951 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d379a0c980cc1b6b04fa5fd5538a00a.jpg 176d784d376e4b671bf04bc3828c77ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_009_1941_126th-HQ Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Headquarters Company, 126th Infantry cabins Description An account of the resource Headquarters Company, 126th Infantry cabins and sign at Camp Livinston, Louisiana Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f193e3140b9f684c2f43566a7506beec.jpg 84e9da1feb468e2bda0374d7fcedccc5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_010_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Soldiers relaxing in camp, 1941 Description An account of the resource Soldiers relaxing in camp. Headquarters Company, 126th Infantry maneuvers at Camp Livingston. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a03cec07d775dafd60abd3b2e7a24f7a.jpg 976ee76906d2ca54a09a9e12e7618e0e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_011_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Soldiers relaxing in camp, 1941 Description An account of the resource Soldiers relaxing in camp. Headquarters Company, 126th Infantry maneuvers at Camp Livingston. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/399460f9eec97175cfec1be14b6e8a02.jpg 27e9c1cc4ab21fcd1f462c688568b399 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_012_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Sgt. Richard Plate on K-P duty, 1941 Description An account of the resource Sgt. Richard Plate on K-P duty at Camp Livingston. Rear is inscribed "The famous K-P-Kid was I mad in this picture" Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e37886a690e5715f66959adc5e26482a.jpg a2d6e49ae23a23c53a7ff92fe67ae31a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_006_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unkown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Walter Plaska, Richard Platte and Stephen Kraut, 1941 Description An account of the resource Three members of the Headquarters Company, 126th Infantry, photographed at Camp Livingston, Louisiana. Left to right: Walter Plaska, Richard Platte, Stephen Kraut Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f14871f761b5ce7ebf0cbf5c69b7d090.jpg 929c8cfcc99b25a55ea48704947721d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_013_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unkown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Soldier posing on ground with rifle Description An account of the resource Soldier posing on ground with rifle. Headquarters Company, 126th Infantry maneuvers at Camp Livingston. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1b6cac933802147f5c4cd3b486008625.pdf 817dabca480437ad850a75b99570e52b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Desert Storm Matthew Urbancik Total Time – (06:18) Background • • • • • • • • • • • He joined the military because he wanted to do something with electronics (00:12) He felt that the Navy had the most electronic devices but they would not let him in at the time so he joined the Air Force and became a jet mechanic (00:24) After boot camp he left for jet mechanic school o He was the top of his class He was in the military for over 20 years He did not have many prospects outside of the military so he decided to re-enlist o He saw the benefits that could be gained from retiring (01:22) o He re-enlisted after serving for seven years He achieved the Chief Petty Officer ranking (01:41) o He was an E-7 rank o Each promotion is based primarily off of performance and test scores (01:56) As Desert Storm was getting started, he was preparing to go to sea duty (03:21) o He was on shore duty but he was working very long days When 9/11 happened, his unit was in a defensive role on their own base (04:16) The military helped teach him how to focus on his tasks and how to achieve his goals o It taught him how to be dependable and reliable (04:41) He spent two months in boot camp that taught him survival skills (05:03) He advises young people to set their goals high � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UrbancikM1207V Title A name given to the resource Urbancik, Matthew (Interview outline), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Urbancik, Matthew Description An account of the resource Matthew Urbancik joined the military because he wanted to work with electronics. He initially sought out the Navy but was declined, and later enlisted into the Air Force to become a jet mechanic. Matthew saw the benefits of retiring from the military and re-enlisted after seven years. He served during Desert Storm and retired as a Chief Petty Officer. When 9/11 happened, his unit became a defensive unit on a domestic military base. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Melton, Hannah (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Navy Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-06-01 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7c448bd6109777e1110f003162920563.mp4 6026e62d4bee69de85ae38ee00fbffd4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0cc03e07826d4a3048a4a14698ddec98.pdf 2502c099a3139ed6bf042db7f72fad62 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: World War II Name of Interviewee: Tony Urbon Length of Interview: 00:58:50 Background  He was born in Grand Rapids in 1917.  His dad was a barber.  He dad asked him what he wanted to do with himself. He did not want to work in a factory, so he went to barber school.  He did not finish high school. In his senior year, he was not too crazy about school.  He would go to barber school in Detroit. He had to complete so many days and so many hours and since he went full time he completed the required training in four months.  From there he would work under a licensed barber for two years. He could not run a barber shop by himself. He could take over the shop for a couple of hours, but not longer. He had to put in so many hours there as well.  He would be an apprentice for the barber shop for in Grand Rapids.  He would complete his apprenticeship and he would work for different barber shops.  In 1940, the National Guard unit from Grand Rapids was beginning to mobilize. He had friends there who tried to talk him into joining them, but he would not.  He would receive his draft notice in April 1941 and was then sent to where the National Guard Units were, in Camp Livingston, Louisiana. [He joined the 32nd Infantry Division, of which the 126th Infantry Regiment was made up of men from West Michigan.]  When he got his draft notice, he was asked to go to Alaska, but he was sent to Louisiana. Training (6:25)          When he got to Louisiana, they asked him what he was doing there. He said that his neighbors sent him there, not his friends. He was with a band, because he could play an instrument. He wanted to be in the band so he did not have to go to the front. They wanted him to learn how to shoot a Browning Automatic Rifle. That is a pretty big gun. He did a lot of the regular basic training, like the marching and the drilling. He was there for 3 months. While he was there, he had to go to the rifle range to learn how to shoot the Browning Automatic. When he joined the band, he would play the trumpet and the tuba. While he was down there, he was allowed to go off base and explore the town. However, the base said that if Japan was to attack, that they needed to hurray back to base as fast as they could, even if it meant taking a cab. The cab fare would be paid for by the military and the soldiers did not have to worry about the bill. �           When Pearl Harbor happened, he was off playing in the band at a football on the military football team they had there. They finished the football game and headed back to camp. From there, they were to go to Lake Pontchartrain, where they were stationed. When the division was ready to move, they went to Boston. He thought they were going to Europe, but instead they got on a train and went all the way to San Francisco. From there they were sent to Australia. While in San Francisco, they stayed at the Cow Palace. They took a ship out of the US. It was a Lurline. They had three or four bunks to each room. He had never been on a big boat before and he thought he was going to get seasick, but he never did. The waves were pretty high, but he managed to stay ok. When they crossed the date-line, they had a celebration. When they crossed the Equator, some guy asked him to shave his head so he could be like a bald headed guy. So he still got to be a barber sometimes. He used to cater to officers before the war started. One officer asked if he would take a couple days out of the week. He said that he would. Then the officer told him that he would have to do KP and other things, not just cut hair, so he said no. When he was on the ocean crossing, he was in a convoy and they did a lot of zigzagging. He thought they would land in Hawaii but they went straight to Adelaide, Australia. Australia and New Guinea (18:00)              The people there were friendly. He remembers that the soldiers coming into town by train did not want beer; they wanted a cold fresh glass of milk. He would play with the band for the Australians and the soldiers. He remembers seeing the soldiers coming back from combat and they could barely lift their feet. However, once the band started playing, they got up right away. He was in Adelaide for a while, but eventually he was put on a train and was sent to Brisbane. When he was going from place to place, he had to get off one train going out of one province and had to get on another in a different province. The tracks were different sizes. He would finally make it to Camp Cable. He would continue playing in the band, while the regular soldiers had more training. Once they were done there, they would go to Melbourne, Sydney and then up the coast to New Guinea. They would travel by boat to get to New Guinea. He would land at Port Moresby, New Guinea. He would play in the band in New Guinea as well. While other troops were in the mountains, he would go up into planes and he would kick out rations and supplies to them. It could be dangerous. One time a man tried to push supplies out of the plane and they got stuck on the back of the plane, causing it to crash and the man was killed. �             Going in the plane was strictly a volunteer mission. He figured, if that guy can go over the mountain, he could certainly bring supplies to him. Pushing supplies out was a two man job. One would push the supplies out and another would push the supplies down so as to not have it catch on the back of the plane. After the men made it over the mountains, he would go to the airstrips near Buna and gather injured and dead men and take them back to Moresby so they could be put in a hospital. It took the guys 45 days to walk over there, and it took the planes 45 minutes to do the same. He would take sick people and dead bodies back. He doesn’t know which one was worse. When got back to Port Moresby, he would help unload ships as fast as he could. While he was there, the Japanese would attack Port Moresby occasionally. They would send planes to bomb the port. He would have some close calls. If you were going to the latrines or what not, all you do is try to find your way back. It is difficult because you don’t know where the noise is coming from or even if it is enemy fire. (28:30) One time, during the night, an officer was coming through and telling the soldiers that the tanks were pulling back, but he wanted them to try to hold the line. He thought to himself, if tanks can’t stop them, then how am I supposed to? This was in the Philippines. While he was in New Guinea, he did not really pay much attention to what was going on. He just followed orders. When he was loading casualties, he doesn’t think he knew any of them. After the New Guinea campaign, the soldiers were taken back to Australia. Australia and the Philippines (31:25)              He had a girlfriend in Australia. She was a nurse. While he was in Australia, he just played in the band some more. They were on one of the islands there for a whole year. While he was there, he did get malaria. He tried to get help, but they said that he only had the flu. Later on, when he went home, his parents and wife would take care of him. He never got to see any really important people while he was there. While he was in the Division, Eleanor Roosevelt came to visit. He had heard that she came in, but never saw her himself. He was on three different islands while in the Philippines: Mindoro, Luzon, and Leyte. He would only spend time in New Guinea and the Philippines. His first stop Leyte. On his way there, a Japanese plane made a suicide dive to bomb the ship. He and the others would get on a barge that would take them to the island. He was closer to the fighting in the Philippines. The people in the band were allowed to have 15 bullets. He figured that if he was going to shoot, he would make sure that he was going to hit somebody. �                He just had the bullets; he never had to use his rifle. He would eventually get some hand grenades as well. Life in the Philippines was hot and humid. A lady came back here in the US asked him if it was as humid there as it was here, and he said that she did not know what humidity was. They were very near the equator then and it very humid. There was nothing he could do to cool off. Maybe you went into the ocean, but that wasn’t very cool either. Instead, you just got used to it. When he was on New Guinea he did see some of the natives. (43:10) They used to tell them not to cater to the natives, because they eventually got to learn which food was good and which was bad. Then they would only help for the good food. He mostly dealt with men, and did not see much of the women and children. The men mostly helped with manual labor. They were told to pay them for their work, but don’t spoil them. When he was in the Philippines, he saw quite a few of them. Again, mostly men and not women and children. They were told the same thing in New Guinea about spoiling the natives. While in the Philippines, they stayed in hammocks. They used to tell him, don’t sleep on the ground. Sometimes you were so tired, you fell asleep before your head hit the ground. He was told not to sleep on the ground because of the bugs and other critters. He never had any problems with that. While he was on a barge, traveling to another island, he actually witnessed a man falling asleep while walking. He was also ordered not to help anyone up if they fainted. Instead the medical team had to take care of them. The war would end when he was at home. He would leave the Philippine in May 1945. Going Home (49:30)    He got to go home because he had enough points. There were men in his unit that got to go home before he did. He got home in July 1945. Post Duty (51:30)     After getting back home, he went back to work as a barber. He would stay in that line of work. He was still cutting guys hair while he was in the service, during his spare time. It was difficult sometimes and it was easier to just let the hair grow. When he was in Australia, he wanted to get his barber tools sharpened up. When he asked for a pass, the guy said he didn’t need one. While in town, he was asked to show his pass. Since he didn’t have one, he was put in a three different guard houses in three different days. �    When he finally got back, the guys thought he either went AWOL or was in the hospital. They looked for him. He felt that that he was the same as before he joined the Army. While he was New Orleans, he would want to go into a bar that had a cover charge. They got around that by saying that they were looking for his buddies. So they let him in. Some of the guys would get drunk, but most of them stayed out of trouble. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UrbonT Title A name given to the resource Urbon, Anthony (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Urbon, Anthony Description An account of the resource Tony Urbon was born in Michigan in 1917 and drafted into the army in April 1941. He was sent to train with the 32nd Division, which included the National Guard regiment from his area. He was a musician and served with the division's band. His division went to Australia in 1942, and then to New Guinea. During the Buna campaign, the band members worked on transport aircraft delivering supplies to the combat units and ferrying back dead and wounded soldiers. After Buna, they returned to Australia, and then went back to New Guinea and to the Philippines. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-02-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/317fc84919c703fcad00e13092c2e044.pdf 7fbb40c0eecbbc98af7a6bb55a3d31ee PDF Text Text Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project Walter Urick Interview, May 26, 2016. Total Time – (59:39) Beginning • Walter is the president of the Oceana Historical and Genealogical Society • His family history goes back to Europe because he is a first generation American o His father grew up in Belarus o His mother grew up in Poland Background on Walter’s Father – (1:08) • His father migrated to America when he was 16 years old, following his cousin who had migrated to Chicago o His dad got a job in Chicago and went to school to learn English o He then went through training to become a barber • During the time of World War I, Walter’s father began migrating westward o His father went to Spokane and ended up working at a valet shop in a hotel there and then in Seattle o President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Seattle once, and his father was the person who did President Roosevelt’s bowtie one day there His Father and Mother’s Relationship – (4:56) • Walter’s father went back to visit his parents in Europe for the first time in 1930 • On his second visit back in 1934, his father met his mother there o On February 24, 1935 Walter’s parents got married o After six weeks, Walter’s father returned to the U.S. but had difficulty getting his wife there too because he wasn’t a citizen yet o In 1938 Walter’s mother was able to come to the United States • Walter’s father had moved back to Chicago and the immigrant community there • His sister, Mary, was born in December of 1935 • Walter was born on June 3, 1939 1 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department Moving to Hart – (7:54) • Walter’s father was in the dry cleaning business now • His mother wanted to have a dairy farm and make a living that way instead of staying in Chicago • So his father took the bus to Wisconsin in 1939 and found a farm there • His dad took a boat over to Ludington and got on a bus to return to Chicago o The bus broke down in Hart and his dad started walking around there while waiting o He met a realtor who said that Hart needed a dry cleaning business • Walter’s family moved to Hart in April of 1940 • His father started the cleaning business there in 1941, but had to shut it down with World War II o After the war, his father started Urick Dry Cleaners Walter’s Siblings – (13:32) • His sister, Mary, was born in 1935 • His sister, Lola, was born on December 16, 1940 • His brother, John, was born on March 7, 1944 • They all attended Hart Public Schools • As a boy, Walter had some difficulty with languages and learning to read because his mother spoke multiple languages Working in Agriculture – (17:09) • Walter’s family lived on a 27.5 acre farm, and they had about a half dozen dairy cows • He had to do farm chores • For a number of years, Walter, his sister Mary, and his mother would pick cherries by hand at Marshall Spencer’s and the Jacobs’ cherry farms • They started with strawberries in June, sweet cherries in late June, and then tart cherries in the middle of July • They also picked pickles during August at Norm Jensen’s farm • Walter picked all of these until he was 16 years old, when he got his first formal job working for Hart Cherry Packers and worked there for another 7 summers o He made $1 an hour 2 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department • • o There were weeks when he worked 101 hours He remembers how the cherries were processed at Hart Cherry Packers Harold Morgan’s cherries were extremely large, and they got processed separately and were sold for a higher price Growing up in Hart – (24:39) • Hart was a close-knit community while Walter grew up • People did their shopping right in Hart at family-run businesses • They were a faith-based community at that time • Walter’s father was from a Russian Orthodox background in Belarus, who had many fights with the Catholics there • The English family in Hart invited Walter’s family to the Wesleyan church there o He got involved in the church choir • In high school, Walter was part of sports, drama, and the debate program College – (32:06) • Walter was offered scholarships for universities’ pre-law programs because of his performance in the debate program • After graduating high school in 1957, he went to Albion College • He received the Sloan Scholarship for his last three years and graduated in 1961 o He had saved enough money to pay for law school at the University of Michigan o He graduated from U of M in 1964 Beginning of Law Career – (34:18) • In his last year of law school, Oceana County’s local circuit judge wanted to talk to Walter before he accepted a position after graduation • He had been offered a position at the largest law firm in Toledo and a few positions in Grand Rapids • Oceana’s judge warned him about possibly getting drafted into the army because of the war in Vietnam o If Walter took the job as the prosecutor for Oceana County, he could be exempt from the draft o So he accepted the job, but didn’t take the Bar Exam until September of 1964 3 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department Oceana County Judicial Setup – (39:10) • On January 1, 1965 Walter became the Oceana County Prosecuting Attorney • He did this for six years • They had a justice of the peace system at that time • The township board of supervisors ran the county financially • Walter and the judge were the only two with college and professional training at the time Walter’s Wife – (43:18) • Karen, who would become Walter’s wife, came to Hart in 1966 with a friend • Karen became a junior high teacher there • She joined the church choir that Walter was a part of • They began dating and then were married August 26, 1967 o They had three children o Now they have grandchildren as well Legal Career Overview – (47:26) • The first 6 years, Walter was the part-time prosecutor, and he started his law practice • In 1976, he recruited young lawyers o Walter hired Tony Monton and they eventually became partners • In 1988, judgeship positions opened up • Walter was elected and had an 18 year career as the family court judge for Oceana County • Overall, he had a 42-year career in law The Brandel Case – (50:44) • One of the big issues that Walter handled that had to do with farming and migrants was the Brandel case o Jerry Brandel had migrants working on his pickle farm o Walter and Jerry succeeded in the case 4 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department Retirement – (53:20) • Now that he is retired, Walter is active in his tennis club, his rotary club, his church, Oceana Singers, and the Oceana Historical Society Final Comments – (53:45) • Karen and Walter built their home on Hart Lake in 1975 • Walter had formed a real estate company with a couple other men o They had bought land to build apartments on, but then decided they wanted to build their own homes there instead • His sister, Mary, became a teacher and married Bruce Krueger • His sister, Lola, also was a teacher, and she married Richard Bierschbach, who worked for Steelcase • His brother, John, is a veteran of the Vietnam War and now has a sawmill business, and his wife is also a teacher • Walter’s father died in 1985, and his mother died in 2006 5 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0dde03689a0a68639360655de18fa0c1.pdf 335029e42ff8c07b350b75ec1e955769 PDF Text Text Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department Una comunidad que cultiva: El proyecto de la historia agrícola de Oceana Entrevista de Walter Urick, May 26, 2016. Tiempo total – (59:39) (Traducido al espaňol por Kassie O’Brien, Juno 2016) El comienzo • Walter es presidente del Oceana Historical and Genealogical Society • Su historia familiar tiene raíces en Europa porque Walter es estadounidense de primera generación o Su padre creció en Bielorrusia o Su madre creció en Polonia Los antecedentes del padre de Walter – (1:08) • Su padre emigró a los Estados Unidos cuando tenía 16 años, siguiendo a su primo que emigró a Chicago o Su papá encontró trabajo en Chicago y asistió a la escuela para aprender inglés o Después recibió entrenamiento para ser barbero • Durante los años de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el padre de Walter empezó a emigrar hacia el oeste o Su papá fue a Spokane y encontró trabajo allí en el departamento de valet de un hotel, y después trabajó en Seattle o El presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt visitó Seattle, y un día el padre de Walter le ayudó al presidente con su corbatín La relación de su padre y madre – (4:56) • Su padre regresó a Europa para visitar a sus padres por primera vez en 1930 • El padre de Walter conoció a la madre de Walter en 1934 durante su segunda visita allá o Los padres de Walter se casaron el 24 de febrero de 1935 o Después de seis semanas, su padre regresó a los Estados Unidos pero tuvo dificultades de traer a su esposa también porque él no era ciudadano estadounidense o En 1938 la madre de Walter llegó a los Estados Unidos �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department • El papá de Walter había regresado a Chicago y a la comunidad de inmigrantes allá • Su hermana, Mary, nació en diciembre de 1935 • Walter nació el 3 de junio de 1939 Mudarse a Hart – (7:54) • El padre de Walter estaba trabajando con la limpieza en seco • Su mamá quería ganarse la vida por medio de una granja de productos lácteos • Así que su padre viajó en autobús a Wisconsin en 1939 y encontró una granja allí • Su papá fue en barco a Ludington para regresar a Chicago por bus o El bus se estropeó en Hart y su papá deambuló por allí mientras esperaba o Conoció a un agente inmobiliario que le dijo que se necesitaba un servicio de limpieza en seco en Hart • La familia de Walter se mudó a Hart en 1940 • En 1941 su padre inició su empresa de limpieza en seco en Hart, pero la cerró durante los años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial o Después de la guerra, su papá fundó Urick Dry Cleaners Los hermanos de Walter – (13:32) • Su hermana, Mary, nació en 1935 • Su hermana, Lola, nació el 16 de diciembre de 1940 • Su hermano, John, nació el 7 de marzo de 1944 • Todos asistieron a Hart Public Schools • Como niño, Walter tuvo problemas con idiomas y el aprendizaje de la lectura porque su mamá hablaba varias lenguas Trabajar con la agricultura – (17:09) • La familia de Walter vivía en una granja de 27,5 acres y poseyó media docena de vacas lecheras • Walter tenía que hacer tareas de la granja • Por unos años, Walter, su hermana Mary, y su mamá recogían a mano las cerezas de los cerezales de Marshall Spencer y el señor Jacobs • Empezaban con las fresas en junio, las cerezas a finales de junio, y luego las cerezas amargas a mediados de julio • También recogían pepinillos de la granja de Norm Jensen en agosto �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department • • • Walter recogía estos cultivos hasta los 16 años de edad cuando encontró su primer empleo formal con Hart Cherry Packers, y trabajó allí durante 7 veranos o Ganaba $1 por hora o A veces trabajó por 101 horas en una semana Recuerda el procesamiento de las cerezas en Hart Cherry Packers Las cerezas de Harold Morgan eran muy grandes, y se las procesaba por separado y se las vendían por precios más altos Crecer en Hart – (24:39) • Hart era una comunidad unida mientras crecía • Se iba de compras en el centro de Hart en las pequeñas empresas familiares • Entonces era una comunidad religiosa • El padre de Walter era de la iglesia ortodoxa rusa en Bielorrusia, la cual luchó mucho contra la iglesia católica allí • La familia English de Hart invitó a la familia de Walter a visitar la iglesia wesleyana o Walter participó en el coro de la iglesia • Walter participó en los deportes, el drama, y el club de debate durante los años en la secundaria La Universidad – (32:06) • Se le ofrecieron unas becas para programas de estudios previos de abogacía debido a su desempeño en el club de debate • Después de graduarse de la secundaria en 1957, asistió a Albion College • Recibió la beca Sloan durante los últimos tres años y se graduó en 1961 o Tenía suficiente dinero para pagar sus estudios de derecho en la Universidad de Michigan o Se graduó de la Universidad de Michigan en 1964 El comienzo de su carrera de derecho – (34:18) • Durante el último año de sus estudios de derecho, el juez de circuito del condado de Oceana quería hablar con Walter antes de que aceptara empleo después de la graduación �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department • El bufete de abogados más grande de Toledo le ofreció un puesto y Walter también recibió ofertas de empleo en Grand Rapids • El juez de Oceana le avisó sobre la posibilidad de ser reclutado por el ejército debido a la guerra en Vietnam o Era posible evitar el reclutamiento si Walter aceptó el puesto de ser el fiscal del condado de Oceana o Así que aceptó el puesto pero realizó el examen de acceso a la abogacía en septiembre de 1964 El sistema legal del condado de Oceana – (39:10) • Walter llegó a ser el fiscal del condado de Oceana el primer día de enero de 1965 • Trabajó como fiscal por seis años • Por entonces había jueces de paz • La junta de supervisores del municipio se encargó de las finanzas del condado • Las únicas personas con educación universitaria y formación profesional en el pueblo eran Walter y el juez La esposa de Walter – (43:18) • Karen, quien luego se convertiría en la esposa de Walter, vino a Hart con una amiga en 1966 • Karen llegó a ser maestra de la secundaria allí • Se unió al coro de la iglesia en que participó Walter • Empezó a salir con Walter y luego se casaron el 26 de agosto de 1967 o Tuvieron tres hijos o Ahora tienen nietos también Resumen de la carrera judicial – (47:26) • Durante los primeros 6 años, Walter era el fiscal y abrió su propio bufete de abogados • En 1976, contrató abogados jóvenes o Walter contrató Tony Monton y con el tiempo se convirtieron en socios • En 1988, estuvieron disponibles unos puestos de magistratura • Walter fue elegido y pasó 18 años trabajando como el juez de la Corte de Familia en el condado de Oceana • En resumen, trabajó en el campo de derecho por 42 años �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department El caso Brandel – (50:44) • Uno de los temas importantes de que Walter se encargó fue el caso Brandel que tenía que ver con la agricultura y los trabajadores migrantes o Jerry Brandel empleaban a migrantes para que trabajaran en su cultivo de pepinillos o Walter y Jerry ganaron el caso La jubilación – (53:20) • Ya que se jubiló, Walter participa en su club de tenis, su club rotario, su iglesia, Oceana Singers, y el Oceana Historical Society Comentarios finales – (53:45) • Karen y Walter construyeron su casa al lado de Hart Lake en 1975 • Walter había establecido una compañía inmobiliaria con dos otros hombres o Compraron tierras para construir apartamentos, pero después decidieron que querían construir sus propias casas allí • Su hermana, Mary, llegó a ser maestra y se casó con Bruce Kruege • Su hermana, Lola, también llegó a ser maestra y se casó con Richard Bierschbach, quien trabaja para Steelcase • Su hermano, John, es veterano de la Guerra de Vietnam y ahora tiene un negocio de aserraderos, y su esposa también es maestra • El padre de Walter se murió en 1985, y la madre de Walter se murió en 2006 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e9ac742fa723a7601a1264bc155af79a.mp3 731deba272484b80401a6c7bec4f0215 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Urick, Walter (entrevista de audio y resumen) Descripción Spanish language Description entry Entrevista autograbada por Walter Urick, Mayo 26, 2016. Idioma en Inglés. Walter nació el 3 de junio de 1939. Es estadounidense de primera generación, porque su padre creció en Bielorrusia y su madre creció en Polonia. Walter tiene dos hermanas, Mary y Lola, y un hermano, John. Su familia se mudó a Hart en 1940, y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, su papá fundó Urick Dry Cleaners en Hart. Por unos años, Walter recogía fresas, cerezas, y pepinillos en granjas del área. Cuando tenía 16 años, encontró su primer empleo formal con Hart Cherry Packers. Durante los años en la secundaria, Walter participó en los deportes, el drama, y el club de debate, y se graduó en 1957. Después asistió a Albion College y luego estudió derecho en la Universidad de Michigan, y se graduó en 1964. Walter llegó a ser el fiscal del condado de Oceana el 1 de enero de 1965, y lo hizo por seis años. Conoció a su esposa, Karen, y se casaron el 26 de agosto de 1967. Tienen tres hijos. Durante ese tiempo, él estaba contratando abogados jóvenes, y con el tiempo Walter y Tony Monton se convirtieron en socios. Después Walter pasó 18 años trabajando como el juez de la Corte de Familia en el condado de Oceana. En resumen, trabajó en el campo de derecho por 42 años. Ya que se jubiló, Walter participa en su club de tenis, su club rotario, su iglesia, el Oceana Singers, y es presidente del Oceana Historical Society. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Oceana Historical Society Primera generación Bielorrusia Chicago Presidente Roosevelt Guerra Mundial Hart Granja de productos lácteos Limpieza en seco Cerezas Pepinillos Hart Cherry Packers Iglesia Debate Estudios de derecho Vietnam Fiscal Juez de la corte de familia Derecho Compañía inmobiliaria Maestra Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Urick_Walter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Urick, Walter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Urick, Walter (audio interview and summary) Description An account of the resource Self-recorded interview by Walter Urick, May 26, 2016. English language recording. Summary in English and Spanish. Walter was born on June 3, 1939. He is a first generation American, as his father grew up in Belarus and his mother in Poland. Walter has two sisters, Mary and Lola, and one brother, John. His family moved to Hart in 1940, and after World War II his father started Urick Dry Cleaners in Hart. For a number of years, Walter picked strawberries, cherries, and pickles at farms in the area. When he was 16 years old, he got his first formal job working for Hart Cherry Packers. In high school, Walter was involved in sports, drama, and the debate program, and he graduated in 1957. He went on to Albion College and then to law school at the University of Michigan, graduating in 1964. On January 1, 1965 Walter became the Oceana County Prosecuting Attorney and held that role for six years. He met his wife, Karen, and they were married on August 26, 1967. They have had three children together. During that time, Walter was recruiting young lawyers and eventually became partners with Tony Monton. He then was the family court judge for Oceana County for 18 years. Overall, Walter had a 42-year career practicing law. Now that he is retired, he is active in his tennis club, rotary club, church, the Oceana Singers, and is president of the Oceana Historical Society. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie (director) Subject The topic of the resource Oceana Historical Society First generation Belarus Chicago President Roosevelt World War Hart Dairy farm Dry cleaning Cherries Pickles Hart Cherry Packers Church Debate Law school Vietnam Prosecutor Family court judge Law Real estate Teacher Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2a60020318c85c099571f5a7a8de1784.pdf fd62af727cadb01b7e12d8aaa778aea6 PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Vincent Vaca Interviewer: Jose Jimenez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 5/8/2013 Runtime: 00:56:31 Biography and Description Oral history of Vincent Vaca, interviewed by Jose “Cha-Cha” Jimenez on May 8, 2013 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. "The Young Lords in Lincoln Park" collection grows out of decades of work to more fully document the history of Chicago's Puerto Rican community which gave birth to the Young Lords Organization and later, the Young Lords Party. Founded by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, the Young Lords became one of the premier struggles for international human rights. Where thriving church congregations, social and �political clubs, restaurants, groceries, and family residences once flourished, successive waves of urban renewal and gentrification forcibly displaced most of those Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, working-class and impoverished families, and their children in the 1950s and 1960s. Today these same families and activists also risk losing their history. �Transcript JOSE JIMENEZ: -- when you were born and stuff like that. VINCENT VACA: I should set a new chapter for -- JJ: I’m not asking, when we -- VV: See, I call it Chapter Four because one through three are boring so the kids said all the good stuff after. JJ: -- we don’t need, we don’t need the social security ID. VV: You don’t need that, huh? JJ: Okay. VV: Thumbprint? JJ: Okay, then, Chapter Four. Okay, but just give me, I guess, your full name and where you were born. VV: Okay, my legal name is [Vincent Zachary Sidi Vaca?]. I’ve used various nom de guerres like [Chinta Quinte?], [Vince de Vaca?]. And I don’t use [Cavés la Vaca?] but so my family comes from New Mexico, both my mother and father’s side, and they can trace themselves back to 1598 with the Oñate Expedition. And -- JJ: What is that? What do you mean? VV: That’s the founding of the Spanish colony of New Mexico. JJ: Okay. VV: One of the first permanent colony, European colony, in [00:01:00] what is now the United States. So my family has continuously lived in what is now the United States for nine years before Jamestown, what, 22 years before Plymouth Colony. 1 �So who’s the illegal alien, pilgrim? (laughter) But then we got a lot of Indian, too. The fox got into the hen house a couple of times during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and with my grandma in the 1920s. (laughs) JJ: And what do you, what kind of, what kind of work do you do now? VV: I’m a college professor now. I’ve been teaching in higher education for 30 years. I started out the first nine years, I did part-time work in community colleges and until I finished my dissertation at the University of California [00:02:00] San Diego. And hooked up with a tenured-track position in Denver, Colorado, where I’ve been for the last 20 years. My parents got married in New Mexico, I was conceived in New Mexico. But because of the, World War II, a lot of his family had moved to San Diego so technically, I was born in California, San Diego, California, 1950. JJ: Okay. VV: And San Diego and Tijuana were very different than they are now. My dissertation was on Tijuana and 100 years ago, there were less than 1,000 people living in Tijuana. Now, there’s a million and a half. Pretty much using the same utilities, (laughs) the same sewer lines and things like that and San Diego has grown. There are more people in San Diego County than in the whole state of Colorado. JJ: Okay, and Vince, when [00:03:00] we were talking about 60, just 60 and you talk about the Brown Berets and then what? VV: Yeah, well, my political education comes from my family, too, because my maternal grandfather was a Democratic, he was a Democratic nominee for 2 �Franklin Rosevelt in 1940 election. And on my father’s side, [Jesse Kilsa de Vaca?], was the first Latino elected state governor in US history. He was elected as a Democrat. He was a, it was the first time he ever ran as a Democrat because before that, he was in the populist party of the Pueblo del Partido. It was kind of like IRA, [Féin Sinn?], the above-ground legal organization and then the illegal, underground terrorist group. The Pueblo [00:04:00] del Partido was the legal group. He edit, wrote newspaper articles and was a politician to restore stolen lands to the, to northern New Mexico villages while the Gorras Blancas were out there hanging people, burning down Santa Fe ring property and generally. So I have, I was raised on that. I had, the grandson of the governor was Donaldo “Tiny” Martinez who was the founder of the Mama Lucy faction in New Mexico politics. Which was a proto-Chicano, Left-wing faction within the state Democratic party that was very pro-Raza. And so we used to meet at Mama Lucy’s restaurant, that’s where they got the name. So I cut my teeth as a kid all my life on politics. But when I in high school [00:05:00] in 1968 with the world in flames, the Tet Offensive, Bobby Kennedy and Martin Luther King, the Chicago Convention, all hell was breaking loose and I was about to go join the Marine Corps. Until March of my senior year, I hadn’t even applied to college. College recruiters came and recruited me to go to the brand-new university in UCSD up in La Jolla. But I had, was already helping to organize anti-war protests at my high school before I, and I was almost expelled because of that so... JJ: What school was that? 3 �VV: Stephen Watts Kearney High School in San Diego. Not far from where USD is located up there in Kearney Mesa, Linda Vista, military working-class community. But I quickly over the summer went to participated in [00:06:00] their summer program and so Israel Chávez was one of my first mentors as well as Angela Davis. The Black and the Black Student Council and MAYA, the Mexican American Youth Association, had a coalition on campus and they were mentoring all of the new freshman incoming Black and Brown students primarily from San Diego County but there were some, a few from Los Angeles, also. So I quickly became, my consciousness was raised, I guess. I had to decolonize my Spanish mentality and begin to adopt a more Mexican/Chicano perspective. So I still remember that first semester, Eldridge Cleaver have been fired [00:07:00] by Governor Reagan and he was going up and down the state giving speeches at the University of California. It was probably the first semester, first quarter and he filled up the gym. All he was saying after he made these loud criticisms of Ronald Reagan, he said, “Let’s be, let’s chant.” And he did this chant everywhere and everybody knew what was coming. He rocked the house for about half an hour leading a chant, “Fuck Ronald Reagan.” It kept escalating until the rafters were shaking. This was Angela Davis’ last year there and we, by the spring, Black Student Council and MAYA had written a proposal to take over a college which we had, [00:08:00] we wrote something the Lumumba-Zapata Demands in collaboration. There were no Chicano faculty but we adopted this Spaniard who was married to a Guatemalan woman rai-- and they grew up in, he 4 �was a Spanish émigré in Mexico, [Carlos Blanco?]. He became a, the MAYA faculty advisor and there was some Black chemist -JJ: Joe Watson. VV: [Joe Watson?]. I won’t editorialize. They’re both still alive. So we designed the takeover of one of the colleges within the University of California San Diego and we would engage in a, many years of struggle. Kind of fruitless, pointless, [00:09:00] a lot of protests, a lot of people’s careers were ruined. After five years of doing that and joining the Brown Berets so we were active on campus and in the communities and up and down the state. At one point, I was even spent the summer in San Antonio, Texas, as a volunteer for La Raza Unida Party. So I had, I maintained my contacts with my family in New Mexico and when the Brown Berets in ’73 did their Marcha de la Reconquista from California to Texas, I called up my father and I called up our cousin [Tiny?] who was speaker of the house in the state legislature. He had the New Mexico State Police meet the Brown Berets at Gallup and escort them all the way across the state so that nobody would mess with them. To protect them and find them a place in the middle of winter where they could crash [00:10:00] and get some food, some warm clothing. So it was a very proactive escort; It wasn’t like trying to control them or anything like that. One of old compadres, [Jeronimo Blanco?], has very fond memories of how, what Tiny did to help the Brown Berets. M2: How long did you stay in the Brown Berets and (overlapping dialogue; inaudible)? 5 �VV: Let’s see. I officially was in the Brown Berets from about early 19-- mid-1969 until I think it was mid-1971. Also before that, because of all the campus activity, I was also, we formed an organization called Católicos por La Raza where we seized Camp Oliver. There was a Chicano conference going on and they figured not [00:11:00] only do we have to rattle the cage of American society, we needed to rattle the cage of the Catholic church because they had been screwing over our people, too. So they called us in after a week so they said, “We need the hard-heads,” so a bunch of us Brown Berets went and occupied the campground for about a week or two before The Sisters of Mercy showed us no mercy and called the San Diego County sheriffs and had us all arrested. So that began a struggle which San Diego State has archives, films, with me sitting right next to the bishop, [Bishop Buddy?]. I didn’t remember any of those videotapes at all. But people in LA would pick up on that idea and two months later, the LA branch of Católicos por La Raza took over St. Basil’s church during midnight mass. And they completely disrupted [00:12:00] the Christmas services, it turned into a big, old riot, all kinds of people got arrested. (laughs) Priests got their bloody noses and ah, that was a -- I had nothing to do with that, though. M2: That’s recorded in The Revolt of the Cockroach People by Oscar Zeta Acosta. VV: Yeah. Because Zeta Acosta was a lawyer. JJ: Where was it recorded again? VV: Revolt of the Cockroach People written by Oscar Zeta Acosta. He was one of the few Chicano lawyers that they had up in LA. So he was at the [Biltmore 13?], [Los Tres de la Raza?]. Oscar Zeta Acosta was a -- 6 �JJ: Los Tres de la Raza, who are they? VV: They were in San Francisco at the time and they were, I think this one poster here mentions Los Tres, Free Los Tres de la Raza. They were some Latinos who were being persecuted [00:13:00] in the San Francisco area just like the Panthers and the Brown Berets. It’s hard to talk about those things. David Hilliard just spoke at my campus in Denver with his book, his latest book, about two months ago and he mentioned how the Panthers were really had a proactive, positive agenda to deal with the immediate social and economic needs of the community. Violence was the last thing on their mind. And in their 15-Point Program, I forget how many points there were, but point number eight calls for defense of the community. After establishing free public health, free housing, childcare for preschoolers, and all these other things which are now federal policies today. So the last thing they wanted was confrontation [00:14:00] but he mentioned in the first phase of the Black Panthers, over 50 Panthers were killed by police from the East Coast to the West Coast during the period of the ’60s and early ’70s. The Brown Berets, there were a number of Brown Berets. In Denver alone, we have the eight martyrs, Los Seis de Boulder. One of those was a Brown Beret and Ricardo Falcón was on his way to a Raza Unida conference. JJ: So what happened there? VV: That’s a long and involved but he was on his way from Denver to El Paso to attend the Raza Unida convention. And his car was overheating and he stopped at a gas station and some redneck cracker didn’t like these uppity Mexicans. You know, “Can I use water to cook off my radiator?” And, [00:15:00] “No, get out of 7 �here, you wetbacks.” So Ricardo Falcón walked into the, into this gas station. The guy pulled out a .357 Magnum and blew him away with no warning. He left a 17-year-old widow and a young, little child behind. Priscilla Falcón is still mad (laughs) 40 years later. So there were a lot of Chicano martyrs all over, too, and there were a lot of infiltrators. Here’s a picture of [Jesús Manny López?], an officer in the San Diego Police Department. JJ: Can you lift it up a little bit? VV: Yeah. That’s him right in the middle. This is August 29th, the San Diego Brown Berets in East Los Angeles. There he is holding up the flag of Aztlán. By this [00:16:00] point, our security had gone all to hell and most of the serious members had left the organization because we realized our sec-- that the FBI and the police had broken our security and we knew it was a matter of time. This guy alone ended up arresting 50 of our Brown Berets on felonies. Total setup through COINTELPRO, the Counter Intelligence Program operated by the FBI in conjunction with local police. This guy was a son of a, an SOB. I use him in class as a, as an example of what happens to real traitors because he would buy liquor and drunks and drive our teenage members around so that he could dig in and, “He’s a good guy.” Next thing you know, he’s loaning [Mike Nala?], the president of the Brown Berets, this guy right [00:17:00] here, he loans him a couple of hundred bucks. He loans him a couple of hundred bucks and the next thing, I show up to a meeting right before August 29th, and the police officer has the entire membership list. Me and [Izzy?] were telling each other as we walked in and told him our names and he checks off our name on the membership list. 8 �We said, “Didn’t we reject this guy? He didn’t pass security and now, he’s got the whole membership list.” So a lot of the more mature members just bailed out. August 29th was a mess. JJ: Why was it a mess? VV: It was a setup. I’ve talked to members of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s. They set up a ambush for the Chicano Movement. On that one day, August 29th, two Brown Berets were killed. JJ: This was in what town? VV: In East Los Angeles. There was a Chicano Moratorium [00:18:00] against the Vietnam War and we had been have, staging local anti-war protests leading up to this big march in the East LA. So we had people from all over the Southwest, Texas, Colorado, and after a little incident where allegedly some people stole some beers, they called (inaudible) out. I think half the LA county sheriffs and half of the Los Angeles Police Department showed up in complete riot gear at the time and they just starting clubbing, tear-gassing everybody. By the time the day was over, two Brown Berets had been shot to death and Rubin Salazar was killed out on a, in a bar in Whittier Boulevard after a sheriff’s deputy fired a tear-gas cannister that was about that long into a [00:19:00] crowded bar, went up, banked off the ceiling, hit him in the head and took off half of Ruben Salazar’s head is the way it’s described in that documentary Chicano! We felt that the state had declared war on the Chicano Movement so you kill me, we kill you. East LA was under martial law. JJ: So this is the Brown Berets you’re saying this? 9 �VV: The entire Chicano Movement. JJ: Okay. VV: The way I put it in perspective, there were five million Mexican Americans in the United States legally according to the 1970 census. If it is true that 10 to 15 percent of all Mexican Americans identified as Chicano, then we had a small little group of about half a million Chicanos in the United States. Not all of them were die-hard Brown Berets or [00:20:00] militants committed to revolution or social change but some of them liked to dance in Aztec costumes, you know? What the hell. But when you get tear-gassed or your [jefita?] gets beat up by the cops, you get mad. So I think we could count on that and after East LA, we went back to our own home towns and we felt that the US government had declared war on us much like they had on the Puerto Ricans and the Black Panther Party and other groups and we wanted revenge. We were young and dumb and we overreacted and fell for their trap. It ended up where we became isolated. East Los Angeles was under martial law for the next six months and when Ruben Salazar, if you, we had about four major riots after August [00:21:00] 29th in East LA alone because Ruben Salazar’s funeral followed by September 16th, Mexican Independence Day, and the very last one was on January 31st, 1971. JJ: So you were involved, I mean you were -- VV: I was involved in all of them except the first one. JJ: I mean you were there, you were there. VV: I was there. JJ: Okay. 10 �VV: I was there. I was there. Because the Patriot Act, I’ll just admit that I was there. JJ: Okay, that’s cool. Okay. Now, the Chicano Moratorium. That was in East LA? Can you explain more about that? VV: Well, everybody was against the Vietnam War by that time. With Latinos, increasingly statistics were coming out that it was a poor man’s war. All the rich kids or [00:22:00] anybody with any money were getting deferments. All the chicken hocks. Did Romney go? No, Romney was on the beach writing big love-letter hearts on the beaches in France to his future wife. When if he was a real patriot and really supported the war against communism, he would’ve gone with other Americans and fought them in Vietnam or in other places. So increasingly, the people getting drafted into the military to fight Vietnam were lower class who had no other means. And a lot of Blacks, Indians, and Latinos. By 1970, it was estimated that 17 percent of all the deaths in Vietnam were Latino at a time when we were barely 6 percent of the entire population. Right now, the Supreme Court is ruling on whether or not we should [00:23:00] have affirmative action. They’re saying, “Oh, been there, done that. We’re postracial.” So we can’t get any benefits now that we’re much higher proportioned. Latinos are what, 14 percent of the population? Fourteen percent of everything this government doles out ought to go to the Latinos. But no, they want to get rid of affirmative action. But when it comes to war, we can die. In the first Gulf War, Iraq, and Afghanistan, currently about 14 percent of the deaths are Latinos so that’s fair. We’re 14 percent of the population, we’re 14 percent of the deaths. The opposite was the case in America in the ’70s. In Colorado, for instance, 70 11 �percent of all the people locked up in state prison in Colorado were white. Thirty percent were Black, Latino, and Indian. [00:24:00] Today, 70 percent of all the convicts in the state prisons are Black, Latino, and Indian, and only 30 percent are white. We should have affirmative action. We should make it a fair, level playing field and if 25 percent, 20 percent of the population is Latino, only 20 percent of the convicts should be Latino. (laughs) I don’t know. I love to play these mind games since they throw the statistics at us all the time. JJ: Going back a little bit if we can go back a little bit and since this is a, more like an oral history, when did you start getting politicized? I mean, when did that begin and how did that begin? VV: Well, I think I already touched on that. I think I really got politicized when I had, during the summer of 1968 when I started going to the university. Because that exposed me to [00:25:00] a lot of professors from around the world not only Angela Davis and Izzy Chávez. Izzy Chávez was half Puerto Rican, half Mexican on his mother’s side so he was very progressive. Angela Davis was on the Central Committee of the Black Panther Party at the time. She was also on the Central Committee of the US Communist Party. She held both, she was on the Central Committee of both those organizations at the same time while she was a graduate student at the university. One of the other people who helped us draft that document, that Lumumba-Zapata Demands, named after Patrice Lumumba, the famous, the famous socialist liberator of the Belgian Congo. And Emiliano Zapata, the great progressive leader of the Mexican Revolution, they were our [00:26:00] role models, our icons. We thought if they could sacrifice 12 �their life for their people, we could do no less. But another person was a man named Keith Lowe who would later become, he was part of the Michael Manley administration from, what was that, the island in the Caribbean, Jamaica? He was a diplomat at one point but he was also, I think, a treasury minister in the Michael Manley administration. Another progressive, Leftist regime that helped over-- or was it Haiti? No, it was Jamaica. M2: Jamaica. VV: It was Jamaica. So he was one of the first victims because when he left after we wrote those demands, his passport was not removed and he was barred from coming back to the United [00:27:00] States. As we became more and more -as I became more and more involved, I started seeing that there was a lot of truth to the fact that the United States does not tolerate people who disagree with the mainstream, with what the president wants done. You speak out against the Vietnam War, you become an enemy of the state. People paid with their lives. When I think of the ’60s, there are some people from the ’60s and ’70s who are still in prison. A lot of my comrades that were shot to death and not a single police officer was ever charged with any crimes. Coming from California, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan, the two California presidents, they shredded the US Constitution. Nixon was allowed to resign and [00:28:00] then pardoned by his successor. What Ronald Reagan did during the Iran Contra incident and his secret war killing half a million Mayan Indians in Central America, that was genocide. That was all legal, nobody’s ever accused them of being traitors to humanity or traitors to the constitution but we’re the ones who end up because 13 �we fought for equality, democracy, and freedom, we’re the bad guys. I mean, in the ’60s, they called us every name in the book. Terrorists, domestic terrorists, traitors. We thought we were the real patriots and they were the traitors. And it’s hard to see now in hindsight because a lot of these battles are still being waged. We now call it the culture war in American society. We weren’t, [00:29:00] and I tell my class the only reason I can look you in the eyes and talk about this to you is because I never killed anybody. I messed some people up but and I might’ve done some things that could get me in some serious trouble if I were to ever give names and dates, but Ronald Reagan was responsible for the death of half a million people. How many people did Richard Nixon kill? Americans and Vietnamese, millions. Those guys didn’t go to prison. Nobody killed them. Nobody labels them terrorists except us. We’re the lone voice in the desert calling it like we see it and we paid the price. A lot of people paid the ultimate price. In 1962, there was a -- in California, Ronald Reagan as a governor expelled 20,00 radical students alone. [00:30:00] Not to mention that it was almost like the McCarthy era coming back. Faculty members were fired, denied tenure. People like Arturo Madrid gets fired from UCSD and gets hired the following year at Dartmouth with full tenure. And he go -- pardon? M2: In Minnesota. VV: In Minnesota, was it? Okay. Well, but there were a lot of other people who were just as good who ended up languishing, who ended up at community colleges and their whole academic careers ruined. Or people who went stone crazy. They went mad and have still not recovered from the insanity. Some of them, 14 �and I don’t know. I don’t know what -- maybe I’m just stubborn or something but I ended up in the Marines and that caused a whole nother ball of wax but -JJ: So how did -- VV: -- I’m rambling. JJ: How did you end up there? I mean, what was your decision? VV: [00:31:00] My decision was nobody would, nobody in the Chicano Movement would hire me. I went to the Chicano Federation in San Diego after we had taken over Chicano Park. We had taken over the big neighborhood house which is now the Laura Rodriguez Chicano Community Clinic. At Chicano Park, they wanted to build a California highway patrol substation. There were no parks, there were no clinics, there was nothing for our community. All they did was keep dividing us building freeways, throwing in junk yards. JJ: So a group of people got together? VV: So the Brown Berets and MEChA students led those takeovers. I still remember this is about the time when I left the Brown Berets because there, all discipline had gone to hell and we were occupying and surrounded by the San Diego Police Department 724 while [00:32:00] we were inside this building occupying it. At one point, Alpha 66, a Right-wing, Cuban terrorist organization, many of them had been fugitives from the Bay of Pigs invasion, had been allowed by the police department to try and burn us out. They went to the back of the building and Molotov cocktails on the handball courts, the wooden handball courts, and the building started to go up. The police didn’t call the Fire Department; They were actually out in front laughing thinking that the smoke or the fire would force us 15 �out. But it didn’t. We threw water on it and put it out ourselves. But we were armed, they were armed. JJ: How did you know it was Alpha 66? VV: Well, we saw them and we recognized them from other demonstrations because they were constantly following us. Whenever we had public, [00:33:00] whenever we showed up to join with the United Farm Workers’ pickets, we would have these counter protestors out there. And especially after 1975 when the Vietnam War ended, they added all these Right-wing Vietnamese to the ranks of the, of Alpha 66. JJ: So they were -- VV: They were stone, John Birchers, neo-Nazis -- JJ: They were doing counter- -- VV: Cuban -- JJ: -- demonstrations? VV: Yeah, and they were trying to pick fights with us to provoke violence. They were with the support of the US government, they were being allowed to attack people. JJ: How do you know they were being supported by the US government? VV: Well, some of this came out in San Diego with the, we were doing, what was the name of that organization? We were doing counseling with the Marines up at Camp Pendleton and at one point, [00:34:00] a professor from San Diego State had his house shot up and [Paula Tharp?] who was the daughter of a San Diego judge and she was a student, a very good friend of mine from UCSC, got hit, permanently paralyzed from a bullet that hit her in the elbow. And the ensuing 16 �investigation and criminal charge, trial that occurred since her father was the liberal judge in town, he made sure that justice was pursued and these people were identified and it was discovered that they were secretly receiving FBI infor-intelligence where this [professor Bomer?] lived. He was a professor from San Diego State. And we were, every time we organized 5-- 10,000 people to go up to Oceanside and protest the Vietnam [00:35:00] War outside the gates of Camp Pendelton, they would release all these Marines and we’d end up in the frigging riot, fistfights that would last for hours. The cops wouldn’t beat up the Marines. They’d go in there and bust the protestors’ heads and haul them off to jail. So there was a lot of collusion that was coming out in court testimony proving that the FBI and we had actually, I’ve read some of the declassified counterintelligence, the COINTELPO documents, and they’re actually kind of silly. We were a little paranoid and we had a lot of suspicions but we didn’t realize how silly some of their psychological operations could be. There was this one document I read where they were messing with this guy who wrote for the San Diego [00:36:00] Street Journal. And one of the editors for this newspaper was being psychologically harassed by the FBI. I read this one document that if we put this little plastic thing together with little wires and throw it on the sidewalk in front of their building down in Shelltown, that he’s ready to go completely bonkers and go insane if he has any concrete evidence that we’re spying on them. So they did this, they fabricated like the handle of a toy gun and had wires in it like it was some kind of secret radio recording device and left it there in the hopes that it would drive this guy insane. Or they mention Angela Davis and 17 �Barry Schwartz and [Delmar?] [00:36:49]. They weren’t lovers, but they were living in the same house, different parts of the house [00:37:00] and they were mentioning they were... If they found any of the student radicals who were cohabitating and unmarried, they would send, the FBI sent letters to their parents. “Do you know what your children are doing? They’re having free love and they’re at the university. They joined SDS and they listen to all these radicals like Marcuse.” Stupid stuff. Today, kids today would laugh if you sent a note home to their parents. They’d brag. “Yeah, I’m living in sin.” But in those days, they thought that would have an impact and that the parents would draw their kids out of it. Or that they could arrest Barry Schwartz and Angela Davis for violating some sexual, sex laws. An unmarried couple in the same house under the assumption that there’s sex going on, too, and there wasn’t any. [00:38:00] I spent a few nights there so they were just friends. So I don’t know where any of this is leading. Is this the kind of information you wanted to gather? JJ: Yes, it is. VV: It leads to how I got involved and some of the stuff I saw as well as why I started to leave. Because by this time, like this police officer, I showed you his picture? He arrested over 50 San Diego Brown Berets on felonies. And [Alorista?] [00:38:32], in fact, told me at one point that he had personally had a conversation with Manny Jesús López, Sergeant López. He said, and he asked him, “Why’d you arrest all these people?” He said, “Well, I didn’t arrest everybody. I never arrested Vince.” And Alorista asked him, “Well, why didn’t you ever [00:39:00] go after Vince Sidi Vaca?” He said, “I kind of had respect for him.” That’s such 18 �bullshit I, because I hated that guy’s guts. Every time I saw him after he, after we outed him and I remember a bunch of protests. If I could find a hiding spot behind a hedge while we were having a picket line for the farm workers, I’d grab a handful of gravel or little, bitty rocks and I’d toss them over the hedge at him and the other cops so that he knew that was -- after a few months of that, he knew that was my psychological operation. So that was my calling card that I knew he was there and he was a punk. It ended up where years later when he didn’t get hired by the FBI or promoted to lieutenant in the local police, he quit and became chief of security at the Del Mar fairgrounds. He also hired himself out as [00:40:00] the mayor. What was that woman’s name? She was a pseudoliberal, she married a food maker, Oscar’s, which is now Jack in the Box. She married that rich guy. She had an Irish name. Her sister was in the history department at UCSC. She became mayor of San Diego. She just admitted a big gambling problem. She’s all over the news in San Diego recently. JJ: This is where you grew up. VV: In San Diego. JJ: Okay. VV: So he would be her bodyguard any time she traveled to Tijuana or Mexico so in my files, I’ve got pictures of her right, of him right next to him. Eventually, though, his son grew up and became a meth, addicted to methamphetamines, and so one day, he had the Jones [00:41:00] on and he had the shakes. He goes and visits his mother’s father, his maternal grandfather, and demands that he give him some money. His grandfather was in the garage working on his car and he said, 19 �“Hell, no, I’m not giving you any money for, to support your drug habit.” [Nacho’s?] [00:41:17] son went and got a ball-peen hammer and killed his grandfather. Hit him about 20 times, crushed his skull, killed his own grandfather over drug money. When this hit the news, they had an all-points bulletin shoot on site, Nacho went and found his son, he protected his son for a week, and got his son to turn himself in so that the police wouldn’t shoot him to death. When it was all said and done, his son pleaded guilty to homicide [00:42:00] and was sentenced to 10 years in state prison. You’re nodding your head. I think a 10year sentence for murder is a very light sentence is what I’d say. He should’ve be shot to death. But to me, that’s a very strong object lesson. You betray your own people and use weed and alcohol to do it, then what comes around goes around. It happened to him and it, his wife divorced him. It destroyed his family, his self-esteem. Now he’s some gumshoe. He’s a private detective that nobody hires and he’s a joke. There’s only one formal city councilman who even invites him to his parties. That one guy who was a friend of my mother’s who got thrown off the city council for taking bribes. So San Diego’s a microcosm [00:43:00] of places like Chicago. Corruption makes cities go ’round but we point across the border at Mexico at the drug cartels and the corruption in other countries and I just tell my students in my Mexican History classes, “Don’t spit in the wind.” JJ: Now, you’re, you were well-known in San Diego. You mentioned that [Orista?] [00:43:20]. Was he well-known or was he...? VV: When I joined the Brown Berets, I joined the second generation. Alorista and Izzy Chávez and what is it, Arturo Serrano, and there were a number of other 20 �Chicanos who were older than me who founded the Brown Berets in San Diego the first generation around 1967. By 1969, they had gone their own way. Many of them were tecatos, [00:44:00] ex-cons, and from the inner city. A few of them were Juan Gómez-Quiñones was a member and so was Alorista. So they were among some of the more developed intellectuals. Gómez-Quiñones was a professor at San Diego State before he went onto UCLA to where he’s still teaching. I think he’s emeritus but he’s still teaching classes 40 years later at UCLA. So that whole apparatus kind of fell apart and it needed to be rebuilt so Izzy Chávez started recruiting a second generation and he got a bunch of us that were undergraduates from UCSD and from some other, a bunch of people from the METChAs, because by March of ’69, METChA had replayed MAYA on [00:45:00] college campuses and we started getting a lot of returning Vietnam veterans as well as barrio youth. So at one point before August 29th, 1970, that was kind of the high point of the Brown Berets. After August 29th, it was all downhill from there and for the whole Chicano Movement. Because we had been diverted into a war we couldn’t win and we ended up, all our dreams were frustrated. We ended up spending most of our time at funerals or raising money for, to defend political prisoners. So that really sapped a lot of our energy and we were -JJ: So a war that you couldn’t win. VV: A war we couldn’t win. I still remember by that time after -- JJ: And how were you (inaudible)? 21 �VV: Well, because the police were attacking and killing and [00:46:00] shooting us. I remember specifically on January 31st, 1971, the last protest in East Los Angeles. We had about 20,000 people running from what is now Ruben Salazar Park down 3rd Street down to Whittier Boulevard where most of the rioting and burning and fighting with the police officers occurred. They knew our tactics by then. At every intersection, every block, a phalanx of police would run across the street and break us into block-long group, block-long groups that were more easy to control. I still remember this one woman coming out of her house on 3rd Street. Because I was young and fast, I was way up in the front running my butt off. And I’m [00:47:00] looking around and seeing what the cops are ding because they had fresh tactics of dividing us up and sapping our strength. This woman came out of her house and yelled at us. She said, “Why are you destroying your own community? This is my neighborhood. Get out of my neighborhood! You guys keep having these riots and who gets hurt? We get hurt. You’ve burned down Whittier Boulevard. You’re burning down our economic livelihood.” I wasn’t just a crazy, wild anarchist. I tried to listen to reason and other people but it was very hard at that point because I figured we’re at war. We’re at war, forget any kind of rationality, anything we can do to survive. In love [00:48:00] and war, all things are fair was the prevailing logic in 1970, ’71. JJ: So everyone thought that they were at war, love and war? VV: Yes. JJ: Or love or war? I mean -- 22 �VV: Well, I mean, if you remember the ’60s, it was a fine line. There was the music, the rock’n roll culture of the day. “Rejoice, rejoice, we have no choice,” was the refrain of a song. Four dead in Ohio, Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young. A lot of the rock’n roll bands were almost a part of the cultural vanguard of this upswell that was sweeping across all of America. In the Chicano community, we had our own bands. We had Chicano, we had Malo, we had Santana which were at least culturally uplifting if not overtly political. But this is also the era [00:49:00] where many of us were being infused with salsa, with Will Colón and Rubén Blades. Which were blatantly political in their music that was filtering and the salsa from the Boricua. Mixing with everything coming up from South America, too. I mean, so a lot of us felt hey, what do we got nothing to lose? We got nothing to lose but our chains. I wonder, I think we accomplished something in the end but I think we paid too heavy a price because we alienated our own community. We were only 10 percent of five million people and we turned our own people against us at a time when the FBI was after us, too. I strongly became paranoid and felt like most of the time, [00:50:00] we had our backs in a corner. And the infiltrators they were sending out after us were all Latinos. So we were losing the moral high ground and I mean, thinking with a military mind strategy tactics to achieve a goal, the goal being the liberation of our people or at least gaining freedom, justice, and equality within the system. Whatever was possible. We were that vanguard was willing to try and achieve that at any price, by any means necessary to quote brother Malcom. But we failed to learn the lessons of Che. I can quote Mao, Che, Frantz Fanon, all these Pedagogy of the Oppressed from 23 �Freire and the literature. That’s probably what got me to probably take [00:51:00] revolution more seriously and study revolutionary theory in many different groups. Whoever was offering those kind of classes which weren’t being offered at the university officially. So and even when I went in the Marines, I did that because nobody else would hire me; I’d been expelled for the third time. I’d go around to community organizations that I’d help build. I said, “Look, I’ll clean your toilets, I’ll mop your floors.” “No, we ain’t got any money.” I thought I was too good to go and work at McDonald’s so I thought, “I’m a hero. I’ll go join the Marines.” I almost got my own butt blown off in there. Then all my former friends or many of the people I used to work with started questioning my sanity or my loyalty. I mean, everybody was so paranoid, everybody was saying everybody was an infiltrator [00:52:00] working for the pigs, working for the FBI. So in that whole environment, even though many of the Berets had been Vietnam veterans themselves. See, I did the reverse of what they did and even people like [Edmundo Rees?] [00:52:16] was telling me, “Don’t go in.” He had just got out of the Green Berets and he said, “The last place you want to do, go is to go into the military now.” Vietnam was still on. It was winding down but it was still on. But I figured, “Hell, I’ll go in there, I’ll get paid. I can organize inside and I’ll get GI Bill.” I did all three of those. As far as I’m concerned, Reagan, Nixon called me a traitor to America. When I went in [00:53:00] the Marines, I had a lot of my former comrades calling me traitor, infiltrator. It would take me a long time to sort -JJ: Comments of the Brown Berets you mean or...? 24 �VV: Brown Berets, Black Panthers, Venceremos Brigade, you name it. Out on the West Coast. JJ: So you were a traitor because you had joined the Marines or...? VV: Yeah, I was serving the US government now all of a sudden in their minds. JJ: But you saw it how? How did you see it? VV: I saw it differently. That the Russian Revolution succeeded because the Russian army mutinied against the czar. That was the real turning point in the Russian Revolution. I thought I could do something in there because there had been a very active anti-war movement within the military. Throughout the Vietnam war but particularly after ’68. When I went in there in the Marines, there was a Black and Brown coalition [00:54:00] going on in there with Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and Blacks. I was shocked to see how many Brown Berets there were in the Marines just like me at the time. So I mean, there was one incident, there was sabotage going on in the Navy where there were, the Klan was active in the Marines. There was an incident at Camp Pendleton where Black nationalists had discovered or sympathizers of the Black Panther Party had found out where and when these Klan members were going to meet. They broke in there and beat the hell out of the Klan. They attacked the Klan and beat them up. And the court martials that followed all the Blacks were given dishonorable discharges and kicked out of the military. The Klan were the victims so they were sent to other duty stations to spread their racist hate. So there was a whole nother side to the struggle [00:55:00] to the civil rights, to the anti-war struggle going on within the military. Fragging, desertions, there were half a million people in prison for 25 �desertion during the Vietnam War. We lost that war because of the politicians and because a majority of the American people had turned against the war and the servicemen didn’t want to fight and die. So I saw an opportunity there to -and I did end up getting ultimately a master’s degree with the GI Bill I earned. I made sure I didn’t go to Vietnam. See? JJ: (overlapping dialogue; inaudible) -- VV: Yeah, let’s wrap it up, man. You got to go, ten o’clock, see? I can talk forever. JJ: Final thoughts and then we’ll wrap it up. VV: Okay. JJ: (laughs) How do you want to close? What did we -- VV: What do I want to say? What do I...? [00:56:00] I don’t care who calls me -- I’ve been called a national treasure, I’ve been called a traitor. I don’t give a damn what anybody calls me because I know who I am and I know what I stand for. So I don’t need anybody else’s approval for what I do. I have confidence that I’m on the right path. I trust myself even if some people like Mario Barrera do not. JJ: All done. All right, thank you. Thanks. VV: Sure. END OF VIDEO FILE 26 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3d5529eac9ed57d8b0023ea41ea744a.mp4 8e95dd777f33fa57f61535bdbb74e000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Vincent Vaca vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry La historia oral de Vincent Vaca, entrevistado por Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 5/8/2013 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexicano-Americanos--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Mexico-Americanos--Illinois--Chicago--Condiciones sociales Relaciones raciales Conflicto social Identitad cultural Partido Pantera Negra. Illinois Capí­tulo Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Vaca_Vincent Title A name given to the resource Vincent Vaca video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vaca, Vincent Description An account of the resource Oral history of Vincent Vaca, interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, on 5/8/2013 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jimenez, Jose, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexican Americans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Mexican Americans--Illinois--Chicago--Social conditions Race relations Social conflict Cultural identity Black Panther Party. Illinois Chapter Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-08 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9b68b964531a004ff7769457295f951c.pdf aa8d3609cef24fd06dabdad71763d47d PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Facta et dicta memorabilia [folium 196] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_196ValeriusMax1491 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Valerius Maximus Description An account of the resource One leaf from Facta et dicta memorabilia by Gaius Valerius Maximus, with commentary by Oliverius Arzignanensis. Printed in Venice by Guilelmus Anima Mia, Tridinensis, on August 12, 1491. [GW M49170; ISTC iv00039000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Guilelmus Anima Mia, Tridinensis Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1491 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0173ea5b833f30f1038daa1f715f364f.mp3 fc9fcf108b5e363dead40dd177c1fa1c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/06b9b3dcf2fe28f6b992a442963d0ead.pdf cfaa0234f09cbad33fce79dfbdfc47e3 PDF Text Text Warren and Joan Valleau- Interview by Lissa Morgan June 6, 2018 0:00 LM: Oh. Ok. Now it’s recording. So all right. So this is Lissa Morgan, and I am here today with Warren, and what’s your last name? 0:09 WV: Valleau 0:10 LM: Valleau. At the Saugatuck Douglas Historical Center in Douglas, Michigan. On June 7th, or 6th. June 6th, 2018. This oral history is being collected as part of the Stories of Summer Project, which is supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Program. Thank you for taking the time to talk to me today. I am interested in learning more about your family history and your experiences of summer in the Saugatuck Douglas area. So, I’m going to ask you if you’ll tell me your full name, and then spell it, and I already asked this, but anyway, if you’ll just tell me your full name and spell it. 1:00 WV: Do I start? full name is Blake B-L-A-K-E. Valleau, uh, Warren W-A-R-R-E-N. Valleau. V as in Victor, A-L-L-E-A-U. 1:12 not LM: Ok. Um, and it says, “Do you use any accents when spelling your name?” Probably 1:18 WV: no 1:19 LM Even though that sounds kind of like a French name [laugh] ok. Would you like to speak also? Go ahead 1:28 JV: I’m Joan. J-O-A-N. Valleau. V-A-L-L-E-A-U. Warren’s wife 1:32 LM: Ok. Great. So tell me about where you grew up, because I think this says “childhood family” even though you didn’t really grow up here, but your family has a long history here. So, if you can tell me about that. 1:47 WV: It starts with, uh, my grandfather on my mother’s side. Hyram Macintosh. He was superintendent of schools in Allegan, and at that time the longest superintendent, I think still, uh, was superintendent of schools in Allegan. When he retired, he came to Saugatuck because they had no retirement funds, uh, in the school system. And, uh, he sold his house in Allegan, moved to the farm, and, he bought the Dick farm D-I-C-K farm. It was the largest peach farm in the area. The Dick 2:25 LM: Oh a peach farm 2:25 WV: The Dick farm, got, they built a brick house. Back to the Dick Farm. They built a brick house right where the Shell Gas Station is today. And that was, a, uh, in those days, quite a mansion. And uh, they had just completed the house and the peaches got a blight. So that little by little they had to sell off the hundreds of acres that they had of peaches �2:54 LM: Oh. Is this the Shell Gas station where? Right over here or 2:57 WV: On 6, on 60th. Near 60th. 3:01 LM: ok. Ok. 3:02 WV: yeah. Across from Burger King 3:04 LM: Yeah. Yeah. OK. Got it 3:04 WV And, actually, there, the yard bushes are still there, the, at least it was. A year or so ago they had a forsithia (?) and they had different types of plants 3:15 LM: Oh really, yeah 3:17 WV: They’re still up at the house, uh, the Dick was a relative. Uh, of my, of the Macintoshes. Um, uh 3:30 JV: That, that’s your mother’s side 3:31 WV: That was mother’s side of the family. And they, they uh, had a farm, a full farm, uh, with apples, peaches, and pears and you name it and chickens and everything. Grapes. They had the first blueberry, blueberries grown in this area. Uh, and they were number 11, I think it was number 11 of the Michigan Blueberry association 3:58 LM: Oh really? Yeah 3:59 WV: And they had just a little patch. Just maybe, uh, oh maybe a half acre. And, uh, they also had a dairy. The Macintoshes had a berry, dairy. And uh, called the Highland Dairy. A very rare bottles to find. Those are mostly gone. Uh, and then across the road at 63rd was the, the Low Dairy. Created by my Uncle Russel Valleau. He was one of the oldest. I’m not sure if he was the oldest or next to the oldest. And, uh, he was my father’s oldest brother, because my father was the youngest of 14 kids 4:45 LM: Oh my goodness 4:46 WV: [throat clear] so he asked my father to come to the area to be a partner in the dairy because he, he was injured in World War 2, World War 1. And, uh, he just needed help on the farm. They were, uh, I kind of prepared to talk about, uh, Mt. Baldhead Hotel, which was my uncle’s hotel. But we’ll hold that off I guess. I can go too long 5:15: LM: Wow, because you’ve got, I mean, of all of the 14 kids, how many of them lived around here? �5:23 WV: Uh, Uncle Russel was the only one. And uh, Aunt Verna, his wife. Uh, Merlin, my cousin, was then, part of the time. Uh, they lived on the, the, uh, east side of 63rd street. They owned 100, 140 acres maybe? We had 120 on our side. I say our side, but 5:56 LM: Yeah. But you said you were born in Grand Rapids? 5:59 WV: I was born at yeah. Butterworth Hospital. And the reason why is uh, my, uh, the reason why we went to Grand Rapids is uh (?) it’s a lot of history, I’m going to try to reduce it down. Um, anyway, they um, let’s see. My 6:20 JV: But I think you have to say something about your grandfather was the superintendent of schools about 18, uh, 90’s to about 19, uh 6:32 WV: 10 6:33 JV: Yeah, through 1910 6:35 LM: Ok. So, and then he came in when he retired, so that would have been 6:37 WV: He came in 1910. 1910 6:42 JV: Uh, 19, your mother was born in 1905, and 6:43 WV: Yeah, but he came in 10, 11, 12, about 12 6:48 LM about 1912. He came here and bought a farm 6:54 WV: and the deed we have on the farm is back to the Indians. And we lost the farm recently, but we have the old deed. Uh, what was unique about the farm, on the Macintosh side was it was owned by the Tolbridge (?) Johnson Plaque. And, uh, Tolbridge Johnson was Johnson’s Wax. This will not be found in your history. 7:21 LM: Oh interesting 7:21 WV: But I met the historian of Johnson’s Wax and told, when we had a gift shop form the foundry, we built the um, foundry where my father always wanted to build a foundry. On the, on the corner of the property. And we had an old, we had an old furnace there. As a kid I used to climb over it as a little kid. And he said someday I’m going to, I’m going to get that furnace going, and we’re going to have one here. My father, uh, my mother, uh, let an old nag. He was working for with his brother, and he let an old nag go. And I don’t remember her name, uh, that gave him an excuse to go over and see this little cute filly that was across the road, Jean Macintosh. 8:10 LM: [laugh] 8:11 WV: And �8:12 LM: Is that how he used to say it? 8:14 WV: And, and Jean was a painter. She painted with Carl Herman. Carl Herman was a very close friend of my dad’s, and um, sorry, my grandfather. Because they both spoke fluent German. So my first indoctrination of it was hearing all these stories of, uh, Carl Herman and my grandfather. Most of the picture frames that were made for the Oxbow were made in the barn on 63rd. That barn 8:45 LM: Oh wow! You do have a lot of history. Oh my goodness 8:50 WV: Well it’s 8:50 LM: So when did you start coming to Saugatuck as a little kid then from Grand Rapids? 8:54 WV: Uh, we well, we lived on the farm. My grandfather still lived on the farm. My brother, oldest brother. 12 years older. Mac, though, spent a lot of time there, even though he went to school in Grand Rapids. He spent the summers down there. And, uh, what happened was they travelled back and forth, but it was really from Chicago. What happened in 19, what happened was, my uh, father for, I don’t know, 10, 15 years tried to get my mother to say I do. 9:26 LM: Oh really? It took that long? 9:27 WV: It took a long time. And uh, they were out at the the Fursman’s (?) party out at the light house when my father proposed to her. Thought maybe she was in the mood. And he said I do, and he just about fainted. Really. Just about fainted. He said he almost had to sit down. 9:50 LM: Oh. Isn’t that cute? 9:51 WV: Yeah. So they had, uh, actually they had a real speed wagon that he’d take her on dates in those pretty, those pretty rough it was, but anyway, anyway they, uh, but that was in 1929. That they got married. And they were married out there on the farm, and uh, most of the local people showed up at the wedding. Wheelen made the flowers. From the Wheelen East, later had the Wheelen, uh, Nursery. And, uh, for her bouquet. And uh the farm had, the part of the barn had, what I remember the part of the barn had collapsed a little bit. All the tools were on the wall and that’s were, that’s were Carl Herman and my grandfather made the picture frames. They made them because, well they needed them at Oxbow. My mother was going to Oxbow at the very beginning. Carl Herman came to Saugatuck, this is the real story, Carl Herman came to Saugatuck. He stayed at Mrs., uh, Mrs., uh, [laugh] Mrs. Simpkin’s house. Which is uh, which is uh, which is Roy Peterson’s home today 11: 21 LM: Ah yeah 11:21 WV: And she catered to artists, and the, so he came there and he said, oh this would make a wonderful click. I didn’t know the difference between click and quick �11: 34 LM: Quick 11:34 WV: And Mrs. Peder told me 11:38 LM: ok [laugh] 11:39 WV: She said “I think you’d better know the definition.” Anyway. She didn’t know either. But he said, oh he said I want to show my, my, first. I’m sorry. Uh, Carl Herman said I want to bring my fiancé here. And he did. And uh, that’s how it all started. They, he invited Mr. Fursman, who was his friend in New York, and they all came, and they said “Yes, it would make a quick all right. We could start something art here.” Because of the natural beauty in the dunes. Anyway that, uh, that kind of started the that uh, that side. Uh. Sorry 12:30 LM: So your, your, I mean your parents got married then, but are you one of the younger children then? 12:34 WV: I’m the youngest 12:34 LM: you’re the youngest 12:35 WV: My brother was 12 years older. 12:38 LM: Ok. Ok. 12:38 WV: but yeah 12:40 LM: Yeah, yeah. Because they got married pretty young. I mean that was 1929, did you say they got married? 12:44 WV: Yeah. And they married when he was I think 28. And I never really looked at the dates, I was supposed to write a book but 12:54 LM: You should. Oh my goodness. So then, so then you started your your older brother spent a lot of time 13:02 WV: With his grandfather to stay with him and help him out and basically 13:05 LM: And that would have been in the 40’s or? 13:10 WV: That was in the, that was in the probably the 30’s. 13:14 LM: 30’s. OK 13:18 WV: uh, let’s see. 30’s and 40’s actually. 13:20 LM: 30’s and 40’s? �13:22 WV: Yeah. He would, uh, the unusual part of my brother was that he called his mother and dad Jean and Law. My Dad’s name was Law. And the reason why his oldest brother, Lawrence, and they couldn’t use that, and they wanted Law, so L-A-W. And, uh, the uh, I’ve got to get back on track here 13:40 LM: It’s all right. You can kind of meander. I mean it’s so interesting. I mean, the focus here is supposed to be from the 50’s and 60’s, but the thing is it’s worth it to talk a little bit like you are because you’re approaching where you, you know, where you come in. In the 50’s and 60’s, and there’s so much. It goes back so far, um 14:09 WV: Well we started, my father, um went to Chicago. During the Depression. Brought, they had an old truck, farm truck. My father would fill that full of vegetables from 3 or 4 farms. The Lobenoffer’s farm and several others, the Vulls, and so forth into Chicago. And he knew how to hawk them 14:32 LM: Yeah, hawking. Yeah. Yeah. 14:34 WV: And he would come back with money, which they didn’t have around here. They had food, but Chicago had no food 14:40 LM: Right, but not the actual right 14:42 WV: So it worked out very well, and that’s the reason he married my mother and got an I do is probably that he had a job in Chicago. 14:50 LM: And he was a f— 14:56 WV: And he was a foundry man. Well, he wasn’t then. He went, he had a job when there were no jobs. Men were just lined up in Chicago. To get in to do anything. And he got it. And this old German who was a molder which is the highest rank that you can have in foundry men is molder was the most important. He said, my father kept saying “I’d like to learn how to mold.” He said, “yeah. You and a million others.” This was our trade. He befriended him, and he said, “ well, if you stay at night, I’ll teach you how to mold.” Well, when he started to mold, he came home, here, and he said, uh, to his father in law “Macintosh, is there something you’d like me to cast?” He said, “Well, yes, sir, Law. I’d like you to cast a school bell.” That’s how this school house became a part of our thing. This was the beginning of the school house. And, uh, so he brought back a bell and Professor Macintosh had to take his bell back to school cause he was still involved in 1929. It’s in their history, in Allegan history 16:15 LM: Oh is it? Yeah. 16:18 WV: Yeah, the old school pictures of him and so forth. 16:20 LM: Oh they, yeah, yeah �16:24 WV: And, uh, um, so, the haunting side, after it kind skips the, the haunting side is every time I’d go for a permit, I wanted to build a foundry here. We had one in Grand Rapids. Now the unusual thing a foundry in Grand Rapids, it was the front doors of now the Gerald Ford Museum 16:44 LM: Oh really 16:46 WV: I remember it 16:47 LM: Yeah. 16:48 WV: Where Gerry invited us to the dig. And that’s another whole story, but that’s a Grand Rapids story. But this was our background is the Henry Ford Museum today. And that was the oldest foundry in Grand Rapids. Back with the Indians. They persuaded the Indians to, I mean that’s another history itself. But they, they did persuade the Indians to have a black smith, so they shop to shoe their own horses. 17:15 LM: In the name of 17:16 WV: The black smith 17:17 LM: In the name of 17:18 WV: The name of the foundry was called Harring. And then it became Harring Foundry. The reason why it was, you’ve heard of the Atwood Brass in Grand Rapids? 17:28 LM: No 17:29 WV: Well that was an old marine hardware. It still is today. Uh, well that was kind of the start of my getting about too 17:38 LM: When was the foundry, um, started here? When was that? 17:43 JV: 1971 17:43 WV: 1971 17:44 LM: Oh 71. Ok. So the Grand, so it was in, I mean this kind of work was in the family for quite a long time then 17:51 WV: Very much so. My father. Yeah. 17:52 LM: In Grand Rapids and then finally in the 70’s here 17:53 WV: Well, in Chicago. And then St. Louis. They went to St. Louis. 17:58 LM: Oh they went to St. Louis too �17:59 WV: Yeah. Opened a foundry there. And she’s, I remember my mother saying, “Every day you had to wash the widows! Every day!” 18:07 LM: [laugh] Your memory’s incredible. I mean really. You remember all the names and everything. I mean that goes back two, that’s like three generations really. Grandparents and, what were 18:19 WV: Well we’re only born back to Isle Delray (?) and (?) uh, uh, France. We were, we were the Huguenots that uh, came over here in 1764. 18:40 LM: Oh 18:42 WV: And, uh, we were being persecuted by the Catholic church, and we took our last stand in Isle Delray and (?), which were like Saugatuck and Douglas. They weren’t really that large. And it ended up that my cousin became in 1900, cousin I’d guess you’d call him, became a bishop in the church only a short time. But he became a bishop. They had to, they were Christian. They were Knights Templar so they had to, they had to give in or be killed, even after, way after the, well I’m not a good historian to tell you that side. But that’s uh, so anyway, our family moved to New York, and then we went to Michigan. And Ohio 19:32 LM: Ohio. Yeah 19:34 WV: Ohio Basin area. And, uh, that’s another, that’s another, oh area there 19:39 LM: You should have been a historian I guess then. You have, you have enough information to write a book 19:43 WV: Well that’s nothing 19:45 LM: I don’t want to, I don’t want to move you. But I would like to talk about, um, you said you had some information about a hotel. You said your uncle 19:55 WV: Yes. Uh, the reason I brought the blueberries up, and, and see the, my uncle, I’m going back. My uncle 20:04 LM: That’s all right. We can go all over the place. It doesn’t matter. They’re the ones that are going to have to make sense of it all [laugh] 20:07 WV: My uncle bought, the how he bought it and so forth I don’t have any history of that but 20:14 LM: This was your father or mother 20:14 WV: This was my father’s, my, uh, Uncle Russel �20:18 JV: [cough] 20:20 LM: OK 20:21 WV: Which was the oldest brother, married Verna, uh, I don’t remember her maiden name. And, uh, her sister was Rea Jackson. And Harry Jackson were the two owners of the hotel. 20:34 LM: OK 20:34 WV: Mt. Baldhead hotel 20:35 LM: Ok. 20:36 WV: This was in the 30’s, 40’s, and 50’s 20:40 LM: Ok 20:41 WV: Then it, uh, either burned or, not sure what happened. To the hotel, but anyway the Mt. Baldhead Hotel. The thing I remember about it was, the thing I really remember was Uncle uh, Uncle, uh, Harry Jackson. Uncle Harry, uh, having to pardon himself from my dad. My dad brought milk over. He wasn’t part of the dairy, but he helped, he helped his brother at times, when he was in town, he took some milk over because they had to take fresh milk over to, to the hotel, and sometimes the chickens that they, you know, if they needed some chickens they took some chickens grew out on 63rd. Um, so they uh, part of their income, my uncle Russel’s income was, of course, all farming, but it was a hotel 21:41 LM: OK 21:41 WV: Because his brother in law owned the hotel. He had the contract for the milk. He had the, for the cottage cheese, whatever they made 21:50 LM: Whatever they made, yeah. They would furnish the unit 21:52 WV: Yeah, I remember helping my uncle in the dairy which was just to the side of the house. It wouldn’t have made health codes today 21:59 LM: [laugh] That was part of the farm you mean? 22:00 WV: [laugh] That was part of the farm 22:03 LM: Part of the farm 22:04 WV: Yeah. He had dairy cows �22:04 LM: What was, was there a road then? What was that? 22:06 WV: 130, uh, 160, uh, 63rd and 132nd street. Right on the corner 22:10 LM: Oh, and that’s kind of where the high way is now, or no? 22:18 WV: Uh, it’s right where they’re, they’re building kitty corner across right now uh, the big, the big mall. Uh, that whole area, they uh, right now it’s a horse ranch the front part of it. It was, uh, divided out, uh, lotted out, and that’s one of the southern gulleys. That they have. They have a gulley that goes feeds Silver Lake. And uh, 22:45 JV: Yeah, and the property was also part of the Ravine 22:48 WV: It was called the Ravines, yeah 22:49 LM: Ravine? 22:50 JV: mmhm 22:50 WV: Uh, yeah. 22:51 JV: The, the Ravine Golf Course? The Valleu, the Valleau, yeah. 22:54 WV: I cut and sold that 22:56 LM: So that’s that whole, that would be like all west of Silver, east I mean, east. Yeah the high way 22:56 garbled interrupting each other 23:04 WV: Because my cousin Merlin started to buy up extra land and extra land, more land for his cattle, and that’s a whole story in itself. What he did, uh, cattle, uh, 23:15 JV: Yeah. What we’re talking about also with the blueberries and what not, and they want to go back to the 50’s. You were involved in, uh, the middle part of the 50’s, end of 50’s, 57 or so. You were 12, 13 years old, and your parents had the blueberry patch. Uh, 7 or 8 acres of blueberries, and it was Warren’s responsibility to find the pickers, get the pickers to the patch, pick the blueberries all summer long, and take the blueberries to the co-op of their association at the age of 12 or 13. And it was his responsibility, and his parents were in Grand Rapids while he was doing this at that age 24:04 LM: Oh, you stayed at your grandparents at that time? 24:05 WV: I stayed at, well actually, my grandfather died a week or two after I was born. He just wanted to see me born and he died of fright �24:15 LM: [laugh] 24:15 JV: [laugh] 24:15 WV: [laugh] and he was staying up in Grand Rapids. Uh, my parents bought a stone house in Grand Rapids up on Front Street, Front- 4th Street, uh, and we fought the city to save, we started the Historic District, uh, up on the hill, uh, by fighting the city because they wanted to tear all the history 24:38 LM: All down, yeah. 24:40 WV: Down, all these stone houses made from the river quarry. They were all Victorian, uh, not Victorian, below, before it. They were all Greek Revival houses, great big pillars on one of the houses we tore down. And we hauled it to the farm. Uh, that was a time, really the city of Grand Rapids didn’t care about history of course 25:05 LM: Any, any, uh, of that, that started, yeah, I remember when I was a kid and they started, I mean I left around then when they started tearing everything down and then, my mother was six. My parents had an antique shop for many years 25:18 WV: Where abouts? 24:19 LM: And my grandparents, in Hastings, and my grandparents, my father’s parents, had an antique shop for 45 years. So, I mean there was a lot of respect and appreciation for that. And especially architecture. That’s why, that’s one of the reasons I think that I have an interest in the historical society here, you know, the importance of it. What I am interested in, and this just kind of comes from my understanding, but what was it like to have this kind of contrast between the farm, kind of the farm living, and then the art 25:53 WV: And the city? 25:54 LM: Yeah, and then the town, the small town of Saugatuck, and the art, you know, Oxbow and all, how did that all? What was that, what was that like? 26:01 WV: Well, my mother was one of the first students at Oxbow, and she was with, uh, oh, some of the, I don’t know if I can memorize the girls, some of the paintings, I can’t 26:13 LM: Ah, ah yes. 26:14 WV: Uh, they were all painting together. You had the Shippens (?), or the uh, uh, Tomminsons (?), Dave Tomminson was the one that decide the golf, Arnold Palmer Golf course out there. And he accepted it. 26:30 LM: He was an artist at Oxbow then or was a teacher? �26:34 WV: He was uh, he was uh, no. Dave Tomminson was, uh, a, his father was an architect in Chicago 26:44 LM: OK 26:44 WV: And, uh, 26:45 JV: Dorothy. His wife. Aunt Dorothy 26:48 WV: Yeah. Aunt Dorothy. They, they, uh, they were asked to design buildings in Pearl Harbor. And they were there at the attack on Pearl Harbor, just, uh, the water was too oily to go swimming that morning, and uh, they had taken these ships out that, I’m getting off track really, but uh, they took these ships out that weren’t running at all. It was all set up, and they just pulled those out so they could blow those up 27:16 LM: blow, oh 27:17 WV: and maybe not get the other ones too bad. 27:20 LM: Yeah 27:20 WV: But, um, so they when, as they pulled these old ships out, and they were waiting for the Japanese. That’s what, you know. So that was quite a story and they still, um. My cousins on that side of the family which were the Macintyre’s side, they still go to the uh, I don’t know if they go anymore, but they used to go to the Pearl Harbor, um, group uh, 27:47 LM: Oh, the like memorial, yeah 27:48 WV: Dave was one of them, his sister Mary, now Mary was an artist here in Saugatuck. Mary, uh, Tomminson, she’s uh in Grand, in Holland by the name of Mary Latell (?). And she’s gotta be in her in 90’s, but she has pictures galore, uh, I mean of Saugatuck. Unbelievable. My uncle, my uncle uh, uh, Tomminson had the first movie cameras. We have uh, movies, or they do. They have movies of out at the, at the pier in Saugatuck and in Saugatuck, all movies, no one could afford a movie camera, but he could because he was an architect. 28:37 LM: When was were those, when was that? 28:40 WV: It was during the, what’s the house I worked on in Grand Rapids? 28:44 JV: Frank Lloyd 28:45 WV: Frank Lloyd Wright, yeah. He worked with Frank Lloyd Wright, not together exactly, but they were personal friends from Chicago. And so, they needed a movie camera. And so they had a lot of movies. Even my grandfather, back, and I saw a copy of my grandfather. And they weren’t used to movies. They were used to sitting upright, strong �29:10 LM: Oh yeah. Right, very stern and all that 29:14 WV: [laugh] yeah. My dad threw a, in the movie threw a dog into my grandfather’s arms so he’d move. 29:20 LM: [laugh] he moved! 29:22 WV: Anyway, so, uh 29:25 LM: So when did you come live here, like, um permanently? 29:29 WV: I, I started to well, permanently was uh, well, let’s see. Um. I’m not even sure of the year 29:40 JV: It was uh, in 1971. You started building the foundry, uh, on 63rd Street, and uh, also having the foundry, uh, in Grand Rapids running with 29:52 LM: So before then you would just come back and forth? Because you had a lot of relatives here 29:57 WV: We came back and forth. I lived at, mostly out in Ada with my parents because we lost the house with the demolition 30: 02 LM: In Ada? Ok. 30:04 WV: We moved out to Ada and, uh, so I got tired of driving back and forth til 12 o’clock at night. My mother would have a meal for me. And my father was a little disturbed about that 30:15 LM: Yeah. Ok. 30:18 WV: [laugh] Anyway. Uh, good way to ween a son. Anyway, building the foundry, um, was another whole, whole world because you don’t build a foundry in a town like this 30:30 LM: Yeah 30:31 WV: And I was told I was going to fail. And I bought Atwood Brass Foundry in Grand Rapids. That’s a big Foundry. And moved the equipment to here. The one person to help me in Saugatuck, the one person was a man who changed Saugatuck from being a total resort town controlling the people, my uncle controlled them. Uncle Harry controlled the people to make sure there was no industry in Saugatuck. They could hire the people, they, I could tell you all about that 31:08 LM: No, that’s interesting, I mean yeah 31:08 WV: But that’s what he did. He made sure that they all they had a, a quick, a click, that’s the word I’m thinking of. A click. That the people wouldn’t have permanent jobs around here. �You would have to depend on the tourist traffic. So they could get all the people they’d need to run a hotel. 31:28 LM: So, when your grandparents were here, then, um, and they had the farm, then were the populations kind of, or, er, kind of divided by where the farmers did their work and the, like you’re saying, the tourists and the and the, the whole town or? 31:45 WV: Yeah. What kept them together was the dairies. We have a lot of dairies in Saugatuck that were old dairies. And you’d lose your job if you brought some milk in and it didn’t last a day and if it didn’t last two days 31:58 LM: Yeah. 31:59 WV: You would have a competitor in there getting your contract. 32:03 LM: How many dairies were there? 32:03 WV: Oh, there was a lot of dairies 32:06 LM: Yeah 32:06 WV: And, uh, they all have their milk routes. Uh, Saugatuck Dairy, uh, handled most of the hotel. That was their big part, when the hotel closed down, they, my uncle sold the, the cattle farm, because they didn’t have that vine that they had to run the dairy 32:28 LM: Yeah, yeah, 32:29 WV: Yeah. 32:30 LM: And they were all around. Like all around the area? 32:32 WV: Oh, all around here. Yes. I wish I could name them all off, but 32:38 JV: Yeah, the um, the, um, let’s see, now the, the hotel was on the shore where ship and shore is. 32:48 LM: Right 32:49 JV: And then across the street, then they lived in that 32:52 WV: Oh, I would like to tell you about that, is Mt. Baldhead. You’re right. Ok. What Mt. Baldhead, um, Hotel, Aunt Rea and Uncle Harry lived across the street 33:08 JV: In the house, the brick house that’s across the street. The house across the street that’s called the Ivy Inn �33:19 WV: Ivy Inn yes 33:19 LM: Oh the Ivy Inn! Yeah, yeah. I stayed there. That is when I used to come alone, yeah, that was 33:20 JV: That was their, that was their home and while they they managed 33:27 WV: Threw many a party 33:28 LM: Managed the 33:29 JV: Managed the hotel 33:32 WV: Yeah, and as kids, uh the hotel was still going, and uh, I hardly ever saw Uncle Harry, but Aunt Rea was, uh, seemed always around. He was busy, busy doing this or that to run this hotel. But they had a phone from the, uh, their house, the ho- to the hotel. And as a kid, my cousins and I all tried to get that phone running. I bought these big batteries that were these big D, C batteries, and we put one in one and one in the other, and we were cranking this all, and it wouldn’t work 34:10 LM: cranking [laugh] 34:13 WV: And we’d yell across the street trying to get this phone running. We found the line was down. We couldn’t get the line up, so those big batteries. The cost of those 34:27 LM: Yeah. Did you spend any time at the hotel, or just going to visit your, yeah, yeah 34:28 WV: Never at the hotel, but I’d go there with my dad to bring milk over, and he was, he’d talk with my uncle. And I remember my uncle Harry having a big wad of ca- cash. This big. It was like three inches in diameter. I’d never seen anybody with a round ball of money. And, uh, my father, uh, I uh, let’s see, so my uncle Harry said “How much is the milk and the eggs from, from Russel?” And he’d bring out this big ball of money and count out the money and give him cash and. That was the day of the cash. That was the day that nothing was recorded. You’d pay your bills in cash and never kept track of them, and, uh, the other thing that I remember is, this was almost the same time, but it was over and over again, but was when Harry would go to the cars because someone he’d recognize the people coming. They didn’t come for the day. They came in for the week or two weeks or the summer 35:34 LM: Or the summer and stay at the hotel that long? 35:34 WV: Stay at the hotel. Yes. Yes. There were people with a lot of money from, from, uh down in uh, Missouri, and, uh, Wisconsin, and, uh, mainly Chicago. 35:48 LM: How did they get up here? Because I know I read some um, information about how they used to come by boat and yeah �35:54 WV: Lake steamer. Little lake steamer 35:57 LM: My grand uncle. My dad’s uncle, um, worked as the captain of one of those steamers that used to come this way. Yeah, yeah. He lived in Oak Park. 36:08 WV: He did 36:09 LM: Yeah, um, Illinois 36:10 WV: That’s Joan’s territory 36:11 LM: Oh is it? 36:13 JV: mm hm. Yeah. Yeah 36:14 WV: uh, Uncle Harry had three friends, uh, real close friends. One was Mor- Mork Echton. Mork Echton. 36:22 LM: OK 36:24 WV: I think he was the captain of the Alabama. I’m not sure, but I think he was, uh, the ex captain. 36:32 LM: And that came from where? 36:34 WV: That was from here 36:36 LM: Ok. 36:37 WV: There were three ships. We had three ships here that, uh, lake steamers. And the Alabama was one, and they were parked in 36:48 LM: They were moored here, uh 36:49 WV: Yeah. Moored in Holland 36:51 LM: Oh, ok 36:52 WV: Moored up in Holland, uh, that I remember. They weren’t moored here, but, uh, there. That’s what I remember. And, uh, Mork Echton would tell me old stories. That was little whirl, but uh, um, the three of them, Uncle Harry and uh, a man by the name of Founders. It took me, this morning I woke up, and I remembered his name 37:18 LM: Oh did you? 37:19 WV: Flanders! Flanders. F-L-A-N-D-E-R-S. Uh, the three of them were his close friends, �so Uncle Harry had connections on how they could rent a garden out on 63rd. And so they got my father to rent them land. My father said, “Look if you want some farm space, I’ll give it to you.” “No, no. These guys can afford it, and they want to pay their way.” So I saw Uncle Harry very little then. But they used the goods from the farm, from their farm, from their gardening for the hotel and for themselves. And, uh, uh, Mork Etchton and, played a joke on me. I’ll never forget that joke. It was, he trained me. He uh, we were racing on who could have the biggest watermelon. Now I had the biggest watermelon. I babied that watermelon, and they, they knew it too. They said, I’ll tell you what. Mork said “I’ll tell you what.” A lot of people knew Mork. I mean he was, he was quite a guy 38:32 LM: So he was the, you said he was the 38:35 WV: Yeah, he was an old, he was an old captain 38:39 LM: Captain. Did he live in town? 38:40 WV: Yes 38:41 LM: And where did, did they go? Did they go up and down Lake Michigan then? On the steamer? 38:46 WV: Well, that was before my time, because I think the boat was mostly moored in Holland. They weren’t running, so that was before my time. I just heard stories. Oh yeah. He was 38:47 LM: Ok. Ok. All right. So he was an older guy? He was an older guy. 38:46 WV: To me, real old right. My age. Anyway they, did the gardening, and I was paid, uh, by bribes. They’d bring me a candy bar, and I’d water their garden. But I watered my watermelon, and it got so big they Mork said “I’ll tell you what. I will give you a quarter because I think your watermelon probably is ready. I’ll pay you a quarter if you cut a little square in there, a little pyramid, and, uh, see if it’s ripe.” And I said “Well, that will make it rot.” Whatever. And he says “Oh, no, no, no, no, no.” He says “We’ll put it back together. If it isn’t ripe we’ll put it back together. It’ll get ripe that way even quicker.” And I watched my watermelon shrivel, and it came down and shrunk, I lost my watermelon 39:50 LM: Oh, no. He was totally wrong. 39:53 WV: He was wrong. But he gave me a quarter. Two bits. Two bits 39:56 LM: Which was good 39:57 WV: That was a lot of money. Two bits 39:58 LM: Yeah. Did people do that often where they would, um, rent, um parts of your grandfather’s farm? �40:05 WV: Not, no, not really 40:06 LM: I mean that’s kind of. Yeah 40:07 WV: That’s kind of an unusual situation. And that’s where Har, Uncle Harry had connections, and Uncle Harry of Mount Baldhead, he would not only, uh, he would take people hunting, fishing, uh, he had a, uh, 40:24 LM: It was part of the business, like that was part of the hotel 40:25 WV: That was part of the business yeah. And he’d take, uh, he’d take them hunting out at the snake pit which. 40:32 LM: Where’s the snake pit? 40:35 WV: Now the snake pit was, and why it got its name, was up on Silver Lake, on the other side. You’d have to go beyond Old Allegan Road, and then go up through the woods on the other side, and uh, my cousin bought the snake pit. And he hated that name. He bought the bought the build a home that was, uh, Dave Tomminson 40:56 LM: Was that Harry’s son you mean? Or no, no 40:59 WV: Dave Tomminson. Uh, 41:02 LM: Oh. Ok. 41:03 WV: He ended up buying it and putting a beautiful home in there. Anyway they, uh, uh, that was my experience with Mork, Mork Etcheson and Mr. Flaunders. Flaunders [laugh] 41:15 LM: I have a question about when I interviewed my sister and she was here in the 60’s [cough] in the mid 60’s. Just for a couple of summers. And one of the questions in here is [cough] also, did you, when you were in Saugatuck, did you spend much time in Douglas, or did you, my sister said “I don’t even remember Douglas at all.” Well, I mean, is that, yeah, yeah 41:38 WV That is a good question. And, uh, they have the best harbor 41:43 LM: Best harbor 41:43 WV: Hardware. 41:44 LM: Douglas does 41:45 WV: Douglas. Douglas did have the best hardware, downtown 41:48 LM: Oh, the harbor (?)! Oh I thought you said hardware �41:53 WV: Best hard ware (?) . Hard ware. 41:58 LM: Oh. Ok. Well where was it 41:59 WV: It’s right where a couple galleries are, across the street from the police station. Is that? Yeah. Right across the street from the police station. 42:10 LM: Oh right over! Yeah! Right up here. Yeah! Where the, right where are we 42:12 WV: Yeah. It was right through here. Yeah. It’s on that side of the police station. And that was all the hard ware. They had two or three buildings in there. 42:22 LM: Oh really? It was a big hardware store. 42:23 WV: It was a big hardware. And he carried a lot of stuff, so we came over here all the time. 42:26 LM: Oh that’s interesting. 42:27 WV: For hardware 42:28 LM: But not for anything else really. Not really? 42:30 WV: Not really for, no, not really. And my mother kept saying, she was a futurist. She said, “You know, Saugatuck thinks they’re so hot. They are, but the sleeping giant is Douglas.” 42:44 LM: Douglas 42:46 WV: She says, “You wait and see what happens in the future of Douglas.” She said the same thing in Grand Rapids. 42:52 LM: That’s interesting. 42:52 WV: She said, uh, “They don’t appreciate the water front. They just think it’s a sewer running through it. And you watch. If they’re intelligent, they will beautify that river and”— 43:06 LM: When did she say that? Long time ago. 43: 07 WV: Oh gosh. Back, I don’t know. 50’s 43:08 LM: 50’s. 43:10 WV: Yeah. Now, the hotel, going back to the hotel, that was, Aunt Rea had wonderful parties after Harry died especially. I don’t remember Uncle Harry too much at the parties. I think the parties were afterward. Maybe with the family. And--- �43:27 LM: Maybe she was a party girl. 43:30 WV: She was, yeah, Aunt Verna, her sister, lived on the farm with Uncle Russel. Aunt Verna was very homely she felt, and she was not pretty like Aunt Rea. Aunt Rea was a beautiful woman, and Aunt Rhea had money, and uh, and she had servants because the hotel would hire lots of servants, and when they needed help over at the house, they might do in the basement some laundry. Especially laundry, and uh, uh, [laugh] just brought up Uncle Harry. 44:03 LM: I’m curious, I’m curious about the servants. Where did people come from that worked in Saugatuck in the summers? 44:10 WV: Yeah, right here, just around, yeah 44:10 LM: They came from just around? 44:14 WV: The farms and so forth, there was a good job 44:14 LM: Farms and 44:16 WV: Yeah, my, like my uncle’s, you know, a lot of his farm when they butchered chickens and eggs and so forth, the hotel had the restaurant going. And in our barn, years later, they upgraded their refrigerator. They had an old ice box that was from here to here. That’s how big it was. It was a good 10 to 15-foot-long ice box. And then it was converted to a motor coolant, so it could keep cool. We took that, we put that in our barn for when we had blueberries. And, uh, the, where my, where the Macintoshes came in, they had a sale for a few little blue berries at the hotel. That was a specialty, in season. 45:05 LM: Oh, really, yeah. I was going to ask you about that, yeah. 45:08 WV: Now my father decided to grow blueberries. We had the foundry in Grand Rapids where the Ford Museum was. He decided to get, uh, 20, 30 acres of blueberries in Saugatuck so he could retire and have the blueberries. Well, him my brother went in together. My father was 90% of it. And, uh, 45:32 LM: Was this the older brother you were talking about before? 45:34 WV: This was my older brother Max. And they went in and planted uh, blueberries, and we had 10 or 15 acres already plus 20 more acres to plant, and, uh, the, uh, neither one could work in the blueberries, so I had to. And I loved it. My mother would come down during the week. Some of the weeks she could. And we had apartments up in Grand Rapids. She had to take care of and so forth. And, uh, 46:05 LM: So where were you living then? Were you living on the farm then, when you did that? 46:10 WV: No, well, I personally lived on the farm. I was stuck there at about 10 years old �46:14 LM: 10 years old, yeah 46:14 WV: Yeah. For the most part of the summer, well, my uncle was up there with. But you know, they wouldn’t allow that in law today. They certainly would not allow a child to be alone [laugh] 46:20 LM: So 46:25 WV: There’s no reason for a child not to be alone if they’re responsible 46:25 LM: Mmhm, yeah, so you, yeah. So you stayed there with your uncle? Or sometimes you were alone? 46:34 WV: No, I stayed in the farm house 46:36 LM: Oh did you 46:38 WV: The Macintosh house, and times I would go up and stay with them and have dinner. And they had bedrooms on the upper floor for the kids and they had already gone off and uh, 46:48 LM: And your other grandparents right? Did you say? 46:50 WV: They were across the way, right. The Macintosh 46:50 LM: Were they still alive then, your grandparents? 46:54 WV: Uh, no. They were, they were gone in 1964, my uncle came to my high school graduation at Union High School in Grand Rapids. And he died about 2, 3 months later. So it must have been pretty, because we have pictures of them in my mother’s rose garden in Grand Rapids. Uh, they, uh, he was, he was a fascinating guy. He was shot in the leg. He couldn’t use one of the legs, he 47:28 LM: And this was World War ? 47:28 WV: one 47:30 LM: One 47:30 WV: Yeah. 47:31 LM: That was your uncle 47:32 WV: That was. He went into the farm because that’s a way he could 47:34 LM: Right, because he could �47:37 WV: They were all taught, they were all teachers. Um, Aunt Verna was a teacher. Uncle Russel was a teacher. They were all teachers, but, uh, I mean, that’s what they did. They all were teachers almost. Except the last 3 or 4 that couldn’t go to college. 47:50 LM: Where were they educated? Where did they go to school? What universities? Around, like Kendell or Western, Michigan State? 47:55 WV: Um, most of the went to Michigan agriculture. And my grandfather had a problem, Grandfather Valleau had a problem with that because of financing all these kids. So what he did was he bought the farm. 48:07 LM: There were 14. That was the one that had 14. 48:09 WV: Yeah. Well they, yeah. Even generations back they did. Uh, they bought the farm adjoining the college building. So the fence between the old college brick building and the farm was theirs. They bought it so they could, they could, um, uh, um, it was cheaper than having them stay in area. They could, they could take all their kids and push them into the college. 48:42 LM: You’re talking about the farm, uh, which university? You said the agriculture 48:44 WV: That was, that was, uh Michigan State 48:47 LM: Michigan State. Oh, so you had farms all over the place. 48:52 WV: Well, oh, yeah. They did, yeah. He also had religion, uh, uh, he, uh, he’s on the history. Actually. He’s on the computer in the history, uh, about the following he had. Uh, he made two Jesus Christ movies. This was, what? 49:10 JV: in Hollywood 49:11 WV: In Hollywood, right. 49:12 LM: He did? 49:12 WV: And he brought back a burlap sack full of money, and he brought it. How he got the movies was he, mor, this is another whole story this 49:22 LM: This was your dad, your 49:22 WV: This was my grandfather. 49:24 LM: This was your grandfather on your father’s side 49:24 WV: This was my grandfather on my father’s side. Yeah, he was a, uh, have heard, um, Argus, Argus Camera. Do you ever remember Argus? �49:34 LM :No 49:34 WV: That was back in the 50’s 49:36 LM: OK. 49:36 WV: And the reason Argus really got a hold of the market like Kodak did after, Argus invented something, and he first though took two pictures. And those were, uh 3 pictures, uh, of the World War two, I guess. World War one, and then he had taken, he had taken a picture of my grandfather holding a picture frame. And that was the staff of Jesus. My father, grandfather looked like, he looked like the pictures of Jesus. And then, uh, then it was picked up, and it was considered the top photograph, and there was a, I think there was a plain. He took a picture of that or something. Uh, anyway there’s a museum up north on him, uh, I understand. I’ve never gone. It’s kind of crazy, but one time it got into the Grand Rapids Press, and they talked about my grandfather in the Grand Rapids Press. And they got it all wrong. They said he was a hippie. And uh 50:44 LM: [laugh] he wasn’t 50:44 WV: And they said he didn’t believe in bathing. Well, he bathed all the time. He believed in nudity. Yes. Up to a certain extent. He wore underwear. So they retracted it because it wasn’t true at all. And they were just, well, the editor said, “Well, I was trying to make it a little bit more flairy.” But he had a following of people when he came back from Hollywood. He didn’t want the money. His family was very upset about that. Uh, my father wasn’t, but the rest of the family were very upset that they weren’t getting this, any of this money. And he was giving it away to Argus. He put all this money on Argus’ table. And he said uh, I’m not even sure if the guy’s name was Argus, but it’s Argus camera he owned. Anyway he said, “no, no, no, no. You earned that. The photograph I earned. And I have a reputation for that photograph.” And it ended up that, uh, he went out into the street and started handing it to people He thought 51:53 LM: Really! 51:52 WV: So he gave all the money away 51:53 LM: He gave all the money away? 51:55 WV: And it was quite a bit it was 51:55 LM: Was that here? Or is it in Grand Rapids or here? 51:58 WV: It was probably; you know I really don’t know where it was. 52:02 LM: Did your dad spend a lot of time here, or was he mostly in Saugatuck or both 52:10 WV: uh, my father, uh--- �52:10 LM: Sorry, because there’s so many people in your family that I’m getting them confused 52:13 WV: [laugh] uh, I, well we moved to Grand Rapids 52:15 LM: Yeah. 52:16 WV: In the move he worked for a foundry there. Haring Brass foundry 52:20 LM: Oh. Ok. 52:21 WV: And Haring was the old blacksmith, the name of the black smith foundry before that. But it was called Haring because, well I guess too much detail. Uh, Atwood Haring were brother-in-law’s. 52:37 LM: Yeah, so more, it was more like from what I’m understanding, it was more like a couple. Your uncle and your aunt that lived around here 52:45 WV: Here. Yes. My uncle and aunt lived here, and they lived after my grandparents were gone. Cause my grandmother died way before that. She was a woman’s liberty. 52:59 LM: Oh, was she? 53:01 WV: Libert—oh she was famous right 53:02 LM: Oh for suffrage. Suffrage woman. 53:05 WV: Oh, she had letters even presidential letters, all 53:09 LM: Who was this, your mother 53:10 WV: My, no, my uh 53:11 JV: Mother’s mother 53:12 WV: my grandmother 53:15 JV: your mother’s mother 53:16 WV: Macintosh. Yeah 53:17 LM: Oh, oh yeah, that’s on your mother. Yeah the mother side 53:20 WV: Yeah. She was very into that, and uh, they had lost two of their daughters in Allegan from diphtheria and something else. �53:28 LM: Oh, 53:29 JV: Meningitis I think 53:30 WV: And meningitis. 53:31 JV Yeah, infection 53:33 WV: And my mother was the youngest of the three. And so my mother had problems too. She couldn’t go to school because of her irregular heart beat 53:45 phone rings in background 53:46 LM: Oh, sorry. I’ll just turn this off 53:47 sounds of jostling. 53:55 LM: yeah, um 53:57 WV: So she was home taught. 53:58 LM: So really, so your mother the, your mother side they were always around here then 54:04 WV: Yeah, and so were the Valleaus. They were here way back 54:07 LM: Yeah, yeah. Yeah. Tell me more about, I’m curious. I haven’t been following this at all, but I don’t think that matters. We’re certainly, we’re certainly talking about interesting stuff so, it’s fine. But you, you said it was your mother that went to Oxbow, right? 54:25 WV: Yes. About 1915 54:26 LM: So how did 54:29 WV:16. She was a child prodigy 54:30 LM: Really? 54:31 WV: Yeah. That’s 54:34 LM: Do you have a lot of her paintings and 54:35 WV: Yes. 54:38 LM: Do you? 54:38 WV: yeah �54:39 LM: were there many women at the Oxbow then or not? Was that very rare? 54:40 WV: There were, um, I’m trying to think. Some of them 54:44 LM: When was she born? When was she born? Your mom? 54:45 JV: 1905 54:45 WV: She was born in 1905 54:47 LM: 1905 54:47 WV: mmhm. So what happened was, uh, she because of Fursman, and Fursman never complimented anyone in art. This wasn’t a complimenter. And she said I got one of the first compliments I ever heard him give anyone for her painting. Uh, Carl Herman said “I want to learn your method. You have a unique way” and she did 55:12 LM: And she, she never went to any institute or anything. She was self, kind of selftaught or, 55:15 WV: She was self-taught, yes. It came to here. And one of the things that probably, she gave up her art while Carl kept going, and his wife, his wife finished up a lot of the paintings. 55:30 JV: Christine 55:31 WV: Christina, yeah. So, some of the paintings are, uh, and she wasn’t bad. She was pretty good. But you can tell, I couldn’t, but my mother could tell, where she was going to, any way. She, uh 55:48 LM: Did your mom stay involved in Oxbow at all even though, I mean she was having kids. How many, how many are there are there of your family? 55:52 WV: She left the, she didn’t for a while, well Oxbow died too a little bit. It didn’t totally die, but it went way down. It got, uh, uh, a bad reputation for 56:08 LM: When would that have been, like when 56:09 WV: 50’s, 60’s. Was it 60’s? 70’s? I don’t remember. Uh. Joan’s side, she has another whole story. Her family owned property, uh, the, why don’t you tell it 56:26 JV: Uh, just a lot of, uh, the information that I have is that there was a tent city from, uh, Mount Baldie to, uh, 56:40 WV: Oxbow �56:41 JV: Oxbow. And they were involved in the tent city there. 56:45 LM: So like religious, the religious 56:46 WV: no 56:47 JV: just slabs, slabs of cotton, concrete with tents, uh, and then the cottages got developed. And through the family, we had on my father’s side had a number of the cottages that are still there, that are, you know. That are there. That are present. That are present. Uh, they had ownership of tha number of the cottages there. 57:15 WV: What was 57:18 JV: Yeah, it was the Mueller. The Mueller, Mueller family. And my dad, Anderson 57:22 LM: Was that your, was that your, um, maiden name? 57:24 JV: Anderson and the Muellers. 57:27 LM: Anderson and Muellers 57:29 JV: On my father’s side 57:30 LM: On your father’s side 57:31 JV: yeah, he was Anderson. Then his mother was a Mueller. And um, so um, lot of uh, and his mother was, uh, an artist. And she also was involved with Oxbow 57:47 LM: Oxbow. 57:49 JV: And then she also had a sister, uh, Aunt Hazel. And was a character. And she would love to swim, and she would dive off the, as the story goes, she would dive off the masts of these big boats that were docked along the Kalamazoo River and dive into the water. 58:12 LM: Oh really? 58:13 JV: And, and swim in the Kalamazoo River, and uh, and they, her husband, had a big cottage, and we stayed, you know, visit them, and uh, my, so with my father’s father having the history of Saugatuck, they bought property on Silver Lake in the, in 46, after the war. And, uh, presently we have that, uh, property on Silver Lake. And, uh, my grandfather would take, um, the large boats from Chicago, and they would dock in Saugatuck. And had a little motor boat. And he would take the motor boat and take it into Silver Lake and be at the cottage. So in 46, uh, um, he and my father and his, and his dad built the cottage by hand. 59:22 LM: Oh did they? �59:24 JV: Um, with no electricity. So we had an outhouse, and uh, pot belly stove when I was a little girl, and then eventually we improved as time went along. 59:34 LM: So you spent summers on Silver Lake? 59:37 JV: Summers 59:38 LM: And winters where? 59:38 JV: In Chicago. 59:40 LM: Chicago. 59:41 JV: And, uh, so my grandmother would stay at the cottage. With his, with her grandchildren. And then my grandfather would come during the weekend to bring groceries and supplies because she had no car. She was just right there. 1:00:01 LM: How far is Silver Lake? 1:00:02 JV: Silver Lake is right on the, by old Allegan Road. 1:00:04 LM: Oh, ok. 1:00:05 JV: Oh Allegan Road before 63rd Street. All those drives that go straight down 1:00:10 LM: Yeah, I don’t, I don’t know that 1:00:15 JV: Yeah, you can just see it, it from, from the 1:00:17 LM: So it’s close 1:00:18 JV: Yeah, it’s right here 1:00:20 LM: Did you, did you go to Saugatuck much from the from the cottage 1:00:24 JV: Oh yes. Growing up in the 60’s, 50’s and 60’s yeah. Yes. I had a great childhood enjoying um, um, the boating, swimming, uh, I was a lifeguard, or, took lessons at Goshard Lake and then 1:00:40 WV: She saved two children 1:00:44 LM: Did you really? 1:00:46 JV: I, I, at Goshard Lake, or where? �1:00:49 LM: No, no, on Lake Michigan. I was a life guard, I mean I was a life guard instructor at um, Goshard Lake, um, right now I’m trying to think of the family that was involved. Um Crawford[mutters] Bob Crawford and I were instructors over there. And um, also during that time we had the paddle boat. Um, the, the um 1:01:20 WV: Island Queen? Yeah. Island Queen. 1:01:21 JV: The um Island Queen um, was owned by 1:01:28 WV: Dick 1:01:28 JV: Dick Hoffman. And Dick Hoffman due to the fact that in the 70’s was quite a, quite a college, college, college town. And he was concerned about the paddle boat. So he would take the paddle boat and moor it in at Silver Lake. And so I got experience from going back and forth 1:01:54 LM: Oh, going back and forth 1:01:57 JV: Uh, during that time all the kids would be able to get on the boat. He would take the kids back to Saugatuck, but he would moor the, moor the paddleboats there 1:02:10 WV: I didn’t know that 1:02:11 JV: During the college, the college kids where in Saugatuck 1:02:15 WV: Hot town tonight! 1:02:15 LM: [laugh] right 1:02:17 WV: See those cops? Throw beer bottles at ‘em! 1:02:18 LM: Well that’s one of the questions 1:02:18 JV: The kids, and that’s during that time that the college kids were on top of the old Crow and uh, all these, and the lampposts, remember, when I was a kids being in the back of the car and just watching as we drove through town watching these college kids everywhere. On the roofs. 1:02:45 LM: Were they really 1:02:46 JV: And that was 1:02:46 LM: It was summer? 1:02:47 JV: Probably probably the major weekends were the holiday weekends. �1:02:52 WV: And the hot concerts 1:02:54 LM: And that would have been when you were a little kid? 1:02:58 JV: Little kid, little kids 1:02:59 LM: So that would have been when, in the 50’s? 1:03:00 JV: 50, 60, uh 60’s. I would say 1:03:03 LM: 60’s yeah. Ok 1:03:05 JV: Um, later, yeah. Yeah, about 50, 61, I would have been 10 years old. So, yeah 1:03:16 LM: Ok. You’re about my age. I was born in 1950. Yeah, yeah. 1:03:17 JV: So. It’s those memories, of, oh my 1:03:25 WV: They had filled up the concert that they had 1:03:30 you get into LM: Yeah, they mentioned a couple, my question is what kind of shenanigans did 1:03:32 WV: Well, I [laugh] 1:03:35 LM: Were you a participant, an instigator, or by stander, and then what was your impression of law enforcement in Saugatuck Douglas? Um, what special events did you attend, like music festivals, auto or motorcycle races, or parties? Were these organized events, or informal? And describe a scene, and you just did describe a scene about, [laugh] the kids hanging off 1:04:02 WV: Oh, that was something 1:04:04 LM: But you remember well 1:04:05 JV: Yes. 1:04:06 LM: Was it because they were drunk or? What? 1:04:08 JV: oh just having a good time 1:04:08 LM: Just having a good time. Fun 1:04:10 WV: And they, you know, on 63rd, they had the big concert. You know there was 1:04:18 LM: Oh, I’ve heard about it. Yeah. �1:04:19 WV: And that was, uh, 1:04:20 LM: But that was in the 60’s wasn’t it? Was that in the 60;s 1:04:21 WV: Masters. 1:04:22 LM: Masters 1:04:23 WV: L. Master. She had, they had grown bushes there, and uh, it was backed up. Saugatuck was backed up almost half to Holland 1:04:34 LM: Was it? 1:04:34 WV: On the side of the road, on the highway. 1:04:35 LM: Really? Was that just one festival? See I left in 196- 1:04:38 WV: I think it was one festival 1:04:42 LM: I left in 1969 and went to the east coast. So, um, I used to come back and visit my parents, but I’d never come over here. So I knew about some of these 1:04:50 WV: That was an exciting time. 1:04:52 LM: [laugh] yeah. Of course 1:04:58 WV: Yeah. The excitement. Anyway. They had no place to stay. They had no place to park. The whole thing was filled. Police had 1:05:05 right? LM: How many people came to that? Do you know? Was it, it was thousands, 1:05:09 WV: We could ask the Masters. They could give you, you know the kids could give you the numbers I think, but it was thousands. It was oversold 1:05:15 happened? LM: Was it? And that was, when was that? Late 60’s or mid 60’s when that 1:05:23 WV: I would say that was early uh, let’s see 1:05:25 LM: They probably got information out of it. I don’t know. 1:05:26 WV: Probably about 64. I would imagine. Somewhere in there. 1:05:30 JV: We’ve gone over an hour �1:05:35 LM: We’ll keep talking a little bit, and then we’ll have to wrap up, but, yeah, I mean God. I’m just going to look to see if any of these questions can be, um, uh. Let’s see. Favorite memories. Is, oh. Oh yeah. Wrap it up. Ok. [laugh] That’s Nathan. It’s his office. Oh poop. There’s so much to talk about. But I guess, I guess we’ll have to, we’ll have to wrap it up. And you know, maybe they’ll ask you to come in again, because there’s so much, and you’ve got a lot of stories too 1:06:13 WV: Yeah. Things I haven’t heard 1:06:14 LM: Oh really? [laugh]. Well I want to thank you for your time and, I mean, you’ve got me more invested in Saugatuck history, but I mean, you’ve got like 1:06:24 WV: The foundry alone was 1:06:26 LM: I know! The foundry alone was 1:06:30 JV: The foundry alone was Warren’s in 71, and he was licensed for Greenfeld village and Henry Ford Museum 1:06:34 about it? LM: Oh really? Do they have information on this? Have you talked to Nathan 1:06:41 WV: No 1:06:41 JV: This was, this was our introduction to talk to someone to talk about the hotel to get to know more information, but Warren’s foundry on 63rd street, where they built the 1:06:58 LM: Is a story in itself 1:06:58 JV: Is a story 1:07:00 WV: The Gerry Ford the whole thing 1:07:02 LM: Yeah, ok. Well I’ll stop it, and then we can recording stops 1:07:05 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-ValleauW-20180606 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Valleau, Warren Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-06-06 Title A name given to the resource Warren Valleau (Audio interview and transcript), 2018 Description An account of the resource Warren Valleau was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and visited his grandfather's farm in Saugatuck as a child. He recalls his father's work transporting produce, and in foundries in Grand Rapids, as well as his grandparents' associations with artists along the lakeshore. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Morgan, Lissa (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Oral history Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Documenting the Histories of Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas, Kutsche Office of Local History Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e4bc7dcc018fd04e91e70188d7a4d2f6.pdf 5016fe91b41cc530164eddbea8a24513 PDF Text Text VAN BUREN COUNTY COMPiml&.N SIVE PLAN JANUARY19~ '\fruten by V . • .. , .; .·" ·- • Van Buren County Commtn1ity'. Development Department anti' . Van Buren Cou1i'ty-Planning Commission ... �TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE NEED FOR PLANNING • . . . . . • • , LEGAL BASIS FOR COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING. ORGANIZATION OF THIS PLAN . . . . . . . 4 4 5 POPULATION SUMMARY . • . . TRENDS. . .. . PROJECTIONS ... . GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS. EDUCATION . . . . . . . 8 8 11 13 14 14 HOUSING TRENDS • . . . . . • RECOMMENDATIONS 16 19 ECONOMY SUMMARY • • • • • • EMPLOYMENT SECTORS . • • • . • • • • • • • 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 Manufacturing Agriculture Commercial Tourism TAXES IN MICHIGAN .... State Equalized Value LABOR FORCE ....... . 26 26 Age Structure Dependency Ratio Commuting Patterns Unemployment Trends Employment Trends INCOME/WEALTH • . . . 27 28 31 31 32 32 32 33 . Per Capita Income Welfare Recipients RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY. WATER • • • . . . • . ..••..... • • • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • . • . . • . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOilS . . . WETLANDS . . FLOODPI.AINS FORESTS WILDLIFE . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIR . . . . . . ENERGY . SOLID WASTE RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . • • . 38 38 41 41 42 43 43 44 47 47 50 �LAND USE LANb USE SURVEY Agricultural Residential Commercial Industrial Recreational GROWTH MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 56 58 59 61 61 61 63 64 FACILITIES ADMINISTRATION/BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS • • • HOSPITALS . • . Lakeview South Haven Community COUNTY DRAINS . . • . . . COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION . • COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT . • • MENTAL HEALTH • . . . • . . • VANCASCAP - COMMUNITY ACTION AGENCY PUBLIC TRANSIT . . . . . . TRANSPORTATION • . . Highways Air Service Rail Facilities Water Transport And Port Facilities Public Transportation Trucking INDUSTRIAL PARKS . • . EDUCATION • . . • . . . . HEALTH AND SAFETY .... 68 69 69 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 78 78 78 80 80 80 80 80 80 • • APPENDIXES APPENDIX A THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM Emergency Phase . . . • . . • . . . . • . • Regular Phase . • . . . . • . . . . • • • • Department of Natural Resources Involvement 84 85 86 APPENDIX B FOREST TYPES 1..ND SAWLOG PRODUCTION APPENDIX C STATE WATER- AND LAND-RELATED REGULATIONS Flood Plain Control Act . . . Subdivision Control Act . . . Dam Construction Approval Act ii 88 88 88 • �Great Lakes Submerged Lands Act Inland Lakes and Strea~s Act. . . •. Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act Shorelands Protection and Management Act . . Soil Eros i on and Sedimentation Control Act . 89 89 90 90 91 APPENDIX D GROWTH MANAGEMENT APPENDIX E VAN BUREN COUNTY MAPS [ iii �:INTRODUCT:ION �INTRODUCTION THE NEED FOR PLANNING Community Planning is a process that seeks to make the best use of physical, human, natural, and aesthetic resources, while minimizing negative impacts on those resources. At the county level, planning is a process of policy making. These policies are meant to provide a central guide to help the numerous local governments develop specific objectives compatible with surrounding areas. Today, many pressing issues face citizens and government--issues that are in need of solutions or plans of action. over the past several years, many changes have occurred within Van Buren County. Population growth has become a major concern for local, regional, state, and even international governments. As populations increase and resources decrease, friction arises in the process of deciding who can build what and where. Growth itself is not necessarily bad, but it can have negative impacts if not properly guided or planned. · LEGAL BASIS FOR COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING The Van Buren County Planning Commission was established in 1968 according to Public Act 282 of -1945 1 as amended. The members of the Planning Commission are appointed by the County Board of • Commissioners and are charged with the responsibilities set forth in the Act to prepare and adopt a county plan. The Planning Commission Act states: It shall be a function of the County Planning Commission to make a plan for the development of the county. The plan with accompanying maps, plats, charts, and all pertinent and descriptive explanatory matter shall show the planning commission's recommendations for the development of the county. such plan shall be made with the purpose of guiding and accomplishing a coordinated, adjusted and harmonious development of the county which will be in accordance with present and future needs for best promoting the health, safety, morals, order, convenience, prosperity and general welfare of the inhabitants, as well as for efficiency and economy in the process of development. The statutory excerpt above states that, once having adopted the County Plan, the Planning Commission powers are quite limited with regard to l~cal decision making. The Commission is given certain powers in reviewing work or projects to be instituted by county boards, departments, or agencies, but has no approval or disapproval powers over such actions by local governments. Since the plan will be- adopted officially, its intent is to increase 4 �coordination and cooperation among the various local, county, state, and federal governmental agencies and departments. The physical, social, and economic well-being of the county will be advanced based on well-informed decisions and established policies. The purpose of the plan is to guide the decisions of local units of government. It is meant to be long-range, looking beyond current issues and preparing for the challenges that lie ahead. It is hoped that local officials and citizens will use this Comprehensive Plan as a reference when updating their own development plans and zoning ordinances. Much of the data used in this plan is over ten years old. Certain figures from the 1990 Census have been included. As final 1990 Census or other data becomes available, this plan is meant to be reviewed periodically and updated accordingly. ORGANIZATION OF THIS PLAN This Comprehensive Plan is organized into five chapters: Population and Housing, Economy, Environment, Land Use, and Facilities. E~ch chapter presents pertinent data and information , identifies problems and issues, and then makes recommendations for future decision making. The recommendations are not specific, because each township, village, and city must interpret the recommendations according to their situation. Each recor.-.mendation · however, is very pertinent for positive change to occur in the community. 5 �VAN BUREN COUNTY, MICHIGAN ALLEGAN COUNTY CA- r::::; E A R L I 0 CASS COUNTY �VAN BUREN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION John Konopa, c~airperson Russell Boettcher, Vice Chairperson Reverend Judy Downing Orrin Dorr Joseph Miller Gary Stock John VerBeek Arlen Winther Fred Tobin, BOC Liaison Covert Area Keeler Area Gobles Area Waverly Area Decatur Area Lawton Area South Haven Area Mattawan Area Gobles Area VAN BUREN COUNTY COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT STAFF Jill Bland, Director Peggy Marcelletti, Secretary The Van Buren County Planning Commission and the Van Buren county Community Development Department would like to thank the following organizations for assisting in the preparation of the Comprehensive Plan. ORGANIZATIONS Van Buren County Board of Commissioners Van Buren County Administration Van Buren county Economic Development Corporation Van Buren County Cooperative Extension Service Van Buren County Drain Commissl j n Van Buren County Equalization Van Buren County Public Transit Van Buren County Public Health Van Buren County Department of Social Services Van Buren County Mental Health Van Buren County Road Commission Region IV Area Agency on Aging VancasCap Soil and Water Conservation District Southwest Michigan Commission Michigan Department of Natural Resources Michigan Department of Commerce Michigan Employment Security Commission • �POPULATION �POPULATION SUMMARY • In 1990, over one-half million people lived in Southwest Michigan {including Van Buren and five adjacent counties). Recent trends and projections show that growth in Van Buren County will continue at a high rate, and that densities will be greatest along major transportation corridors. Many people moving into the county will still work in nearby counties--Kalamazoo, Berrien, Cass, ~llegan, and st. Joseph--thus making Van Buren County a "bedroom community" and the target of urban sprawl. This phenomenon will increase the need for government services, housing, water, sewer, and waste disposal services, recreation facilities, and other amenities. This will demand improved planning and economic development efforts on the part of local government and county officials. TRENDS ·Growth began slowly in Van Buren County, as compared · with the entire State of Michigan. However, Van Buren County now has a much higher growth rate than the state {See Table I.A.). From 1970 to 1980, Van Buren County's rate of growth was well above the state average. It should be noted that the state of Michigan lagged in population growth from 1970 to 1980 due to a large out-migration caused by a lack of jobs in the Detroit area. Southwest Michigan, however, was less affected than other areas. Van Buren County experienced a large in-migration that has continued ~hrcJgh the 199 o's. It is interesting to note that in MichigaP today, "migration has replaced births and deaths as the J: ': 1ncipal component of local population change. 111 Settled mi3ran~ workers make up a large portion of the population in Van Buren County. Looking at growth rates by municipality {Table I.B.) it is apparent that the majority of growth occurred in unincorporated areas. From 1980 to 1990, the growth rate for townships {or unincorporated areas) averaged 8.1%, while the rate for incorporated areas {cities and villages) showed a loss of 1.9%. Growth rates for townships are predicted to climb in the 1990 1 s and 2000's, espP.cially for those near urban areas such as Kalamazoo and St. Jos eph/Benton Harbor. Townships are experiencing . a high rate of in-mic;::ation for many reasons. City land limits have largely been filled, and land annexation is very difficult. Also, land tends to be cheape~ in the rural areas that make up townships, and taxes are generally lower. Y.any people are fleeing large cities located in nearby counties because of rising crime rates and other negative features. "Michigan's Growing Pains, 11 Planning 1989. 8 ~ Zoning News, Feb. �TABLE I.A. POPULATION GROWTH 1950-1990 1950 1 Buren cty. lthwest MI. ::: higan ited States ,1rce: 1960 %change 1970 %change 1980 %change %change 1990 39,184 48,395 23.5 56,173 16.1 66,814 18.9 70,060 4.9 183,071 235,192 28.5 263,425 12.0 287,589 9.2 280,915 2. 3 6,371,766 7,823,194 22.8 8,875,083 13.4 9,262,078 4.4 9,295,297 0.4 151,325,789 179,323,175 18.5 203,211,926 13.3 226,504,825 11.5 248,709,873 9.8 Southwest Michigan Commission and the 1990 U.S. census. 9 •) .) f) �t TABLE I.B. Van Buren County Populations 70-80 UNIT Almena Township Antwerp Township Arlington Tt:1 •.. ,tship Bangor city Bangor Township Bloomingdale Township Bloomingdale Village Breedsville Village Columbia Township Covert Township Decatur Township Decatur Village Geneva Township Gobles city Hamilton Township Hartford city Hartford Township Keeler Township Lawrence Township Lawrence Village Lawton Village Mattawan Village Paw Paw Township Paw Paw Village Pine Grove To~nship Porter Township south Haven city South Haven Township Waverly Township van Buren county Source: 1950 1960 ' 1970 1014 1746 1043 1694 1218 1092 465 1193 1734 1092 1664 1492 622 898 1838 1418 1414 1120 679 1206 1288 2456 1834 2109 1001 1176 471 239 1374 2323 1275 1827 1850 816 1023 2305 1746 2109 1421 773 1402 1368 2382 1280 845 5629 1885 914 39184 2970 1528 1047 6149 2766 1044 48389 1845 2312 1r,45 2050 1708 1493 496 209 1657 2659 1603 1764 2392 801 1167 2508 2211 2234 ' 1555 790 1358 1569 2592 3160 1835 1360 6471 3416 1313 56173 ---- ---- ---2067 1980 2956 3910 1884 2001 1993 1953 537 244 2004 2706 1684 1915 2984 816 1586 2493 2707 2638 2114 903 1558 2143 3207 3211 2379 2041 5943 4174 2130 66814 80-90 %change 1990 %change 60.2 69.1 14.5 -2.4 16.7 30.8 8.3 16.7 20.9 1.8 5.1 8.6 24.7 1.9 35.9 0.6 22.4 18.1 35.9 14.3 14.7 36.6 23.7 1.6 29.6 50.l -8.2 22.2 62.2 3581 5152 1929 1922 1948 2286 568 213 2339 2855 1856 1760 3162 769 1515 2341 3032 2344 2115 915 1685 2456 3532 3169 2594 2086 5563 4185 2188 70060 21.1 31.8 2.4 -3.9 -2.3 17.1 5.8 -12. T 16.7 5.5 10.2 -8.l 6.0 -5.8 -4.5 -6.1 12.0 -11.1 1990 Preliminary Census Data (Projections based on average increase.) 10 o.o 1.3 8.2 14.6 10.1 -1.3 9.0 2.2 -6.4 0.3 2.7 �Van Buren County population figures from 1950 to 1990 reveal that of the six townships with growth rates of over 120%, five are located in the eastern portion of the county. This area is highly accessible to I-94, I-96, and M-43, the three major thoroughfares that traverse the county. These areas are predicted to have the highest rates of growth in the near future. There is also a trend for rural counties in the region to experience more growth than their urban counterparts. Table I.e. and I. D.a. illustrate the likelihood of continued growth in Van Buren County. TABLE I.C. POPULATION CHANGE BETWEEN 1970 AN~ 1990 VAN BUREN COUNTY AND OTHER COUNTIES 1970 Allegan Berrien Cass Kalamazoo St. Joseph Van Buren Source: 66,575 163,875 43,312 201,550 47,392 56,173 u .s. 1980 81,555 171,276 49,499 212,378 56,083 66,814 1970-80 % CHANGE ·22. 5 4.5 14.3 5.4 18.3 18.9 1990 90,509 161,378 49,477 223,411 58,913 70,060 1980-90 % CHANGE 11. 0 -5.8 o.o 5.2 5.0 4.9 Bureau of the Census (1990 figures preliminary). PROJECTIONS The Southwestern Michigan Commission, in cooperation with local planning agencies, made population projections for Van Buren, Cass, and Berrien Counties, then compared them to projections for the entire state. Table I.D. shows that Van Buren and Cass Counties are projected to have high growth rates between 1980 and 2 010, as compared to Berrien County, Southwestern Michigan, and the state. 11 - r-=- .. �r t Table I. o.a. VAN BUREN COUNTY POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS UNIT Almena Towni:ihip Antwerp Township Arlington Township Bangor city Bangor Township Bloomingdale Township Bloomingdale Village Breedsville Village Columbia Township covert Township Decatur Township Decatur Village Geneva Township Gobles city Hamilton Township Hartford city Hartford Township Keeler Township Lawrence Township Lawrence Vill~ge Lawton Village Mattawan· Village Paw Paw Township Paw Paw Village Pine Grove Township Porter Township south Haven city south Haven Township WRverly Township Van Buren county Source: 1960 1970 1193 1734 1092 1664 1492 622 898 1838 1418 1414 1120 679 1206 1288 2456 1834 2109 1001 1176 471 239 1374 2323 1275 1827 1850 816 1023 2305 1746 2109 1421 773 1402 1368 2382 1280 845 5629 1885 914 39184 2067 2970 ' 1528 1047 6149 2766 1044 48389 1845 2312 1645 2050 1708 1493 496 209 1657 2659 1603 1764 2392 801 1167 2508 · 2211 2234 1555 790 1358 1569 2592 3160 1835 1360 6471 3416 1313 56173 1950 1014 1746 1043 1694 1218 1092 465 ---- ---- ---- 1980 2956 3910 1884 2001 1993 1953 537 244 2004 2706 1684 1915 2984 816 1586 2493 2707 . 2638 2114 903 1558 2143 3207 3211 2379 2041 5943 4174 2130 66814 1990 3581 5152 1929 1922 1948 2286 568 213 2339 2855 1856 1760 3162 769 1515 2341 3032 2344 2115 915 1685 2456 3532 3169 2594 2086 5563 4185 2188 70060 2000 2010 4222 6003 2150 2150 2130 2584 594 207 2625 3135 2047 1856 3579 805 1704 2466 3203 2566 2364 974 1805 2899 4065 3366 2922 2396 5546 4760 2506 77422 4863 6854 2371 2378 2312 2882 620 201 2911 3415 2238 1952 3996 841 2734 2591 3374 2798 2613 1033 1925 3342 4598 3563 3250 2706 5526 5335 2824 85845 1990 Preliminary Census Data (Projections based on average increase.) 12 �TABLE I. D. POPULATION PROJECTIONS TO YEAR 2010 FOR COUNTIES, REGION, AND STATE 1.SHANGE 1980 1990 2000 2010 171,276 161,378 175,952 182,596 6.6 Cass 49,499 49,477 61,226 67,398 36.2 Van Buren 66,814 70,060 77,664 84,615 26.6 SW Michigan 287,589 280 : 915 314,842 334,609 16.3 9,295,297 9,775,108 10,044,273 8.4 Berrien Michigan 9,262,078 * SW Michigan includes Berrien, Cass, and Van Buren counties. Source: 1990 u.~ . Census 13 ~ �L GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS The county's population is -getting older, due to longer life expectancy, lower birthrates, ·and the "brain drain," (the tendency for young, educ~ted citizens to move out of the county to places offering more professional opportunities for emploY1nent). In 1990, the 20-44 age group accounted for one-third of the entire population. The 45-65 age group comprised nearly 20% of the population. The lowest percentage of population was found Jn the 0-4 age group, which made up only 8% of the population. Age distribution is discussed further in the Economic Profile of this document. The 1990 racial composition of the county, as described by the u.s: Bureau of the Census, contained approximately 10% minorities, of which one-fifth (that is, 3% of the county) are Spanish speaking. Local officials consider these numbers to be incorrect. It is believed that the county's minority citizens, many of whom can not read or write, were probably not all reached by the 1990 Census. Furthermore, many migrant laborers, (mostly Hispanic) , have settled in the county over the past decade. If it is accurate, the 2000 minority count should grow considerably. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS As noted in the Economic Profile, Van Buren County has a disproportionately large number - of low- to moderately-low-income citizens. It is also reported that over 13% of Van Buren County households have incomes below poverty level. The socia·1 agencies serving the county report that where there is poverty, there are also particular characteristics and needs that must be dealt with. For instance, it is known that 77% of single heads of households are women, therefore affordable child care will be needed. In summary, the issues that must be addressed are teen pregnancy, prenatal care, child care, jobs, housing, education, drug abuse, adequate health care, and transportation. EDUCATION Lack of education is thought to be the basis of many social and economic problems. Table I.E. shows levels of education attained by those 25 years and older in Southwestern Michigan. The table shows that 23.9% of Van Buren county citizens over age 25 have had some college education. The total percentage of people who have graduated from high school, (including college students) is lower than that of Berrien and Cass Counties in 1970, but shows improvement in 1980. Persons who were below age 25 in 1980 are not reflected in this chart; many are currently raising families. 2 1990 US Census and Unapproved Van Buren County Comprehensive Plan, Southwestern Michigan commission, 1976. 14 �TABLE I.E. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE PERCENT OF POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER 1970 - 1980 TRI-COUNTY AREA VAN BUREN 1970 1980 1970 1980 1970 BERRIEN 1980 CASS Elementary School 0-8 years 30.1 20.5 26.2 16.8 28.0 19.3 High School 1-3 years 4 years 23.0 31.6 17.4 38.2 24.2 35.9 19.8 41.9 19.9 32.5 15.9 36.3 College l-3 years 4 or more 9.2 6.1 13.8 10.1 7.8 6.0 13.4 a.a 10.3 9.4 15.2 13.3 Total completing High Scnool or College 37.7 48.3 41.9 49.9 41. 9 49.6 Source: U.S. Census of Population 1970 and 1980. 15 �HOUSING TRENDS Growth in the county depends upon providing adequate housing for an ever-increasing population. At the same time, the average household is decreasing in size. In Michigan, the averag~ household had 3. 27 persons in 1970, and 2. 66 persons in 1990. current estimates suggest an average household size of 2.73. This decline, in Michigan and in the nation as a whole, is due to societal trends. For instance, there are more single-person households because people are waiting longer to get married; fewer extended families are living together; there are more single parent households, and smaller families, having children later. As household size decreases, existing housing units can not be expected to serve a larger population. The need for housing increases more rapidly than population growth alone might suggest. Table I. F. VAN BUREN COUNTY HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE 1990 - Total Population Total Housing Units Total Households* 70,060 31,530 25,402 Family Households Married- Couple Households Percent of Total Households Other Family, Male Householder Other Family, Female Householder 19,032 15,280 60.2 872 2,880 Non-Family Households Percent of Total Households Householder Living Alone Householder 65 years and over 6,370 25.1 5,301 2,474 69,335 2.73 Persons Living in Households Persons Per Households *A household is defined as an occupied housing unit. Source: 1990 U.S. Census Judging by a rough survey of building permits issued in past years, Van Buren County can expect over 280 new households per year (see Tabl e IV.B. of Land Use). If trends continue, Van Buren County could have several thousand new housing units by the year 2000. 3 U.S. 1990 Census and state demographer, Office of Revenue and Tax Analysis, Department of Management and Budget. 16 �More importantly, the majority. of these new units will be single family, moderate- to high-priced homes. This leaves the low income population with very few housing opportunities. To estimate new housing needs, we must also take into consideration the age of the present housing stock. As the present housing stock ages, it will need replacement. Table I.F. shows the age of the housing stock in Van Buren County and Michigan, according to a 1989 Demographic Report prepared by CACI, Arlington, VA. TABLE I.F. OCCUPIED HOUSING - YEAR BUILT VAN BUREN COUNTY AND MICHIGAN YEAR 1975-1980 1970-1974 1960-1969 1950-1959 1940-1949 PRE 1940 Source: VAN BUREN MICHIGAN 9.7% 11.9% 17.9% 19.4% 13.7% 27.4% 12.3% 14.4% 15.3% 11.8% 9.5% 36.8% Copyright CACI, Arlington, VA. TABLE I -. H. VAN BUREN COUNTY HOUSING OCCUPANCY AND TENURE UNITS IN STRUCTURE · Total housing units 31,530 OCCUPANCY AND TENURE Occupied housing units owner occupied Percent owner occupied Renter occupied Vacant housing units Percent vacant For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use Homeowner vacancy rate (%) Rental vacanacy rate (%) Persons per owner-occupied unit Persons per renter-occupied unit Units with over 1 person per room Percent over 1 person per room 25,402 19,482 76.7 5,920 6,128 19.4 3,511 1.6 6.7 2.77 2.59 860 3.4 UNITS IN STRUCTURE 1-unit, detached 1-unit, attached Percent 1-unit 2 to 4 units 5 to 9 units 10 or more units Mobile home, trailer, other 22,478 326 72.3 1,536 799 944 5,447 17 �Adding to the problem of aging housing stock, most low income people cannot afford to make repairs as needed, thus making the present housing stock unstable. The average age of the housing stock in Van Buren County is about equal -to that of the state as a whole. However ; a larger percentage of houses built before 1940 exists in Van Buren County than in the state. Different types of housing needs must also be considered. Van Buren county has large numbers of low- to moderate-income citizensand welfare recipients, creating a need for low-cost housing. To secure affordable homes, low-income families will probably co tinue to turn to rental, mobile, and manufactured homes, existing small homes, or to federal subsidy programs. TABLE I . I . 1980-1990 HOUSING VALUE AND CONTRACT RENT 1 9 8 0 Median Value($) Van Buren county Almena Twp. twerp Twp. Lawton Village Mattawan Vill. Arlington Twp. Bangor City Bangor Twp. Bloomingdale Twp. Bloomingdale Vil. Columbia Twp. Breedsville Vil. covert Twp. Deca·: ur Twp. Decatur Village Geneva Twp. Gobles City Hamilton Twp. Hartford City Hartford Twp. Keeler Twp. Lawrence Twp. Lawrence Village Paw Paw Twp. Paw Paw Village Pine Grove Twp. Porter Twp. •South Haven City South Haven Twp. Waverly Twp. 33,300 46,400 38,300 26,300 37,300 31,900 22,900 29,000 34,200 N/A 25,600 N/A 24,400 25,800 24,900 29,000 N/A 35,800 23,900 32,000 36,100 33,600 N/A 39,300 35,800 33,400 41,100 32,50C.36,100 41,800 1 9 9 0 Median Value ($) 48,000 64,500 · 5a,400 37,600 53,700 45,100 30,100 39,700 41,800 29,500 36,100 23,200 34,200 35,200 32,600 43,700 37,700 45,600 30,400 39,700 51,300 45,200 34,200 55,600 46,000 52,500 62,000 50,100 49,600 57,100 18 1 9 8 0 Median Rent ($) 159 172 156 154 145 138 159 151 163 N/A 127 N/A 153 153 152 155 N/A 139 165 174 160 152 N/A 161 157 168 156 160 173 203 1 9 9 0 Median Rent ($) 266 339 302 275 303 270 246 235 261 256 244 222 230 245 242 254 289 253 261 261 272 245 202 271 263 266 273 288 277 279 �one agency in the county addressing · the housing problem is the Farmer's Home .... Administration (FmHA). The FmHA helps finance home loans to low-income and senior citizens who can not otherwise obtain housing loans. The agency also provides community assistance by financing public facilities for local governments. Vancascap also assists in housing needs through its weatherization program and emergency funding program. In 1989, a Human Resources Coordinating council was formed to address the social problems in the county. out of that council, a housing sub-committee was formed. In a very short time, the sub-committee has already acquired and renovated a house to be used for housing the homeless. South Haven also has a local chapter of Habitat for Humanity working to provide affordable housing. In 1991, two grants were received to renovate several existing homes in Covert and Columbia Townships and to provide training on how to perform basic housing upkeep for the occupants. RECOMMENDATIONS Conduct a study toward developing a county-wide standard housing code for health and safety. Develop more low income and senior housing in the county. Investigate new ways to subsidize housing. Encourage adoption of consistent zoning .ordinances and enforcement measures in townships, cities, and villages throughout the county. Develop a housing inventory to provide information about the number, nature, and location of below-standard housing units. 19 �ECONOMY �ECONOMY • ;;jtJMMARY Van Buren County has considerable potential for economic development and growth. Strong points include available land, numerous highways traversing the county, a strong manufacturing and food processing base, a growing tourism base, a steady agricultural base, and an expanding commercial base. Other points to consider are unemployment rates, the number of welfare recipients, per capita ' income rates, labor force trends, and state equalized value. EMPLOYMENT SECTORS Traditional activities with economic value include agriculture, processing, manufacturing of non-electric machinery, and the primary metal industry. These occur in varying concentrations throughout the county. The main economic activity--manufacturing--is located primarily in the county's densely populated areas, such as South Haven and Paw Paw. Smaller communities with industry include Lawrence, Decatur, Hartford, Bangor, and Mattawan. Manufacturing From 1967 to 1975, manufacturing activity in the state decreased dramatically; the number of persons employed fell by 21.3%. From 1980 to 1982, the state experienced a 2. 4% decrease in the number of firms; much of the decrease , ...._occurred in la~ge firms (more than sq employees) and small firms (fewer than , ~o employees). Several causes may be suggested for the decrease: the manufacturing sector is extremely sensitive to swings in t ,h e economy; many companies have become more aut,omated in recent years; some employees may have intentionally moved to other employment sectors, such as service. Even with past decreases, manufacturing remains a strong, viable part of the county economy. In 1989, 44% of manufacturers surveyed in Van Buren County indicated plans for plant expansions in the next five years, and 30% indicated plans for new buildings in the county. Today, 10% of these companies have 100 to 500 employees; by the year 1993, 20% anticipate employment levels between 100 and 500. This indicates that the manufactur-\11g sector is expected to grow and continue to be a strong part of our economy. "Michigan's economy has a large proportion of Gross State Product (GSP) originating from manufacturing industries. In 1986, approximately 35% of the state's GSP originated in manufacturing, compared to 22% at the national 4 Unapproved Comprehensive Plan for Van Buren county, 1978, prepared by Southwest Michigan Regional Planning Commission using 1975 County Business Patterns, Bureau of Census, pg. E-6. 5 Manufacturing Retention survey, Berrien - Cass - Van Buren Counties, conducted by the southwest Michigan Community Growth Alliance and Michigan Bell, July, 1989. 22 �level. 116 Nationally, the manufadturing manufactur ~ng sectors are increasing. sector is decreasing while non- As growth continues, we must be sure to preserve and protect such positive amenities as clean air and water by encouraging the location of "clean" industries. Agriculture Agriculture has been a dominant factor in the economic base and lifestyles of the residents of Van Buren County. The county is dependent on a heal thy agricultural base. Many major employers are tied to fruit or other agricultural production and processing. Total production expo/1ses, most of which are spent in Van Buren County, exceed 85 million dollars. Many nation-wide trends are beginning to affect agriculture in the county. One recent trend is a decrease in the number of farm operators, and an increase in the size of farms. Also, the average age of the farmer {51.7 years) is rising, indicating that fewer young people are employed in agriculture in Van Buren County. Coupled with these facts, the number of part-time farmers is rising (at 50% of all farmers). Former full-time /armers have sought work outside agriculture to supplement their farm income. The increasing size of farms and the increases in productivity and mechanization reflect the takeover of lqrge corporate farms that have economies of scale and find it easier to make a profit than the small farms. Ag-tourism is an area of agriculture that has not been utilized much in the county. Ag-tourism is an activity by which farmers in the area could enhance their farms, their communities, and their economic potential. Commercial The retail trades employed 3,225 persons in Van Buren County in January, 1991, according to the Michigan Employment Security :ommission. This fairly small retail work force is determined by the rural nature and lower total population on the county. Large retail establishments have difficulty finding adequate support in Van Buren County. Due to the fact that Van Buren County is a "bedroom community," much shopping is done in the Kalamazoo, Portage, and Benton Harbor/St. Joseph areas. The influx of tourism to the area, coupled with the recent residential increase, should increase the potential for more in-county retail establishments and specialty shops. South Haven and Lawton are good examples of this trend already occurring. 6 Industrial Targeting Study, American Electric Power, 1989, pg. 12. 7 • Five Year Plan 1988-1992, Van Buren Extension Service, Michigan State University. 8 Ibid. 23 County Cooperative �. Presently, ne~rly a quarter of the county's retail employment is in the food tore sector. This is due to rural areas supplying basic necessities, while urban areas -supply other shopping needs. Restaurant establishments also account for about a quarter of retail employment in Van Buren County. Again, this is due to the cbunty's rural nature and picturesque areas. Interestingly, one quarter of the retail employment is in the auto dealer and 0 service station sector. Several large auto dealerships in Van Buren County attract business from the Kalamazoo metropolitan and other areas, as well as serving county residents. The sTrvices sector employed 2,875 people in Van Buren County in January, 1 1991. As a society, we now have more knowledge of heal th and business services, and more leisure time for amusement and recreation services. The services of technical experts and specialists serve various needs of a growing population. In 1991, less than 1% of Van Buren County's reported l~por force, 375 people, were employed in finance, insurance and real estate. Although this is a small percentage, this sector is increasing with the rising population and increasing demands for local services. The construction sector continues to grow as the demand for residential development continues. Van Buren County does rely somewhat on its neighboring counties for construction labor, especially along the I-94 corridor. - ~etween 1967 and 1975, the transportQtion ~nd utilities sector lost 108 jobs in Van Buren county. This represented a 37% reduction of the labor fo~~e in this sector; by 1975, only 184 persons were employed by this sector.~ By January, 1980, the sector saw a tremendous increase to 1,075 employed. The increase is due to increasing demands for services and construction of Palisades Nuclear Power Plant in Covert Township. In January, 1991 this sector had increased to an all time high of 1,150 or 1. 6% of Van Buren County's population. Tourism As the manufacturing sector of employment has decreased, the tourism sector has steadily increased throughout Michigan and, specifically, in Van Buren County. For example, in 1975 total travel expenditures in Michigan were $16.5 million, and in 1987 travel expenditures in Michigan were $6.4 billion. Travel and 9 Civilian Labor Force and Employment Estimates, Michigan Employment Security Commission, Bureau of Research and Statistics, Field Analysis Unit, January, 1989. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Unapproved Comprehensive Plan for Van Buren Southwest Michigan Regional Planning Commission, 1978. 24 County, �tourism ranked as the 6th largest employer in Michigan in 1984, 14 3.7% of all jobs. generating_ Van Buren county has many attributes that make it a successful tourism destination--if marketed sufficiently. Table II. A is a summary of travel expenditures for Michigan, Southwestern Michigan, and Van Buren County. TABLE II.A. TRAVEL EXPENDITURES 1990 Michigan Direct Indirect Total $6,400 M $5,000 M $11,400 M $8,300 M $6,500 M $14,800 M $9,300 M $7,200 M $16,500 M SW Michigan Direct Indirect Total $124,838,000 $ 97,530,000 $222,368,000 $212,197,800 $166,790,000 $378,987,800 $160,769,000 $124,466,000 $285,235,000 Van Buren Direct Indirect Total $23,475,000 $18,340,000 $41,815,000 $37,607,300 $29,451,000 $67,058,300 $30,014,000 $23,236,000 $53,250,000 Source: Compiled by the Southwestern Michigan Commission and West Michigan Travel Association TAXES IN MICHIGAN Michigan's state and local tax structure reflects a higher tax burden per $1,000 of personal income (and also on a per capita basis) than its Great Lakes neighbors, its top industrial competitors, and the nation as a ~hole. Michigan's Great Lakes neighbors include I¼linois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, 1 Missouri, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Tax rates are offset through economic development benefits which are readily available to industries that want to loca-.:.e in the county. Some examples of these benefits are tax abatements, Tax Increment Finance Authorities, inexpen5ive land, business incubators, and so forth. State Equalized Value 14 Michigan Travel Bureau information, Southwest Michigan Tourist Council. 15 reported by the Michigan Tax Climate, citizens Research Council of Michigan, May, 1989. 25 �4 Table II.B. compares the State Equalized Value of counties with populations orr.parable to Van Buren County. Van Buren County has an above-average SEV ~elative to its comparable counties. TABLE II.B. STATE EQUALIZED VALUES OF COMPARABLE COUNTIES 1991 COUNTY TOTAL REAL PROPERTY Allegan Cass Clinton Grand Traverse Isabella Lapeer Marquette Shiawassee st. Joseph Tuscola Average 1,422,402,622 671,820,069 809,133,762 1,316,961,112 587,761,357 1,078,962,018 734,203,181 751,468,997 742,097,089 667,772,822 878,258,303 Van Buren Source: 950,584,759 Courtesy of Van Buren County Equalization Department. LABOR FORCE Age structure The changing age structure of the tri-county area's population changes the size of the civilian labor force, as well as the number of individuals experiencing employment problems. Between 1970 and 1980, the average age of the area's population increased. During this period, the 1940-60 "baby boom" population reached prime working age. These developments indicate the local area is likely to experience a relatively greater amount of job replacement demand due to retirements during the 1990's than at any recent time. If labor force participation rates remain unchanged, a declining population in the unde~-17 age group wif,l mean relatively fewer entrants to the area job market in the late l990's. e Table II.C. Buren area. shows recent population age structures for the Berrien-Cass-Van 16 Annual Planning Informatic~ Employnent Security Conrrnission. 26 Report FY 1989, Michigan �TABLE II.C. BERRIEN-CASS-VAN BUREN POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE PERCENT CHANGE 1980 PERCENT 1990 PERCENT Under 5 5-20 20-44 44-65 65+ 7.7 26.7 34.5 19.8 11.3 7.4 24.4 35.1 19.8 13 .1 -3.9 -8.6 20+ 65.6 68.0 3.7 AGE GROUP source: 1.7 0.0 15.9 Southwestern Michigan Commission and the 1990 US Census. Dependency Ratio The dependency ratio is another tool that provides a general overview of the future labor force and the extent of social services needed. The dependency ratio compare~ the number of people of ~orking age to the number of people not of working age. Van Buren County shows a change in the dependency ratio from 1980 to 1990 illustrating that there were more people dependent on the workin population. Table II.D. shows the actual ages from which the dependency rati~ was derived. 27 �TABLE II.D. AGE .DISTRIBUTIONS AGE DISTRIBUTION 1980 Dependency Ratio= 61.0l SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN VAN BUREN COUNTY < 5 years 5-9 year 10-19 years 20-44 years 45-64 years > 64 years 22,251 23,833 52,866 99,298 56,917 32,424 5,393 5,675 12,247 22,903 12,470 8,126 AGE DISTRIBUTION 1990 Dependency Ratio= 60.01 < 5 years 5-9 years 10-19 years 20-44 years 45-64 years > 64 years - source: 20,800 5,401 17,783 12,247 24,621 13,401. 8,854 68,602 52,866 98,530 55,507 37,476 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990. Commuting Patterns Past com.muting trends reflect future economic development trends. The following information is from the Kalamazoo Area Transportation St,Jdy prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980. Table II.E. illustrates the number of people who live in the county and work in other counties. It reveals that, while imported labor is growing, the county still exports more labor than it imports. As Table II.E. demonstrates, Kalamazoo County received most of the exported workers. Allegan, Berrien, Ottawa, and Kent counties also receive many Van Buren County commuters. 2 ,, �TABLE II.E. NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN VAN BUREN COUNTY AND WORK OUTSIDE THE COUNTY (exported labor) # OF WORKERS COUNTY OF WOfil< 572 1,965 10 Allegan Berrien Branch Calhoun (Battle Creek) Cass Eaton Ingham (Lansing) Kalamazoo Kent (Grand Rapids) Ottawa St. Joseph Source: 64 735 4 23 5,288 37 72 99 Kalamazoo Area Transportation study, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980. Table II.F. shows the number of residents of other counties who commute to work in Van Buren County. Of the 16,742 jobs available in Van Buren County in 1980, 13.2% were held by nonresidents. Figure II.A. shows a regional overview of commuters between counties in 1980. ~~ ~ TABLE II.F. NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO LIVE OUTSIDE THE COUNTY AND WORK IN VAN BUREN COUNTY (imported labor) # OF WORKERS COUNTY OF RESIDENCE Allegan Barry Berrien Calhoun Cass Kalamazoo Kent Ottawa St. Joseph Source: 1,090 40 740 15 309 · 740 25 28 73 Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study, U.S. Bureau of the census, 1980. 29 �FIGURE II. A. TRAVEL BETWEEN AREAS IN 1980 ALLEGAN COUNTY -------------T----------------~---------1 I I I I <:.74c:z I I I VAN BUREN COUNTY V3/ KALAMAZOO COUNTY I I I I I '\ t---------·--- °' I : I BERRIEN COUNTY O ----------, I (""\ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Source: 1980 U.S. 1Census Bureau ---------------------- I I I I I I I CASS COUNTY I I I I ST. JOSEPH COUNTY �Unemployment Trends Job growth was extremely limited statewide during the national recessions of 1980 and 1982. In f/984, local labor market conditions began to ease as employment increased. Recently, unemployment rates have been positive. In 1988, Van Buren county experienced 8.5 percent unemployment, which was slightly higher than the state's. The 1990 average rate was only 9.2 percent. This rate is still slightly higher than the state's and the average rates of comparable counties in 1990. Table II.G. shows the unemployment rates of 10 comparable counties. During the later part of 1990, the unemployment rate rose throughout the United States due to the Persian Gulf War. This trend continued into 1991 when the war was ended and the economy began to stabilize. TABLE II.G. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES (PERCENT) OF COMPARABLE COUNTIES COUNTY Allegan Cass Clinton Grand Traverse Isabella Lapeer Marquette St. Joseph Shiawassee TUscola Average Van Buren Michigan Source: 1988 Average 1990 .Average 5~0 5.3 5.8 7.0 5.0 9.9 6.9 9.0 9.6 10.3 7.4 5.8 10.1 8.5 7.6 9.2 7.5 7 • :, 6.7 7.0 4.9 8.4 9.2 9.3 10.1 7.9 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Employment Trends During 1980-1987, few industries declined in employment in the tri-county area. In fact, several industries experienced significant job growth. These industries included lwnber and wood, furniture and fixtures, printing and publishing, rubber and plastics, transportation equipment, wholesale nondurables, retail trade, tran sportation, communic0~ ion and utilities, f i nance, insurance, and real estate. 17 Annual Labor Market Information Report FY 1986. 31 �• INCOME/WEALTH • ?er Capita Income The level of income received by residents of Van Buren County reflects their ability to purchase goods and services. Per capita personal income of an area is the income received by, or on behalf of, all its residents. Van Buren county had above-average personal income (among counties comparable in population and ability to pay) in 1979 and 1980. However, as the table indicates below in 1980 and 1989 the county did not fare as well. Van Buren has recently fallen well below the average of comparable counties. Van Buren county's per capita income is also below the state's. TABLE II.H. PER CAPITA INCOME ($) OF COMPARABLE COUNTIES COUNTY Allegan Cass Clinton Grand Traverse Isabella Lapeer Marquette Shiawassee St. Joseph Tuscola Average Van Buren State 1980 1989 8,547 14,729 14,938 8,516 14,439 8,978 9,140 7,666 9,143 7,936 9,133 8,604 8,858 8,652 15,514 13,631 15,687 13,394 14,951 14,371 13,629 14,528 8,017 10,165 12,923 17,535 Source: Annual Planning and Information Report, 1989, prepared by MESC and Maps and Rakings of Selected Data, September 1991, prepared by Industrial Development Division, University of Michigan. Welfare Recipients Another indication of the heal th of the county's economy is the number of welfare recipients. Table II.I. compares the number of welfare recipients in Van Buren County to counties comparable to Van Buren in both population and their ability to pay. Van Buren has more welfare recipients than comparable counties. The 10-county average is 5,317 recipients, while Van Buren County supports 11,316 recipients. It has been reported that over 13% of Van Buren county households have income below poverty level. Other statistics indicate that 12.2% of the County's 65-and-over population live on fixed incomes. 32 �TABLE II. I. WELFARE RECIPIENTS BY COMPARABLE COUNTIES JUNE 1991 COUNTY # OF RECIPIENTS 6,653 6,065 2,852 3,816 5,102 5,064 4,897 6,403 6,296 6,017 5,317 Allegan Cass Clintori Grand Traverse Isabella Lapeer Marquette Shiawassee St. Joseph Tuscola Average 11,316 Van Buren Source: Van Buren County Department of Social Services, 1989. RECOMMENDATIONS Continue current agricultural base activities. Increase levels of fruit and vegetable production. Expand ag-tourism. Continue to work with the Kalamazoo Board of Realtors, Southwest Michigan Board of Realtors and independent brokers in keeping the building inventory intact. Expand a balanced mix of commercial, tourism, manufacturing and industrial sector:: , while recognizing that some industries reflect a more attractive quality of life than others. Attain a sound tax base. Create new jobs. Minimize dependence on particular sectors of the economy. Expand all-season infrastructure and road improvements in areas where growth is desirable. En::;?loy good land use practices as specified in the land use portion of this do::ument. Continue current economic development ef::orts, such as the county communi t Development Department, the Southwest Michigan Community Growth Alliance, ana various local Economic Development agencies. 33 �• Make use of the Industrial Targeting Study (prepared by Michigan Power Company d Indiana Michigan Power Company) and the Manufacturing Retention and ~xpansion survey to attract new businesses and industry. Emphasize the importance of rural development policies by the state. stress the quality of life, or "civic infrastructure" in luring a new business. Foster cooperation among regions, counties,townships, villages, and cities. 34 �ENVIRONMENT �ENVIRONMENT ropulation growth affects the quality of natural resources and our environment in many ways. More importantly, each of us is dependent upon and interrelated with all these resour ces. Presently, many of our most valuable resources are being depleted or degraded. Our air, water, forests, wetlands, agricultural lands, wildlife, and fuel supplies are all affected. However, environmental degradation is not inevitable. Controls can be put in place to protect these valuable resources. Future growth can be accommodated with environmentallysensitive development tools. . These tools will be explored throughout the following portion of the comprehensive Plan. - · CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY Van Buren County lies within the Humid Continental-Warm Summer climatic range. The county experiences pronounced seasonal variation, with cold winters and hot-to-warm summers. The average temperature in January ranges from 24 to 26 degrees F. In July the average runs from 70 to 74 degrees F. The county is also subject to temperature extremes; the_mercury has ranged from -23 F to 105 F. Van Buren County receives average precipitation of about 37 inches per year. The county generally receives 60 to 80 inches of snowfall each winter. During the winter months, there is generally one inch or more of snow cover on from 60 to 80 days. The Van Buren area was profoundly influenced by the retreat of the last continental glacier some 10, ·ooo years _a go. This glaciation formed the existing , opography, which has been modified somewhat by wind and water erosion. Surface elevation ranges from 600 feet above mean sea level at the Lake Michigan shoreline to 1000 feet above sea level at the eastern boundary. Both steep and gentle slopes are short and have complex directions. WATER The water resources of Van Buren County include productive groundwater reservoirs, a network of streams, and many inland lakes. Van B~ren c r ~nty has over 31go lakes and ponds ranging in size from less than o .1 acre to 298 acres. In addition to this abundance of inland water, Van Buren County also . possesses 13 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline. The source of public water supply for all communities, e~~ept South Haven, which obtains its supply from Lake Michigan, is groundwater. The groundwater is generally of high quality and generally suitable for most uses. According to a 1984 Geological survey, however, there are significant levels of nitrates, 18 Hydrology and Land Use in Van Buren County, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984. 19 Hydrology and Land Use in Va n Buren County, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984. 38 �chlorid_fo, · county. and atrazine present in the groundwater in some parts of the~ ~ Quality "In 22 percent of wells in the southern eight townships, nitrate concentrations exceeded the 10 milligrams per liter of drinking-water standards set by the u .s. Environmental Protection Agency." High nitrate concentrations are thought to be related to feitiliz~r apflic~tions, ~rrigat~on, an~ concentrated numb 7rs of septic systems. Irrigation is becoming an increasingly common practice for production of grain crops. Van Buren County currently ha: the largest number of irrigators in the state and ranks third in acres irrigated. Some of th~ problems associated with irrigation and fertilizers are being addressed by the Soil conservation District which is working directly with the farme~~ in the county. Chloride levels are higher than normal in areas where oil and gas fields are present. Atrazine is one chemical often found in water when there are pesticides present. County agencies are aware of these and other contaminants in groundwater and are taking steps to protect our groundwater. As the population of a community increases, the concentration of private wells and sewers also increases. High densities of wells and sewers makes satisfactory private well sites more difficult to locate, and the quality of the water becomes more uncertain. It _is difficult to determine what density of development may occur before the quality of the groundwater becomes unsatisfactory. The factors involved are complex. ,"?'\ The Geologic Information Survey (GIS) is in place at the C...Junty He ~:. .l.th Department, and contains geologic information and recent well logs providea by the Cooperative Extension office. GI~ aids in determining the most intensive safe use of land, and also shows which areas should be avoided because of geologic characteristics. There are several areas in Van Buren County that have hiah densities of development and yet have no public water or sewer systems. on:.y ten principal communities in the county have public water and/or public sewer systems. None of the areas without public systems can be served economically by extensions of existing systems due to distance. Generally, private well owners have not experienced enough significant problems to initiate a move toward public water or sewer. The prima~ obstacle to the construction of public water or sewer systems is fina~cial. In the past, state and federal money was more abund~nt, requiring considerably less match money by the local government. Rural areas, such as 20 For more information on groundwater quality, see Hydrolocry and Land Use in Van Buren County, U.S. Geological Survey, 198~. 21 Ibid. 22 Unapproved Comprehensive Plan, Southwest Michigan Regional Planning Commission, 1975. 39 �Van Buren County, also find it more difficult to attract industrial and C ommercial development that provides a larger tax base than residential growth. 23 Streambank erosion poses a serious threat . to water guality. The Sauk Trails · RC&D area has worked .to remedy some of the streambank erosion in the tri-county area. Sources of erosion include croplands planted too close to streams, with no natural vegetation buffers. Also, the natural absorption of water into the soil is reduced dramatically when development occurs. The greater the _area of concrete, blacktop, and rooftop surfaces, the greater the chance for streambank erosion. Quantity concerns have been expressed that a serious lowering of groundwater and inland lake levels could result from increased use of water for irrigation. The U.S. Geological survey has found these concerns to be unsubstantiated. There have also been concerns regard~ng so-called "dying lakes". The Handbook 4 on Groundwater in Southwest Michigan informs us that all lakes follow a cycle from birth to death. The number of years a lake exists depends highly upon the development that occurs, the extent of run-off present, and the activities around the lake. Fertilizers applied to lawns, and high numbers of private septic systems contribute to the "dying" effect. 23 Sauk Trails Resource Conservation~ Development Area Plan, 1977. 24 Groundwater in Southwest Michigan, University Center for Water Research, 1988. 40 Western Michigan �SOILS The soil characteristics of the county reflect the strong glacial influence which left behind both healthy and unhealthy, well- drained and not-welldrained soils. However, the county has an abundance of soils well suited for agriculture. The soil survey of Van Buren County serves as a refer~nce for specific soil types and locations, and is available through the County Drain Commission, the community Devel-0pment Department, the Cooperative Extension Service, and the Soil Conse~tion District. Erosion Soil erosion is another issue with great bearing on Van Buren county. Wind and water erosion occurs on all cropland in Van Buren County. Approxi.rr.ately 74,100 acres of this land is eroding faster than the land can tolerate, and be expected to remain productive. These cropland acres lose 15,819,400 bushels of soil each year, or some 213 bushels of topsoil washed or blown from each acre. The most severe erosion is occurring in the northeast quarter and the southern -one-half of the county, on land growing corn, soybeans, and vegetables. Wind erosion can be. severe in ~e southwest quarter of the county. -.s~---~ ..... R.....,. ~ Some measures have been taken to alleviate soil erosion in the area. The RC&D Area, along with the Soil Conservation District, has planted trees to provide windbreaks. These serv~ as examples for landowners to follow. Soil erosion may also occur during various construction stages of development projects. Generally, the Soil Erosion Control department oversees development th~ough permits, however, site plans should be reviewed with the goal of minimizing the effects on · the environment, (see Figure III.A). WETLANDS Between the arrival of European settlers and 1955, our nation lost approximately 71% of its wetlands. Between 1955 and 1975, some 54% of FIGURE III.A. 25 STORM WATER RUNOFF United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservatio!. Service. 41 �« tland areas were lost. current estimate~6 reveal that wetlands in the U.S. Wetlands play an important role in maintaining habitats for many types of fish and wildlife. Both nationally and internationally, the importance of maintaining wetlands is recognized based on both economic and ~nvironmental implications. In 1979, the National Wetland Act was passed, and a wetland protection policy was established in recognition of the public benefits wetlands provide. The Act provides that no one has the unrestricted right to alter a wetlands' natural character. _:e still disappearing at an alarming rate. The u.s. Department of Agriculture (USDA) also recognizes the importance of these rapidly disappearing resources. current USDA policy prohibits · any assistance for draining wetland types 3 through 20 (as described in Circular 39, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) • Drainage improvements to seasonally importa~t wetlands (Types 1 and 2) are also minimized, according to the USDA policy. ' Van Buren County has an abundance of wetlands. Most are in private ownership. The Soil Conservation District and the local DNR are watchdogs for the federal and state wetland acts. To be effective, these agencies must have the help of local governing bodies who review and grant a variety of permits. FLOODPLAINS Flooding is a natural occurrence. As rainstorms and melting snow create excess water, rivers may rise and overflow their banks, flooding adjacent land areas. ~ he land areas, called floodplains, have been carved out by rivers specifically · -to transport the excess water. This natural process of coping with water in excess of a river's capacity has occurred periodically for ages. However, in building its homes and businesses, modern society has often refused to recognize the periodic overflows of rivers and the natural functions performeH by the floodplain. The result has been repeated social and economic losses. Traditional flood control methods (such as dams and levees) have not worked well in the past. Congress has realized that we should not try to control the natural processes of our rivers, but rather should locate and design structures to prevent flood damage. Through the National Flood Insurance Program, a municipality adopts the floodplain management regulations by amending their zoning ordinance. In return, existing households can receive subsidized floodplain insurance on structures through the HUD National Flood Insurance Program. Without this local zoning ordinance in place, homeowners cannot receive subsidized flood insurance. The National Flood Insurance Program offers protection of floodplains (see Appendix A). sample zoning ordinances 26 Wetland Protection Guidebook, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land and Water Management Division, 1988. 27 ..-.. .__.. Ibid • 28 The National Flood Insurance Program, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Division of Land Resource Programs/Water Management Division, revised December, 1980. 42 for �FORESTS van Buren county contains approximately 102,000 acres of commercial forest land, all of which is privately owned. The tr¼-county area contains some of 9 the finest mixed-hardwood stands in the state. The major forest types are maple-birch, elm-ash-soft maple, oak-hickory, pine plantations, and aspen. The commercial forest land acreage is nearly equally divided between sawtimber, poletimber, and sapling-seedling stands. 30 Please see Appendix B for more information on acreage of forest types, and sawlog production. The potential for forest production and annual forest income is great in Van Buren County. One obstacle is the negative view most people have of forest management. Forest management includes thinning and replacing ·trees to provide for optimum growth, and optimum production of marketable trees, while enhancing the recreational and aesthetic value of the woodlot. The U.S. Department of Agriculture feels that if more people understood forest management, woodlots would improve. By recognizing woodlots as productive resources of economic value, owners would be less likely to destroy woodlots to plant other marketable crops. Another cause for the transformation of woodlots to other uses is the current method o'! land taxation in Michigan. "Taxation in Michigan is based on the land's potential for development. This valuation is generally made on the basis of current sale values of comparable propert~rs rather than on the productive potential of the land in its current use." In a developing area such as Van Buren County, this type of · taxation discourages the retention of land in commercial forest use or any agricultural use. Trees in an urban environment are exposed to more difficult growing conditions than trees in a natural environment. They are surrounded with large areas of concrete, and receive heavy doses of chemicals through runoff. Urban forestry specialists are available through the DNR or the Cooperative Extension Service to assist a town or village in the establishment of municipal forestry plans and tree ordinances. These specialists will 3llso provide individuals with guidance about tree selection and maintenance. WILDLIFE The shallow glaciated lakes and marshes of the st. Joseph River Basin and the Paw Paw River Basin in Van Buren county are important waterfowl breeding habitats. The wooded wetlands along the basin's lakes, streams, and rivers are 29 30 Sauk Trails RC&D Area Plan, 1977. , Van Buren County Natural Resources and Opportunities fo~ Action, preparP-d by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Economic Research Service, and U.S. Forest Service, in cooperation with Van Buren County Soil Conservation District, March, 1985. 31 32 Sauk Trails RC&D Area Plan, 1977. Sauk Trails RC&D Area Plan, 1977. 43 �. • used heavily by all types of ildlife. The U.S. Fish and ~ildlife Service . recognizes tne national importance of these wetlands for waterfowl production by assigning a high priority to future acquisitions in the area. It has already purchased one Waterfowl Production Area in Porter Township, van Buren county. The U. s. Fish and Wildlife Service has many conservation easements in the county. Presently, conservation easements encompass 353.95 acres. These important wetlands range from temporarily flood~~ to permanently inundated marshes. Some of the more common species of wildlife include pheasant, bobwhite, quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock, various species of waterfowl and song birds, deer, raccoons, squirrels, and rabbits. Fox, mink, raccoon, and muskrat are important fur-bearing species in the area. FIGURE III.B. The number and acreage of woodlots, brushlands, and wetlands determines the amount, type, and variety of wildlife present. BENEFITS OF TREES There is some land available for public hunting in Van Buren County. Some of these areas include the Keeler Game Area, Keeler Township, 390 acres; Three Rivers State Game Area, Porter Township, 140 acres. Other wildlife preserves include the Martha Mott Preserve, Almena Township; Haltmark Preserve, Columbia Township; Van Buren State Park, Covert Township, and various state-owned properties around the county. Wildlife has greatly diminished in recent years, along with wetlands, forests, and brushlands. Demand for additional residential, commercia-:i. , industrial, and transportation development, and corresponding damage to wetlands and forests are major factors that can damage present wildlife resources. AIR Air pollution has been a public concern since thE industrial revolution began. We know that the "greenhouse effect" is caused by an abundance of carbon dioxide (among other gases) caused by automobile exhaust and industries burning oil and coal. Losses of forest, wetland, and other natural vegetative cover aggravate this problem. Federal and state governments have enacted Clean Air 33 Action. Van Buren County Natural Resources and Opportunities for �Acts to help alleviate air pollution caused industry, automobiles, and other sources. 45 by �Acid Rain ~ ulphur and nitrogen oxides in the air, which precipitate as acid rain, are among the major air pollutants that we are aware of today. Human act~vities account for about 9.0% of the air pollution that causes acid rain. our industries use coal, oil, and ores that emit sulphur and nitrogen when processed. Automobile emissions also contribute to total pollutants. When these chemicals mix in the air, they create dangerous new compounds such as sulfuric and nitric acids. Acid rain-causing pollutants are carried by prevailing winds. In Michigan, the prevailing winds move east and north toward Canada. Thus, the pollutants originating from industries in Michigan create acid rain in Canada and New England. Michigan also receives acid rain originating in the midwest and western states. The damage caused by acid rain is now recognized throughout the U.S. , Canada, and Europe. It continues to damage lakes, f crests, agricultural productivity, natural food chains, and numerous historical monuments worldwide. National clean air legislation regulates ·emissions of new industries, power plants, and cars. However, controls have not been required on many older industrial plants that create a large portion of all sulphur dioxide emissions in the United states. Greenhouse Effect • Scientists know that the greenhouse effect (global warming) is beginning to affect our atmosphere. Each year, human activities discharge 5.5 million tons 'of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere. Approximately half of this carbon dioxide is absorbed by forests and oceans. As fo~tsts are reduced, their important ability to absorb carbon dioxide is lost. Carbon dioxide then remains in the atmosphere, creating an insulating layer that holds in more of the Earth's warmth. The atmosphere's me~p temperature could rise as much as eight degrees during the next 60 years. If so, weather patterns will change dramatically, causing profound shifts in growing seasons everywhere. For these reasons, efforts to retain healthy forest cover, wetlands, and other natural vegetation, as described above, are doubly important. 34 "It's Time to Stop Acid Rain," Environment Ontario, Bradley, Minister. 35 Jim Ibid. . . . Gardening, . . An' nie Proulx, "Our Vanishing Forests," Organic March, 1989. 36E 37 "The Maj or Threats to the Earth's Environment," Time. 46 �ENERGY "Michigan communities have a dismal track record in terms -of energy planning and energy efficient design. Some communities included energy planning as an element in their comprehensive plan, particularly those adopted in the early 1980 's when energy conservation was a concern. But energy planning, in combination with land use p1ianning, zoning, and site plan review is virtually non-existent in the state." Energy conservation is a major concern today because the supply of nonrenewable resources is limited. The cost of fuel rises constantly, as does U.S. dependence upon foreign countries that provide that fuel. Energy conservation is an issue that can and should be addressed locally. The Michigan Planner, Summer, 1983, stated: "At the local level, planners are in a unique position to promote and execute programs that encourage the use of solar and conservation technologies. Through such initiatives, communities can improve their ability to weather energy price i~~reases, while at the same time help to create an improved economic climate." SOLID WASTE Existing System Historically, solid waste collection and disposal in Van Buren County has remained in the private sector. In 1973, there were 15 identified landfill "dump" operations in use by private haulers and citizens with direct use of municipally owned landfills. As new state and federal laws were implemente to protect the environment, most of thestr, landfills were closed or became: • transfer station/ dumpster site locations. Today, private haulers take garbage to landfills outside Van Buren County. Orchard Hills Landfill in Watervliet, 4~errien County, receives approximately 85 to 95% of Van Buren County waste. If this landfill were to close or refuse out-of-county waste, Van Buren County haulers would be farced to transfer waste much further away, increasing waste disposal costs considerably. Public officials and private citizens alike are concerned and have begun to take a hard look at solid waste issues that plague the county, state, nation and the world. Landfilling has been the predominant method of disposal in Michigan, and our "throwaway" mentality makes us even more dependent on landfills. We now see that cheap and easy waste disposal is a myth. Precious 38 "Energy Planning March, 1989. 39 in Michigan," Planning ~ Zoning News, "Conservation and Solar Energy," Michigan Planner, Summer, 1983. 40 41 Proposed Van Buren County Solid Waste Plan, 1989. Ibid. 47 �groundwater has been contaminated, and nobody wants a landfill nearby. ecessary design restrictions make landfills very expensive. Today's ·Alternatives The county must create a solid waste plan according to policies set forth by the state. The State of Michigan Solid Waste Policy promotes reduction, reuse, composting, recycling, and incineration, with resource recovery and limited use of landfills. Following is an explanation of these solid waste techniques as described in the state's Solid Waste Policy. waste reduction (source reduction) is a philosophy or practice that results in creating or generating less waste • • Reuse is using a product again, either for its originally intended purpose or another purpose, without changing its original form. • Composting is the natural decomposition of organic matter, such as leaves, grass clippings, garden waste and small brush, into a material called humus. • Recycling is separation, collection, and processing of materials that would otherwise become solid waste, for conversion into raw materials or new products. • Incineration with energy recovery, or waste-to-energy, involves the incineration of solid waste at high temperatures under controlled conditions, with use of the energy released. It is a capital- intensive technology, best used where there are large volumes ~f waste available (to provide economies of scale). • Landfilling involves dumping waste into a hole in the grouna. The landfill may or may not be lined; mechanisms may be needed to allow gases to escape, or to capture contaminated water that may leach out. The state Solid Waste Policy puts forth particular goals to be reached by suggesting that a certain percentage of the waste stream be directed into each technology. Each of the above solid waste technologies may be controversial. Each has advantages and disadvantages, and certain technologies may be more suitable for one municipality than another, depending upon available resources. Education is considered by some to be the most important step in the solid waste planning process. In order to make intelligent educated decisions about whether, when, how, and where any of the alternatives should be used, people must understand the implications each will have. Environmental, economic, social, and political implications will need to be thoroughly investigated. All the alternatives must be assessed with environmental quality in mind. Many changes have taken place in the p~st ten years with regard to markets for recycled materials. Many current expansions--and others to come--were not taken into consideration in the state's Solid Waste Plan. The county need not set goals &=cording to state goals, but rather according to the resources available in Van Buren County. The county can likely redirect much more than 25% of the waste stream through recycling, and should act acco~dingly. 48 �The county should dedicate itself to managing solid waste by appropriating time, money, and staff, just as for any other human service. Each municipality should also be willing to cooperate and work together to help solve the solid· waste problem. ~ FIGURE III.C. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE STREAM Glass 8.4 Food Westes 8.9 Misc. lnorganics 1.8 " Rubber end Leather 2.8 Textiles 2.0 Wood 4.1 Yard Wastes 20.1 Source: Frz.nklin A.ssociz.tet, ,~86. 49 �• RECOMMENDATIONS rlater Accelerate improvement of the quality of groundwater, lakes, and streams. Provide a residential density overlay map. Protect existing private well water quality. Implement a residential well permit system through the Van Buren County Public Health Department. use careful planning for the location and number of wells, implementation of the "most intensive safe use" theory. and allow for Whenever making a land use or zoning decision, utilize the Geologic Information systems (GIS) and the "most intensive safe use" theory. Modify zoning ordinances to comply with the findings of the GIS system and the "most intensive safe use" theory. Include evaluation of stormwater run-off in all site plan reviews. Require well testing for private and public citizens through the Van Buren County Public Health Department. A9sncourage government cooperation to develop public water and sewer systems throughout the highest population growth areas. Guide future growth into areas where utilities exist. Include in the solid waste plan a provision for penalties to those individuals and businesses that illegally dump wastes, and provide incentives to businesses and households for proper waste disposal. Cooperate with other agencies to monitor water quality changes, information on preserving water quality to the public. Integrate water management governmental levels. responsibilities more and provide effectively at all Establish a coordinator to monitor groundwater. Educate people about groundwater concerns. Insure high q ,::ality water for the future. Soils Utilize the Geologic Information system (GIS) offered at the Cooperative Extension Service in each local government and county agency's site plan review. 50 �Encourage local permitters and county agencies to include the "most intensive safe use" theory in every permit approval process. Adopt development restrictions to reduce soil erosion and enforce the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act (PA 347 of 1972). Encourage the Soil Erosion development regulations. Control Division to implement and enforce Use the van Buren county Soil Survey for information and planning in areas that are best suited to develop. Wetlands Monitor and discourage development in or near wetlands in violation of the Inland Lakes and Streams Act (PA 346 of 1972), the Great Lakes Submerged Lands Act (PA 247 of 1955), PA 346, PA 247, the Flood Plain Control Act, the Dam Construction Approval Act, and the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act. (See appendix c.) Floodplains Require developers to work with the topography to accommodate and preserve the natural floodplain to avoid future flooding problems. Adopt floodplain ordinances and take part in the National Floodplain insurance programs (set Appendix A). Forests Protect natural forest lands and require more tree plantings. Implement protection measures for our forest resources. Promote forest conservation measures. Work with various educational entities to expand Forest Management and tree planting educational programs. Promote tax incentive programs for forest land. Through Economic Development entities, encourage locating new forest product markets to make it easier for landowners to realize a profit from managed forests and woodlot s . Pro~ect prime forest lands from development into other uses. Encourage the preservation of natural vegetation during development. Wildlife 51 �Continue preservation efforts to benefit wildlife, ,e:tiality of life. as well as tourism and Seek zoning ordinances that keep new development to a minimum in wildlife areas, and direct new development into already-developed areas. Air carefully assess the impact of new and proposed developments that generate pollution from either the development itself or from increased automobile activity, to avoid ozone and air pollution problems. Encourage state and federal legislation to decrease harmful impacts to air and water quality. environmental Energy Use solar energy and other alternatives to conserve traditional nonrenewable resources. Build bike paths and wider road shoulders to encourage bicycle use. • Establish zoning ordinances to allow rooftop solar collectors, earth-sheltered housing, and conservative lot line development in all residential districts • Establish zoning ordinances structures. to allow commercial development in mixed use -- .. Locate high density residential development along major transit routes. Locate high density residential and mixed uses in and around Central Business Districts. Solid Waste Continue regional Solid Waste Planning. Promote reduction, reuse, and recycling. Protect high quality ground and surface waters through solid waste programming and education. Through Economic Development entities, attract industries that would increase market potential for recycling and composting. Attract businesses with environmentally sound solid waste practices. Implement a comprehensive solid waste disposal plan that will provide safe, cost-effective, environmentally-sound and convenient soli~ waste -disposal facilities and practices. 52 �Develop incentives to discou~age illegal dumping of trash and oil or other potentially hazardous wastes by private individuals and businesses on public and private lands. Provide intensive educational programs and incentives to promote the solid waste disposal plan. Adopt anti-burn ordinances of leaves and waste, and promote the use of compost programs. 53 �LAND USE �LAND USE Land Use policies are made with a simple goal in mind. Land use policies and resulting practices attempt to encourage land use that provides citizens the highest quality of llfe, easy access to community services, and a pleasant and organized environment, while_ retaining the county's precious and productive natural resources. Quality of life is a concept being discussed all over the nation. Thus far, Van Buren County has retained an excellent quality of life. The large number of non-residents who vacation in Van Buren county provide testimony to our quality of life. Quality of life is one of Van Buren County's greatest assets, and should be preserved. Land use policies are one way of ensuring the preservation of the county's quality of life. Following is an inventory of county land use and recommendations for future use. Throughout this portion of the Comprehensive Plan quality of life will be considered top priority. · LAND USE SURVEY • The land use survey is an inventory that classifies similar land uses into groups, such as residential, commercial, agricultural, and so on. The purpose of the survey is to establish current, accurate data on the amount, location, and use of land in the county. Figure IV.A. is a land use inventory and land use .projection developed by the Southwestern Michigan Regional Planning Commission (SMRPC) in 1977. This inventory was created by interpreting actual aerial photographs. These figures do not necessarily relate to land that may be zoned for particular land use within the cities and townships. This is especially true for land zoned commercial, industrial, and residential. The projections may not be entirely accurate, the projections for forest lands and wetlands especially seem much higher than what is actually present. According to the Soil Conservation Service, many wetlands have been filled or drained over the past ten years, and forested areas have been clearcut. This will lower considerably the land use projection for forest land and wetlands in 2000. It is useful to compare land use in Van Buren County with the state, region, and neighboring counties as shown in Table IV.A. 56 �I Figure III.A. Change in Land Use 1977...:2000 Percentage Wellands -,~ Commercial l\.grlculture Transportallon Residential Open Space forest Land. Induslrlal :~~~~L Water -p~ 0 10 40 Land Use 30 20 Year S0urce: Soulllwesl Michigan Commlsslon 1977 ~2000 50 60 70 �Agriculture and forest take up most of the land in all areas. The entire Southwest Michigan region tends to be similar in its use of land. The only • xception is urban land use in B~rrien County, which is much higher than in Cass and Van Buren Counties. Forested land figures also stand out. The state percentage of forest land is twice that of Southwest Michigan. TABLE IV.A. PERCENT LAND USE 1979 CASS VAN BUREN REGION* BERRIEN Total Acres 37,267,240 1,090,560 373,760 323,200 393,600 1.8 98.2 0.7 99.3 2.9 97.1 2.0 98.0 26.5 60.5 18.7 58.2 5.2 0.5 10.6 22.1 65.6 58.4 6.9 6.1 MICHIGAN USE Inland Water Land Surface 2.4 97.6 Forest Agriculture Transportation Recreation Urban Other 52.0 32.7 3.2 1.7 3.0 7.4 4.2 0.5 5.0 3.3 3.4 1.1 1.7 25.8 3.9 0.1 2.4 9.3 Source: County and Regional Fact Book, 1979, Michigan State University, East Lansing. *Region represents the tri-county area including Berrien, Cass, and Van Buren. • Agricultural Priree farmland is one of several important farmland types defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the nation's short- and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the supply of high quality farmland is limited, the USDA recognizes that responsible levels of government, as well as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise 42 use of our nation's prime farmland. About 130,000 acres in Van Buren County, or nearly 43 33 percent. of the total acreage, meets soil requirements for prime farmland. About 120,000 acres of this prime farmland is used for crops. These crops account for an estimated two-thirds of the county's total agricultural income each year. The crops grown on agricultural lands include many varieties of fruits, vegetables, and field crops. Michigan ranks second in the nation among fruitproducing states, and Van Buren County ranks second in the state among 11 fruit-producing counties. Van Buren County is the leader in plums, prunes, and blueberr~es, and also has high yields of apples, apricots, and pears. Van Buren County also leads the state in production of cucumbers, pickles, and cantaloupe. 42 Soil Survey of Van Buren County, United States Department of Agriculture and Soil Conservation Service, 1986, pg. 42. 43 b 'd LL, pg. 42. 58 �Farmland Preservation A recent trend i:1 land use in some parts of· the county has been the loss of~ prime farmland to industrial and residential uses. The loss of prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which generally are more erodible, draught prone, less productive, and less easily cultivated. The Farmland and Open Space Preservation Act (Public Act 116) attempts to protect farmland from development into other uses. It reduces . conversion of farmland and open space into more intensive uses. Through the development rights agreement, the owner relinquishes his/her right to develop the property, in exchange for tax credits for from 10 to 99 years. The Act has become somewhat controversial because it greatly limits all types of development. Residential Recent residential development has been concentrated in particular areas of the county. Recent surveys of building permits issued reflect the areas of greatest development. Table IV.B. shows the following townships had over 15 permits issued in 1985: Almena, Antwerp, Columbia, Pine Grove. and Waverly. In 1988 these areas had over 20 permits issued: Almena, Antwerp, tl c-~mingdale, Columbia, Geneva, Hartford, Paw Paw, South Haven, and Waverly townships, and the Villages of Mattawan and Decatur. These growth concentrations are located along the I-94 and M-43 corridors. 59 �TABLE IV.B. PRIVATE DWELLING UNITS AUTHORIZED BY GOVERNMENTAL UNITS VAN BuREN COUNTY . 1970-1989 • TOWNSHIPS ALMENA ANTWERP ARLINGTON BANGOR BLOOMINGDALE COLUMBIA COVERT DECATUR GENEVA HAMILTON HARTFORD KEELER LAWRENCE PAW PAW PINE GROVE PORTER SOUTH HAVEN WAVERLY , 1970 1975 1980 1985 1989 1990 19 20 31 42 34 40 . 5 9 9 3 10 12 6 3 4 56 21 28 8 1 13 16 10 1 1 6 6 13 5 0 19 28 37 5 5 17 58 11 6 9 · 2 18 5 7 7 14 3 8 13 32 15 10 6 8 4 9 15 8 21 25 9 11 40 4 21 13 11 29 10 22 30 3 ' 6 9 4 1 13 11 11 24 34 3 VILLAGES . :- : DECATUR LAWRENCE LAWTON MATTAWAN PAW PAW 11 5 0 3 3 0 1. 3 1 1 17 25 31 4 1 25 9 1 36 2 28 14 28 33 0 0 33 48 0 2 81 1 1. 14 3 24 7 1 1.7 CITIES BANGOR HARTFORD GOBLES SOUTH HAVEN Source: 0 1. 1. 31. 5 55 1 1990 U.S. Census and Community Development Dept. 60 �Commercial Commercial development has occurred concurrent with residential development i~~ the county, mainly along primary transportation routes. It has emerged in both cluster and strip patterns. Commercial development has not grown as quickly as residential, however, because of the proximity of two major regional retail centers. The Kalamazoo/Portage retail center is44 supported by four to ten percent more people than the immediate population. Many of those supporters are Van Buren County residents. If the population continues to expand in Van Buren County, the service industry will likely develop, regardless of the proximity of the regional shopping centers. Industrial Industrial development has occurred mainly in the county's Industrial Parks, and in existing industry expansion. Industrial parks are located in the cities of Bangor and South Haven. As mentioned in the Economic Profile, industrial growth is important to the economy and livelihood of the county. Thus, industrial development · and expansion is encouraged and assisted at the county and local levels. The types of industries attracted, and their location, must be addressed at the local level to create an orderly, attractive, and appropriate use of industrial land. Recreational As population grows and urban areas increase, the county is satisfy demands for various p'J.blic facilities such as schools, stations, and so forth. As a result, vast acres of potential other recreation resources continue to disappear, being usurpeci uses as residential, commercial, and industrial development. attempting t s~reets, fire park land and ,, · by such urban "If steps are not taken to preserve land for recreation use in Van Buren County, the prime recreation land will undoubtedly be lost to other land uses. This is especially critical in Van Buren County since public recreation facilities are scarce. The county has a great number of water resources that are critical elements in park development. It will be desirable for the county to establ\g;h recreation areas adjacent to water resources as much as is feasible." 44 Hotel/Conference Center Feasibility Study. Developro~nt, City of Portage, July, 1987. . Recrea t.1.on Plan for Van Buren Countv Michigan, Vilican-Leman Associates, Inc., 1973. 45 & Department of 61 �• • �The Recreation Plan of 1973 set forth short and long range goals. Among those goals, the plan provides a range of ► facilities to satisfy the recreation needs"1 of the various population age groups, (school age, labor :orce, and retirement age). The plan capitalizes on the county's potential in terms of natural resources such as water, wooded areas, and cultural and historic sites that could also have the effect of drawing more tourism dollars into the county. The plan also seeks to preserve historic areas for their cultural value, and protect wildlife habitat areas from pollution and other factors that may alter the ecological balance. The plan points out a number of options and particular sites that would be best suited for recreational development. Recreation standards adopted by the National Recreation Association provide a basis for recreation goals for a county. The standard states that the county should have 15 recreational acres (privately or publicly owned) per 1,000 residents. In 1973, Van Buren County appears to have been in line, having approximately 2,700 acres in private and private-nonprofit campgrounds alone. However, a healthy mix of recreational uses is also recommended. Uses can include golfing, swimming beaches, boating, canoeing, picnicking, organized games areas, and natural areas, (used for camping, hiking, bridle paths, scenic drives, and nature study). Aside from Van Buren State Park, (200 acres), and the county Fairgrounds, the state and the county owned little recreational land in Van Buren County in 1973. Some progress has been made in development of recreational facilities since then. In 1973, the report states that there were only two golf courses in the county; today there are six. The Kal-Haven Trail provides a park facility for bridle paths, hiking, bicycling, cross country skiing, and snowmobiling. Many local governments have parks within their boundaries that are used fo festivals, baseball, picnics, and organized games. The county also has fivL riding stables, two cross country courses, six charter fishing boats, three gocart amusement parks, and numerous museums, art galleries, and flea markets. The amount of county owned land for recreation use is still limited, however. GROWTH MANAGEMENT Some townships are experiencing fast, or soon to become fast, residential growth. The growth is fueled by a preference for open space, by relatively lower taxes, and by a desire to escape from unattractive city amenities. One term used to describe this process is "urban sprawl." The authors of Planning and Zoning News warn of the dangers of urban sprawl by stating that "the value placed on low density living has consistently outweighed environmental prot 7c~ion,~ resource preservation, energy, and efficiency in service prov1s1on." The results of urban sprawl are high municipal service costs, ~nd high public expenditures as state and local governments strive to service widespread populations. In response to urban sprawl, local governments are focusing on growth management as a technique to direct and guide growth rather than react to it. Growth management utilizes a number of tools to channel growth harmoniously into desirable places. 46 Pl anning . ~ . Zoning News, February, 1989, pg. 9. 63 �• Growth management can be implemented through the following methods: state and federal funding assistance - county review of local development as mandated by law - an official map - local assistance and outreach - land acguisi tion - tax and fee systems - land use controls - public facility improvements - policy assessment tools Appendix D will explain these methods further. When growth management programs are in place, the local community should benefit greatly. RECOMMENDATIONS Agricultural Identify, conserve, and enhance rural resources with unique recreation, scenic, or historic value. Strengthen rural zoning categories to preserve prime agricultural properties and environmentally sensitive areas, and to limit urban sprawl. Allow higher density in residential areas. • cooperate with the tourism organizations to promote the ag-tourism industry. Residential Guide residential development through the use of the Geological Information System (GIS), the County Soil survey, zoning ordinances, and through a residential density overlay plan. Direct residential growth toward those areas t~at have existing or ·planned expansion of municipal services such as water, sewer, fire, and ambulance protection. Promote cluster development subdivision regulations. and incorporate cluster development into Industrial Give high priority to the preservation of quali~y of life, na ~ural resources, agricultural resources, and air and water quality when attracting or assisting new industries. In mixed use zoning, encourage the use of buffer zones. Locate i:r;dustrial growth in areas of existing or planned infrastructure system~ and road improvements. 64 �Commercial Zone for convenient business locations in existing and future activity centers. Give high priority to environmental quality and neighborr.ood integrity :when providing for commercial growth. Promote commercial growth as an integral part of economic development. Coordinate commercial development with other land uses by limiting the scale of growth and the development location. Direct commercial development to areas with existing utilities, other amenities. roads, and Limit spot commercial development. Recreational Conserve open space and green space. Provide for a wide range of recreational activities, buffers between land uses, and preservation of wildlife habitats. Promote preservation of floodplains, wetlands, and other environmentally sensitive land areas in order to prevent flooding, soil erosion, sedimentatio and other negative impacts. Investigate ways, such as cooperation with public and non-public groups, to provide open space or recreational areas for residents and tourists. Give high priority to recreational space and open space in the preservatior. of quality of life, tourism, and cultural and historic character. Growth Management Provide education on Growth Management techniques along with basic plan~ins principles. Use the Geological Information system (GIS), land use overlay 1:1aps , and other information pertaining to the "most intensive safe use" theory \;nen making lanA use decisions. Provide information and support to enhance planning efforts . 65 �FACILITIES • �FACILITIES ollowing is a description of_ the administrative, health, social, and infrastructure -facilities within the county. Each has its own unique ·set of problems and need for money. As state and federal funding shrinks annually, these facilities must seek new, creative avenues to funding. The county recommends increased cooperation and communication among agencies to make the most of the limited funds available. The county also recommends a focus on prevention of problems as a means to save money in the future. These measures, along with economic development to increase county revenue, should be the focus of all agencies throughout the county. ADMINISTRATION/BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS In recent years, Van Buren County has increased its capabilities and taken steps towards excellence. In 1988, a Van Buren county Administrator was hired. The Administrator, in cooperation with the Board of Commissioners, runs the county as a business, in order to keep the budget in the black and maintain its level of service to citizens. The goals of the Board of Commissioners reflect the direction the county is going today. Following is a list of priorities identified by the Board of Commissioners: · 1. To positively affect the quality of life of the county's citizens by personally taking part on a multitude of sub-boards. One example is the recently-formed Human Resources . Coordinating Council, and the future possibility of an intergovernmental council of governments. • 2. To create a work environment in which all departments, and individuals employed by the county, can reach their fullest potential, and in which the greatest public participation is fostered. In addressing this issue, the county has recognized the need for adequate and pleasant work space, which will in turn increase the effectiveness of each department. 3. To improve its financial soundness by completing: A. A Five-Year Financial Plan to insure adequate financial health in order to maintain and expand the county's level of services; B. A Capital Improvements Plan that attempts to maintain the county's physical plant and create a professional image for the county; c. Actions to maximize reimbursement of state and federal monies. 4. To improve the efficiency of the county Government by converting from manual to automated office operations and training appropriate county employees for utilization of new office technology. Also, a Tax Automation system has recently been implemented to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the local township assessors. 5. To improve communications and cooperation between the County Commission and employees, elected officials, Townships, municipalities, and adjacent county Boards of Commissioners . • Among the services that expanded in the last two years is the Public Health Department, which has satellite offices in the new Human Services Building on 68 �Hazen Street in Paw Paw. The new building includes 25,505 square feet of space and provides citizens with a more ?ppealing Health Department facili7y. To better utilize Public Transportation resou.::::-ces, contracts will be ar.::::-anged with-'?"\ other agencies in the county in need of transport services for their clients.,_ The communication system has been expanded over the past year, and a new tax automation system has been implemented to make the assessors more efficient and effective. A new DSS building will provide 36,760 square feet of new space and more effective services in the Department of Social Services. HOSPITAI.S There are two hospitals in the county. Lakeview Hospital, located in Paw Paw, and South Haven Community Hospital in South Haven. Lakeview Lakeview Hospital serves approximately 14,000 emergency patients and 1,500 inpatients, and approximately 26,000 outpatient visits annually. The hospital houses a 15-bed psychiatric unit, and owns a nursing home in Lawton which houses 125 people and has a constant waiting list. In addition, the hospital serves community by providing outpatient surgery, EKG s.ervices, X-ray services, obstetrics, and community education services such as healthful cooking classes, living with diabetes training, and CPR training. the The total annual budget for the hospital is approximately $17 million. It employs approximately 300 people. Funding comes primarily through patient fees; a tax district authority provides a mere four-tenths of one mill. South Haven Community ~- South Haven Community Hospital is an acute care hospital licensed for 82 inpatient beds and providing an increasing amount of emergency, out-patient and diagnostic testing. In 1990, South Haven Community Hospital had over 2,000 inpatient admissions, over 12,000 emergency cases, delivered 382 babies, and provided over 36,000 out-patient services. A full spectrum of diagnostic services is available including mammography, CT scans, MR scans, nuclear medicine studies, ultrasound, EEG, EKG, stress testing, echocardiography, cardiac fluoroscopy and vascular studies. South Haven Community Hospital provides a medical/surgical floor, pediatric services, obstetric services including birthing room facilities, a critical care.unit, physical therapy, inpatient and out patient surgery, a~d emergenc~ services. South Haven Community Hospital is one of the major operational budget is approximately $12, ooo, 000 Hospital they serve a designated portion cf Van They receive 0.4 mill for operations from their approximately $145,000. employers of the area; their per year. As an Authority Buren and Allegan Counties. service area, resulting in Concerns at these and other hospitals stem from high malpractice awards and corresponding hospi7.al insurance premiums. Michigan's rates are higher than some 48 other states. Compared to Indiana, Michigan's insurance rates for an obstetrician are three times higher. Another financial burden on hospitals ~ that Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement policies do r.ot cover the actual co 69 �of services: this problem becomes progressively worse each year. While inflation has risen in recent years by 27%, Medicare reimbursement rates have . ncreased by only 14%. COUNTY DRAINS There are 504 drains in Van areas that need drainage in purposes. The County Drain of 1956, as amended and has statute defines a drain as: Buren County. The county includes many low-lying order to be used for farming or other development Commissioner acts under Act 40 of the Public Acts jurisdiction over all drains in the county. State "that which shall include the main stream or trunk and all tributaries or branches on any creek or river, and watercourse or ditch, either open or closed, any covered drain, any sanitary or any combined sanitary and storm sewer or storm or conduit composed of tile, brick, concrete, or other material, any structures or mechanical devices that will properly purify the flow of such drain, any pumping equipment necessary to assist or relieve the flow of such drains, and any levee, dike, barrier, or a combination of any or all of same construction, or proposed to be constructed, for the .purpose of drainage or for the purification of the flow of such drains, but shall not include any dam and flowage rights used in connection therewith which is used for the· generation of power by a public utility subject to regulation by the public service commission." There are two types of drains as des~ribed by the drain commission. There are ~ open ditches, and tiled, or closed drains. A distinction is also made between . rains within the county, called intra-county drains, and drains shared with neighboring counties, cal led inter-county drains. Activities When a need exists for improvements or new drains, a petition must be made by residents or by the Board of Determination for work costing over $2,500. Any improvements costing under $2,500 do not require public notice, and do not need approval except by the Drain Commissioner. The process leading to a new drain or an improvement to a drain is a lengthy one. It includes: petition by residents or by the Board of Determination; announcement to property owners and title contract holders; announcement of hearing posted; release of right-of-way by property owners; notice of assessmen~s; review of apportionments; receipt of bids; letting of contracts; and assessments to tax bills. The County Drain Department often comes in contact with the County Road Commission, the Soil Erosion Control Department, and the Department of Natural Resources, because their functions often overlap. The DNR is responsible for all natural watercourses and wetlands; DNR approval is required for certain changes to drains established after 1972. The County Road Commission is responsible for the upkeep of the primary road system, which often crosses county drains. Soil Erosion Control is responsible for keeping erosion from occurring whe~ever construction occurs. • Funding 70 �New drains or improvements are financed through shared assessments by the property owners, the Township, and the county. In an inter-county drain, the cost is shared among the Counties involved. The county provides a revolving • loan fund for paying for improvements before they are put on the tax rolls. Monies used from this fund are always reimbursed when the assessments are paid. Needs A maintenance program should include the purchase of ~guipment ~nd hiring of a drain crew to maintain the drains on a continuous basis. This wc:.uld greatly · improve the life of drains and would probably save money in the long run, since fewer new drains would have to be built. Another improv ~ment would be state payment for a fair share of improvements made on state-owned land. COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION Until 1930, townships controlled and maintained all roads within their boundaries. After 1930, each Township made recommendations to designate roads as either primary or local. Local roads were to be kept under Township responsibility for major improvements, while the newly·· formed County Road Commission would provide maintenance. Primary roads were pu~ under the jurisdiction of the County Road Commission, which was responsible for both maintenance and major improvements. Activities The County Road Commission is required by law to maintain the· safety of road<; under its jurisdiction, and is held liable for safe~~ problems. Maintaining the safety of the roads includes many act i v ities throughout ~he ye:ar. Some activities include repairing holes, resurfacing, grading, snow plowi:1g, mowing, tree trimming, and spraying. The Road Commission also provides se::vices other than pavement maintenance. They record the number of accidents throughout the county; keep an inventory of each road sign and its condition; make routine traffic counts; and time intersection delay periods. The Road Commission works with the county Drain office, the Soil Erosion Control department, the Land Description office, and Cooperative Extension Service to accomplish these activities. Funding Van Buren County ranks fifth in the state in the amount o~ funds returned to local townships. There are five major funding sources f0 r the County Road Commission. • State Act 51; the Michigan Transportati6n Fund is provided by a tax on gasoline which is collected by the state. These funds can be used only for maintenance purposes. • A county-wide assessment of one mill (which amounts to about $750,000 per year) is used for local improvements, except for $100,000 which is put into a fund for bridge improvements. 71 �• The federal government provides an allotment of funds that can only be used for roads designated as part of the Federal Highway System (such as Red Arrow Highway). The Road C~mmission must make formal plans and keep extensive records in order to receive these funds. Townships provide• a match of funds whenever improvements are made to roads within the Township boundaries. Road improvements made within the Township are determined each spring by the Township Supervisor, the County Road Superintendent, and the assistant Highway Engineer. • The county can apply to the state for special grants if it meets ·particular· qualifications. Van Buren County applied for an Economic Development grant for road improvements to CR 681 in 1989 and 1990. If granted, the funding would allow the county to upgrade CR 681 to an all-season road which could accommodate large trucks and therefore enhance economic development in the county. Needs Improvements to the County Road Commission include improved public relations, and an improved ability to respond to complaints and requests, and to keep the public better informed in order to avoid conflicts. These improvements will be made very soon as a new computer system is being installed which will allow staff to keep better records, and to work more efficiently. One problem for the county Road Commission is the rapid growth in the number of liability cases. This trend in litigation has caused Road Commission insurance rates to skyrocket, reducing funds available for road improvements • • One obstacle that could hinder the efficiency of the Road Commission is a bill now before Congress. It would allow Townships to choose whether to once again take control of and maintain their own roads, and therefore to receive state and federal funding that otherwise would have gone to the county Road Commission. If this bill passes, and some Townships choose to take control of roads, the cost effectiveness of county-wide road improvements would decrease significantly. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE The Cooperative Extension Service is a part of a national network of extension services based in each of the 50 state land-grant universities. In Michigan, the Cooperative Extension ·service is bas-ed at Michigan state University in Lansing. The purpose of the Cooperative Extension is to provide an educational network of information, research, science, and technology to businesses, government, and individuals. It cooperates with fed•·: ral, state, and local governments by sharing resources and expertise. The CES is unique in that it is · able to address both national, state, and local issues because of its close link with all levels of government. Activities 72 �In Michigan, the CES has offices located in every county. It provides five main se:::::-vices in 4-H, home economics, public information, natu~al resources, and public policy. Through experts located in each office and at Michigan State University, information on a wide variety of topics is available both to citizens and government. Publications are available on topics such as agriculture, state and local government, human development, gardening, forestry, disease control in plants and animals, small business, computers, and community development. ~ The extension director of each county determines his or her own goals and objectives for that branch extension service. This allows each agency to be distinctive by addressing problems unique to its community. One of the main objectives of the Director in Van Buren County is the transfer of programs and technology to existing programs. Another objective of the extension service is to coordinate activities between agencies in order to make them more efficient and more productive. Funding The Cooperative Extension Service is funded through federal, state and local dollars. The federal government provides about 11% of funds, while the county provides approximately 25%. The remainder of funding comes from the state of Michigan through Michigan State University. Needs The Cooperative Extension Service will continue to provide as many services as possible with available funding. If, in the future, more funding becomes available, CES will be able to provide more services to the · community, an~ expand on those presently provided. · DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES Activities The Department of Social Services (DSS) is the conduit for many state and federal grants. The agency provides services for people with low income and others in need. Its many programs include financial support and health care services to families and individuals in the form of aid to dependent children, food stamps, medical assistance, general assistance payments, and migrant services. In addition, emergency services are provided to those who have v e rified emergencies, but are ineligible for assistance through other programs. f: ome spe.cialized social services include community placement for children, adoption services, children's protective services employment services, adults in independent living services, Indian outreach, and volunteer services. As seen in Table II.I. of the Economic Profile section of this document, the number of welfare recipients in Van Buren county is high compared to similar counties. (As a reflection of the positive state-wide economic environment over the past few years, the number of needy has dropped two percent.) The Department of Social Services attributes the high rate of poverty in the county to the lack of jobs, low level of e c.'! .. ::ation, and the rural location that keeps residents from getting to areas wher~ jobs exist. Every month, 4,000 to s,o~ 73 �needy people come through the doors of the DSS. . . n the summer months. _ This number increases to 8,000 The Department of Social Services prides itself on its ability to address both the symptoms of poverty and the prevention of problems related to poverty. One of the programs it Has focused on is called "MOST." The goal of the program is to help public assistance recipients obtain self-support status and reduce their dependency on welfare. Individuals receive aid in obtaining employment through job placement, vocational training, community work experience, and structured search programs. In fact, all able-bodied men and women are required to take part in this program. As a result of employment, the public assistance cases of 1,756 MOST participants wey closed or reduced. Annualized savings to the DSS are estimated at $260,425. Needs Public transportation is especially important in a rural area such as Van Buren County, and is badly needed by the poor and disabled. In order for the DSS to provide its services, the people must have reliable transportation. Housing needs also must be addressed more thoroughly in the county. A minimwn housing code emphasizing health and safety standards is needed throughout the county. This would keep the county from paying for substandard housing improvements through social programs. The county dedicated a new building in the fall of 1990 to house the Department of Social Services. This building is anticipated to provide accommodations for the DSS for the next 50 years • • PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT The Van Buren County Public Health Department is comprised of four divisions: Health Services, Dental Services, Substance Abuse, and Environmental Health. Activities Personal Health Services division activities include public health nursing, communicable disease control, chronic disease care, high risk maternal and child health care, nursing home patient evaluation, home health care, and an Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment Program (EPSDT) providing health screening for Medicaid recipients under 21 years of age. Family Planning and Prenatal Care also is provided by the Personal Health Services. The Substance Abuse Division provides screening, education, and counseling to help clients who abuse drugs and/or alcohol to become drug free. The Dental Division offers a wide range of services to county residents. Their main goal is to intercept children's early dental problems while they are more economically manageable. 47 Annual Report, Services, 1988. Van Buren 74 c~unty Department of Social �The Environmental Health Division provides food service sanitation inspections, issues permits for public water and sewer systems, inspects campgrounds and mobile home parks, provides soil evaluations, investigates housing regulations,#'"' inspects DSS programs, and provides radiological health defenses. Coordination The Public Health Department coordinates activities with the Department of social services, the Mental Health Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Kalamazoo Visiting Nurses, Bronson Hospital, and other regional and local hospitals. currently, they are working directly with the school systems to address the teenage pregnancy crisis. At-Risk Youth Programs are a result their coordination with other agencies such as the Sheriff Department. Interagency agreements are in place with health departments in other counties such as Cass and Berrien. Funding The county provides approximately 24% of revenues for the Public Health Department. Federal and state grants provide approximately 29%, and the other 47% is derived from other contracts, fees, and collections. Needs Van Buren County is a relatively poor county in comparison to other counties in the state. Because it is poor, more people need services. In the past five years, the budget of Public Health has nearly doubled and so have services provided. Wnile other health departments in the region are having a crisis* the Van Buren Health Department is holding its own due i:.o sound fisca:I: management and a strong commitment from the County Board of Commissioners. Future programs will focus on teenage pregnancy, prenatal care for low ir1;ome families, drug and alcohol abuse, and improved community outreach and interaction. There is also an urgent need to work more with local anc regional hospitals to achieve these goals. Continued county growth has made the need for a residential well permitting system apparent to the Environmental Health Division. A permitting system would allow the Department to track the number and quality of wells and to monitor them for particular contaminants. MENTAL HEALTH Activities The Van Buren County Mental Heal th Department has sites in South Haven, Arlington Township, Hartford, and Paw Paw. Services include prevention services, outreach programs, and clinic-based care services. Prevention services toward adolescents; Department of Social Specialist Services; and mentally ill. include a School Based Prevention Project directed Family Enhancement Project ( in conj unction with the Services); Migrant Services Project; criminal J·ustice and In-Home Services for the developmentally disabl75 �• Outreach programs include Elder Services Nursing Horne Project; Developmentally Disabled Resp~te Care Program; and Drop-In Centers. Clinic-based care programs are Outpatient Therapy; Partial Day Services for mentally- ill anp developmentally-disabled persons, Emergency Services for people in crisis; Residential Services (group homes); and Psychiatric Services. Funding ,:~;.\ t Mental Health Department funding is broken down as follows: state Departme.nt'. , of Mental Health, 59%; grants and contracts, 10%; reimbursements, 24%; .and~; local funds, 7%. The total budget for FY '87-88 was $5,951,251. The agency° continues to seek grant monies to bring additional resources to the county. As these become available, more income is needed locally 48to provide match monies, involvement, and support for grant-funded projects. Needs • As stated earlier, the Department of Mental Health could use more local funding as match for grant funds. In the future, state and federal funding is predicted to decrease. This puts pressure on the department to focus its efforts on the most pressing problem: cases of mental illness. As a result, less emphasis is placed on prevention. In reality, when attention is placed on prevention, money will be saved 20 years later. The immediate needs of the Department are the replacement or rehabilitation of their site near Bangor, and the continuance of an effective public transit service . VANCASCAP - COMMUNITY ACTION AGENCY VanCasCap stands for Van Buren, Cass County Community Action Program. Altho~gh the Community Action Program has been in existence for 25 years, Vanca~¢ap itself was founded in 1982 as a nonprofit corporation to address community needs in Cass and Van Buren Counties. The main focus of VanCasCap is to provide emergency help to low- and moderate-income people in the form of food, shelter, utilities, and transportation. Activities Programs offered through VancasCap include: Weatherization: efficient; home improvement measures to make a home more energy Senior Horne Repair: contracts w~th Area Agency on Aging to help with minor home repair for senior citizen homeowners. Domestic Violence: prevention classes. Commodities: 48 counseling, crisis intervention, transportation, ::.:a.n_d distribution of U.S. surplus food. Annual Report, Van Buren Mental Health Services, 1987-88. 76 �Gleaning: distribution of various foods from local producers of items such as fresh vegetables, fruits, and baked goods. _ T' FEMA: Federal emergency help for providing utilities, rent or mortgage, or emergency shelter. Medical Transportation: prescriptions. transportation to doctor appointments or to buy outreach: help in completing applications and tax returns or obtaining citizenship, assistance at hearings, and so forth. WIC Program: providing nutritional food to women who are pregnant or breast feeding, and infants up to five years old. Funding VanCasCap has a staff of 19 people and is funded through federal and state grants and contracts with other agencies such as DepartTilent of Social Services and the Area Agency on Aging. In previous years they have also received funding from the three counties they serve. Recently VanCasCap received a Neighborhood Builders Alliance grant. With this grant, VanCasCap will be able to provide help in rehabilitating low- and moderate-income housin~ and rebuilding neighborhoods. The agency is also involved in a pilot program to help low-income people acquire homes. Needs ti' The immediate needs for the county are for more subsidized housing, low income housing, and senior citizen homes, and better public transportation. The _ implementation of a county-wide housing code would provide health and safety standards not currently in place. PUBLIC TRANSIT With cu~rent fixed costs of 47%, the Public Transit system in Van Buren County is having financial difficulties. The level of federal and state subsidies is limited, and county subs .dies will not likely be increased. However, the possibility of increasing the number of contracts with other agencies within the service delivery area will greatly improve the financial stability of the Public Transit System. The county realizes the vital need for public transport in rural area~, and is looking at all options to expand the Public Transit System and maka it financially sound. 77 �TRANSPORTATION ~ ighways Van Buren County is located conveniently between Detroit and Chicago on Interstate 94. This . major transportation route bisects the county, providing an east/west corridor and interchanges to the communities of Mattawan, Paw Paw, Decatur, Lawrence, and Hartford. Interstate Highway 196 also crosses the ;..' county, forming a north/south corridor. This highway traverses western Van Buren county connecting South Haven with Interstate 94 and Grand Rapids. . Four major state trunk lines also pass through the county. Route M-4 3 connects south Haven and Bangor with Kalamazoo; M-4 O connects Gobles, Paw Paw, and Lawton with Allegan and Holland to the north, and South Bend-Elkhart to the south; Route M-51 links I-94 to Decatur and Niles; while Route M-140 connects covert with I-196 and I-94. Complementing these thoroughfares, the county also has a good system of primary roads serving most industrial areas. All-season roads are needed in many areas throughout the county where industries might be able to locate. Air Service Van Buren County is located approximately 20 miles west of the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek International Airport. This major regional airport is served by several commercial airlines and has freight service available. Other airfields providing commercial services to county residents include the Michiana Area Regional Airport in South Bend, Indiana, approximately 40 miles south of Van Buren County, and Ross Air Field in Benton Harbor. These facilities also have . aintenance and storage services for smaller private aircraft. The South Haven area is served by the South Haven Municipal Airport, a general utility facility. The City of Dowagiac Airport, located 10 miles south of the county, is also a general utility facility. Rail Facilities Decatur, Lawton, and Mattawan are served by the Penn-Central (Conrail) Railroad. This line connects the county with direct rail service to Chicago and Detroit. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad also serves the county. The CS&X System Chicago-Detroit runs north and south and crosses through both Hartford c:.nd Bangor. Spurs of this line serve Lawrence and Paw Paw to the east. Rail passenger depots are located in nearby Niles and Kalamazoo, with stops in Decatur and Bangor. From an economic development standpoint, the county would be best served by preserving this rail transport. 78 ..,_ �tr. 0 >i ..., '-' ~ - -...... (j') (j') r t:D ~ >- ~ ~ ::, 0 u t Ll L ::, a :: ~ > "d r D :.n __, '-' D 0 ~ ";.-c 0 ·C; > ,_.. �Water Transport And Port Facilities . ordering Lake Michigan, Van Bure~ County bas direct access to the Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and the St. Lawrence Seaway. A large commercial port i~ Benton Harbor-st. Joseph is located 10 miles from the county. South Haven offers a commercial •fishing port as well as a major pleasure craft harbor. Public Transportation Public transportation is provide~ to all county residents by Van Buren County Transportation, a county-wide, demand-response service. Special work trip runs can be scheduled. Two major line-haul bus companies also serve the county. Indian Trails, in connection with Greyhound, provides services to Chicago, Kalamazoo, South Bend, and Grand Rapids. Trucking Van Buren County is served by all major trucking firms. Recent deregulation of the trucking industry has effectively lowered almost all rates in the county. INDUSTRIAL PARKS The opportunities for new or expanding industry locating in Van Buren County are virtually unlimited. The county is conveniently situated along the I-94 corridor between Chicago and Detroit. Suitable building sites are available throughout the county, many having installed municipal utilities. In 4ti?articular, the Bangor State-Certified Industrial Park and the South Haven Industrial Parks provide excellent location and amenities for ·new and expanding industry. The county also has a business incubator facility in South Haven and another is anticipated. EDUCATION Van Buren County has a centrally-located Vocational Technological Center offering 23 vocational programs to high school juniors and seniors. The VoTech center's primary goals are occupational training and career development services to area youth and adults. This training and assistance is designed to meet the needs of area employers. There are also many two- and four-year degree schools nearby. The four-year schools within a thirty-mile radius are Western Michigan University and Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, and Hope College and Western Theological Seminary in Holland. The two year schools are Kalamazoo Valley Community co.:..lege, Lake Michigan College, and Southwestern Michigan College. Specialized degree schocls include Bronson Methodist School of Nursing, Borgess Medical Center, Andrews University, and Davenport College. HEALTH AND S~FETY . Into the 1990's, health and safety will become important issues. In Van Buren County, a county-wide 911 system has been implemented to provide citizens with 80 �central dispatch of police and medical assistance. Due to the county's rural nature, the Sheriff's Department serves as the central 911 dispatch. Van Buren county has also taken a proactive step in dealing ·with drug and juvenile._ delinquency problems by implementing a county-wide Drug and Juvenile Task Force. van Buren county also receives medical services from the two hospitals mentioned earlier--one in south Haven and the other in Paw Paw. Major medical services are also provided by direct air-linkage with two major hospitals in nearby Kalamazoo. RECOMMENDATIONS continue coordination of the 9-1-1 system throughout the =ounty. Encourage county-wide cooperation of the Drug and Juvenile Delinquency Task Forces. Encourage cooperation and coordination of medical services between the two incounty hospitals and other area hospitals to ensure medical services on all levels. 81 �I APPENDIXES • • �APPENDIX A THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM ~ copy of National Flood Insurance- Program guidelines is available through the Land & Water Management Division of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Write or• call: Bruce Menerey MDNR Land & Water Management P.O. Box 30028 Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 335-3181 Participation by a community in the National Flood Insuranc-e Program is premised upon the adoption of floodplain management regulations. The adoption of more detailed regulations occurs during the two phases of the program-emergency and regular--through a four-step process. Emergency Phase When a community initiates participation in the National Flood Insurance Program, it enters the emergency phase. At the point of entry into the Program, a Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM) may have been prepared by the Federal Insurance Administration. If a Flood Hazard Boundary Map has not been prepared, the Federal Insurance Administration will initiate a study of the community and prepare a FHBM if flood hazard areas are found. Subsidized insurance is available to property owners in the participating community from • ..he point of entry into the program, even if the Federal Insurance Administration has not completed a Flood Hazard Boundary Map~ overall, a community typically will be involved in a four-step process in which the Federal Insurance Administration will provide increasingl.y detailed floodplain information. The community will be expected to adopt correspondingly detailed floodplain management regulations. The federal regulations describing the transmittal of floodplain management regulations are set forth in the Federal Register, Vol. 41, No. 207, October 26, 1976. The two steps comprising the emergency phase are summarized as follows: 1. Absence of FIA Floodplain Data - At this point, a community, through its application to participate in the Program, has indicated the presence of flood hazards. The community must designate an agency or official responsible for the Program in the community to use available floodplain information to implement a permit system which will enable a community to determine whether proposed development will be in flood-prc-ne areas, and to impose basic requirements designed to minimize flood damage. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1909.22bl, page 4673, and section 1910.3a, page 46976.) 2. Presence of Flood Hazard Boundarv Map - The Federal Insurance Administration will provide to a community a Flood Hazard Boundary Map designating areas of special flood hazard (A zones). Upon receipt of this map, the community • must incorporate additional management regulations relating to mobile homes and the elevation of structures above flood levels. In some situations, 84 �communities may enter the Program at this point. If this is the case, the management requirements for both · steps 1 and 2 must be met. (See Fe ~eral ~ Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.3b, page 46976.) Regular Phase As funds become available, · the Federal Insurance Administration will begin detailed engineering studies to define the flood hazard areas on the basis of hydraulic calculations. These studies will define the limits of the 100-year floodplain, and will divide the floodplain into zones reflecting the risk of flooding. The risk zones are used as the basis for determining insurance premiums. upon completion of the studies, a community will receive a copy of t~e study and a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). With receipt of this doc:.1mentation, a community enters the regular phase of the National Flood Insur:,nce Program, provided appropriate management regulations have been adopt ~d. (NOTE: communities without specific flood hazard areas, but which ar~ experiencing flood problems, may participate in the Program. A flood insurance study is not prepared for such communities.) This phase is characterized by two further steps which require adoption of additional management regulations: 1. Presence of Flood Insurance Rate Map - Upon receipt Study and Flood Insurance Rate Map, a community management regulations relating to the elevation structures, and the · placement of ~obile homes. October 26, 1976, section 1910.3c, page 46977.) 2. of the Flood Insurance must adopt additional and flood-proofing of ( See Federal Register. Designati9n of the Regulatory Floodway - At the time of transm~tting tht Flood Insurance Rate Map, the Federal Insuranc~ Administration may provide information designatin;· the regulatory floodway. This information may also be provided at a later date. The map displaying this information is called a Flood Boundary Floodway Map (FBFWM). Of course, a community expe riencing lake flooding may not have a floodway. In either case, the Federal Insurance Administration, in cooperation with the participati; ;. community, will designate a regulatory floodway. Upon designation, ~anagement regulations relating to the types of development permitted in tl':.:.;.; portion of the floodplain must be added to the local ordinance. (£. ~e Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.3d, page 46977.) In addition to the minimUill regulatory requirements a community must embody in its ordinances for purpose of floodplain management, tb? Federal Register also prescribes procedures relating to participation in the i:.:ogran: , acceptable data on which to base management decisions, record keeping responsibilities, changes in floodplain boundaries, planning considerations and review proc-..,dures. A few of the more noteworthy requirements arA summarized below. Howeve,_· , communities participating in the Program shou:: d. become intimately fa J.;;i l -..~r with the requirements as prin~ed in the Federa : Register. 1. The floodplain management regulations must be legally enfcrceable, apply to both public and private land, and take precedence over less restrictive laws, ordinances or rules. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.lb, page 46975.) 85 �2. • The management criteria set forth in the Federal Register are minimum standards. A community may adopt more stringent regulations. (See Federal Register, Octcber 26, 1976, section 1910.ld, page 46975.) 3. Communities must adopt appropriate management regulations within six months of receiving the ,floodplain data from the Fede~al Insurance Administration. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.2a, page 46975.) 4. The floodplain management regulations must be based upon the most recent floodplain studies provided by the Federal Insurance Administration. In the absence of FIA studies, other available floodplain information may be used. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.2h, page 46975, and section 1910.3, page 46976.) 5. Upon receipt of floodplain data from the Federal Insurance Administration, the community must inform the appropriate state and area-wide clearinghouse that it must adopt management regulations within six months. The clearinghouses are encouraged to assist communities. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.26, page 46981.) 6. The development of comprehensive management plans for flood-prone areas is encouraged and considerations to be included in such plans are specified. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.22, page 46980.) 7. Inter-jurisdictional cooperation in the adoption and implementation of floodplain management regulations is encouraged. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.26, page 46981.) ·· The National Flood Insurance Program· also provides subsidized insurance for property against loss caused by flood hazard. Management regulations meeting the requirements set forth in the Federal Register must be adopted by a community to maintain Program participation. (See Federal Register, October 26, 1976, section 1910.5, page 46978.) It should be noted that the Program does not cover structure loss caused by the gradual erosion of lakeshore banks or bluffs. The erosion and subsequent loss must be related to the occurrence of a flood. This portion of the Program is currently under review by the Federal Insurance Administration and may be altered in the future. -- Department of Natural Resources Involvement The Department of Natural Resources, Water Management Division, has been designated the State Coordinating Agency for the National Flood Insurance Program. The Division is available to answer questions related to Michigan's floodplain law, and the National Flood Insurance Program, and can provide limited technical assistance and review. In addition, the Division of Land Resource Programs within the DNR provides technical planning and zoning ass~stance to communities in Michigan. This Division will be available to ass i st communities in resolving problems encountered in the development of floodplain management regulations . • 86 �APPENDIX B FOREST TYPES A,ND SAWLOG PRODUCTION FOREST ACREAGE 1980 FOREST TYPE ACREAGE {1 1 000) Oak - Hickory Elm - Ash - Soft Maple Maple - Birch Aspen Exotic (e.g. Christmas trees) 102,000 Total acres Source: 1980. 13.7 25.3 58.2 2.2 2.6 Timber Resource of Michigan, Southern Peninsula, USDA Forest Service, Of the 102,000 acres of 30,500 acres are 35,500 acres are 36,000 acres are forest in Van Buren County; saw timber; pole timber; sapling and seedling. SAWLOG PRODUCTION 1984 SPECIES PRODUCTION (1000 BOARD FEET) 50 Beech Yellow Birch Cottonwood Elm Hickory Hard Maple Soft Ma:t: lf: Red Oak White Oak Walnut Other Hardwoods Source: \l 1 30 34 61 254 461 2,103 577 31 323 Sauk Trails, Recreation, Conservation 87 & Development Area, 1989. �APPEh'DIX C STATE WATER- AND LAND-RELATED REGULATIONS Flood Plain Control Act (1929 P.A. 245 as amended by Act 167 of P.A. 1968) Purpose: • To control encroachments in floodway for flows including a 1% probability. Requirement: For all occupations or alternations including bridges and culvert construction, fills and stream modifications. Pennits: Land and Water regulations. Management Division; possible local Subdivision Control Act (1967 P.A. 288) • Purpose: To require that each lot in an approved subdivision have access and ensure that the building site is not flood prone. Approvals: Land and Water Management Division, DNR; Departments of Transportation, Health & Treasury; follow local regulations. Dam Construction Approval Act (1963 P-.A. 184, as amended) Purpose: To ensure that an impoundment will not have significant adverse effect on fish, wildlife, or recreational values, or infringe on public rights in the waters of the state. Requirements: Retention or detention basin impounding more than five acres, or with hydraulic head more than five feet; professional engineer to prepare plans. Pennit: Land and Water Management local/county regulations. 88 Division, DNR; possible �Great Lakes Submerged Lands Act (1955 P.A. 2~7, as amended) Requirement: Permits required for all filling, dredging and permanent ~ structures (docks, piers, piling, etc.) lying below the Ordinary High Water Mark, and all upland channels extending landward of the O.H.W.M. of the Great Lakes. Permit: Land and Water Management Division (Submerged Lands Management Unit) ; Corps of Engineers, Detroit District Engineers Office; local/county regulations. Inland Lakes and Streams Act (1972 P.A. 346, as amended) Purpose: To regulate all construction, excavation and commercial marina operation on the State's inland waters. In passing upon an application, the Department shall consider the possible effect of the proposed action upon the inland lake or stream and upon waters from which or into which its waters flow and th~ uses of all such waters, including uses for recreation, fish and wildlife, aesthetics, local government, agriculture, commerce and industry . Requirement: A permit is necessary to: a. dredge or fill bottomland b. construct, enlarge, extend, remove, or place a structure on bottomland c. erect, mainta i n: or operate a marina d. create, enlarge, or diminish an inland lake or stream e. structurally interfere with the natural flow of ai,~ inland lake or stream f. construct, dredge, commence, extend, or enlarge an artificial canal, ditch, lagoon, pen~ , lake, or similar waterways in which the purpose is ultimately connection with an existing inland lake or stream, or where any part of the artificial waterway is located within 500 feet of the Ordinary High Water Mark of an existing inland lake or stream g. connect any natural or artificially constructed waterway, canal, channel, ditch, lagoon, pond, lake or similar body of water with an existing inland lake or stream for navigation or any other purpose. Pennit: Land and Water Management Division, DNR. 89 �Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act (1979 P.A. 203) • Purpose: To provide for· the preservation, management, protection and use of wetlands Requirements: 'Except as otherwise provided for by this Act, a person shall not: a. deposit or permit the placing of fill in wetland b. dredge, remove, or permit the removal of soil or minerals from a wetland c. construct, operate or maintain any use or development in wetland d. drain surface water from a wetland. Note: The Land and Water Management Division shall determine that a parcel of land is under the jurisdiction of the Wetland Act. Permit: Land and Water Management Engineers, Detroit District regulations. Division, DNR; Corps of Engineer's Office: local Shorelands Protection and Management Act (Act No. 245 of P.A. 1970) Purpose: • To protect designated environmental areas, flood risk areas and high risk erosion areas that may be damaged by various land use activitiBs along the Great Lakes shoreline • ·, Requirement: Designated Environmental Area: dredging, filling, grading, or other alterations of the soil alteration of natural drainage, but not including the reasonable care and maintenance of established drainage improvement works or maintenance of established drainage alteration of vegetation utilized by fish or wildlife, or involving an identified colonial bird nesting area placenent of permanent structures farmins of land is allowed without a permit if artificial draining, pumping, diking, dredging or filling are not used. DesigDated Flood Risk Area: Any new permanent structure on a parcel of land of which any portion is designated. Designated High Risk Erosion Area: The erection, installation or moving of a permanent structure on a parcel of land of which any portion is des i.gnated. • Pennit: Land and Water Management Division, DNR . 90 �Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act (Act No 347 of P.A. 1972, as amended by Act 197, PU.blic Acts of 1974) C'\ Purpose: To provide for the control of soil erosion and to protect ~ the waters of the state from sedimentation. Requirement: An earth change disturbing one acre or more of land, or if the earth change is within 500 feet of a lake or stream of this state. Pennit: Local/county regulations. 91 �APPENDIX D GROWTH MANAGEMENT . In the past few years a relatively new term has echoed among planners and local government officials: growth management. By definition, growth management means the effort by city and county governments to achieve a more compact pattern of future development in accordance with a comprehensive land use plan for the community. We have seen what occurs when there is no growth management in a community. Some of the negative effects of growth that can be curtailed through growth management are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. • • Depletion of prime agricultural lands The loss of aesthetically pleasing open space and greenbel t s High cost of providing municipal services to sprawling development. Some of the costs of sprawling development are: a. sewer & water b. police, fire, ambulance, health facilities c. costs involved in solid waste collection d. costs of fuel for commuters and public transportation e. cost of providing new roads Loss or degradation of urban activity centers Loss of natural resources such as those found in wetlands, environmentally sensitive areas, wooded areas, and so forth. Pollution of groundwater by the emergence of multiple private sewer systems. Loss of a sense of community or a sense of place. Loss of cultural and historical characteristics. The deterioration of urban centers in which millions of dollars of infrastructure investment go unused . 92 �• APPENDIX E VAN BUREN COUNTY MAPS • �Vlili BUREN COJNTI LAKES AND 'PONDS - - .y·. f, . .. · sv , '. ...o - . o· ·0 ... I -.. ~ 1 · : >-. . : . .·... . ,. : . . . . G . :-o· ·□ · ,<:>: . 4 ti . ~· , • • ·.... \ .; 0 -: . ~. . · ~ ·P ~ ......... {?. Van Buren County Cooperative Extension Service 1991 • • ':';p_ ·_. ._ ~L,r • !' - Cl I r ., • t:l . ,. {) ��)1'ELLING UNITS/SQ. - LEGEND 0 0 - 23 UN!TS '-4 UNITS l4S UN:TS ~2'- - = I:::::= .> Ei=i"'!l- idl Ut-:ITS tv1ILE, VAN BUREN, 1991 �V/.J\ BUREN COUNTY DRAINS c.. _, .- ..... ti I I I , / ,,.. _, . SOURCE , ( 0 Van Bure~ County Coope=acive Extension Service ---- :.::.:·~ p::l_~ ~- 1991 �V/,J\ BUR.EN COUNn· STATE HIGH~AYS AND INTERCHANGES □ Q r I -------_y ~ I SOURCE Van Buren County Cooperative Extension Service 1991 l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Van-Buren-County_Comprehensive-Plan_1992 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van Buren County Community Development Department Van Buren County Planning Commission, Van Buren County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-01 Title A name given to the resource Van Buren County Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Van Buren County Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the Van Buren Community Development Department and the Van Buren County Planning Commission in January 1992. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Van Buren County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/28ce446056b9987ad55412af983ab6f8.mp4 cff89701cec9485d6c8585cf3bea8b05 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d8fa7d382db7aca0b67990821856f8f.pdf 06162bfa2d2aa38515a131493e1545e2 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Chuck VanCleve Vietnam War 1 hour 38 minutes 55 seconds (00:00:17) Early Life -Born in Linwood, California in 1950 -Grew up in Linwood -His father had a company that produced silicone products -He had flown with the Flying Tigers in China during WWII -Chuck’s older brother and sister were born during the war -Found work with Pan-Am -He got his GED after getting into the Army in 1968 -He had changed high schools during senior year -The different school had a different system which made him fall behind -He just wanted to get out of high school and get into the Army (00:02:38) Enlisting and Basic Training -Enlisted in the Army on May 6, 1968 -Didn’t know a lot about what was happening in Vietnam -Raised in a patriotic household and grew up around WWII heroes -Joining the military seemed like the only sensible option -He wanted to get right into service, so the fastest route was to join the Army -Went to Los Angeles for his Army physical -Went to Fort Ord, California for basic training -The introduction to basic training was rough -He had been prepared for any eventuality though, so it wasn’t too shocking -Decided to go through basic training with a compliant attitude -Lots of the trainees were uncooperative -Trained alongside enlisted men as well as draftees -There was a racial divide between the black and white soldiers -Each race would form their own group and associated exclusively with their own race -Trainers actually encouraged the division and the attention -Felt it would be good for competition between soldiers and for entertainment -Enjoyed watching the recruits get into fights -He was disappointed about the lack of camaraderie and teamwork -Basic training lasted eight weeks (00:07:51) Overview of Advanced Individual Training and Officer Candidate School -Went to AIT and also qualified to go into OCS -His specialization was selected for him and it was going to be field artillery -Went to AIT at Fort Sill, Oklahoma -After AIT went into OCS -He was the youngest officer candidate -During AIT trained with 105mm and 155mm howitzers -Trained on how to set up the guns, load them, and then fire them �-Consisted of a lot of classroom work as well as physical work -Received more small arms weapons training while in AIT -There was still some physical training -The area around Fort Sill was rugged, cold, and windy -There was a greater degree of freedom in AIT -AIT was a better experience than basic training -The trainers never really emphasized anything that would be particularly helpful in Vietnam -Worked with a better group of men in AIT -Attributes that to field artillery AIT requiring a higher aptitude -Didn’t maintain any friendships in AIT though -AIT lasted eight weeks (00:12:49) Details of Officer Candidate School -He took his artillery OCS at Fort Sill -The upper classmen would verbally harass the lower classmen -Get in your face and scream at you -OCS lasted six months -OCS consisted primarily of classroom work -It was difficult for him because of how much work was done in the classroom -The content itself was easy for him though because he was good at math -Started training at dawn -Got up, got showered, and got dressed in fifteen minutes -Did some physical training -Went to the mess hall for breakfast -Did a five mile run up and then down a hill -Ten hours of classroom work for the rest of the day -Days started at 5 AM and ended at 7 PM -A high percentage of the candidates washed out or were kicked out -During OCS he was given more hands on, practical experience with artillery -Taught how to call in artillery on a position -Worked primarily with 105mm howitzers and got some limited training with 155mm howitzers -Given weekends off as he got closer to completing OCS -There wasn’t much to do in Oklahoma for entertainment -It was just enjoyable to get off base, get a hotel room, and buy some McDonald’s -He was the youngest candidate in his OCS class -Still able to go to the noncommissioned officers’ club on base and drink though -Never had any major doubts about enlisting in the Army -He was totally committed to seeing it through to completion -At the end of OCS he signed up to go on to helicopter school -He was colorblind but was still able to get into the school -Wound up washing out at the end of the school due to his colorblindness -Couldn’t pick out safe terrain for an emergency landing -Completed OCS on June 17, 1969 (00:25:09) Helicopter School -Helicopter School was at Fort Walters, Texas -He was able to complete the entire course, but had to wash out on the final check ride -Due to aforementioned colorblindness �-Course lasted ninety days -Most of the trainees were warrant officers; he was only one of a few commissioned officers -During Helicopter School he was still the youngest officer -It was a much different environment than the other training courses that he had completed -Allowed to live off of base -Learning to fly a helicopter was the easy part -The hardest part of the school was the classroom work -He feels that he may have been too young to handle the work -The navigation classes were easy for him though (00:29:18) Jungle Training -After washing out of Helicopter School he went back to being an artillery officer -He was sent to Jungle Training in Panama -He had been called by a colonel at the Pentagon and was offered three choices -Go to Fort Lewis, Germany, or Vietnam -He wanted to go to Fort Lewis, Washington because his godfather lived there -At the last minute he was told that he was in fact being sent to Vietnam -Remembers being taught how to kill a chicken with his bare hands in Jungle Training -Panama was a hot and humid country -Trained during the monsoon season which didn’t help that at all -Feels that Jungle Training was at least somewhat helpful in preparing him for Vietnam (00:34:11) Deployment to Vietnam -After completing Jungle Training he was given three weeks of leave home -Able to spend Christmas 1969 with his family -Reported to San Francisco and flew out of there -Landed at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam -Stayed there for only one night -From Tan Son Nhut he was sent up to Camp Eagle to join the 101st Airborne Division -Transported there via Huey helicopter -Stayed in Camp Eagle for one night -The night that he was there the Vietnamese broke through the perimeter -Remembers that it was chaotic and a memorable introduction to Vietnam -The next day he was taken by truck to Camp Evans (00:36:41) Joining His Unit -At Camp Evans he was given a short orientation -After that he was assigned to his unit -B Company 2nd Battalion 319th Field Artillery Regiment 101st Airborne Division -Attached to D Company 2nd Battalion 506th Infantry Regiment 101st Airborne -Both of which were based out of Camp Evans -He met the men that would be in his battery and then flew out to Firebase Jack -Joined D Company at Firebase Jack and met Captain Rollison -He would serve as the forward artillery observer for Captain Rollison -He would call in artillery during a firefight if necessary -He would also calculate the coordinates for an artillery strike -He would also call in defensive fire at night around their perimeter -The goal of that being to drive away the North Vietnamese �(00:41:31) Operating in the Field -If they established a new camp for the night, or cut a new trail he wouldn’t call in defensive fire -That was only used if they had been using old trails, or a previously used camp site -They would go into the jungle for a few weeks then return to Firebase Jack for a couple weeks -He stayed with D Company for about five and a half months -While in D Company he served under Captain Rollison and Captain Hewitt -He liked Captain Hewitt well enough -Captain Rollinson is the one that taught Hewitt to set up a hammock at night to sleep in -This advice wound up leading to Hewitt getting killed on Hill 902 -Before Firebase Ripcord they spent most of their time operating around Firebase Jack -Patrolled the jungle around Jack for about two months -During those two months didn’t see any significant action -Occasionally ran into an enemy soldier and killed him, but that was about it (00:46:15) Being a Forward Observer -He was complacent being an artillery forward observer -He was detached from the rest of the company with a radio operator -Further away from a large force meant not attracting so much attention (00:47:38) Firebase Ripcord and Reassignment to C Company -Went to Firebase Ripcord for a stand down in late June 1970 -He was only one week away from an R&R -It felt good to be back on Ripcord -Chance to relax and eat some decent food -Only stayed at Ripcord for one night -He was reassigned to C Company 2nd Battalion 506th Infantry Regiment -Flew out and joined them on Hill 902 on July 1, 1970 -By the time he got to C Company it was late in the day and had to work on limited time -Had to call in defensive fire and dig a substantial foxhole before nightfall -Hill 902 was an oval hill that had its “points” going east and west -It was also incredibly close to Ripcord which meant 105mm howitzers couldn’t be used -Instead had to rely on Ripcord’s mortars which were ineffective in the jungle -His foxhole was forty feet away from Captain Hewitt’s position -At the time Hill 902 was being used as an observation post for Ripcord’s artillery -C Company had used the landing zone the previous night and was staying the same place -A major strategic error because the North Vietnamese knew where to find them -Hewitt had made camp in a place on Hill 902 where he was completely exposed to enemy fire (00:56:44) Battle of Hill 902 Pt. 1 -On the morning of July 2, 1970 Chuck was on radio watch -Communicating with platoons that were camped around Hill 902 and with Ripcord -It was a one man watch and was considered part of the command post -He was monitoring the radio when a call came in from the perimeter that there was movement -Told the caller to confirm that it was enemy movement -One minute later the caller confirmed that it was North Vietnamese troops -Chuck ordered the caller to detonate his claymore antipersonnel landmine -Caller reported that the claymores did not detonate and had been disarmed -Chuck started to move to his foxhole when the rocket propelled grenade barrage happened -He was wounded in his hand but was still able to function �-He collected his radios and his rifle and got set up in his foxhole -He didn’t know that Captain Hewitt had been killed in the RPG barrage -Learned from a medic named Cafferty that Hewitt was dead (01:05:09) Battle of Hill 902 Pt. 2 -He started calling in artillery fire directing the American barrage to the eastern edge of Hill 902 -This was the sector that had been breached and was closest to Firebase Ripcord -The mortars would fire in flares, but they didn’t last long and were mostly ineffective -He tried to call in “beehive” antipersonnel rounds -Used exclusively if a position was overrun, and C Company was overrun -The NVA had broken through the perimeter and were starting to throw satchel charges -During the fighting accepted that he was probably going to die and kept doing his duty -A satchel charge fell into his foxhole, but the fuse went out and it didn’t explode -At one point Huey helicopters flew in and started dropping flares to provide light -At this point Chuck is coordinating the helicopters as well as artillery fire -In the middle of this all Major Koenigsbauer radios in and wants to know what’s going on -The major was being largely unhelpful and kept asking for unnecessary updates -Chuck orders the major to get off of the radio -Believes that this is why Koenigsbauer would later resent him -During the fight he had to set down his radios and pick up his rifle and start shooting -The North Vietnamese were mere feet from his position -As the fighting began to die down Ripcord radioed in and told him to redirect the mortar fire -He refused because it meant leaving his foxhole which would get him killed -His getting killed would be a dereliction of duty -Since Hewitt was dead he was now the acting company commander -The total fighting lasted for forty minutes -After the initial RPG barrage the intensity began to taper off -The majority of enemy fire they received was explosives (01:19:38) Battle of Hill 902 Pt. 3 -After the fighting stopped they were ordered to hold their positions until daybreak -There was concern that there would be a second attack -At daybreak they started looking for American and North Vietnamese survivors -Collect the American survivors and look for surviving North Vietnamese -Chuck ordered all undetonated grenades and satchel charges to be placed in one foxhole -Didn’t want to run the risk of an explosive going off and causing unnecessary casualties -Oversaw the collection of American and North Vietnamese dead -Stacked each in a separate pile to be sorted out later -Remembers throwing half of Hewitt onto a medevac and being frustrated -Hewitt had been blown in half during the RPG barrage -Chuck refused to leave the landing zone until a replacement for him was flown in -Remembers the medic, Cafferty, tending to the wounded even though he was shell shocked -Remembers that the first helicopters that came in were the medevacs -At the end of the counting learned that only twelve North Vietnamese had been killed -Frustrated because he feels that there should have been more dead (01:25:25) Leaving Vietnam and Coming Home -He was evacuated from Hill 902 to Firebase Ripcord for a debriefing -They started taking incoming fire and so he was moved again �-Went to Camp Evans to debrief with B Company of the 2nd/319th -After the debriefing he was sent to the hospital in Camp Evans -While there he was awarded the Purple Heart -Also told he would be put in for the Distinguished Service Cross -He would have rather just had the Combat Infantry Badge -He recommended that Cafferty get the Silver Star -Felt he was due for that for doing his duty even while being in shock -From Vietnam he was sent to Kanazawa, Japan -From Japan he was sent to William Beaumont Hospital at Fort Bliss, Texas -The first phase of treating the wounds in his hand lasted six months -Consisted of physical therapy and massage -Once he had healed enough he was assigned to be a Reserve Officer Training Corps trainer -He had two operations on his hand, both of which were unsuccessful (01:30:20) End of Service -He was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma to be with the Headquarters Company there -After a short time he returned to Fort Bliss for a third operation which was successful this time -He was reassigned to Fort Bliss to act as an ROTC instructor there -While at Fort Bliss he began to exhibit signs of post-traumatic stress disorder -He started having trouble with money -He couldn’t relate with the men on base, because they hadn’t been to Vietnam -He was still the youngest officer on Fort Bliss -He began to see therapists at Fort Bliss, but unfortunately they had no effect on him -In 1974 his commitment with the Army was up and he left the military (01:33:13) Life after the Army -He got a job through Merrill Lynch as a stockbroker -He had a lot of trouble just sitting behind a desk and answering phones all day -He also had trouble relating with his coworkers -After leaving Merrill Lynch he met a man who wanted to start a swimming pool company -Started the company and moved on to doing landscaping and then on to building houses -He felt much better working outside and actually meeting people to do business with -Remembers that their first project wound up being a 48,000ft2 house in Acapulco -After coming home his family noticed and addressed that he needed help -He was distant and exhibiting signs of alcoholism -He didn’t want to go to the VA (Veterans’ Affairs) or have anything to do with the military -Started seeing independent psychologists -He was diagnosed as being an alcoholic -Told that he could have one drink per night to help keep it in check -The PTSD wasn’t addressed until later -He got married and got divorced twice -Just really felt that he needed some kind of companionship -He eventually went to the VA to receive help for his PTSD -He also met and befriended men who were also suffering from PTSD that had been to Vietnam -One of his friends was a colonel that served as a psychiatrist for the Navy SEALs (01:38:03) Reflections on Service -The Army helped him learn that he was a leader -In a way he already knew that, but his service just cemented that and exemplified it � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_VanCleveC1677V Title A name given to the resource Van Cleve, Charles (Interview outline and video), 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-10-11 Description An account of the resource Chuck VanCleve was born in Lynwood, California in 1950. He grew up in Lynwood, California and enlisted in the Army on May 6, 1968. He qualified for officer training despite his young age, and received his commission on June 17, 1969, and went to Helicopter School at Fort Walters, Texas. He completed the entire course, but was forced to wash out on the final check ride due to colorblindness. From there he went to Jungle Training in Panama to prepare for a deployment to Vietnam. Upon completing that he was sent to Vietnam in late 1969. After travelling to Camp Eagle he was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and travelled from there to Camp Evans where he was assigned to B Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 319th Field Artillery Regiment attached to D Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 506th Infantry Regiment as a forward observer for artillery. He served under Captain Rollinson and took part in patrols of the area around Firebase Jack and later around Firebase Ripcord. On July 1, 1970 he was reassigned to C Company of the 2nd of the 506th under the command of Captain Hewitt. On July 2nd Hill 902 came under attack by North Vietnamese forces and he was wounded in the initial rocket barrage. Despite being wounded he assumed the role of acting company commander (Captain Hewitt was killed immediately in the barrage) and directed mortar fire and flares to ward off the North Vietnamese onslaught. After the battle he was evacuated to Camp Evans where he was awarded the Purple Heart and later the Distinguished Service Cross and then eventually to Japan and finally to Fort Bliss, Texas to receive treatment for the wound on his hand, and served as an ROTC instructor at Fort Sill, Oklahoma until he left the Army in 1974. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van Cleve, Charles Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/922021d7f24d6699301d44255af4e47f.pdf 9b572c40e47a383a0ce86dd448a1f684 PDF Text Text Yad Vashem Ik sta hier maar te staren in de vlam . En ik voel weer dat wild verdriet. wat in mij boven kwam . Ik sta hier als versteend en lees de namen van de kampen . Bergen-Belsen. Sachsenhausen. Auschwitz. Mauthausen. Ravensbrück'. Buchenwald . Ga zo maar voort. Er waren er zo velen . waarvan men nu nog steeds het schre iend bidden hoort. Dit is de plaats. waar stille tranen en gebeden naar boven stijgen om wat werd afgeleden . De vlam is het symbool voor hen . die in de kampen bleven. Wier namen boven in het levensboek staan opgeschreven . Ik kijk in de flakkerende vlam en 'k zie z'n lief gezi cht als in m'n dromen. En ik voel tranen langs m'n wangen stromen . Dan bid ik za c ht: Heer geef mij kracht. dat ik vergeven kan . Jerusalem . 18 sept . '68 Jeanne van der Gaag-de Pagter . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_WRI_1968-09-18-Yad-Vashem-Poem-by-van-der-Gaag-de-Pagter-397 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource van der Gaag-de Pagter, Jeanne Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-09-18 Title A name given to the resource Yad Vashem Description An account of the resource Poem about the Holocaust. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe Poetry Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/762003a63fd7f69969f91559cc14c3a6.jpg 6567795fd8984aae1759406771bcc796 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Field House Dome 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000020 Title A name given to the resource Field House. View of dome in the snow Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Field House dome taken from across a snow covered field, ca. 1975. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f3101b2d2f05ae3d20a262c41f19e41.jpg be38a8476c134b33dff3e8c35f51f07e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Russel H. Kirkhof Center Kirkhof Center Campus Center Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000065 Title A name given to the resource Students at spring festival on Zumberge Pond Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Group of students at canoe race on Zumberge Pond during spring festival. Campus Center is in the background, ca. 1978. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Events Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b358c2d815344ee1e9ce4a0c13a146f9.jpg 90ffdcfb4a61a558b541e9d79910f749 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Campus Center Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000125 Title A name given to the resource Students with headsets in Campus Center lounge Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Students with headsets in Campus Center lounge. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0e9cd08c84cfe383e01c5fd79cad92e6.jpg 28bf74be11a2ed5829c5f8505b24141c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000134 Title A name given to the resource Students and faculty sitting on steps under William James College mural Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Students and faculty sitting on steps under William James College mural. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Students Universities and colleges--Faculty Allendale (Mich.) Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e91bb3a9b0ae3c87a680826dd928512.jpg 57c3e47bbd6d1a7ae8d99b3f0f7216a1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000143 Title A name given to the resource President Arend D. Lubbers in front of William James College display Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource President Arend D. Lubbers in front of William James College display. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges College presidents College administrators Lubbers, Arend D. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1b957b41f9c9cc096c5970e67b5ae0c7.jpg 6d0139c1f1bc079d6302b2fa91638b62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000148 Title A name given to the resource Students in sack race Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Students in sack race dressed in coonskin caps and "Almost Everything Goes" t-shirt, May 12, 1977. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/043b86f0138ddf79385cf31b5047caec.jpg 1e2c63a668526533a4c81879fe48fb85 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000150 Title A name given to the resource Students inside College IV Mobile van Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Student registration inside College IV mobile van. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ce047eda868c78d22ed8f8a11493b0f8.jpg efe6bbe3f559b0b41e019eda938c828c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Campus Center Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000166 Title A name given to the resource Faculty and students in Campus Center cafeteria Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Glenn Niemeyer and Wayme Dunlop, Music Department Chair in the Campus Center cafeteria. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/18c90ba9f0ddfd5c98d936fda165d035.jpg 063dc46aa9f4186aee1d9af5878f6edc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000167 Title A name given to the resource Cafeteria service worker serving lunch Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van der Lende, Craig Description An account of the resource Cafeteria service worker serving lunch. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo