were for entertainment only, and just to attract people, so they would like the film a little
bit better. It distracted from what we actually did, but I can understand why they did it. I
still enjoyed the movie a lot and I thought they did a nice job.
Interviewer: “What aspect of your experiences as a ball player do you think they
did a good job with?”
The games themselves, the coaching of the games and the relationships, like the two
sisters, and the competitive part of it, that was good and I thought the whole thing, as a
whole, was good except for—like doing the splits and ending up with a hotdog and the
manager being in the locker room, that never would have happened, and those types of
things. 43:58 Everything else, I thought was good. Some of the things they did, as far
as the chaperones, were a concern—we use to play trick on the chaperones, but I think
they went a little bit farther than they needed to go in the movie, but we did those types of
things though—it was not too far off.
Interviewer: “If you just think back again to the time you spent in the league, are
there other particular memories or stories that come back to you that you haven’t
mentioned yet?”
17
�No, I can’t really think of anything. You know, this is so long ago, fifty years ago, and a
lot of things escape me and I can’t remember things as vividly as I once did, so I can’t
think of anything else that would stand out at the moment. 45:03
Interviewer: “Well, you managed to tell us quite a bit, so thank you very much for
coming in and talking to us.”
Thank you.
18
�19
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Interviews
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was started by Philip Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during World War II to fill the void left by the departure of most of the best male baseball players for military service. Players were recruited from across the country, and the league was successful enough to be able to continue on after the war. The league had teams based in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, and operated between 1943 and 1954. The 1954 season ended with only the Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford teams remaining. The League gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball. Many of the players went on to successful careers, and the league itself provided an important precedent for later efforts to promote women's sports.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-58)</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sports for women
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives
Oral history
Baseball players--Minnesota
Baseball players--Indiana
Baseball players--Wisconsin
Baseball players--Michigan
Baseball players--Illinois
Baseball for women--United States
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401
Identifier
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RHC-58
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Type
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Moving Image
Text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-10-02
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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RHC-58_KVonderau
Title
A name given to the resource
Vonderau, Kate (Interview transcript and video), 2010
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vonderau, Kate
Description
An account of the resource
Kate Vonderau was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1927. She grew up playing ball with her brothers. She learned about the AAGPBL when the Daisies came to Fort Wayne, and tried out for and made the team in 1946. She was a catcher, and eventually spend eight seasons in the league, playing for Peoria, Muskegon and Chicago as well as Fort Wayne. She attended college in the off season and became a teacher after her playing career, starting in elementary school, then moving on to high school and college teaching, and coached college softball and volleyball teams.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Video recordings
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives
Baseball for women--United States
Baseball
Sports for women
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Baseball players--Michigan
Baseball players--Indiana
Baseball players--Illinois
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-08-05
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-55)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b1cbdf7bdfc284c52c8393cc24a2ef13.mp4
3c9bb73b6449d53f5767d986e66d20eb
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a774a856e361e2270f56e981ab974295
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Name of War: Desert Storm
Name of Interviewee: James Vonk
Length of Interview: 00:28:10
Background:
Born September 3, 1965.
He served as a corporal in the US Marine Corps.
His mom served as wife and mother.
His brother, Michael, served in the Army in the late 90’s.
He was attending Calvin College, and in his 3rd year he decided to drop out and join the
Marine Corps.
He had always thought about doing it, and he thought that if he was going to, he needed
to do it now, because back then, when he joined, the Marines wouldn’t take anyone over
27 years old.
His dad would ask him why he would join the Marine Corps, and he didn’t know if it was
to prove something, but he thought someone has to do it. So he signed up for the Marine
Corps Infantry.
Training (2:10)
He would spend three months at the Marine Corps recruit depot in San Diego.
Then he spent another three months at Camp Pendleton, California for Infantry training.
From there, he would go through many other training excursions, from learning how to
jump out of a helicopter to learning how to run in snow shoes.
He remembers boot camp the most. When you first realize what you had done, it is
almost like being on a different planet.
He had spare time on Sunday mornings, which they spend washing their clothes,
prepping their gear, and other things. There was little or no free time for him in boot
camp.
Infantry training school was a lot like boot camp. You do a lot of running, you learn how
to shoot different types of guns and it was nothing too different from what he experienced
during his time at boot camp.
ITS was like boot camp lite. He did get weekends off and he was allowed to make phone
calls back home.
He had to take the ASVAB when he entered the service. He thinks that there may be a
required High School Diploma or GED, but he doesn’t know for sure.
If you wanted to go into Army Intelligence or something like that, you may need an
advance degree or special training.
The physical took place at the MEPS Center in Detroit. It took almost a full day, herding
you from one section to the other in groups of about 20-30.
His unit was special operations qualified. This meant that his unit could do several
different assaults, and were qualified for several different specialties.
�
He never was Jump qualified, and he had wished he had got that.
The biggest change, socially, was that there were almost no females around. Almost 95%
of the jobs available to the Marines were closed to women, so it was a big change that he
saw when he first entered the service.
The food was not as bad as everyone says it is. C-rations are terrible, but the chow hall
was ok, and if you got off the Marine Corps base and onto an Air Force base, the chow
there was pretty good.
You live in a squad bay, which is filled with bunks occupied by 30-40 other guys. This
was not too difficult for him, but it was still new.
Once he was done with training, he was stationed in Camp Pendleton, California. From
there he would do some special training in Norway and such. But he would spend most
of his time in Okinawa, Japan.
Active Duty (7:50)
Desert Storm began while they were on Okinawa, and they prepared for deployment to
Iraq.
They would not make it to Iraq however, as the ground war only took 3 days or so. The
rest was Air war.
From there, he went down to the Philippines for a 2-3 month stay, and back to Okinawa
for the rest of his duty and then he would go back stateside from there. That would take
about a year.
He would form some friendships while down there. Other than your wife and kids, there
are not stronger bonds made. You live with these guys 24/7, you go through all the
hardships together, and the bond gets really strong.
There is one guy that he contacts the most, but has not contacted him in a couple of years
now. He has a few other guys that he would talk to after the time they spent in service
together.
He traveled to Japan in a civilian aircraft. They crossed the International Date Line on
December 24, and landed on December 26. So the joke they had was that they really did
miss Christmas.
While he was in Japan, he would stay in contact via mail. Phone contact was very
expensive, so mail call was a big deal for him while he was serving. Things today are
different, of course, with computers and such.
He said there were a lot of times where you were not very hygienic. This is why they cut
your hair very short. It helped to prevent lice; it kept enemies from pulling on it in battle
too.
He would carry baby wipes to keep the worst away. After about two weeks in the field,
he says you would be pretty ripe and ready for a shower.
He did get to meet civilians, but did not make any lasting relationships because of the
language barrier.
He and his buddies would go to town and eat Japanese food, but he thinks the people
there did not care for them too much.
He would also see some of the worst things, likes bars or prostitutes.
During his off time, he and his buddies would try to get scuba diving in.
�
They would go to the capital city or the Air Force base to watch baseball games. If the
chow was good you would go back for seconds.
They would also go to a PX, which was similar to a mall.
While he was there, he would also have to take special classes to learn how to drive on
the other side of the road. He would show his international driving license.
There was never really too much time off to go on huge excursions, so you did what you
could. There was also a bowling alley on the Air Force base.
He would stay a year total between the Philippines and Okinawa. While in the
Philippines, your tour of duty was only 3 months, so they got you in and out pretty
quickly.
Subic Bay was a home to a large Navy base. He would serve as guard to the Navy
personnel stationed there.
Camp Hanson, in Okinawa, housed probably no more than 750 Marines.
He and the others would travel together a unit.
Post Duty (16:15)
After the war he came back to Grand Rapids and began working at a Spartan store
warehouse at the time. He found out quickly that it was not what he wanted to do the rest
of his life.
So he went back to Davenport and finished his degree in International Business.
He did not have any difficulty adjusting to life when he got back to the US.
Funny enough, what he missed the most was driving. Though he would drive a little bit
in Japan he did not drive often enough.
It was nice seeing places that you were most familiar with, things that you never really
notice until you come back.
He was married before he went into the service, but it didn’t last after that.
He would write to his Mom and Dad, because his Mom would worry constantly. He
would always write to his wife, but other than that he never really wrote to anybody else.
His father did not encourage nor discourage his son from joining the war. His biggest
question was why the Marine Corps Infantry.
He believes that there is a tremendous amount that people can get out of going into the
service. Even if you hated every minute of it, it really opens your eyes to what is
important to you.
He would not discourage people from joining it.
He would get his rank from the time in his service. It wasn’t that difficult.
He would get one of his awards for going above and beyond what was expected of him.
Though most of them were unit awards and not individual honors.
He goes through different items that he has from his time in the service. Pictures, cards,
certification, and a Marine Corps Handbook, though he doubts anyone has read the whole
thing.
He would try to pick up stuff wherever he went.
He also has some old uniforms lying around from his time in service as well.
The coolest thing he thinks he has is a flak jacket. It’s very heavy, but not bullet proof.
It was supposed to protect you from some of the shrapnel from the explosions. It did stop
�
a handgun round. He had to wear it while training in boot camp in southern California.
It was miserable. (26:15)
He also has a gun that the Navy Seals use. He got it after he got out of the service.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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VonkJ0997V
Title
A name given to the resource
Vonk, James (Interview outline and video), 2010
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vonk, James
Description
An account of the resource
James Vonk of Grand Rapids, Michigan, left college in the late 1980s to enlist in the Marine Corps. He was sent to Okinawa, and was based there at the time of Desert Storm. His company was scheduled to go to Iraq, but the ground war ended so quickly that they did not have to go. Instead, they spent several months at Subic Bay in the Philippines, and then returned to Okinawa.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Schafer, Kailee (Interviewer)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
United States. Marine Corps
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06-03
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c7b84998f538cb3b8ca8ff21f20559ee.pdf
596e0d44b3c5aa73f086de7f21fb4fe4
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Incunabula
Description
An account of the resource
The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1450/1500
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Incunabula Collection (DC-03)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
it
la
nl
de
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Legenda aurea sanctorum, sive Lombardica historia [German] [folium 31]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-03_031Voragine1475
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Voragine, Jacobus de, approximately 1229-1298
Description
An account of the resource
One leaf of Legenda aurea sanctorum, sive Lombardica historia [German] by Jacobus de Voragine. Leben der Heiligen: Winterteil (I) und Sommerteil (II). Printed in Augsburg by Johann Schönsperger in 1482. [GW M11366; ISTC ij00161500]
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Augsburg: Johann Schönsperger
Subject
The topic of the resource
Incunabula
Printing 1450-1500
Voragine, Jacobus de, ca. 1229-1298
Language
A language of the resource
de
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
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application/pdf
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1482
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/91d644bf74a52844d9c16510d6a95e05.mp4
7b2b542d78ca331a97df008e0d95cb99
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/200569fc976d3b20857c55eafd28958e.pdf
a25ffe5194e638dd9987fb1d36bb81ce
PDF Text
Text
Living with PFAS
Interviewer: Danielle DeVasto
Interviewee: Karen Vorce |
Date of Interview: 2023-01-13
Danielle DeVasto: I'm Dani DeVasto, and today, January 13, 2023, I have the pleasure of chatting with
Karen Vorce. Karen, thanks so much for coming and talking with me today.
Karen Vorce: Of course. Thanks for having me.
Danielle DeVasto: Can you tell me about where you're from Karen, and where you currently live?
Karen Vorce: Yes. Um, I- I live here in Kent County, Michigan, um, on the west side of Kent County in
the City of Walker, and I also work here in Kent County as well, um, at the Michigan Department of
Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy in the Remediation Redevelopment Division, and our district office
is in downtown Grand Rapids, in Kent County.
Danielle DeVasto: And how long have you been in Kent County, Karen?
Karen Vorce: Let's see, I've lived in Kent County now for about six and a half years. Um, I actually
moved to the west side of Michigan, from the Metro Detroit area in the summer of 2016.
Danielle DeVasto: Thank you. Karen, can you tell me a story, please, about your experience with PFAS
or with PFAS in your community?
Karen Vorce: Sure, yes. Um, so it kinda has to deal with me working for the State of Michigan and the
Department of Environment. Um, I started here at the state, um, in February 2017. I transferred over from
doing environmental work in consulting, um, for a number of, uh, [LIP SMACK] the regulated community
in the State of Michigan, for about seven years, and so I was really excited. Um, I applied for the job at
the state, and I was able to get the job and, um, [LIP SMACK] always had wanted to work for- for the
State of Michigan. And, [LIP SMACK] um, so I started in February 2017, and that was right when
[NOTIFICATION SOUND] we were just starting to learn about Scotchgard, um, the fabric protectant, uh,
waterproofing used by Wolverine Worldwide, um, at their tannery facility in downtown Rockford, which
was, uh, had been long gone since about 2010. And, um, so yeah, I was assigned to cover as a project
manager and geologist, uh, northern Kent County on my first day, and it just so happened that this
Wolverine site was located also in northern Kent County, so it landed in my lap, and I remember about a
month in, you know, hearing that the citizens' group had- had met with some of my colleagues and my
supervisor in January, so just about a month before I started, and had brought concerns about the waste
stream that would've left the tannery [SNIFFLE] containing PFAS, the Scotchgard material, and where
that was disposed of at this, uh, property called the House Street Dump. And so I remember we started
looking for any records on that, and then, um, [LIP SMACK] we had never sampled for PFAS at a site, an
environmental site, [LIP SMACK] um, any sites of contamination in our district before that time. So this
was definitely something new to- to Eagle in our divi- our district. Um, there were a couple other sites,
military installations, that had been doing testing [SNIFFLE] in other places. So we kinda had to learn,
myself and colleagues had to learn the process of collecting PFAS samples, how to do it properly, um,
and so we started sampling some wells, um, just to the northeast of the House Street Dump because a
Page 1
�well permit had come in. Someone wanted to install a new well and knowing that the concerns that were
brought to us from the citizen group, um, you know, and obviously the local health department, we all
kinda were like, well, let's sample those houses around where this permit is to make sure that there's not
PFAS in there. Um, Wolverine agreed to do that sampling. Um, it was difficult to- to get liable parties to do
that sampling at that time 'cause we didn't have regulated, um—PFAS compounds were not regulated.
We had no criteria, so really no legal teeth, um, to request sampling, but, uh, you know, Wolverine did
agree. Uh, we also requested onsite work to start doing onsite sampling at the House Street site, as well
as at the tannery site where it was occurring—where the tanning operations happened, but, um, you
know, that was in April 2017, and then, you know, those results, fortunately, um, they did- they did detect
some PFAS, but at that time we thought, okay, it's- it wasn't above the EPA lifetime health advisory that
we were using, uh, which was 70 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS, [LIP SMACK] and, um, so we
thought, okay, well at least those folks are, you know, below the 70, 'cause we didn't really have any other
levels or- or known values to go off of. So, uh, we said, okay, let's- let's shift Wolverine. We need you to
keep—we need you to do something at the site. We gotta get groundwater samples at the site cause
there's other houses around here, right, um, that, you know, could be impacted. So that was- that was
going on, and lo and behold—so the sampling was done in April. In May, the end of May, we got a call
from the Department of Defense, um, because they had done sampling of the Belmont Armory,
[SNIFFLE] which is on the House Street site—not on the hou—is on House Street, just down the road
from the House Street Dump. They sampled their private well for PFAS because the Department of
Defense was sampling all their properties across the United States at that time for PFAS because of their
training with, um, [LIP SMACK] the Aqua- Aqueous Film-Forming- Film-Forming Foam, the AFFF, that
they've been using at a lot of their properties. Um, that was—AFFF was not used at the Belmont Armory.
It used to be a church, and then they used it for, like, band practice. So, um, when they got a hit in their
well of, I believe it was 120 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS, um, we got that result, and we were,
like, look, this- this is what, you know, we're worried about Wolverine. This is why we've been asking you
to do this. We need you to sample wells now, like we know there's a problem. You can't just be focusing
on the- on the site, we need to sample residential wells. And so that summer of 2017, it's kind of a blur
now, but that's when, um, you know, especially as a new state employee, it was pretty intense going out
to the neighborhood, um, with this emerging contaminant telling people, hey, we wanna sample your well,
it may or may not be impacted with this PFAS stuff that's at this dump, that's down the street from your
house, that's covered in trees, that you may not have known was there. [DEEP BREATH] Um, you know,
going door to door, just having those- those conversations with people and- and not knowing in the
beginning, just thinking, oh, hopefully, you know, then maybe this won't be that bad, maybe- maybe their
wells are at a good depth, and it won't be a problem. I do remember the first house besides the- the
homes to the northeast. Once we started going down House Street, the first door I knocked on, um, who
you've probably interviewed, was Sandy Linstelz' door. She lived right across the street from House
Street, and, um, yeah, I remember meeting her and just from the moment I met her, she was just such a
Page 2
�nice lady, and, um, she was just so nice. She said, "Oh yeah, come on in, take a sample, do whatever
you gotta do," and you know, we sampled. I think there was about 46 houses during that- that initial
sampling in May 2017, or June. It was June by that time, 2017. And I still remember, uh, being in the
office and getting the email results, uh, coming in of the lab, the lab sampling results, and, um, just
seeing, you know, those results coming of some of those houses and the tens of thousands of parts per
trillion in their drinking water well, and it really was at that moment I realized, you know, even being new
to the state, sensing that something just was really wrong, this is not obviously good. Um, it's way above
that 70 parts per trillion, and I'm not a toxicologist, I'm geologist, but just seeing that number I knew that's
obviously not something that is good for people to be drinking, or safe. Um, and so, yeah, then I
remember that afternoon, at that time my supervisor and the health department took—had to take those
results and go to- go to people's houses and- and tell them right away [DEEP BREATH] what their results
were. Um, yeah, so I can keep going on this story. I can go up to where we are current day, um,
[LAUGHTER] if- if you wanted, um, but, yeah, that's kind of just going back to those early days. Um, just
the panic that's involved with projects like this coming from a regulatory standpoint. Um, I- I think of other
states, especially, or really around the world, anywhere, any- any geographic location or government, um,
[LIP SMACK] where, you know, they haven't started testing for PFAS, um, they haven't started looking for
it. Um, you know, I- I just want people to learn from Michigan, and- and learn from what we've
experienced and had to go through to kinda learn how to look for it and address it because, um, people
will find it. We're gonna keep finding it, um, but they need to start looking sooner rather than later, and I'm
sure the residents who have been impacted here in Michigan, at all of our PFAS sites, not even just here
in Kent County, would echo that the sooner that you can let people know that they're drinking something
they're not supposed to be drinking, the better, um, because, you know, now we're learning more about it.
There's kind of no more excuses that people can have. I mean, it's in- it's in the everyday CNN and all the
publications are talking about PFAS. Everyone's talking about PFAS now. Um, we know it's an issue. We
have more science, more health studies to document even lower levels, so our levels are now below 70
parts per trillion here in Michigan, for a number of compounds. Um, and EPA has since updated that 70
parts per trillion right to below one parts per trillion for PFOA or PFOS. Each of those are below one parts
per trillion now. Um, so obviously these are harmful chemicals at very low concentrations. Um, and I think
the more people realize how we're exposed to those every day, not just in our drinking water, through our
everyday commerce goods, through potentially touching things that could be contaminated, dirt, soil, um,
couches, you know, laying around on couches that are Scotchgarded, um, uh, cosmetics, you know,
different, uh, adhesives, different things we're breathing in, even the dust particles that we're ingesting,
you know, it's- it's once you start realizing kind of how ubiquitous and how much PFAS is a part of our,
unfortunately, society now, it really goes to show the- the urgency and the need that is needed to- to keep
addressing PFAS [SNIFFLE] 'cause the more we find out, it just seems like the more we're realizing that
they're not good for us. I mean, they do their job good [CHUCKLE] on the- on the waterproofing and, um,
Page 3
�the chemistry end. Yes, they're a modern marvel and, um, they do their job, but obviously they weren't
made to be inside of us.
Danielle DeVasto: Yeah. Right. Um, I'm wondering if you might, if you're willing to say more about your
experience with PFAS from that kind of regulatory work perspective. You've kind of hinted that, you know,
you're not a toxicologist, you're a geologist, and so I guess I'm just curious if you have anything else that
you might say about how PFAS has kind of been a part of your work experience and- and- and impacting
that.
Karen Vorce: Yeah. So, um, yeah, P—un- understanding, we- I mean, we've just been like sponges
soaking up the data over the last six years now, um, at this site and at others. You know, we have over
240, uh, PFAS sites now in the State of Michigan, identified. Those are locations where we have
groundwater above our cleanup standards. [SNIFFLE] We have samples, um, showing that the
groundwater's contaminated above that. So we have at least 240. I'm sure there's plenty more out there,
we just haven't found yet. Um, I- I think Wolverine's site here in northern Kent County, it does span
approximately 25 square miles of groundwater contamination. It is, I'm pretty sure the largest, um, area of
contamination that we have found to date, and I'm—hopefully it stays that way. Uh, I [CHUCKLE] don't
wanna find any more like this, especially such high concentrations in private drinking water wells. I mean,
we have found, um, concentrations as high as 100,000 parts per trillion in private drinking water wells,
um, which is just pretty- pretty insane to say out loud, um, that to date from just the various conferences,
the various interactions that I've had, that I've heard others having, I haven't heard of anyone having a
higher result than that 100,000 parts per trillion in a drinking water well. I've heard of it in environmental
wells at sites. You know, we have 1,000,000 parts per trillion in groundwater at the tannery site,
[SNIFFLE] but for someone to actually be drinking that, um, is pretty astounding and, um, you know, what
we've learned about the contaminant fate and transport of PFAS, especially in this area, um, has really
helped us be able to address PFAS at other sites faster, uh, get a better understanding because in the
beginning, there's no way when this first started, um, that- that we knew this contaminant plume would
encompass 25 square miles. Like, we were thinking, oh, you know, we have, uh, chlorinated-solvent
plumes, we have petroleum, you know, gasoline-parameter plumes. We're used to dealing with
contamination. That's what we do here in my division. So I would always tell people, you don't wanna see
me 'cause when we show up, that means you have contamination, right, [LAUGHTER] um, unfortunately.
So it's—we- we're used to it, like, okay, we'll start with these close houses and that was really hard for me
personally, when this started in gaining, really having to gain the trust back of the public for- for the
agency, you know, before I even, sometimes, you know, before I was born, obviously when this dumping
occurred, but before I even worked at Eagle, because, um, you know, we—in the beginning of this, we
were handling it like every other site we handled today, not knowing that PFAS traveled as far as it could,
it's so mobile. In the complex geology that we're dealing with here in northern Kent, um, the glacial
geology, and just a lot of the sand and gravel that just acted as a beautiful, unfortunately conduit for
PFAS to travel long distances. You know, in the beginning, if- if what we know now, yes, I—we would've
Page 4
�been expanding those sampling areas from the get-go, making them bigger. But in the beginning we—
when we were taking this, okay, you start on site and then you step out and then you step out more, and
then what happened was, you know, word started going around and then people were mad that, you
know, well, why isn't the state or the health department coming to tell us about this? Why am I finding out
from my neighbors? Or, you know, there were law firms going around, right, knocking on people's doors,
and that really was difficult personally, um, for me to deal with, with people having that anger. You know,
it felt very personal to me, to the department, that we weren't doing our jobs, when at the time we thought
we were doing our jobs based on how other contaminants behave, based on other projects. We had
never, um, dealt with anything like this. So we- I tried to take that and not- and not take it personally
'cause I knew these people, you know, these residents were not mad at Karen Vorce, they- they were
mad at the situation that- that this is- that this has happened and that they have been unknowingly
drinking PFAS and subjecting their families and their children and- and things to this. And so taking that,
um, not taking things personally, but wanting to be an agent of change and an agent of help, to help the
residents was what I started to focus on and really empathizing with them and- and- and putting myself in
their shoes because yes, I was experiencing my own emotional and psychological issues with dealing
with this PFAS and being a first, you know, "emergency responder" to this, which has its own types of
kind of stress, but, you know, I—it was nothing compared to what people who were exposed to this and
drinking it were having to deal with, and I just kept reminding myself of that. Um, and so what we learned,
I think one of the main takeaways from our Wolv—as a regulator from- from Wolverine, a) transparency is
extremely important to everyone, um, especially the folks who are—may or may not be impacted. So
making sure you're, um, transparent and honest, even if you don't know the answers, saying you don't
know the answers and that, you know, this is what we're trying to do. B) Having a robust communication
plan with how you're going to reach out to residents, how you're going to have enough people to go door
to door to let people know, um, using local municipalities, uh, email blasts, using different ways to reach
people through social media, through door hangers, through mailers, multiple ways, 'cause some people
like their information different ways, but really making sure—you're gonna think you're overcommunicating, but you're—but to some people you're still not communicating enough. So until you feel
like you're communicating too much, you're not communicating enough when it comes to sites like this.
Um, so that was something we learned 'cause we really had to up—the state really ups their game, if you
will, on communication and public outreach based on PFAS. It was definitely lacking, um, before this.
[SNIFFLE] The—and th- the residents of this area helped facilitate that change 'cause they- they were the
ones who were able to point it out to, I think the agency, to say, "Hey, you know, I'm mad that I found out
from my neighbor, or I found out from someone knocking on my door,and I didn't find out from the state,"
like, how can we make sure this doesn't happen again? Okay. So that was kind of a humbling and
important learning aspect. Um, another one, especially when we're dealing with emerging contaminants
and I kind of, so I said, um, [LIP SMACK] communication is pooling your resources. So I understand not
every state has the same resources as Michigan, uh, every- every environmental, you know, agency, but
Page 5
�really reaching out to neighboring states or reaching out to other divisions or even the federal
government, putting your head in the sand and saying, you don't have the people to address the problem
isn't going to solve the problem. You need to be vocal that you don't have enough resources, that you are
concerned. That's how you get funding and that's how you get people involved, and you get legislator—
legislative change, and you get more funding in state budgets, and so being- not being afraid to be vocal
about that, to show your "vulnerabilities," as a state agency, I think a lot of agencies are afraid to do that
'cause they don't wanna look like they can't do their job, right. And you don't wanna scare people, like, oh
no, my- my state agency isn't equipped to handle this. Well, no we didn't—of course not, like we didn't
know about PFAS and no one really expects that 25 square miles of somewhere is going to be impacted.
So, you know, you- you- you plan for the worst and hope for the best, but we really need to be—PFAS
showed us we need to be prepared for things like this and don't be afraid to ask for help, and don't act like
you know all the answers 'cause you're—it's gonna be pretty obvious that you don't. So we are- we tried
to be pretty humble and open and honest in the beginning in north Kent, and I think that went a long way
with the residents as well. Um, so those are kind of my three main, um, I guess suggestions to other
regulators. And you know, we learned—we had to change a paradigm, our thinking of how we address
sites of contamination, where before, and this was some of the frustration in the beginning that residents
had, they were like, "Well, why are you starting on the source property with groundwater sampling and
then stepping out, like, why aren't you out sampling all of the wells?" And so we had to explain, well,
normally in order to know where to sample the wells, we need to know, like, groundwater flow at the site,
and we need to know what the source is and, like, what the local geology is, so then we can, like, better
pinpoint, you know where to sample and understand it. And then—but then in the public side and in some
cases depending on the concentrations, you kinda had to go ahead of that, and you can't wait for thatthat HydroGeo investigation to happen. You have to go to the- to the receptors now and sample, and you
may have to sample more than you thought you would, or you may- you may over-sample, but, hey, at
least you're sampling. I'd rather over-sample than not sample enough and- and do it in a timely manner.
So there definitely is an expectation, um, that you prioritize the drinking water response over the science
or the academic or the hydrogeologic, which in some cases is difficult because we need the hydrogeology
to tell us where it's going and where to sample, so you have to use your best professional judgment, you
have to use your—the tools you have, the digital resources, best inferred groundwater direction, right, yet
you gotta kinda think on your feet and- and- and do things that way. So that was obviously difficult to
figure out in the beginning as you're going through this. Um, we had, in the beginning of this, um, we did
call in our incident managers that we have here, our environmental, um, emergency incident managers,
that we have in our Remediation and Redevelopment Division here at Eagle. So each district of RRD,
Remediation and Redevelopment Division, um, has an incident manager. They all came from across the
state [CLICK SOUND] to north Kent, when this started blowing up in 2017, um, to help us because this
was getting to be so big and so large, and there were so many things we needed help. I- it was just me
and one other colleague and my supervisor trying to field all these calls and address all these things, so
Page 6
�we needed help. So we pulled in, we were able to pull in extra resources. Um, making sure you have
open communication between the local, state, and federal health agencies was really crucial and the
local—or the state and federal environmental agencies. So everybody was kind of at the table and
everyone kinda had their lane, if you will. We started figuring out, okay, Eagle, this is your job to- to figure
out where the contamination is, identify wells that need to be sampled, get the contractors out there,
oversee Wolverine doing the work, um, make sure it's being done right, QAQC stuff. And then it was like,
okay, health departments, your job is getting residents the results, explaining what the results mean,
telling them do they need to filter, do they not need a filter? Figuring all that out was a whole thing, too, in
the beginning when this was happening and who's communicating what, right. Um, that was crucial, um,
to make sure that we had the right people communicating the information, who were the toxicologists
epidemiologists, the health folks. Um, and- and then we were staying in our lane doing our thing and—but
we were all working together, um, on the same goal. Um, so that was another huge aspect, 'cause at the
end of the day, we all kinda have our- our little ex—areas of expertise, and it is tempting to kinda go out
and try to boss around other agencies, but- but at the end of the day, you kinda just all start working
together and get over that tur—like, this is my turf, no, this is my turf, and you just start working for your
citizens, that are basically your bosses. Um, [CHUCKLE] that's what—who I work for, right, the taxpayers.
So, um, that was a learning experience, and, um, you know, now- now I- I- I know who to contact if- if I
have issues, you know, the health—local and state health were, like, you know, really close and EPA.
Like, we're kind of all allies now from having gone through this, um, helping each other. It's not a local
versus state versus federal. It's not us versus them. That can hap—I- I don't know if the general public
knows that, but that- that can happen, you know, Eagles get in the way, um, you know, like, oh, the state
has this handled, we don't need the fed help, or, you know, local people will be like, "Oh, the local county
has us. We don't need the state's help," you know, so kinda getting in over that, those- those, um, those,
you know, can- can be a humbling [CHUCKLE] experience for- for other, I'm sure states and both, they
experienced similar things. Um, but I would say, you know- you know, this was, this has been—I- I call
this my baby, my- my site, since I started at the state. I'm still heavily involved. I—we did hire a new, you
know, project, uh, project manager [SNIFFLE] since I've transitioned into district supervisor work, um, but,
you know, people from the beginning told me this is a once in a career type of issue or- or site or- or
experience. When I first started, I didn't really realize that. I thought, Oh, this is- this is its normal to work,
you know, have- have- have- have public meetings four nights a week and work till nine at night, and, you
know, start the day again at seven a.m., and be doing all this crazy stuff and- and- and be suing multibillion dollar companies and having, you know, mediation and- and drafting consent decrees, and, well,
no, that's not normal, but, um, you know, I wouldn't trade it for anything. I- I do believe, um, that God had
me come to west Michigan, for a reason, um, that I was given north Kent, for a reason. I felt very underqualified in the beginning, uh, you know, a new PM, a newbie, um, kinda had that imposter syndrome, but
as- as time went on, I realized that, hey, you know, I have a whole department, I have colleagues, it's not
just me doing this, it's us, it's a team, everyone has their part, and I just really started focusing on the
Page 7
�people and the outreach and the empathy and caring for, you know, the residents. Um, and I think at the
end, you know, just focusing on your strengths, you don't need to know everything as a regulator. You
have resources. You have people and experts to rely on. That was also a, um, [SNIFFLE] something I
learned early on in this project.
Danielle DeVasto: What a way to start, huh?
Karen Vorce: Yes. [LAUGHTER]
Danielle DeVasto: It's really that- that, like, tested by fire and—
Karen Vorce: Yes.
Danielle DeVasto: —hopefully it is truly a once-in-a-career situation.
Karen Vorce: Yes, I hope so.
Danielle DeVasto: Um, maybe looking forward then, what kinds of concerns do you have about PFAS
contamination, moving forward?
Karen Vorce: Yeah. Um, definitely I have concerns. Um, you know, as- as a mother now, when I started
this project, I wasn't a mom, and, you know, went through this and- and now I- I have a one and a half
year old, um, so I can empathize, uh, a lot better, too, with- with folks who had children who have been
affected by contamination, you know, imagining my son drinking it or- or having been nursed on, you
know if the mother was ingesting it- it tran- transmisses through- through breast milk and when the baby's
developing and- and things like that. So I really worry. I really am just concerned, you know, especially
always thinking ahead to the next generation, how can we reduce exposure to them? Um, and I'm really
excited to see some states now, um, are banning certain products with PFAS, certain food- food
packaging, um, you know, certain—I- I swear I read somewhere certain consumer goods won't be—
clothing won't be allowed to have PFAS in it with—and something in New York City, I have to dig into that
more. Um, you know, the- the more we can eliminate when we really don't need it, if we really don't need
something to be waterproof or to have specifically these compounds, these PFAS compounds in it, let's
eliminate it. Like we don't need it in dental floss. I'm pretty sure I can still use dental floss without having
PFAS in it. I'll be fine with it, even if it's a little bit stickier, I don't know. [CHUCKLE] Like, um, you know,
kind of just- just re-thinking our- our, um, 'cause- 'cause I understand, the manufacturers play their part,
right. The- the- the capitalistic selling of things, it- it all plays its part, but at the end of the day, consumers
have power, too. We have a lot of power, um, as- as consumers, and we need to be vocal with our dollars
and what companies we're supporting and with our- with our legislators of what kind of legislation we
wanna see in our states to foster positive change of prohibiting, you know, these products from coming
into our state that eventually is gonna end up in our landfill, right, um, and end up in our environment. So
I'm really excited to see the legislation and policies starting to get put in place little by little. Um, I know it'll
be a long challenge, but, um, that- that is kind of a positive light. In- in the more health studies that we
have done right now, there is a multi-site health- PFAS health study happening in Michigan, north Kent's
involved. There's a- another site in south, uh, southwest Michigan, involved, um, and other state—other
sites across the country in that as well to better understand the health, um, and document the health
Page 8
�effects of exposure to PFAS and at what levels, what may you see certain adverse effects of, you know,
anything from cancer to hi- high cholesterol to, um, preeclampsia, uh, things- things of those nature. So
really getting a better understanding of that, I think is crucial, too, so, um, we can just spread that
knowledge, so people can make informed decisions. So we know now Teflon pans with PFOA and
others, some other PFAS compounds, not a good idea. So let's let consumers know that, so they can
then use stainless steel or alum— you know, what different types of pans. Yes, it may not be as great for
eggs, but, you know, you can- you can deal with a little bit of eggs sticking to your pan if you don't wanna
eat PFAS, right? Um, you know, letting people make—being informed to make decisions about how
much—at least having some control over how much PFAS they're being exposed to. I just bought a new
couch for the first time 'cause I've been using hand-me-downs from family for a number of years. First
question, is this Scotchgarded? Like, please, I do not wanna buy a couch that has Scotchgard or any
stain-resistant treatment on it. No, it wasn't. Oh, and it's filled with recycled, um, [LIP SMACK] pieces of
couches that didn't work or, you know, the filling from other—like it's recycled material on the inside. So
that's even better. Cool. Okay. So making, like, decisions like that to- to eliminate, you know, your
furniture, sheets, you know, clothes that really don't need to be waterproof, you know, do you really need
GORE-TEX or, you know, that water repellency on those. Little decisions like that, um, but also making
sure your representatives in your, um, states, your federal representatives, understand that you want, um,
policy and laws that protect citizens from exposure to these that make- make us aware when things—
when PFAS is in- in products. Like, trying to know all the different trade names is really difficult. I'll even
try to read labels, and I'm like, I can't even tell if this is a PFAS, like, what is this, I don't know. So having
better labeling, you know, there- there's things that can be done that I think, um, will start happening that
are going to at least make things a little bit better for the next generation, um, so we can at least learn
something from- from all of this, right? That's- that's kind of what we need to do as our responsibility, um,
with- with having this knowledge. [SNIFFLE]
Danielle DeVasto: And gives concrete things that we can do, instead of—
Karen Vorce: Yes.
Danielle DeVasto: —you know, as you pointed out, sometimes this is pretty overwhelming and—
Karen Vorce: Mm-hmm.
Danielle DeVasto: —widespread, far more complicated than we imagine, but—
Karen Vorce: Yes. Little things we can- we can- we can try to do to make change. [SNIFFLE]
Danielle DeVasto: So before we wrap up, Karen, is there anything else that you'd like to add that we
haven't touched on today or anything you'd like to go back to and say more about?
Karen Vorce: Hmm. I'm sure there is. I could definitely talk all day [LAUGHTER] about- about PFAS and
north Kent, and just the experience and, um, and, uh, you know, the good and the bad 'cause as- as
much, you know, sadness and, um, obviously harm that this contamination, um, has caused the residents
in Kent County. [SNIFFLE] Um, you know, I don't- I don't let that over-shadow the, um, the good that's
actually come out of this, in that I've met a lot of people that I never would've met, friendships have been
Page 9
�made, um, being able to- to feel at the end of the day that you're making a difference, um, and- and
helping people, um, and- and passing that on to others. It- it really feels like the citizens here have also,
you know, they've really stepped up to be, like, leaders in- in this fight against PFAS, um, to- to talk to
other states, to other affected communities, and seeing that, um, just has been really inspiring as well,
just- just people knowing, like, you don't have to be in a position of authority. You don't have to just—you
don't have to be working for an agency or- or whatever to- to be teaching people about PFAS or about
your experience. Like, anyone can- can talk to people, you know, just even it—it doesn't matter what your
day job is, right. If- if you've, you know, been ex—if you've been exposed to PFAS and especially folks in
Kent County who have been through this, um, you know, I think it's invaluable for them to kinda reach out
and- and be there for- for the other people who are going through this, um, in other communities here in
Michigan. So that's- that's been pretty amazing to see, [SNIFFLE] um, to see that happen as well. Um,
and I think, you know, it's always important for- for us to have our lessons learned, to learn from them, to
admit when- when things could have been done differently, you know, even- even industry, right? We had
industry standards and practices back in the 1940s, and '50s, that were vastly different than what we
have today, right, and so just, you know, admitting that, understanding that, and trying to address that.
It's- it's- it's not necessarily in all cases, like, I gotcha, like, ooh, I'm gonna- I'm gonna get those- those evil
corporations, right? It- it's about, okay, I understand, I totally get it. Things were different back in the day,
right, but if we know things were different, and we know there was contamination in our waste streams,
companies do have—should be thinking about their historic operations and where there could be other
"House Street Dumps." I know—you know, anyone listening to this to who may be a CEO of a company,
you know, [CHUCKLE] or know a CEO who runs a company and- and, you know, you really need to look
at- look at your company and your heart to say, hey, are- are there skeletons in the closet that I need to
address, because you're gonna be living with that for the rest of your life, knowing that you ignored
something and potentially hundreds of people have been impacted because of that. So that's also kind of
a warning [CHUCKLE] that I'll give- give to folks, um, to, hey, just- just be- just be honest. We're- we're
not dumb. People who aren't in your company, we can see through things. We- we know, and the more
proactive you're going to be, the more people are gonna wanna work with you, the more collaboration
you're gonna get, and, you know, you could really turn this into something that, um, doesn't have to be,
you know, a fight, um, to get things done. So that- that's something I'll- I'll just throw out there as well.
Danielle DeVasto: I mean, throughout the—this conversation, that theme of relationship seems to
kinda—
Karen Vorce: Mmm.
Danielle DeVasto: —keep cropping up in your story in different ways, the different kinds of relationships
that you can or have, or could build—
Karen Vorce: Yep.
Danielle DeVasto: —seems really important.
Karen Vorce: Definitely. That's a good point. [CHUCKLE]
Page 10
�Danielle DeVasto: Well, thank you so much, Karen, for taking the time to share your story today.
Karen Vorce: Yeah, thanks for having me. I appreciate it. And thanks for doing this project.
Page 11
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Living with PFAS Interviews
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Devasto, Danielle
Description
An account of the resource
Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024).
Date
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2021
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Living with PFAS (project)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
In copyright
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Personal narrative
PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals)
Groundwater--Pollution
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
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DC-11
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
audio/mp3
Type
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Motion Picture
Text
Sound
Language
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eng
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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PFAS0035
Creator
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Vorce, Karen
Date
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2022-01-13
Title
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Karen Vorce, 2022 (Interview video and transcript)
Description
An account of the resource
Karen Vorce is a geologist who lives in Walker, Michigan and works for the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy in the Remediation Redevelopment Division. In this interview, Karen discusses her work with PFAS contamination sites in Kent County, as well as how her concern over PFAS have impacted her family and personal decisions.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Personal narrative
PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals)
Groundwater--Pollution
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Living with PFAS (project)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a>
Type
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Moving Image
Text
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
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eng
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/45181fef64ff8c91488cd5a9f4d5a91d.m4v
793b6597ed2a88709ead254bc337fc48
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/169b2437d63a17816a4b2ac4dda4d17b.pdf
78e4dbd4a3fd8b78b2846b36087b5868
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans’ History Project
Doug Voss
Cold War 1968 – 1971 (South Korea and West Germany)
1 hour 25 minutes 9 seconds
(00:00:40) Early Life
-Born on March 1, 1950, in Buffalo, New York
-Moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1963
-Father worked at a lumber mill
-Mother was a homemaker, but later got a job
-Parents got divorced which prompted the move to Grand Rapids
-Doug, his two sisters, and his mother moved to Michigan
-Went to two high schools
-Started at Union High School then moved to South High School
-Graduated from South High School in 1968 (last graduating class)
-School used to be located at the corner of Jefferson and Hall
(00:02:07) Awareness of the Vietnam War & Social Change
-Aware of major events surrounding the Vietnam War
-Remembers the Gulf of Tonkin in August 1964 and knowing it would lead to war
-Watched the news every night
-Saw increasing casualty numbers in Vietnam
-Believed that the Vietnam War was a just war
-Remembers 1968 being a tumultuous year
-A historical dividing point
-The year Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy were both assassinated
-South High School was an integrated school and he had black friends
-After MLKJ’s assassination he saw the division between races
-There was no violence, but the gap made itself more apparent
(00:04:25) High School Reserve Officers’ Training Corps & Enlisting in the Army
-He was in the High School Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) in high school
-Sophomore year through senior year
-Decided that he wanted to enlist in the Army when he was a junior in high school
-Believed the Vietnam War to be a noble cause and the spread of communism was a real threat
-In ROTC they had squads, platoons, and companies
-When he graduated, he held the rank of captain in the ROTC
-Started as a private at Union High School and made his way up through the ranks
-Enjoyed everything about ROTC
-The classes, the rifle team, learning about military law, drills, ceremonies, and tactics
-Enlisted in the Army in June 1968 after graduating from high school
-Mother disapproved because she feared he would be sent to Vietnam
-Had a physical exam and took aptitude tests in Detroit
�-Mix of draftees and enlistees
-Saw some of the draftees trying to get out of military service
-Some of them faked being gay to get out of the draft
-Returned home for two weeks after that
(00:08:35) Basic Training
-Reported to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on July 1, 1968, for basic training
-Greeted by drill sergeants screaming orders at him and the other recruits
-Told to get off the bus and line up
-Kept up all night to get processing done
-Testing, lectures on Army laws, and doing paperwork
-Next day got heads shaved and issued a uniform
-All processing took two or three days
-Quartered in older barracks built during World War II
-Had someone on fire watch every night because the buildings were so flammable
-Physical training was the first part of basic training
-Issued a rifle in the first or second week of training
-Taught how to make bunker and organize footlocker
-Everything had to be uniform
-Learned how to march and drill
-Easy for him to adjust to because of his time in the ROTC
-ROTC instructor had told him what to expect
-It was disorienting at first, then he adjusted
-His drill sergeant was fair
-Didn’t pick favorites and he meted out punishments equally
-Men in the training platoon kept a check on the other recruits
-If one recruit performed poorly, and brought the unit down, he’d get a “blanket party”
-One recruit throws a blanket over the recruit then everyone punches him
-Some of the men had trouble adjusting
-There was a National Guardsman that was older and unfit
-One man was a nervous wreck, but he adjusted
-Understood basic training better after he completed it
-Taught conformity, camaraderie, and unit cohesion
-Qualified on the M14 rifle, but also trained with the M16 rifle
-Lasted eight weeks
(00:17:45) Advanced Individual Training
-Sent to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, for his advanced individual training (AIT)
-He wanted to be a mechanic, so he received mechanic training
-Lasted eight weeks
-Started with learning how an engine runs
-Learned about the different components of vehicles
-Suspension, drivetrain, diesel vs. gasoline, and electrical components
-Learned how to drive an array of wheeled Army vehicles and how to change their tires
-Had a practical test at the end of AIT
�-Went to the field to repair a disabled 2-ton truck
-Had to diagnose the problem then fix it
-He had been told he had an aptitude to be a mechanic during his processing in Detroit
-Due to being an enlistee, he had a better chance of getting his selected job than a draftee
-Had air conditioned barracks at Fort Jackson
-Treated better during AIT
-Had an inspector general inspection during his time at AIT
-Platoon sergeant made him and the other recruits clean the barracks every day
-They passed the inspection
(00:22:00) Deployment to South Korea
-In November 1968 he received his deployment orders
-Originally slated for Vietnam
-Orders changed to South Korea near the Demilitarized Zone
-Mother was relieved he wasn’t going to Vietnam, but Korea worried her too
-USS Pueblo incident, Blue House Raid, and ambushed patrols
-Advised him to be careful
-Flew on a chartered commercial airliner to South Korea
-12-hour flight
-Stopped in Japan
-Chance to get out and stretch his legs
(00:24:18) Arrival in South Korea
-Landed at Kimpo Airfield north of Seoul
-Warm day in November
-He smelled the human and animal fertilizer on the rice paddies
-Assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp White Cloud
-Note: May mean Camp Red Cloud
-Sent to replacement barracks for three or four days of orientation
-Learning about Korea and a little about the Demilitarized Zone
(00:26:11) Assignment to 23rd Infantry Regiment
-Assigned to Headquarters Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Regiment
-North of Freedom Bridge, by the Imjin River and the Demilitarized Zone
(00:26:46) Stationed near the Demilitarized Zone
-The 23rd Infantry Regiment generally did three tasks
-Patrolled the DMZ, repaired the barrier fence, and patrolled around the Imjin River
-Constantly looking for North Korean infiltrators
-Had orders to shoot to kill
-He did some night patrols outside of the DMZ and watched for movement
-Received on-the-job training to learn about tracked vehicles
-Learned about the engine, drivetrain, and transmission
-Armored personnel carriers brought soldiers to the DMZ, but never entered
-Against treaty for vehicles to enter the DMZ, only foot soldiers
-Told to always be prepared for action
-On patrols they had eight men and set up a static position (similar to an ambush)
�(00:31:40) Incidents in the Demilitarized Zone
-There were a few incidents in Korea during his tour
-Saw some shooting between North and South
-Saw someone set off foo gas barrels and it lit up the night sky
-Fougas: Homemade napalm used as a defensive weapon
st
-1 Battalion took some casualties, but doesn’t recall 2nd Battalion taking any casualties
-There were a lot of short-lived firefights in 1969
-Killed some North Korean soldiers in the process
-Some North Korean soldiers managed to infiltrate South Korea
-Result of a pact between Ho Chi Minh and Kim Il Sung
-Keep the Americans and South Koreans distracted from Vietnam
-Throw those countries off balance and put into a vulnerable position
(00:36:16) Contact with South Korean Soldiers
-Had some Republic of Korea soldiers attached to his unit known as KATUSAs
-KATUSA: Korean Augmentation To the United States Army
-The South Koreans were good soldiers and the ones in his unit spoke English
-Had one or two KATUSAs per unit
-Good for interpreting and teaching the culture
-Never saw them do any maneuvers, but heard the South Koreans were tough
-For example, officers could hit their subordinates
(00:37:45) Tour in South Korea
-Stayed in South Korea for 13 months
-Put the finishing touches on the barrier fence
-Lined foxholes with concrete pipes to prevent washout during monsoon season
-He helped with that and remembers being told to stay on guard
-Checked vehicles on the line to make sure they were functioning
-He was selected to put on a mock patrol for visiting dignitaries
-Went to an observation post capable of seeing North Korea
-Walked a patrol in the DMZ
-Temporarily assigned to C Company because they were short on mechanics
-He drove an M113 armored personnel carrier for C Company
-Spent four months on the DMZ, four months off it, then four months on again
-When off the DMZ they trained, and relaxed
-On the DMZ you had to be hyper vigilant which was stressful and emotionally taxing
-Went to a camp south of the Imjin River during the four months off the DMZ
-More relaxed atmosphere
-Allowed to leave the base
(00:42:45) Downtime in South Korea & Contact with South Koreans
-While off the DMZ you could go off base
-South Korea had a strict curfew set at midnight
-Most Koreans spoke some English
-Allowed to visit Seoul, but he never did
-Closest larger town was Munsan-ni
�-He grew to respect the Koreans
-Those that lived near the DMZ had hard lives, but made a life for themselves
-A lot of farmers
-He appreciated their tenacity
-Certain clubs were off-limits to American servicemen
-Women that worked at clubs had to be checked by doctors on a regular basis
-There was a thriving black market in South Korea
(00:45:33) Drugs in South Korea
-He didn’t notice hardly any drug use in South Korea during 1969
-Only drug he ever heard mentioned was weed by only a couple soldiers
-Heard about the drug problem getting worse after he left South Korea
-Heroin started showing up in the early 1970s
(00:46:20) Morale in South Korea
-Morale was good during his tour
-Had a change in battalion commanders during his tour
-New battalion commander was strict, but he was a good leader
-Forbade any unauthorized, non-military items in the barracks
-Threw a party for Michiganders, because so many Michiganders were in the battalion
-He was also from Michigan
(00:48:03) Release of USS Pueblo Crew
-USS Pueblo crew was released from North Korean custody on December 23, 1968
-He was on guard duty and got to see the buses transporting the crewmembers
-Remembers waving at them and wishing he’d had his camera
-Note: Allowed to have cameras when outside the DMZ
(00:49:14) Contact with Home
-Wrote letters home to keep in touch with family
-Usually wrote his mother, aunts, uncles, and the parish priest
-Took a while for letters to start reaching his mother
(00:49:38) North Korean Infiltration
-Took a while for letters to get home, because 30 or 40 North Koreans infiltrated South Korea
-Placed on alert to hunt for the North Korean infiltrators
-Unable to write home for a few weeks
-Between American and South Korean forces, all infiltrators were killed or captured
(00:51:30) First Night in South Korea
-Remembers his first night in South Korea
-It was dark and he was assigned to a bunk
-Heard mortars and thought it was an attack
-Learned they were illumination rounds requested by troops in the DMZ
(00:52:18) Incidents in South Korea
-Never took incoming fire during his time in South Korea
-Incidents had happened before his tour
-Two barracks were destroyed by North Korean saboteurs
-A vehicle ran over a landmine placed by the North Koreans
�-Dug up in the DMZ and moved into South Korea
-Used smudge pots lined along the barrier fence to provide illumination
-Gave just enough light to see the barrier fence and any movement
-Remembers seeing a foo gas barrel being set off and the subsequent explosion
-Saw tracers fired across the DMZ
(00:54:44) Awareness of the Vietnam War in South Korea
-Had men in his unit that had served in Vietnam
-They were good men
-Patrols usually had a squad leader that had had served in Vietnam
-Didn’t pay much attention to the Vietnam War
-Too much going on in South Korea to pay attention to Vietnam
(00:55:40) Racial Tension in Vietnam
-There wasn’t racial tension during his tour in South Korea
-Everyone got along well with each other
-Tensions became manifest in the 1970s, after he left
(00:56:33) Draftees & Enlistees
-Half of the men were enlistees, and the other half were draftees
-Draftees saw the enlistees as “lifers” even if the enlistees weren’t career soldiers
-Enlistees called “lifers” because they did one more year than draftees
-Draftees protested more than enlistees
-Felt the enlistees should do more work because they chose to serve
-He had some career soldiers in his unit
-His drill sergeant from basic training served in Vietnam
-Joined Doug’s platoon in South Korea
(00:58:40) Defending South Korea
-General Bonesteel III created a layered defense system for South Korea
-Multiple lines of defense
-Demilitarized Zone
-Patrols in the Demilitarized Zone
-Minefields
-Guard posts
-The sand pit
-Barrier fence
-Foxholes
-Positions behind the foxholes
-Patrols along the Imjin River and boats patrolling the river
(01:00:25) North Korean Propaganda
-Remembers the North Korean propaganda speakers on the other side of the DMZ
-Played speeches by North Korean soldiers speaking English
-Decried capitalism as oppressive and stealing from the needy
-Glorified North Korea and Kim Il Sung
-Loud at night
-Played Captain Bucher’s “confession” (former captain of the USS Pueblo)
�-Said it was a spy ship, and the US government was in the wrong
-Made his confession under duress
-Recanted his confession after being released from North Korea
(01:02:50) Bob Hope Show
-Bob Hope came to Munsan-ni for a USO Show on December 22, 1968
-Brought a few famous people with him
-Football player Rosey Greer
-Ann-Margret
-Dean Martin’s Golddigger dancers
-Excellent show
-Stopped in South Korea en route to Vietnam
(01:03:53) Reassignment to West Germany & Assignment to 3rd Infantry Division
-Left South Korea in December 1969
-Sent to West Germany after a two-week leave home
-Assigned to 3rd Battalion of the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the 3rd Infantry Division
-Stationed in Schweinfurt
-Worked along the Czechoslovakian and East German border
-Similar to duty in South Korea except without the hostility
-Looked for any changes in communist territory
-He worked as a mechanic and as an infantryman
-His unit needed scout personnel, which is why he became an infantryman
-Transferred to the motor pool because they needed mechanics
-More peaceful than South Korea
-Got to see the old German architecture and the old cities
-Visited Munich and Berchtesgaden
-Visited the old castles
-Found German beer to be superior to American beer
-It felt like a regular job
-Had formation at dawn, breakfast, then worked for the rest of the day
-Worked day shifts during his time in Germany
-Started with guard duty around the motor pool until another new soldier joined the unit
-Promoted to Specialist 5th Class and he was made the commander of a tracked recovery vehicle
-No more guard duty or charge-of-quarters duty at night
-Had to be available at all times if a vehicle needed to be recovered
(01:08:55) Contact with Germans
-Most of the Germans liked the American soldiers
-Some found the Americans to be arrogant, or obnoxious
-One German told him America might be great, but not all Americans are great
(01:09:43) Soviet Invasion
-There was concern about the possibility of a Soviet invasion of West Germany
-Whenever he went on maneuvers he thought about that
-Had a captain that had studied Russian tactics
-Did company-sized maneuvers to prepare for an invasion
�(01:11:05) Drug Problem in West Germany
-There was a larger drug problem in West Germany than in South Korea
-Hashish was the drug of choice
-When he arrived in 1970 there was no problem, but it gradually got worse
-Soldiers became drug dealers and tried to ship their products back to the United States
-Negatively affected the morale of the unit
-Battalion commander finally addressed the issue and called the men into formation
-Told them they had 48 hours to shape up, or request discharge from the Army
-A few men took the offer to leave with a less-than-honorable discharge
-Resulted in a smaller unit, but a stronger one
(01:13:19) Racial Tension in West Germany
-Racial tension was more visible in West Germany than in South Korea
-The Germans didn’t understand the black soldiers
-Started seeing more of an attitude of white versus black in Germany
-Some black soldiers held a sit-in around the flagpole
-Sat all day and into the night
-Higher-ranking officer heard their demands and made some changes
-Made Soul food available in the PX (easiest change)
-More respect from commanders and dealt with favoritism
-Tensions eased after that protest
-Remembers a fight between black and white soldiers in the Enlisted Men’s Club
(01:15:30) End of Service
-Encouraged to reenlist at the end of his service
-The problems he saw in Germany turned him off from reenlisting
-Didn’t want to be in the Army if those problems existed and persisted
-Feels the all-volunteer Army fixed those issues
-Finished his time in Germany, and was discharged at Fort Dix, New Jersey, in 1971
(01:16:48) Agent Orange Compensation
-Agent Orange was used along the DMZ in South Korea
-Saw trucks and South Koreans spraying the chemical along the road
-During the 2000s, the government recognized the use of Agent Orange in South Korea
-At the time, he was told that it wasn’t harmful to human beings
-Potent enough to kill all vegetation in a matter of hours
-Veterans that served in South Korea can now get compensated if they were exposed
-Must show symptoms of exposure (various cancers, digestive or respiratory problems)
-Served in South Korea from 1967 – 1970
-Part of a unit stationed along the Demilitarized Zone
-File a complaint via your doctor
(01:19:55) Life after Service
-He enjoyed mechanic work and wanted to make a career out of that
-Attended Montcalm Community College on the GI Bill to learn how to be an auto-mechanic
-Like it at first, then stopped enjoying it
-Helped his stepfather paint houses for a while
�-The General Motors factory on 36th Street, Grand Rapids, began hiring
-Got a job with them and worked for them for 30 years until the factory closed
(01:20:56) Joining Veterans of Foreign Wars
-Joined Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 702
-Enjoys being part of that post
-Veterans from World War II to the War in Afghanistan; all served in combat zones
-Had combat pay, which qualified him to join the VFW
-Got the Armed Forces Expeditionary Forces Medal
(01:22:45) National Guard Service
-Joined the Michigan National Guard in 1978 and stayed in for a couple years
-Part of the 126th Infantry Regiment
-In a fire support team
-Directing fire support for the company commander
-Enjoyed that job
-Read a grid map and called in artillery fire
-Only met once a month and went to Camp Grayling, Michigan, once a year
-Not the same camaraderie as in the regular Army
-Felt like he was trying to reclaim something that couldn’t be reclaimed
(01:24:20) Reflections on Service
-Built confidence
-Did things he never thought he would do
-Saw places he never thought he’d see
-Learned a skill and did multiple jobs
-Good experience except for the end of his tour in Germany
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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RHC-27_VossD1947V
Title
A name given to the resource
Voss, Douglas (Interview outline and video), 2016
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-09-08
Description
An account of the resource
Doug Voss was born on March 1, 1950, in Buffalo, New York, but he moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1963. He was in the High Reserve Officers' Training Corps, and he enlisted in the Army in June 1968. He went to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, for basic training then went to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, for mechanic training. In November 1968, he was deployed to South Korea where he served with Headquarters Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Regiment of the 2nd Infantry Division. They operated on and inside the Demilitarized Zone, carrying out patrols and guarding the DMZ from North Korean intruders. During his time in South Korea he witnessed the release of the USS Pueblo's crew from North Korean custody. He left South Korea in December 1969 and went to West Germany for a tour in Schweinfurt with the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the 3rd Infantry Division. After his tour in West Germany he was discharged at Fort Dix, New Jersey, in 1971.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Voss, Douglas Wayne
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
United States. Army
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a>
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/x-m4v
application/pdf
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8c4fba11b969e0539f664df2ff9877c1.mp4
6bcd34fede5ce1801db030e482d1d867
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/67382544e5f1853c78576412ed5598a4.pdf
d39feccde683d4f62583c995641a6242
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Vietnam
Hung Vu
Total Time – (33:01)
Background
He was born in Hanoi, Vietnam in 1952 (00:24)
His father worked with the National Government of Vietnam and his mother had
a small jewelry shop
o The National Government of Vietnam was being managed by the French
(00:42)
After the Geneva Peace Accord in 1954, his family settled in Saigon, Vietnam
His father worked for a planning office in Saigon (01:08)
o He worked with the educational aspect of Vietnam (01:19)
o He believes that his fathers job was a higher position with better pay
He graduated from a French high school (02:12)
o There were two different kinds of schools in Vietnam
There were the public schools for very smart kids (02:29)
There were private schools as well
His father decided it was better to have his kids in private education than in the
public system (03:22)
o He was trying to get him the best education that he could
Before 1968, he did not pay much attention to the war in Vietnam (04:04)
o The war was not strong enough to worry about the war
o His family would not talk about the war or politics at home (04:31)
In general, the area he was living in did not have problems with the Viet Cong
o The suburbs that were farther out had the problems (04:50)
He noticed the Americans coming to the country
o He saw convoys and quite a lot of civilians (05:13)
o He gained the impression that the Vietnamese loved the Americans
(05:35)
He had no idea if it was different outside of Saigon
o He saw a lot of military aircraft going overhead
When the Tet Offensive began in 1968, it did not effect him at all (06:17)
o He lived in the 3rd District of Saigon
When the offensive began, nothing seemed very different for him (07:02)
There were some firefights around local airbases as well (07:18)
o The offensive did not take place in all of Saigon, just in certain areas
(07:25)
�Enlistment/Training – (07:40)
He enlisted into the military in 1970 (07:48)
o He was able to choose which branch of the military that he wanted to go
into
o It was his dream to join the Navy (08:08)
He did not want to join the Army because it was more dangerous
for them
He received electrician and electronic military training (08:35)
The training program was six months long
Before he received his technical training he had been in Basic Training (08:51)
o In Basic Training, he learned how to survive, survive when boats sink,
how to shoot, etc.
o He was an Ordinary Seaman once he was done with training (09:15)
Active Duty – (09:20)
After his training he was assigned to the 34th and 35th [Tien Giang] (09:25)
o Their job was to carry a reinforced fishing boat
The boat was the size of about a semi-truck and a half (09:48)
It was roughly 10 feet wide as well
o The boat was made of wood (10:09)
He was operating in [Tien Giang] (10:22)
He was operating in small lakes and other inland waterways (11:09)
The area where he was stationed had heavy Viet Cong (11:26)
He was there working on boats for roughly one year and a half (12:03)
He would spend three days on boats and then two days on base
o He worked to maintain the boats
o They were diesel engine boats (12:37)
o They sounded exactly like fishing boats
The boats were used in military operations by patrolling an area (12:57)
o They would stop and check identification of the boatmen (13:03)
o They work to control the area
He was never in a firefight of any kind
He was told to knock on the boat every time a fishing boat was stopped (13:42)
o You can tell if there is something in the boat from knocking on it
Most of the boats that were stopped were fishing boats (14:01)
o Most of the fishermen were very friendly and did not mind being stopped
When he was on base he was in a small camp with about 150 soldiers (14:51)
o The soldiers wives and children were there as well
o They would make sure there were no civilians living near the base
�
This ensured that no Viet Cong could live or hide among the
villagers (15:15)
o His base was never attacked with anything
The Americans never went through where he was working
After he was working in that district for about a year and a half, he moved back
close to his hometown (16:13)
o His work was very similar – he was working in the shipyard (16:20)
o He worked with all types of boats
o When boats would have troubles they would bring them in to be worked
on
He worked on boat maintenance for the rest of the war (16:59)
As the Americans are on the way out, he did not notice any changes (17:29)
o With his rank he was not involved with what was going on in the base
o He knew what his job was and he did that (17:43)
During the 1970’s, he was able to learn from the news that the war had heavy
fighting
In February and March of 1975, he began to realize that the Communists might
actually come in and take over (18:45)
o They lost a couple of the zones
The Viet Cong and NVA did not have a naval presence (20:10)
Leaving Vietnam/Life in America – (20:22)
He flew out of the country at the end of the war (20:28)
o His sister was a stewardess and was able to get him and his younger
brother out of the country
o The rest of his family had to stay behind
o His older brother was in jail for six and a half years (21:21)
He flew out on a C-130 military transport (21:49)
o He flew from Vietnam to Guam and then went to the Philippines for one
month
o After the Philippines he went to Fort Chaffee in Arkansas (22:13)
When he was in Philippines he was handled with the American Red Cross
because he had some English in his background
o They would use him to interpret (22:45)
o The Philippines had some facilities for them to stay in
In Guam, it was more like a refugee camp (23:06)
They were living in the open
He stayed at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas for over two months (23:19)
o He handled in the mess halls and worked alongside the American Red
Cross
o They tried to teach the Vietnamese on how to live in America (23:36)
There were handbooks, classes at night, movies, etc.
o There were roughly 40-50,000 Vietnamese there
There were around 20-30 barracks where they would stay (24:23)
�
Standale Christian Reformed Church in Standale, Michigan sponsored him to
come to Michigan
o He only knew that Michigan was cold and had a lot of snow (24:53)
When he arrived he had a job at a nursing home
o Some worked in the kitchen and some were told to be nurse's aides (25:27)
He lived in an old apartment building behind the nursing home (26:01)
He had no problem adopting a new type of life (26:23)
o When he was in the Navy he did not work with the American Navy but he
spent six months speaking English with the American Navy
o Because of his previous French education, the European style of living
resonated much more with him than that of Vietnam (27:03)
Learning French helped him learn English much easier
After he worked for the hospital he went to work for a die casting company
(27:48)
o The company was in Sparta, Michigan
o The company used a government program that allowed for any refugee to
be educated on a skill they wanted to learn (28:10)
He chose to train on the keypunch (28:20)
He currently works for the Xpedx Paper Company (28:29)
o He works in the shipping and receiving
He has a family and got married
o He married his first wife in 1979 (28:59)
o In 1996 he remarried a Vietnamese lady
During the fall of Vietnam, many in the south were not allowed to go to school
There are current problems because communists took over Catholic lands (30:13)
He would only want to return to Vietnam if the government changed (30:58)
He has contact with relatives from his mothers side of the family
When he thinks back to his time in the Vietnamese Navy, he wishes that he could
have done better (32:01)
o He would have been more independent
o If he could start over again, he would do everything more than 100%
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
VuH0889V
Title
A name given to the resource
Vu, Hung M (Interview outline and video), 2010
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vu, Hung M
Description
An account of the resource
Hung M Vu was born in Hanoi, Vietnam in 1952. His father worked in the National Government of Vietnam, managed by the French. After the Geneva Peace Accord in 1954, Vu's family moved to Saigon, Vietnam and settled there. He lived in Saigon when the Tet Offensive took place but it did not affect him. He joined the Navy in 1970 and received electronic and electrician military training. He initially worked on rivers on a reinforced fishing boat, stopping any potential threats. Vu eventually moved closer to home and worked in a shipyard fixing and working on boats. Because his sister was a stewardess, Vu was able to get a flight out of Vietnam in 1975.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.)
WKTV
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, Vietnamese
Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-04-02
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9a4b882e154de6265b49d152fbe3babe.mp4
e96da53a94cf4f3473f3ecb25991e012
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ebb867bab9acb013d7d28729953ac7ab.pdf
916e994e2c9eddd29339b9dc84b48cfb
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Vietnam
Hung Q Vu
Total Time – (01:03:08)
Background/Family Moves/Working on the American Military Base
He was born in Nam Dinh, Vietnam in 1952 (00:24)
His father and mother were farmers – they owned their own land (00:46)
o His father was in the military later in his life
In 1954, when the French left, his family moved to the south because they were
Catholic (01:38)
o The Catholics could not get along with the Communists (01:45)
It was very hard to move to the south because his family lived in the countryside
o His father had to go and find work – he told the family that if he did not
return in one week that they were to go to the city (02:27)
o There was a large migration of Catholics and others that worked with the
French that migrated south
His family settled in Bien Hoa, Vietnam (03:50)
o It was roughly 25km outside of Saigon, Vietnam
At this point his father became a worker in a factory (04:10)
o He worked in the sugar factory until 1960
o After 1960, his father joined the armed forces (04:36)
He studied in Catholic school – it was a private education (04:48)
o When he was in high school they learned in Vietnamese (05:27)
o When they had to take another language, he took English and French
The war became increasingly popular in the 1960’s (popular in terms of
acknowledgement) (06:24)
o They were near the Long Binh Military Base
The Communists were traveling south
His father was stationed near their home (07:13)
He finished high school in 1970 (07:23)
In 1967, when he was in high school, he worked in the American military base
(07:57)
o The Americans hired a lot of Vietnamese that wanted to help with
supplies, etc.
o The supplies would be used to build churches, schools, and other buildings
(08:34)
o A lot of the supplies from the Americans were meant to build up the
civilian life
o He worked in the mess hall on the military base (09:11)
�
When he was working on the base, he was able to learn from the Americans
o He learned the language, the customs, etc. (09:36)
He learned about Thanksgiving, presents, Christmas, and other
customs
After he graduated from high school he wanted to go to Saigon University of Law
(10:12)
o He did not want to be a lawyer but he wanted to study international law
o He wanted to be a Vietnamese ambassador (10:30)
o He attended for two years
Enlistment/Basic Training/Training in the United States – (10:59)
In 1972, he joined the Vietnamese Air Force (11:03)
o The Americans had previously been the source of all air support – when
they pulled out, the Vietnamese Air Force had to take over
o The goal of the Americans was to train Vietnamese pilots to take over
once they left (11:41)
He enlisted during the major Communist offensive [spring 1972]
The soldiers had to qualify to become pilots (12:00)
Many of the Vietnamese in the south saw the North Vietnamese as synonymous
with Viet Cong (12:22)
o To them, VC meant Vietnamese Communist
He was sent to the Vietnamese Air Force Center for Basic Training (13:21)
o He spent a couple of months there for training
o He learned basic training skills (13:31)
The soldiers studied English, and after a couple of months, they had to take a test
(13:49)
There were Vietnamese that were trained in the United States that taught the
courses
Once the soldiers passed the English test, they were sent to the United States for
more training (15:08)
o He went to Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas (15:15)
o At Lackland Air Force Base he was able to meet a lot of people from
around the world that were studying English there as well
o He was with an international program (16:09)
He was learning specialized language that was useful for being a pilot (16:44)
They studied six hours a day
In the free time the soldiers could go and visit friends, visit the cities, or do
anything else that they wanted (17:15)
The move to the United States was not extremely difficult for him because he had
previously studied the American culture and customs in his English courses
(17:47)
He remembers that on Sunday there would be a bus going from the church to the
base
o They would go and pray for nearly an hour and then have lunch (18:32)
�
o They would then go and visit the Alamo, or go and do some other activity
He was in the language training for nearly two months (19:09)
He was then sent to train in Medina, Texas (19:20)
o He was in an Officer Training School (19:26)
At Medina he was training with other internationals
He initially trained on the T 41 aircraft in South Texas (21:44)
After about two or three months he was sent to Sheppard Air Force Base in
Wichita Falls, Texas (22:17)
At the time, his instructor was a military officer (22:23)
Before the soldiers learned how to fly a jet, they had to take a survival course for
roughly two months
o They learned how to jam the parachutes, guide the parachutes, and how to
parachute in general
After the survival training, he is then taught how to fly jet aircraft (23:16)
o He trained in T-37 (23:32)
o The training for the T-37 was roughly nine months long
He had to learn four different kinds of aspects to flying: contact navigation, night
flying, formation, and instruments (24:08)
As he was going through the training, there were others that were incapable of
finishing and had to drop out of the program (24:56)
o Some failed the English courses, some failed survival courses, some failed
the T-41 or T-37 training as well
There were roughly 20 in his class when they started – they finished with roughly
15 (26:23)
After the T-37 training, he followed his schedule that he received when he came
to the United States
o He was supposed to learn and train on the T-38, but after President Nixon
resigned, they were no longer able to train on it (27:05)
o Because his training was cancelled, he was sent back to Vietnam (27:41)
At the time, he did not know that they were being cut off from the program
Pilot Training in Vietnam/Prisoner – (28:30)
When he arrived in Vietnam, he was sent to Phan Rang Air Base (28:43)
o They were allowed to fly around with an Officer with higher rank so that
they could gain experience (29:07)
o He essentially received further training in Vietnam
There were some aircraft in Phan Rang Air Base that would fly on combat
missions (29:40)
o Experienced pilots were the only ones that would fly on the combat
missions because they did not want anything to happen to the aircraft
He joined his squadron in late 1974 and early 1975 (30:02)
The Vietnamese Air Force had problems of not having enough bombs, fuel,
weapons, and other supplies (30:33)
�
The North Vietnamese never used aircraft against them
o They only used their Army and tanks (31:25)
During the last months of the war, they were all paying attention to what was
happening (31:35)
His squad had to move from he middle to the south in [Long Xuyen], Vietnam
They did not know all of what was going on in the politics but they knew that
they were fighting to protect the country (32:00)
When Saigon fell on April 29, he was in Long Xuyen (32:30)
o On April 29, he got off the base and heard that the new leaders wanted the
Americans to move out of the country in twenty-four hours
They knew that it was the end of the war (33:15)
After April 30, he stayed in Saigon, Vietnam (33:29)
o He did not want to return home in Bien Hoa because he was afraid that the
Tet Offensive [or attacks by communists on supporters of the South
Vietnamese government, as had occurred during Tet 1968]was still going
on and that bad things would happen to him (33:40)
o He told his brother to go to Saigon where he was to get him if nothing
happens in Bien Hoa (34:14)
He stayed with a friend in Saigon and waited
o A week later his brother went to Saigon and took him home (34:28)
After being home for a month he was sent to a prison camp (35:08)
His father was in the low ranks during this time – he was not taken to the prisoner
camp
He believed he was going to report in Bien Hoa for a short program but he was
actually being sent off to a labor camp (36:24)
There were many that were sent to the labor camp – included teachers, military
men, and many other professionals
The camp was like an old military camp (37:43)
o The laborers were organized by rank
o They were controlled by military men and not policemen (38:27)
While he was in the camp, there was not enough food for the prisoners (39:00)
o They were told that if they wanted the prisoners killed, it was easy
o They said that they did not want to kill them like that (39:20)
o The prisoners were sent to the field, working hard, without food
Before Saigon fell, most of the people in the city were in good health, but after the
city fell, there was not enough food to keep everyone healthy (39:40)
The prisoners were never supplied with clothes – they had to wear whatever they
had brought with them
o They worked in the rain and sunshine – eight or nine hour days (40:15)
They were later allowed to visit with their families
o They knew that they did not have enough food or medicine for the
prisoners (40:45)
That is why they allowed the families to send food and medicine
(40:59)
�
The work was farm work, jungle work, and simply dependent on what was
needed
The Vietnamese government called the camps re-education camps (42:10)
o Their main purpose was to brainwash the prisoners and use free labor
They were taught to believe that they were freeing the south from foreigners like
the United States (42:48)
o The Vietnamese government treated them like the enemy (43:11)
o The prisoners were required to say and do certain things
They had to write about everything that had happened in their lives
(43:37)
They did this so that the prisoners would feel guilty with the
country (43:58)
They wanted the prisoners to think the Vietnamese government
was a hero
o The prisoners talked about all of these things in the secret (44:20)
They were able to understand each other
Sometimes they could speak, but they also used sign language
(44:46)
There were some prisoners that would report other prisoners talking or activities
He had to stay in the prison camp for a little more than three years (45:02)
Release from Prison/Escaping to the United States – (45:19)
When he was released, he went home with his parents
The prisoners were released individually (45:40)
When he got home and reported to his local police, they questioned him on why
he went to the United States (46:42)
o He told them that he went there for pilot training
o They told him that he actually went there for CIA training (46:55)
o Because they believed he was CIA, they made him report every month
about what he was doing (47:40)
He had to report every month until 1990
o He never had to write that he had worked for the CIA, he was just told that
he had (48:00)
He did a lot of different general labor so that he could survive
He had friends that owned small factories – he would go and help them with
accounting (49:01)
The people in his neighborhood were asked about him by the policemen (50:00)
o After they were asked, the police left (50:19)
o The local community was helpful and supportive of him
He had a classmate that was a pilot as well – he found out that his classmate had
left the country in 1975 (51:02)
o He was able to meet his friend's sister
o They eventually got married (51:25)
o Her father has a very high rank in the military (51:28)
�
He spent ten years in a prison camp as well (51:36)
They got married in 1980
o When they got married, his wife’s father was still in the prison (52:13)
He tried to escape Vietnam by boat many times
o He knew that he had a tie to the United States (52:36)
o He knew the type of life that could be lived in the United States
o He told one of his friends that if he could go to the United States with him,
he could help with the transition (52:56)
They let him, but he could not go
In one attempt, he and his wife were half a day away when they were caught by a
patrol boat (53:14)
o It was the only time that he was actually caught
It was difficult to plan an escape from the country because there were so many
policemen (54:07)
o They would have to know who to bribe and how to use their money
(54:21)
American President Ronald Reagan had a program in 1989 with the Vietnamese
Communists that allowed any Vietnamese individual who was imprisoned for
three years to move to the United States (55:34)
In 1990, he got an interview and came to the United States in June of 1990
(56:19)
o He told the interviewer that they had a relative that lived in Grand Rapids,
Michigan – his wife’s brother lived there
o They were then sponsored to go to Grand Rapids, Michigan (56:55)
When he arrived he only had twenty dollars in his pocket
He received some help from the local diocese (57:39)
o He also received some help from the welfare program
He enrolled into the community college to study tool and die manufacturing
(58:04)
After two and a half years his wife came
o She first worked in a restaurant (58:23)
o She opened her own business two years later
Once he graduated from college he got a job working with tool and die (58:40)
He has two kids (58:49)
o When they arrived, his children were in elementary school and did not
know any English
His children each graduated from Grand Valley State University in Allendale,
Michigan (01:00:07)
Both of his children are now chiropractors
It took his children roughly one year to learn English (01:00:40)
Two years later and his daughter was very proficient
He worked with Vietnamese immigrants that could not speak English (01:01:14)
He is able to relate with the Vietnamese that come to America
He can not imagine what life would be like if his family was still in Vietnam
(01:02:55)
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
VuH0901V
Title
A name given to the resource
Vu, Hung Q (Interview outline and video), 2010
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vu, Hung Q
Description
An account of the resource
Hung Q Vu was born in Nam Dinh, Vietnam in 1952. In 1954 his family moved to Bien Hoa, Vietnam because they were Catholic and faced oppression from the Communists. He studied at the Saigon University of Law and eventually joined the Vietnamese Air Force in 1972. After passing an English test in Basic Training, Vu was sent to Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas and Shepherd Air Force Base for further pilot training. Vu trained on the T-41 and T-37. He met back up with his squad at Phan Rang Air Base in Vietnam in late 1974. Vu was captured and sent to a labor camp. Eventually Vu and his wife were able, after many attempts, to escape to the United States under a program started by Ronald Reagan in 1989.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James (Interviewer)
Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.)
WKTV
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, Vietnamese
Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06-04
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b20a9ac8c910dcd0cdcf9fc907ef1059.pdf
86439b88499f21a3d184b09b5d2ae6ee
PDF Text
Text
Faith Vulcano
04/25/2020
COVID-19 Journaling
The COVID-19 pandemic took almost everyone by surprise, especially those attending
colleges. It had spread rapidly from country to country making its way to the United States.
Right during Spring Break is when it made its appearance heavily in the U.S. and considering
most students were away on vacation, it was the easiest way for it to be spread. Once colleges
started switching to online and forcing those who lived on campus to go home, people began to
take it a bit more seriously. I was one of the more fortunate ones, I had a lease off campus
which meant I could stay in Allendale. I lived on the East side, which is where a majority of the
COVID cases were and going back there would have given me a higher chance of contracting
the disease. I was able to still do my online classes in the safety of my home.
At the beginning of switching to online classes, everything was a bit rocky, professors
didn’t exactly know how to handle it, especially labs that were never meant to go online. It took
some time for everyone to get somewhat used to the new layout of how everything would work
and eventually it became easier. The online downside I saw online was my drive to actually do
the work. Most of the professors would not have homework or other assignments to do and
would make most of the exams open book open notes, which means I did not study as hard as I
would have in class. Many of the professors made extensions on things if you asked for it
because it is difficult for some students to switch completely online, some need that person-toperson contact to understand the material. I know some people who dropped their grade
drastically because of online classes.
Once the colleges closed, a good majority of people went home. At my apartment, it’s
just my roommate and I because we’re both health care workers, so we couldn’t exactly go
home when we were needed more than ever. Life has been hectic it seems like, everywhere
you go people look like they’ve just seen a ghost. They’ve taken all the toilet paper, gloves,
masks, any type of sanitary or disinfectant. It’s making it hard for those of us in the medical field
to have the supplies that we actually need to stay safe. At my work, we have to reuse our masks
until they’re practically falling apart because there is just not enough for us to use. It’s unnerving
to know that this disease is wiping out all age groups and that my generation is still not taking
this as seriously as they should. I still see people in larger groups hanging out outside or
drinking inside.
The Coronavirus pandemic is scary for a majority of people, but I do think we’re taking it
a little too far in this lockdown. I’ve already heard of so many adolescents committing suicide
because they’re stuck without socialization that many of them need to live. Grocery stores have
started taking supplies and putting them in the back for the elderly to use, since everyone else is
taking them as soon they’re placed out. I have a good feeling that this will blow over once
summer hits, but I also feel that COVID-19 is something we’re going to have to deal with every
year just like the flu and common cold. Hopefully we have a vaccine by next winter, because
that would help settle everyone's nerves.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
COVID-19 Journals
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries
Description
An account of the resource
This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled.
The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project
Subject
The topic of the resource
Epidemics
Grand Valley State University
College students
Personal narratives
COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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COVID-19_2020-04-26_VulcanoFaith
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Vulcano, Faith
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-04-26
Title
A name given to the resource
COVID-19 Journal
Description
An account of the resource
Journal from GVSU student Faith Vulcano during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Subject
The topic of the resource
COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020
Epidemics
Grand Valley State University
College students
Personal narratives
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a7920ad49059b0b26a52436b6d4b4376.jpg
359e668edc1b26f970e0e2413b27da79
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Decorated Publishers' Bindings
Subject
The topic of the resource
Book covers
Covers (Illustration)
Graphic arts
Publishers and publishing
Pictorial bindings
Description
An account of the resource
From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Michigan Novels Collection
Regional Historical Collection
Lincoln and the Civil War Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-08-30
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-01
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Source
Seidman Rare Books. S411 .R87 no.6 1916
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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DC-01_Bindings0189
Title
A name given to the resource
The Pruning Manual
Creator
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W. (Designer)
Description
An account of the resource
Binding of The Pruning Manual, by L.H. Bailey, published by the Macmillan Company, 1916.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Book covers
Covers (Illustration)
Graphic arts
Publishers and publishing
Pictorial bindings
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1916
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/506d9fc143d106f518954bc4a9014fca.jpg
52783d54b80b66fea5e546f6ba1d083d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Decorated Publishers' Bindings
Subject
The topic of the resource
Book covers
Covers (Illustration)
Graphic arts
Publishers and publishing
Pictorial bindings
Description
An account of the resource
From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Seidman Rare Books Collection
Michigan Novels Collection
Regional Historical Collection
Lincoln and the Civil War Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-08-30
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpg
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DC-01
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Source
Seidman Rare Books. S411 .R87 no.8 1917
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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DC-01_Bindings0193
Title
A name given to the resource
Manual of Milk Products
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
W. (Designer)
Description
An account of the resource
Binding of Manual of Milk Products, by William Stocking, published by The Macmillan Company, 1917.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Book covers
Covers (Illustration)
Graphic arts
Publishers and publishing
Pictorial bindings
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1917
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3a3606237f3f5a4e8b5ea6496efabc96.mp4
6d04525568145668c012e61b9a0fa389
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b2faf147f0c280670b2588e8c65f3d6a.pdf
4d50ea1bc20709c3c02b004d98bdc48a
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Vietnam War Era
Barry Waclawski
18:27
Introduction (00:31)
Barry was twenty years old when he joined the service.
Before he enlisted, he was attending Aquinas College. After his second year, he thought
it would be smart to enlist rather than waiting to be drafted. He enlisted in the United
States Air Force.
At the time, he was living in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Air Force (01:39)
Barry was sent to Lackland Air Force Base for basic training. He was appointed to be
squad leader, and he spent a month there firing weapons, physical training, marching and
other military duties.
After basic training, he was then sent to Denver, Colorado for a year learning electronics.
He enjoyed his time, especially because he was not carrying a gun and he was not in
Vietnam.
When he was later sent to Thailand, it was scary because he was on the flight line with
live bombs and ammunition and many accidents and incidents occurred. (03:19)
After Barry arrived in Denver in 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated and the
whole base was put on lock down.
He served overseas in Thailand and he first went to a base in Takhli for five months.
Barry then returned to the United States and was stationed in North Carolina. He then
returned to Thailand and went to Korat for another seven months.
Barry got discharged early because the plane he was trained on, the F-105, was being
phased out and they were going to retrain him on a new aircraft the F-114 or F-111, but
since he only had six months and twenty five days time in service, he was given an early
out because they required men to have seven months to attend the new training. (05:05)
In 1965 and 1966 he saw two Bob Hope shows.
He was discharged in San Francisco, California and the first thing he wanted was a real
egg and some real white milk.
In Thailand, they had a chow hall that served hot meals. Barry’s favorite meal was
midnight breakfast. (07:38)
While in the Air Force, Barry was a Fire Control Technician working on a bombing
computer, sight system and radar for the F-105. With that experience, he went to work
for Lear Siegler once he got home. He only stayed there for a month and then went to
work at the telephone company and worked there for 33 years.
Barry has never joined any veteran’s organizations.
Barry only stays in contact with one man that he served with in the Air Force.
�
While in country, they worked 10-12 hour days. They lived in a tent, and sat there until
they received orders to report to the planes.
To pass the time, they played checkers with bottle caps and they also played horseshoes.
Barry was able to see a U-2 Spy Plane land and take off, which was a rare sight. (11:48)
They celebrated Christmas and Thanksgiving while there, but they were not quite the
same as in the states. For Christmas, they got cards and gifts from home and a poor
excuse for a Christmas tree in their hooch.
Barry learned in the Air Force, that whatever your job is, do it right the first time because
somebody’s life may be on the line.
On the flight over, they flew in a C-130 from North Carolina to Oakland, then to Hawaii
and Wake Island and then on to Japan. Every time they landed, they ate breakfast.
(15:25)
In Thailand, they would go into town at night to get a drink and everything was lit up like
a Christmas tree. When he would go back the next day, he would see how impoverished
the area was.
One of the first things he saw when in country was a Singer Sewing Machine factory.
Touring some of the little towns, he took many photographs of the people and the places.
He often wondered why he was there and what he was doing. (17:32)
Barry would not give up the experience for anything; they had a good time and were
always pretty safe.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
WaclawskiB1523V
Title
A name given to the resource
Waclawski, Barry (Interview outline and video), 2012
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Waclawski, Barry
Description
An account of the resource
Barry enlisted in the United States Air Force after spending two years at Aquinas College in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He decided to enlist rather than wait to be drafted into the infantry. He went to basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and later went to tech school to become a Fire Control Technician on an F-105. He served overseas in Thailand and spent two tours there during the Vietnam era, one for five months and another for seven.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Winkler, Chad (Interviewer)
Caledonia High School (Caledonia, Mich.)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
United States. Air Force
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012-11-03
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/91c57c8a4831414b3136b68bd528e237.pdf
a23c3429ca7fb30ace766d9319d354ac
PDF Text
Text
�...
CITY OF I:11\VISON
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COMMUNITY MASTER PIAN
FR9M T~f E UBfMRY OJi
.Plann:ng & Zoning Center, Inc,
Prepared for :
City of Davis(m
200 East Flint Street
Davison, MI 48423
Honorable Dennis Ryan, Mayor
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Prepared by:
wade-Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and Planning Consultants
25185 Goddard Road
Taylor, MI 48180
Mr. Nicholas P. Lcmako, AICP, Project Manager
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Adopted by the City of Davison Planning Carrnission, by
Resolution, on October 9, 1990.
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Supported by a Resolution of Concurrence, by the City of Davison,
City Council, on October 22, 1990.
The preparation of this plan was
financed through a grant provided
under Title I of the Housing and
Community Development Act of 1974,
as amended. The grant was
administered by the Genesee County
Community Development Program.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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SUBJECT
PAGE NO.
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF MAPS
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
V
V
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iv
EXISTING LAND USE ANALYSIS
Introduction
Survey Methodology
Davison Land Usage
Historic Preservation
1 - 6
STRUCTURAL QUALITY ANALYSIS
Introduction
Survey Methodology
Evaluation Criteria
Structural Classifications
Structural Quality Results
Remedial Treatment
7
7
7
7
7 9
9 -
SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE
Introduction
Population Characteristics
Income Characteristics
Housing Characteristics
Employment Characteristics
12
12
12
20
23
36
NATURAL FEATURES
Introduction
Significant Site Features
40 - 42
40
40
42
PUBLIC UTILITY NETWORK
Introduction
43
43
TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS
44
MARKET ASSESSMENT
Introduction
Housing Requirements
Industrial Needs
Commercial Needs
Office Needs
Conclusion
45 - 52
45
45
45 - 48
48 - so
50
52
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Introduction
Goals
Objectives and Policies
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Introduction
Plan Recommendations
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PLAN IMPLEMENTATION RESOURCES
Introduction
Public Support of the Long-Range Plan
Land Development Codes
Capital Improvements Program
Co-Development
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57
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Existing Land Use Distribution
2
2
Criteria for Evaluation of
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8
3
Structural Quality
10
4
Population Trends
13 - 14
5
Population Comparison
16
6
Age-Sex Composition
17
7
Minority Group Composition
18
8
Persons Per Household Trends
and Projections
19
9
Year 2000 Population Projections
21
10
Per Capita, Median Family, and
Median Household Income
Comparison
22
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Household Income Distribution
24
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Poverty Statistics Comparison
25
13
Type of Structure
Year-Round Housing Units
26
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Occupancy Characteristics
28
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Publicly Assisted Housing Units
29
16
Housing Value Trends
30
17
Income Cost Correlation
Owner-Occupied Housing Units
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18
Income Cost Correlation
Renter-Occupied Housing Units
33
19
Age of Structure
34
20
Year-Round Housing Unit Trends
35
21
Recent Residential Construction
Activity
37
22
Employment by Selected Industry
38
23
Employment by Selected
Occupations
39
24
Housing Unit Requirements
46
25
Employment/Density Ratios
for Estimating Industrial Land
Use
47
26
Population Ratios for Estimating
Industrial Land Use
47
27
Land Use Ratios for Estimating
Industrial Land Use
47
28
Typical Shopping Center
Standards
49
29
Recommended Store or Service
Use Standards
51 -
30
General Development Plan
59
31
Plan Implementation Resources
71 - 73
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Existing Land Use
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Architectural Styles
6
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10
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Neighborhood Units
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Natural Features
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Public Utility Network
43
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Transportation Analysis
44
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General Development Plan
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Corridor Study
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Intrcductioo
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The basic and essential data necessary for any planning study is an
inventory and analysis of updated informatioo oo existing land uses within
the canmunity. The preparation of the Future Land Use Plan is only
pcssible when there is a clear understanding of existing cooditions and
relationships between land uses. In the crurse of exercising its zooing
pcwers, the City must give reasonable coosideration to the character of
each district and its suitability for particular uses. An inventory of the
existing develcpnent pattern wculd further this d:>jective. The Existing
Land Use Map and acreage table which are included in this report will also
serve as a ready reference for the City in its consideratioo of everyday
prd:>lems in land use management and public improvement prcpcsals.
Survey Methcdolcgy
A field survey was cooducted for the purpcse of gathering existing land use
data.
Each parcel of prcperty in Davisoo was visually inspected in the
field and its use canpared to, and recorded oo, 1987, 200 scale aerial
photczjraphs which were supplied by the Genesee Ccunty Planning Carmissioo.
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Existing land use data were recorded oo 400 scale prcperty line base maps
prepared by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
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Land use categories were then develcped which incorporated all types of
existing uses, and which wruld readily distinguish ooe class of prcperty
fran another. The classifications were then mapped oo a 400 scale mylar
prcperty line base map of the City, created by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
specifically far this planning prcgram.
Acreage calculations for each land use category were d:>tained by direct
measurement of the Existing Land Use Map, using an electronic digitizer
connected to a Hewlitt-Packard canputer.
Davisoo Land Usage
Ten (10) land use categories were utilized for purpcses of this analysis.
The Existing Land Use Map, reveals these classifications and their
gecgraphic distributioo thrrughrut the camrunity.
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The City covers an area of 1,297.85 acres or 2.03 square miles. To further
understand the physical land uses in the canmunity, data in Table 1
indicate the classifications and to what extent each use cootributes to the
total land area.
A discussioo oo each land use is provided in the ensuing text.
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SCALE 1" •
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AGRICULTURE
1151
SINGLE FAMILY
EIS] TWO FAMILY
ltt}t~
MULTIPLE FAMILY
MOBILE HOMES
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400
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SOURCE1
FIELO SURVEY JUNE 1089
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GENERAL BUSINESS
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OPEN - VACANT - AND OTHER
OFFICE
~ INDUSTRIAL
~ PUBLIC - SEMI-PUBLIC
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
1
EXISTING LAND USE
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
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Wade-Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and
Planning Consultants
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TABLE 1
1·~1
EXISTING LAND USE DISTRIBUTION
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1989*
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ACRES
Agricultural
129.03
9.94
Residential
Single-Family
Two-Family
Multiple-Family
Mobile Home
407.26
324.06
0.92
53.77
28.51
31.38
24.97
0.07
4.14
2.20
5.03
0.39
General Business
54.57
4.21
Industrial
15.23
1.17
Office
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PERCENT
OF TOTAL
LAND USE CATEGORY
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Public/Semi-Public
238.44
18.37
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Open-Vacant-Other
448.29
34.54
1,297.85
100.00
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*Compiled by Wade-Trim/IMPACT from Existing Land Use map data.
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Agricultural
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I.ands in this classification include areas for productive agricultural
purposes. Within the City of Davison, there are 129.03 acres (9.94
percent) of land area being cultivated for agricultural purposes.
The
agricultural land in this vicinity is considered to be very productive.
Crops cultivated include primarily corn that is grown for animal feed by
Hunt Farms.
Single-Family Residential
This category includes single-family detached structures used as a
permanent dwelling, and accessory structures, such as garages, that are .
related to these units.
It also includes farmsteads and related
agricultural buildings located near the principal dwellings.
Such development occupies 324.06 or 24.97 percent, of the total City land
area. Homesites are distributed throughout the City within existing
subdivisions.
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A principal problem confronting several single-family areas is the
intrusion of incanpatible land use.
Incanpatible land use problems are
instances where neighboring uses, either by their nature of business or
scale of operation, create an environment where they are unsuitable for
association with single-family developnent.
Prime examples of this
condition are found along Flint Street and North Genesee Street as
single-family houses are intermixed with businesses.
A farmstead is located on the west side of M-15, in the northwest quadrant
of the City. Barns and other accessory structures are readily apparent.
Two-Family Residential
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'Ihis category includes those properties containing two uni ts on the same
site. 'Ihey are carmonly referred to as duplex units.
Two-family units account for approximately 0.92 acres, or 0.07 percent of
the ccmnunity land area. They include properties where older hemes have
been converted to accarrnodate two families, or facilities originally built
and intended to be occupied as a two-family residence.
There are three (3) two-family structures, which were evident
inspections, in the City of Davison. 'I'wo-family structures are
the east and west sides of North Genesee Street. (Refer also
characteristics, type of structure analysis for discussion
units.)
fran field
located on
to housing
on duplex
Multiple-Family Residential
The multiple-family classification represents properties containing three
or more units on the same site. They may be rental, or condaninium units,
or cooperatives in complexes or in single structures. Land acres so
classified also include related lawn areas, parking areas, and any small
recreation facility associated with the developnent.
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�Multiple-family develoµnents account for about 53.77 acres or 4.14 percent
of the acreage in Davison.
Major multiple-family development includes
Colony Canrnons Apartments in the northern quadrant of the City, west of
M-15 and Stratford Square in the southeast quadrant of the City.
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Typically, multiple-family developments are used as a transitional land use
between single-family areas and nonresidential develoi;:rnents, or located
along freeways to benefit fran additional exposure offered by these high
traffic volume corridors. Multiple-family development in Davison is
located primarily along M-15 where exposure to traffic is relatively high.
However, smaller multiple-family develoµnents exist in areas that are
primarily single-family in character. This pattern should be discouraged.
Mobile Hane
Areas containing groups of mobile hanes and their related service and
recreational areas are designated mobile hane on the Existing Land Use Map.
Such use is restricted to 28.51 acres and is located near the northern City
limits.
Office
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Office uses are financial institutions, medical, and professional service
(i.e., legal, real estate, accounting) establishments.
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Only approximately 5.03 acres, or 0.39 percent of the City acreage is
devoted to this land use.
Existing office develoµnents are primarily
confined to the M-15 corridor. Office development includes Pierson
Veterinary, D.O. office, Stewart and Associates Insurance Canpany Agency,
Garrison Ross Insurance Agency, State Farm Insurance, H & R Block, and
others.
The City of Davison is in a good position to capture additional office
developnent in future years. It offers excellent regional accessibility
via M-15 and is located in a rapidly developing region of greater Flint.
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General Business
The general business category represents all carmercial uses within the
City of Davison including convenience carmercial, general comnercial, and
comparison shopping uses. General business uses account for 54.57 acres or
4.21 percent of the land are within the City.
Convenience uses include food stores, party stores, laundranats, barber
shops, hardware stores, and drug stores among other uses. Paris Dry
Cleaners and Kellogg's Market are so classified.
General ccmnercial uses are highway oriented businesses that do not require
a location in a planned shopping center; rather, they primarily benefit
fran locating on a major thoroughfare (either as a free-standing store or
in a strip ccmnercial center) which offers high visibility and good access.
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Uses included in this category are auto sales facilities, hotels, gasoline
stations, restaurants, light auto repair facilities (i.e., transmission
repair, oil change establishments, etc.) and indoor recreational
facilities.
The vast majority of ccmnercial properties in the City of Davison are
classified as General Ccmnercial uses. Uses so classified includes Burton
Auto Parts, Hilton Screeners, Fogelsonger' s wall Paper and Paint, and
Madden's Lounge.
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canparison shopping facilities are planned shopping environments anchored
by a department store, and with other establishments offering general
merchandise, products, or services. No such facility is currently located
in the City.
Industrial
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The general cornnercial uses are, for the I'OC)St part, clustered along M-15,
north of Grand Trunk Western Railroad, and in what is generally recognized
to be the Central Business District of Davison. Dle to this configuration,
the City may wish to expand its D:>wntown Developnent Authority under the
provisions of state Act 197, as a means of coordinating and financing
public facility improvements in this area.
This definition includes manufacturing, assembling, and general fabricating
facilities,
warehouses, and other nonmanufacturing uses primarily
industrial in nature due to outdoor storage or shipping/receiving
characteristics •
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There are 15. 23 acres, or 1.17 percent of the City used for industrial
purposes. This includes acreage occupied by uses south of the Grand Trunk
and Western Railroad including GTE, Davison Tool House, a packing canpany
and others.
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The City should attempt to expand its industrial base. This YK>uld provide
a better balance of land uses in the cannunity, expand employment
opportunities, and provide for a I'OC)re equitable distribution of the local
tax burden.
Public and Semi-Public
Public land use includes open land for outdoor cultural, public assembly,
and recreational purposes, educational uses including all types of public
institutions where education is a primary use, and governmental
administration and service buildings.
Land uses and facilities which are privately owned and operated, and used
by the public or a limited number of persons, and do not profit as their
principal intent, are considered semi-public land uses.
Churches are
examples of semi-public uses.
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The City has approximately 238.44 acres, or 18.37 percent of its land area
in this category.
Uses so classified includes C.J. Thanpson Elementary
School, Davison Regional Park and Nature Area, the local high school, the
Fire Department, and City Administrative offices.
Open, Vacant, Other
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All dedicated rights-of-way including freeways, thoroughfares, and local
roads are included in this category. Also included are wcx:xjlands, as well
as vacant land for which no specific use was evident from field inspection.
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There are sane 448. 29 acres of land or 34. 54 percent of the City's land
area so classified.
Historic Preservation
Davison's older houses and buildings are valuable resources which deserve
protection and careful management.
Historic buildings and neighborhocx:ls
contribute a great deal to the City's special character and identity and
are irreplaceable.
Their designs, craftsmanship, materials, and details
can never be regained once they are lost. The buildings of Davison are
owned by individuals; but they also belong to the citizens at large, for
their enjoyment, appreciation, education, and welfare •
Many older areas in Michigan are thriving, having been rediscovered and
revitalized.
Others are in transition, and few are in decline. All of
these carmunities have one thing in ccmnon - the threat of insensitive
changes and developnent pressures.
Through historic preservation planning, there is the opportunity to
recognize the value of these historic structures, to realize that change is
in progress, yet to manage this change in a way that protects and enhances
the value of historic resources.
A historic district is proposed for the area located to the east of M-15
and north of the Grand Trunk Western Railroad as shown on Map 2. Within
this area are a variety of architectural styles including Greek Revival,
Queen Anne, and Gothic Revival, among others. (The styles are fully
discussed in the Appendix.) Creating a historic district is discussed in
the Implementation Resources chapter of this report.
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4. 515 NORTH MAIN STREET
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3. 341 NORTH MAIN STREET
VERNACULAR GREEK REVIVAL=".~ .
1830-1860
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2. 310 NORTH MAIN STREET
ITALIANATE COMMERCIAL FACADE
1880-1910
9. 322 NORTH DAVISON
BUNGALOW/CRAFTSMAN
1900-1930
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SCALE
10. 306 NORTH DAVISON
CARPENTERS GOTHIC
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PROPOSED MAIN STREET
HISTORIC DISTRICT
2
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
f~ ,Wade-::,;;,;::::~~d
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Planning Consultants
�STRUCTURAL QUALITY ANALYSIS
t7
Introduction
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In neighborhoods where substantial numbers of homes are in poor condition,
there is a tendency for adjacent properties to deteriorate and for the
general environment of the area to be negatively affected. The process of
deterioration, if allowed to continue, becanes expensive to the camiunity
in several ways.
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Structural deterioration roost often results in a decrease in neighborhood
property values, with the City ultimately experiencing a reduction in tax
revenues.
Because of this loss of tax dollars, the comnuni ty is of ten
forced to reduce services, which may further hasten the deterioration of
the neighborhood. This downward spiral need not be the case, since
suitable programs may be designed to arrest the deterioration process. The
nature of any particular program, however, depends upon the magnitude of
the structural decline present.
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Survey Methodology
{
A structural quality survey was performed in the City to assess the level
of single-family dwelling structural deterioration.
In June, 1989,
wade-Trim/IMPACT conducted a "windshield" survey of each unit, and its
condition recorded on 200 scale aerial photographs of the City, furnished
by the Genesee County Planning Conmission.
Evaluation Criteria
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.The condition of a structure was based upon the number of major or minor
defects observed in the various structural elements of each structure. A
major defect was one that indicated major deterioration or weakening of the
major structural elements. A minor defect was one that indicated major
deterioration or weakening of a minor structural element, or minor
deterioration or weakening in the major structural elements of the
building.
Data in Table 2 identify the major and minor structural elements and the
various deficiencies that were evaluated in the survey.
Structural Classifications
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F.ach house was assigned to one of three structural categories: standard,
deteriorating, or substandard.
•
'Ihe standard category includes recently built houses, and houses of all
ages which are in generally good condition, but which may need maintenance
or minor repairs.
Those structures so labeled may benefit from minor
repairs, cleaning, and painting •
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�TABLE 2
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CRITERIA FOR EVAWATIOO OF STRIJCTURES*
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MAJOR
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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Roof
a.
Major Defect - roof sags or sho,,,s evidence of deflectioos;
holes, worn rotten, or missing materials CNer a larger area of
the roof; or of inadequate original coostructioo.
b.
Minor Defect - less critical sag or weakening of the roof
structure; holes, worn, rotted, or missing materials CNer a
small area.
Walls
a.
Major Defect - holes or rotted or missing material CNer a
large area, walls bo,,,ed or a.it of plumb, inadequate
coostructioo, or excessive settlement.
b.
Minor Defect - holes, cpen cracks, rotted or missing
materials, not CNer a large area.
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Fa.indatioo
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a.
Major Defect - holes or rotted or missing material CNer a
large area , fa.indation walls seria.isly cracked and sagging,
bo,,,ed or a.it of plumb, inadequate coostructioo; lack of prcper
fa.indatioo.
b.
Minar Defect - holes, cpen cracks, rotted or missing
materials, but not CNer a large area.
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B.
MINOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
1.
Defects - lcx:lSe, rotted windo,,, frames and sills, a.it of plumb,
separated fran wall, worn frames or sills, missing or brcken
panes.
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Porches and Steps, Cornices, Eaves (where applicable)
Defects - rotted, worn or missing material; or sagging or a.it of
plumb; or pulling away fran building.
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Windo,,,s and Doors
Chimney or Flue
Defects - a.it of plumb, or sagging, or visible cracks; or lcx:lSe
missing masonry units.
""Wade-Trim/IMPACT, 1989.
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The hruses in the deteriorating category are in poor condition as evidenced
by either a defect in a single major structural element or by five (5) or
mare minor structural flaws, including missing materials, rotted frames or
sills, and open cracks or holes. The nature of these deficiencies,
althrugh undesirable, are such that the repair and rehabilitatioo of the
hanes appears to be ecooanically feasible.
The hanes in the substandard category are typically so dilapidated as to
render them unsafe for habitation. They contain at least two defects in
major structural elements, or ooe major defect canbined with five (5) or
more minor structural flaws. Rehabilitatioo of these units is assumed not
to be econanically feasible because of their advanced age of deterioration.
Structural Quality Results
The overall cooditioo of single-family
reflecting both the high quality of
maintenance efforts of the occupants.
hruses were classified as deteriorated,
(see Table 3).
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Map 3 shONs the results
block-frontage basis.
of
the
hanes in Davisoo is excellent,
original coostructioo and the
In total, ooly forty-five ( 45)
and two ( 2) rated as substandard
structural
quality
survey
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The majority of the deteriorating and substandard units are cootained in
the northern half of the City. Heavier coocentratioos of deteriorating
units can be fa.ind aloog Moore, Bay, Flint, and Lapeer Streets.
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Remedial Treatment
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It is recarmended that the areas with deteriorating and substandard units
be subject to a prQJram of coocentrated ccx:ie enforcement. The treatment
involves a prQJram for the police pONer enforcement of all ccx:ies that
regulate the minimum cooditioos of use, locatioo, coostructioo, alteration,
repair and maintenance of private prcperty.
Primary emphasis shruld be given to the strict applicatioo of building,
hrusing, and zooing ccx:ies, and the correctioo or removal of all substandard
prcperty cooditioos. The City shruld also develcp cperatiooal plans and
schedules for bringing prcperties into canpliance, including staffing and
procedures to be follONed, to be canpleted in a short pericx:i of time ( 2-3
years). This shruld include issuing certificates of ccx:ie canpliance for
prcperties that are fa.ind in canpliance at the time of initial inspection
as well as prcperties that have been rehabilitated. City staff shruld also
institute a technical advisory service to prcperty ONners, tenants, and
builders, including hane maintenance educatiooal services leading to
improved practices in care of the premises.
The ccx:ie enforcement praJram is a significant support service that a local
canrnunity can implement to encrurage lenders to extend credit in
neighborhoods exhibiting a high proportion of aging or deteriorating
structures.
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�TABLE 3
STRUCTURAL QUALITY
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
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1989*
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STRUCTURAL QUALITY
CLASSIFICATION
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NUMBER
Sound (a)
1,248
96.37
45
3.48
2
0.15
1,295
100.00
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PERCENT
OF TOTAL
Deteriorated ( b)
1
Substandard (c)
TOTAL
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*Comt;>iled by Wade-Trim/IMPACT from field survey condu'c ted June,
1989.
(a)The standard category includ.e s recently built houses, and
houses of all ages which are in generally good condition; but
which may need maintenance or minor repairs. Those structures
so labeled may benefit from minor repairs, cleaning, and
painting.
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(b)The units in the deteriorating category are in poor condition
a~ evidence by either a defect in a single major structural
element or by five or more minor structural flaws, including
missing materials, rotted frames or sills, and open cracks or
holes. The nature of these deficiencies, although
undesirable, are such that the repair and rehabilitation of
the homes appear to be economically feasible.
(c)The units in the substandard category are typically so
dilapidated as to render them unsafe for habitation. They
contain at least two defects in major structural elements, or
ope major defect combined with five or more minor ,structural
flaws. Rehabilitation of these units is assumed n'o t to be
economically fea~ible because of their advanced age or degree of
deterioration •
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SOURCE : FIELD SURVEY JUNE 1989
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LESS THAN 10% DETERIORATING/SUBSTANDARD
LESS THAN 20% BUT NOT LESS THAN 10%
DETERIORATING/SUBSTANDARD
20% OR MORE DETERIORATING/SUBSTANDARD
CALCULATIONS BASED ON BLOCK FRONTAOE
3
STRUCTURAL
QUALITY
~ Wade-Trim_/JMPACT
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, Mumc,pa/ and
CITY OF DAVISON GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
~ Planning Consultants
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Many lenders are reluctant to grant loans to O\lners of buildings in such
areas. They are afraid that the decline of these buildings will affect the
marketability of the neighborhocd adversely, thereby threatening the value
of properties that serve as security for their loans. It should be
rec(XJnized, h<J.\lever, that under the provisicns of the Camn.mity
Reinvestment Act, lending instituticns must provide sufficient resrurces
within areas they serve and demonstrate performance in lending. A
sensitive ca:ie enforcement program cruld accelerate this loan activity.
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�SOCIOECONOOIC PROFILE
Introduction
The purpose of this examination is to identify the characteristics of the
population and local employment base and to reveal what trends are
occurring and what opportunities may exist for future land use developnent
activities. For example, a population canprised of members in the family
formation group would indicate a need for multiple-family dwellings, active
recreation areas, primary educational facilities, and ample employment
opportunities. The first of the socioeconanic features to be analyzed is
Davison's population characteristics.
\.o
Population Characteristics
Historical Population Growth
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The City of Davison is an integral part of the region embraced by the
Genesee, Lapeer, Shiawassee Planning and Developnent Carrnission (Region V).
The Region, one of fourteen such planning and developnent regions in the
state, includes among its members the various governmental units located in
this three County area. Davison, as a constituent of Region v, as well as
the Flint Metropolitan Region, is directly affected by regional conditions
and trends.
Since 1960, the Flint Metropolitan Region has been characterized by
population growth and by a significant geographical shifting of population.
Evidence of this phenomenon can be seen fran the data presented in Table 4.
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The City of Flint, the largest city in the region, has shown continued
decreases in population since 1960, most of which occurred during the last
decade. IXiring the 20-year period presented, the City of Flint lost 37,329
people, a decrease of 19.0 percent.
( "'
Opposite the City of Flint's declining population trend was an increase of
population in the out-county. Genesee County, excluding the City of Flint,
increased by 103,562 people (5,513 percent) between 1960 and 1980. Thus,
it can be seen that many of the residents rnoving fran Flint and to Genesee
County have located to suburban and rural areas throughout the remainder of
Genesee County and in other areas of the region.
L'.
l ..-
L
This shifting of the population was of particular importance to the City of
Davison's population growth in that sane of those wishing to relocate from
the City of Flint or rnoving into the County for the first time, located in
the City. Data in Table 3 indicate that Davison's population increased by
1,498 or 39.8 percent during the 1960-1970 decade. The City continued to
gain population between 1970 and 1980, increasing by 828 people or 15. 7
percent.
,_.
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TABLE 4
POPULATION TRENDS, GENESEE COUNTY COMMUNITIES
1960 - 1980*
1960
1970
POPULATION• POPULATIONb
DAV I SON CITY
Burton City
Cl lo City
Fenton City
Fl Int City
Flushing City
Ga Ines VI 11 age
Goodrich Vt I lage
Grand Blanc City
Lennon Vt I lage (pt)
Linden Vt I lege
Montrose Village
Mount Morris City
ottsvl I le Vt I lage
Otter Lake Vt liege (pt)
Swartz Creek City
Argentine Township
Atlas Township
Clayton Township
Davison Township
Fenton Township
Flushing Township
Forest Township
Gaines Township
Genesee Township
3,761
29,700d
2,212
6,142
196,940
3,761
387
701
1,565
-
1, 146
1,466
5,259
32,540
2,357
8,284
19.3,.317
7,190
408
774
5, 1.32
8
102'
CHANGE
PERCENT OF
CHANGE
1960 - 1970
OUT-COUNTY
1980
1970 - 1980
POPULATl ONd NIJ4BER
Nll4BER
PERCENT GROWTHc
PERCENT
1,498
39.8
2.3
6,087
2,840
145
2,142
(.3, 623)
3,429
21
13
3,567
9.6
6.6
34.9
(1 .8)
91.2
4.3
0.2
.3 • .3
29,976
2,669
8,098
159,611
8,624
-
701
6
3,006
1, 789
3,778
724
2
4,928
400
32.3
294
23
(4)
1,922
2,106
1,509
2,680
4,948
11,615
8, 5.35
1,955
1,884
21,011
2,901
2,315
5,203
8,260
7,304
6,957
2,590
2,971
25,589
795
806
2,523
.3, 312
(4,311)
(1,578)
635
1,087
4,578
3,484
1,546
5.4
10.4
227.9
.34.9
22.0
8.4
3.3
(66.7)
6.3.9
37.7
53.4
94.1
66.9
(37.1)
c18. 5 >
32.5
57.7
21 .8
-
5.3
o.o
0.1
5.5
-
0.6
o.5
0.5
-
3.0
1.2
1.2
3.9
5.1
o.9
1.7
1.0
828
682
14
5,013
(2,564)
312
C186)
(33,706)
1,434
32
21
1,716
12
628
(8.3)
(532)
(42)
12
85
4,180
4,096
7, 155
13, 708
9,570
9,246
3,559
4,769
25,065
1,279
1, 781
1,952
5,448
2,266
2,289
969
I, 798
(524)
440
795
6,848
114
2, 174
1,706
3,246
15.7
7.9
13.2
2.2
C17.4)
19.9
7.8
2.1
.33.4
11.8
40.6
(4.6)
( 14. 1)
(5.8)
600.0
1. 7
44.1
76.9
37.5
66.0
31.0
32.9
37.4
60.5
(2.0)
PERCENT OF
OUT-COUNTY
GROWTHc
2.1
o.8
-
3.1
0.1
0.1
4.5
o.o
1.6
-
o.o
0.2
3.3
4.6
5.1
14.1
5.9
5.9
2.5
4.7
-
CHANGE
1960 - 1980
Nll4BER
PERCENT
PERCENT OF
OUT-COUNTY
GROWTHc
2,326
61.8
2.2
276
457
1,956
(.37,329)
4,863
53
94
5,283
o.9
20.7
.31.8
(19.0)
129.3
13.7
13.4
337.5
0.3
0.4
1.9
1,028
240
(238)
( 19)
8
2,007
89.7
16.4
(6.8)
(2.7)
133.3
66.8
1.0
0.2
2,074
2,587
4,475
8,760
(2,045)
711
1,604
2,885
4,054
98.5
171.4
167.0
177.0
(17.6)
8.3
82. 0
153. 1
19.3
2.0
2.5
4.7
o.o
0.1
5.1
o.o
1. 9
4.3
8.5
0.1
1.5
2.8
3.9
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TABLE 4
POPULATION TRENDS, GENESEE COUNTY COMMUNITIES
1960 - 1980•
(Cont In ued >
CHANGE
1960
1970
POPULATION8
POPULATIONb
9,418
3,540
20,633
5,004
4,147
3,843
7,232
19,229
4,679
29,349
8,029
5,535
6,014
9,359
Genessee County
384,2169
Genesse County
(Excluding Fl Int)
187,276
Grand Blanc Township
Montrose Township
Mount Morris Township
Mundy Township
Rlchfleld Township
Thetford Township
Vienna Township
*Analysis by IMPACT:
a
PERCENT OF
1960 - 1970
PERCENT
GROWTHc
9,811
1,139
8,716
3,025
1,388
2, 171
2. 127
104.2
32.2
42.2
60.5
33.5
56.5
29.4
15.1
1.1
13.4
4.7
2.1
3.3
3.3
445,589
61,373
252,272
64,996
Nll4BER
PERCENT OF
CHANGE
1980
1970 - 1980
POPULATIONd Nll4BER
PERCENT
OUT-COUNTY
PERCENT OF
CHANGE
1960 - 1980
GROWTHc
~
PERCENT
13.4
3.9
14,995
2,624
7,295
5,782
2,748
4,656
5.682
159.2
74.1
35.4
115.5
66.3
121.2
78.6
24,413
6,164
27,928
10,786
6,895
8,499
12.914
5, 184
1,485
(I, 421)
2,757
1,360
2,485
3. 555
21.0
31. 7
(4.8)
34.3
24.6
41.338.0
15.9
450,449
4,860
1. 1
66,233
17.2
34.7
290,838
38,566
15.3
103,562
55.3
-
7.1
3.5
6.4
9.2
OUT-COUNTY
GROWTHC
14.5
2.5
1.0
5.6
2.6
4.5
5.5
lq>roved Planning Action.
Data from the 1970
u.s.
Census, Number of Inhabitants, Michigan
b
Data from the 1980
u.s.
Census, Number of lnhabltnts, Michigan
C
OUT-COUNTY
Percentages do not sum to 100 percent Inasmuch as population gains for lndlvldual governmental units Include growth from Intra-county migration.
however, are representative of general degee of convnunlty appeal within the out-county area.
Figures,
d
Burton Township total.
e
f
g
Incorporated from Burton Township.
Lennon VI llage was Incorporated In Genesee and Shiawassee Counties (1970 population: 624 total; 102 In Genesee County).
Figure represents sum of minor clvll divisions within Genesee County as reported In the 1970
unincorporated places. Sum does not equal Genesee County total population reported In same.
u.s.
Census, Number of Inhabitants, Michigan, exclusive of
�l __
n.
I~
Recent Population Trends
r
r-
Data in Table 5 compare the population trends of the City of Davison
against the County over the last decade. The City gained 828 people during
the last decade, or an increase of nearly 16 percent. Genesee County also
continued to increase, but at a lesser rate. Data in Table 5 indicate its
rate of growth between 1970 and 1980 was only 1.1 percent, representing a
population gain of 4,860 people. Thus, the City of Davison continued to be
a focal point for new population.
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Age-Sex Distribution
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The relationship of Davison's population by age and sex for the years 1970
and 1980 is presented in Table 6. Examining this information can assist in
determining future housing requirements. For example, established family
groups demonstrate a tendency to reside in single-family residential units,
while a population consisting of mostly family-formation groups (i.e.,
young married couples), are inclined to reside in multiple-family
developnents.
The number of males and females are fairly similar for each age group, for
each decade. During this 10-year period, all population categories above
the 25-34 years cohort gained additional people. The most dramatic
changes, ho"wever, occurred in the composition of the total population. The
proportion of the population in three younger age cohorts actually declined
between 1970 and 1980. The under 5 years, 5-9 years, and 10-14 years age
groups lost population (see Diagram 1). Those persons 65 years and older
increased by 320 persons or 109.6 percent. It can be inferred from this
data base that the population base is aging.
Minority Group Composition
r ··.
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t....,
The City's racial mix has remained predominately white over the last
decade. There have been significant gains achieved by the nonwhite
population over this time period.
Data in Table 7 exhibit the racial composition of the City for 1970 and
1980.
The white population had the larger numerical gain during this
period, increasing by 756 persons.
This compares with a nonwhite
population addition of 72 people. The nonwhite population, however, had
the larger percentage increase (600 percent versus 14.4 percent for the
white population).
r;
L
Household Size
relatively recent phenanenon, characteristic of today's population, is
one of the declining household size. As a result, it has not been uncorrrron
for ccmnunities to register a net increase in the housing supply while
simultaneously recording a population loss. This trend has evolved due, to
a large extent, the declining family size.
A
·~
The City of Davison is not irrmune to this trend. Data in Table 8 depict
the persons per household ratio for Davison for the years 1970 and 1980,
plus those forecasted for the City through the Year 2000 (see Diagram 2).
-15-
�.... .J
TABLE 5
r-
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CITY OF DAVISON AND GENESEE COUNTY
POPULATION COMPARISON
1970-1980*
-
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CHANGE 1970-1980
NUMBER
PERCENT
GOVERNMENTAL UNIT
City of Davison
Genesee County
5,259
445,589
6,087
450,449
828
4,860
15.7
1.1
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*Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
aData from 1980 U.S. Census of Population, Number of Inhabitants,
Michigan.
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-16-
-
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---
.
�TABLE 6
l ,
AGE-SEX COMPOSITION
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970 AND 1980*
,---.
! I
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1·:
1970 AGE-SEX CHARACTERISTICS ( a)
I
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AGE-COHORT
----------
Under 5
1
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i . .:.
\_
~
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,-
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-59
60-64
65+
TOTAL
~- .•.
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{
---------------247
301
337
251
195
368
312
290
96
69
109
9.6
11. 7
13.1
9.7
7.6
14.3
12.1
11. 3
3.7
2.7
4.2
FEMALE
NUMBER PERCENT
--------------246
316
297
247
233
366
350
282
96
68
183
-----
-----
2,575
-----
100.0
2,684
9.2
11. 8
11.1
9.2
8.7
13.6
13.0
10.5
3.6
2.5
6.8
TOTAL
NUMBER PERCENT
--------------493
617
634
498
428
734
662
572
192
137
292
9.4
11. 7
12.1
9.5
8.1
14.0
12.6
10.9
3.7
2.6
5.6
-----
-----
-----
100.0
5,259
100.0
1980 AGE-SEX CHARACTERISTICS (b)
..
'
MALE
NUMBER
PERCENT
AGE-COHORT
----------
Under
5
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-59
60-64
65+
TOTAL
MALE
NUMBER PERCENT
---------------226
219
252
281
309
480
321
287
138
101
177
-----
2,791
8.1
7.8
9.0
10.1
11. 1
17.2
11. 5
10.3
4.9
3.6
6.3
-----
100.0
FEMALE
NUMBER PERCENT
--------------219
205
256
326
353
529
354
350
137
132
435
-----
3,296
6.6
6.2
7.8
9.9
10.7
16.0
10.7
10.6
4.2
4.0
13.2
TOTAL
NUMBER PERCENT
--------------445
424
508
607
662
1,009
675
637
275
233
612
7.3
7.0
8.3
10.0
10.9
16.6
11.1
10.5
4.5
3.8
10.1
-----
-----
-----
100.0
6,087
100.0
-------------
11
'
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
(a)
Data from 1970 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
-----------------------------------
(b)
Da~-a from 1980 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
~ichigan.
-----------------------------------
i.......
-17-
�,.,
DIAGRAM 1
,--,
i
I .
Age Composition
r
City of Davison
Genesee County, Michigan
d
:,-.-
50%,-----
-----
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40% ..
l. .,
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30% ..
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20% ..
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10% ..
0%
• • • • • • • • • • • • • ~"r'"T>
0 - 19
20 - 34
35 - 64
Ages
•1970
·-~
,
'
'
DIIl]19so
65+
�TABLE 7
l
MINORITY GROUP COMPOSITION
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970 AND 1980*
'~
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1970 (a)
NUMBER PERCENT
RACE
1980 (b)
NUMBER PERCENT
------ -------
White
Black
5,247
12
99.8
0.2
6,003
84
TOTAL
5,259
100.0
6,087
-----
98.6
1. 4
-----
100.0
CHANGE
1970 - 1980
NUMBER PERCENT
------
-------
756
72
14 . 4
600.0
828
15.7
-----
-----
\ .:
*
r .
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l __.
,·
l\
i ...
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from the 1970 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
--------
{b) Data from the 1980 -U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
--------
l
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-18-
�TABLE 8
PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970-2000*
p
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CATEGORY
Persons Per
Household
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1980(b)
3.37
2.53
CHANGE 1970-1980
NUMBER
PERCENT
(0.84)
1990
2.5
2000 -
2.4
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a)
Data from 1970 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
----------------------------------
{b)
Data from 1980 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michi~an.
----------------------------------
(c)
Consultant estimate.
I
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(24.9)
PROJECTIONS{c)
*
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1970(a)
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-19-
�DIAGRAM 2
Persons Per Household
Trends and Projections
City of Davison, Michigan
r
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:
- --- ,,.------
3.37
·'
3
----•-·• ·- ----- - - - - - - - -------·------··-··- ----- -
·- ·-
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1970
~ 1980
filffl 1990
~ 2000
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The City has experienced a decrease in the number of persons per household
since 1970. In 1980, the City's persons per household ratio was 2.53, a
decline of 24.9 percent (0.84 persons) since 1970.
The City is also expected to experience a continual decrease in the number
of persons per household over the next 10 years. Such a decline must be
considered when analyzing future housing needs, as housing units will be
occupied by far fewer people •
,I ·,·;
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Population Projections
I
There are several methods often utilized to project the future population
of a corrrnunity, but all basically involve, to some degree, the extension of
past trends into the future. Data in Table 9 present four different
approaches. These are also shown on Diagram 3.
("..
I
\,...,
The GLS Region V Planning and Developnent Corrmission prepared future year
population estimates for its constituent corrmunities. Their most recent
projection forecasts a City population of 6,761 people by the end of this
Century.
u
,.
l
The Component Analysis methodology also uses the County projections. This
forecast applied the 1980 ratio of City population to the total County
population, against the projected Year 2000 population of the County
estimated by the GLS Region V Planning and Developnent Carmission
(305,102 people). Assuming the City retains a constant share of the County
population, it can be estimated that by the Year 2000, the City will
contain 6,407 people.
.
\:
I
·•
l
other projections are shown in Table 8. They reflect the population
trends during the last decade in the City and as consultant estimate. In
our judgment, however, we believe the City's Year 2000 population will
substantially increase above its existing population total, given the
availability of vacant, buildable residential acreage in the coomunity.
Thus, for purpose of this report, we estimate the City's Year 2000
population at 8,201 people.
~
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'. .
Income Characteristics
One of the most important determinants of the economic vitality and
potential of a community is the income available to its residents. Data
presented below analyze the per capita, family and household income
characteristics of City residents.
-
Per capita, Family and Median Household Income
( .
I
Data in Table 10 compare per capita, median family, and median-household
income data between Genesee County and the City for the Year 1979, the most
recent year comparable data are available.
r-• '
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I
•
-20-
�TABLE 9
YEAR 2000 POPULATION PROJECTIONS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN*
,_
,........
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1980
POPULATION(a)
( .,
6,087
I ,
. ~_.,,
GLS(b)
6,761
YEAR 2000 PROJECTION, BY TECHNIQUE
COMPONENT
ANALYSIS(c)
ARITBMETIC(d)
CONSULTANT(e)
6,407
7,743
8,201
'
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from Table 2.
(b) Data from the GLS Region V, Population Estimate and Projections.
(;
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,
.
I
(c) Figure repesents City's 1980 share of out-County population
applied against County's Year 2000 out-County population
projection of 305,102 people prepared by the GLS Region V.
(d) Represents extension of population trend between 1970 and 1980 on
a numerical basis.
(e) Consultant estimate based upon persons per household, vacant land
and housing distribution trends.
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DIAGRAM 3
'
Population Projections
City of Davison, Genesee County
Population (Thousands)
10000.--------------,
'
8000 1~-----·- -·· ---·-··-·· ---···- -····· ··· --··- -·-·· --- ·-·- -
I
-a-
600
GLS Region V
-A-- Component Analysis
I
4000
I
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Consultant
-e-
Arithmetic
I--- -···· · · .. -··-··-· · · ····· --.. ... ....... .. · ---· · -· --··- -· · -· ·
2000 r
· -··· ·.·· · ····· ··· ····· ···· ·· ······· ··· ··· · ·· ···· ··· · ······.···
0L--------:------1980
2000
Year
,;.
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�TABLE 10
..
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l
PER CAPITA, MEDIAN FAMILY, AND
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME COMPARISON
CITY OF DAVISON AND GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1979*
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INCOME
CATEGORY
GENESEE
COUNTY
Per Capita (a)
$8,276
Median Family (a)
(a)
DIFFERENCE
NUMBER
PERCENT
------
-------
$7,951
325
3.9
$24,565
$23,717
848
3.5
$20.,.197
$20,996
-799
-4.0
-------
--------
Median Household
DAVISON
CITY
-------
--------------------
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*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a)
Data from 1980 U.S. Census, General Social and Economic
Characteristics, Michigan . --------------------------
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The County's per capita income in 1979 of $7,951 was $325 or 3.9 percent
less than the City's per .capita incane. Genesee County's median family
income for the same year was $848 or 3.5 percent less than Davison's median
family incane·. Davison's median household incane was $799 or 4.0 percent
less than Genesee County's median household incane. Thus, the City is
fairly representative of the County as a whole in terms of these income
characteristics.
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Household Incane Distribution and Poverty Status
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Households are considered the standard "consumption" unit in long-range
planning. Households represent all the persons who occupy a housing unit.
It may include one person living alone. This differs from a family which
is defined as householder and one or more other persons living in the same
household who are related to the householder.
According to the 1980 U.S. Census, the City of Davison has 2,354
households. Data in Table 11 show the distribution of households by income
category by neighborhood. The neighborhood units are shown on Map 4.
Oller 23 percent of all households have incomes under $10,000 per year.
This data suggests that the City may have a sizable portion of its
population in poverty.
Data in Table 12 canpare the poverty statistics of Genesee County and
Davison by total persons and number of families in poverty.
The data
indicate that the City is not unusually burdened by a population in
poverty. The number of families and persons in poverty within the City of
Davison is significantly less than the same statistics for the County as a
whole.
Housing Characteristics
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This section of the study details the characteristics of the City of
Davison's housing stock by type, age, value, occupancy characteristics, and
other indices. Such an analysis is essential in determining the type of
new housing which should be built in the City since, to a large extent, it
is the characteristics of the existing structures which will determine what
can be built and marketed in the future.
Type of Structure
[
Data in Table 13 and Diagram 4 describe the type of structures which exist
in the City as of 1980. Ollerall, the housing stock is characterized by
single-family homes. In 1980, 53.1 percent of the homes in the City were
of the one-family variety. Only a small portion (6.7 percent) were
canposed of duplexes, triplexes, or quadplexes. Nearly 34 percent of all
units were in structures containing 5 or more units with most of these in
Neighborhood Nos. 47 and 48. There were 160 (6.4 percent) IOObile homes or
trailers available as a year-round housing unit.
-23-
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TABLE 11
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HOUSEHOLD INCONE DISTRIBUTION
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, "ICHIGAN
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NEIGHBORHOOD
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JNCDNE Ill 1979
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Less thin $5,000
042
·-·
043
HOUSEHOLDS
NU"BER PERCENT
045
044
HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCENT
HOUSEHOLDS
MU"BER PERCEJIT
046
HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCENT
HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCENT
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$5 1000 - Sl,499
$7,500 ~ $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 - $19,999
$20,000 - $24,999
$25,000 - $34,999
$35,000 - $49,999
$50,000 or tore
TOTAL
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43
6
3.8
7.0
1. 3
19.6
14.2
13.3
25.3
13.6
t. 9
16
6
20
8
26
23
30
5
0
11. 9
4.S
14.9
6.0
19.4
17.2
22.4
3.7
316
100.0
134
NEIGHBORHOOD
047
SS,000 - Sl,499
$7,500 - $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 - $19,999
$20,000 - $24,999
$25,000 - $34,999
$35,000 - $49,999
$50,000 or tore
TOTAL
150
68
24
28
82
9
4.6
7
o.o
12
38
7
31
42
39
11
3.6
6.1
19,4
3.6
15.8
21.4
19.9
5.6
100,0
19b
100.0
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HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCENT
INCONE IN 1979
Less thin $5,000
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12
22
4 .
62
45
42
80
26
5
22
4.9
43
so
11
13
573
100.0
358
100.0
93
35
93
37
0
14
25
12
27
1.4
14.3
14.3
16.2
6.1
1.9
69
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252
100.0
0
0
0
11
o.o
0
o.o
301
100.0
77
100.0
la) Dita frot 1980 U.S. Census, Ntighborhood Statistics, Genesee County,
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-24-
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HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCEJIT
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TOTAL
0
102
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Anilysis
100.0
_62
59
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147
6
4.7
8.3
4.0
9.0
19.6
33.9
20.6
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2.4
12.7
18.3
23.8
10.7
12.3
2.8
0.0
<JSO
HOUSEHOLDS
NU"BER PERCENT
7.3
6,1
12.0
14.0
19.3
26.0
10.3
3.6
82
43
6
32
46
60
27
31
7
0
049
HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCENT
26.2
11. 9
4,2
13
29
18
4.8
6.1
10.2
17.0
17.0
4.1
8.8
19.7
12.2
7
9
15
25
25
11
10
31
14
0.0
0.0
14.3
14.3
13.0
40.3
18.2
HOUSEHOLDS
NUNBER PERCENT
263
137
154
273
333
349
515
11.2
5.8
6.5
11.6
14.1
14.8
59
21.9
11.S
2.S
2,354
100.0
271
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DAVISON CITY
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SOURCE1
GENE SEE COUN T Y METRO P OLITAN PL AN NIN O COMMI SION,
CO M MUNIT Y DEV E LOP ME NT PRO GR A M, 19 8 0 CEN SUS,
NEI GH BORHOO D DATA
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NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT BOUNDARIES
4
NEIGHBORHOOD UNITS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
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TABLE 12
POVERTY STATISTICS COMPARISON
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980*
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POPULATION IN POVERTY
GENESEE COUNTY(a)
NUMBER
PERCENT
DAVISON(a)
NUMBER
PERCENT
Total Persons
47,352
10.6
342
5.7
Total Families
10,969
9.3
59
3.7
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Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
(a)
Data from 1980 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
----------------------------------
NOTE:
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The term poverty connotes a complex set of economic, social,
and psychological conditions. The statistics presented above
provide .o nly estimates of economic poverty based upon receipt
of money income before taxes. Nonmoney in9ome is not
considered in determining poverty status .
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TABLE 13
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
YEAR-ROUND HOUSING UNITS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, 111CHI6AN
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1980• la)
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NEIGHBORHOOD
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UNIT TYPE
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1, detached or attached
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NUNBER PERCENT
NUl18ER PERCENT
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NUNBER PERCENT
13
10.5
163
79.9
108
65.
0
(1.0
0
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0
o.o
28
3 and 4 unit structure
27
8.2
0
o.o
15
7.4
5 or 1ore unit structure
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28.0
0
o.o
0
0
o.o
111
89.5
329
100.0
124
100.0
TOTAL
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NUl18ER PERCENT
045
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Nobile h011e or trailer
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210
2, duplex
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NUNBER PERCENT
149
65.9
17.t}
0
0.0
16
9.7
22
9.7
0,1)
13
7.9
32
14.2
26
12. 7
0
0.0
23
10.2
204
100.0
165
100.0
226
100.0
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ME16H80RHOOD
UNIT TYPE
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1, detached or attached
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048
NUl1BER PERCENT
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NUl1BER PERCENT
TOTAL
050
NUl1BER PERCENT
NUNBER PERCENT
NUl1BER PERCENT
171
25.8
179
45.5
293
91.B
45
54.2
1331
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2.4
0
0.0
0
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44
1.8
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3 and 4 unit structure
8
1.2
10
2.5
20
b,3
4
4.8
122
4.9
468
70.6
204
51.9
b
1. 9
34
41.0
849
33.9
0
0.0
0
1),0
0
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0
0.0
160
6.4
663
100.0
393
100.0
319
100.0
83
100.0
2,506
100.0
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TOTAL
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Analysis by Wade-Tri1/Il1PACT
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(al Data fro1 1980 U.S. Census, Neighborhood Statistics, Genesee County,
11i chigan.
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�DIAGRAM 4
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Type of Structure
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Year-Round Housing Units
City of Davison, Michigan
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5 or more
33.9%
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Mobile Home
6.4%
1980
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Hcusing Tenure
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Occupancy characteristics are presented in Table 14 and Diagram 5. A total
of the 2,506 hcusing units are available for year-rcund living. Almost all
of the units (95.3 percent) are occupied. These units are almost evenly
divided between cwner-occupied units (55.2 percent) and renter-occupied
units (40.0 percent). This is atypical, cC11Sidering the high pre.portion of
single-family hcxnes in the canmunity. Thus, it is evident that many
single-unit structures are rental hones.
It is also important to recOJnize that the City has a vacancy rate of 4.7
percent.
Five percent of a camn.mi ty' s habitable hcus ing stock shculd
remain vacant to prOllide diver~ity in hcusing selection, to permit hcusing
rehabilitation or replacement activities to occur, and to ensure asking
prices for hones are indicative of actual market conditiC11S, while at the
same time protecting private investment. Vacancy rates belcw five percent
demonstrate a restricted hcusing environment and afford little cpportunity
for interested hcuseholds to acquire available units. Thus, it can be
inferred that the City's housing units are in demand, and that the
available supply shculd be expanded, otherwise hcusing values will becone
inordinately inflated.
Assisted Rental Hcusing
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There are 1,004 renter-occupied hcusing units in the City. It is important
to note that 290 or 28.8 percent are publicly assisted units.
Data in Table 15 reveal the existing assisted rental hcusing canplexes in
the City by locatioo, type of structure, and financing prQJram.
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Unit Value
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Reusing costs in the region, as in other areas of the natioo, have been
rising rapidly in recent years. The gap between the cost of decent
hcusing, particularly new hcusing, and what hcuseholds can afford to pay is
grcwing. This results in· increased numbers of pecple being priced cut of
the new hcusing market.
.
The City of Davison is not irrmune fran rising hcusing costs.
Data in
Table 16 shew the median value of hcusing for the City for the years 1970
and 1980 for cwner and renter-occupied units. Values are expressed in 1980
dollars. The cost of cwner-occupied units has increased in real terms by
5.6 percent ($2,454) CNer this ten year pericx:i. Contract rent prices,
hcwever, have decreased Oller the previcus decade, ranging fran $303.75 to
$267.81. This is assumed to be a result of the members of new rental units
which were constructed in the Davison market area during the decade.
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Hcusing Affordability
The hcusing stock in a carmunity shculd be affordable to its residents. If
hcusing costs are prdlibitive, hcusing needs remain unmet in spite of unit
availability.
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�TABLE 14
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980*
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CATEGORY
NUMBER(a)
PERCENT OF
TOTAL HOUSING UNITS
2,506
100.0
2,389
1,385
1,004
117
11
95
11
95.3
55.3
40.1
4.7
1
0.0
2,507
100.0
Year-Round Housing Units
Occupied Housing Units
Owner-Occupied.
Renter-Occupied
Vacant Housing Units
Vacant for Sale
Vacant for Rent
Other (b)
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Vacant Seasonal and Migratory
TOTAL HOUSING UNITS
0.4
3.8
0.4
.
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Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
(a)
Data from 1980 U.S. Cen3us, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
----------------------------------
(b)
Includes rented awaiting occupancy, held for occasional use, or
boarded up.
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DIAGRAM 5
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Housing Occupancy Characteristic.s
City of Davison
Genesee County, Michigan
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55.27%
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4.67%
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40.06%
55.27% Owner Occupied Housing Units
40.06% Renter Occupied Housing Units
4.67% Vacant Housing Units
�TABLE 15
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PUBLICLY ASSISI'ED HOUSING UNITS
SERVING ~VISON, GENF.SEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1986*
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DEVEIDPMENT NAME
AND ADDRESS
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TOTAL
AVERAGE
FINANCING
PIO:;RAM
YEAR
OPENED
MANAGEMENT CCMPANY
UNITS
Braidwocd Manor
336 North Main
Davison, MI 48423
(313)653-1808
Marrs Management
and Realty
2950 E. Jefferson
Suite 201
Detroit, MI 48207
100
4 years
Section 202a
(elderly)
1982
Glastonbury Manor
300 Sooth Main
Davisoo, MI 48423
(313)653-0810
W. H. Investments
5582 Drake
W. Bloanfield, MI
190
1 year
Section 236b
(elderly)
1974
WAIT
48033
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*Canpiled by Wade-Trim/IMPACT, fran records of the U.S. Department of Hoosing and Urban
Develcpnent, Detroit Area Office, Loan Management Divisioo and supplemented by
telephooe interviews with project representatives.
aSection 202: Loog-term, direct loans at bela-, market interest rates are made available
to nonprofit spoosors, cocperatives, and public agencies for the construction or
rehabilitatioo of multiple-family rental or cocperative hoosing for the elderly or
handicapped.
bsectioo 236: FHA insurance and interest reductions were prwided to eligible spoosors
for coostructioo or rehabilitatioo of rental and cocperative multi-family hoosing.
This prcgram was phased a.it in 1974 with the intra:iuction of the Sectioo 8 (monthly
rent subsidy) prcgram.
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TABLE 16
HOUSING VALUE TRENDS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970-1980*
1-...,
CATEGORY
1970(a)
1980(b)
CHANGE 1970-1980
NUMBER
PERCENT
Median Value of
Owner-Occupied Units
$43,650
$46,104
$2,454
Median Value (Contract Rent)
of Renter-Occupied Units
$303.75
$267.81
($35.94)
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Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
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(a) 1970 U.S. Census data indicate the City's 1969 median value of
owner-occupied units is $19,400 and median contract rent value at
$135.
These figures have been updated by a factor of 2.25 to
reflect the increase in the Consumer Price Index and to represent
1980 dollars.
(CPI of 109.8 for 1969 and 246.8 for 1980;
1967 = 100.)
(b) 1980 U.S. Census data indicate the City 1979 median value of
owner-occupied units approximates $40,800 and median contract rent
value at $237 (consultant estimates based upon Census Tract data).
These figures have been updated by a factor of 1.13 to reflect the
increase in the Consumer Price Index and to represent 1980 dollars.
(CPI of 217.4 for 1979 and 246.8 for 1980; 1967 = 100.)
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�Total household income determines the price range of affordable housing for
most families. In the case of purchased housing, . the price of a house is
typically three times the household income. Thus, it is assumed that a
family earning $20,000 per year can afford a $60,000 home.
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One must recognize that this type of analysis is only one indication of
affordable housing. In actual practice, the price of a house a household
can afford is determined mainly by three factors: the size of the mortgage
that must be secured and the interest rates; the property tax, insurance,
and utility rates on the home; and the total indebtedness of the household
for all items other than housing. Nevertheless, such an analysis provides
an indication of housing cost trends and the ability of the purchaser to
acquire such housing.
Data in Tables 17 and 18 show the breakdown of
affordable purchase and rental housing by household income of City
residents.
Data in Tables 16 and 17 reveal that both lower and higher income
households are not finding housing units within their affordable range.
Lower incane groups appear to be spending more, whereas higher income
groups are choosing to pay less for housing.
Age of Structure
The age of a house is one factor used in the evaluation of the structural
quality of the building. The average life span of a house averages 50
years, with sane lasting longer while others deteriorate faster, depending
upon the quality of original construction and maintenance.
Using this
standard, many hanes built in the City prior to 1940 should be approaching
the end of their utility.
Data in Table 19 identify the number of year-round housing units by year of
construction. over half (60.3 percent) "W"ere built since 1960, 34.9 percent
of which were built since 1970. Conversely, only 14.8 percent of the hanes
were built before 1940. Thus, based upon this measure alone, and verified
by the Structural Quality Survey, it can be concluded that the vast
majority of the City's housing stock is structurally sound.
The number of housing units grew in the City by more than 55 percent
between 1970 and 1980 (see Table 20).
This is 40 percent higher than
population growth during the same period of time (see Table 2) • 111.e larger
growth in housing is explained by the trends toward a smaller household
size.
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Recent Residential Activity
Data in Table 21 document the trends in new residential construction in the
City since the last U.S. Census (1980).
Forty-seven (47) units (net) were added to the City's housing supply since
1980. This is because the City had virtually reached its in-fill building
capacity by the onset of the current decade. Future construction will rely
primarily on redevelopnent opportunities, and developnent of vacant land in
the northeast quadrant of the City.
-31-
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TABLE 17
n«DIE <n,T OORREIATICW
CHmR--OCClJPIED IIXJSIN3 UNITS
CITY OF D!\VISCW, GENESEE OOBI'Y, MIOIIGAN
1980*
NtlmEROF
tumEROF
MAXDUt VAIJJB OF
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N
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CHmR---OCCUPIED
IDEmoLOO IN
INCOm CATEO)RY(b)
SPOCIFIID
CHIBR--OC'CUPIED
UNITS IN 'IBIS IIXJSIR;
VAUJE CAT1ll)RY ( c)
IKXJSIOO UNIT
SURPim/
IEFICIF.NCY(d)
IIXJSF8::>ID IOCOIE CAnxnRY
AFFORDMIB IIXJSIOO(a)
Less than $5,000
less than $15,000
129
25
-104
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000 - $19,999
$15,000 - $29,999
$30,000 - $59,999
143
298
175
759
+ 32
+461
$20,000 - $49,999
$50,000 or rrore
$60,000 - $149,999
$150,000 or more
560
29
200
0
-360
- ·29
1,159
1,159
*Analysis by Wade-Tri.nvIMPACT.
(a) Maximum value of affordable housing calculated to be 300 percent of income.
(b) Data estimated from the 1980 U.S. Census by applying the percentage of households per income category to the
total number of specified owner-occupied housing units.
(c) Consultant estimate based on 1980 U.S. Census data on housing value and existing land use inventory.
(d) Surplus/deficiency calculated to be the difference between the number of households per incane category and
number of units per income category.
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TABLE 18
n«nm CD,'f OORRElATIOO
RmTER--OCCUPIIDIDErt«;WITS
CITY OF MVISCW, GENESEE CXXNI.Y, MIClllGAN
1980*
RN3EROFRmTAL
IDEEOOU> nnJIE CAnRlRY
MAXDUI
AFFORIWllE fDfflILY RFBI'(a)
Less than $5,000
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 or more
Less
$125
$250
$375
tumER OF IDEIH:>I.00
WITS IN VAWE
IN INCD1E CATIU)RY(b)
CATlll)RY(c)
than $125
- $249
- $374
or more
109
121
114
634
55{e)
529
388
6
978
978
fDETI«; lfiIT
SCJRPUE/
IEFICIFH:Y (d)
- 54
408
274
-628
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*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Maximum affordable moothly rent calculated to be 30 percent of moothly ha..isehold incare.
{b) Data estimated fran the 1980 U.S. Census, by applying the percentage of ha..iseholds per incane category to
the total number of specified renter-occupied ha..ising units for which cash rent was received.
(c) Coosultant estimate based upoo 1980 U.S. Census data.
Excludes units for which no cash rent was received.
(d) Surplus/deficiency calculated to be the difference between the number of ha.iseholds per incare category and
number of units per incane category.
(e) Includes ten renter-occupied ha..ising units with no cash rent.
�I
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TABLE 19
Q'
AGE OF STRUCTURE
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, NICHI6AN
19B0• la)
flu
0
NE16HBORHOOD
,..,_,
YEAR STRUCTURE BUlLT
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to
to
to
to
to
to
or
1979
1975
1970
1960
1950
1940
1939
Narch 1980
1978
1974
1969
1959
1949
earlier
TOTAL
043
042
NUNBER PERCENT
0
40
58
59
96
0.0
12.2
17.a
41
17,9
29.2
10.b
12.5
329
100.0
35
044
NUIIBER PERCENT
NUNBER PERCENT
5
0.0
13.7
72.b
9.7
I}. 0
0.0
4.0
0
37
81
59
0
21
124
100.0
204
0
17
90
12
0
0
2.9
0.0
18.1
39.7
28.9
b
046
045
NUNBER PERCENT
NUl'IBER PERCENT
0. 0
0
10.3
0
18
13
20
114
0.0
(1.0
10.9
7.9
12.1
69.1
104
0.0
3.5
17.3
15.5
17.7
46.0
100.0
165
100.0
226
100,1}
o.o
0
0
8
39
35
o.o
0
40
l •
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NEIGHBORHOOD
YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT
to Narch 1980
to 1978
1979
1975
1970
1%0
1950
to 1974
to 1969
to 1959
to 1949
mo
1939 or earlier
047
048
NUftBER PERCENT
NUftBER PERCENT
NUl'IBER PERCENT
0
7
88
250
10
5
0.0
1.8
22.4
63.b
2.5
1.3
49
0.0
7.4
b3.5
5.1
13.9
2.7
7,4
33
8.4
0
6
33
75
179
22
5
663
100.0
393
100.0
320
0
49
421
34
92
18
TOTAL
050
049
NUNBER PERCENT
o.o
0
1.9
10.3
23.4
4
NUNBER PERCENT
11
0.0
4.8
13.3
6B
81.9
123
74b
636
0.0
4B4
b.9
l,b
0
0
0
29.8
25.4
19.3
(1,0
0.0
140
372
14.8
100.0
83
100.0
2,507
100.0
55.9
b
0.2
4.9
s.a
L,
TOTAL
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-----------------------
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•
Analysis by Nade-Tri1/Il'IPACT
la) Data fro• 1980 U.S. Census, Neighborhood Statistics, 6eneste County,
llichigan.
--------------------
-34-
�TABLE 20
YEAR-ROUND HOUSING UNIT TRENDS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970-1980*
CHANGE 1970-1980
YEAR
i
I
CATEGORY
•
1970(a)
1980(b)
NUMBER
PERCENT
1,615
2,506
891
55.2
\ ·"
·Year-Round Housing Units
I"
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*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
(a)
Data from the 1970 U.S. Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics,
Michigan.
--------------------------------
(b)
Data from Table 13.
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-35-
�Based on data in Table 21, it can be calculated that the City currently has
2,554 hoosing units.
C
-'
EmplOflllent Characteristics
,·-.
The primary determinant of pcpulation within a carmunity is the emplcyment
cpportunities available nearby. Ha,.,ever, within a particular labor market
area sane local municipalities functioo as major emplcyment centers while
others are primarily places of residence or "bedroan" canmunities. The
City of Davisoo, being in Genesee Coonty, is part of the Flint Area Labor
Market. Thus, the emplcyment cpportunities available, not only in the City
but in other parts of the Flint Labor Market Area, constitute the econanic
base to which the City is inexorably tied.
.
'
According to the U.S. Census, there were 2,484 City residents emplcyed in
1980 or 40.8 percent of the total pcpulation. The folla,.,ing text will
identify what industries this work force works for, and what positions they
hold. Historical data is also presented to reveal changes in emplcyrnent
patterns.
EmplOflllent Industry
Data in Table 22 document the emplcyrnent by major industry grooping for
emplcyed residents for the years 1970 and 1980.
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In 1970, the greatest share of the work force was emplcyed by manufacturing
industries (37.8 percent).
Other major emplcyers were the professional
health and education services and the wholesale and retail trades.
By
1980, 364 residents were added to the local work force, an increase of
17. 2 percent. Manufacturing industries cootinued to emplcy the greatest
share of this work pool. This situatioo is expected, due to the heavy
reliance on the autanotive industries in the Flint area.
DJring the last decade, ha,.,ever, the greatest j cb gra,.,th occurred in the
business, persooal, and entertainment services trades. This paralleled a
shift in the local labor market, fran a manufacturing econany to expansion
in the service sector.
EmplOJIDent by Occupatioo
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Data in Table 23 display trends in emplcyment, by occupation, for the City
of Davisoo in 1970 and 1980. This data also indicate a change in the type
of work being performed.
;
~
In 1970, 41. 5 percent of the emplcyed workers were pro:luctioo workers or
laborers. This decreased to a 38.3 percent share in 1980. By 1980, mast
of the work force was composed of operators/fabricators/laborers and
technical support staff.
The greatest surge in occupational gro,,th between 1970 and 1980 occurred in
the sales and service positions. This trend is projected to continue.
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TABLE 21
RECENT RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980-1989*
CATEGORY
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Detached Single-Family and
Multiple-Family Units
1
0
7
2
5
7
Apartment Complex Units
0
0
0
0
26
0
GROSS TOTAL
1
0
7
2
31
7
Less Demolitions
0
0
0
0
0
1
NET TOTAL
1
0
7
2
31
6
1980
--------
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1981
1982
1983
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--------------------------*Compiled by Wade-Trim/IMPACT from City of Davison Building Department.
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TABLE 22
EHPLOYHENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, HICHISAN
1970 AND 1980•
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INDUSTRY
1970 (al
NUHBER
PERCENT
1980 (bl .
NU"8ER
PERCENT
CHANSE
1970 - 1980
NUHBER
PERCENT
;. ,,_/
Agriculture, Forestry,
ilnd Fisheries
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0.3
5
0.2
( 1)
-16.7
Construction
74
3.5
95
3.8
21
28.4
Hanufacturing
802
37.B
872
35.1
70
8.7
74
3.5
121
4.9
47
63.5
Wholesale and Retail Trade
398
18. 8
495
19. 9
97
24.4
Finance, lnsurance, and Real
Estate
143
b,7
154
6.2
It
7.7
3.b
165
b.b
88
114.3
Transportation, Co11unications
Utilities, and Sanitary Services
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Business, Personal, and
Entertain1ent Services
77 lcl
Professional, Health, Education
and Related Services
438
20.7
522
21.0
84
19.2
Public Adtinistration
108
5.1
55
2.2
(53)
-49.1
0
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0.0
0
0.0
2,120
100.0
2,484
100.0
364
17.2
TOTAL !dl
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Analysis by Wade-Tria/lNPACT.
!al Data fro• the 1970 U.S. Census, General Social and Econoaic Characteristics,
Hichigan.
----------------------------------------\bl Data frot the 1980 U.S. Census, General Social and Econotic Characteristics,
Kichigan.
------------------------------------------le) Consultant e~tiaates based upon 1970 •other• total of 83 persons.
(dl E1ployed persons 16 years of age and older.
-38-
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TABLE 23
E"PLOV"ENT BY SELECTED OCCUPATIONS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, ftlCHIGAN
1970 and 1980•
OCCUPATION
.'--~.
:-
"anagerial and Professional
Specialty
1980 (bl
NUftBER
PERCENT
CHANGE
1970 - 1980
NUNBER
PERCENT
525
24.8
498
20.0
tm
-5.1
Technical and Ad1inistrative
Support ·
317
15.0
503
20.2
186
58.7
Sales Workers
175
8.3
281
11.3
!Ob
b0.6
Service Workers
2tb
10.2
250
10. l
34
15.7
b
0.3
0
0.0
(6)
-100,1)
Far1ing, Forestry, and
Fishing
r"··
1970 (al
NUNBER PERCENT
i
l-.•
Precision Production, Crafts
and Repair
425
20.0
39ii
15.9
1291
-6.8
r
!
Operators, Fabricators, and
laborers
45b
21.5
556
22.4
100
21.9
2,120
100.0
2,484
100.0
364
17.2
•~.
4
TOTAL ENPLOYED
(.
1:
•
Analysis by liade-Tri1/JNPACT.
( .
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L
(a) Data fro1 the 1970 U.S. Census, General Social and Econo1ic Characteristics, Hichigan.
lb) Data fro1 the 1980 U.S. Census, General Social and Econ01ic Characteristics, Nichigan.
NOTE: Data is for e1ployed persons, lb years of age and older.
-39-
�I··.
l
1------
NATURAL FEATURES
·;.
l
Intrcrluctioo
. The develcpment of land including the excavatioo, fill, clearing, grading,
and construction that occurs on a site can significantly impact the natural
envira,ment.
Special attention must also be given to enviroomentally
sensitive areas.
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Enviraunentally sensitive areas can be defined as land areas whcse
destruction or disturbance will immediately effect the life of the
canmuni ty by either:
1) creating hazards such as flooding; or 2)
destroying important resources such as wetlands and w<iod lots; or 3)
wasting important prcrluctive lands and renewable resa.irces.
The purpcse of this report, therefore, is two-fold.
First, this study
determines land mcst suitable for develcpment, which woold require the
least develcpment ccsts and provide the maximum amenities witha.it having
adverse effects on existing natural systems. Secondly, this report will
help identify lands mcst suitable for recreation-cooservatioo.
The
applicable natural features of the City of Davisoo are presented belON.
1•
Significant Site Features
l _'.
,,.-._
,
(
.
Significant site features are these surface characteristics which serve to
"shape the canmunity," in sane instances disca.iraging develcpment, and in
others attracting particular land use activities. The first of these to be
examined is tcpcgraphy.
\
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TcpO]raphy
The tcpcgraphy of the City of Davisoo is gently rolling. Land elevations
range fran a lcw of aba.it 780 feet above sea level at the area of the
sa.ithwest quadrant of the City to a high of 800 feet above sea level in the
central City.
The gently rolling terrain presents few coostraints to
future develcpment within the City of Davison {refer to Map 5).
1
For a canplete discussioo on the importance of protecting envirc:nmentally
sensitive areas see Performance Controls for Sensitive Lands, Planning
Advisory Service Reports 307 and 308, June 1975.
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t,AlUSIRINI!
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, ALUITAP'fE
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S O URCE 1
SCALE 1· • .. oo·
Ll'AlUlfltM
U. S . DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR , GEOLOGICAL S U RVEY
QUADRANGLE MAPS , 1976
U . 9 . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULT.UnC: , SOIL CON SE R'°'-T JON
SERVICE, SOIL SURVEY. GENESEE COUNTY , AARIL 197 2
U.S . DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMEN T.
FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAPS . CITY OF DAV ISON, MICHI GAN
GENESEE COUNTY , SEPTEMBER 29 , 1978
GENESEE COUNTY METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMI SSION,
DAVIS O N TOWNSHIP , AERIAL PH :> TO O RAPHS . APR I L 1987
U.S. OEPAATMENT OF THE INTERIOR , FISH AND W IL D LI F E
SERVICE , WETLANDS I NVENTORY MAPS . OCTOBER 19 7 8
I,
t,
,:,: f 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
1-·.:., ::.-~-~-;;,,J WOODLAND
500 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
Vi½½½½I SENSITIVE SOILS
PROTECTED PALUSTRINE
WETLAND
r11\)()
...._____.;
••••••• RIVERINE WETLAND
CONTOUR ELEVATION
LINES
MAJOR BODY OF WATER
5
NATURAL FEATURES
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
Wade-Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and
Planning Consultants
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Wxldlands
r-:
United States Geological Survey (USGS) data for Davison show the existence
of a large woodlands area in the southwest and northeast sections of the
City.
Woodlands are valuable as wildlife habitat and for aesthetic
enjoyment.
Woodlands also moderate certain climate conditions, such as
flooding and high winds, by protecting watersheds from siltation and soil
erosion caused by stormwater runoff or wind. Woodlands can also improve
air quality by absorbing certain air pollutants as well as buffer excessive
noise generators. To the extent feasible, these woodlands should be exempt
from future land developnent. Significant woodland areas are identif1ed on
Map 5.
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Major Bodies of Water
There is one lake within the jurisdictional limits of the City of Davison
as identified on Map 5 (Westwood Lake).
Besides their obvious aesthetic and recreational benefits, lakes serve as
natural retention areas for stormwater runoff, act as a groundwater
recharge resource and also tend to moderate the microclimate in proximity
to its shores.
Protection of these natural assets should be given high
priority.
Hydrology
Surface drainage in Davison is accomplished by a system of natural
drainageways and creeks. These water courses are prone to flooding during
major wet weather events.
Developnent within flood prone areas must be
carefully managed.
Floodplain management involves balancing the economic
gain from floodplain developnent against the resulting increase in flood
hazard.
(
'I
I
Areas susceptible to periodic flooding are identified on Map 5.
Wetlands
iI. ·~·
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L
In 1979, the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act was enacted by the
state of Michigan.
This legislation was passed to protect wetlands by
restricting their use to certain activities (fishing, boating, farming,
among others) while permitting other activities only after pennit approval
by the state of Michigan. Permits are approved only upon a review of an
environmental assessment filed by the petitioner and upon a finding that
the activity is in the public interest.
Under the Act, the following wetlands are protected:
1~
1.
Wetlands contiguous to an inland lake, pond, river, stream, or
similar natural water course.
-41-
�r--:
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L
2.
I ·,
I·
\
Wetlands five acres in size or larger in counties which contain a
population of at least 100,000 people.
The Act also permits a municipality, by ordinance, to provide for a rrore
stringent definition and regulation of wetlands. According to the Wetland
Protection Unit, Division of Land Resource Programs, for the state of
Michigan, municipalities typically invoke this option to protect wetlands
which serve as habitats for rare or endangered species of plants and/or
animals. The Michigan Natural Features Inventory has checked their data
base and have found no known occurrence of endangered or threatened species
or exemplary natural features for the City of Davison.
'
·-·
The Fish and Wildlife Service of t~e U.S. Department of Interior has
conducted a wetlands inventory of the City of Davison using stereoscopic
analysis of high altitude aerial photographs. Map 5 indicates the presence
of wetland areas primarily in the northeast and southwest portions of the
City which are protected under the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection
Act.
\,_.
Soils
i~ .,. -~
f_'
,,I
Map 5 indicates that there are soil types within the City which can be
classified as sensitive.
Sensitive soils within the City of Davison are generally _poorly drained and
have high water table making them unsuitable for waste disposal.
.
The soil interpretations are general in nature and will not eliminate the
need for on site study and testing of specific sites for the design and
construction of specific uses.
Sensitive soils within the City of Davison are located predaninantly in the
northern quadrant of the City. Sensitive soils are also located in the
southwest portion of the City and to the south of the Grand Trunk Western
Railroad.
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PUBLIC UTILITY NE'IIDRK
(7
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Introduction
(_..,
Land use pro[X)sals suggested in previous chapters present opportunities for
additional development throughout the City of Davison. Expansion in
industrial properties and additional single-family and multiple-family
developnent is anticipated. These changes will have a significant effect
on the future sanitary sewer and water supply systems.
[
Public utilities within the City of Davison, including the sanitary sewer
system, water distribution system, and well sites are identified on Map 6.
r·
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Sanitary Sewer
r
L
The existing sanitary sewer system in Davison is a network of sewers that
range in size from 8" to 24" in diameter and cover approximately 85 percent
of the City area.
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Appendix A lists sewer improvements deemed to the necessary by the City's
Director of Public W::>rks.
Recoomended improvements include the
construction of additional storm sewers and connection of residential
weeping tiles to the storm sewer system.
The sanitary sewer system appears to be adequate in terms of its capacity
to serve existing and additional development within the City, although new
sewer lines will need to be extended to developing areas in the future that
are currently undeveloped and thus not presently served by sanitary sewer.
Public Water
It was determined, with information supplied by the City's Director of
Public W::>rks, that several improvements should be made to the City's water
supply system over the next few years.
Major improvements recorcmended
include the completion of a 12-inch main around the perimeter of the City,
and the elimination of dead end lines. A detailed listing of recommended
improvements are included in Appendix A.
Conclusion
The sewer and water systems should be investigated again in 1995 to
determine if any variations in [X)pulation, growth rates and nonresidential
developnent have occurred so that adjustments can be made to the
recarmended capital improvements listed in Appendix A.
,·
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SOURCE, MTER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM,
McNAMEE, PORTER,
AND SEELEY, MAY 1982.
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM,
ROWE ENGINEERIHO, INC.,
JUNE 18, 1979.
----- SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
................... WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
*
WELL SITE
6
PUBLIC UTILITY NETWORK
.;_=-.;;;;;;;...;...;;;.;;.....;;;_.;;;;;......;~__,;_.;-----.;.__-_.;;..____,;.;,___.;.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY' MICHIGAN
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Wade-Tri~/~MPACT
Mumc,pa/ and
Planning Consultants
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TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS
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The transportation network is an integral part of land use planning and
must be evaluated in connection with land use plans. For example, it is
desirable to have multiple-family projects sited along major thoroughfares
for ease of ingress or egress.
Similarly, the potential for road
improvements to serve industry and residents must be considered if the
econcrnic health of the City is to be maintained.
wade-Trim/IMPACT ccrnpleted a transportation analysis of the ccmnuni ty to
identify the "classes" of roads, traffic control ·locations and traffic
hazards. These are shown on Map 7 and discussed below.
Road Classification
The majority of the roads in the City are asphalt with curb and gutter.
Any future road extensions in the comnunity should also be hard surfaced
and provided with curbing and enclosed stormwater collection.
Traffic Control
L.·
Four traffic signals are located in the ccmnunity along M-15. Additional
signalization should be considered near the intersection of Chelsea Circle
and East Flint Street as the northeast section of the City develops, as
warrants are met.
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Traffic Hazards
'\
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Three hazards are identified.
These include poor pavement, inadequate
street off-sets, and accident locations.
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Deteriorated pavement (cracking, spalling, etc. ) is exhibited throughout
the carmunity. The City should initiate a ccrnprehensive resurfacing and/or
repair program to prolong the useful life of the local roads.
Street off-sets (jogs) should be avoided to provide for a continuous travel
pattern and to avoid difficult turning rrovements. Inadequate off-sets were
discovered at four different locations.
r -.
The Michigan State Police maintains a ccrnputerized traffic accident data,
by year, for carmunities throughout Michigan. This inventory is known as
the Michigan Accident Location Index (MALI). This data was collected for
the City for the most recently ccrnpleted year (1988). The highest ranking
accident locations are shown on Map 7. Three of these sites are at
signalized intersections, however, two locations relate to traffic rrovement
in the City's central business district. The City should consider
conducting a traffic improvement study of the CBD to determine if
improvements (i.e., removal of on-street parking, one-way routes,
installation of signs, etc.) could improve traffic safety.
-44-
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SCALE 1· •
0
400
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12po
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SOURCE, FIELD SURVEY SEPTEMBER 18, 1989
STATE OF MICHIGAN 1988 M.A.U . REPORT
- - -·- - - - - - -
ROAD CLASS
UNPAVED
......
TRAFFIC CONTROL
•
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION
UNPAVED WITH OPEN DITCH
TRAFFIC HAZARD
ASPHALT WITHOUT CURB/GUTTER
0
ASPHALT WITH CURB/GUTTER
CONCRETE WITH CURB/GUTTER
..
INADEQUATE STREET OFFSET
DETERIORATED PAVEMENT
ACCIDENT LOCATION
(s OR MORE)
7
TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
p;r:;
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Wade - Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and
Planning Consultants
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MARKET ASSESSMENT
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Introduction
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The following text will assess the market potential for canmercial and
industrial properties within the City through the application of nationally
recognized planning and design standards. An analysis will also be made
with respect to office and housing needs. This data base will be used to
determine the minimum amount of urban land which can reasonably be expected
to be needed by the ccmnunity at the end of this century.
Housing Requirements
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Housing need is based upon three canponents. First, the future population
must be projected.
Secondly, the number of housing units must be
calculated given the characteristics of the future population (persons per
household and vacancy rate). Lastly, an accounting of the existing
structures which are expected to becane substandard and replaced during the
planning period must be made.
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The Socioeconanic Profile Chapter predicted that the City's Year 2000
population will be 8,201 people. Data in Table 24 indicate· the number of
housing units required to house this population.
In total, 3,588
year-round housing units will be required, or 43 percent more than the 1980
inventory.
indicated above, the replacement of substandard structures must be
considered when determining future housing requirements. This will, of
course, depend upon the actual number of hanes that becane substandard
during the planning period. It is assumed that approximately one (1) unit
per year will be demolished. Thus, it is estimated that 20 units will
require replacement, above its 1980 count.
As
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Calculating the Year 2000 housing requirements of the City can be canputed
as the total new units plus replacement units. Thus, 1,102 units will be
required to be constructed between 1980 and the Year 2000 or approximately
55 per year. As indicated earlier only 47 housing units were added to the
housing supply since 1980. High value and lower value housing should be
provided. Given the residential land area available in the City, it is
likely that this future need will be met by residential in-fill and planned
residential developnent.
Industrial Needs
Data in Tables 25, 26, and 27 summarize three methodologies cCTllllOnly used
in estimating future industrial land area needs. They are population, land
use, and employment density ratios.
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TABLE 24
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HOUSING UNIT REQUIREMENTS
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980 AND 2000*
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CATEGORY
1980
2000
Total Population
6,087
8,20l(d)
Persons Per Household
2.53(b)
2.40(b)
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Total Occupied Units
2,389
3,417
, ·-·
Vacancy Rate ( %)
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CHANGE 1980-2000
NUMBER
PERCENT
2,114
(0.13)
34.73
( 5. 14)
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Total Year-Round
Housing Unit
4.7(c)
2,506
5.0(d)
3,588
1,028
43.03
0.3
6.38
1,082
43.18
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Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from 1980 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
Figure represents total population in households.
Excludes
inmates of institutions (48) and in group quarters (15).
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( b) See Table 7.
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(c) See Table 13.
1
(d) Consultant estimate.
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�TABLE 25
EMPLOYMENT/DENSITY RATIOO
FOR ESTIMATING INIXJSTRIAL
IAND USE*
l·
AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES
PER NET SITE ACRE
INIXJSTRY
Intensive Industriesa
Intermediate Extensive Industriesb
Extensive Industriesc
30
14
8
'4-tJrban Land Institute, Industrial Develg:ment Handbook, 1975.
aindustries include electrical equi_pment and supply, printing and publishing, apparel
and textile prooucts, transportatioo equipment and similar uses.
bindustries include lwnber and wocd prooucts, furniture and fixtures, focd and
kindred prooucts, chemicals and similar uses.
cindustries include tobacco prooucts, petroleum and coal prooucts, wholesale trade
and similar uses.
TABLE 26
POPUIATION RATIOS FOR
ESTIMATING INIXJSTRIAL
IAND USE*
l.
CATEXDRY
RATIO
Total grcss land requirement for all industry
Land requirements for light industry
Land requirements for heavy industry
12 acres/1,000 pcpulatioo
2 acres/1,.000 pcpulatioo
10 acres/1,000 pcpulatioo
*Jcseph DeChiara and Lee Kcppleman, Planning Design Criteria, 1969.
TABLE 27
IAND USE RATIOS FOR
ESTIMATING INIXJSTRIAL
IAND USE*
PERCENT INIXJSTRIAL LAND
AVERAGE
ca-tMUNITY SIZE
Small Cities and To.vns (under 42,000 pecple)
Large Cities (Oller 200,000 pecple)
*American Planning Associatioo, PAS Memo:
8%
12%
Land Use Ratics, May, 1983.
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The greater accuracy
is
achieved
through
the
application of
employment/density ratios. If employment by industry can be estimated, a
worker density factor can be applied, resulting in a total acreage
requirement. Estimating employment levels is, however, beyond the scope of
this study. Industrial land area needs are rrore readily estimated using
land or population ratios.
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Population ratios represent acreage requirements as a proportion of the
total population. Data in 26 indicate that 12 acres of industrial land are
required for every 1,000 people. A City Year 2000 population of 8,201
people would, therefore, require 98 acres of industrial land.
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Estimating industrial land use can also be accomplished by employing land
use ratios. By surveying the amount of land devoted to industrial uses in
other corrmunities, an average can be calculated and used as a standard for
planning purposes.
The American Planning Association has canpiled this
information. It is presented in Table 27. Using this standard, 8 percent
of the City's land area should be utilized for industrial development.
This equates to approximately 104 acres.
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Presently, only 15. 23 acres of City property are utilized for industrial
purposes. We recommend additional acreage needs be devoted to light
industrial purposes.
Light industrial uses are, in the main, confined
within enclosed structures.
Canpliance with reasonable performance
standards should also be required in an effort to reduce adverse impacts on
adjoining property. Typical light industrial uses include parts assembly,
packaging and warehousing establishments, testing laboratories, as well as
certain canmercial uses, such as tennis clubs and ice rinks.
Carmercial Needs
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Coomercial development is a very important ingredient of a conmunity' s
econanic base.
Carmercial establishments provide goods and services to
consumers, promote econanic stability, and generally enhance the quality of
life for area residents. However, if cornnercial districts are not suitably
located, and carefully planned, they can be a disruptive element and
ultimately detract fran the cornnunity.
There are three primary types of shopping environments. These include the
neighborhood center, cornnunity center and regional center. The standards
associated with each center are presented in Table 28.
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The City of Davison, based upon its projected Year 2000 population (8,201),
and geographic size, can support two neighborhood centers. This need is
currently being met by centers located on Flint Street and M-15.
The
City's CBD meets coomunity shopping needs. Courtland Mall and ancillary
development represent the regional shopping center serving the existing and
future consumers of the Davison market area.
Not all corcunercial uses are sited within preplanned shopping centers.
Special attention must also be given to uses which are free-standing,
independent structures, or which are part of "strip centers."
-48-
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TABLE 28
TYPICAL SHOPPING CENTER STANIWIDS*
CENTER TYPE
SITE SIZE
Ne ighborhocx:i
Center
3-5 acres
Ccmnunity
Center
Regiooal
Center
cx:t-1FOOITIOO
POPUIATIOO BASE
Supermarket as the principal
tenant with other stores
providing coovenience gocx:is
or persooal services. Typical
GI.A of 30,000 to 100,000
square feet.
Trade area pq>ulatioo
of 2,500 to 40,000
peq>le.
Neighborhocx:i,
10 acres
Junior department store or
variety store as the major
tenant, in additioo to the
supermarket and several
merchandise stores. Typical
GI.A of 100,000 to 300,000
square feet.
Trade area pq>ulatioo
of 40,000 to 150,000
peq>le:
3-mile radius
30-50
acres
Built arrund a full-line
department store with
minimum GI.A of 100,000
square feet. Typical
center GI.A of 300,000 to
1,000,000 square feet.
150,000 or more pe.q>le.
10-15 mile radius
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*Urban Land Institute, Sh9?ping Center Develcpnent Handbod<, (Washingtoo, D.C.), 1977.
OOI'E:
SERVICE ARFA
GI.A represents grcss leasable area.
6-minute drive time
1 to 1-1/2 mile radius
�Most of these uses are considered highway oriented businesses, since much
of their trade results from exposure and accessibility to passing
rrotorists.
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Data in Table 29 present market base standards for many of these uses such
a liquor stores, restaurants, real estate offices, service stations, and
hardware stores.
Additional opportunities exists along M-15, north of
Flint Street, for these types of uses.
Office Needs
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The pattern of office development in metropolitan areas has changed
dramatically in the last 20 years. It has shifted away from a focus on
downtown areas to a regional "multiple-nuclei" structure of competing
centers. Today, Auburn Hills, Troy, Grand Blanc Township and Flint
Township represent the prestige locations which are capturing new off ice
quarters.
The reasons for this transformation are many. To a certain extent, it has
followed the out-migration of population away from Detroit and Flint.
Developers also sought less expensive building sites, which offered
regional accessibility and on-site parking convenience for tenants.
It
also is a reflection of meeting unmet demand, as our local economy
continues to change from a manufacturing-based economy to a service
economy. The City of Davison should encourage office developnent, through
the reuse/conversion of existing properties. I)Je to the limited supply of
land, no major office developnents can be expected.
Conclusion
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The narrative presented above indicates that there will be a significant
opportunity for nonresidential development in the City of Davison in future
years. Traditionally, corcmunities have attempted to plan for this growth
through a segregation of land use types. This approach has come under
increasing attack. Many planners recognize that integrating compatible but
different land uses can achieve a number of goals, including energy
conservation, urban revitalization, and neighborhood diversity.
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TABLE 29
RE<X:MMENDED STORE OR SERVICE USE STANilARil5
CITY OF ~VISON, GENESEE OOUNTY, MICHIGAN
1986*
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STORE OR SERVICE USE
POPUIATION
BASE
MARKET
RENTAL
REVENUE
TYPICAL
BUILDING SIZE
(SQUARE FEET)
PENETRATION
POTENTIAL
lcw
high
high
lcw
high
high
high
high
medium
high
lcw
n/a
high
high
lcw
medium
lcw
lcw
medium
high
high
lcw
lcw
medium
medium
lcw
high
high
n/a
medium
high
medium
medium
medium
20,000
5,400
2,000
3,300
1,600
1,300
1,200
750
1,400
1,000
4,000
n/a
1,300
800
2,500
n/a
2,000
lcw
medium
10,200
55,100
2,800
medium
lcw
medium
high
2,000
varies
8,700
medium
medium
5,700
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Focd Stores
Drug Stores _
Liquor Stores
Restaurants and Taverns
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Laundries (coin-cperated)
Dry Cleaners
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Barber Shcps
,a Television Repair
Real-Estate Offices
Branch Banks
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Acccunting Offices
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Nurseries
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Travel Agencies
',......
Wanen's Apparel Stores
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Sporting-Gocds Stores
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Books and Statiooery
,Furniture and Hane
! . Furnishings Stores
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Camera Stores
-Autanotive Service Stations
Hardware, Paint, and
Building Supply Stores
4,000
9,000
3,100
varies
12,400(a)
3,000
2,100
3,300
5,300
n/a
4,500
n/a
16,200
varies
6,00
18,000
6,500
6,200
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TABLE 29
RECOMMENDED S'IORE OR SERVICE USE ~
CITY OF D,t\VISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MIOIIGAN
1986*
(Continued)
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S'IORE OR SERVICE USE
POPUIATION
BASE
MARKET
RENTAL
REVENUE
PENETRATION
POTENTIAL
TYPICAL
BUILDING SIZE
(SQUARE FEET)
(b)
varies
n/a
varies
( c)
(c)
(c)
( c)
r·.._ Doctors Offices
1,000
lON
L:- Legal Offices
6,000
lON
lON
high
high
high
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Convention Hotels
BONling Alleys and Billiard
Parlors
Stock-Brckerage Offices
15,000
1,000
800
800
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L: *Data fran Darley/Gd:>ar Associates, Econanic, Real Estate, and Marketing Consultants, as
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published in Hwse and Hane Magazine, 1973.
L
(a) Figure is very approximate, depending on whether residents have their ONn machines.
r.
(b) Not applicable; does not depend on residential pq;,ulation.
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( c)
1.
Current figures not available - pq;,ulari ty is declining rapidly.
n/a Not Available
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Pq;,ulatioo base refers to the number of actual custaners each store or service
requires for its support. Market penetratioo is each ooe's relative ability to
withstand canpetition; a store with !ON penetratioo needs a greater number of
residents in the area than ooe with the same pcpulatioo base and high
penetratioo. Assume a 3:1 site to building size ratio to determine total land
area need.
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GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND POLICY STATF.MENTS
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Intrcrlucticn
Before a COTil1lllnity can actively plan for its future grcwth and develcpment,
it must first set certain goals and cbjectives that define the brundaries
of its needs and aspirations and, thus, establish a basis for Future Land
Use Plan formulatim. These goals and objectives must reflect the type of
cOTil1lllnity desired and the kind of lifestyle its citizens wish to follcw,
given realistic econanic and social constraints.
The follcwing text represents a recanmended set of goals (the ultimate
purpcses or intent of the plan), cbjectives (means of attaining cOTil1lllnity
goals), and policy statements (specific statements which guide action)
which are prepared to guide local decision-makers in reviewing future land
use prepcsals.
Goals
The City of Davison adepts the follcwing general canmunity goals to guide
future land develcpnent activities:
1.
Create an eptimum human environment for the present and future
residents of the City, an enviraunent that will not ooly solve
their physical needs but will offer variety, choice, epportunity
for change, and individual grc:wth.
2.
Tb
3.
Relate land use pdmarily to the natural characteristics of the
land and the loog-term needs of the carmuni ty, rather than to
short-term private econanic gain.
4.
Preserve and pranote the rights of the individual prcperty c:wner
while maintaining the character of the City.
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ensure diversity, stability and balance of land uses to serve
human needs: residential areas, natural and recreatiooal areas,
schools and cultural activities, adequate public services, access
to shepping, health services, and places of ernplcyrnent.
Objectives and Policies
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Achievement of these goals can be accanplished if the carmunity adepts and
adheres to the follcwing cbjectives and policies with respect to
residential, ccmnercial, industrial, public and semi-public lands, and the
natural environment.
Residential Oevelcpnent
'
Objective
Pranote the develcpnent of planned residential areas designed to offer a
variety of identifiable living environments.
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Policies
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1.
Encrurage and guide the develc:pment of hoosing at densities which
relate to natural and man-made envircnmental features.
2.
Encrurage innovative develc:pment techniques as a means of ensuring
lasting identity and stability of residential areas.
3.
Require that suitable and adequate transitioo areas or buffers be
established between residential, carrnercial, and industrial areas
to maintain prcperty values and physical attractiveness.
4.
Encrurage the removal of conflicting or undesirable land uses fran
residential areas.
5.
Seek means of encooraging the develc:pment of suitable hrusing for
the elderly pcpulatioo and for la-,- and moderate-incane
hruseholds.
6.
Remove all hrusing which falls bel& minimum standards, partly by
clearance and redevelc:pment action and canprehensive code
enforcement, and partly by encouraging hane improvements and
private and public investment in rehabilitation prcgrams.
7.
Pranote preservation and concentrated code enforcement to maintain
substantial residential areas.
8.
Encrurage residential develcpers to place design controls and
review procedures on their building or develc:pment projects.
9.
Utilize contemporary design standards and review procedures for
all new residential uses.
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Canmercial Develcpment
Objectives
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To provide for a full range of carmercial facilities which are adequate to
serve the resident pcpulation within the Davisoo market area.
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Policies
1.
Reccgnize the City of Davison as a business center serving both
the local consumer pcpulation and subregional market base.
2.
Encrurage the establishment of new canmercial uses and the
expansion of existing establishments in the City of Davisoo' s
Central Business District.
3.
Encrurage the develc:pment of clustered carmercial and/or office
facilities in clcse proximity to major street intersections, thus
providing the cpportunity to offer a variety of goods and services
most conveniently, rather than festering the develq:ment of strip
canmercial develcpment.
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4.
Strip canmercial thorrughfare frontage develcpments shruld be
discouraged except where it can be substantiated that there is a
need for highway-oriented type businesses and other business uses
that are not typically involved in canparison or multi-purpcse
shcpping trips.
5.
Encrurage the use of marginal access drives and limit the number
of entrances and exits serving carmercial uses as a means of
reducing traffic conflicts along major business corridors •
6.
A canpatible relationship should be established between carrnercial
centers and adjacent residential prcperties through the use of
such buffer devices as walls, landscape areas, and transitional
uses.
...-,
Industrial Develqxnent
Objective
Encrurage a variety of light industrial develcpment with attractive sites
which will strengthen the tax base and pr011ide a place of emplcyment for
area residents.
(
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Policies
l-
1.
Encourage the develcpment of new types of industries and these
that are econanically associated with the existing industrial
base.
2.
Provide industry at locations which can be readily serviced by
public utilities and are easily accessible to the existing
transportation network.
3.
Locate industrial areas where they have reasonable brundaries and
are not subject to encroachment by incanpatible uses.
4.
Preserve and rehabilitate apprcpriate industrial areas by removing
incanpatible uses, consolidating land, and removing vacant and
substandard buildings as well as giving particular attention to
landscaping, buffer strips, off-street parking, and other design
matters.
5.
Incorporate and utilize the concept of develcpment of industrial
land in industrial parks or planned industrial districts with well
designed points of entrance and exit, controlled site and building
design, and adequate parking areas.
6.
Incorporate a series of canprehensive performance standards
governing industrial uses as part of ·the City's land develcpment
ccrle.
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Public/Semi-Public Land Uses
[
Objective
Provide for public and semi-public use ar-eas offering a variety of
cpportunities for human fulfillment in locations apprcpriate for their
develcpment and utilization.
Policies
1.
PrC111ide public facilities and encrur-age private canmunity
facilities in size, character, function, and location suitable to
their user pcpulations.
2.
Encrur-age citizen participation and utilize professional expertise
to determine needed and desired public and semi-public
improvements.
3.
Resear-ch alternative methcds and manners of prC111iding public and
semi-public services and chocse those most conducive to citizen
needs and desir-es, considering srund budgetary practices.
4.
For City provided facilities, plan, locate, and pr01Tide public
areas based on a long-range general plan, short-range project
plans, and capital improvements prcgranming.
5.
Assist and guide semi-public and citizen grrups in their efforts
of providing needed carmunity facilities.
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Natural Environment
Objective
To maintain and preserve sufficient q,en space and recreation facilities to
satisfy the needs of City residents.
Policies
1.
Implement land use patterns which will ensure sufficient q,en
space to serve the needs of the future pcpulation and which will
protect essential natural resrurces.
2.
Encourage
patterns
of
develcpnent which will
maximize
environmental protection and canpatibility while striving to meet
the City's social and eccnanic needs, by recqJnizing the fact that
natural r-esrurces are a vital carmunity benefit.
3.
Evaluate all future develcpment and redevelqxnent in terms of
protecting and enhancing the natural environment including, but
not limited to, air and water quality •
.
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The prcpcsals enumerated above for the City of Davison are guidelines for
the future develcpnent of the City. If the planning pra;Jram is to be more
than a coofusion of varied cpinions, then it is essential that these goals
and objectives be seciously considered. They will help maintain an
ocdecly, prcsperrus, and attractive develqxnent pattern in the City. These
statements are suggested as a starting point for the City officials. As
the planning process pra;Jresses, the goals, objectives, and policies may be
altered and new ones formed. Thus, these recarmendations are flexible and
need constant attention. It is recarrnended that the goals, cbjectives and
policies be reviewed and updated as necessary, and adcpted oo an annual
basis.
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GENERAL DEVELOPMENI' PIAN
Introduction
The General Development Plan is designed to serve as a guide for future
land development. If it is to serve the needs of the City of Davison, it
must incorporate several important characteristics.
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The plan should embrace an extended but foreseeable time period. The plan
depicts land uses and comnunity development strategies through the
Year 2000.
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The plan should be comprehensive. The plan, if it is to serve its function
as an important decision-making tool, must give adequate consideration to
the sensitive relationships which exist between all major land use
categories.
The plan provides for development opportunities for
residential, comnercial, industrial, and public lands.
The plan should acknowledge regional conditions and trends. The City of
Davison is an integral part of Genesee County. Therefore, the plan must
not have the effect of prohibiting the establishment of a land use within
the City in the presence of a demonstrated need for that land use within
the City or the surrounding area, unless a location does not exist where it
may be appropriately located (or the use is unlawful). The plan has
examined regional trends in population, transportation improvements, and
nonresidential developnent.
Tile plan must be flexible. It may require periodic rev1s1ons to reflect
significant changes in local, state, or national conditions or personal
preferences which cannot be foreseen at this time. For example, over the
past decade, there has been a growing acceptance for mixed-use development
as opposed to the segregation of land uses. It is, of course, impossible
to predict the variety of changes which may occur by the end of this
century. Therefore, a plan review should occur approximately every three
to five years to provide for an adequate analysis of new conditions and
trends.
Plan Recarmendations
Nine (9) land use categodes are proposed for the City of Davison. The
various land uses have been portrayed on the Development Plan Map (Map 8),
and in Table 30 for · each classification. A discussion of each land use
category is presented below.
Single-Family Residential
Tilis land use is intended for low density residential development with
relatively small lots of a more urban nature, with the following
objectives:
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TABLE 30
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
CITY OF DAVISON
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LAND USE CATEGORY
ACRES
454.18
35.1
34.31
2.7
88.22
6.8
122.27
9.4
2.37
0.2
17.34
1. 3
General Business
121.02
9.3
Light Industrial
46.29
3.6
Single-Family
Mobile Home Park
Multiple-Family
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Planned Residential
Professional Service
Central Business District
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Public/Semi-Public
250.71
19.3
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Right-of-Way/Other
160.96
12.3
1,297.85
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TOTAL
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*Complied by Wade-Trim/IMPACT from the General Development Plan
Map measurements.
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1.
To protect the character of existing low density residential by
excluding activities and land uses which are not compatible such
as, but not limited to, principal carmercial and industrial uses;
2.
To provide openness of the living space and to avoid overcrol,o,rjing
by requiring certain minimum yards and open spaces, and by
restricting maximum coverages and the bulk of structures;
3.
To provide for access of light and air to windows, and for
privacy, as far as reasonable, by controls over the spacing and
height of buildings and other structures;
4.
To protect residential areas from unnecessary traffic and to
restrict volume of traffic to the greatest degree possible; and
S.
To encourage develoµnent within residential areas that
attractive, consistent with family needs, and conducive
constantly improved environmental quality.
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The 454.18 acres reserved for one-family development generally reflect the
existing residential developnent pattern. The indiscriminate placement of
duplex units which currently exists in these areas should be avoided. It
is intended that new two-family residential development be permitted as a
transitional land use between single-family homes and more intensive
development (i.e., ccxrmercial or multiple-family developments).
In
addition, it is recognized that it may be necessary to permit the
conversion of larger, older, single-family hanes to permit occupancy by two
families for housing preservation, or to provide specialized housing
resources (i.e., accessory apartments for senior citizens) • Such reuse
should be permitted only after a case-by-case review.
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Mobile Hane Park District
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There is one mobile heme park within the City at the present time located
at the north end of the City, east of North State Road. The ccmnunity,
however, recognizes that mobile home parks provide a reasonable housing
alternative for many people, not only locally but nation-wide. Innovations
in robile home park design, amenities provided in parks, technological
improvements in unit construction, and improved legislation governing park
operation and administration have aided in eliminating many of the
traditional objections to mobile home parks.
Additional area for roobile home park development has been designated within
the City of Davison adjacent to the existing mobile home park. The types
of uses considered appropriate in the rrobile home park district include:
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mobile home units of various sizes
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on-site recreation facilities for exclusive use of park residents
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on-site service and storage facilities for the primary use of park
residents
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Park densities may average approximately six units per acre. The spatial
separation between individual units is currently governed by the M::>bile
Home Park Commission Act and associated published .Administrative Rules and
Regulations promulgated by the M::>bile Home Park Comnission.
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Each roobile home unit and all park ancillary facilities must be served by
municipal sanitary sewer and water. Individual mobile home park developers
must provide facilities and services sufficient to serve the needs of the
prospective market.
Other public services, including police patrols and
fire protection will be required.
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Multiple-Family Residential
Approximately 88. 22 acres of land area have been allocated for
multiple-family developnent. Permitted uses within this district w::>uld be
garden apartments, townhouses, elderly housing and convalescent or nursing
homes. Residential quarters can be either condorniniLUn or rental projects.
Permitted densities should be restricted to 10 - 15 units per acre
depending on dwelling unit types.
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It is intended that multiple-family developments will serve as transitional
land uses which buffer one- and two-family units from conmercial properties
and the ill effects created by major travel corridors.
Multiple-family
developnents must be served adequately by essential public facilities and
services such as water and sewers, drainage, and refuse disposal.
In
addition, they should be sited where ingress and egress is provided
qirectly from a major thoroughfare or collector street, due to their higher
density and trip generation potential.
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Planned Residential
The rising cost of housing has generated considerable concern during the
past several years. Affordable new single-family detached houses are in
short supply, although this form of housing continues to be preferred by
consuners.
In an attempt to remedy this situation, a Planned Residential category has
been created, as a means of encouraging the developnent of innovative
housing, whereby costs can be reduced through employment of cluster
housing, zero lot line developnent, single-family condominiLnn developnent,
or planned residential district developnent.
Cluster developnent is an approach in which building lots may be reduced in
size and buildings sited closer together, (usually in groups or clusters
with units attached or detached), provided that the total developnent
density does not exceed that which could be constructed on the site under
conventional subdivision practices. The additional land which remains is
then preserved as common open space. Cost savings are achieved by lower
developnent costs. (Streets and utility lines are shorter.)
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Zero lot line developnent is a technique where lot sizes are reduced, with
one side yard eliminated, and siting dwellings on the side lot line. The
main premise of this developnent pattern is that access to the rear yard of
the dwelling unit from the front yard, and separation between buildings,
can be provided just as well by one side yard as two. Once again, savings
enjoyed by the developer as a result of lower developnent costs, are passed
on to the consumer.
A condominiLDn is a building or group of buildings in which units are owned
individually, and the structure, common areas and facilities are owned by
all the owners on a proportional, undivided basis. Such ownership has long
been associated with multiple-family developnents. It has recently becane
popular for single-family developnent because developers can circumvent the
piatting procedure of the state Subdivision Control Act of 1967, as amended
(Act 288), thereby reducing the time of developnent. In addition, local
subdivision control ordinance engineering design requirements (such as
pavement composition or width) can be relaxed inasmuch as maintenance
obligations are transferred away from the local governing body to the
condominiLDn association. Thus, savings are achieved.
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The planned residential district allows for a mixture of land uses based on
an approved comprehensive plan on a single site, including a variety of
housing types and accessory open space and recreational uses. The district
allows flexibility of design on relative large-scale parcels which would
not ordinarily be possible under conventional zoning ordinance regulations.
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The General Davelopnent Plan recoomends a planned residential developnent
. area in the northeast quadrant of the City. The expansive area is
conducive to the planned residential designation as it allows for economics
of design relating to vehicular and pedestrian circulation, utility
extensions, and dwelling unit siting. The district also encourages the
preservation of desirable natural features including wood lots, streams,
floodplains, and major open spaces.
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Professional Service
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A total of 2.37 acres of the City's land area is planned for professional
service use in a district located on the west side of M-15, south of west
Flint Street. The professional service district is designed to exclusively
accorirocx:iate professional office uses and to serve as a transitional buffer
between residential uses and more intensive comnercial areas. Uses in this
classification are encouraged to develop in a well landscaped envirorment
with good accessibility. Conversion of existing residential properties is
recomnended.
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Central Business District
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The Central Business District classification is designed to accacrnodate an
increasing need for retail, service, and office uses in the central
business area of the City east of M-15, between East Flint Street and the
Grant Trunk Western Railroad. Developnent encouraged to locate within the
City's Central Business District includes comparison shopping facilities,
business offices, restaurants, personal services, and entertainment uses.
The Central Business District is a central focal point of activity within
the City and thereby forms the cornnunity identity.
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General Business
Commercial development is an important aspect of the growth of any
cannunity, in terms of offering adequate cornnercial services to residents
as well as providing a reasonable tax base and increased employment
opportunities. The size of the potential market will ultimately determine
the extent of the City's commercial base. Some commercial uses are
designed to serve a relatively small, local market, and depend almost
exclusively upon the population residing within the canmunity. Other uses,
such as office developments, demand a much larger market extending well
beyond Davison's corporate limits.
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The General Conmercial category is designed to accorrmodate existing retail
and office uses situated along the City's major travel corridors, and to
encourage additional carmercial "infill" along these routes to take
advantage of passer-by traffic. A total of 121.02 acres of the City's land
area to designated for General Business use.
Permitted uses would include office-type businesses related to professional
occupations (lawyer, accountant, real estate agent, etc.), medical clinics,
financial institutions, business service establishments, (office supply
stores, quick printing establishments), personal service establishments
(barber shops, dry cleaners, repair shops, etc.), restaurants, generally
recognized retail business uses which supply carmodities on the premises
(such as groceries, baked goods, drugs, hardware), and gasoline and vehicle
service stations.
The grouping of individual office or retail units should be encouraged
wherever possible, as a means to limit the number of curb-cuts and signs
along the major thoroughfares. Special attention should also be given to
site features.
Adjoining residential properties should be screened by
masonry obscuring walls or greenbelts. outdoor lighting should be confined
to the business properties, and directed away from adjoining residential
districts and public ways.
The outdoor storage of goods or materials
should be prohibited. I.Dading operations should be restricted to the rear
yards.
Business uses should also incorporate landscaping; particularly
along the road frontage, as a means of improving the aesthetics of the
carmuni ty. Lastly, every effort should be made to bury overhead utility
lines. Pursuing these goals will help alleviate the potential for visual
clutter and create an appealing shopping district.
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HON · CONFOAMINO 81NOLE FAMILY
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01!:LIVERY VEHICLE ACCESS
MAINTAIN tCALAR RILATIONIHIP
TO AOJOININQ 11/NOll•rAMILV
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EX'ISTINQ COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
INAPPROPRIATI rOR COMMUNITY'&
MAJOR HORTH·80UTH CORRIOOA
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AUEMBL! PARCELi TO PROVIDE LAND
AREA SUITABLE FOR MAJOR
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
_UTRIAN PiAl_A
POTENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TOTAL Of 1$$,000 Sf, Of
AL JPA~E
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RES.
PROPOSED COMMERCIAL BUILDINQ
1TH 30' SETBACK
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POSIIBL! ACCEBI
POSSIBLE
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PEDESTRIAN PLAZA :
E)(ISIJJ'!Cl VJHICLJ; DIIPLA'
/COlj•COH,Q_RMUIO COMMERCIAL USE
EXPAND!O DISPLAY AREA
P08818U! ACCl!SS
CONFINE LOAOINQ TO
~frl't18Ln~trbn~•,,m•tlM!;ev, .. a
REAR YARD
,on COMM!Al!IAL Ul'AN810N
EXP~N!1EJL!1lte~~l'....Ml.lA
NON·CON,ORMINQ IINOLE fAMILY
PR!SERVE BINOLE fAMILY RESIDENTIAL
STRIP tENJE
INFILL COMMERCIAL
BAY STREET
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HON-CONFORMING SINQLE fAMILY
HO ICALf
EXISTING CONDITIONS
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DEVELOPMENT PLAN
NORTH STATE ROAD
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MIXTURE OF COMMl!.RCl.-_L AND 81NOLE
NON-CONFORMINO SINGLE FAMILY
FAMILY HAPHAZA.AD Ht -'PPEARANCE
AH INAPPROPRIATE USE OF LANO WI TH
INTENSIVE TRAFFIC FLOW OF FLINT STREET
BU,.f'"ER NE~OEO TO SOFTEN SfNOLE
FAMILY RESIDENTIAL FROM NEIOHBORINO
COMMERCIAL LAND
uses
FLOWER SHOP
CHURCH
NON·CONFORMINO COMMERCIAL USE
IPARKIHO LOTJ
NOH-CONFORMING SINGLE FAMIL'(
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NON-CONFORMINO LANO USE
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
ON-STREET PARKINQ PROVIDED 18 A
INTENSIVE TRAFFIC FLOW COMBINED
WITH DETERIORATING HOUSING STOCK
POTENTIAL TRAFFIC HAZARD/ATTEMPT
TO RELOCATE PARKING />WAY FROM A-0-W
INTO COMMERCIAL LAND
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PROVIOE8 POTENilAL FOR REDEVELOPMENT
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WEST FLINT STREET
PROPOSED MULTIPLE FAMILY
ALL PROPOSED COMMERCIAL BUILOIN09
TO BE SET BACK 20 ' FROM REAR PROPERTY LINE
INFILL WITH COMMERCIAL
PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE
PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE
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A86EMBLE EXISTING COMMERCIAL BUILOIN06
INTO SMALL CLUSTERS WITH APPROPRIATE
COI\IMUNITY ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
PROPOSED COMMERCIAL
PROVIDE ONE WAY ANGLED PARKING
PUBLIC IMAGE AREA
ROAD SECTION
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ASSEMBLE EXISTING COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
INTO SMALL CLUSTERS WITH APPROPRIATE
COMMUHIT'r ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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WEST FLINT STREET
9
CORRIDOR STUDY
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
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new general business aceas are recommended for properties along M-15
and West Flint Stceet, due to the availability of buildable area which is
present or which could be assembled. The Corridor Study graphic reveals
how these sites could be developed.
Two
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Light Industrial District
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Approximately 46 acres (nearly 4 percent of the City's total land area)
have been designated as Light Industrial District. This district has been
established to provide sufficient area in the City for the develq;xnent of
those uses which are genecally compatible with, or which, under the
imposition of certain reasonable conditions, may be safely and
aesthetically located in relatively close proximity to residential land
uses. In the Light Industrial District, uses are primarily confined within
enclosed structures, although screened outdoor storage is allowed. Uses to
be permitted in this district, include:
compounding, processing, packaging, treatment, and fabrication of a
variety of non-noxious products
research/experimental/testing laboratories
tool and die, and machine shops
warehousing and material distribution centers
public utility buildings
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auto repair garages
Those uses permitted in the Light Industrial District include operations
which are, in the main, confined within a building. Compliance with
reasonable performance standards is required in an effort to reduce adverse
effects on neighboring cesidential properties.
The land use plan has targeted two areas in the corrmunity as the City's
primary industrial areas. These districts are located on the City's south
side, south of Grand Trunk Western Railroad.
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Public and Semi-Public
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This category represents institutional land developnent currently in
existence in the City and as contained in the City's adopted Recreation
Plan. A total of 250.71 acres (approximately 19.3 percent of the City's
land area) is designated for public/semi-public land use. It is not the
function of the Developnent Plan to plan for parks, municipal buildings, or
schools.
Such developnent is typically identified in a Canmunity
Facilities Plan. As growth pressures continue to escalate in the City, it
will becane important to plan for public lands. In anticipation of this
effort, the illustrated inventory of institutional uses has been identified
on the plan.
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Rights-of-Way
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The remaining 160.05 acres represents road and railroad rights-of-way
within the City of Davisoo.
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�PLAN IMPLEMENTATION RESOURCES
Intrcduction
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The City of Davison's Loog-Range Develcpment Plan is, itself, a
canprehensive canmunity policy statement.
The Plan is canprised of a
variety of both graphic and narrative policies intended to functioo as
benchmarks and to provide basic guidelines for making reasooable, realistic
canmuni ty develcpment decisioos. The Plan is intended to be emplcyed by
City officials, by these making private sector investments, and by all of
these City of Davisoo citizens interested in the future develcpment of the
canmunity.
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The completion of the Plan is but one part of the community planning
process.
Realization, or implementation of the goals, oojectives, and
recarmendations of the Plan can only be achieved over an extended pericd of
time and only through the cooperative efforts of both the public and
private sectors. Implementation of the Plan may be realized by actively:
1.
assuring canmunity-wide knOt1ledge,
approval of the Plan;
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regulating the use and manner of develcpment of prcperty thrwgh
up-to-date reasonable zoning controls, subdivision regulatioos,
and building and hwsing cedes;
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3.
providing a pro;Jram of capital improvements and adequate,
econanical public services .by using available governmental
financing techniques to encwrage desired land develcpment or
redevelcpment; and
4.
participating with the private sector in the process of
co-develcpment, whereby local government provides incentives,
subsidy, or other inducements to assist the private sector in
their develcpment efforts.
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understanding,
support,
and
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Public Support of the Long-Range Plan
The necessity of citizen participation and understanding of the general
planning process and the specific goals, cbjectives, and policies of the
Plan are critical to the success of the City planning pro;Jram. A well
organized public relatioos prQJram is needed to identify and marshal public
support. Lack of citizen understanding and support cwld well have seriws
implicatioos for the eventual implementation of planning prcpesals.
Failure of the public to back needed bond issues and continuing
dissatisfaction concerning taxation, special assessments, zooing decisioos,
and develcpment prcpesals are sane of the results of public
misunderstanding and rejection of long-range plans.
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In order to organize public support most effectively, the City must
emphasize the necessity of, and reasons for, instituting the planning
program and encourage citizen participation in the planning process.
Accordingly, the Municipal Planning Act, (Act 285 of 1931, as amended),
under Section 11 states that the City Planning Ccmnission "shall have the
power to pranote public interest in and understanding of the plan, and to
that end may publish and distribute copies of the plan, or of any report
and may employ such other means of publicity and education as it may
determine."
The City may wish to prepare a plan summary brochure for
public distribution upon its adoption.
The validity of the Plan, as well as the right of the Planning Commission
to review various develoµnent proposals to assure their canpatibility with
the City's expressed policies, requires that the Plan be officially adopted
by the Carmission. It is also desirable for the City Council to adopt a
resolution stating their concurrence with the goals, objectives, and
policies stated in the Plan. Resolutions of adoption and concurrence are
presented in the Appendix of this document.
Land Developnent Codes
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Zoning Ordinance
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Zoning regulations are adopted under· the local police power granted by the
State for the purpose of pranoting corrmuni ty heal th, safety, and general
welfare. Such regulations have been strongly supported by the Michigan
courts, as well as by the U.S. Supreme Court. Zoning consists of dividing
the ccmnunity into districts, for the purpose of establishing density of
population and regulating the use of land and buildings, their height and
bulk, and the proportion of a lot that may be occupied by them.
Regulations in different kinds of districts may be different; however,
regulations within the same district must be consistent throughout the
carmunity.
The intent of zoning is to assure the orderly develoµnent of the community.
Zoning is also employed as a means of protecting property values and other
public and private investments.
Because of the impact which zoning can
have on the use of land and related services, it should be based on a
canprehensive long-range ccmnunity plan.
Zoning is an effective tool not only for the implementation of the Plan,
but also benefits individual property owners. It protects homes and
investments against the potential harmful intrusion of business and
industry into residential neighborhoods; requires the spacing of buildings
far enough apart to assure adequate light and air; prevents the
overcrowding of land; facilitates the economical provision of essential
public facilities; and aids in conservation of essential natural resources.
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There are a variety of zoning approaches and techniques which may be
employed to help assure that Davison remains an attractive canmunity in
which to live and conduct business.
These techniques acknowledge the
critical role of both City officials and staff in enforcing the provisions
of the local zoning ordinance. Two key tools available to City officials
seeking to assure quality development are special approval use procedures,
and performance guarantee provisions.
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Some land uses are of such a nature that permission to locate them in a
given district should not be granted outright, but should only be approved
after assurances that the use will meet certain specified conditions •
These types of land uses are called special approval, conditional, or
special exception uses.
The City currently uses this flexible zoning
process to permit uses of land by following special procedures, including a
public hearing and site plan review, to ensure the compatibility of the use
within the vicinity in which it is to be located. This technique is based
upon discretionary review and approval of special land uses. The site
developnent requirements and standards upon which these decisions are made
are specified in the Ordinance as required by state law. However,
additional reasonable conditions may be attached in conjunction with the
approval of a special land use including provisions to conserve natural
resources and measures designed to prarote the use of land in an
environmentally, socially, and economically desirable manner.
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In addition to the conventional zoning districts of the City of Davison, an
additional overlay district can be formulated to better address certain
special uses. An overlay district allows an additional level of zoning
requirements to be superimposed upon existing zoning in specified areas
shown on the zoning map. Any existing or new development within the
overlay district must then comply with the requirements of the district and
special provisions of the overlay zone. Overlay zones are most COITITK)nly
used when an area requires special protection or has a special problem.
Examples of situations in which overlay zones might be used include areas
of special scenic or historic interest or areas in which physical
conditions require special care. Potential overlay zones which should be
considered by the City include special design provisions for the State
Street Corridor and an historic preservation overlay district to preserve
the City's historic and cultural resources.
Protection of Davison's historical structures and areas can also be
accornplished through the creation of an entirely new and separate historic
zoning district.
The Michigan law which makes historic preservation and the creation of
historic districts legal is Public Act 169 of 1979. Under the act, the
preservation of historic structures is declared to be a public purpose.
The Act allows canmunities to adopt an ordinance to safeguard the heritage
of the local unit of government; stabilize and improve property values;
foster civic beauty; strengthen local economy; and, pranote the use of
historic districts for the education, pleasure, and welfare of the
citizens.
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To ensure canpliance with a zoning ordinance and any conditions imposed
under the ordinance, a conmunity may require that a performance guarantee,
cash deposit, certified check, irrevocable bank letter of credit, or surety
bond, acceptable to the City and covering the estimated cost of improvements on the parcel for which site plan approval is sought, be deposited
with the Clerk. This per-fonnance guarantee protects the City by assuring
the faithful canpletion of the improvements. The camnunity must establish
procedures under which rebate of cash deposits will be made, in reasonable
proportion to the ratio of work completed on the required improvements, as
work progresses.
A stable, knowledgeable Planning Conmission is critical to the success of
the zoning process. The Canmission' s responsibilities include long-range
plan formulation and the drafting of appropriate, reasonable zoning
ordinance regulations designed to implement plan goals and objectives.
Adoption of the zoning ordinance by the legislative body then provides the
legal basis for enforcement of zoning ordinance provisions. The ultimate
effectiveness of the various ordinance requirements, however, is dependent
upon the overall quality of ordinance administration and enforcement. If
administrative procedures are lax, or if enforcement of regulations is
handled in an inconsistent, sporadic manner, the result will be
unsatisfactory at best. The Building Department is often responsible for
carrying out zoning/development related functions including building
inspections, ordinance administration, conmunity/developer liaison, and so
forth. Each of these functions requires a substantial investment of staff
time. If sufficient time is not made available to carry out these critical
functions, they may only be accanplished in a cursory manner. Therefore,
the City should provide for adequate department staff levels and/or
consuiting assistance to assure that these essential day-to-day functions
will receive the professional attention required to assure quality
development and redevelopnent.
Capital Improvements Program
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The term "capital improvements" is generally intended to embrace
large-scale projects of a fixed nature, the implementation of which results
in new or expanded public facilities and services. Such items as public
building construction, park developnent, sewer installation, waterworks
improvements, street construction, land acquisition, and the acquisition of
certain large-scale pieces of equipment (graders, sweepers, trucks, etc.)
are included in the Capital Improvements Budget.
Few camnunities are fortunate enough to have available at any given time
sufficient revenuec capital improvements which acknowledges current and
anticipated demands, and which recognizes present and potential financial
resources available to the conmunity. The Capital Improvements Program is
a major planning t<X>l for assuring that they proceed to completion in an
efficient manner.
The Capital Improvements Program is not intended to
encourage the spending of additional public monies, but is simply a means
by which an impartial evaluation of needs may be made. The program is a
schedule established to expedite the implementation of authorized or
contemplated projects.
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In essence, the Capital Improvements Proc.;Jram is simply a schedule for
implementing public capital improvements which acknowledges current and
anticipated demands, and which recoc.;Jnizes present and potential financial
resources available to the corrmunity. The Capital Improvements Proc.;Jram is
a major planning tool for assuring that they proceed to canpletion in an
efficient manner.
The Capital Improvements Proc.;Jram is not intended to
encourage the spending of additional public monies, but is simply a means
by which an impartial evaluation of needs may be made. The proc.;Jram is a
schedule established to expedite the implementation of authorized or
contemplated projects.
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Long-range proc.;Jrarnming of public improvements is based upon three
fundamental considerations. First, the proposed projects must be selected
on the basis of corrmuni ty need.
Second, the proc.;Jram must be developed
within the canmunity's financial constraints and must be based upon a sound
financial plan.
Finally, proc.;Jram flexibility must be maintained through
the annual review and approval of the capital budget.
The strict
observance of these conditions requires periodic analysis of various
community development factors, as well as a thorough and continuing
evaluation of all prol:X)sed improvements and re lated expenditures.
It is
essential that in the process of preparing and developing the proc.;Jram, the
Planning Canmission be assigned a role in reviewing project proposals to
assure conformity with the General Development Plan and to make
reccmnendations regarding priocity-special projects, and appropriate
methods of financing.
Several Department Directors and Administrators of the City of Davison were
recently interviewed for the purpose of generating a list of necessary
capital improvements. A list of capital improvements for each department
is listed in the Appendix.
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Many sources of governmental assistance are available to aid local
officials and private interests in meeting desired land use objectives or
improvement needs. Federal, state, and local plan implementation resources
which should be considered for use by the City are listed below in Table 31
by funding source.
Co-Developnent
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Local government must also be coc.;Jnizant of enhancing the financial
feasibility of private development projects through "co-development."
Co-development is simply the joint public and private investment for a
common purpose.
The participation can range from direct loans to private interests to
reduce the capital needed to develop a project, selling publicly controlled
land at less than fair market value to lower construction costs, or by
issuing bonds to acquire land, construct buildings, or acquire equipment
which the City would sell or lease to private industry.
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TABLE 31
Pl.AN ltf>LEMENTATION RESOmCES
CI TY OF D.\ yI SON. GEHESEE COllffY. NI au 61\N*
FlK>ING
some£
Fed era I
PR06RAM NMIE
PR06RAM DESCRIPTION
CXNEfTS
Convnunlty Development Block
Grant (COOG) Program
Flexible program developed to replace categorical
grants. Eligible projects Include property
acquisition, Installation or repair of public
tacl lltles (roads, water, and sewer I Ines, etc.>
bul ldlng rehabilitation and _preservatlon, and
planning activities.
Projects must meet one of three natlonal
object Ives: 1 ) benet It IOf/ and moderate
Income persons; 2) aid In the prevention
of slums or blight; and, 3) meet community
development need having a particular urgency.
Economic Development Admln.,
Public Works and Development
Facilities Assistance
Funding for public works and development
tacl lltles that contribute to Job retention
or creation.
Committed private Investment Is required.
EDA participation will range from 50-80% of
project cost.
Section 202 Housing Program
Loan programs to provide funding tor senior citizen
and handicapped housing. New construction, rehabilitation and congregate housing Is al I ellglble.
Only nonprofit corporations and cooperatives
may be sponsors.
Industrial Development Corp.
Act (Act 327 of 1931)
IDCs may be established as profit or nonprofit
organization to purchase sites and construct
buildings to stimulate local Industrial activity.
First major state economic development
program.
Rehabilitation of Blighted
Area Act (Act 344 of 1945)
Localities are permitted to develop plans, seek
citizen review and sell bonds for funding rehabilitation projects to ellmlnate blighted areas.
Act was recently amended to Include
"potentially blighted" areas.
Shopping Area Redevelopment
Act (Act 120 of 1961)
Act permits renewal of the principal shopping area
of community with revenue bonds and speclal
assessments.
Activities are restrfcted to Improving
streets, walkways, parking lots, and
urban mat Is.
Economic Development
Corp. Act (Act 338 of 1974)
Nonprofit EDC Is created by community. EDC may
acquire land, construct buildings, and acquire
equipment, which It sells or leases to private
Industry.
Financing Is obtained from the sale of
bonds, or from loans or grants from the
Ioca I convnun Ity •
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TA.31
PLAN 1..-LENEMTATION RESOlR:ES
MICHi~•
CITY OF MYISON. GENESEE COlMY.
(Cont In ued)
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State
(Cont)
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PR09W4 NAME
PR09W4 DESCRIPTION
COl4ENTS
Downtown Development
Authority Act (Act 197 of 1975)
City created ODA can finance the restoration or
development of a central business district through
bond Issues, tax levies (two ml I I cap), or tax
Increment financing.
Michigan Urban Land Assembly
Act (Act 177 of 1981)
This Act provides for a state loan fund to assist
communities with high unemployment and demonstrating
a shortage of Industrial prope.rty In the acquisition
of real property tor economic development.
The Michigan Economic
Development Authority Act
(Act 70 of 1982)
The state MEDA can make loans, financed by bonds
Issued on oll and gas severance taxes, directly
to cities, or to there DOA or EDC. Loans can be
used for Installation of streets, walkways,
Improvements to recreation facllltles, property
acquisition, bulldlng rehabilitation and all
related administrative costs.
The community must come up with 50%
of the project cost from Its own or
other sources, and MEDA wl I I loan the
other 50%.
The Local Development
Financing Act (Act 281 of 1986)
City created Local Development Financing Authority
can finance public faclllty Improvements, using
tax Increment financing, from revenues captured
from Increased value of any ellglble property.
Ellglble property consists of property of which
the primary purpose and use Is manufacturing,
processing of goods and materials by physical or
chemical change, agricultural processing, or
high technology activity.
A community may develop a certified
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Widely used In state of Michigan. DDA may
provide back-up financing for historic
projects.
lndustrlal park and use captured
revenues from eligible property
within the park for public facilities
for other property within the park.
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The mcst pcpular co-develcpment technique being emplcyed is tax increment
financing (TIF) under PA 197 (the Dcwntcwn Develcpment Authority Act). TIF
is an attractive financing tool because it allcws canmunities to pay for
needed public improvements at virtually no ccst to their general fund. TIF
works by capturing, for a specifically defined time, all or a portion of
the increased tax revenue (above a "frozen" base year), that may result
fran increases in assessed valuation which arise fran new develcpment.
Prcperty taxes normally allocated to all taxing jurisdictions (school
district, crunty, etc.) can be captured to finance public improvements. It
is important to rnccgnize that TIF is not a new tax. It is simply a methcx:i
which allcws for the diversion of tax dollars to be used for specified
public improvements.
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The legality of TIF as a financing tool has, until recently, been suspect.
It has been argued that the divecsion of tax dollars to local develcpment
projects, when they were voted for schools and other governmental purpcses,
was unconstitutional.
The Michigan Supreme Crurt, hcwever, provided an
Advisory Opinioo on the constitutionality of PA 281 of 1986 (the LDFA Act),
the mcst cecent TIF vehicle. The Crurt held that the capture and use of
tax increment revenues as authorized by the Local Develcpment Financing Act
doos not violate the provisions of the state's constitution. Inasmuch as
TIF procedures under PA 281 and PA 197 are similar, it is presumed that a
DDA's use of TIF is supportable.
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The City of Davison established a Dcwntcwn Develcpment Authority in 1976 to
facilitate improvements and address the econanic develcpnent needs of
Davison's Central Business District.
Significant canmercial expansion
cpportunities exist to the north, rutside of the City's DDA, aloog M-15.
It is new apprcpriate for the City of Davison to consider expanding the
brundades of its DDA Distdct to encanpass areas where new develcpment
will occur, to ensure the availability of funds for public maintenance and
improvements within the expanded carmercial district.
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APPENDIX
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DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
Director of Public Works - Todd Scrima (Interviewed on 9-29-89)
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WATER
A.
Water mains that need replacement.
1.
Lapeer Street between Hill and Flint Streets.
Presently, a 4-inch that breaks often. Would like
to see it become at least a 6-inch.
Total 1,000 feet.
2.
Would like to see Genesee Street main increased to
a 6-inch.
Presently, it is only a 2-inch.
It is
extremely difficult to find parts for a 2-inch line
today.
Total - 400 feet.
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Complete 12-inch main around the perimeter of the City.
1.
Six thousand two hundred feet of 12-inch main
needed.
2.
Complete in the next ten years.
Eliminate dead end lines.
1.
Need a westerly extension on West Rising.
Approximately 1,200 feet of 8-inch line to tie into
the 12-inch perimeter main.
2.
Eliminate Lexington Street 4-inch line dead end.
Upgrade to a 6-inch line and tie it into Clark
Street.
Total - 200 feet.
3.
Need a 6-inch line on JFK Drive and connect to
Flint Street.
4.
Would like a 4-inch line on Garland Street to go
under railroad tracks into 8-inch main on w. Rising
Street.
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SEWER
A.
Run additional storm sewers.
B.
All residential weeping tiles need to be included in
sewer system.
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FACILITIES
A.
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Public works yard.
1.
Need 5,000 square feet of vehicle storage.
2.
Recycling station needs seven bins at $3,500 each.
3.
Composting area site expansion and improvements $10,000.
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B.
Would like to have all City departments on the same
floor of the building.
c.
Computers.
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More capability.
2.
Versatile printer.
VEHICLES
A.
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General equipment.
1.
Vactor - should be replaced in 1989.
2.
Sweepers - model year 1977 - should have been
replaced in 1985.
3.
Front end loader - presently, City does not have
one at all.
They need a two yard or three yard at
$50,000.
4.
Tractor back hoe - will need replacement by 1991.
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1.
Tractor -
$20,000
2.
Turner
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$25,000
3.
Loader
- $22,000
STAFF
A.
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Composting vehicles.
Additional two full time crew for field work.
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VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT
Servicing the City of Davison, Davison Township, and Richfield
Township - Lee Keeney, Fire Chief (Interviewed 10-2-89)
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FACILITIES
A.
Anticipate an addition to existing facility.
B.
Possible need for a substation.
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Substation would be approximately 5,000 square feet.
3.
Bight hundred -
4.
Three -
6,000
1,000 square feet office space.
four bays.
Fire training building.
A.
Replacement of pumper. in the next five -
B.
An additional tanker will be needed in the next five ten years.
C.
Mini pumper and tanker. would be needed if a substation
were built.
This equipment costs approximately $270,000
in today's market.
ten years.
STAFFING
A.
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Location of substation in Richfield Township due to
the fact it is farthest away.
VEHICLES
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Full time fire chief.
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Fire safety inspections.
2.
Assist building inspector.
3.
Educational activities.
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B.
Full time secretary.
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May need full time firemen ten years from now.
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WATER RESOURCES
A.
Would like to see City water systems updated.
B.
Addition of. water. and hydrants in the Townships.
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s,141:ii.ti:s, lfwr- tt..:.~
!'M€}S(.ll fr.ii~ ~l'i:% -=- $;7/,,Q';f;J.}J ~~ili-.
lj;_dil\!1~:git._ii. <Z>n\<;l.lli tt.~~c;li ii Ill.ii l'il9J {?)lrQQJf{v.fJ'h ~ lil~~Ql s_,~ n-Etw1 r:e;s,ou,t;"-ces:
th-1'8 ~x.J~ f .i;'{.~ Y;efa11<:S;•.
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POLICE DEPARTMENT
Police Chief - Bob ,Johnson (Inter.viewed 9-29-89)
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FACILITIES
A.
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Office area.
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0 ff ice too sma 11.
2.
Need more filing space.
1.
Anticipate computer updating and back-up printer.
4•
Two typewriters.
5.
Miscellaneous office furniture.
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Shooting range.
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Want to establish 1n the City park.
2.
Officers need to shoot once a month.
they are shooting twice a year.
3.
One acr.e of land would be needed for the range.
4.
Buffer berm would be needed approximately 10 - 15
feet high.
5.
Possible fencing.
Presently,
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Vehicle.
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Garage
a.
Would like a garage close to Police
Depactment.
b.
Garage would be a minimum of four spaces.
c.
Does not need to be heated.
d.
Garage would reduce the current vehicle
vandalism.
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Additional patrol cars would be needed if
additional staff was added.
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Jail space.
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Holding cell space presently sufficient.
2.
Sink and stool may need to be replaced with
stainless steel.
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STAFFING
A.
Need two more officers to sufficiently cover ar e a full
time.
R.
Possibly one part-time secretary.
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
A.
Speeding area on M-15.
B.
Accidents on Mill and State Streets are high and this
area could use a left turn lane.
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A.
Need to replace eight bullet proof vests.
,ii.
B.
Need semi-automatic guns.
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�PUBLIC FACILITIES
Gary Pavilok/Sheila Morgan/Tom Ryan (Interviewed 10-10-89)
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FACILITIES
A.
Ambulance facility.
1.
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B.
Building additions 2,560 square feet.
Libr:-ary.
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Restr.oom facilities.
2.
Separate board roan/director's office, and staff
room.
1.
Meeting room.
4.
Computer.
5.
Typewr:-i.ter..
6.
Microfilm r:-eader.
7.
Stora cJe room.
8.
New furniture.
9.
Additional parking space.
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D.
Service ar:-ea expansion - two mile radius.
Post office.
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Workroom expansion - 10,000 to 12,000 square feet.
2.
Additional service counter:- window.
3.
Remodeling of postmaster's office.
4.
Restroom expansion.
5.
Handicapped access.
6.
Genecal building maintenance/renovation.
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
CITY OF DAVISON, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
CCMMERCIAL Sl"YLES
Italianate Commercial Facade
1880-1900
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A typical ccmnercial building may date from the 1880's or early
1900's when a thriving econany produced a coast-to-coast building
boom. DJrable materials were used such as brick, stone or cast
iron. These structures stand two to three stories high. Che the
ground floor is a retail business and the second floor served as the
shop keeper's apartment or it was leased as office space. Large
panes of glass, separated by thin structural members, allowed for
shop displays on the ground floor leve~. Above, the owner's
quarters or office space had a number ot smaller windows. Additions
to the basic facade were typically awni~g, canopies and window
boxes.
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Art D:?co
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Art ~co is characterized by a linear, hard edge or angular
composition often with a vertical emphasis and highlighted with
stylized decoration. Building facades are often arranged in a
series of set backs emphasizing the geometric form. The shop front
is streamlined, using smooth surfaces with relief sculpture as a
design element.
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1925-1940
RELIGI<ll> S1"YLf.S
F.clcctic/Spanish Colonial Ievival
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Corrroon features of the Spanish Colonial Revival include a rectangle
plan, niche in the curvilinear gable, saucer-like dome tower, arched
window openings, and arched portal.
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Greek Ievival
1830 - 1860
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The Greek Revival style is an adaptation of the classic Greek temple
front. Columns may be free standing or incorporated into the
facade. I:borways and windows are boldiy delineated. Smooth wall
surfaces provide ideal backgrounds for orname_ntation in wocxi of
Greek-inspired rrotifs (such as pediments and large frieze).
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carpenters Gothic
1840-1880
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The G'.:>thic Revival style was used for everything fran picturesque
cottages to large stone castles. Olaracteristic of the cottage and
villa arc steeply pitched roofs, wall dormers, hood wolds over the
windows, gingerbread trim along the eaves, and pointed windows.
With the help of the American scroll saw, the expensive stone"nDrk
which distinguished G'.:>thic revival mansions soon was m:x::ked in 'nDO<l.
The carpenter's G'.:>thic is much rrore coorronly seen today.
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Oicenl\nne
1880 - 1900
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1he Ouecn Anne style is a rrost varied and decoratively rich style.
1he asynmctrical composition consists of a variety of forms,
textures, materials and colors. This style in~ludes ~y
architectural parts such as tall chironeys, projecting ipavilions,
porches, bays, turrets, and towers. The QJeen Anne made use of
creative, decorative materials such as shingles, masonry and
mil lwork.
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VERNACULAR STYLES
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Bunqal°"
1890 - 1930
Each period in American architecture has produced a favorite small
hou:.r.. DJring this period, the bungalow served as the achievable
American dream. The bung2 1~w is characteristic of a low pitched
uabled roof, roof rafter~; .· -11.-:i lly exposed, under roof overhang,
porche !; that arc either full 01 partial width, columns or pedestals
thal frequently extend to ground level.
Prairie Style
1900 - 1920
'Ihc Prairie style consists of a one or two story house built with
brick, timber of stucco. The eaves of the low-pitch roof extend
well beyond the wall creating a definite horizontal and low to the
ground quality. The prairie style takes it's name from the prairies
of the Midwest and was developed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
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�.Arrerican Foursquare
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1900 - 1930
The /\merican foursquare is an expression of the return to simplicity
and true democracy. It is characterized by four equally-sized roo~s
per floor. Such homes exhibit many : basic features such as an unadorned
boxlike sl1apc, low hipped roof with dormers, porch with filled-in railing
an<l simple columns, and most often devoid of any "style features."
TI1C lbrcstead lbuse
1900 - 1930
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The llancstead 1-buse is found both in the country and the city. This
house was designed to provide econanical shelter and provide maximum
floor spuce under a single rex>f. The lack of ornarrentation reduced
construction time and kept maintenance to a m1n1mum. TI1e Homestead
!louse was built with electricity and index>r plumbing and was·
considered a "modern dwelling" at tile time. The exterior is often
made of clapboard siding and simple corner boards. The entry door
is always located on the ga~led enq and a porch extends across the
facade.
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FLINT STREET
P.O . BOX IJO
OAVISON, MICHIGAN 48423
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Tl'l.l il'IIONI' (J IJ) 653 -2191
CITY OF DAVISON MASTER PLAN
CITY PLANNING COMMISSION
RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION
WHEREAS, the City of Davison, Genesee County,
Michigan, has established a City Planning Commission under
the terms of the Municipal Planning Commission Act, Act 285
of the Public Acts of 1931, to provide for Municipal
Planning; and
WHEREAS, said Planning Commission has made inquiries,
investigations, and surveys of the resources of the City and
assembled and analyzed data and formulated plans for the
proper conservation and uses of all resources, including a
determination of the extend of probable future need for the
most advantageous designation of lands having various use
potentials and for services, facilities, and utilities
required to equip such lands; and
WHEREAS, said Planning Commission held a Public
Hearing as required by law, to provide an opportunity for
citizens to express opinions, ask questions, and discuss all
aspects of the Plan; and
WHEREAS, said Planning Commission took the comments of
citizens made at the Public Hearing under advisement,
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED this
9th day of
October , 1990, that the City of Davison Planning Commission
does hereby adopt the City of Davison Master Plan including
the goals and policies stated in the text and as depicted in
the Master Plan Map, and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City of Davison
Planning Commission shall employ said goals and policies as
established in the Master Plan as a basis for their
evaluation of future development proposals, future rezoning
petitions, and future capital improvement programming
recommendations.
David H. Fulcher, Chairman
City of Davison Planning Commission
�'I •
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200 E. FU NT STREET
P.O. BOX IJO
OAVISON, MICHIGAN 48423 .
Tl·.l.l ' l'IIONI'. () IJ) 65J -21lJI
[~:
CITY OF DAVISON MASTER PLAN
CITY COUNCIL
RESOLUTION OF CONCURRENCE
,J
WHEREAS, the City of Davison, Genesee County, Michigan, has
established a City Planning Commission under the terms of the
Municipal Planning Commission Act, Act 285 of the Public Acts of
1931, to provide for Municipal Planning; and
WHEREAS, said Planning Commission has made inquiries,
investigations, and surveys of the resources of the City and
assembled and analyzed data and formulated plans for the proper
conservation and uses of all resources, including a determination of
the extent of probable future needs for the most advantageous
desiguation of lands having various use potentials and for services,
facilities, and utilities required to equip such lands; and
WHEREAS, said Planning Commission held a Public Hearing as
required by law, to provide an opportunity for citizens to express
opinions, ask questions, and discuss all aspects of the Plan; and
WHEREAS, said Planning Commission took the comments of
citizens made at the Public Hearing under advisement, and
subsequently adopted said plan as prescribed by said Act 285,
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NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED this 22nd
day of October,
1990, that the City Council of the City of Davison does hereby concur
with the goals and policies formulated by the City Planning
Commission as depicted on the Master Plan Map and as discussed in the
accompanying text, and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of
Davison shall employ said goals and policies as established in the
Master Plan as a basis for their evaluation of future development
proposals, future rezoning petitions, and future capital improvement
programming.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization)
Wyckoff, Mark A.
Description
An account of the resource
Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Michigan
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1960/2023
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Michigan
Comprehensive plan publications
Master plan reports
Zoning--Michigan
Zoning--Maps
Maps
Land use--planning
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
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RHC-240
Format
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application/pdf
Type
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Text
Language
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eng
Text
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Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Davison_Community-Master-Plan_1990
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wade-Trim/IMPACT Municipal and Planning Consultants
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1990-10-22
Title
A name given to the resource
City of Davison Community Master Plan
Description
An account of the resource
The City of Davison Community Master Plan was prepared by Wade-Trim/IMPACT Municipal and Planning Consultants and was formally recognized by the City of Davison, City Council on October 22, 1990.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Master plan reports
Davison (Mich.)
Genesee County (Mich.)
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/429ae001897d08da8099bcf0bf0e37fe.pdf
9b8ee25fcaa264a2674ebb52895ca6b4
PDF Text
Text
�,.
CITY OF Rl~P.~OND
COMMUNITY MASTER PLAN
RICHMOND CITY OFFICIALS
CITY COUNCIL
PLANNING COMMISSION
Joseph Yelencich, Mayor
Robert Cella
Mar-y Dobruk
Robert Fruin
Larr-y Kuzdal
Joseph Maniaci
Leroy Rix
Jeanette Schultz
Harlow ,Russ" Scribner
Patrick McClellam, Chairman
Virginia Foster
Randall Mey
Charles Ongena
Douglas Pentzien
Rosemary Scott
Thomas Tignanelli
Connie Yelencich
Joseph Yelencich
CITY MANAGER
]
Randall R. Mey
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1
RICHMOND MASTER PLAN
I
City of Richmond
Macomb County, Michigan
Mr. Randall R. Mey, City Manager
Prepared by:
Wade-Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and Planning Consultants
25185 Goddard Road
Taylor, MI 48180
Mr. Nicholas P. Lomako, Project Manager
zzz
6244-01
Plan Adoption History
Adopted by the City of Richmond Planning Commission at the
September 13, 1990, meeting.
I I
�TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUBJECT
PAGE NO.
Socioeconanic Analysis
rntcoduction
Population Charac~eristics
Inccrne Characteristics
Housing Characteristics f.:inployment Characteristics
l - 27
l
l - 8
8 - 10
10 - 22
23 - 27
Natural feature8
Introduction
Significant Site Features
28 - 31
28
28
31
Existing Land Use Analysis
Introduction
Survey Methodology
Richm)nd Land Usage
Existing Land Use/Area of Influence
32 - 38
32
32
32 - 35
36
38
Structural Conditions Analysis
Introduction
Methodology
Structural Quality Results
Causes of Structural Decline
:.als, Objectives, and Policy Statements
Introouction
C.Oals
Objectives and Policies
Planning and Design Standards
rntroduction
Corrmercial Development Standards
Industrial Developnent Standards
Residential Standards
Lana Market Equilibrium
Ccmnunity Promotion
Relationship with Adjacent Townships
FlcxibUi ty
Neighborhood Planning
?reservation of Natural Areas
;onomic ~velopment
Introouction
Current Trends
Tacyeting
8ppcrtunity Areas
Implementation
39 - 42
39
39
40
40 - 42
43 - 47
43
43 - 44
44 - 47
48 48
48 53
53
53 55
55
55 5.7
57
58
58
58
59
65
66
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57
52
55
56
- 71
- 59
- 65
- 6t:i
- 71
�·7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
PAGE NO.
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Housing Needs Assessment
Introduction
I.and Supply
Housing Unit Replacement
Housing Affordability
Dwelling Unit Type
Renter-occupied Units
Introduction
Irrmediate Needs
Long-Term Needs
78
72
72
74
74
79
79
79
79
81
- 74
- 78
- 81
- 80
Historic Structures
82
Future Land Use Plan
Introduction
Land Use Plan Assumptions
Major Land Use Categories
Residential Land Use
Comnercial Land Use
Transitional District
Industrial Land Use
Public/Semi-Public Land Use
83
83
85
85
86
90
91
91
93
- 93
- 84
Plan Implementation Resources
Introduction
Public Support of the Long-Range Plan
Land Cevelop-nent Codes
Capital Improvements Program
Governmental Assistance
94
94
94
95
97
98
- 101
Carmunity Facilities/City Administration Building
Introduction
Structural Quality Survey
102 - 107
102
102 - 107
Annexation Strategy
Introduction
Annexation ~1ethods and Procedures
Standards for Determinations
Annexation Priorities
108
108
108
109
110
II
ii
- 86
- 90
- 92
-
95
97
98
101
- 111
- 109
- 110
- 111
�.-,
TABLE Of CONTENTS
(Continued)
LIST Of TABLES
j
TABLE NO.
]
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PAGE NO.
1
Population Trends
2
2
Population Ccmparison
4
3
Age-Sex Composition
5
4
Minority Group Canposition
6
5
Persons Per Household Trends and Projections
7
6
Year 2000 Population Projections
9
7
Per capita, Median family, and
Median Household Incane Ccmparison
11
8
Household Income Distribution
12
9
Poverty Statistics Ccmparison
13
10
Type
of Structure
Year-Round Housing Units
15
11
Occupancy Characteristics
16
12
Assisted Rental Housing Units
17
13
Housing Value Trends
19
14
Age of Structure
20
15
Year-Round Housing Unit Trends
21
16
Recent Residential Construction Activity
22
17
Employment by Selected Industry
24
18
Annual Average Employment by Industry
25
19
Employment by Selected Occupations
27
20
Existing Land Use
33
21
Existing Land Use/ Area of Influence
37
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DESCRIPTIOO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
\
usr
OF TABLES
(Continued)
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TABLE 00.
J
DESCRIPTION
PAGE 00.
22
Single-Family Residential Structural
Conditions
41
23
Typical Shopping Center Standards
50
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24
Recorrmended Store or Service Use
Standards
51 - 52
J
25
Employment/Density Ratios for Estimating
Industrial Land Use
54
]
26
Population Ratios for Estimating Industrial
Land Use
54
]
27
Land Use Ratios for Estimating Industrial
Land Use
54
28
Projected Urban Land Use Acreage
Requirerrents
56
29
Local Industrial Establishments
60 - 61
30
A Checklist for Attracting Industry
62 - 63
31
Factors that Influence the Location Choices
of High-Technology Canpanies within Regions
64
32
Projected Year 2000 Residential Holding
Capacity of Vacant Developable Residential
Parcels
73
33
Housing Unit Requirements
75
34
Income Cost Correlation
o.....ner-OCcupi ed Housing Units
77
35
Incorre Cost Correlation
Renter-occupied Housing Units
78
-
36
Future Land Use
J;-)
37
Plan Implementation Resources
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~LE OF o::NI'ENI'S
(Continued)
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MAP 00.
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1
Regional I.Dcation
1
2
Significant Site Features
29
3
Wetland
30
4
Soils
30
5
Existi~ Land Use
32
6
Structural Quality by Neighborhood
40
7
Industrial Opportunity Areas
65
8
Future Land Use
86
9
Annexation Strategy Areas
108
FOLLOWS
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
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LIST OF FIGURES
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FIGURE NO.
1.
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Standard
42
2
Deteriorating
42
3
Substandard
42
4
City Manager's Private Office
105
5
Private Office
105
6
Work Stations
105
7
Conference
105
8
Plan of Police Station for City
of 7,000 Population
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DESCRIPTION
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SOCIOECXHMIC ANALYSIS
Introduction
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The purpose of this analysis is to examine the characteristics of the
population and local econany of Richirond and also to identify those trends ·
that are occurring as well as opportunities which may exist for future land
use development activities. An analysis of Richmond's socioeconomic
profile will help to reveal local needs in terms of housing types,
provision of services, capital improvements and budgeting.
Population Characteristics
Historical Population Grcwth
The City of Richm:::md is located within the Southeast Michigan Council of
Governments Planning Area, and is one of its members. The SEMa:x; Region,
one of 14 such planning and develor;:rnent regions in the s~te, includes
among its members various governmental entities in Washtenaw, Livingston,
Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Monroe, and Wayne Counties (see Map 1).
Richrrond as a constituent of the SEMCCG Region, as well as the Detroit
Metropolitan Region, is directly affected by regional conditions and
trends.
Since 1950, the Detroit Metropolitan Region has experienced significant
population growth and geographical shifting of population. These trends
can be seen from the data presented in Table 1.
Data in Table 1 indicate that the City of Detroit, the largest City in the
Region, has experienced a net decrease in population since 1950, most of
which occuC"red during the 1950-1960 decade.
From 1950-1970, the City of
Detroit lost 336,675 people, a decrease of 18.2 percent.
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In contC"ast to the City of Detroit's declining population, however, is an
increase in population in the surrounding region.
Table 1 shows that
dudng the 1950-1970 period, the Tri-County Region of Wayne, oakland, and
Macomb Counties grew by 39.2 percent or 1,183,734 people.
Oakland and
Macomb Counties had the largest increases of 129.2 percent and 238.0
peC"cent, respectively between 1950 and 1970.
That area of Wayne County
outside the City of Detrnit also showed a dramatic population increase
during the same period.
Wayne County, excluding the City of Detroit,
incC"eased by 410,486 people (70.0 percent) between 1950 and 1960. There
was an additional increase of 559,116 people (56.1 percent) during the
1960-1970 period. This data indicates that many of the residents moving
from Detroit and otheC" oldeC" suburban cities have relocated to suburban and
rural areas throLghout the remainder of Wayne County and in otheC" areas of
the region.
The shifting of population that occurred between 1950-1970 had an important
etfect on Richmond's population growth.
Data in Table l reveals that
Rifhmond' s population increased by 642 people or 31. 7 percent during the
1950-1960 decade. The City continued to gain population between 1960 and
1970, incC"easing by 567 people or 21.3 percent.
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MACOMB COUNTY
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MONROE COUNTY
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OAKLANO COUNTY
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WAYNE COUNTY
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REGIONAL LOCATION
MAP
.C_l_T_Y_O_F_RI_C_H_M_O_N_D_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~:~
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MACOMB COUNTY . MICHIGAN
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Wade- Trim/lMPAC ,
Municipal anc
Plar.ninr; Ccnsultan:
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TABLE 1
POPULATION lRENlS
CITY OF R lctl40tfl. CITY Of OcTROIT AKJ THE 1R 1-COIJtfTY REGION
19.50-1970•
CHANGE
11
1950
~EA
CITY OF RICl-t-lOND
1960a
POPULATION
POPULATION
2,025c
2,667c
1970
19.50-1960
NLNBm
PERCENT
b
POPULA Tl ON
642
31. 7
3,234
CHNG::
CHANGE
1960-1970
NlNlER
567
1950-1970
PERCENT
21.3
CITY OF DETROIT
1,849,568
1,670,144
179,424
-9. 7
1,512,893
m I -<:OUNTY REG ION
3,016,197
396,001
184,961
2,435,235
3,762,360
690,259
405,804
2,666,297
746, 163
294,258
220,843
231,062
24.7
74.3
119.3
9.4
4,199,931
907,871
625,309
2,666,751
437,571
217,612
219,505
454
11,6
31.5
54.0
410,486
10.0
1,555,269
559, 116
56. 1
OAKLAND COUNTY
MACo-tB COUNTY
WAYNE COUNTY
WAYNE COUNTY
! Exc~udlng Detroit)
1
a
b
Analysls
by
585,667
996,153
Wade- Trim/IMPACT,
Data from 1960 U,S, Census of Population, Number of Inhabitants, Michigan,
Data from 1980
u.s.
Census of Populatlon, Number of Inhabitants, Michigan,
-157,251
-9.4
-
NlNlm
I, 209
-336,675
I, 183, 734
511,870
440,348
231,516
969,602
PERCENT
59.7
-18.2
39.2
129.2
238.0
9.5
165,5
�]
Current Population Estimate
Preliminary census figures obtained fran the U.s. Bureau of the Census
indicate a City population of 4,138 as of April 1, 1990.
Recent Population Trends
J
Information in Table 2 provides a canparison of the population trends of
the City of Richmond to the County, as a whole, over the last decade
(1970-1980).
The City gained 302 people during the last decade which
represents an increase of 9.3 percent.
Macanb County's population
increased during the same period at a slightly greater rate. Data in Table
2 indicates a population gain of 69,291 people or 11.8 percent for the
County •
•. • i
Age-Sex Distribution
J
analysis of Rich!oond' s age and sex distribution for the Years 1970 and
1980 is presented in Table 3.
This information can help to detennine
future housing needs within the City of Richm:md. For exampl~, established
family groups tend to reside in single-family residential units while
younger married couples are inclined to reside in multiple-family
developnents.
An
The number of males and females are similar for each group for each decade,
with females outnumbering males slightly. The most dramatic changes
occurred in the canposition of the total population. The proportion of the
total population in five age cohorts actually declined between 1970 and
1980. Only the 20-44 years and 60 years and older age groups derronstrated
a greater share of the total population in 1980 than in 1970. It can be
inferred fran this data base that the population growth which occurred
during the previous decade was canposed primarily of smaller families and
the elderly.
Minority Group Ccrn(x:)sition
The City's racial mix has remained predominantly white over the last
decade, althoLQh, there have been gain's achieved by the nonwhite
population in this time period •
.J
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Data in Table 4 show the racial composition of the Citj for 1970 and 1980.
White population increased by 289 persons canpared to a nonwhite population
increase of 13 people. The 1980 U.S. Census reported that the City's small
nonwhite population consisted of six American Indians, two Japanese, two
Filipino, and eight other.
Household Size
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During the last 20 years the size of the average American family has been
steadily declining.
As a result, sane camu.mities may register a net
increase in the housing supply while simultaneously recording a population
1a,ss.
Data in Table 5 indicate the persons per household ratio for Richrrond for
the years 1970-1980 as well as a projection through the Year 2000 •
-3-
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TABLE 2
CITY OF RICHMOND AND MACOMB COUNTY
POPOIATION COMPARISON
1970-1980*
.. l
CHANGE 1970-1980
NUMBER
PERCENT
GOVERNMENTAL UNIT
City of Richmond
Macomb County
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3,234
625,309
3,536
694,600
9.3
11.8
*Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
aData from 1980 U.S. Census of Population, Number of ' Inhabitants,
Michigan.
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302
69,291
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TABLE 3
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AGE-SEX COMPOSITION
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970 AND 1980*
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1980 AGE-SEX CHARACTERISTICS (b}
MALE
AGE-COHORT
PERCENT
NUMBER
. ·1
Under 5
j
]
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3
'
,l
FEMALE
PERCENT
TOTAL
NUMBER
PERCENT
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-59
60-64
65+
128
135
162
142
172
284
194
148
75
72
117
3.6
3.8
4.6
4.0
4.9
8.1
5.5
4.3
2.1
2.0
3.3
142
141
161
152
192
268
196
155
101
69
332
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.3
5.4
7.6
5.5
4.4
2.8
1.9
9.4
270
274
323
294
364
552
390
303
176
141
449
7.6
7.7
9.2
8.3
10.3
15.6
11. 0
8.6
5.0
4.0
12.7
TOTAL
1,627
46.2
1,909
53.8
3,536
100.0
.,,-:::,
1970 AGE-SEX CHARACTERISTICS (a)
MALE
AGE-COHORT
NUMBER
PERCENT
Under 5
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-59
60-64
65+
*
NUMBER
145
4.9
5.2
6.4
4.5
3.9
6.2
5. 0
5.0
1.8
1.5
4.5
156
162
174
171
130
200
173
164
59
57
208
1,580
48.9
1,654
159
164
208
145
125
200
163
162
59
so
TOTAL
1..J
NUMBER
FEMALE
PERCENT
4.8
5.0
5.4
5.3
4.0
6.2
5.3
5.0
1.9
1.8 \
6.4
51. 1
TOTAL
PERCENT
NUMBER
315
326
382
316
255
400
336
326
118
107
353
9.7
10.1
11.8
9.8
7.9
12.4
10.4
10.1
3.6
3.3
10.9
3,234
100.0
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from 1970 U.S. Census, General Population Characteristics,
Michigan.
'i
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(bl ~ata from 1980 U.S. Census, General Poeulation Characteristics,
fchigan.
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-5-
,~
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TABLE 4
MINORITY GROUP COMPOSITION
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970 AND 1980*
'
'
.
]
... 1
-
\
1980(b)
NUMBER
PERCENT
White
Nonwhite
1,229
5
99.8
0.2
3,518
18
99.5
o.s
289
3
8.9
260.0
TOTAL
3,234
100.0
3,536
100.0
302
9. 3
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
( a ) Data from 1970 U.S. Census, General
Po12ulation Characteristics,
Michigan.
( b)
Data from 1980 U.S. Census, General Po12ulation
Characteristics,
Michigan.
D
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]
' :1
:·-1#
.
: I
;'
-6-
j'
CHANGE 1970-1980
NUMBER
PERCENT
NUMBER
]
J
1970(a)
PERCENT
RACE
�TABLE 5
PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970-2000*
,
...
J
CATEGORY
Persons Per
Household
]
CHANGE 1970-1980
PERCENT
1970(a)
1980(b)
NUMBER
3.30
2.78
(0.52)
(15.8)
PROJECTIONS(c)
1990
2000
2.73
2.51
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
*
(a) Data from 1970 U.S. Census, General PoEulation tharacteristics,
Michigan.
l
( b)
J
D
J
Data fr.om 1980 U.S. Census, General PoEulation Characteristics,
Michigan.
(c) Data from Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, (SEMCOG) Small
Area Forecast, Ver.sion 1984.
:.3
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.-,
The City has experienced a decrease in the number of persons per household
since 1970.
The ratio has declined frc:m 3.30 persons in 1970 to 2. 78
persons per household in 1980.
Projections for the Year 2000 indicate a further decline in the number of
persons per household to 2.51. This projected decline will have an effect
on future housing needs.
The housing units will be occupied by fewer
people.
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Population Projections
_..,i
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D
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_,
Data in Table 6 illustrate various population projections for the Year
2000. There are several methods available to project future population of
a canmunity but all involve the extension of past trends into the future.
Data in Table 6 shows five different approaches.
SEMcxx; prepared a population projection for the City as part of their Small
Area Forecast. Their most recent projection (version 1990) predicts
Richmond will have a population of 4,372 people by the Year ~000.
The Macomb County Planning Comnission also prepared future year population
estimates for its member communities. Their most recent projection
forecasts a City population of 4,500 people by the Year 2000.
The canponent analysis methodology also uses county projections.
This
forecast applied the 1980 _ratio of City population to the total county ·
population, against the projected Year 2000 population of the county
estimated by the Macomb County Planning Comnission (810,000 people). If
the City retains a constant share of the county population, it can be
estimated that by the Year 2000, the City will contain 4,123 people.
Three other projections are shown in Table 6.
Two of the projections
reflect the population trends occurring within the City during the last
decade.
The arithmetic projection extends the population grc,,,,rth on a
numerical basis, (30.2 persons per year) while the geanetric method extends
the growth on a percentage basis (0.93 percent per year). The arithmetic
and geanetric methods yield results of 4,140 and 4,258 persons,
respectively, for the Year 2000. The third projection is a City estimate
taking the most recent proposed housing and develofftlent projects into
cons ide ration.
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j
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Income Characteristics
An important determinant of the economic vitality and potential of a
corrmunity is the incane available to its residents. The data presented
below examines the per capita, family and household incane characteristics
of City residents •
r
r
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....... ..,
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TABLE 6
YEAR 2000 POPOIATICN PBOJECTIOOS
CITY OF RIQKN), MACXJ4B CXXJNTY, MIOU~
]
YEAR 2000 ProJECTICfi, BY TEO:INICOE
1980
roPUIATICN(a)
3,536
Cll4l?CHN'r
SEMXG(b)
4,372
COONI'Y(c)
4,500
ANALYSIS(d)
4,123
ARrmMF.TIC(e)
4,140
GEX:METRIC(f)
~(g)
4,258
6,000
i
_J
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
I
I
I
(a) Data fran Table 2.
(b) Sf.Max; Small Area Forecast, Version 1990.
(c) Data from the Macomb County Planning Comnission, Population Estimate and
Projections, 1988.
:>
(d ) Figure repesents City's 1980 share of County population applied against
County's Year 2000 population projection of 810,000 people prepared by the
Macomb County Planning Camnission.
(e) Represents extension of population trend between 1970 and 1980 on a numerical
basis .
I
(f) Represents extension of population trend between 1970 and 1980 on a numerical
basis.
I
(g) Represents extension of population based upon proposed increases in the City's
housing stock including grcwth and developnent expected to occur in the newly
annexed Muttonville area.
\
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-9I
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�1
Per Capita, Family, and Median Household Income
Data in Table 7 compare per capita, family and median household inccme
1.>etwecn Macomb County and the City for the Year 1979, the rrost recent year
~anparable data are available.
1
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l
The per capita income of Maccmb County in 1979 was $8,655 which was $1,529
or 21.4 percent greater than Richmond's per capita inccrne. Macanb County's
median family income for the same year was $5,007 or 23.1 percent greater
than Richmond's median family income. Riclurond' s median household incane
was $4,750 or 24.4 percent less than Macanb County's median household
income.
This pattern is partially explained by the fact that the County had a
higher persons per household ratio than the City. U.S. Census data for
1980 reveals that Richirond had a persons per household ratio of 2. 78,
whereas Macomb County had a ratio of 3.0 persons per household.
The difference between County and City per capita inccrne may ~lso relate to
employrrent. According to 1980 U.S. Census data, a larger proportion of the
County's work force was employed in higher wage manufacturing industries
(35%) than the City's (30%).
Household Income Distribution and Poverty Status
Households may be defined as all the persons who occupy a housing unit. It
may include one person living alone. This differs fran a family which is
defined as a householder and one or rrore other persons living in the same.
household who are related to the householder.
The 1980 Census data indicate the City Richmond had 1,215 households. Data
in Table 8 show the distribution of households by incorre category. over 24
percent of all households had incomes under 10,000 per year. This data
suggests the City may have a sizable portion of its population in poverty.
Information in Table 9 corrpare poverty statistics of Maccmb County and
Richrrond by total persons, number of families and households in poverty.
The data indicate that the City is not unusually burdened by a population
in poverty; rather it is representative of conditions found county-wide •
Housing Characteristics
This section of the study details the characteristics of the City of
Richm::md's housing stock by type, age, value, occupancy characteristics,
and other indices. Such an analysis is essential in determining the type
of new housing which should be built in the City and, to a large extent, it
is the characteristics of the existing structures which will determine what
can be built and marketed in the future.
f
f
-10-
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TABLE 7
PER CAPITA, MEDIAN FAMILY, AND
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME COMPARISON
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1979*
J
. .,
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'f
INCOME
CATEGORY
MACOMB COUNTY
DIFFERENCE
NUMBER
PERCENT
Per Capita
$ 7,126 (a)
$ 8,655 (a)
1,529
21.4
Median Family
$21,659 (a)
$26,666 (b)
$5,007
23.l
Median Household
$19,472 (a)
$24,222 (b)
$4,750
24.4
*
I
CITY OF RICHMOND
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from the 1980 U.S. Census, General Social and Economic
Characteristics, Michigan.
(b) Data from Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, Southeast
Michigan Community Profiles: 1980 Census, Volume I, January, 1983.
j
-11-
J
iii
�"
g
li
TABLE 8
HOUSEHOLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1979*
.J
HOUSEHOLDS
NUMBER (a)
PERCENT
INCOME IN 1979
Less than $5,000
$5,000 - $7,499
$7,500 - $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 - $19,999
$20,000 - $24,999
$25,000 - $34,999
$35,000 - $49,999
$50,000 or more
-,
j
I
I
146
98
51
148
185
193
252
I
*
12.2
15.2
27
15.9
20.7
9.5
2.2
1,215
100.0
115
TOTAL
12.0
8.1
4.2
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from the 1980 U.S. Census, General Social and
Economic Characteristics, Michigan.
I
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-6
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., _
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......
TABLE 9
POVERTY STATISTICS COMPARISON
CITY OF RICHMOND, - MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980*
;
··-'
J
.,
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RICHMOND(a)
NUMBER
PERCENT
POPULATION IN POVERTY
MACOMB COUNTY(a)
NUMBER
PERCENT
Total Persons (b)
34,730
5.0
230
6.5
Total Households (c)
13,789
6.0
46
5.2
7,349
4.0
56
4.0
I
I
I
Total Families (d)
-I
(b) This compares to a total population of 694,600 for Macomb County and
3,536 for the City of Richmond.
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, Southeast
Michigan Community Profiles, 1980 Census, Volume 1, January, 1983.
~
I
(c) This compares to a total household figure of 229,820 for Macomb
County and 1,279 for the City of Richmond.
(d) This compares to a total family figure of 183,714 for Macomb County
and 895 for the City of Richmond.
NOTE:
.1
I
_J
The term poverty connotes a complex set of economic, social, and
psychological conditions. The statistics presented above provide
only estimates of economic poverty based upon receipt of money
income before taxes.
Nonmoney income is not considered in
determining poverty status.
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�Type of Structure
j •
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]
Data in Table 10 describe the type of structures which exist in the City as
of 1980.
overall, the housing stock is characterized by single-family
homE:s. In 1980, 67 percent of the homes in the City were of the one-family
variety. Only a small portion (8.5 percent) were canposed of duplexes,
triplexes, or quadplexes.
Nearly 19 percent of all uni ts were in
structures containing 5 or more units. There were 98 (7.7 percent) rrobile
hares or trailers available as a year-round housing unit.
Housing Tenure
Occupancy characteristics are presented in Table 11. All of the 1,279
housing units are available for year-round living. Almost all of the units
(95. 7 percent) are occupied.
These units are divided between
owner-occupied uni ts ( 67. 7 percent) and renter-occupied uni ts ( 28 .1
percent).
I
I
In 1980, only 4.3 percent of the housing units were vacant. Five percent
of a comnunity' s habitable housing stock should remain vacant to provide
diversity in housing selection, to permit housing rehabilitation or
replacement activities t~ occur, and to ensure asking prices for hanes are
indicative of actual market conditions, while at the same time protecting
private investment. Vacancy rates below five percent demonstrate a
restricted housing environment and afford little opportunity for interested
households to acquire available units. Thus, it can be inferred that the
City's. housing units are in demand, and that the available supply should be
expanded, otherwise housing values will become inordinately inflated.
Assisted Rental Housing
There are 359 renter-occupied housing uni ts in the City. It is importan~
to note that 44 or 12.3 percent are publicly assisted units.
Data in Table 12 reveal the existing assisted rental housing complexes in
the City by location, type of structure, and financing prcgram.
Unit Value
Housing costs in the region, as in other areas of the nation, have been
rising rapidly in recent years. The gap between the cost of decent
housing, particularly new housing, and what households can afford to pay is
growing. This results in increased numbers of people being priced out of
the new housing market.
-14-
j
�I
7
TABLE 10
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
YEAR-ROUND HOUSING UNITS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980*
....
_j
,1.
.
.,
I
i
UNIT TYPE
NUMBER(a)
PERCENT
860
67.1
2, duplex
80
6.2
3 and 4 unit structure
28
2.2
5 to 9 unit structure
45
3.5
168
13.1
98
7.7
2
0.2
1,281
100.0
l , detached or attached
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)
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J
10 or more unit structure
Mobile home or trailer
Unaccounted
TOTAL
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from the 1980 O.S. Census, Census Tracts, Detroit,
Michigan, SMSA.
\
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:' ·. ).
-15-
j
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�TABLE 11
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
· 1980*
I
·:,.
d
CATEGORY
NUMBER{a)
Year-Round Housing Units
I
I
I
•I
I
Occupied Housing Units
Owner-Occupied
Renter-Occupied
Vacant Housing Units
Vacant. for Sale
Vacant for Rent
Other (b)
Vacant Seasonal and Migratory
TOTAL HOUSING UNITS
*
PERCENT OF
TOTAL HOUSING □NITS
1,281
99.9
1,225
866
359
56
4
95.6
67.6
28.0
4.4
0.3
14
1.1
38
3.0
1
0.1
1,282
100.0
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from 1980 U.S. Census, Census Tracts, Detroit, Michigan SMSA.
(b) Includes rented awaiting occupancy, held for occassional use, or
boarded up.
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,
)
TABLE 12
ASSISTED REHTAL HOUSING IMITS
CITY Of' RIOM>hO. MAC()E COllffY• MIOflGAN
1968•
OEVELOf'MOfT HANE ANO ADORESS
MANAGEMENT
SlROC'TUlAL TYPE
Richmond Manor
~6901 Dow Street
Richmond, Ml 48062
P & L
Manngement
(}I} )}29-2704
Low Rise
R/S
IMITS
44
0
RAPb
IMITS
0
SECTION 8c
IMITS
28
AVERAGE WAIT
(IN MONTHS)
N/A
FINN«::ING PROGRAM/
(IMITS TYPE)
Section 221 (d)}.
44
TOTAL UNITS
I
11
TOTAL
IMITS
-Co"lllled by Wnde-Trlm/lMPACT, from SEMCOG, Directory of Assisted Rentnl Housing In Southenst Mlchlgnn, 1981 nnd cumulatlve supplements.
I
8
R/S:
Rent Supplements.
RAP:
Rent Assistance Payments.
b
cSectlon 8: Through this program, HUD provides payments to owners of developments that are newly constructed or substantially rehabilitated.
These pnyments subsidize the difference b,Jtween the monthly rent and a percentage of the adjusted Income of eligible tenants.
NOTE:
Section 221(d)}: This program was established In order to provide direct mortgage Insurance to finance rental or cooperative
multl - faml ly housing for low- nod moderate-Income households. HUD lllllY ensure 100 percbnt of the total cost of the project flnnnced
under Section 221(d)}.
I)
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~
, -
;~·;··..
�..,
The City of Richm::md is not imrune from rising housing costs. Data in
Table 13 sho.,., the median value of housing for the City for the years 1970
and 1980 for owner and renter-occupied units. Values are expressed in 1980
dollars. The cost of owner-occupied uni ts has increased in real teDDS by
25 .12 percent ( $9, 778 over this ten year period. Contract rent prices,
however, have declined over the previous decade, by $47.30 or a decrease of
16. 29 percent. Although contract rents have increased in actual dollars,
there was a decrease in real terms, as adjusted for inflation. This could
be attributable to several factors including an increased supply of rental
housing (see Table 16).
I
I
Age of Structure
The age of a house is one factor used in the evaluation of the structural
quality of the building.
The average lifespan of a house averages 50
years, with some lasting longer while others deteriorate faster, depending
upon the quality of original construction and maintenance.
Using this
standard, many hemes built in the City prior to 1940 should be approaching
the end of their utility.
7u
I
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I
Data in Table 14 identify the number of year-round housing units by year of
construction. Over one-third (38 percent) were built since 1960, 25
percent of which were built since 1970. The data sho.,., that 47 percent of
the homes were built before 1949. These homes will require regular
niaintenance to remain structurally sound.
..,
~~
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]
I
I
The number of housing units grew in the City by 33.9 percent between 1970
and 1980 (see Table 15). This is over 24 percent higher than population
gro.,.,th during the sarre period of time (see Table 2). The larger growth in
housing is explained by ::.he trends toward a smaller household size.
Recent Residential Activ i.ty
Data in Table 16 document the trends in new residential construction in the
City since the last U.S. Census (1980).
A total of 212 units (net) were added to the City's housing supply since
1980. This is because of a large amount of vacant, developable land
available for new residential construction.
The existing land use
inventory indicates there is adequate land available for future residential
construction.
Based on data in Table 16, it can be calculated that the City currently has
1,491 housing units.
-"!
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...,
TABLE 13
HOUSING VALUE TRENDS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970-1980*
J
-1
CATEGORY
1970(a)
1980(b)
CHANGE 1970-1980
PERCENT
NUMBER
Median Value of
Owner-Occupied Units
$38,925
$48,703
$9,778
Median Value (Gross Rent)
of Renter-Occupied Units
$290.25
$242.95
-$47.30
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*
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25.12
-16.29
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) 1970 U.S. Census data indicate the City's 1969 median value of
owner-occupied units is $17,300 and median contract rent value at
$129. These figures have been updated by a factor of 2.25 to reflect
the increase in the Consumer Price Index and to represent 1980
dollars.
(CPI of 109.8 for 1969 and 246.8 for 1980; 1967 = 100.)
/4lt
(b) 1980 U.S. Census data indicate the City 1979 median value of
owner-occupied units approximates $43,100 and median contract rent
value at $215 (consultant estimates based upon Census Tract data).
These fgures have been updated by a factor of 1.13 to reflect the
increase in the Consumer Price Index and to represent 1980 dollars.
(CPI of 217.4 for 1979 and 246.8 for 1980; 1967 = 100.)
\
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�TABLE 14
AGE OF STRUCTURE
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1980*
..,
I
]
YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT
1970
1960
1950
1940
1939
i
j
to
to
to
to
to
NUMBER(a)
March 1980
1969
1959
1949
earlier
TOTAL HOUSING UNITS
I
*
PERCENT
324
167
192
102
494
25.0
13.0
15.0
8.0
39.0
1,279
100.0
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from the 1980 U.S. Census, Census Tracts, Detroit,
Michigan, SMSA.
J
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TABLE 15
YEAR-ROUND HOUSING UNIT TRENDS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1970-1980*
l
. J
]
CHANGE 1970-1980
NUMBER
PERCENT
YEAR
1
CATEGORY
1970(a)
1980(b)
955
1,281
)
Year-Round Housing Units
324
33.4
i
.... J
J
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Data from the 1970 U.S. Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics,
Michigan.
(b) Data from Table 10.
\
l....
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,.
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�..,
TABLE 16
RECENr RESDHll"IAL CXN5'mOIOO N::ITvIT'f.
CITY OF RIOM:ND, MCOm CClJN'r.{, MIOIIGt\N
1980-1987*
...
l
1
1980
CATEX;ORY
j
I
I
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Detached Single-Family
Units
8
3
l
2
9
11
17
20
13
84
Tua-Family Uni ts
0
4
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
8
Multiple-Family Units
44
0
0
0
0
0
12
81
38
175
GROSS TOTAL
52
7
l
2
9
13
29
103
51
267
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
4
52
7
l
0
9
11
29
103
51
263
Less Derrolitions
NET TOTAL
I
'il,. *Comp. iled
p
by Wade-Trim/IMPACT frcm SEMCCG, Residential Construction in Southeast
Michigan, Annual Reports.
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Employment Characteristics
The primary determinant of population within a corrmunity is the employment
opportunities available nearby. However, within a particular labor market
area some local municipalities function as major employment centers while
others ar-e pdmarily places of r-esidence or "bedroom" carrnunities. The
City of Richmond, being in Macomb County, is part of the six county Detroit
Metropolitan Area Labor Market which also includes the Counties of wayne,
Oakland, Livingston, I.a.peer, and St. Clair.
Thus, the employment
opportunities available, not only in the City but in other parts of the
Detroit Labor Market Area, constitute the economic base to which the City
is inexorably tied.
According to the U.S. Census, there were 1, 356 City residents employed in
1980 or 38 percent of the total population. The following text will
identify what industries this work force works for, and what positions they
hold. Historical data is also presented to reveal changes in employment
patterns.
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Employment Industry
Data in Table 17 document the employment by major industry groupings for
employed residents for the years 1970 and 1980.
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In 1970, the greatest share of the work force was employed by manufacturing
industries (27. 7 percent). Other major employers were the wholesale and
retail trades and professional services industries. By 1980, 293 residents
were added to the local work force, an increase of 27.6 percent.
Manufacturing industries continue to employ the greatest share of this work
pool. This situation is expected, due to the heavy reliance on the
autanotive industries in the Detroit area.
DJ.ring the last decade, substantial expansion took place within the finance
and professional services industries. This paralleled a shift in the local
laboc macket, fran a manufacturing economy to expansion in the service
sector.
Although thece was a 700 percent increase in agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries wockers, the ceal numerical increase was only
seven.
Data in Table 18 compare nonagricultural employmerlt in the Detroit
Metropolitan Area for the years 1970 and 1980. Manufacturing employment
dropped from 569,000 in 1970 to 494,100 in 1980, a decline of 13.1 percent.
Conversely, there was an inc cease in both nonrnanufacturing employment and
government employment over the same period of time.
Nonmanufacturing
employment increased by 182,100 people (23.9 percent), whereas, government
employment increased by 29,800 people employed ( 13. 3 percent) .
Total
nonagricultural employment increased over the decade by approximately
137,100 people oc 8. 8 percent. Thus, there was a shifting in the type of
-23-
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'IABIE 17
/ ·°'\
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™PLOYMENI' BY SELECTED INillSTRY
CITY OF Ric:BKH), M2'£CMB CX:IJNTY, MICllI.G!\N
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1970 am 1980*
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1970(a)
INil'.JSTRY
~
PEFCENI'
NlMBER
.PElO'm
NCJmER
0.0
7
.50
7
700.0
PER.rm'
1
Agriculture, Forestry,
and Fisheries
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Construction
71
6.7
91
6.7
20
28.2
Manufacturing
295
27.7
402
29.6
107
36.3
64
6.0
58
4.3
( 6)
10.3
291
27.4
260
19.3
(31)
11.9
Finance, Insurance, and Real
Estate
74
7.0
125
9.2
51
68.9
Business, Personal, and
Entertainment Services
66(*)
6.2
71
5.2
5
7.0
135
12.7
269
19.8
134
49.8
67
.6. 3
73
5.4
6
8.2
0
0.0
- -0
0.0
0
0.0
1,063
100.0
1,356
100.0
293
27.6
0
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ClWG?.s
1970 - 1980
1980(b)
Transportation, Comnunications,
Utilities, and Sanitary Services
Wholesale and Retail Trade
Professional, Health, Education,
and Related Services
Public Administration
'l
Mining
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TOTAL(d)
O(c)
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*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT,
(a) Data from the 1970 U.S. General Social and Econanic Characteristics, Michigan •
• 1
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(b) Data fran the 1980 U.S. Census, Census Tracts, Detroit, Michigan SMSA.
(c) Consultant estimates based upon 1970 "other" employees.
'
(d) Empioyed persons 16 years of age and older.
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TABLE 18
A ~ EMPIDYMENr BY INilJSIRY
THE DEIIDIT METIDroLITAN ARFA
AtHlAI..
1970 AND 1980*
(OOO's)
CWG:
1970 - _1980
INilJS1'RY
1970(a)
1980(a)
RH3ER
PER(Di
]
Total Private
I
Nonmanufacturing(b)
Total Manufacturing
I
759.2
941.3
182.1
23.9
569.0
494.l
(74.9)
(13.1)
Total DJrable Goods(c)
Total Nondurable Gcx::lds(d )
I
Total Government
t Jotal Nonagricultural
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476 . 5
413 .8
(62.7)
( 13. J
92.5
80.3
(12.2)
( 13 . :
223.1
252.9
-29.8
-
13 .3
1,551.2
1,688.3
137 .1
8.8
*Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT, February, 1986.
(a) Data from the Michigan Employment Security Corrmission, Report on Employment, BIS
1830E, for respective years.
(b) Nonmanufacturing includes service, retail trade, utilities, transportation,
·7 cormiunication, construction and other similar industries.
.,
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(c) Durable manufactured goods include autorrobiles, electrical machinery and furniture
products arrong others.
~
(d ) Foods, textiles, apparel, printed materials and chemicals are among the gocds termed
nondurable .
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NarE:
The D=troi t Metropolitan Area includes Wayne, Qakland, Macomb, Lapeer, St. Clair,
and Livingston Counties •
. i
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�work performed. Accompanying the shift was a concomitant increase in the
number of persons employed in the region. Much of the employment increase
can be attributed to the growth in the number of wanen who entered the work
force during this period. As measured by increases in the work force, the
region experienced a rrodest amount of economic growth since 1970. The
population projections developed for the City assume this rroderate rate of
economic growth will continue and act to provide employment opportunities
for future residents of the City.
Ernployrrent by Occupation
....,
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Data in Table 19 display trends in employment, by occupation, for the City
of Richmond in 1970 and 1980. This data also indicate a change in the type
of work being performed.
Between 1970 and 1980 there were large increases in the number of technical
and administrative support employees (51.9 percent) and managerial
employees (68 percent) This trend is projected to continue.
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TABLE 19
.EMPLOYMENI' BY SELECTED cx:::a:JPATIOOS
CITY OF RIOH:'tID, MACa4B axJNrY, MIOIIGAN
1970 and 1980*
i
OCCUPATIOO
rDmER
OWG:S
1970 - 1980
1980(b)
1970(a)
PEXENT
NUMBER
PERCENr
7
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Managerial and Professional
Specialty
194
18. 2
326
24.0
132
68.04
Technical and Administrative
Support
156
14.7
237
J7.5
81
51.92
Sales Workers
113
10.6
105
7.8
(8)
(7.08)
Service Workers
125
11.7
185
13.6
60
48.0
12
1. 2
13
1.0
1
8.33
Precision Prcx:iuction, Crafts,
and Repair
209
19.7
197
14.15
(12)
(5.74 )
Operators, Fabricators, and
Laborers
254
23.9
293
-21.6
-
39
15.35
1,063
100.0
1,356
100.0
293
27.56
Farming, Forestry, and
Fishing
TOTAL EMPLOYED
*Analysis by Wade-TrirtV'IMPACT.
l
]
(a) Data from the 1970 U.S. Census, General Social and Econani~ Characteristics,
Michigan.
(bl Data from the 1980 U.S. Census, General Social and Economic Characteristics,
Michigan.
NOTE:
Data is for employed persons, 16 years of age and older.
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�NATURAL FEATURES
Introduction
The development of land including the excavation, fill, clearing, grading,
and construction that occurs on a site can significantly impact the natural
environment.
Special attention rrust also t:e given to environmentally
sensitive areas.
Environmentally sensitive areas can t:e defined as land areas whose
destruction or disturbance will imnediately effect the life of the
community by either:
1) creating hazards such as flooding; or 2)
destroying important resources such as wetlands and w~od lots; or 3)
wasting important productive lands and renewable resources.
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The purpose of this report, therefore, is two-fold.
First, this study
determines land rrost suitable for development, which would require the
least developrrent costs and provide the maximum amenities without having
adverse effects on existing natural systems. Secondly, this report will
help identify lands most suitable for recreation-conservation.
The
applicable natural features of the City of Richmond are presented t:elaw.
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Topography
Significant Site Features
•0
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Significant site features are those surface characteristics which serve to
"shape the corrrnunity," in some instances discouraging development, and in
others attracting particular land use activities. The first of these to t:e
examined is topography.
The topography of the City of Richrrond is gently rolling to hilly. Land
elevations range from a low of about 707 feet above sea level at the
southwest quadrant of the city to a high of 750 feet above sea level at the
intersection of highway M-19 with the northern City boundary. The gently
.rolling terrain presents few constraints to future development within the
City of Richmond.
1For a complete discussion on the importance of protecting envi~onmentally
sensitive areas see Performance Controls for Sensitive Lands, Planning
Advisory Service Reports 307 and 308, June 1975.
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Woodlands
United States Geological Survey (USGS) data for Richrrond show the existence
of a large woodlands area in the southwest section of the City. V'KXX:llands
are available as wildlife habitat and for aesthetic enjoyment. ~ands
also moderate certain climate conditions, such as flooding and high winds,
by protecting watersheds from siltation and soil erosion caused by
stoanwater runoff or wind.
Woodlands can also improve air quality by
absorbing certain air pollutants as well as buffer excessive noise
generators. To the extent feasible, these woodlands should be exempt from
future land development.
Significant woodland areas are identified on
Map 2.
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Major Bodies of Water
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There is one lake within the jurisdictional limits of the City of Richrrond
as identified on Map 2.
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Besides their obvious aesthetic and recreational benefits, lakes serve as
natural retention areas for stormwater runoff, act as
groundwater
recharge resource and also tend to rroderate the microclimate in proximity
to its shores.
Protection of these natural assets should be given high
priority.
a
Hydrology
Surface drainage in Richmond is accomplished by a system of natural
drainageways and creeks. Included is the Gillett Drain and Fisher Drain.
Their location is illustrated on Map 2.
These water courses are prone to flooding during major wet weather events.
Development within flood prone areas must be carefully managed.
Floodplain management involves balancing the economic gain from floodplain
development against the resulting increase in flood hazard.
The Flood Emergency Management Administration of the U.S. Deparurent of
Housing and Urban Development has not developed Flood Insurance Rate maps
for the City of Richmond since the City is not a E>articipant in the
National Flood Insurance program. Those areas subject to periodic flooding
within the City have thus not been recorded. However, flooding has not
been reported to be a problem.
v~etlands
In 1979, the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act was enacted by the
st.ate of Michigan.
This legislation was passed to protect wetlands by
cestricting their use to certain activities (fishing, boating, farming,
arrong othe rs) while permitting other activities only after permit approval
by the state of Michigan. Permits are approved only upon a review of an
'environmental assessment filed by the petitioner and upon a finding that
tie activity is in the public interest.
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�SIGNIFICANT SITE FEATURES
- 740 _,,,,,-
CONTOUR ELEVATION LINES
~~i(W~\(
WOODLAND
1
DRAINAGEWAY
c::::;
BODY OF WATER
MAP 2
CITY OF RICHMOND
:~i;~
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~:.:;..:
~~_!.,._;=..:.-~~=-~-""7-:":-:~:-:":::~:-:------------------t ~1~
MACOMB COUNTY , MICHIGAN
Wi!de-Trim_l!MP.1111CT
Mumc1pa and
Planning Consultants
�,.
I
Under the Act, the follawing wetlands are protected:
1.
Wetlands contiguous to an inland lake, pond, river, stream, oc
similar natural water course.
2.
Wetlands five acres in size or larger in counties which contain a
population of at least 100,000 people.
The Act also pecmi.ts a municipality, by ordinance, to provide for a rrore
stringent definition and regulation of wetlands. According to the Wetland
Protection Unit, Division of Land Resource Programs, for the state of
Michigan, municipalities typically invoke this option to protect wetlands
which serve as habitats for rare or endangered species of plants and/or
animals. The Michigan Natural Features Inventory has checked their data
base and have found no known occurrence of endangered or threatened species
or exemplary natural cocmtUnities for the City of Richmond (see Appendix). ·
The Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of Interior has
conducted a wetlands inventocy of the City of Richrrond using stereoscopic
analysis of high altitude aerial photographs. This inventory is shown as
Ma[? 3.
Mar;> 3 indicates the presence of wetland areas primarily in the southwest
portion of the City which are protected under the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland
Protection Act.
Soils
Two majoc associations are found within the City of Richmond.
description of each association is shawn below.
A brief
Areas of this soil are on rroraines
and on glacial till plains. The soil has rrodecately slaw permeability,
slow runoff, and m::xiecate infiltration. A seasonal high water table makes
woi:-kability difficult during the wet seasons, but the soil is easily worked
undei:- proper:- rroistuce conditions. The ocganic matter content is rroderate,
the natural fertility is modecately high and the available moisture
capacity is high. Limitations are a seasonal high water table, maintenance
of soil structure, and poor trafficability under wet co~ditions.
Corx)ver Loam (0 to 2 percent slopes):
Parkhill Loam (O to 2 percent slopes): Parkhill soils are law to high in
oi:-ganic matter content and high in natucal fectility. If these soils are
not artificially drained the water table is near the surface rruch of the
year. Infiltration is slaw, permeability is m::xierately slow, the available
rroisture capacity is high and runoff is slaw or ponded. Management of
Parkhill Loam that includes artificial drainage, supplies ocganic matter,
and maintains soil structure is l.ffif)Ortant.
Map 4 indicates that there are soil types within the City which can be
plassified as sensitive.
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�L..
:..----
..,.- ~- i:_
..;"-'..,,
w..
~
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- " - --
L .J
PO
--Ill
-..
~
...J
Hx.
....,
n-..,
PFOY
PO~
-------- - --
a:
<
cl
'"'"
---------
WETLAND
__ _ ~j
l2'!ltF1-L 2 EM, 1
___
rNFOtlMAT10N AVAn.AnU.
FROM wm,.ANTl
INVF.NmRY MArS
___ .
=--=-~-"'==="=
-----...--. -~
-_
___
~--_:-.:=:p-~
.... . ........
__
. .----_____
....... __ -~__
.
-- ··----4 ...... _
--·---:::-;---...=:--__...--=-·-=----·---__ ... __
... - ._..,------~
__ ___ ....
.-------......
__ ... ____
_
--·-·-__.....~~
.--------___ . ___ .
"'-----~
--- . -- -· -------------------- .
CITY OF RICHMOND
.
,.....
,...__
-~-·~..--..
.. -. 1,_
-•-►-"_.., ..
_.._._
.. .
_.,
,,.._
._.."'.__,,..,._
_..,___,
___
,___
......,.
...__.__ .,..-_
L
..._
-·-------
,....,.,...._
..
·-- -•-··- -
PIILUSTTHNE WETLAND
·-:::::-·
(UMOf:A '1'111! ACM:SJ
--------·---------·-·-·-·-·- ·- --
....,._
.._
__.---_ __ _
•·- -
PROTECTED PI\LUSTRINE
WETLAND
--
W-..4~1J""'
~ t l l .... ..,_,.,.,.._
lt .......
------·• ...
tia..,..
MAP 3
:~~
.~..!.._.:...-,=;,;~,--=:~U7.N~T::-Y~~M:--:-;l-;:C::';H~IG:;::-A-=--:N-;----------------------ll-,e~J
MACOMB CO
,
■-••
Wade-Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and
Planning Consultants
�·• ··
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SOILS
G
•
SENSITIVE SOILS
MAP~
CITY
OF RICHMOND
:M;
::=_.!..!_!_..:::::.:.....,....::_:c:..::::::.:...:.:.,:..:..:~-:--::::~-:-:::::-:-7"':"--------------------~...~ .a
MACOMB COUNTY , MICHIGAN
•-••
Wude-Tr,m/lMPACT
Municipal a.n d
Planning Consulr3nls
�.
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Sensitive soils within th~.! City of Richrrond are generally i;xx>dy drained
un<l have high water table making them unsuitable for waste dis~osal.
The soil inter:-pretations are general in nature and will not eliminate the
net.'<l for on site study and testing of S!;)ecif ic sites for the design and
construction of specific uses.
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EXIsr:nl; LAND USE ANALYSIS
Intrcduction
The collection, ccmpilation, and analysis of existing land use inforrna.tion
is an essential element of a corrrnunity's ccmprehensive plan.
The
preparation of the Future Land Use Plan is only possible when there is a
clear undez:-standing of existing conditions and relationships between land
uses.
The inventory of existing land uses serves as the basis for
analyzing land use patterns and future development trends. In the course
of execc1s1ng its zoning powers, the City rrust give reasonable
consider:ation to the charactez:- of each district and its suitability foz:paz:-ticular uses.
An inventory of the existing development pattern would
further this objective. The Existing Land Use Map and acz:-eage table which
are included in this report will also sez:-ve as a ready z:-efecence foe the
City in its considecation of everyday pcoblems in land use management and
public improvement proposals.
Survey Methodology
A field suz:-vey was conducted for the puz:-pose of gathering existing land use
data.
Each parcel in the City of Richmond was visually inspected in the
field and its use compared to, and cecorded on, 1980, 100 scale aerial
phot<YJraphs which were supplied by the Macomb County Planning Ccmnission.
Land use categories wece then developed which incorporated all types of
existing uses and which would readily distinguish one class of property
from another. The classifications were then rr,apped on a 500 scale mylar
property line base map of the City, cceated by Wade-Trim/IMPACT
specifically for this planning program.
Acr.eage calculations for each land use category were obtained by direct
measurement of the existing land use rr,ap, using an electronic digitizer
connected to a Hewlett-Packard canputer.
Richmond Land Usage
Nine ( 9) land use categories were utilized for purposes of this analysis.
Map 5, entitled Existing Land Use, ceveals these clas~ifications and their
gee.graphic distribution thz:-oughout the conirnunity.
The City of Richmond encompasses an area of 1.79 square miles or
~p!;)roximately 1,148 acres, of which a!;)proximately 47.13% (541.17 acres)
have been developed. The remaining 52.87% (607.01 acres) have been
considered as undeveloped and includes open space and agricultural land
under cultivation. Table 20 provides a descriptive surrrnary of the various
land use classifications within the City and the extent to which each use
contributes to the total land area.
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FlflO .SUAV!Y1 AUGUST 24 ,29,29. 1988
EXISTING LAND USE
P---~ I LAND UNDER CULTIVATION
~ OFFICE
(-. ......·.! SINGLE FAMILY : :~;~-:::
COMMERCIAL
C'Z:m MULTIPLE FAMILY
~ INDUSTRIAL
~ MOBILE HOME PARK
!:EE PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC
C:::J OPEN SPAC~ AND OTHER
MAP 5
•-•
OF RIC HMOND
CITY
:.:::..:...~~~:::-::::-~~:--;:-.;;:~;::;-;;--;:-;--------------{~j
MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
■-••
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Municipal and
Planning Cons11tr;ints
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TABLE 20
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EXISTING LAND USE
CITY . OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICH(GAN
1988*
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PERCENT
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LAND USE CATEGORY
ACRES
Single-Family Residential
272.27
23.71
Multiple-Family Residential
24.41
2.13
]
Mobi l. e Homes
14.24
1. 24
Comm e rcial
61.03
5.32
3
Ot: Ei.ce
1. 86
0.16
29.30
2.55
i
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I ndustcial Utilities
OF TOTAL
)
Publ i c/Semi-Public
138.05
12.02
r)
Agciculture (land under
cultivation)
119.62
10.42
Open Space (includes coad
right-of-way)
487.39
42.45
1,148.17
100.00
]
TOTAL
a
*Wade-Tri m/IMPACT l and use survey, August 24, 26, and 29,
19 8 l::l.
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Single-Family Residential
Single-family residential uses comprise 272.27 acres (23.71%) of the total
developed land within the City. Single-family residential development is
evenly dispersed throughout the City with heavier concentrations of
r:-esidential developnent located in the northeast and southeast quadrants.
The majority of the homes within the City of Richmond are located on
platted lots within subdivisions ranging in density fran three to four
dwelling uni ts per acre. A few hemes on larger parcels exist adjacent to
the City's northern boundary on the north side of Pound Road.
J
Multiple-Family Residential
The multiple-family classification represents properties containing three
or rrcre units on the same site. They may be rental or condaniniurn units or
cooperatives in complexes or in single structures. Land uses so classified
also include related lawn areas, parking areas, and any small recreation
facilities associated with the development.
Multiple-family development accounts for a.bout 24.41 acres (2.13%) of the
acreage in the City of Richrrcnd.
Multiple-family apartment complexes,
including Nancy Manor and Richrrcnd Club Apartments, are located on the
north side of Division Road, west of Skinner Drive; and along Dow Street,
east of Grand Trunk.
1.
Mobile Homes
Within the City of Richrrcnd, rrcbile hanes occupy 14.24 acres (1.24%) of the
total land area. Mobile home development is contained within a rrobile hane
park, located between Beebe Street and Skinner Drive.
Cornnercial
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Comnercial uses have developed in a "strip" pattern primarily along the
Main Street (M-19) and Division Road corridors of the City. Comnercial use
accounts for 61.03 acres (5.32%) of the land area total. Cornnercial uses
within the City of Richmond include car dealerships, gas stations, hardware
stores, restaurants, and other convenience and retail uses.
Office
Office uses are financial institutions, medical, and professional service
(i.e., legal, real estate, accounting) establishments. Only approximately
1.86 acres (0.16%) of the City is developed for office use.
Existing
off ice uses include a professional center located at the southeast corner
of Division Road and Stoecker Lane; offices on Beebe Street between Monroe
Street and water Street; and offices on the west side of Main Street, south
of Beier Street.
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Industrial
The majority of the City of Ridurond' s industrial uses are located in the
central portion of the City, along the Grand Trunk and Western Railroad.
Primary industrial uses within the City include a concrete and lumber
canpany north of Division Road to the south of Grand Trunk and Western
Railroad; a concrete plant south of Division Road; Southeast Michigan Gas
west of Burke Road; and a meat canpany north of Division Road, to the east
of Grand Trunk and Western Railroad. There are 29. 30 acres (2. 55%) of
industrial land within the City.
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Public and Semi-Public
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Public land use includes open land for outdoor cultural, public assembly or
recreational purposes, educational uses including all types of public
institutions where education is a primary use and governmental
administration and service buildings.
Land uses and facilities which are privately awned and operated and used by
the public or a limited number of persons and do not profit as their
principal intent, are considered semi-public land uses.
Churches are
examples of semi-public uses.
The City contains approximately 138.05 acres (12.02%) of public and
semi-public uses. Land uses in this category include St. Michael's
Cemetery and St. Augustine Catholic School in the southeast quadrant of the
City; Richrrond High School, Richmond Middle School, and a public library in
the southwest quadrant; little league baseball diamonds and a recreational
facility to the south of Madison Street; and a variety of smaller uses
located throughout the City.
Agriculture (Land Under Cultivation)
Lands in this classification include areas used for productive agricultural
purposes. Within the City of Richmond, there are 119.62 acres (10.42%) of
land area being cultivated for agricultural purposes. The available
agdcultural land in this vicinity is considered to be very productive.
Crops cultivated include corn, cucumbers, beans, onions, and other
vegetable crops.
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::.
,. ·:--
...
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Ooen Space and Other
This classification includes lands that are vacant and not being used foF
agricultural purposes or other uses. For the purposes of this analysis,
vacant land also includes roadways and wooded lands. Within the City of
Richrrond, 487.39 acres (42.45%) of the land area is vacant or fallow.
Vacant land, depending on its location and physical limitations, could be
used for residential and nonresidential development, transitional land
uses, and agricultural crop production.
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Existing Land Use/Area of Influence
The City of Richmond has chosen to investigate the existing land use
pattern and physical features in an area bounded by Hebel Road, as
extended, to the north; Lowe Plank Road to the west; 31 Mile Road to the
south; and the Macomb/St. Clair County boundary to the east. It is
believed that this area will have the rrost immediate impact upon the City
in regards to long-range planning policies, future zoning trends,
infrastructure needs, and potential service delivery requirements.
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The area of influence, comprises a land area of 2.75 square miles or
approximately 1,760 acres. Approximately 12% (205 acres) have bee~
developed. The remaining 88% (1,555 acres) have been considered as
undeveloped and may include cropland, open land, wooded areas, and vacant
!_)roperties.
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Seven land use categories were utilized for purposes of this analysis (see
Table 21).
They include single-family residential, off ic~, cornnercial,
industrial, public/semi-public, land under cultivation, and open space. A
description of each of these classifications and locations of the various
land uses are presented below. Land use classifications within the area of
influence are indicated on Map 1.
Single-Family Residential
In general, single-family homes are located on large acreage parcels along
major arterials within the planning area. Low density residential land use
accounts for approximately 118.74 acres (6.75%) of the total land use .
within the area. Higher density multiple-family residential develoi;ment is
nonexistent within the area of influence. Increasing residential land use
densities would not be feasible at the present time because of a lack of
utilities and infrastructure necessary to support higher densities.
Corrmercial
Ccmnercial uses within the area of influence are located primarily along 32
Mile Road to the east and west of the City of Richrrond, and along highway
M-19 in the Muttonville area. Within the planning area, there are 45.80
acres (2.6%) of commercial land use. Major commercial uses include
Michigan National Bank., K-Mart, AIS Equipment, and Lumber Jack Building
Supply.
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Office
Office uses within the area of influence are located within an office
building on the south side of highway M-19 in the Muttonville area. Office
use consists of 1.63 acres (0.09%) of the total land within the planning
area.
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TABLE 21
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EXISTING LAND USE/AREA OF INFLUENCE
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1988*
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ACRES
Single-Family Residential
118.74
6.75
45.80
2.60
1.63
0.09
Industrial
16.51
0.94
Public/Semi-Public
22.26
1.26
244.25
13.88
Open Space (includes road
right-of-way)
1,310.96
74.48
TOTAL
1,760.15
100.00
Commercial
Office
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Agriculture (land under
cultivation)
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*Wade-Trim/IMPACT land use survey, August 24, 26, and 29,
1988.
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PERCENT
OF TOTAL
LAND USE CATEGORY
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Industrial
Industrial uses al:'e located on the north side of 32 Mile Road to the east
of the City boundary, and on the north side of highway M-19 in the
Muttonville al:'ca. Within the plaMing area, thel:'e are 16.51 acres (0.94%)
o( industria.l land uses, including Foste!:' Oil Canpany and an extractive
use.
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Public and Semi-Public
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Public and semi-public uses within the area of influence account for
22.26 acres (1.26%) of land area. Public and semi-public uses include a
cemetery on the east side of Memphis Ridge Road, a wastewater treatment
plant on the north side of 31 Mile Road, and two churches .
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Agriculture (Land Under Cultivation)
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There is a significant amount of productive agricultural land within the
northern quadrants of the area of influence. Within the plaMing area,
there are 244.25 acres (13.88%) of agricultural land. The available
agricultural land in this vicinity is considered to be very productive and
includes corn, beans, and other vegetable crops.
Open Space
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This classification includes lands that are vacant and not being used for
agricultural purposes or other uses. For the purposes of this analysis,
vacant land also includes roadways. Within the area of influence, 1,310.96
acres (74.48%) of the land is vacant or fallow.
There is significant
potential for the utilization of vacant land within the area of influence.
Adequate services and infr-astructure, including sanitary sewer, must be
available, however, before this potential can be fully realized.
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Sl."RUC'lURAL CXNDITIOOS ANALYSIS
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Intrcduction
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a part of the housing needs assessment, information on the physical
condition of single-family hanes was ccmpiled.
In those neighborhocds
where substantial numbers of homes are in poor condition, there is a
tendency for adjacent properties to deteriorate and for the general
environment of the area to be negatively affected. The process of
deterioration, if allowed to continue, becomes expensive to the individual
and the cormn.mity in a variety of ways.
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Stc-uctural detedoration most often results in a decrease in neighborhood
property values, with the City ultimately experiencing a reduction in tax
cevenues.
Because of this loss of tax dollars, the ccmnunity is often
forced to reduce services, which may serve to further hasten the
deterioration of the neighborhood. This need not be -the case, since
suitable programs may be designed to arrest the deterioration process. The
nature of any particular program, however, depends on the magnitude of the
deterioration, the amount of funds available to implement program
cecornnendations, and the policies of the local government.
Methodology
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The assessment of the structural condition of hares in the City of Richmond
was accomplished through a survey which rated the individual units against
selected criteria. A nwindshield" and on-site survey of all single-family
detached building exteriors in the City was conducted in June, 1988. Each
home (excluding multiple-family units and mobile hanes) was assigned to one
of three structural categories: standard, deteriorating, or substandard.
The standard category includes recently built hemes, those currently under
construction, and hanes of all ages which are in generally good condition,
but which may need maintendnce or minor repairs.
Those few structures
included in this category which would benefit from minor repairs generally
require only cleaning and painting. An example of a standard structure is
shown in Figure 1.
The homes in the deteriorating category are in poor condition as evidenced
by either a defect in a single major structural elerre~t (roof sag, walls
out of plumb, or cracked foundation) or by five or rrore minor structural
flaws, including missing materials, rotted frames or sills, and open cracks
or holes. The nature of these deficiencies, although undesirable, are such
that the repair and rehabilitation of the heme appears to be econanically
feasible. A deteriorating structure is shown in Figure 2.
The homes in the substandard category are typically so dilapidated as to
render them unsafe for habitation. They contain at least t\.JO defects in
major structural elements, or one major defect combined wi th five or more
minor structural flaws. Rehabilitation of these units is assumed not to be
EJ<,onemically feasible, because of their- advanced stage of deterioration.
Figure 3 shows an example of a substandard home.
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Structural Cuality Results
It can easily be inferred that the vast majority of housing units within
the City are structurally sound, since they have recently been built;
however, a cursory survey of the City's housing stock, conducted by
Wade-Tdrn/IMPACT in June, 1988, indicated that a significant number of
dwelling units were showing evidence of structural decay.
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Data in Table 22 document the structural status of all single-family
detached homes in the City of Richmond. Structural conditions are
generally good in total, reflecting both the fairly recent vintage of the
majority of hemes in the corrmunity and the original quality of
construction.
Approximately 99 percent of the single-family detached
housing stock appears to be in standard condition. Only nine homes are
classified as deteriorating, while three units are designated as
substandard and warrant rerroval.
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While the overall condition of single-family homes in the City of Richroc>nd
is excellent, there are two subareas which exhibit conc~ntrations of
deteriorating housing.
The greatest concentrations of deteriorating
structures are found in the southeast quadrant of the City, south of
Division Street; and the west central portion of the City between Ridge
Road and Division Street (Map 6).
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Causes of Structural Cecline
What causes one-family structures in the same general geographic location
to have widely varying degrees of stcuctural decay? Many factors can be
contributing agents, but in the City of Richmond the rrost prevalent factors
causing structural decay include the following:
Obsolete and Inadequate Original Construction
Table 22 shows 1. 3 percent of the total structures as being deficient.
Field inspection revealed many of these were older homes. While these
buildings may have been standard at the time built, the advanced age of the
buildings is causing inadequacy to grON in importance. Structural defects,
lack of adequate facilities and amenities, and poor general appearance, are
major contributing factors causing these buildings to become blighted.
This is probably the rrost important cause of building decay in the City .
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Inadequate Buildirg Maintenance
Older housing areas generally have a. large proportion of elderly people,
many living on a fixed income, such as a pension, which does not provide
adequate allowance for repairs at the same time that the structure's age
and obsolescence requires extensive repair and maintenance. In addition,
many elderly persons are not physically able to make repairs that might be
normally made by a younger householder at minimum expense.
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STRUCTURAL QUALITY BY NEIGHBORHOOD
STANDARD STRUCTURES
DETERIORATING STRUCTURES
SUBSTANDARD STRUCTURES
1-6
NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBERS
NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARY
MAP 6
ND
•~•
RICHMO
OF___
CITY
;...;_;;__,;____,;__
_.;;__~~=-:--,-~----------«[~]
MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
---
Wade-Trim/IMPACT
Municipal and
Ptanmng consu1tants
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TABLE 22
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SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MICHIGAN
1988*
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STRUCTURAL CONDITION
Standard
Deteriorating
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NUMBER
PERCENT
928
9
98.7
1.0
3
0.3
940
100.0
Substandard
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*Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT, Structural Quality
Survey, June, 1988.
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J~tible I.and Uses
Incanpatible land uses usually occur in residential neighborhoods where
industrial or ccmnercial uses exist mixed in with the residential uses •
The opposite is also true where residential units are mixed with industrial
and COlil'rercial uses. The City sho,.,s evidence of mixed uses along its major
section line roads. These uses also cause the generation of undesirable
traffic flow patterns and parking problems.
The City would be improved
with the elimination of incompatible land uses.
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FIGURE 1
STANDARD
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The standard category includes recently built homes, those
currently under construction, and homes of all ages which may
need minor repairs and maintenance but are generally in good
condition.
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FIGURE 2
DETERIORATING
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Structures in the deteriorating category are in poor condition as
evidenced by either a defect in a single major structural element
(roof sag, cracked foundation, walls out of plumb) or by five or~
more minor structural flaws ranging from missing materials to
open holes and cracks. This category is such that while the
deficienci~s are undesirable, repair and rehabilitation of the
structure appears to be economically feasible.
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FIGURE 3
SUBSTANDARD
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Substandard structures are so dilapidated as to render them
unsafe for habitation. For classification purposes, they contain
at least two in the major structural elements or one major defect~
combined with at least five or more minor structural flaws as
defined above. At this stage of deterioration, rehabilitation is
assumed to not be economically feasible.
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GOALS, CE.J"EX:TIVES, AND POLICY STAD:MENIS
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Introduction
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ln order lo ef foctively plan for its future growth and development, the
City of Rich.Irond must first set certain goals and objectives based on
comnunity consensus, to guide the decision making process and establish a
basis for Future Land Use Plan Formulation.
These goals and objectives
must reflect the type of ccmnunity desired and the kind of lifestyle its
citizens wish to follow, given realistic econcmic and social constraints.
The following text represents a reccmnended set of goals (the ultimate
purposes ·or intent of the plan), objectives (means of attaining ccmnunity
goals) and policy statements (specific statements which guide action) which
are prepared to guide local City officials in reviewing future land use
proposals.
While the Future Land Use Plan indicates, in general, the type and location
of future development, it should not be used independentiy of the plan
policies. The policies are the key ingredients of the plan in that they
provide flexibility and allow adaptation to new and unforeseen situations
as they niay occur.
Goals
The City of Richmond recognizes the many advantages available within the
cornnunity including available recreation activities available Central
Business District, attractive neighborhoods and hemes, a good educational
system attractive natural assets and generally excellent carmunity
facilities and services.
The City of Richmond wishes to maintain and
enhance these important community features while pursuing methods of
encouraging ordecly and balanced economic develofn1ent in the future.
In
recognition of these facts, the City of Richrnond adopts the following
general corrrnunity goals to guide future develofn1ent activities:
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Promote the orderly economic development of the City of Richmond.
Orderly econcmic development can be defined as maximizing the use of
public dollar investments in facilities and services, such as water
and wastewater systems, roads, schools, transit, law enforcement, fire
protection, and parks.
2.
Protect and manage the a1verse and valuable land, water, and air
resources of the City for the use and enjoyment of present and future
generations.
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3.
Promote and maintain a balanced ecological system in the City of
Richmond and develop methods that will enable City residents to
continue the physical developnent of the area without damaging the
environment.
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Ensure diversity, stability, and balance of land uses to serve human
needs: residential areas; natural and recreational areas; schools and
cultural activities; adequate public services; access to shopping,
health services, and places of employment.
4.
Objectives and Policies
1
Achievement of comnunity goals can be accomplished if the City of Richirond
adopts and adheres to the following objectives and policies with respect to
residential, comnercial, industrial, public and semi-public lands, and the
natural environment.
Residential Develq:ment
ObJective
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Prarote the development of planned residential areas designed to offer a
variety of identifiable living environments.
Policies
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Prarote the identification, preservation and redevelopment of
historically significant houses and neighborhoods in the City of
Richirond.
2.
Promulgate future land use policies which will prevent the
encroachment of carrnercial or industrial activity in established
residential areas.
3.
Ensure that new residential development of appropriate density does
not occur in areas which are unsuitable and inccmpatible such as
established heavy canmercial or industrial districts, or other areas
of the City where the quality of residential development would be
compromised by abutting land uses.
4.
In areas of the City other than historical distcicts, redevelopment
for residential purposes is to be encouraged due to cost efficiency in
utilization of existing infrastructure capacity and improvements. The
City of Richmond shall encourage the preservation of homes and
districts deemed to be of historical significance.
5.
Establish residential land use policies which are compatible with
environmentally sensitive areas and encourage residential develoi;:roent
into areas which do not demonstrate significant environmental
constraints.
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�6.
City programs which offer housing assistance to lcw and moderate
income and special needs groups should, when determined by City
Council to be practical and possible, be continued and upgraded.
7.
8xaminc innovative methods of financing
substandacd cesidential units in the City.
8.
Continue to nonitor the conditions of residential hanes in the City to
detect and eliminate housing code violations.
9.
Apply consistent residential site standards to conventional and
manufactured housing during the City's subdivision review process.
10.
Encourage the development and use of technological innovations in
housing construction which provide safe and livable housing and at the
same time provide reduced housing costs.
11.
Analyze City building and land development codes to identify and
modify those regulations which unn~cessarily inflate the cost of
housing.
12.
Encourage energy-efficiency
residential develo~nts.
13.
Encourage development patterns which do not physically isolate low and
moderate income and special needs groups from other sectors of
society.
14.
Recognize the need for and encourage the development of affordable
housing in the City of Richmond.
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Examine the feasibility of creating new financial incentives for the
development of low cost, affordable housing in the City of Richmond.
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Ccmnercial ~velcpnent
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and
the
conservation
redevelopment
measuces
in
of
new
Objective
Provide a full range of corrrnercial facilities which are adequate to serve
the resident population within the Richmond Market Area.
Policies
1.
Recognize the City of Richrnond as an accessory corrrnercial center
serving the local consumer population.
2.
Encourage the establishment of new corrmercial uses and the expansion
of existing establishments in the City.
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3.
Encourage the development of clustered ccmnercial and/or office
facilities in close proximity to major street intersections, thus
providing the opportunity to offer a variety of goods and services
most conveniently, r-ather than fostering the developnent of strip
carrnercial developnent.
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4.
Strip commercial thoroughfare frontage developnents should be
discouraged except where it can be substantiated that there is a need
for highway-oriented type businesses and other business uses that are
not typically involved in ccmparison or multi-purpose shopping trips.
5.
Encourage the use of marginal access drives and limit the number of
entrances and exists serving comnercial uses as a means of reducing
traffic conflicts along major business corridors.
6.
Require all proposed canmercial rezoning to be justified in terms of
neighborhood, ccmnunity, and market area needs, as applicable.
7.
A compatible relationship should be established between carmercial
centers and adjacent residential properties through the use of such
buffer devices as walls, landscape areas, and transitional uses. The
disruption of residential areas by poorly located corrmercial
activities should be avoided.
8.
Corrmercial development should be located in close proximity to other
land uses which have similar facility and service needs in order to
provide a rrore efficient and cost effective delivery of services.
9.
All corrmercial developnent shall be established only in areas where
adequate public facilities and services already exist, will be
provided prior to occupancy, or are scheduled to be available within
an approved time frame.
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Iooustrial Develcpoont
Objective
Encourage a variety of light industrial development with attractive sites
which will strengthen the tax base and provide a place of employment for
area residents.
Policies
1.
Encourage the development of new types of industries and those that
are econcmically associated with the existing industrial base.
2.
Provide industry at locations which can be readily serviced by public
utilities and are easily accessible to the existing transportation
network, especially airport and rail facilities.
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�3.
Locate industrial areas where they have reasonable boundaries and are
not subject to encroachment by incanpatible uses.
4.
Preserve and rehabilitate appropriate industrial areas by rerroving
incanpatible uses, consolidating land, and rerroving vacant and
substandard buildings as well as giving particular attention to
landscaping, buffer strips, off-street parking, and other design
matters.
5.
Incorporate and utilize the concept of development of industrial land
in industrial parks _or planned industrial districts with well designed
points of entrance and exit, controlled site and building design, and
adequate parking areas.
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Natural Envirorment
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Objective
To maintain and preserve sufficient open space and recreation facilities to
satisfy the needs of City residents.
Policies
1.
Implement land use patterns which will ensure sufficient open space to
serve the needs of the future population and which will protect
essential natural resources.
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2.
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Encourage patterns of developnent which will maxlffil.ze environmental
protection and canpatibility while striving to meet the Township's
social and economic needs, by recognizing the fact that natural
resources are a vital carmunity benefit.
3.
Evaluate all future development and redevelopment in terms of
protecting and enhancing the natural environment including, but not
limited to, air and water quality.
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The proposals enl.ll'tterated above for the City of Richmond are objectives and
policies to guide future development. If the planning program is to be
rrore than a confusion of varied opinions, then it is essential that these
objectives and policies be seriously considered. They will help maintain
an orderly, prosperous, and attractive development pat.tern in the City.
These statements are suggested as a starting point for the City officials.
As the planning process progresses, the goals, objectives, and policies rray
be altered and new ones formed.
Thus, these reccmnendations are flexible
and need constant attention. It is recomnended that the goals, objectives
and policies be reviewed and updated as necessary, and adopted on an annual
basis.
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P ~ AND IESIGN
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Introduction
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Prior to the preparation of a Future I.and Use Plan, a series of planning
and design parameters must be established to guide the preparation of the
plan.
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This chapter will identify the market potential for cornnercial and
industrial properties in the City of Richrrond through the application of
nationally recognized planning and design standards. This data will be
used to determine the arrount of urban land which can reasonably be expected
to be absorbed by the comnunity by the end of the planning period.
Ccmnercial Development Standards
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Ccmnercial development is a very important ingredient of the corrrnunity
econanic base.
Comnercial establishments provide goods and services to
consumers, promote economic stability, and can generally enhance the
quality of life for area residents. However, if carmercial districts are
not suitably located and carefully planned they can be a disruptive element
and ultimately detract fran, rather than enhance, the ccmnunity
environment.
Planned shopping centers have distinct advantages over strip comnercial
development.
The developer of a planned center is able to locate the
center in a strategically favorable market demand setting, plan for
controlled site access and adequate parking, provide effective, attractive
landscaping,
leave roan for building expansion,
and coordinate
architectural facade and signage treatments. On the other hand, relatively
unplanned shopping areas, situated along major thoroughfares, and generally
developed in a piecemeal, uncoordinated fashion, are often constructed as
individual speculative ventures, without forethought to possible future
changes in market demands or comnunity needs. For these reasons, the City
of Richmond should encourage the development of carefully planned,
clustered, cornnercial developrrents, rather than isolated uses in
uncoordinated commercial strips.
Shoppi.o:J Center Requirements
There are three primary types of shopping centers:
center, cornnunity center, and regional center.
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the neighl::orhood
A ne ighl::orhood center serves the convenience goods needs of local
shoppers and traditionally includes uses such as grocery stores,
drugstores, barber and beauty shops, coin laundries, hardware stores,
and other similar uses established primarily to serve the day-to-day
shopping and personal service needs of local neighl::orhood residents.
The neighborhood center is typically designed to serve a population of
2,500 to 40,000 persons (depending upon the density of development)
living within a 1-1/ 2 mile radius. A land area of three to five acres
is generally required to acccrrmodate buildings, parking, and
service/loading space and to honor setback standards .
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A ccmnunity scale shopping center is built around a junior department
store or a variety store as the major tenant, as well as a
supermarket.
In addition, the center may contain other kinds of
comparison goods establishirents. Conrnercial uses included in these
types of centers include restaurants, general merchandise, apparel and
accessories, furniture and appliance stores, and so forth.
Professional offices may also be located in these centers. Carmunity
shopping centers typically serve a population of 40,000 to 150,000
people living within a 3-m.ile radius.
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The regional scale shopping center provides a wide variety of goods,
including general merchandise, apparel,
furniture,
and hane
furnishings.
The regional center is built around a full-line
department store and is designed to serve a population of 150,000
people or more, living within a 15-mile radius.
The shopping center standards, discussed above, are surnnarized and
presented in Table 23.
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Unrelated Ccmnercial Uses
Not all corrrnercial uses are sited within preplanned shopping centers.
Special attention must also be given to uses which are free-standing,
independent structures, not part of a planned shopping center
environment.
Most of these uses are considered "highway-oriented" businesses, since
much of their trade results from exposure and accessibility to passing
rrotorists.
Data in Table 24 present reccmnended market base standards for many of
these uses such as apparel stores, restaurants and liquor stores. For
land use planning purposes, the total amount of such acreage which can
be expected TIU.1st be projected. Wade-Trim/IMPACT recomnends that five
acres per 1,000 people be provided for such development.
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Office Space Requirements
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Data in Table 24 also document the population base necessary to
support different types of office development typical of local,
communities (doctors, real estate, accounting, travel agencies, legal
off ices, and banks). To provide for additional office development,
Wade-Trim/IMPACT recarrnends that three acres per 1,000 people be
provided for planning future office developnent.
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-- ... .. - ., L ....J
--
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:
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TABLE 23
TYPICAL SHOPPING CENTER STANIWm:i*
POPUI.ATIOO BASE
a::t,tR)SITIOO
SERVICE AREA
CENTER TYPE
SITE SIZE
3- 5 acres
Supennarket as the principal
tenant with other stores
providing convenience goods
or personal services. Typical
GlA of 30,000 to 100,000
square feet.
Trade area population
of 2,500 to 40,000
people.
Ne ighl:x::>rhood,
Ne iyhlx:Khood
ccmnunity
Center
Junior department store or
variety store as the major
tenant, in addition to the
supermarket and several
merchandise stores. Typical
GlA of 100,000 to 300,000
square feet.
Trade area population
of 40,000 to 150,000
people.
3-mile radius
10 acres
150,000 or ioore people.
Regional
Center
Built around a full-line
department store with
minimum GlA of 100,000
square feet. Typical
center GlA of 300,000 to
1,000,000 square feet.
10-15 mile radius
30-50
acres
Center
I
VI
0
I
•urban Land Institute, Shopping Center Develognent Handbook , (Washington,
NCJI'E:
GlA represents gross leasable area.
o.c.),
1977.
6-minute drive time
1 to 1-1/2 mile radius
�A
TABLE 24
7.....
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mxn,,MENOED SIORE OR SERVICE USE STAND!\RIS
CITY OF RICBM)ND, MACCMB CCONI'Y', MICHIGAN
1990*
i
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SIORE OR SERVICE USE
Food Stores
Drug Stores
Liquor Stores
Restaurants and Taverns
Laundries (coin-operated)
7
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Dry Cleaners
Beauty Shops
Barbee Shops
Television Repair
Real-Estate Offices
Br-anch Banks
Accounting Offices
Nur-series
Travel ~encies
vbmen's Apparel Stores
Spar-ting-Goods Stores
Books and Stationery
'Furnitur-e and Home
Furnishings Stores
Carner-a Stores
Autorrotive Service Stations
Hardware, Paint, and
Building Supply Stores
POPULATION
BASE
4,000
9,000
3,100
varies
12,400a
3,000
2,100
3,300
5,300
n/a
4,500
n/a
16,200
varies
6,00
18,000
6,500
6,200
RENrAL
REVENUE
TYPICAL
BOIIDING SIZE
rorEmIAL
(SCOARE FEET)
lcw
high
high
lcw
low
medium
high
high
20,000
5,400
2,000
3,300
high
high
high
high
rredium
low
MARKE!'
PENETFATION
law
medium
medium
low
high
high
n/a
medium
high
medium
medium
medium
1,600
1,300
1,200
750
1,400
1,000
4,000
n/a
1,300
800
2,500
n/a
2,000
law
medium
10,200
high
lcw
n/a
high
high
low
medium
\
55,100
2,800
medium
low
medium
high
2,000
vades
8,700
medium
medium
5,700
rI
J
low
-51-
�TABLE 24
RECCt-1MENDED SIORE OR SERVICE U S E ~
CITY OF RICEMJND, MAC01B COONrY, MIQUGAN
.J
1990*
(Continued)
l
POPUIATION
SIORE OR SERVICE USE
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Convention Hotels
Bowling Alleys and Billiard
Parlors
Coctors Offices
Legal Offices
Stock-Brokerage Offices
MARKET
PENEIRATION
BASE
RENrAL
REVENUE
POI'ENI'IAL
TYPICAL
BUILDn:x; SIZE
(SQJARE FEET)
b
varies
n/a
varies
C
C
C
C
low
low
low
high
high
high
1,000
6,000
15,000
1,000
800
800
*Data from Darley/Gobar Associates, Economic, Real Estate, and Marketing Consultants, as
published in House and Hane Magazine, 1973.
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aFigure is very approximate, depending on whether residents have their own machines.
bNot applicable; does not depend on residential population.
cCurrent figures not available - popularity is declining rapidly.
n/a
Not Available
NOTE:
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Population base refers to the number of actual customers each store or service
requires for its support. Market penetration is each one's relative ability to
withstand competition; a store with low penetration needs a greater number of
residents in the area than one with the same population base and high
penetration. Assume a 3:1 site to building size ratio to determine total land
area need.
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�Indus~rial Developnent Standards
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:],.
The quantity of developed industrial land a cornnunity may have in future
years is dependent upon its current employment base, availability of
utilities, local political philosophy, as well as a myriad of other factors
industry considers when deciding to locate in a particular carmunity. The
economic developnent element of the Master Plan lists the rrore important
features industries analyze when choosing a site. For land use planning
purposes, however, it is necessary to estimate the amount of land that can
reasonably be expected to be developed for industrial purposes, so capital
improvements can be adequately progranmed in advance and to insure that an
ample supply of land is available. Tables 25, 26, and 27 sunmarize three
methcdologies camonly used in calculating future industrial land area
needs. They are population, land use, and employment density ratios.
The greater accuracy is achieved through application of employment/density
ratios (Table 25).
If employment by industry type can be estimated, a
worker density factor can be applied, resulting in a total acreage
requirement. Estimating employment levels is, ho,.,rever, beyond the scope of
this study. Industrial land needs are rrore readily estimated using land or
population ratios.
Population ratios represent acreage requirements as a proportion of the
total population. Data in Table 26 indicate that 12 acres of industrial
land are required for every 1,000 people.
Estimating industrial land use can also be accanplished by employing land
use ratios. By surveying the amount of land devoted to industrial uses in
other comnunities, an average can be calculated and used as a standard for
planning purposes.
The American Planning Association recently compiled
this data; it is presented in Table 27. Using this standard, eight percent
of the land area in the City of Richmond should be utilized for industrial
development.
Residential Standards
As of 1980, there were 1,281 year-round housing units in the City of
Richmond (see Table 10). These units occupied a total land area of
311 acres. This represents a density of 4.33 units per approx.i mately 296
acres or 0.23 acres per unit.
J
I
The housing element of the Master Plan indicates that Jy the Year 2000, a
total of 2,510 housing units will be required to house an anticipated
population of 6,000 people. Assuming a similar development pattern to what
exists today, a factor of 0.23 can be utilized as the acreage standard for
determining future residential land area needs.
Land Market Equilibrium
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Land use planning must insure that the total supply of land for urban use
is controlled to match the demand for this land. By meeting supply with
~nd, orderly gro,.rth can be achieved, while at the same time maintaining
property values. If too much developable land is recomrended, urban sprawl
and haphazard development could occur with adverse effect on property
values.
-53-
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TABLE 25
EMPI.DYMENT/DENSITY RATICS
FOR ESTIMATING INOOSTRIAL
IAND USE*
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AVERAGE NUMBER OF El-IPLOYEES
PER NET SITE ACRE
INIXJSTRY
Intensive Industriesa
Intermediate Extensive Industriesb
Extensive Industriesc
30
14
8
~rban Land Institute, Industrial Development Handbook, 1975.
aindustries include electrical equipment and supply, printing and publishing,
apparel and textile products, transportation equipment and similar us~s.
bindustries include lumber and wood products, furniture and fixtures, food and
kindred pcoducts, chemicals and similar uses.
cindustries include tobacco products, petroleum and coal products, wholesale trade
and similar uses.
TABLE 26
POFUUuICN RATICS FOR
ESTIMATING INIXJSTRIAL
IAND USE*
I
I
CATIX?DRY
FATIO
Total gross land requirement for all industry
Land requirements for light industry
Land requirements for heavy industry
12 acres/1,000 population
2 acres/1,000 population
10 acres/1,000 population
*Joseph ~hiara and Lee Koppleman, Planning Design Criteria, 1969.
I
TABLE 27
UNO USE FATIOS FOR
ESTIMATIN:i INilJSTRIAL
LAND USE*
I
PERCENT INOJSTRIAL LAND
_;
COMMUNITY SIZE
AVF:RAGE
Small Cities and Towns (under 42,000 people)
Large Cities (over 200,000 people)
If
*American Planning Association, PAS Memo:
j
-54-
8%
12%
Land Use Ratios, May, 1983.
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The acreage needs for each urban land use can be projected using the
standards identified.
Data in Table 28 indicate the future land area
requirements for each of the urban land use requirements. Table 28
indicates that the future land area requirements throughout the planning
period are satisfied by the City's Future Land Use Plan.
Cc:mnunity Prorrotion
To effectively service the needs and desires of the City of Richmond
residents, while at the same time strengthening the comnunity tax and
employment base, requires the prorrotion of a well planned and diversified
econany. Often a comnunity will attempt to attract additional comnercial
or industrial development if it finds itself lacking in this type of land
use. This is done by providing ·rrore acreage for a particular use than it
can reasonably expect to utilize. In this matter, a community can
",advertise" that it desires a particular type of development.
Relationship with Adjacent Townships
Future land planning decisions for the City of Richmond rust·recognize the
important role of the City in meeting the majority of the consumer needs of
the resident populations of toth the City and adjacent Townships. The City
should investigate all appropriate means of maintaining the economic
vitality of this business center, either through new development, or
redevelopment, of existing City properties.
In addition, the City of
Richmond may wish to consider a planned program of toundary adjustments as
a means of providing additional developable acreage. The annexation
strategy section of the implementation chapter of the Master Plan includes
recornnendations for future boundary adjustments.
The urban land projection is based upon a premise of an ideal situation
shielded from political, economic, and environmental constraints. Its use
lies in its function of projecting the minimum amount of land that can
reasonably be anticipated to develop over a given period of time. However,
other factors must be considered in land use plan development which will
influence the arrount of land provided. These factors, as they pertain to
the City of Richmond, include flexibility, · principals of neighborhood
planning, large lot development, preservation of natural areas, corrrnunity
prorrotion, and the City's relationship with adjacent townships.
Flexibility
\
Ideally, when locating residential development in a land use plan, the
arrount of such proposed land use should closely correlate with anticipated
population growth. However, it must also t:e understood that the ideals of
land use planning do not necessarily correlate with the realities of
zoning. For example, if several vacant areas appear to t:e ccmpetitive for
future growth, because of such factors as potentially available utilities,
proximity of existing development or gcx:d major road access, it is often
not feasible from a zoning standpoint (i.e., considering the legal
implications) to limit growth to one of the areas just t:ecause population
~tojections suggest that there will t:e sufficient land in that area alone
to accommodate all future growth. Therefore, additional acreage is
necessary to provide a degree of flexibility in future land development.
-55-
�----•r • .___,
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....
- -L....,..J
tiTABLE 28
--
(;..._.,J
_,..••
~
L- .....·
_;
~
PROJECTED URBAN LAND USE ACREAGE REQUIREMENTS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
YEAR 2000 1
URBAN LAND USE
Commerclal
Neighborhood Center
STANDARD
REQUIREMENTS
EXISTING
DEFICIENCY
COMMENTS
I per 5,000 people,
6-mlnute drive time
service radius
la
K-Mart Shopping Center
-0-
Adequate through Year 2000
Community Shopping Center
per 40,000 people
la
Richmond CBD
-0-
Adequate through Year 2000
Regional Shopping Center
per 150,000 people
or more
la
Lakeside Mal I
(Ster I Ing Hgts.)
Port Huron
-o-
Adequate through Year 2000
Unrelated Uses
(Highway Commercial)
5 acres per 1,000 people
20.95 acres
30
Offices
3 acres per 1,000 people
18 acres
19.00 acres
-0-
Adequate through Year 2000
12 acres per every 1,000 people
or
8 percent of total land area
72 acres
76.62 acres
-0-
Adequate through Year 2000
0.23 acres per unit
396 acres
634.65 acres
-0-
Adequate through Year 2000
I
Ul
°'I
Industrial
Residential
Minimum Requirements
•Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
aBased upon future City of Richmond Population of 6,000.
6 acresa
a
a
Cluster Uses at Major
Intersections
or
92 acres
�-,
Neighborhood Planning
!
Where appropriate and feasible, the Land Use Plan should encourage
neighborhood-size residential developments. The neighborhood unit is an
area which has all of the public facilities, services, and other amenities
required for family living. It is generally characterized by an elementary
school and park at its center. Ideally, no through traffic enters the
area.
It is thought of as an environment in which children and their
parents (or other age groups in sane cases) can rrove freely and in safety
without barriers to their activities. Gerontolc:gists have begun to focus
on the neighborhood as the rrost appropriate scale within which to plan and
deliver services to the elderly. Anticipating sufficient acreage to
accorrmodate viable neighborhood units may increase the amount of urban land
provided.
_j
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Preservation of Natural Areas
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Areas of natural beauty should be preserved wherever possible; and areas
suitable for recreation should be protected and development ~estricted, as
may be appropriate. Developrrent of such areas and adjacent areas should be
controlled to reinforce the preservation of their natural character. Such
a controlling device is providing additional acreage for development
elsewhere in the corrmunity.
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�l
EXXHJUC DE.VELOPMEN'I
Introduction
.J
Econanic development is the process of intervening in the normal econanic
cycle to achieve a specific goal.
It is usually aimed at stimulating
private investment in order to generate employment, increase the tax base,
or to increase the econanic viability of an area.
J
There are many ways to pursue economic develo:pm.ent. Emphasis can be placed
on short-term changes, such as expanding existing plant capacity, as well
as long-term solutions, which could include diversifying the econanic base
and attracting- new types of industry. Experience has shown that in order
for econanic develop:nent to be rrost effective, a ccmnunity must understand
what economic activities are most likely to take root and grCM in the
market area.
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1
Interviews have been conducted with City officials and business persons to
evaluate the City's future economic role in the region.· Information
gathered from the interviews has been used to document the City's strengths
and weaknesses in terms of capturing future development. Based upon the
analysis and a set of selection criteria developed by the City of Richrrond,
a range of industries for privately financed industrial development has
been defined.
Future economic development is encouraged to locate in certain areas of the
City designated for industrial use. These industrial areas are identified
in the City's Future Land Use Plan.
"Opportunity areas" have been
identified to focus future economic development at priority locations.
Finally, rrethods of finance and business incentive techniques are presented
including ways to use managerrent skills and grant programs already
available to the City.
Current Trends
Socioeconanic Analysis
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The socioeconomic analysis section of City's Master Plan indicates that in
1980, the highest percentage of employment was in manufacturing (29.6%),
follCMed by professional services (19.8%) and wholesale/retail trade
(19.3%). Although manufacturing jobs increased between 1970 and 1980 at a
rate of 36.3%, the largest percentage increase in employment between 1970
and 1980 occurred in the finance, insurance, and real estate industry.
Although that trend is projected to increase, it cannot be ignored that
industries involved in manufacturing and wholesale/retail trade are the
largest employers in the City and will continue to play a major role in the
City's future econany .
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-58-
�EXXKMIC DE.VELOEMENT
Introduction
'
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I
Econanic developnent is the process of intervening in the normal econanic
cycle to achieve a specific goal.
It is usually aimed at stimulating
private investment in order to generate employment, increase the tax base,
or to increase the econanic viability of an area.
There are many ways to pursue economic developnent. Emphasis can be placed
on short-term changes, such as expanding existing plant capacity, as well
as long-term solutions, which could include diversifying the econanic base
and attracting - new types of industry. Experience has shown that in order
for econanic developnent to be rrost effective, a carmunity must understand
what econanic activities are most likely to take root and grow in the
market area.
Interviews have been conducted with City officials and business persons to
evaluate the City's future economic role in the region.· Information
gathered from the interviews has been used to document the City's strengths
and weaknesses in terms of capturing future development. Based upon the
analysis and a set of selection criteria developed by the City of Riclurond,
a range of industries for privately financed industrial development has
been defined.
Future economic development is encouraged to locate in certain areas of the
City designated for industrial use. These industrial areas are identified
in the City's Future Land Use Plan.
"Opportunity areas" have been
identified to focus future economic development at priority locations.
I
I
l
Finally, methods of finance and business incentive techniques are presented
including ways to use management skills and grant programs already
available to the City.
Current Trends
Socioeconanic Analysis
J
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,_.,
The socioeconanic analysis section of City's Master Plan indicates that in
1980, the highest percentage of employment was in manufacturing ( 29. 6%),
followed by professional services (19.8%) and wholesale/retail trade
(19.3%). Although manufacturing jobs increased between 1970 and 1980 at a
rate of 36.3%, the largest percentage increase in employment between 1970
and 1980 occurred in the finance, insurance, and real estate industry,
Although that trend is projected to increase, it cannot be ignored that
industries involved in manufacturing and wholesale/retail trade are the
largest employers in the City and will continue to play a major role in the
City's future econany •
.
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~
�Trends Comparison
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A review of the Michigan Manufacturing Directory for 1980 and 1990
indicates that within the last ten (10) years the City of Richm::md, and
surrounding areas with a "Ric.hm:md" mailing address, have lost four (4)
industries but gained a total of twelve (12) new industries, thus resulting
in a net gain of eight new industrial establishments.
Industrial Base, 1990
Four ( 4) of the new industries are in the manufacturing business, and three
(3) are involved in printing and publishing. The remaining industries are
involved in various activities and do not exhibit any discernible trend.
Three (3) of the new manufacturing industries are machine tools and metal
forming related, while the fourth manufactures autorrotive parts. A list of
all local industries appearing in the 1990 Michigan Manufacturing Directory
is provided in Table 29.
Targeting
It appears that the City of Richmond will continue to attract smaller
manufacturing canpanies in the future because of the several advantages
that are available to them locally. Additionally, these industries appear
to have the greatest potential for expanding and diversifying the area
econcrny.
Industrial Standards
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Data in Tables 30 and 31, presented on the following pages, represent a
checklist that the City can use to complete its inventory of positive
advantages and further attract potential industries. Table 30 is a
checklist of factors that are important to industries while Table 31
provides the actual results of a survey of factors that influence the
location choices of high technology canpanies.
A total of 691 firms,
typically with fewer than 500 employees, were surveyed in 1981. The
checklist and survey embrace such topics as organization, cornnunity
development, labor, financing, industrial sites, and business climate.
S011e of these may end up being more important to a particular firm or
project.
The City of Ric.hrrond, however, if it is to be successful in
econ011ic developnent, must work to provide all of them. A compilation of
this data will also provide the basic information needed to prepare a
"corrrnunity data" brochure, which potential prospects will need to
thoroughly understand the cornnunity.
Strengths and Weaknesses
There are clearly several advantages to certain types of industries
interested in locating in the City of Richmond.
Advantages to the
manufacturing industry appear to be the strongest.
There are several
manufacturing industries already located in the City with an available
labor force that is well trained and experienced.
''
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�7
TABLE 29
I
LOCAL INOOST.RIAL ~LI.SlffNIS
J
CITY OF RIClHH)
1990
i
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,
Albers cabinets
- cabinets, wood, kitchen
Allwood Building Components
- structural wood members
- trusses, wood
7
J
Arro Manufacturing, Inc.
- rrotor vehicle parts and accessories
- transmission parts, manual
- transmission parts, autorrotive
Columbus Elevator
- feeds, prepared, not dog and.. cat
Courier Journal
- newspapers, publishing and/or printing
DeFauw cabinets
- cabinets, wood, kitchen
Erie Roll Form & Engr., Inc.
- machine tools, metal forming
- machine tools metal forming, other
- machine tools, metal forming, rebuilt
Giovanni's Appetizing Food
Products, Inc.
- canned specialties
- seafood, canned and cured
Image Finishing, Inc.
- hot tubs, plastic, fiberglass
- coating, engraving, allied services
- furniture, plastic, fiberglass
Independent Press
- newspapers, publishing and/or printing
Industrial Printing
- printing, corrmercial
Kar-Cin Precision Machinery
- machinery and equipnent
- screw machine prcx:lucts
Lenox Cement Products
- concrete, burial vaults
- concrete, septic tanks
Miller Transit Mix
- concrete, ready-mix
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INOOST.RIAL POOax:TS
INilJSIRY
\
PTE, Inc.
Richrrond Instruments Co.
tools, dies, jigs, and fixtures
- electronic components
- measuring and controlling devices
' f
-60-
�-,
II
TABLE 29
"'"·
r.a:AL INWSTRIAL ESIABL.ISEMmrS
CITY OF RICBOID
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1990
(Continled)
INWSTRY
INOOSTRIAL ProIIX:TS
Richrrond Publishing Co.,
Inc.
- newspapers, publishing and/or prin~ing
Richrrond Ready-Mix Co.
- concrete, ready mix
Richrrond Tool and Mfg. Co .
- machine tool assec.
S & S Pallet Co.
- pallets, skids, wood
Threaded Pro::lucts Co.
- foundries, gray, and ductile iron
- values and pipe fittings
- castings, etc.
Titanium Pro::lucts Corp.
- machinery and equipment
- machinery metal working
U.S. Pattern Co. Inc.
- patterns industrial
United Portable Sign Sales
Inc.
- signs and advertising displays
wellington Mfg. Inc.
- stampings, autorrotive
Young Lumber
- saw and planing mills
Source:
Michigan Manufacturing Directory, 1990
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-61-
�TABLE 30
A cmx:KI.IST FOR ~ INilJS'I'Rr
I
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ORGANIZATION
1.
Is there a well organized economic development group at work
in the comnunity?
2.
Is the development organization concerned with working with
existing industry to stimulate local development of new
ventures and expansions?
3.
Has a coordinated, well planned and well rehearsed
presentation for industrial prospects been developed?
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COMMUNITY DEVELOFMENI'
D
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1.
Co you have a plan that will meet the recreational needs of
your area?
2.
Is the business district neat and attractive and have plans
been developed to encourage improvements?
3.
Coes the corrrnu.nity provide adequate water and sewerage, and
have plans been developed to meet future needs?
4.
Are you, as a public official, supportive of economic
development?
IABOR
··,!
1.
Is the supply of skilled and unskilled labor in your area
adequate to support new industrial development?
2.
Is the cost of labor in your general area at or below the
national average for skilled and unskilled workers?
3.
Has the skill needs of area employers been determined and
programs initiated to help them meet their ne~s?
.J
1
FINANCI~
]
1.
Is local financing available to encourage rrodest industrial
development?
2.
Co you have an industrial development revenue bond
authority, and is it properly constituted to respond to
inmediate needs?
' f
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Table 30
A CID:KI.Isr Pm ATIRACTIH; ~
(Continued)
J
INOOSTRIAL SITF.S
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1.
Have all potential industrial sites in the area been
identified, catalogued, and data sheets on available sites
prepared?
2.
Has a reasonable sales and price policy been established on
potential industrial sites?
3.
Are any sites owned or held under option by the local
development group or other organizations that would ensure
irrmediate availability to a prospect?
4.
Has water and waste treatment service been provided'to
selected sites or definite plans developed to provide such
services?
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BUSINESS CLIMATE
11!,
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1.
Is the taxing policy of your area considered fair to
manufacturers (by manufacturers)?
2.
Is your locality businesslike and efficient in providing
services such as water, sewer, garbage collection, fire and
police protection to industry?
3.
[):)es the business leadership of your ccmnunity take the
initiative in solving specific business and industrial
problems?
4.
Is your ccmnunity attractive in appearance with easy access
to shopping areas and neighborhoods?
*Checklist from David G. Dickson, "How Cities Can Attract
Industry," Michigan Municipal Review, April 1982.
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TABLE 31
FACIORS THAT INFI1.JacE 'mE I:OCATICN cmrCES
OF HIGH-'.l'EOH)[a;Y a:MPANIES wrmIN REXiICNS
.J
PERCENT OF a:MPANIES '!BAT
]
cr.R5IIERED 'IEESE FACTORS
9VERY SIQi!FICANT• OR
·srGNIFICANT· 'ID THEIR
IOCATICN CHOICE
FACIORS
Availability of workers
7
j
96.1%
88.1%
87.3%
52.4%
Technical
Skilled
Professional
I
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Unskilled
State and/or local government tax structure
I
Corrmunity attitudes towards business
81.9%
Cost of property and constD1ction
78.8%
Good
transportation for people
Ample area for expansion
75.4%
Proximity to gocxj schools
70.8%
Proximity to recreational and cultural
opportunities
61.1%
transportation facilities for materials
and prcducts
Good
I
Proximity to customers
46.8%
Availability of energy supplies
45.6%
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Proximity to raw materials and component
supplies
35.7%
Source: Joint Economic Ievelopment Corrmittee, data from a mailed
survey of 691 high-technology firms, typically with fewer than 500
employees, 1981.
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review of the checklist for attracting industry in Table 30, and the
survey in Table 31, indicates many other advantages and strengths that the
City of Richmond has to offer to prospective industries and employees.
Ricturond has favorable tax rates, excellent school facilities, numerous
recreational opportunities and close proximity to major urban areas. All
of the City's existing industrial areas have rail access and are serviced
by central water and sewer service.
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While there are several advantages available to industries in the City of
Richm::md, there are also certain draw backs that make it difficult to
compete with other carm.mities in attracting new industrial development.
The rrost important impediments seem to be a lack of additional central
water capacity and a location that is scmewhat rerroved fran the region's
major transportation network. The City must have adequate water available
to service new industry. While the City is planning to develop two new
water supply wells, it is recommended that Richmond connect to the Detroit
water supply as soon as practical.
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Richrrond is located in close proximity to . I-94 and has di_rect access to
State Highway M-19.
However, until rrore direct access to the nation's
interstate highway system is available in the future, the City of Richmond
will continue to attract smaller industries that are less dependent on
major highway access for the shipping and receiving of their goods by
truck.
Good transportation facilities for materials and products was
considered to be "very significant" or "significant" to 56.9% of those
industries responding to the survey in Table 31.
I
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Interviews
Wade-Trim/IMPACT conducted interviews with key members of the ccmnuni ty
involved in local econanic development including the City Manager, the
president of Security Bank Northeast, the president of Macomb County Bank,
and the Director of the Macomb County Econanic Cevelopment Department, to
further assess the City's future econanic role in the region.
I
I
It was learned from the interviews that the Ford Tractor Plant in the City
oE Romeo is currently converting its facility to produce automotive
engines. Ccmpletion is expected in late 1990 and it is projected that the
conversion will have a major impact on the City of Richmond's industrial
base.
Autorrotive suppliers and plastic injection rrolding companies are
expected to locate in the area to service and supply the new engine
facility.
Also, it is further believed that many metal fabricating ¥1d
processing plants will expand into plastics processing since the processes
and technologies.involved in both industries are similar.
I
Opportunity Areas
.
.)
f
Map 7, Industrial Opportunity Areas, identifies areas in the City that ar.e
most suitable for future industrial development. The greatest opportunity
for future industrial development appears to be in Richmond's existing and
planned industrial areas located in the central portion of the City, along
'the Grand Trunk and Western Railroad and within the City's industrial park
located north of Division Street and east of Skinner Drive. Several well
established industries are located in these areas and adequate developable
area and municipal services are available to support new industrial
developnent.
�.....
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7
INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITY AREAS
~ CITY INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITY AREAS
-
PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION AREAS
MAP 7
CITY
OF RICHMOND
~~
.=..:....:._::..--=..:.-;..;.;...;;..;...;.;..;..;....;;;,.~-,,..-,-,--------,--------cl~J
MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
■--
Wade-Triml/MP.~CTd
Mumc1pa 1 an
Planning consultants
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In addition to those areas identified within the City of Richmond, Map 7
also identifies two (2) areas of future industrial expansion that are
currently located in Richmond Township. These areas would provide for the
logical expansion of Richmond's industrial opportunity areas.
Area "A" would allow for expansion of the City's industrial park to the
north to Madison Road. Additional access to the park would be provided
from Madison Road. Approximately 25. 28 acres of land are available for
expansion in Area "A." The City's Existing Land Use Map indicates that
this area is currently agricultural land under cultivation.
11
Area B is
of 32 Mile
for infill
existing on
II
located east of the Grand Trunk and Wes tern Railroad and north
Road. Designation of this area for industrial use will allow
development adjacent to existing industrial uses already ·
the north side of the road.
There are a myriad of
Providing a complete
this report; however,
which the City should
incentive programs available to the City of Richmond.
inventory of all the tools is beyond the purpose of
the following represent those resources or activities
actively praoote within its territory.
Implementation
Several methods of implementing a successful econcmic development program
are available. A description of recommended actions and programs to
stimulate econanic develofffient within the City of Richmond is provided
below.
Incentive Programs
Small ccmnuni ties are going to have to be prepared to cc:mpete by putting
together attractive incentive programs for companies that fit their growth
strategy. In this day's "Giveaway" environment, no cormnunity can afford to
overlook the importance of incentive programs for job growth and econanic
develofffient.
1.
•
Tax Abatements
Under Act 198, a Plant Rehabilitation District (for an obsolete facility)
or an Industrial Ceveloprnent District (for a new facility) may be
established if a local government levies a total property tax of 30 mills
or mor:-e, or an incane tax. The City of Richrrond does not levy an incane
tax, but the local millage rate exceeds 30 mills. Thus, the City of
Richrrond qualifies under Act 198.
Plant Rehabilitation Districts must
contain 50 percent or rore obsolete facilities according to assessment
valuations. At the discretion of local government, tax incentives within
these designated areas may be offered for up to 12 years for capital
improvements. For obsolete plants being rehabilitated, assessments can be
frozen at pre-renovation values. Expansion and new facilities are assessed
at current value, but the millage rate may be reduced by 50%. Both of
these al te mat i ve taxes are called an "industrial facilities tax.
They
f¥e paid in lieu of property taxes on capital facilities and in addition to
payment of continuing regular taxes on land (specifically excluded by the
act).
11
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Tax abatement improves a business cash flow but at the expense of the lost
tax ::-evenues of the carmmity. Thus, projects must be judged on their
cost/benefit rrerits.
One rrethod of evaluation is through the creation, and subsequent adoption,
of tax abatement guidelines~ Such guidelines would identify the criteria
for an abatement nawardn as well as identify the length of an award.
Factors which may be evaluated include type of use (R&D facility,
manufacturing, assembly, etc.), the size of capital investment, total
potential employment, or the applicant's track record, among others. ~
suggest the Ccmnittee fund m:x:iel tax abatement guidelines for use by its
constituent comnunities.
2.
Tax Increment Finance Authority Act (P.A. 450 of 1980)
This Act allows cities to make public improvements in a specific
redevelopment district that are necessary to induce and accorrm:,date
additional private development such as industrial, comnercial, and
residential construction within the designated district.
The financir¥J
from these public improvements cares f ran the increase in property tax
cevenues generated by the new private develofIItent.
The amount of tax
increment revenue available for a particular redevelopment project is
determined by multiplying the total tax rate of the City by the projected
increase in assessed valuation.
Richmond established a Tax Increment Finance Authority to make improvements
within its downtown district and is no.,, implementing a streetscape design
plan to improve conditions along Main Street. The current status of P.A.
450 is found in P.A. 280 of 1986. It provides that as of January 1, 1987,
no new authorities or authority districts may be created and an exis.ting
authority district may not be expanded. However, it does permit existing
development areas to be expanded and new developrrent areas, within existing
authocity districts, to be created.
3.
Economic Development Corporations
This act is intended to stimulate industrial and cc:mnercial development
through a nonprofit Econanic Development Corporation established by a
rru.micipality. Land may be acquired by eminent domain and transferred to
the Econanic Development Corporation. The Econanic Development Corporation
may acquire land, construct buildings, and acquire ~ipment, which it
would then sell or lease to private industry. Financing is obtained
through the sale of bonds, or from loans or grants from the local
community. Each municipality may establish one Economic Development
Corporation, or two or rrore units within the sarre county may so organize.
If Economic Development Corporations are organized for both a county and a
subarea within the county, the corporations maintain their separate areas
of jurisdiction but may, of course, cooperate in developing projects.
''
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4.
..
Michigan Econanic Oevelopment Authority Loans
Ir
· The Michigan Econanic Development Authority (M.EOi\) was created by the state
legislature in 1982 to encourage econcrnic growth and employment by
assisting the private sector and local governments. MEDA can make loans,
financed by bonds issued on oil and gas severance taxes, to cormu.mities or
to EOC 's in municipalities. The loans can be used for public .improvements
if the improvements directly aid in the maintenance or growth of the
governmental unit's econanic base.
The camn.mity must cane up with SO
percent of the project cost from its own or other sources, and MED!\ will
loan the other SO percent.
In addition to these npublic develop:nent n loans, MEDA will make loans to
private industry for projects resulting in job creation or maintenance.
The agriculture, forestry and energy industries are eligible for these
loans, as are manufacturing ind us tries.
5.
I
Carmunity Oevelop:nent Block Grant Programs
The CDBG program is a flexible program designed to provide financing for
activities previously eligible under separate categorical grant programs,
including urban renewal, rehabilitation loans, water and sewer grants, and
so forth.
Metropolitan cities (SO, 000 or m:xe people) and qualified urban counties
are guaranteed an arrount called an "entitlement."
Smaller corrrnunities
ccrnpete for the remaining "discretionary 11 funds.
This competition is
better known as the "Small Citiesn Program which is administered by the
Michigan Department of Commerce, Office of Community Development. A
ccmnunity participating in an urban county CCBG program (such as Richmond)
is ineligible to enter into the Small Cities program fund competition.
A grant recipient may use CDBG funds for "special econanic development
activities" including the acquisition, construction or installation of
industrial buildings, or other real property equip:nent and improvements.
Funds can als0 be used to provide assistance to private for profit
businesses such as loans, interest supplements and technical assistance.
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We recomnend that the City of Richm:Jnd annually prepare a project priority
list of CDBG eligible activities for local goverrnent consideration.
In
addition, Richmond members should actively ronitor county discretionary
activities, funded through the CCBG program, to ensure the City receives
its "fair share" of financial assistance.
6.
Direct Assistance
Successful implementation of econanic development programs may require the
use of local general funds • Some of the available financing tools are
enumerated as follows:
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a.
Land Write-Downs
Land_ write-downs involve the conmunity selling land at less than its
fair market value.
In urban renewal type projects, this typically
involves acquisition of dilapidated structures, ·clearing the land and
selling the land at less than the public's investment in acquisition
and clearance or at below market value. The reduced value may
cepcesent the appraised market value of the land subject to reuse
cestrictions more limiting than mandated by the local Zoning
Ordinance. The cost of land write-downs to the carmunity is the cost
of acquisition, demolition and relocation minus the proceeds fran the
cleared sale of the ·1and. They aid a business/investor by reducing
the total capital it will need to develop a project, as well as the
amount it may need to bocrow. Reducing the arnount that needs to be
borrowed in turn reduces debt service payments, thereby increasing the
net revenue generated by the project.
b.
Direct Loans
Access to municipal funds to make direct discretionary loans to
businesses gives the ccxmu.mity its roost flexible overall tool for
pcomoting development.
An endless variety and combination of loan
types, teems and conditions are possible, and the municipality sha.ild
tailor its terms to fit the conditions of each project. Among the
variations are construction, interest-only, balloon, vaciable rate,
and secured loans.
Construction loans are short-term, low interest rate loans given
during the construction i;,eriod which will reduce overall construction
costs.
Interest only loans are loans on which the borrower pays only the
interest during the loan period and the principal is repaid in one
lump sum at the end of the term of the loan.
Balloon repayment loans are loans repaid as principal and interest
over the term of the loan, but not in amounts sufficient to retire the
debt before the term expires. The balance outstanding at the end of
the loan period is then repaid in one lump sum at expiration.
Variable interest rate loans are loans on whic~ the interest rate
charged varies over the term of the loan.
A secured loan is backed by a lien placed upon an asset which gives
the lender a direct claim against the asset in the event of default.
The Conmittee should be .responsible for assisting local investors and
carmuni ties alike in negotiating the terms of any of the loans or land
write-down agreements.
Information Campaign
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It is critical that the investment corrmunity be made aware of the local
comnitrnent to assist existing and new development. This awareness is made
available through the dissemination of cormiunity data.
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Factual information al:::out the comnuni ty is helpful to those engaged in
location decisions for industry and cornnercial business. This data should
include many tq;>ics such as population, socioeconanic data and trends,
econcmic base, prevailing wage rates, utility services and rates, local tax
structure, and recreation/cultural opportunities.
In addition, when
dealing with a particular firm, supplemental data may be needed including
area suppliers, regional market data, local incentives, lat:or skills (for
industry), disposable incane, or trade area data (for business).
This data can be assembled into a printed brochure; however, a more unique
approach is to prepare and distribute a video production.
Tapes can be prepared by production canpanies or a university's media
dei;,artrnent. Also, local television stations may have names of free lance
producers.
Tapes have certain advantages. More information can be conveyed in less
time. Video corrmunication adds a personal quality that is carmonly lost in
text. Most importantly, a tape is especially useful in the case of firms
wishing to maintain confidentiality in their location search, because their
personnel can learn a great deal al:::out the area without making a personal
visit.
•
Video productions are time consuming and costly. Prices vary, but a
program will cost $500 to $1,200 per finished minute. Thus, a typical 15
minute production will cost approximately $12,000 .
The City of Richmond should subscribe to the Crittenden Directory of
Corporate Real Estate Managers and to the Crittenden Office and Industrial
Space News to target their mailings (see attached advertisement). In this
manner, mailings can be delivered only to active candidate firms, thereby
reducing the overall cost to the City.
It must be recognized, however, that rrost future jobs will be created from
existing businesses • . • businesses already familiar with local comnunity
facts. Ccmnunication with these businesses is essential to sell them on
the advantages of their present location, to maintain personal contact, and
to reaffirm a feeling of appreciation. To this end, we reconmend that the
City oE Richroond prepare a quarterly newspaper column identifying what is
being done to assist industry, and to identify what success has been
achieved.
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Organizational and Educational Efforts
Despite the goals and ambitions of the City of Richmond, the success of
local economic development will depehd on the cooperation of the other
local agencies involved in business development. There are several
separate agencies operating in Macanb County that provide business
counseling, pursue business attraction, or provide financial help. These
agencies include the Business Assistance Center and the Area Development
Off ice for Business Retention operating th.rough the Macomb County
Department of Planning and Economic Development, and the Macanb St. Clair
Private Industry Council for Job Training. Close coordination with these
agencies allows Richrrond to effectively respond to an econanic crisis,
whether it be a positive one where a fi.rm is making a quick decision of
whether to come to the area or not, or whether it be responding to the
negative crisis of trying to retain a firm that is seriously considering
leaving the area .
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�ECU;m::; NF.EI:S A.5SESSMENI
Introduction
Ceter:rnination of housing needs is based upon three components. First, it
must be canputed if an ample supply of developable residential land is
available to accomnodate the expected population. Secondly, replacement of
existing structures which are, or may be expected to becane, substandard
during the planning pericd must be accounted for. The final component is a
canparison of a household's ability to pay for a particular housing type in
relation to the cost of supplying or constructing the housing.
Land Supply
Residential Holding Capacity
•
The major constraint on future population and housing unit growth is
residential holding capacity. Residential holding capacity may be defined
as the maximum arrount of population which can reasonably be expected to
reside within an area over a specific time pericd given the availability of
developable parcels and restrictions of density dictated by the Zoning
Ordinance.
The resultant population figure added to the existing
population of a corrmunity would reveal the total number of people which a
carmunity could nhold."
Data in Table 32 reveal the vacant developable residential acreage within
the City of Richm::md that can reasonably be expected to be developed by the
Year 2000. The data also indicate the total population and dwelling units
which can be anticipated as a result of developing all the vacant
residential acreage.
The data in Table 32 show the City could acconmodate nearly an additional
3,000 persons by the Year 2000 above its existing population. The City of
Richmond under ideal conditions, could "hold" a total population of 7, 116
persons at the end of this century.
As previously described, a Year 2000 ccmnunity population of 6,000 is only
anticipated.
This projection was used in the development of the City's
Future Land Use Plan. Thus, the Year 2000 will similarly represent the
planning period for this Housing Needs Assessment.
Residential Land Distribution
The City of Richm:md' s Future Land Use Plan for the Year 2000 is shewn on
Map 8.
It identifies those areas prograrrmed for industrial, can:nercial,
and residential development.
Table 28 indicates that there is an ample
supply of land to accept new residential development throughout the
plaMing period within the City of Richmond.
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TABLE 32
PROJECTED YEAR 2000 RESIDENTIAL HOLDING CAPACITY
OF VACANT DEVELOPABLE RESIDENTIAL PARCELS
CITY OF RICHMOND, MICHIGAN
COMMUNITY
City of Richmond
1
VACANT RESIDENTIAL
ACREAGE AVAILABLE 1
POTENTIAL
DWELLING UNITS
1,179
309
POTENTIAL
2
POPOIATION
2,959
eased upon estimate of residentially zoned property of adequate
size to enable development within the forecast period.
2
The total population capacity refers only to those parcels which
can reasonbly be expected to be developed within the forecast
period. Odd shaped parcels which would require extensive
assembly to develop are not reflected in these figures, nor is
the current City population.
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Residential development is projected to occur within three City subregions.
The residential areas extend outward fran the central city core. The rrore
intensive types of residential projects (multiple-family, planned unit
develoi;,nent, roobile hane parks) are generally in closest proximity to the
~orridors, with lower density residential areas located in the interiors of
the sect ions •
Housing Unit Replacement
The number of housing units which will be required by the Year 2000
poi;,ulation, described above, is dependent upon the construction of
additional housing units and on the replacement and/or rehabilitation of
existing substandard structures.
Data in Table 33 show the number of
housing units required by the Year 2000 to accarm:::date the residential base
of the City of Richmond.
In the Year 2000, 2,510 housing units will be required to house an
anticipated population of 6,000 people.
•
This projection was based upon a vacancy rate of five percent. Five
percent of a corrmunity's habitable housing stock should remain vacant to
provide diversity in housing selection, permit housing r~habilitation or
rei;,lacement activities, and to ensure that asking prices for housing are
indicative of actual market conditions, while at the same time protecting
~rivate investment. Vacancy rates below five percent demonstrate a
restricted housing environment, affording little opi;,ortunity for potential
households to be absorbed by available units •
indicated above, the replacement of substandard structures must also be
consideced when determining future housing requirements. This arrount will,
of course, depend upon the actual number of hanes that will, in fact,
becare substandard during the planning period.
We know, however, that
three units in the City are presently substandard (see Table 22).
In
addition, since 1980, approximately 0.4 derrolitions per year have occurred
(see Table 16). Extending this average through the Year 2000, reveals that
by the end of this century, an additional five units will be required to be
replaced. Thus, 8 units rust be replaced during the next 11 years.
A5
Calculating the Year 2000 housing requirements of the City, can be canputed
then as the total number of new units required plus replacement units.
Table 33 indicates that 2,510 housing units will be required by the end of
this century. This represents 1, 229 new uni ts above what was available in
1980 or 966 above that which exists today. (Data in Table 16 reveal that a
net total of 263 units have been constructed since 1980.) As noted above,
8-year round housing units will require replacement by the Year 2000. This
figure, added to the 966 new units required, result in a housing need of
974 units by the Year 2000.
Housing Affordability
The housing stock in a comnunity should be .affordable to its residents. If
~using costs are prohibitive, housing needs remain unmet in spite (:f
housing unit availability.
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TABLE 33
HOUSING UNIT REQUIREMENTS
CITY OP RICHMOND, MICHIGAN
1980 AND 2000*
CATEGORY
Total Population
Persons Per
Household
Total Occupied Units
1980a
3,536
CHANGE 1980 - 2000
NUMBER
PERCENT
2000
6,000b
2,464
69.7
2.89
2.51
-0.4
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1,225
2,390
1,165
95.l
0.6
13.6
1,229
95.9
Vacancy Rate ( %)
4.4
TOTAL YEAR-ROUND
HOUSING UNITS
1,281
s.oc
2,510
*Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT, April, 1989.
a
Data Erom 1980 U.S. Census, General Housing Characteristics and Census
Population and Housing.
bCity estimate based upon recent housing development proposals.
C
Consultant estimate.
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�Total household income determines the price range of ~fordable housing for
virtually all families. In the case of purchased housing, the price of a
house is typically three times the family incare. Thus, it is assumed that
a family earning $20,000 per year can afford a $60,000 hane.
One rrust recognize that this type of analysis is only one indication of
affordable housing. In actual practice, the price of a house that a family
can afford is determined mainly by three factors: the size of the oortgage
that must be secured and its interest rate; the property tax, insurance and
utility rates on the house at that particular location; and the total
indebtedness of the household for all i terns other than housing.
Nevertheless, such as analysis provides an indication of housing cost
trends and the ability of the purchaser to acquire such housing. Data in
Tables 34 and 35 shew the breakdcwn of affordable purchase and rental
housing by household incane for the City of Richmond residents.
O..ner-OCcupied Units
Data in Table 34 correlate 1980 household incane levels of City residents
with the assumed maximum value of a house which they can afford and with
the values of specified cwner-occupied housing units in the City.
It is apparent that the value of owner-occupied hares in the City bears
very little relationship to incane. The income level under $5,000, as well
as the income level above $20,000, have large numbers of households that
are rot finding housing at prices they can afford. Families with incanes
ranging between $5,000 and $19,999 have few problems finding affordable
housing, as an oversupply of owner-occupied housing units valued between
$15,000 and $59,999 exists in the City.
What is occurring is that the
surplus of housing valued in this range is being utilized by three
disparate groups: by families which can afford such housing; by those who
are expending a higher proportion of their income than is normally
considered acceptable; and by those who can afford housing of greater
value.
Data in Table 34 indicate a need for t:oth lower and higher cost
owner-occupied housing.
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�TABLE 34
INCDm can' CDRRELATIOO
c»mR-OCClJPIEDRil:i!N:imITS
CITY OF RICDO-l.D, HACnm OXffl'Y, MIOIIGAN
1980*
tUmER OF
~PIED
HAXDU.M VAUJE OF
AFFORO\Bl.E tnJS~(a)
IOJSEI.OW INCXME CATEXnRY
I
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IDJSFBllffi IN
INCnIB CATEXnRY(b)
tUmER OF
SPfX:!IFIED
c»mR-OCClJPIED
mrrs
IN
nus
l:D.5IK;
VAUJE CA'.I"l~}:)RY ( c)
ID.5~ 1LfiIT
SURPLIB/
IEFICUlC'l ( d)
Less than $5,000
12.0%
· Less than $15,000
84
16
-68
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000 - $19,999
12.3%
27.4%
$15,000 - $29,999
$30,000 - $59,999
86
192
96
403
+10
+211
$20,000 - $49,999
$50,000 or mor-e
46.1%
$60,000 - $149,999
$150,000 or m::>r-e
323
- 15
185
- 0
700
700
2.2%
*Analysis by Wade-Tdm/IMPACT.
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(a) Maximum value of affordable housing calculated to be 300 percent of incane.
(b) Data estimated fran the 1980 U.S. Census by applying the percentage of households per incane category to the
total number of specified 0,,/ner-occupied housing units.
(c) Consultant estimate based on 1980 U.S. Census data on housing value and existing land use inventory.
(d) Surplus/deficiency calculated to be the difference between the number of households per incane category and
number of units per incane category.
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TABLE 35
IlllJ,lE CD:>f ~ 0 0
REN1'ER-OCCUPIF.D l:UJS~ UNITS
CITY OP R I ~ , KA£DtB CXXNI"Y, HIOIIGAN
1980*
KAXD«.M
10.JSFlllC.D no:i-tE C A ~
AFFOOIWlLE PCtmlLY umr(a)
NllfflER OP o:lliEIDilli
IN rna::ME CA'I"EnlRY ( b)
NlMBER OP RmTAL
UNITS IN VAUJE
CATEXlllY(c)
1nisroo wrr
SURPI.IB/
rePICim;Y (d)
12.0%
Less than $125
40
21
-19
Less Lhan $5,000
$5,000 - $9,999
12.3%
$125 - $249
41
244
$10,000 - $14,999
12.2%
$250 - $374
41
63
+203
. +22
63.5%
$375 or: irore
211
5
-206
$15,000 or: iror:e
333
333
l
Ul
I
*
Analysis by Wade-Trim/IMPACT.
(a) Maximum affordable tronthly rent calculated to be 30 percent of nonthly household inccme.
(b) Data estimated fran the 1980 U.S. Census, by applying the percentage of households per inccme category to
the total number of specified renter-occupied housing units for which cash rent was received.
(c) Consultant estimate based upon 1980 U.S. Census data.
Excludes units for which no cash rent was received.
(d) Surplus/deficiency calculated to be the difference between the number: of households per inccme category and
number of units per incane category.
�r
ClirEU.IN:i
UNIT TYPE
Renter~cupied Units
A similar analysis conducted for renter-occupied units indicates results
similar to the incane cost correlation conducted for owner-occupied units.
In 1980, there was an undersupply of rental units available to serve low
incane households and a greater shortage of rental units for higher incane
groups earning $15,000 or rore.
However, those households with inccm:s
between $5,000 - $15,000 had an abundant supply of affordable housing
available to them.
The inccme cost correlation for renter-occupied housing suggests a need for
a slight increase in rental housing units for low income groups and a need
for at least 206 rental units for households with incomes over $15,000.
Introduction
With the evident need for additional housing units in the City, attention
must now be focused upon the type of housing which should be provided.
Such a consideration rrust include a discussion on :imnediate needs and
long-range recorrmendations.
Immediate Needs
The discussion on housing affordability revealed that a large share of low
income households desired a living environment which allowed them to enjoy
the independence, privacy, and dignity of a single-family, residential
neighborhood, even though they were paying more than what is normally
considered acceptable (30 E;)ercent) for such housing.
Low incane groups are ill-equipped to bear the burden of increased housing
costs. Two e~les illustrate this point.
Today, many household units are headed by single heads of households, The
responsibilities of meeting financial obligations and balancing the
camritrnents of career and children inhibit expending additional household
inccme for housing.
Many senior citizens live on fixed incomes.
It is financially difficult
for them to assume an increased housing cost; yet mal"\Y do. Psycholcgical
costs are more prevalent with this population segment since elderly
residents have usually acquired a sentimental attachment to their danicile
type and conm..mity.
Thus, special attention should be given to lower income groups to make
cer-tain that affordable and equivalent housing types be provided in the
City of Richrrond.
There are several rrethods of reducing the cost of housing that are t:eing
, ~loyed in many ccmnunities today with increasing success. An analysis of
~arious alternatives follc-ws.
-79-
�A viable option which the City should encourage is manufactured or factory
built housing.
The average cost of each unit including carpeting,
draperies, furniture, and all appliances, (but not land) - range from
$40,000 to $80,000. It also affords its purchaser a residence that is easy
and inexpensive to maintain.
Exterior finishes typically used are cedar
siding, pref inished aluminum horizontal lap siding, or hardwood paneling.
Due in large part to these qualities, manufactured housing is now
accounting for one out of every three new hemes being sold in the United
States.
Another way to reduce housing costs is to reduce the size of the house.
Smallec houses are attractive not only because they cost less but also
because they are more energy efficient and easy to maintain.
The
affordable small house today is being redesigned to retain important
amenities, such as privacy, a patio, a well-equipped kitchen, a garage and
visual appeal.
Families are becoming smaller thus requiring smaller homes. Smaller homes
are also attractive to the elderly, and households headed by single parents
since they cost less to purchase and require less time, energy, and inccrne
to maintain.
•
Smaller homes do not need large lots when compact lots are used. Major
cost savings come fran reductions in the length of streets, sidewalks, and
utility runs, as well as land •
Affordable housing is easily encouraged through a reduction in mini.mum lot
size requirerrents and the creation of new small lot districts; revisions to
setback requirements so that flexible siting techniques, such as "zero lot
line" can be used; and encouraging the use of "cluster" plans.
Data provided in Table 35 also demonstrate that there is a surplus of
rocxjerate cost rental units and a deficiency of both lower and higher valued
cental units.
'
Alrrost all of the rental units in the City are multiple-family units. The
City should prorrote the conversion of "surplus" moderate cost rental units
to attcact higher incc.rne households. This can be accomplished by providing
new building facades and site arrenities such as carports, swirtrning pools,
tennis coucts, heal th clubs, and massive landscaping. Subsequent action
would involve public information campaigns.
We recanmend that owners of rro:ierate-cost rental properties be contacted by
the City and informed of the findings of this report. In this manner, the
conversion process can be instigated.
•
Conversion of moderate cost rental units to accommodate lower income
families may be cost prohibitive.
The City of Richrrond and developecs
within the community should be aware of the need for low cost rental
housing and take it into consideration when constructing new units in the
future.
' f
-8 0-
�Long-Term Needs
Nationally, the demand for single-family residential hares has increased
significantly in the past five years. The increase in single-family
residential construction is a result of stable interest rates and the
af feet that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 is having on the construction of
multiple-family dwelling units through the loss of depreciation benefits.
Nationally, the vacancy r:ates for apartment units increased from 7.5% in
the 1984 to 10.4% in 1986.
In spite of a decrease in the demand for multiple-family housing at the
national level, the City of Richrrond has recently experienced an increase
in the number of multiple-family units constructed. This is considered to
be the result of pent up demand for housing in Macomb County and the
neighboring Cetroit Metropolitan area. It is expected that trends in the
City of Richmond will fall in line with those nationally. Rent prices of
the new units will increase as a result of the Tax Reform Act thus
increasing the econanic appeal of single-family hane ownership.
w11ile single-family residential develo{;Jllent is expected to continue to be
in demand, affordability continues to be a pr:oblem for would be home
buyer:s. The City of Richmond is encouraged to implement the various
strategies outlined in this plan to better accorrmcdate affordable housing
and single-family hane ownership.
I I
-81-
�11
r
HISTORIC SIBOCTURES
A. ccmnunity' s historic buildings are the tangible links with its past and
reflect its unique character.
..
According to the Michigan State Housing Preservation Office, there are no
existing hemes within the City of Richmond that are listed on either the
Michigan State Register of Historic sites or the National Register of
Historic Places. However, there are several har.es that are architecturally
and historically significant that may warrant preservation.
The Historic District Carmission Act (PA 169 of 1970) enables local units
of government to create historic districts and appoint historic district
camu.ssions for the purpose of regulating both historic and nonhistoric
structures within districts created pursuant to PA 169.
The City of Richm:md is advised to consider the creation of a historic
district as a means of preserving some of the City's larger, "nonhistoric"
homes. The homes are an im~ortant aspect of the City's heritage and
contribute significantly to its supply of affordable housing .
•
•
''
II
.
-82-
�r
roroRE IAND OSE PIAN
Introduction
The Fulure Land Use Plan is designed to serve as a guide for future
dE:velopment.
If it is to serve the needs of the ccmnunity and function
effectively, it rrust incorporate several important characteristics.
1.
'!he Plan ~ t Be Generalized
The Plan, by its vecy nature, cannot be implemented imnediately.
Therefore, only generalized locations (not necessarily related to
property lines) for various land uses are indicated on the Plan.
2.
The Plan Shculd Embrace An Exteooed But Foreseeable Time
Pericxi
The Plan depicts land uses and community development strategies
through the Year 2000.
3.
The Plan Should Be ~rebensi ve
The Plan, if it is to serve its function as an important
decision-making tool, must give ·adequate consideration to the
sensitive relationships which exist between all major land use
categories, including environmentally sensitive properties.
4.
The Plan Soould l'J::kI:oiledge Regional Corxlitioos and Treros
The City of Richm:md is an integral part of Macomb County; therefore,
the Plan should acknowledge the City's regional context.
Through
recognition of regional implications; the City's Future Land Use Plan
will be more realistic and reasonable in terms of guiding the future
utilization of land resources in the City.
5.
The Plan Must Be Flexible
The Plan may require periodic rev1s1ons to reflect significant changes
in local, state, or national conditions which cannot be foreseen at
this time.
For example, within the past thirty years, several major innovations
in land develoi;mtent have occurred. Included arrong these are: the
initiation and expansion of the freeway system; rrodifications in
shopping facilities (shopping centers, enclosed malls, free parking);
relocation of employment centers fran the cities to the suburbs;
changes in housing preferences fran the traditional single-family hane
to apartments, tcwnhouses, condominiums, and rrobile hanes; and the
declining family size.
f I
-83-
�It is, of course, impossible to predict the variety of changes which
may occur over the next decade or two. Therefore, the Plan should be
analyzed and rocxiified periodically to reflect changing conditions.
6.
The Plan Must Be Updated Periodically
A comprehensive review of the Future Land Use Plan should be
undertaken approximately every five years to provide for an adequate
analysis of new conditions and trends. Should major rezonings which
are in conflict with Plan recamendations be accanplished, the Plan
should be reviewed and amended accordingly, to reflect th~ current
ccmnunity developnent goals and policies.
The Future Land Use Plan depicts the ·generalized desired develoi;xnent
pattern for the City of Richmond into the next century. It is
designed to provide the necessary guidelines for making future land
use, comnunity facility, and capital improverrent decisions.
The preparation of the City of Richmond Future Land Use Plan has been
carried out over a two year period. Plan fot1I1Ulation was preceded by
field survey, mapping, and analysis of existing land use information
and related data and determination of long-range goals and objectives
for ccrcmunity developnent.
The City's major r:oadway system serves as the general framework. for
the Future Land Use Plan. The Plan is intended to represent in a
generalized manner, the desired development pattern for the City of
Richmond to the turn of the century. The Plan is also designed to
function as a guide for comnunity land use, zoning, development,
ccmnunity facilities, capital improvements, and so Eorth.
The City of Richmond Future Land Use Plan is itself only one element,
albeit a significant one, of the Canmunity Developnent Plan. The Land
Use Plan defines developnent goals and objectives, establishes
reasonable
population densities,
and
provides
reccrnnendations
regarding. the most desirable arrangement of the corrrnunity-wide land
use f)attern.
A program for providing recreational amenities to the City's residents
has recently been developed in a recreation plan. A community
facilities and capital improvements program intended to determine
necessary services, service costs, and the City's ability to finance
them should also be pref)ared.
Other studies which analyze certain
specific aspects of ccmnunity growth and developnent, including
Sf)ecif ic proposals for the CBD, may be required in the future. These
studies should, of course, be based upon and canplement the general
guidelines and reccmnendations contained in the Future Land Use Plan.
•
''
-84-
�r
Land Use Plan ~ t i o n s
The land use planning process begins with a set of known facts (land
use data, population, housing counts, average number of persons per
household, etc.) which are collected, ccmpiled, and analyzed. The
process then requires that certain assumptions be made regarding
changes in these various elements which might be expected to occur.
For example: Will population increase, remain static or decrease?
Can the average household size be expected to continue to decline?
Will there be a need for more diversity in the local housing stock to
accommodate an anticipated trend in lifestyles? How rruch land is it
reas.onable to allocate for comnercial and industrial purposes?
The assumptions that were employed to provide the basis upon which the
City of Richlrond Future Land Use Plan was generated are contained in
the Planning and Cesign Standards section of this plan.
Major Laro Use Categories
The basic fabric of the City of Richmond's Land Use Plan is canprised
of five major land use categories which function as follcw:
Residential
Offers ample acreage to develop a full range of unit types to
provide adequate housing opportunities for the City of Richmond's
present and anticipated population.
CCllmercial
Provides areas to serve the various shopping needs of both the
local and sub-regional population.
Transitional
Iden ti fies an area considered to be in a state of flux, which
could serve as a location for a selective mix of land uses without
causing undue land use conflicts.
Iooustrial
\
Ackno...ledges existing industrial uses adjacent to the Grand Trunk
and Western Railroad and at the northeast corner of Skinner Road
and 32 Mile Road.
Public
''
Ackno...ledges and provides for the acquisition and preservation of
desirable major open space areas which serve both a local and
sub-regional recreational need and which have an effect upon
Richrrond's land use distribution pattern.
-85-
�The Residential category is further divided to reflect more specific
elements which are unique part of it. Future land use allocations,
including acreage and percent of City land area in each land use
category are included in Table 36. A more detailed discussion of each
of these various land use categories, which together comprise the City
of Richm:md's Future Land Use Plan, follows (see Map 8).
Pesidential Iaoo. Use
A substantial amount of acreage is required in any community to
provide ample area for the development of a variety of housing types
and ancillary facilities, including parks and schools. Nearly 64% of
Richmond's total land area will be devoted to various types of
residential and related land uses. Thus, those residential land uses
depicted on the Future Land Use Plan represent a nost significant plan
element.
The Plan provides residential categories which will accarm:xiate a
variety of housing types, including single-family hares, apartment
units, townhouses, and roobile home units.
Each housing type has
unique characteristics and tends to attract a specific type of family
unit.
Apartments are, as a rule, rented and tend to attract those not
seeking a permanent address.
Typical apartment dwellers include
singles, young married couples without children, divorcees, and the
elderly. As a result, the average number of persons per apartment
unit is generally la,,,,er than the average for other unit types.
Townhouse units may be either rented or owned (condaniniurns),
depending upon the manner in which the individual project is
structured. Townhouses often attract the saire type of individual or
family group who rent apartments. Hawever, inasmuch as the typical
townhouse unit mix includes a sizable m. uroer of two, and even three,
bedroan uni ts, the average number of persons per unit is usually
sanewhat greater than the apartment average.
Mobile hare units also have a tendency to provide housing for those
living alone, young married couples, and the elderly. Consequently,
this type of unit also has a relatively low average number of persons
per unit.
The single-family hare is a,,,,ner occupied. Single-family haneowners
tend to reside in the same home for a number of years. Married
couples with children have traditionally provided the greatest market
for single-family hanes.
Thus, this type of unit usually has the
highest average number of persons per unit •
•
I I
-86-
�TABLE 36
FUTURE LAND USE
CITY OF RICHMOND, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
1989*
ACRES
LAND USE CATEGORY
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
634.65
55.28
Multiple-Family Residential
78.51
6.84
Mobile Homes
18.02
1.57
Commercial
20.95
1.82
Transitional
19.00
1.65
Industrial
76.62
6.68
Public/Semi-Public
138.05
12.02
Open Space (include Road Right-of-Way)
162.37
14.14
1,148.17
100.00
Single-Family Residental .
*Complied by Wade-Trim/IMPACT, September, 1989.
\
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-87-
�_
_J
I
I
\
nn
.... ,·.-
FUTURE LAND USE
~
SINGLE FAMILY
\-.-:::.-.-.;
TRANSITIONAL
ffififilj
MOBILE HOME PARK
-
COMMERCIAL
1::;:::::J
MULTIPLE FAMILY
~
INDUSTRIAL
''
~
PUBLIC / SEMI-PUBLIC
M AP 8
•- •
OF RIC HMOND
CITY
.::::.:...:.....:.._.::;.;._....:,..;.~=-:-:---:-:-:-:=:-:-:-::::--:--:--:--------------~:~]
MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN
•-•
Wade - Trim / IMPAC T
Mun,c,oal and
Planning Cvnsu/f:ints
�"""
-
.
"'"'U:::::'
FUTURE LAND USE
CS]
6m~m1
[;:;:;:]
TRANSITIONAL
SINGLE FAMILY
MOBILE HOME PARK
~
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
MULTIPLE FAMILY
~ PUBLIC / SEMI - PUBLIC
�r
Richmond's housing stock is presently ccmprised of 1,281 single-family
homes, while apartments represent approximately 25% of the total
housing units. The planning assumption upon which the Future Land Use
Plan is based projects a future housing mix of 89% single-family, and
11 % apartment/townhouse. The Plan has been designed to accorrmJdate
all types of dwelling units by providing a variety of residential land
use categocies, ranging from single-family to planned unit
development.
...
Singl~amily P.esidential Districts
The Single-ramily Residential Districts embrace nearly 635 acres,
or approximately 55% of the City's total land area. The types of
uses envisioned in the single-family category include:
single-family hanes on relatively large acreage parcels.
single-family hanes on sanewhat smaller metes and bounds
building sites.
single-family subdivisions.
various public and semi-public uses, as may be desirable.
Thus, the Plan recognizes that single-family development may occur
in more than one fashion. The Plan also acknowledges that certain
uses of a public and semi-public nature may be reasonably
accorrrnodated in single-family areas.
In addition, th,e Plan is cognizant of the Michigan State Supreme
Court holding that manufactured housing units cannot be excluded
from districts in which site-built, single-family hanes are
allowed, simply because they are factory built. The Court did
acknowledge, however, that a municipality had the right and
responsibility to adopt adequate, reasonable regulations to assure
that manufactured units would be compatible with other site-built
housing in the vicinity. Therefore, while the Plan honors the
holding of the Court regarding placement of manufactured housi~
in all districts in which single-family hanes are allowed, it also
recommends that the City of Richmond adopt adequate, reasonable
Zoning Ordinance provisions governing manufactured housing to
assure, insofac as is possible, that such housing will meet
standards of canpatibility.
The ruture Land Use Plan reconrnends that the City not deviate from
the current minimum lot size requirements which are in place in
the existing Single-Family Residential Districts. Thus, overall
maximum allowable subdivision densities are to be based upon
current minimum lot size requirements.
,,
-88-
�Each 1ndividual single-family home and all other uses permitted
must be served by both municipal sanitary sewer and water, unless
otherwise exempt. Other public facilities and services, including
schools, playgrounds, parks, police patrols, and fire protection
will be ~required in varying degrees, depending upon actual,
relative population densities.
Hultiple-Fani.ly Pesidential Districts
Approximately 79 acres of land for multiple-family develof;ment
(roughly 7% of the City's total land area) are allocated in the
Plan. The Two-Family/Multiple- Family category provides for the
develof]ttent of a variety of uses, including:
garden apartments
townhouses
condaniniums
multiplex units
duplex units
single-family hanes
various public and semi-public uses, as may be desirable
Multiple-Family Districts will accomnodate an array of unit types,
ranging from t""°-family (duplex) units to garden apartments. The
Plan also provides for the development of single-family homes in
Multiple-Family Districts, thus continuing the City's past policy
in this regard.
Again, provision is made for public and
semi-public service uses.
Permitted development densities may range between four to five
units per acre (duplex) to ten to fifteen units per acre (garden
apartments} depending on dwelling unit type. Single-family lots
must meet or exceed the minimum area and frontage requirements for
the least restrictive of the City's single-family residential
districts, as specified in the Zoning Ordinance.
Each dwelling unit, of whatever type, and all other uses in the
district must be served by both municipal sanitary sewer and
water.
Individual developers are responsible for providing
facilities and services sufficient to serve the needs of their
prospective markets. Additional public service (police patrols,
fire protection) will be required, with thetr extent dependent
upon relative p:)pulation densities.
Mobile Hane Park District
f I
There is one rrobile hane park within the City at the present time
located betw"een Beebe Street and Skinner Street. The ccmnuni ty,
however, recognizes that rrobile home parks provide a reasonable
housing alternative for many people, not only locally but
nation-wide. Innovations in mobile home park design, amenities
provided
in parks,
technolcgical
improvements
in
unit
construction, and improved legislation governing park operation
and administration have aided in eliminating many of the
traditional objections to rrobile heme parks.
-89-
�r
•
Additional area for coobile hane park develoi;ment has not been
designated within the City of Richmond. The City will consider
the classification of appropriate areas foe the development of
roobile hones should its boundaries be expanded to include segments
of the adjacent area of influence. The types of uses consideeed
a~pcoQriate in the roobile heme park disteict include:
mobile hane units of various sizes
coobile home parks
on-site recreation facilities for exclusive use of park
residents
on-site service and stoeage facilities for the primary use of
park residents
Park densities may average approximately six units pee acre. The
spatial sepaeation between individual units is currently governed
by the Mobile Home Park Camrission Act and associated published
Administrative Rules and Regulations promulgated by the Mobile
Hane Park Ccmnission.
Each mobile hane unit and all park ancillary facilities must be
served by municipal sanitary sewer and water. Individual mobile
home park developers must provide facilities and services
sufficient to serve the needs of the prospective market. Other
public services, including police patrols and fire protection will
be required.
•
Ccmnercial I.and Use
Corrrnercial development is an important aspect of the growth of any
community, in terms of offering adequate commercial services to
residents as well as providir.g a reasonable tax base and increased
employment opportunities.
The size of the [X)tential market will
ultimately determine the extent of the City of Richmond's Ccmnercial
Base.
Some ccmnercial uses are designed to serve a relatively small, local
market and depend almost exclusively upon the population residing
within the community.
Other retail sales and service outlets,
however, demand a larger market extending beyond the ccmnunity
boundaries.
Richmond's existing corrrnercial developnent is directly
related to the City and Area-wide existing and potential population
and Richmond's accessibility to a sub-regional market area and the
traveling public.
,,
-90-
�Transitional District
Approximately 19 acres (1.7% of the City's total land area) have been
allocated for transitional types of uses in a Transitional Use
District. The Transitional District is designed to acknowledge
certain unique aspects of specific portions of the City. These
districts provide the potential for more intensive but limited
development on relatively small scale parcels, which are themselves
located in such a manner as to serve, in part, as buffers between low
density residential neighborhccds and ccrrrnercial areas or heavily
traveled major thoroughfares.
The Transitional District functions as a land use link between the
Corrrnercial Business District north of Division Street and the
Canmercial nucleus fronting Main Street to the east of south Forest
Street. The Transitional District also serves as a buffer between the
industrial land uses south of the Grand Trunk and Western Railroad and
the single-family residential neighborhood north of Monroe Street.
The following are recognized as being appropriate types of uses to be
accamodated in the Transitional District.
various types of offices
medical clinics
branch banks
credit unions
governmental agencies
The Transitional District, contiguous to the CBD, recognizes the
desirability of introducing appropriate land uses to offer a suitable
means of linking the more intensive uses characteristic of Richmond's
primary ccmnercial activity cores. The Land Use Plan recognizes the
existing single-family hemes located in this vicinity and acknowledges
the desirability of their eventual conversion to office or other
appropriate types of uses.
Transitional uses considered most
appropriate in this vicinity include various types of offices, branch
banks, credit unions, and medical clinics, as well as multiple-family
units on parcels of sufficient size to accommodate both on-site
parking and adequate outdoor living area.
Iroustrial Larxi
Use
The econcmic character of a cormu.mity must be assessed in tenns of
potential as well as existing conditions. A Land Use Plan must
acknowledge the desirability of providing ccrrrnercial and industrial
development to offer property tax relief to residential properties.
I I
In sane carrnunities the inccme characteristics of the population are
such that industrial development is not encouraged.
In these rare
instances, property taxes are based primarily on residential
assessments. In rost ccmnunities, however, industrial develoE;:rnent is
encouraged, both to provide employment for residents and also as a
means of creating a tax base sufficient to support necessary public
facilities and local services.
-91-
�•
The property taxes collected in the City of Richmond will no doubt
require augmentation by an expanded industrial tax base, if adequate
levels of services are to be provided. Therefore, the City of
Richmond's goal is to encourage industrial development, in an effort
to provide both employment opportunities and a reasonable tax base.
The City of Richrrond Land Use Plan establishes one industrial
category. This category provides for a wide range of appropriately
located industrial uses which, when developed, will enhance employment
opportunities and provide a substantial canmunity tax base.
Light Industrial District
Approximately 77 acres (nearly 7% of the City's total land area)
have been designated as Light Industrial District. This district
has been established to provide sufficient area in the City for
the develor;xnent of those uses which are generally compatible with,
or which, under the imposition of certain reasonable conditions,
may be safely and aesthetically located in relatively close
proximity to residential land uses. In the Light Industrial
District, uses are primarily confined within enclosed structures,
although screened outdoor storage is allowed.
Uses to be
permitted in this district, include:
manufacturing, compounding, processing packaging, treatment,
and fabrication of a variety of non-noxious products
•
research/experimental/testing laboratories
tool and die and machine shops
warehousing and material distribution centers
public utility buildings
auto repair garages
Those uses permitted in the Light Industrial District include
operations which are, in the main, confined within a building.
Ccmpliance with reasonable performance standards is required in an
effort to reduce adverse effects on neighboring residential
properties.
The land use plan has targeted two areas in the corrmuni ty as the
City's primacy industrial areas. These districts are located on
the City's east side, east of Skinner Street; and west side, north
of Division Street. Both of Richmond's industrial areas are
adjacent to the Grand Trunk and vlestern Railroad .
•
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-92-
�r. '
Public/Semi-Public Laro Use
The L:ind Use Plan designates 138 acres (approximately 12% of the
City's total land area) for both public and semi-public land uses.
Existing public uses include property occupied by the Richmond public
school district, a private school, churches, city parks, and municipal
buildings.
The City may wish to consider the acquisition of
additional public lands should expansion of its boundaries into the
adjacent area of influence occur in the future.
I I
-93-
�•
PIAN IMPI.alEN'rATIOO
~
Introduction
The City of Richm::md' s Mastec Plan is, itself, a canprehensive comnunity
policy statement. The Plan is canprised of a variety of both graphic and
narrative policies intended to function as benchmarks and to provide basic
guidelines for making reasonable,
realistic cornnunity developroont
decisions. The Plan is intended to be employed by City officials, by those
making private sector investments, and by all of those City of Richmond
citizens interested in the future developroont of the comnunity.
The completion of the Plan is but one part of the community planning
process.
Realization, or implementation of the goals, objectives, and
reccmnendations of the Plan can only be achieved over an extended period of
time and only through the cooperative efforts of both the public and
private sectors. Implementation of the Plan may be realized by actively:
•
1.
assuring ccmnunity-wide kno.,,ledge,
approval of the Plan;
understanding,
support,
and
2.
regulating the use and manner of developnent of property through
up-to-date reasonable zoning controls, subdivision regulations,
and building and housing codes;
3.
providing a prcgram of capital improvements and adequate,
econanical public services by using available governmental
financing techniques to encourage desired land develoµnent or
redevelopment; and
4.
participating with the private sector in the process of
co-developnent, whereby local governrrent provides incentives,
subsidy, or other inducements to assist the private sector in
their developnent efforts.
Public Support of the Long-Rarge Plan
The necessity of citizen participation and understanding of the general
planning process and the specific goals, objectives, and policies of the
Plan are critical to the success of the City planning prcgram. A well
organized public relations program is needed to identify and rnarshall
public support. Lack of citizen understanding and support could well have ·
serious implications for the eventual implementation of planning proposals.
Failure of the public to back needed bond issues and continuing
dissatisfaction concerning taxation, special assessrrents, zoning decisions,
and
development proposals are sane of
the
results of public
misunderstanding and rejection of long-range plans •
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.
In order to organize public support rrost effectively, the City of Richrrond
must emphasize the necessity of, and reasons for, instituting the planning
program and encourage citizen participation in the planning process.
Accordingly, the Municipal Planning Act, (Act 285 of 1931, as amended),
undcc Section 11 states that. the City Planning C01Trnission "shall have the
IJC!w'~r Lo promote public interest in and understanding of the plan, and to
that end may publish and distribute copies of the plan, or of any repoct
and may employ such other:- means of publicity and education as it may
determine."
.
The validity of the Plan, as well as the right of the Planning Corrmission
to review various developnent proposals to assure their canpatibility with
the City's expressed policies, requires that the Plan be officially adopted
by the Corrmission. It is also desirable for the City Council to adopt a
resolution stating their concurrence with the goals, objectives, and
policies stated in the Plan.
Land Cevelocrnent Codes
Zoning Ordinance
Zoning regulations are adopted under the local police power granted by the
State for the purpose of promoting corrmunity health, safety, and general
welfare. Such regulations have been strongly supported by the Michigan
courts, as well as by the U.S. Supreme Court. Zoning consists of dividing
the oorcrnunity into districts, for the purpose of establishing density of
population and cegulating the use of land and buildings, their height and
bulk, and the proportion of a lot that may be occupied by them.
Regulations in different kinds of districts may be different; however,
regulations within the same district rrust be consistent throughout the
ccmnunity.
•
The intent of zoning is to assure the orderly developnent of the community.
Zoning is also employed as a rreans of protecting property values and other
public and private investments. Because of the impact which zoning can
have on the use of land and related services, it should be based on a
comprehensive long-range ccmrunity plan.
Zoning is an effective tool not only for the implementation of the Plan,
but also benefits individual property owners. It protects homes and
investments against the potential harmful intrusio& of business and
industry into residential neighborhoods; requires the spacing of buildings
fac enough apart to assure adequate light and air; prevents the
overcrowding of land; facilitates the economical provision of essential
public facilities; and aids in conservation of essential natural resources.
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There are a variety of zoning approaches and techniques which may be
employed to help assure that Richrocmd remains an attractive ccmnunity in
which to live and conduct business.
These techniques acknowledge the
critical role oE both City oEficials and staff in enforcing the provisions
u[ Lhe local zoning ordinance. Tuo key tools available to City ofcicials
seeking to assure quality development are special ap~roval use procedures,
and performance guarantee provisions.
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Some land uses are of such a nature that permission to locate them in a
given district should not be granted outright, but should only be approved
after assurances that the use will meet certain specified corditions •
These types of land uses are called special · approval, conditional, or
special exception uses. The City may use this flexible zoning process to
permit uses of land by following special procedures, including a public
hearing and site plan review, to ensure the conpatibility of the use within
the vicinity in which it is to be located. This technique is based upon
discretionary review and approval of special land uses.
The site
develOEXttent requirements and standards upon which these decisions are made
must be specified in the Ordinance. However, additional reasonable
conditions may be attached in conjunction with the approval of a special
land use including provisions to conserve natural resources and measures
designed to l?rOlOOte the use of land in an environmentally, socially, and
economically desirable manner.
To ensure compliance with a zoning ordinance and any conditions imposed
under the ordinance, a ccrrmunity may require that a performance guarantee,
cash deposit, certified check, irrevocable bank letter of credit, or surety
bond, acceptable to the City and covering the estimated cost of improvements on the parcel for which site plan al?l?roval is sought, be deposited
with the Clerk. This performance guarantee l?rotects the City by assuring
the faithful completion of the improvements. The ccmrunity must establish
procedures under which rebate of cash deposits will be made, in reasonable
proportion to the ratio of work completed on the required improvements, as
work progresses.
A stable, knowl-edgeable Planning Carmission is critical to the success of
the zoning process. The Cocrrnission' s responsibilities include long-range
plan formulation and the drafting of appropriate, reasonable zoning
ordinance regulations designed to implement plan goals and objectives.
Adoption of the zoning ordinance by the legislative body then provides the
legal basis for enforcement of zoning ordinance provisions. The ultimate
effectiveness of the various ordinance requirements, however, is dependent
upon the overall quality of ordinance administration and enforcement. If
·administrative procedures are lax, ot" if enforcement of regulations is
handled in an inconsistent, sporadic manner, the result will be
unsatisfactory at best. The Building Cepartment is often responsible for
•
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-96-
�carrying out zoning/development related functions including building
inspections, ordinance administration, ccmnunity/developer liaison, and so
forth. Each of these functions requires a substantial investment of staff
time. If sufficient time is not made available to carry out these critical
functions, they may only be accomplished in a cursory manner. Therefore,
the City should provide for adequate department staff levels and/or
consulting assistance to assure that these essential day-to-day functions
will receive the professional attention required to assure quality
develo~ent.
Subdivision Regulations
When a developer proposes to subdivide land, he or she is, in effect,
plaming a portion of the City. To assure that such a development is in
harrrony with Ceveloprent Plan objectives, the subdivision or resubdivision
of residential or nonresidential land must be guided by the City in
accordance with the Michigan Subdivision Control Act, Act 288, P.A. 1967,
as amended.
Several direct benefits accrue from the regulation of subdivisions by a
local unit of government. By requiring the subdivider to install adequate
utilities and improved streets, purchasers of the lots are not later
burdened with unexpected added expenses. A subdivision without adequate
physical improvements is detrimental not only to itself, but it also
reduces the opportunity for reasonable development of adjacent parcels. In
addition, long-range economy in government can be realized only when
adequate improvements are provided by the subdivider.
a part of its review o.f proposed subdivisions, the Planning Corcrnission
Eocuses on such features as the arrangement and width of streets, the
grading and surfacing of streets; the width and cepth of lots; the adequate
provision of open space; and the location of easements for utility
installations.
The subdivision review process is one of the rrethods of
implementing the goals, objectives, and policies of the cornnunity's
long-range plan.
As
Capital Imorovements Program
The teem "cai;,ital improvements" is generally intended to embrace
large-scale projects of a fixed nature, the irnplerrentation of which results
in new or expanded public facilities and services. Such items as public
building construction, park developrrent, sewer installation, waterworks
improvements, street construction, land acquisition, and the acquisition of
cectain large-scale pieces of equii;irnent (graders, sweepers, trucks, etc.)
ace included in the Capital Improvements Budget.
Few comnunities are fortunate enough to have available at any given time
sufficient revenues to satisfy all demands for new or improved public
facilities and services. Consequently, rrost are faced with the necessity
of determining the relative priocity of specific projects and establishing
a program schedule for their initiation and completion. The orderly
I [Jrograrrrning of public improvements is to be accomplished in conjunction
with a long-range plan.
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225.ff
or·
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FIGURE 4 - CITY MANAGERS PRIVATE OFFICE 225 SQ ft
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FIGURE 5 - PRIVATE OFFICE 160 sq ft
11'-0"
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0
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0E3 i:
0
FIGURE 6 - WORK STATIONS
00 00 00
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TlaL(
~
Tl8LE
66 sq ft
I
100? □ 00 00(
~
FIGURE 7 - CONFERENCE ROOM
200 sq ft
�In essence, the capital Improvements Program is simply a schedule for
implementing public capital imprnvements which acknowledges current and
anticipated demands, and which recognizes present and i;:otential financial
resources available to the ccmnunity. The capital Improvem:nts Program is
a major planning tool for assuring that they proceed to canpletion in an
efficient manner.
The capital Improvements Program is not intended to
encourage the spending of additional public rronies, but is simply a means
by which an impartial evaluation of needs may be made. The program is a
schedule established to expedite the implementation of authorized or
contemplated proJects.
Long-range prograrrming of public improvements is based upon three
fundamental considerations. First, the proposed projects rust be selected
on the basis of camunity need.
Second, the program rust be developed
within the corrmunity's financial constraints and must be based upon a sound
financial plan.
Finally, program flexibility must be maintained through
the annual review and approval of the capital budget.
The strict
observance of these conditions requires· periodic analysis of various
community development factors, as well as a thorough and continuing
evaluation of all proposed improvements and related expenditures. It is
essential that in the process of preparing and developing the program, the
Planning Conmission be assigned a role in reviewing project proposals to
assure conformity with the General Development Plan and to make
reccmnendations regarding priority-special projects, and appropriate
methods of financing.
Governmental Assistance
Many sources of governrrental assistance are available to aid local
officials and private interests in meeting desired land use objectives or
improvement needs. Federal, state, and local plan implementation resources
which are available to the City are listed below in Table 37, sare of which
are discussed at length in the City's economic development plan.
Local goverrurent rust also be cognizant of enhancing the financial
feasibility of private development projects through "co-development."
Co-development is simply the joint public and private investment for a
cc:mron purpose.
The participation can range from direct loans to private· interests to
reduce the capital needed to develop a project, selling\Publicly controlled
land at less than fair market value to lower construction rosts, or by
issuing bonds to acquire land, construct buildings, or acquire equiµnent
which the City would sell or lease to private industry.
A significant public improvement to be considered by the City of Richrrond
during the planning period includes the development of a new City
Administration Center. An analysis of the need for a City Administration
Building follows.
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TABLE 37
Pl.AN INPLEMEHTATI~ RESOl.RCES
CITY Of RICIMH>• MACQl3 COllfTY• MICHIGAN•
AH>lt«;
SOlRCE
Federal
PROmAN NAME
PROQWt
DESCRIPTI~
COM:HTS
Community Development Block
Grant (COBO) Program
Flexlble program developed to replace categorlcal
grants. Ellglble projects Include property
acquisition, lnstelletlon or repair of publlc
facilities (r04ds, water, and sewer lines, etc.>
building rehabllltetlon and preservation, end
plennlng activities.
Projects must meet one of three national
objectives: 1) benefit low and moderate
Income persons; 2) aid In the prevention
of slums or bllght; and, 3) meet community
development needs having a particular urgency
Economic Development Admln.,
Publlc Works end Development
Feel lltles Assistance
Funding for publlc works and development
facilities that contribute to Job retention
or creation.
Committed private Investment Is required.
EDA participation wlll range from 50-80% of
project cost.
Section 202 Housing Program
Loan programs to provide funding tor senior citizen
and handicapped housing. New construction, rehabilitation and congregate housing Is ell ellglble.
Only nonprofit corporations and cooperatives
may be sponsors.
lndustrlel Development Corp.
Act (Act 327 of 1931)
IDCs may be established as profit or nonprofit
organization to purchase sites and construct
buildings to stimulate local Industrial activity.
First major state economic development
program.
Rehabilitation of Blighted
Area Act (Act 344 of 1945)
Locelltles are permitted to develop plans, seek
citizen review and sell bonds for funding rehebllltatlon projects to eliminate blighted areas.
Act was recently amended to Include
"potent la I ly bl lghted" areas.
Shopping Area Redevelopment
Act (Act 120 of 1961)
Act permits renewal of the principal shopping area
of convnunlty with revenue bonds end speclel
assessments.
Activities ore restricted to Improving
streets, walkways, perking lots, ond
urban me! Is.
Economic Development
Corp. Act (Act 338 of 1974)
Nonprofit EDC Is created by convnunlty. EDC may
acquire lend, construct buildings, end acquire
equipment, which It sells or leases to private
Industry.
Flnonclng Is obtained from the sole of
bonds, or from loans or grants from the
local convnunlty.
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State
�TABLE 37
PLAN lff>l.EMENTATl<»-1 RESOlRCES
CITY Of RletNN>. MACOE COllfTY• NICfflGAN•
(Continued)
flN>I~
somcE
State
(Cont)
PR06IWf NAME
I
DESCRIPTl<»-1
<XNEHTS
Tax Increment Finance
Authority Act (Act 450 of 1980)
City created TIFA can finance public facility
Improvements for the restoration or development
of a central business district through bond Issues,
tax Increment financing, or grants.
Michigan Urban Land Assembly
Act (Act 177 of 1981)
This Act provides for o stote loon fund to assist
co11W11unltles with high unemployment ond demonstrating
o shortage of lndustrlol property In the acquisition
of reol property for economic development.
The Michigan Economic
Development Authority Act
(Act 70 of 1982)
The state MEDA con moke loons, financed by bonds
Issued on all and gas severance taxes, directly
to cities, or to their ODA or EDC. loans can be
used for lostallatlon of streets, walkways,
Improvements to recreation focllltles, property
acquisition, building rehabilitation and all
reloted . admlnlstratlve costs.
The convnunlty must come up with 50%
of the project cost from Its own or
other sources, and MEDA wlll loan the
other 50%.
The Local Development
~
Financing Act (Act 281 of 1986)
City created local Development Financing Authority
can finance public facility Improvements, using
tax Increment financing, from revenues captured
from Increased value of any eligible property.
Ellglble property consists of property of which
the primary purpose ond use Is manufacturing,
processing of goods and materials by physlcol or
chemlcol change, ogrlcultural processing, or
high technology octlvlty.
A COlllfflunlty moy develop a certified
Industrial perk ond use captured
revenues from eligible property
within the perk for public tocllltles
for other property within the pork.
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Widely used In state of Michigan. May
provide back-up flnonclng for historic
projects.
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TABLE 37
PLAN ltf>LEMEKTATIOO REsomcES
CITY OF RletMH)• NACOl8 COllfTY. MICHIGAN•
(Cont In ued)
Flff)IN3
SOCK£
Local
PROGRAM NAME
PROGRAM DESCRIPTIOO
Special Assessments
Special assessments are a fee levied by the
convnunlty within a district for the financing of
a local Improvement that Is primarily of benefit
to the landowners who must pay the assessment.
General Obligation Bonds
General obligation bonds are negotiable bonds Issued
by the coovnunlty end payable from the levy of ad valorem
taxes on ell taxable property within the community.
They are becked by the full faith and credit of the
Issuing Jurisdiction. These bonds are typically used
to fund physical Improvements, such es street fighting,
perking focllltles, recreation, end lend acquisition.
Revenue Bonds
Revenue bonds ore negotloble bonds Issued by the
conmunlty end payable only from the net revenues of the
project being financed. These bonds ore most often
Issued to finance utility Improvements, and perking ond
transportation foci lltles.
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•complied by Wade-Trim/IMPACT, July, 1988.
C<N4EHTS
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CXJMJNI'l'Y
EXILITIES/CITY AIMINISTRATICN BUIID!Ni
Intrcduction
The City of Richnond' s administration building is located at 69130 Stone
Street. It contains administrative offices for the City Manager, Clerk,
Treasurer, and Assessor in addition to offices for the Building Inspection
Dc[)artrnent and the Police Cepartment.
analysis of the existing administration building revealed that it is
structurally unsafe and too small to adequately support the growing
administrative needs of the City.
An
Structural C\,lality Survey
The existing administration building is nearly 100 years old and due to its
deteriorated structural condition, it requires numerous repairs and
continuous rehabilitation to maintain it for daily use.
The exterior enclosure of the building requires irm'ediate attention and
treatment. The brick walls are cracked in several locations, especially at
the rear of the building. Brick and mortar joints are severely damaged at
ground level, as well as around the window and door openings. The stone
foundation wall also shows some degree of mortar joint damage. The
condition of the windcws and doors is generally poor. Most of them qualify
for replacement due to structural deterioration and low insulation value.
Many window sills and lintels are also deteriorated and should be replaced.
The entire exterior needs to be repainted.
The roof shows signs of deterioration that is readily apparent from the
exterior. Damage includes broken down spouts, falling gutters, and visible
sagging.
The perimeter walls inside the building are deteriorating as evidenced by
cracking brick work and plaster. The electrical and rrechanical systems are
in need of repair to bring them into conformance with the requirements of
the building code.
earlier inspection of the attic by a construction canpany retained by
the City, indicates that the brick work in the attic is deteriorating
rapidly. Several joints are open entirely through the wall, and many brick
areas, especially around the window openings, are in an advanced state of
deterioration.
An
Major problems exist in the attic as a result of a past fire
extensive damage along the west and north gables. Several
structural elements were severely burned in the fire and were
or replaced. In addition, rafters are beginning to show signs
rotting and deterioration.
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which caused
of the roof
not repaired
of localized
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E'r:-crn an ener:-gy conservation standpoint, the building is lacking airlocks
~vestibules), good quality exterior doors and windows, and adequate wall
insulation. The basement is open which further detracts from the overall
enei:gy efficiency of the building.
Office Requirements
The existing administration building contains approximately 2,500 square
feet of office space for the following personnel:
City Manager
Clerk
Treasurer
Assessor:Building Inspector
Mechanical Inspector
Electrical Inspector
Secretaries (3)
Police Chief
Sergeant
Patrol Officers (5)
24-Hour Dispatcher
Interviews with City officials indicated an eventual need for additional
personnel including a Building Official and Code Enforcement Officers. As
the number of employees and volume of work increase within the Building
Cepartment, an additional secretary will rrost likely t:eccme necessary.
Additional space requirements within the City Administration Building is
also required for a central storage and filing area; council chambers with
a work room for City Council; and air conditioned space for emergency 911
equipment. City Council currently rreets in the local library, which is
small and confined.
A large group of public citizens cannot t:e
accarm::dated.
Further, citizen participation is limited by book shelves
and magazine racks that obstruct the view of the City Council.
The existing administration building, in its current condition, cannot
function properly as a irunicipal building t:ecause of its poor physical
condition, inadequate size, and improper interior design. There is
insufficient floor area in the existing building to accommodate City
administration and Police Cepartrrent needs.
•
It is recomnended that the existing building and Police Cepartment trailer
t:e rerroved from site and that a new administration building t:e constructed
to meet the existing and projected needs of the City of Richmond.
Consideration should t:e given to incorporating existing front and side
facades into the new building design. The high cost of rehabilitation of
the existing structure and construction of the required additions does not
appear to be justified by the historical and aesthetic value of the
existing building •
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Space and Design Standards
Building space to accomnodate a combined City Administration Building and
attached Police Station is required as follows:
City Manager
Manager's Office
Secretary
225 sq.
200 sq.
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ft.
private office is recomnended for the City Manager. It is desirable that
private offices be a minimum of 100 square feet and a maximum of 300 square
feet each in size, depending upon the requirements of the occupant. The
City Manager must meet with members of the public, City Council, and .City
employees on a regular basis. A larger · off ice is thus required to
accoomodate visitors, and privacy is essential when handling personnel
watters and the affairs of individual members of the public (Figure 4).
A
City Cle:rk
Clerk's Office
Secretary/ Clerical Space
150 sq. ft.
100 sq. ft.
City Treasurer
Treasurer's Office
Secretary/Clerical Space
City Assessor
Assessor's Office
Secretary/Clerical Space
150 sq. ft.
100 sq. ft.
150
sq. ft.
100 sq. ft.
Private offices are recomnended for the Clerk, Treasurer, and Assessor.
•
OE fices for these City oEficials may be smaller than the City Manager ' s
ofEice since the number of persons expected to visit the offices is
significantly less (Diagram 2). A total of 300 square feet of secretarial
and cledcal work space is recorrrnended to serve the needs of the Clerk,
Treasurer, and Assessor. It is assumed that two ( 2) secretaries will be
sufficient to a~camodate the clerical needs of the three (3) offices.
Building Official
Building Official's Office
Mechanical Inspector
Electrical Inspector
Building Inspector
Code Enforcement Officer
Code Enforcement Officer
Secretarial/Clerical Space
150 sq. ft.
63 sq. ft.
63
63
63
63
200
sq. ft.
\
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
A private office is recarrnended for the Building Official who will review
plans with private developers and be responsible for the supervision of the
Inspectors and Code Enforcement Officers (Figure 5).
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Open area work stations are recorrmended for the Building Inspectors and
Code Enforcement Officers. These employees will spend a significant aroount
of time out of the office, inspecting buildings. The space allocated to
work stations is based on the furniture and equi_prent necessary to perform
the work assigned, as well as on circulation area. The amount of space
ceccmnended for the open area work stations will accamoodate a desk and
chair for the employee, a visitor's chair, and a legal size file cabinet
(Figure 6).
Central Storage and File Roan
225 sq. ft •
In genecal, each open file cabinet will require the following space
allowan!e without consideration of any working area in front of the open
drawer:
Standard Letter File
Standard Legal File
Sid~ning Letter File
Sid~pening Legal File
Conference Poem
6 sq. ft.
7 sq. ft.
6-1/2 sq. ft.
7-1/2 sq. ft.
200 sq. ft.
conference room containing 200 square feet
canfortably accornrodate 12 pecsons (Figure 7).
A
camcil Cllanbers
of
floor
space
will
1,000 sq. ft.
The recomnended council chambers are large enough to accorrm:xiate 12 Council
Members and City officials sitting at a table or raised bench, and up to
108 membecs of the public sitting in rows of chairs. An architectural
standard of 15 square feet per person conducting business at a desk and
7.58 square feet per person sitting side-by-side in an audience is assumed.
Police Station
4,300 sq. ft.
A police station to accamtOdate a total of 8 to 10 officers is required to
serve an approximate population of 7,000 people (Figure 8). The Year 2000
i;:opulation projected for the City of Richrrond is 4,500. However, the City
of Richmond recently annexed the Muttonville area and additional
annexations may occur in the future. Thus, the population in the Year 2000
may be greater than 4,500.
The reccmnended police facility will
accarm:>date the current population of the City of Richrrond, as well as
projected population increases within the City and outlying areas that may
be annexed in the future.
The recorrmended police facility should be connected to the City
Administration Building with a separate entrance. The lights, heating,
and ventilation system for the police facility should also be operated
sei;,arately.
The proposed police building contains space foe the Police Chief, records
fend clerical, carmunications equi£1ltent, training, identification, jail
facilities, receiving and assisting the public, police personnel, police
property, building maintenance, and a conference roan.
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METER R(POJR
ANO STORAGE
CARPORT
2
,
iCELL 0-
2
OAY ROOM
2
12°
l
19'
F'OOO
COOLER
BOILER
ANO
VlOLEHT
CELL
,so.
CELL
&DOING
--~,.--=---,,----:
2
SCO<!NG
SIU.l£oo-.."
I
'ce:u.0TANK
10'1 if
SCIUMO ,IIOOt' (D
MQTI-PURPOS(
· OFFICE
lllt(llCOII
RE:CCROS
P8S0H(RS
----- ------,--a
PHOTO.PRINT,
0ARlC RM
,,,,
roomer
SHOW UP
FANS
STORAGE
M(N'S JAIL
2
2
EXIT
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Of'F'ICERS
a' I 14
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ATTY
ANO
ClE:RX
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w
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w
CC\JRT
CLASS ROCM
CONFERENCE
CL
11'1 30'
en
PUSUC FOYER
CHIEF'S
OFFICE
11'114°
L088Y
A.
MAIN
ENTRANCE
I I
STREET
FIGURE 8 - PLAN OF POLICE STATION FOR CITY
OF 7,000 POPULATION 4,300 sq ft
�r
Canbi.ned City 1'dninistratioo -Build.ing
aoo.
Police Department
Total Square Footage - 7,565 sq. ft.
Building Construction
...
A comparative analysis of both conventional and pole barn type of
construction methods reveal a conventionally constructed facility to be
rrore economical and aesthetically appealing. The cost of adapting a pole
building to off ice use is high because of the use of two separate
structural systems in one wilding including pole construction for the
structure and stud-wall framing between the poles. Subsequently, the cost
of interior and exterior finishes is al?o higher to accommodate the
combination of poles and stud- wall construction without canpranising the
aesthetic value of the building. The additional cost increase to m:xlify
the pole barn is estimated to be $5.00 per square foot of floor area •
..Pole construction is not justified econanically, and conventional
construction is more aesthetically pleasing as it allows for designs that
are less limited and rrore consistent with the architectural style of the
City of Richm:::>nd.
Location
The selection of a site for a City Hall will be influenced by a number of
circumstances.
Some conditions are limiting in nature, such as the
availability of land. There are, however, certain guiding principles that
should be considered.
Efficiency of service and good accessibility are prime considerations in
the siting of a City Administration Building. Since public services rrust
serve every citizen, as well as and as conveniently as possible, those
activities should be located near the center of transportation and business
activity.
The City Adrni.ni,stration Building must have integration with other offices
in order to provide efficient and effective service. City offices use the
offices of professional agencies and other businesses. Locating City Hall
near the center of business activity helps expedite the work of the offices
located in the building.
The rrost popular co-development technique being employed is tax increment
financing (TIF) under PA 197 (the D:lwntown Development Authority Act), PA
450 (the Tax Increment Finance Authority Act), and PA 281 (the Local
Development Finance Act). TIF is an attractive financing tool because it
allows corrmu.nities to pay for needed public improvements at virtually no
cost to their general fund. TIF works by capturing, for a specifically
defined time, all or a portion of the increased tax revenue (above a
"Ernzen" base year), that may result fran increases in assessed valuation
which arise Eran new development. Property taxes normally allocated to all
taxing jurisdictions (school district, county, etc.) can be captured to
f jnance public improvements. It is important to recognize that TIF is not
a new tax.
It is simply a method which allows for the diversion of tax
dollars to be used for specified public improvements.
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The legality of TIF as a financing tool has, until recently, been suspect.
It has been argued that the diversion of tax dollars to local development
projects, when they were voted for schools and other governmental r;,urposes,
was unconstitutional.
The Michigan Supreme Court, howevet", provided an
Advisory Opinion on the constitutionality of PA 281 of 1986 (the LDFA Act),
the rrost cecent TIF vehicle. The Court held that the capture and use of
tax increment t"evenues as authorized by the Local Cevclopnent Financing Act
does not violate the provisions of the state's constitution.
The City of Richmond has established a Tax Increment Finance Authority and
is making improvements to its Cowntown District along Main Street under the
provisions of the Act. Recent changes to the TIFA Act, hcwever, provides
that as of January 1, 1987, new authorities or authority districts may not
be created and an existing authority district may not be expanded.
However, the Act does permit existing development areas to be expanded and
new development areas, within existing authority districts, to be created.
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~ 0 0 STRA'.I'EXiY
:9
Intrcduction
The annexation of unincorpocated land adjacent to the City of Richrrond is
a~ additional method of plan implementation available to the City of
R1chnond. The City of Richrrond is bordered by unincorporated Townships on
all sides of its rrn.micipal boundaries. Richm:md Township borders all City
boundaries to the north of Division Street and Lenox Township abuts City
-boundaries to the south of Division Street. The City of Richrrond recently
annexed 390 acres of land within Lenox Township on the south side of
Division Street extending east to the St. Clair county line. This newly
annexed area of the City abuts Casco Township in St. Clair County.
Columbus Township is also located in St. Clair County, on the north side of
Division Street (Map 9).
In 1989, the City of Richmond annexed land in Lenox Township including the
area known as Muttonville. The City of Richrrond entered into an annexation
agreement with the Township, at the time of annexation, agreeing not to
pursue any further:- annexations within the Township for a pericd of ten (10)
years. Accocdingly, the desirability or likelihcxxi of future annexations
within Lenox Township are not consideced in this analysis.
Annexation Methods and Procedures
9
Annexation to home rule cities was difficult to achieve prior to 1970:
Approval of an annexation at that time required two ( 2) elections:
a
sei;iarate vote in the area to be annexed and another combined note in the
affected Township and City. An inhabited area was rarely annexed because
usually the property tax levy in the City exceeded that levied in the
Township and the property ownecs residing in the affected area rejected the
prol?(Jsed annexation.
In 1970, a compromise was achieved whereby a township would have a vote if
moce than 100 pecsons resided in the area to be annexed, and no vote vJOuld
be available if 100 persons or less resided in the area.
Township officers were ultimately dissatisfied with the canprcmise,
however, and sued in court to unvalidate the new law. The Township lost in
court but eventually persuaded the state legislature to amend the Charter
Townshii;> Act to provide total immunity from annexation for townships
incorporated before June 15, 1978, and makes annexation from any charter
township incorporated thereafter extremely difficult.
Under the State Boundary Ccmnission, annexation can be initiated in one of
four ways:
1) by resolution of the legislative t:ody of the City; 2) by
owners of 75 percent or m:::>re of the area proposed for annexation; 3) by
i;ietition of 20 percent of the registered electors in the area proposed for
annexation; and, 4) by a petition of one percent of the total poi;iulation of
the affected areas.
fI
Ucon ceceiving a i;ietition for annexation, the State Boundary Conmission
sdledules a "legal sufficiency" hearing at which the compliance of the
petition oc resolution with its rules and the statutes is reviewed.
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PRIORITY 2
33 MILE
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ST . CLAIR HIGH\Y.1'
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ANNEXATION STRATEGY AREAS
~ MUTTONVILLE ANNEXATION 1989
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CIT Y OF RLCHMOND
~1AC OM8 COUNT Y, MICHIGAN
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After the "legal sufficiency hearing'' a public hearing is scheduled where
it must be shown that the standards of the Boundary Corrmission have been
met.
After the close of the f)ublic hearing the i;,arties are permitted 30 days in
which they may sutrnit written arguments and other written material relating
to the issues. After this 30 day period, an adjudicative meeting is held
at which the Boundary Ccmmission rules on the proposed annexation.
In addition to annexation by the State Boundary Comnission, there are
alternative means of annexation available.
A new method was provided in
the Charter Township Act which permits a petition by 20 percent of the
registered electors in an area proposed for annexation to be submitted to
the voters of the annexing city or village and to the voters within the
area to be annexed.
Another method is based upon the consent of both the Township Board and the
City's legislative body.
This method applies only to land on which no
qualified electors reside other than the petitioners, and the petitioners
must own rrore than half of the land to be annexed.
The final alternative method of annexation is governed under the Horne Rule
Act and is sometimes described as "unilateral annexation."
This method
allows a city to annex vacant land which it owns and which abuts the city
limits.
When the annexation is canpleted by the
Comnission Administrator ensures that the
the County Clerk and the Secretary of
accanplished by alternative methods, it is
file certified copies of the resolution
off ice cs.
State Boundary Comnission, the
annexation orders are filed with
State.
When annexations are
essential that the annexing city
affecting annexation with these
Standards for Cetei::minations
Critecia to be· considered by the State Boundary Conmission in arriving at
an annexation determination are provided in MSA, 5. 2242, Section 9. The
critecia allows for a close examination of the possible impacts on
population and the physical environment; cocrrnunity services; and the entire
corrmunity in general. Specific criteria are as follows:
A.
POPULATION/PHYSIQ\L ENVIRONMENT
Curcent Population
Population Censity
Land Area and Land Uses
Assessed Valuation
''
Natural Boundaries and Drainage Basins
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Past and Probable Future Urban Growth, Including Pof)ulation Increase
and Business, Ccmnercial, and Industrial Cevelofffient in the Area
Comparative data for the incorpocating municif)ality and the
cemaining poction of the unit frcxn which the area will be detached is also
considered.
tmE:
B.
CCMMUNITY SERVICES
tleed for Organized Cotmunity Services
Present Cost and Adequacy of Governmental Services in the Area to be
Incorporated
Probable future Need for Services
Practicability
Incoqx:,rated
of
Supplying
Such
Services
in
the
Area
to
be
Probable Effect of the Pro!?()sed Incorporation and of Alternative
Courses of Action on the Cost and Mequacy of Services in the Area to
be Incorporated and on the Remaining Portion of the Unit From rhich
the Area will be Cetached
Probable Increase in Taxes in the Area to be Incorporated in Relation
to the Benefits Expected to Accrue Fran Incorporation
Financial Ability of the Incorporating Municipality to Maintain Urban
Type Services in the Area
C.
GENERAL EFFECT
General Effect U!?()n the Entire Ccrrmunity of the Proposed Action
Relationship of the Pr:oposed Action to any Established City, Village,
Town.ship, County, or Regional Land Use Plan
Annexation Priorities
Based upon the procedures and standards for determina~ion of annexations,
we reccmnend that the City of Richmond continue its annexation strategy and
focus upon five (5) priority areas.
Map 9 identifies the recarrnended f)riority areas relative to the annexation
of land to the City of Richmond. The first priority area identified on the
map includes the Muttonville area as recently annexed. Priorities include
f)lanning for the future growth and develoi;xnent of the area and zoning the
area to be consistent with the City's plans.
fljhe second f)riority area identified is located adjacent to the_ City's
northern boundary on the north side of 33 Mile Road. This area includes
Richmond Cemetery, located on the east side of Mernt?his Ridge Road.
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The third pdocity area enccrnpasses land in Richmond Township, on the nor-th
side of Division Stceet, that extends east fr-an the City boundary to the
St. Clair- county line. One of the advantages of annexing this area
includes the creation of a rrore uniform municipal boundar:y to allow foe a
mor.e efficient utilization of utilities, secvices, and infrastructure
provided by the City of Richmond. It ~uld be inefficient, foe example,·
for the City of Richmond to pcovide watec and sewec secvice along Division
Street to secve only those properties on the south side of the street. A
City with a rrore uniform municipal boundary is less confusing and easier to
negotiate in the event of an emergency, thus allowing for a more afficient
delivery of police and fire secvice to area residents.
The fourth pr:iori ty includes the annexation of land east of the County line
within St. Clair County.
The area extends east to Gratiot Foad. The
southern portion of the proposed area is located within Casco Township and
abuts municipal boundaries. The northern portion is located within
Columbus Township but is curcently not contiguous to municipal boundaries.
~ture annexation of · land within Columbus Townshi9 should be initiated only
after the annexation of the area to the west designated "Priority 3."
The fifth priocity includes the extension of the westecn municipal boundar:y
on the north side of Division Street westward to Lowe Plank Foad. This
priocity area is situated within Richmond Township •
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-111-
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization)
Wyckoff, Mark A.
Description
An account of the resource
Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Michigan
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1960/2023
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Michigan
Comprehensive plan publications
Master plan reports
Zoning--Michigan
Zoning--Maps
Maps
Land use--planning
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-240
Format
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application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Richmond_Master-Plan_1990
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wade-Trim/IMPACT Municipal and Planning Consultants
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1990-09-13
Title
A name given to the resource
City of Richmond Master Plan
Description
An account of the resource
The City of Richmond Master Plan was prepared by Wade-Trim/IMPACT Municipal and Planning Consultants and was adopted by the City of Richmond Planning Commission on September 13, 1990.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Master plan reports
Richmond (Mich.)
Macomb County (Mich.)
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1fd73200505c4bdd77b2e3c9dbbaf8cc.mp4
c2842c3403649eafbda8521857623365
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e0a428b09f1baa96eaa92987f5cbe601.pdf
a1d18c14282a1267c4de8419801bf7e6
PDF Text
Text
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
World War II
Jack Walbridge
Length: 47:55
(00:30) Background Information
Jack graduated from Caledonia high school in 1942; he had played football and was a
musician
He then went to Grand Rapids Community College, taking liberal arts classes so that he
could one day be a school band instructor
Jack also joined the Army Specialized Training Program
His father had been in WWI and had been awarded a Purple Heart
Jack was called into service for the Army in May of 1943
(1:30) Basic Training
Jack went through basic training at Fort Riley, Kansas and it was not at all what he had
expected
He really envied his father and wanted to be sure that he would also see a lot of combat
Jack volunteered to be in the paratrooper program and 1 week later was sent to Fort
Benning in Georgia
It was in the middle of Summer and it was very hot
It was difficult training in the hot weather and much more rough than in Fort Riley
Many men were passing out from the heat while they were running and the instructors
would just yell and kick at them
(5:30) Overseas
Jack was sent to Fort Bragg in Alabama [North Carolina] and became part of the 13th
Airborne Division
They spent time practicing in the jump field and bivouacking
He was then re-assigned to the 551st Parachute Battalion
They left in a huge convoy full of Navy transports, escorts, blimps, destroyers, and an
aircraft carrier
They landed in Africa, but Jack had though they were going to Italy
They arrived in the Straights of Gibraltar at night and were immediately attacked by the
Germans
There was a huge explosion on Jack’s ship and his leg was hurt
They disembarked in Oran and he was sent to a hospital for 10 days
Jack then boarded a British transport ship to another hospital in Sicily
�
When he was feeling better he went through airborne school and took radio classes in
Rome
He was then sent to Northern Italy until the invasion in France
(9:45) France
Jack was transferred on a ship to work with the 517th Regimental Combat Team
He was put on an outpost on his first night for guard duty in the French Alps
He said it got very spooky there at night because there were so many clouds that you
could not see a thing
There were Germans patrolling every night and one night he heard something in the
brush, so he pulled the pin from a grenade and was about to throw it when he realized it
was only a rabbit
Jack could not just throw the grenade because then his position would be revealed
It was very difficult getting the pin back in and took him about an hour
It later began getting very cold in the Alps in the Fall and they were replaced with the
10th Mountain Unit
(15:40) Winter Months
They left the Alps and headed North about 50 miles to a small town
They were all freezing with bleeding feet
They stayed in an old French barracks with only straw mattresses
While there they did not do much, just repetitive training and playing cards
Soon the Germans made a breakthrough in Northern France and they had to leave to go
further North
Jack really liked all the French people and thought they were all very nice
They were right in the midst of heavy combat and everything was all very confusing
The Germans were very good soldiers, well supplied, with better and newer equipment
and better food
The Americans did not have the proper Winter attire and were always freezing, sleeping
in fox holes at night
It was safer to sleep in the woods because buildings were always being shelled
The men finally received new, warmer boots and thicker camouflage coats
(21:45) Southern Alps
Jack worked as a scout and helped direct artillery once they had moved South
They were very short on ammunition and using artillery shells from WWI
The Germans always were bringing in new supplies, they had many ready ambulances
and there were tons of mines surrounding their defensive positions
Germans were very good with artillery and catching any small movements in the woods
�
The Americans were always moving along so quickly that their supply chain could not
keep up with them
Also the Americans were often short on food and stole food off dead Germans, who had
much better food; fresh bread and butter and sardines
(32:15) Northern France
They moved into Three Points [Trois Ponts] and were able to get the high ground and
Germans were waiting at the bottom of the hill
The men dug fox holes for protection, but later over 57% of their team was killed or
wounded
They needed replacements after the Battle of the Bulge and moved into Soissons to refit
They then went North and found more casualties, with abandoned American equipment
all over the place
There were just truckloads carrying dead bodies away to be buried
Jack was sent out scouting again and located his old 551st Battalion, but it had been
ambushed and the majority of them were dead
There was no place to walk because the area was filled with bodies, mines, and random
junk
(41:55) End of Service
Jack was able to go to Paris on R & R and he loved it and all the people there
He stayed there longer than he was supposed to and got demoted from sergeant to PFC
He later trained in Northern France with gliders and took communications classes
They were jumping in C-46s and C-47s; the Germans, British, and Russians had quit air
assaults because they had lost too many men in their attempts
After the war Jack took 2 weeks and then began working for his father’s meat market
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Veterans History Project
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Grand Valley State University. History Department
Description
An account of the resource
The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1914-
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American
Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American
Michigan--History, Military
Oral history
Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American
United States--History, Military
United States. Air Force
United States. Army
United States. Navy
Veterans
Video recordings
Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Smither, James
Boring, Frank
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-27
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a>
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
WalbridgeJ
Title
A name given to the resource
Walbridge, Jack (Interview outline and video), 2004
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Walbridge, Jack
Description
An account of the resource
Jack Walbridge graduated from Caledonia High School in Michigan and in 1942 and then began taking courses at Grand Rapids Community College and also joined the Army Specialized Training Program. He was called up for service in May of 1943 and found basic training to be boring, so he volunteered to be a paratrooper. Jack went through paratrooper training at Fort Benning in Georgia and then later traveled in a very large convoy to Northern Africa. They made their way though Italy and France and Jack often worked as a scout. Jack was discharged shortly after the Battle of the Bulge and began working for his father's meat market in Michigan.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Boring, Frank (Interviewer)
Michigan Military Preservation Society (Grand Rapids, Mich.)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral history
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
United States--History, Military
Michigan--History, Military
Veterans
Video recordings
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
United States. Army
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Relation
A related resource
Veterans History Project (U.S.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2004-06-26
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
video/mp4
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives