826 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1d0a974ad2168372bc5d3504306f937d.jpg 17bfc1f103248c0f41be770e621f5002 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1227 Title A name given to the resource Renown British battleship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Renown British BB (battleship), October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fb1618fbf45897d588b5b880131958cc.jpg 80066ddba1f2b74a5bc661761a970de7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1228 Title A name given to the resource Renown British battleship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Renown British BB (battleship), October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d4c24ae5f4c6a7dad0d75296bdd97563.mp4 545dc391bd77a6d6b5755330fe43b4ec https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/299438e5db3d5c1a753737e33eb8dfd0.pdf 70866fdf5f04abb26cf7a7250ca78b80 PDF Text Text Rensi, Edward Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: World War II Interviewee’s Name: Edward Rensi Length of Interview: (1:00:28) Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Maluhia Buhlman Interviewer: “We’re talking today with Edward Rensi of Woodsfield, Ohio and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay, start off with some background on yourself and to begin with, where and when were you born?” I was born in– Pardon me, I was born December the 7th, 1925 in a small town called Parlett. Ohio. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you grow up there or did you move around?” No, in fact my mother came to her mother’s house to have me, you know, and after about six weeks we moved to a small town called Wintersville, Ohio. So actually you might as well say I was raised in Wintersville, Ohio. (00:52) Interviewer: “Alright, and what was your family doing for a living?” My dad was a coal miner and also he was on the rail force for a while, railroad– Basically he was a miner, coal miner. Interviewer: “Okay, so what part of Ohio were you in?” It was the eastern part of Ohio, Jefferson country. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Alright, now did your father have steady work during the depression or was that on and off?” No the depression was rather tough, you know it was really something but we survived and that’s about it. Interviewer: “Okay, and how many kids were in the family?” Just another brother. Interviewer: “Alright, and then do you remember how you heard about Pearl Harbor?” Yes I do, I remember vividly. I was 16 years old and my uncle and dad and cousin we always went fishing walleye and it was– Even though that it was that time of the year we were still fishing for walleye. (2:00) Okay we were fishing and we broke camp, we had a cabin, and we broke camp and we were going home and then we heard over the radio that Japs attacked it and my dad and uncle well they just said– They just said “Well that won’t last long.” And my cousin, he was four years older than I was and they said “Well maybe Jim will go the service but Ed he won’t have to, that’s for sure.” And they just took it as a grain of salt, like most of them they thought the Japs would be a pushover and they would even joke about it say “If we see any Japs don’t forget we’ll run over them.” They were really joking about it, it was really serious. Interviewer: “Alright, now did life change at all after the war started, because it’s gonna be a while before you go in the service yourself?” Yes. Interviewer: “So what changes were there in your community or your area?” Well most things was the regulations, you know naturally since the war they’ve got restrictions and stuff like that you know but other than that it just seemed like what it would be, you know. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay, now did you decide to– Did you consider enlisting or did you just wait until Uncle Sam called you?” Well I wanted to enlist right away, you know but my dad and uncle both they just told me to– You know get on me and tell me, in fact after I did sign up for– And I always wanted– They didn’t call me, see I was born in December, okay. So that was the latter part so the draft board didn’t hear any notice from them, you know and I kept telling them “Maybe I ought to go up there and check on it, they’re not calling me yet.” And boy they’d get on me, they’d give me hell they’d say “You just sit tight, they’ll call you.” So finally– They finally did call me. Interviewer: “So when did you get your draft notice?” Well really I can’t tell you when I got my draft notice for sure, you know but I can tell you when I was called up. Interviewer: “Right, yeah.” (4:13) Was March of 14th, 1944. Interviewer: “Okay, okay so at that point now, let’s see were you 19 then or still– Let’s see, you’re still 18.” Yeah, 18 that’s right. Interviewer: “That’s right cause it’ll be December of ‘43 that you turn 18.” I’d be 19 that following– Yeah. Interviewer: “Right, okay so you’re still 18. Okay, so you didn’t really have to wait too long after your 18th birthday. �Rensi, Edward No, not really yeah. Interviewer: “They caught up with you pretty quickly, okay now where did you report to first?” Well first report was small town Cadiz, Ohio and they took us to Cleveland for, you know our introduction there. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you– How did you wind up in the service branch that you joined, I guess which branch of the service did you enter?” The Navy, I was in the Navy but I was considered a selected volunteer. Selected, I have a choice, so I picked the Navy. Interviewer: “Okay, now why did you pick the Navy?” (5:17) Well I just thought it’d be better and my dad and uncle they were like my tutors, you know and they more or less said the Navy because my uncle, the uncle I’m telling you about, he was in World War I and so he probably knew what it was like to be on the ground, you know so he said that and I took it. Interviewer: “Okay, alright so you sign up for the Navy and then where do they send you for training?” Great Lakes Naval Training Station, Chicago. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and how did you get there?” By bus. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay so you took a bus from Cleveland to Chicago?” Yeah, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, so you didn’t take a train to Chicago and then a bus?” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and describe what basic training was like.” Boy it was something different I’ll tell you that, little country boy you know, once you’re with a group of fellows all at once you know, close quarters you know, and– But I fell in with it you know I thought it would really affect me but I don’t know I just did what I had to do, you know. Interviewer: “Okay, and what kind of stuff did you do in training?” (6:38) Well we’d have a lot of physical running and calisthenics and things like that. Interviewer: “Okay, now it’s the Navy so did you have to learn how to tie knots or that kind of–” Yeah we had– Not too much of that, yeah and we had recognition, you know of enemy ships, aircraft, things like that visual training. Interviewer: “Okay, now did they do a fire fighting drill?” We had that, in fact we went to fire fighting school. Interviewer: “Okay, and what did that consist of?” �Rensi, Edward Well that was something, we went to actual happenings, you know we was in gear and we had nozzles and everything and they had fires like we had to spray in front of us, actual fire training. Interviewer: “Okay, and let’s see did they have you try gas masks or breathing equipment?” Yeah, we had that too, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, and how did the drill instructors treat you?” With discipline you know, yeah. Interviewer: “But were they, I mean–” They weren’t mean, no. Interviewer: “Okay, so they did things for a reason?” (7:51) Right. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and how long did basic training last?” From March until– Damn there it goes now, let’s see– Interviewer: “Well did you–” Okay after our basic we get on a troop train and about six weeks about it was, so after our basic we get on a troop train and we went to California, called Camp Shoemaker. It was an embarkation point where they gathered and then when they’re ready to ship, when they need people they draw from there. So we were there for, oh I bet you over a month and a half, that was �Rensi, Edward really good duty then. We had it made, nothing to do really, you know so we’d go to Frisco, San Jose, and you know had a good time, you know. Interviewer: “Okay, and how were you able to travel around, did they run buses from the camp?” Yeah buses, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright but you didn’t really have to do– Did you have any work to do, did you ever get KP or clean up the place?” Yeah I’m trying to think what I did, yeah we had to take care of the barracks like that, I think I worked in a post office for a while and also, like I said, we used to have for about six weeks or maybe more than that, we even went to Oakland and tried to get a job, get some extra spending money, that was great. Interviewer: “Alright so by the– So when then do you actually ship out, that’s in June?” (9:43) Yeah, yeah had to be June, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, and what kind of ship do you go on?” It was a troop transport but I can’t tell you the name of it now. Interviewer: “Do you have an idea of how many men were on it?” Oh there was– Had to be 12 to 1,400 at least. Interviewer: “Okay, now was this like a Liberty Ship or a Victory Ship or was it bigger than that?” �Rensi, Edward It might’ve been called a U.S.S. Scott but I wouldn’t say that’s right or not but something like that, it was a big one yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, now and then when you left San Francisco did people get seasick?” Oh boy, that was one of the bad features, I’ll tell you that was– That wasn’t a very good experience on that troopship just like flies packed on, and boy you got there in the morning first thing you want to do is get the hell up on the top deck cause boy there’s– And it’s all kinds of spray and everything you know from everybody– Not everyone but everyone was really heaving. Interviewer: “Alright, so did you get seasick?” Yes. Interviewer: “Okay, a lot of guys say they don’t and I’m never sure I believe them, so okay that’s one for you. Alright, and did your ship sail with an escort or were you by yourself?” (11:10) Oh yeah, yeah we had an escort, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, and then so when you leave California, what’s your next stop?” Eniwetok, Marshall Islands. Interviewer: “Okay, so you don’t get to visit Hawaii or anything like that.” Well no not in a troop transport like that, we– Directly there. Interviewer: “Alright, let’s see now when you go out to Eniwetok, let’s see did you cross the equator or the dateline yet?” �Rensi, Edward Well when we did cross, this was when– Let me think now. Interviewer: “Well because when you’re a troop transport I don’t know if they mark that kind of thing.” No, I think after we got to Eniwetok when we headed back to the Marshall– I mean Saipan the Marianas, I think that’s the time we went through the equator and then that’s when we went through that ceremony, that was something I’ll tell you man. Interviewer: “Okay, alright so let’s kind of back up, so basically– Do you have a sense of how long it took you to get from San Francisco to Eniwetok?” No I don’t, it’s probably in my cruise book but I don’t know. Interviewer: “Okay, and what was the weather like once you–” The weather must have been normal because, you know nothing stood out in my memory about the weather, yeah. (12:37) Interviewer: “Alright, and did people get used to being at sea? So did they stop all getting sick or did people–” Yeah, before we got there it tapered off, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and when you get to Eniwetok do you get to go ashore?” Oh no, no, no, no. Interviewer: “Okay, probably not a lot to do there anyway but–” �Rensi, Edward Yeah, right. Interviewer: “Okay, so how long do you think you were in port at Eniwetok?” Well not very long, when we got on the ship they had just rope ladders and we had to climb up the rope ladders with our gear, you know to get on the ship. Interviewer: “Okay, so what ship were you assigned to?” That’s when I got to California. Interviewer: “Okay, and describe the California, if someone doesn’t know what that was, what kind of ship was it?” It’s a battleship and it was 600 and some feet long– I’ve got the tons and everything, it had a 14 inch main battery and five inch 20 millimeters and 40 millimeters armaments, so it was heavily armed you know. (13:45) Interviewer: “Alright, and what kind of history did it have?” Well it’s– It was an old ship and it was at Pearl Harbor December the 7th, it was partially sunk, it was brought up and taken back to Bremerton, Washington and retreated, and that was it. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and so you’re now joining the ship’s complement.” Yes. Interviewer: “Okay, and when you join the California, what is your job when you get there?” �Rensi, Edward Well at first cleaning compartments, you know our division, it was division A, we were assigned to our division and cleaning compartments for a while, you know and I can’t tell you how long before I was assigned to the air compressors, wasn’t very long. One of the other fellas that was there before, you know petty officers, would take me under his wing and teach me that. Interviewer: “Okay, so when you came on there– Because you didn’t have any specialized training at all.” Oh no. Interviewer: “You were just an ordinary seaman.” Oh a little kid, yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah, okay now what proportion of the crew do you think were new guys, were there a lot of young guys there?” (15:03) That’s a good question, I’d say that basically we were just replacements, you know and I’d say with a small percentage at that time, small percentage. Interviewer: “So a lot of the crewmen had been with the ship for a while?” Oh yes, yes definitely, yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, okay so you join the ship and then you head out to sea and where are you going when you leave Eniwetok?” Well there’s Saipan, finishing up Saipan. Interviewer: “Right, so you’re going up to the Marianas. So this is the point then when you cross the equator and you have the ceremony?” �Rensi, Edward It had to be before that, between that Eniwetok and gone back to Marianas, I’ll have to look it up but definitely. Yeah that was quite a thing, you know you become a shell back then, boy you take a beating then too I’ll tell you that is some ceremony, I’ll tell you and then we crossed the equator more than once. The second time we were shellback, you know we were cocky, you know you could even come to an officer then like me being a fireman first– Second class man and make him do simple things, you know that was something. Interviewer: “Okay, so it’s kind of like a giant fraternity hazing?” Oh yeah we’re really hazing and not to forget one time this officer he was really cocky and he didn’t want to go through it, you know he tried to say stop. They had a gauntlet, a bunch of seamen like that and they had canvas bags soaked– You know they’d be soaked with water and you’d run through that and you better run damn fast because they beat the hell out of you and this guy tried to fight it, this officer, they got him down and beat the hell out of him. (17:00) Boy and everybody was just clapping because he was trying to be a big time officer, but they had to go through it too, and you had to cross through a sleeve, a big canvas sleeve and they had a fire hose, when you’d come out it hit you and they had all kinds of stuff in there like gooey stuff, you had to crawl through there and as soon as you come out they hit you with the fire hose and knock you right down, it was quite a ceremony. Interviewer: “Right, okay so you survived all that.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, so when you got to the Marianas did the ship do any firing there?” Oh yeah that’s what is was we was– Shit, I want to say we were shelling– At first it was, it was Saipan, Tinian, then Guam and we’d just soften the beach that’s our battleship’s main objective to shell the beach and one time we had a sugar refinery and one time we had an ammunition �Rensi, Edward dumping, you know that was odd to make it a little easier for the Marines when they landed, you know. Interviewer: “Right, okay and the fighting on Saipan went on for a while, I mean Guam and Tinian were pretty quick.” Yeah. Interviewer: “So did you do any ground support– Did you do any supporting fire after the Marines landed on Saipan or were you pretty much done after landing?” No it was pretty much just more of, you know just cruising, you know yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, now when you were in the Marianas did you see any Japanese aircraft?” (18:45) You know I don’t think we did, we had a couple bogeys, I remember that first– About one of the first– The first month I was there we had a couple at– What a bogey is is that when something’s reported unknown and you know then you go to battle stations, you know and I remember the first bogey I got hair stood up on my– Because I had a battle station and you know I kept wondering when [unintelligible] Little concerned, you know? Interviewer: “Okay, so a bogey would be an enemy aircraft or at least an unknown aircraft?” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, now where was your battle station?” �Rensi, Edward I was in the– They say [unintelligible] like a 20 millimeter group, that’s where 20 millimeter guns are and right off the side they’ve got like a little compartment with an opening and my job was to hand out the magazines when they needed them. Interviewer: “Right, okay so you’re basically– You’re kind of– You’re not quite a loader but you were moving the ammunition, giving ammunition to the loaders.” Yeah, right but I never had to do it, yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, okay so that’s kind of your introduction, now how much noise do the battleship guns make?” How much what? Interviewer: “How much noise do the big guns make?” (20:10) You’ll never believe it, you better have cotton and ear plugs, nowadays they got [unintelligible] but boy it is something, and oh damn when it was the main batteries ship, 14 inches the whole ship rocks, yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah, I think after the war a lot of the gunners had hearing problems.” Oh yeah, I’ll bet a lot of them did, no kidding. Interviewer: “Okay, so after the Marianas do you go back to the Marshalls or what do you do after Saipan?” Let’s see now– Now we were around the Philippines then I think. Interviewer: “Well Philippines that starts I think in October, so you go–” �Rensi, Edward Let’s see, September– Interviewer: “Now there’s a point in the ship’s history where you had– The California had a collision with the Tennessee?” Oh yeah, that’s it we had a– In fact I was on watch I was on watch that night with, I had the phones on you know and main control says– You know they’ve told us that “We’re having trouble, the Tennessee is having steering problems, stand by.” You know and pretty soon they said “Stand by for crash!” And I yelled it, you know so everybody would be up cause a lot of times even though we’re under gun mounts like that guys are laying down, you know through night time and so everybody jumped up and got ready and they hit us you know and they tore a big hole in our, starboard side? I think it was starboard side, tore a big hole up there and it killed several boys up there too, it ripped a big hole in there. Interviewer: “Alright, and then how much of a shock was it, you’re standing at your station, did you get knocked over, did you hang on?” (22:10) It wasn’t really abrupt it was real just– Saw it like you know boom boom! Like that you know it wasn’t like– Interviewer: “Okay, so it was kind of almost grinding into the hull rather than a big crash.” You could hear it coming, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, so after the collision where did you go? Where did you go to get the ship fixed?” Yeah, after that went to a place called Espiritu Santos, it's New Hebrides Islands, they had a floating dry dock there, a little one you know so they passed us up there. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Alright, and then while you were in the New Hebrides did they let you go ashore there?” Yeah, oh yeah they had a place they called– I forget what it was, anyhow we had it nice there we could go ashore, have a beer, throw a football, play softball so we were there– I can’t tell you how long, I can’t remember, but we enjoyed ourselves there. Interviewer: “Yeah, okay so you get a little bit of a break and– But then your next combat mission then is going to be for the invasion of the Philippines.” Philippines, that’s where it was, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, so when you leave the New Hebrides where do you go to join the fleet or do you meet them just approaching the Philippines? Did you go to the Marshalls or Palau or any of those places?” (23:45) I think Palau, I think. Interviewer: “Yeah because we use that as a launching pad.” Yeah that’s where we got– Yeah I think that’s where it– And then the Philippines, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright now at this time have you– Has your job on the ship changed, because initially you’re up there and you’re helping the gunners?” Yeah, yeah oh yeah, no I’m back in the compressors yeah, we’re with the compressors then. Interviewer: “Okay, so describe a little bit what your regular job was.” In doing battle stuff like that we’re with the compressors you know, and one time to show you how much that main barrel could shoot you– Like that we had a leak and boy on our compressors �Rensi, Edward you know, we had water lines up. Boy that was hectic everybody’s running around we finally– Had wrenches and stuff and we finally got it stopped, you know so that was exciting there that time. Interviewer: “Okay, now what were the compressors for?” Well the low pressure compressor was just for general usage around the ship just when we needed a little air, like air tools and stuff like that. Interviewer: “Okay so just for power tools.” Intermediate would be for heavier equipment stuff like that but the high compressor– High pressure compressors they would– When a main battery would shoot you they had to blow all that gas and stuff out like that. (25:28) They had to be damn sure that was out of there because if they go and try to reload, put a powder keg in there when there was heat there’d be a misfire. So had to blow that out, that was important. Interviewer: “Okay so you’re doing ventilation and you’re providing power for air compressor tools and a lot of other things but you need to push a lot of air.” Right. Interviewer: “Okay, you’re gonna run in with a ship that big in particular that would be a lot. Okay and then so was your job– What were you actually doing when you’re on watch with the compressors, are you just looking at dials?” Yeah, right, yeah you have to have gauges and make sure everything is okay you know. Yeah and then you had your station, naturally you had to keep it spotless you know, that wasn’t too bad joining the action unit because regulation was secondary then you know. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Alright, now your ship gets involved in some serious fighting in the Philippines.” Yeah. Interviewer: “There’s a battle in the area called the Surigao Straits.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, now what do you remember about that?” Oh boy I remember– Before it happened the chaplain got on the ship and told us about these cities, he said “We’re gonna have the engagement area.” He said and he actually said this cause it’s in the book, he said that “Make sure you’re clean, you have a shower and clean clothes on because there could be infection.” You know he said that, you know really. (27:05) So there’s probably logic to that really, so anyhow we got thinking– Well I got thinking “Damn” seeing everything it made you think, little scary for a while. Interviewer: “Alright, and then when the battle happens what was your experience of it, are you just down in the hole?” Yeah I was in– Then I was– Interviewer: “Were you with the high power compressors or?” I was with the high power compressors then you know and so I was way down in the hole, down, way down, way back. So I couldn’t hear much or see much you know, thankful you know, so I was glad it was all over. Interviewer: “Do you have an idea of how long the battle actually lasted?” �Rensi, Edward You know what, no I don’t think it lasted that long to me. Interviewer: “Probably not.” I kept thinking “Boy oh boy when the hell will these lines break?” Interviewer: “So at that point you’re just doing your job, now could you feel sort of the rumblings of all the guns firing, do you get some vibration?” Yeah there’s some vibration even down there yeah, but not like it would be if you were up on top. Interviewer: “Right, okay so what did they tell you about the battle afterwards?” Oh after it was over they come on the P.A system and said “Secure, battle stations secure.” You know you get to relax and, you know. (29:00) Interviewer: “And then at what point do you find out what actually happened?” Well we didn’t know– You know we did get credit for, I think it was a cruiser? Interviewer: “Cruiser or an old battleship because the Japanese had a bunch of old battleships there and cruisers, so you think you sank something.” Yeah, we got scoreboard for something out there and we– See we were the old type too and the other type– Interviewer: “The Iowa class.” Yes, the Iowa class they were new but we did our part. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Right, okay now after that battle did you go up to Leyte Gulf or did you go up to the area where the landings were?” Yeah, we had to yeah, right. Interviewer: “Yeah because there’s pictures of that I think in the ship’s book but by then the landing has already taken place and the battle was already fought there because that was the area where the destroyer escorts and things were fighting the big Japanese ships.” Okay, yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah, and then–” Okay, no we– Yeah. Interviewer: “And that was going on while you were having your battle?” (30:18) Yeah, right. Interviewer: “Right, okay and so you– So this is now October of ‘44, do you just stay in the Philippines area or do you go away and come back? Because you’re engaged with Lingayen Gulf and that’s January.” That was January, I remember that yeah. Interviewer: “So November, December, do you remember where you had Christmas 1944?” You know I think that’s when we were in the Philippine area but there wasn’t any action cause, you know, because I remember we had a good Christmas and a real good meal, no interruptions, and so that must’ve been that going until we got to Lingayen Gulf, that was January. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Yeah, okay let’s talk a little bit about life on the ship, what was your daily schedule like?” Well we’d go to our stations of course, you know and we always had– Just always things to do, shine up and stuff, and the main thing is you make sure everything’s operating, that was the biggest thing. Just like a watch, you know it’s like a watch you know. Interviewer: “Well how long would the watch be when you’re on duty?” About four hours. Interviewer: “Okay so you have four hours on, and then–” And then maybe eight hours off, you know and then you’d start and sometimes you’d get to four, well we had different times for then you know different ones. (32:00) 12 to four, four to eight and stuff like that and then also after a while too every once and a while we’d have to clean the compartment be like us firemen’s second one we’d have to clean the compartment for a while, take turns you know swab it and you know, so we worked. Interviewer: “Alright, now did you have your own bunk or did you have to share?” No, we had our own bunks. They were, you know tiered, you know like– You know like three bunks here, here, and here and then they folded up during the day, folded up and had your flies cover over it you know then you had the passageway. Interviewer: “Alright, and how much head room did you have, how much space was there?” Not too much, you know I was on the bottom bunk a couple times and you’d, I guess you’d hit the top, wasn’t too much you know. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Alright, and how do they feed you?” What? Interviewer: “How do they feed you, what was the food like and how did you get it?” I never complained about the food too much, you know but a lot of them did you know, but we had baked beans sometimes. Our food– That’s one thing we always had food and that what was in the engagements you know and then we would have whatever we had after that you know, but no I won’t complain about the food. Interviewer: “Okay, but you had your own cooks–” Oh yeah. Interviewer: “And that kind of thing.” (33:31) Oh yeah and have chow lines, you go and line up for chow line you try to get up there as quick as you could, if you didn’t the chow line would be from here to about maybe a couple hundred feet long or so. Interviewer: “Okay, yeah I mean how many men were in the ship’s complement?” A total of 1,200 I think, yeah 1,200. Interviewer: “Alright, so then if you’re in the wrong part of the line that can be bad, even if you’re eating in shifts.” Yeah, and I forget how many officers there were, you know. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay, alright so and then did you have– I mean did they show movies on the ship or have other entertainment?” Oh yeah, I mean when we were out of the battlezone, oh yeah. They would have, they called them smokers you know, and they even had movies certain times, and had boxing matches sometimes. In fact one of the chief petty officers in our division wanted to train me to box but I backed out. Interviewer: “Yeah, that'd be a good idea. Okay, alright yeah so and then I guess how many men would sleep in the same compartment?” Good question, well I’d say the whole division would be. Interviewer: “Okay, so that’s like 40 guys, 50 guys?” See our A division wasn’t that big, you saw the pictures. (35:04) Interviewer: “Yeah, that’s true. Okay, alright and of course you would sleep at different times right because some of you are on watch and some of you aren’t?” Yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah, so not too bad. Okay, alright so you have a relatively routine life there for a while after the Leyte battles and then basically describe what happens at Lingayen Gulf.” In Lingayen Gulf? Interviewer: “Yeah.” �Rensi, Edward Yeah we were there and I think it was January the 6th, I looked at the book before, I think it was January 6th and that’s when– That’s when that suicide plane hit us. Interviewer: “And what part of the ship did it hit?” It happened at the superstructure around one of the upper control towers and it was really something. Interviewer: “And that was close to your old battle station?” Well yeah, I mean you know when it hit like that the gas and flames and everything, all that stuff would come down that way you know if it was higher it would’ve hit, you know I was like here and it was up here more than superstructure where he hit. Interviewer: “And what happened to the man who replaced you?” (36:30) Well he was burnt real bad, I mean he didn’t die but he was burnt real bad, but maybe without that maybe I wouldn’t have been there, he was sticking out or something, anyhow I was at the same station. Interviewer: “Okay, now when it hit you were down below right? When the kamikaze hit you were down at your duty station?” Yeah I was in my clip room. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and then did you feel or hear anything when it hit?” Oh no I think– Oh when it hit yeah. No I just, you could tell something happened you know I’d gotten– The information center put out you know we were hit, you know and you could hear stuff going back and forth but you could, you know but yeah. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Now was the damage just to that one part of the ship where it hit? So you didn’t have big fires or–” Oh yeah, oh mammoth fires you know the stuff, oh so many guys got burnt– God, you see those guys and you talk about blisters, they had blisters like that on them, see them laying around, it was after [unintelligible] of course, you know and boy what a smell, flesh. Interviewer: “Alright, and did it take a while to put the fires out? Was there–” They did a good job, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you just stay at your post the whole time?” Oh yeah, I was under that guy giving me orders. I wasn't topside, I was– Yeah, we just stayed in our place. Interviewer: “Okay, and then so afterwards now the plane has been hit, you put the fires out, now what does the ship do?” (38:38) Well I don’t know where they went then, you know I don’t know probably had to go out someplace, you know. Interviewer: “Well you had to go someplace to get repairs right?” Oh yeah, I mean so then after that naturally we– After we get squared away I don’t know how long it took we headed back to the states to get patched up in Bremerton, Washington. Interviewer: “Washington or Mare Island? Did you go to Washington or to California?” No, went to Washington. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay, alright– Alright and how long did you spend there do you think?” I’ll bet you we were there at least two months, two and a half months. Interviewer: “And now while you were there did you stay off the ship or were you still quartered on the ship?” We were still on the ship and the yardbirds, that’s what they call the workers yard birds, you know they work– Do their work but we– And we would go to get liberty and we’d go to Seattle a lot of times, you know we would get on the ferry from Bremerton to go to Seattle which was a nice, nice city. Interviewer: “Okay, now how did the people there treat the sailors?” What in Seattle? Interviewer: “Yeah.” (40:00) Good, good. Interviewer: “Okay, how about in Bremerton?” Good, well I’ll tell you one thing there was a restaurant there run by– I don’t know if they were Jap or some kind of oritental– Interviewer: “Probably Chinese.” Chinese maybe, okay and then he had a couple of beautiful daughters all us guys trying to go there trying to pour the– I’ll tell you what they didn’t appreciate us doing that, yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, now did some of the guys get drunk and get in trouble or?” �Rensi, Edward Oh you never heard of a sailor getting drunk did you? Interviewer: “Just once and a while.” Yeah, even though we had– Hitting it pretty heavy, that’s the first time I was ever around it, the first time I had a beer was when I was in the Navy. Oh yeah, that was something, I never got in any trouble. Interviewer: “Okay, alright but and then you’re getting kind of– Now did you think the war might be over before you got back into it?” No I don’t think– We hoped it would be you know and then you know that’s when Iwo Jiwa was there, you know we missed Iwo Jima. Well that was bad and after that was over we started feeling a little better, you know we thought– You know in that respect about the war being over, not about– Yeah. (41:31) Interviewer: “Okay, so when did the ship leave Washington then? Is it now in April or–” Yeah, boy that was down in that book more. Interviewer: “Okay, let’s see well you went to Okinawa right?” Yeah, yeah from Bremerton we went to– From Bremerton went to Long Beach, I think Long Beach, California and then we had a shakedown cruise, you know just to make sure everything’s okay you know and then there went back to Okinawa, yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, and when you go to Okinawa had the battle already started?” Oh yeah, yeah we got there I’d say in the latter phase of it yeah, but we were there you know we still done some bombarding and stuff but yeah we go there. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Alright, now did your ship have problems with kamikazes at Okinawa, I mean did you get attacked by air?” No, not to speak of no, but they had a lotta trouble, a lotta trouble but that was more or less for the destroyers and smaller craft you know, yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah I think they were targeting the transport ships and things like that. Okay, so now while you’re there and you’re off Okinawa are you getting any news or any information about what’s happening in that battle or do you just do your job and mind your own business?” Yeah from time to time we’d get reports, yeah. Yeah in fact they would have like a bulletin time on the ship you know and they would have some write ups about so and so and they would have some write ups about the ETO, you know so we’d know what was going on in the ETO you know, so that was– (43:30) Interviewer: “Okay, now were you still in the states when Germany surrendered cause that would’ve been May, early May, of ‘45?” May of ‘45. Interviewer: “Cause you might have made it to Okinawa by then or you might have still been–” May of ‘45. Interviewer: “But you remember hearing about Germany surrendering?” Yeah, I know what you mean yeah, you know I can’t tell you. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay, alright now the other thing that happened along the way a little bit before that President Roosevelt died.” Yeah. Interviewer: “You remember hearing about that?” Oh yeah, that was big and that came on the PA system, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright so you’re there for the latter part of the battle of Okinawa and that’s over officially in early June or something like that. Now did you stay around Okinawa for the rest of the war or did you go someplace else?” Well we stayed around till the– Till they occupied Japan and then we stayed there and we covered the troops for the land unit, the troops you know? They had a big deal that was big [unintelligible] that was something big. So we covered the troops and then after that we sort of– We anchored of course after that for a while and then we got to go to shore. (45:00) So I got to go ashore twice, once in Tokyo and another province in Japan I got to go. So I was really fortunate because most of them only got to go one time but this one time this other person didn’t want to go so I said I’d go, so I got to go twice. Interviewer: “Okay, so when you went ashore what did you see?” Just observe you know, what would tickle me this one province we went to we saw these little kids, they were so cute running around and they had like a big bamboo, a big long bamboo stick and it had tar on it and they would catch dragonflies on it, you know and they’d get the dragonflies and they’d tie a thread around them and they go around with a dragonfly with a thread on it. It was clever the way they did it, you know. Interviewer: “Alright, how much– How did the Japanese people behave towards you?” �Rensi, Edward Someone asked me that the other day, when we went to Tokyo we’d walk along, you know– You know there’s still some people in those little huts you know, shacks and stuff and some of the, couple of them, even had a bottle and was grinning at you like that you know but we had strict orders: Do not fraternize, do not have anything to do with them, don’t even talk to them. You know but we don’t know maybe they were grinning, you know but what were they thinking, maybe once you take a drink that would be it, you know, we never did. Interviewer: “Alright, and how much evidence did you see of the bombing?” Oh it was something, in Tokyo you know there was different sections, you wouldn’t see anything but these big safes. So it’s a big long safe you know, you see them in different places that’s all you see and just dog burned out but that was it, the leveled it, but still there was places on Ginza Street where it still had some stores open, stuff like that. There were some sections but basically the most of the parts we’ve seen, boy they were really, I mean hit. Of course they were known for that. Their structures weren’t, you know weren’t really– (47:24) Interviewer: “Well they were made of wood and paper.” Yeah, yeah, that’s it yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah so a lot of that burnt and there were some areas that we avoided targeting so they didn’t bomb the Imperial Palace and they mostly didn’t bomb the Ginza and that kind of thing. Now when you went into the other province was that more in the countryside?” Yeah, right, yeah it was different. Interviewer: “Okay, and there was less damage there?” Right, yeah wasn’t too much there, yeah. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay, now were you allowed to go into any of the stores or restaurants?” Oh yeah, in fact I bought some things like I’ve got a few things for my mom and I forget just what I did get, there wasn’t too much really but there was a few things you know. Interviewer: “Okay, now when you first got to Japan were you in Tokyo Bay at the time when they signed the surrender agreements?” Oh no, no. Interviewer: “You came in later.” Yeah, yeah we did. Interviewer: “Okay, now to back up a little bit do you remember hearing about the atomic bomb?” (48:23) Yes. Interviewer: “And what kind of response was there to that or did you understand what that meant?” Well really I don’t think it soaked in right away, you know we just thought well “The war’s over boy oh boy!” We didn’t realize, you know what it actually, you know– It was sad really but it’s war, war is war you know. Interviewer: “But when you first heard about the bomb did you think that would win the war?” Oh yeah, yeah, yeah. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Okay, now aside from going to Japan did you sail anywhere else in the far east, did you go across to China or anywhere else?” Well after the war was over– Do you wanna hear about that? Interviewer: “Yeah.” Well after the war was over we was heading back– No we was on a goodwill tour which was great. Okay now we went to the Philippines in Lingayen Bay where that area happened, some of that stuff happened we stopped and had– Interviewer: “Did you have a memorial service?” Yeah, yep couldn’t– We had a couple of services and then there we went to Singapore and we were there for a couple days and got ashore which was really great. That was beautiful Singapore and there where people wouldn’t pay any attention to you, man I’ll tell you boy they would shun you. (50:15) Anyhow it was really nice and then from there we went to Ceylon which is Sri Lanka now, you know changed and it was really nice to and we got to go ashore a couple of times and we went with– The British were there and they had these, what they called their truck lorries, you know their big vans, big troop trucks. So we got in one of those one day and they took us inland in Ceylon to the capital Colombo you know, and it was really scenic because it was hilly you know and you would see all kinds of elephants and different people and rice paddies. It was really something and after that we went to Cape Town, South Africa, beautiful boy that was something. We got ashore there a couple of times, up on Tabletop Mountain and you take– Especially me a little kid, you know never left the county, hardly you know and boy I’ll tell you that really impressed me and we enjoyed that. So we had a wonderful time after the war coming home, now we landed in Philadelphia. Interviewer: “Okay, so you cross the Atlantic then come back.” �Rensi, Edward Yeah actually we– Oh how do you say that? We circumnavigated the globe, we really did the entire round like that and then we were in Philly from December the– I think we pulled into the states December the 7th we had planned it so we– December the 7th, you know and we were in Philly from December the 7th until May the 5th, 1946, so I had a good time in Philadelphia too, so I was one of the lucky boys I survived and had some good times. Interviewer: “Okay, so the ship was just sitting in the harbor at Philadelphia at that point for all that time?” Yeah and our job was clearing mothballs you know we had to get down and we’d be at work then and we had to get down in the bilges and scrape and put chromate paint and, you know get ready for mothballs and they get it ready for mothballs, they keep it for a couple years, and then they scrap it. Interviewer: “Right, yeah because it was an old battle ship.” Oh yeah, they should’ve scrapped it but I just was– You think they had to say “Well she did a good job, just let her go.” (52:40) You know but they put all that expense into it you know but that's right, so that was it. Interviewer: “Okay, now if you think back over the time you spent on the ship are there other memories that stand out for you that you haven’t talked about yet, other things that happened or people you knew?” Yeah there’s like some other band members you know, I haven’t thought about them you know. Interviewer: “So how much work did the band do, did they play regularly?” Yeah they played, yep and they’d even go like when we would go they would– Like when we went to Espiritu Santo they played there and sometime I think they went ashore in the Philippines one time, and we went ashore in the Philippines sometime they called it Osmensa �Rensi, Edward Beach, you know he was a politician or something for something Ahmanson and they all had all kinds of crass you know for us boys to come by. I bought a big ‘ole hat one time and bought stuff like that and you could go and buy, you know things like that. So we’d got out on shore then and I think about this one boy, he was a singer in the band and– Tell Washington he used to Linda Darnell, she was a movie star you know, I don’t know if that’s was right or wrong maybe he did cause he was from California and he was a singer you know, but he was killed. So I thought about that you know cause– And there’s a guy called Harry Gin and he was an Indian from one of the Dakotas and he was one of the guys on our Tennessee he was up there, he got– Oh there’s different things come flashing back at you, you know. Interviewer: “Okay, now you brought along a few artifacts here and maybe you can kind of show them and explain what they are, so we’ll start with this one.” Oh that’s a Navy blue dress hat, it was part of our uniform you know. Interviewer: “Can you hold it up a little bit higher? Hold it up a little bit higher like that, yeah. Okay so that’s part of the dress uniform.” (55:26) Yeah, blues, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, so how often did you wear it?” Well it depends where we was, what zone you’re in, if you’re in a zone that’s real hot we had whites, usual whites. This is the hat, this is in other times but basically this is most of the time, this would be, you know like in California or something like that you know. Interviewer: “Alright, okay and then here we’ve got–” That’s a whites yeah. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Not quite as white as it used to be but alright, so that’s sort of the shirt part and then here. Now are these– Is that from the dress uniform?” Yeah this is dress blues. Interviewer: “Okay, a little higher, yeah.” And see they had that, there’s supposed to be 13 buttons there for the 13 original colonies. Interviewer: “Okay, so it’s all across the front.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, let’s see and then just a blanket here?” Yeah that was my cover blanket. (56:32) Interviewer: “Just a sort of standard issue, blanket material. Alright so– See how I’m doing here. Okay, so once you get out, you make it to ‘46, you’re discharged from the Navy, what do you do after that do you just go home?” Yeah, when I got out in 1946 I naturally came home and then I didn’t do anything for a while and then I went to Michigan, Detroit, Michigan you know in 194– Later part of ‘46, anyhow and I got a job in auto plants and I stayed there for a while and I had this one job in an assembly line for Dodge Motor’s you know and they changed models in August, so they laid me off. So I serve for just maybe three or four months, and I really liked that job but then I mean I got laid off, I went over to the Ford Motor Company and got a job over there, and I stayed there for several months and then then my dad called me and he told me he could get me a job in the coal fields and I’m a country boy you know so I come back home, which better off I stayed there really. She’s still here, she heard that, oh boy. Anyhow I come back and got a job in the coal fields you know. �Rensi, Edward Interviewer: “Now when you say coal fields are they doing strip mining there or is it underground?” Well yeah strip mining, open, I got a job there you know and I worked there for five years, I was in supply house in charge of supplies and after that I got a job as a purchasing agent and I stayed there for five years and then the company sold the mine, but the company sold the mine I work for they kept me on and sent me down the deep mines, you know down in different locations and I was down there for– I was there for– When they sent me to the deep mines they put me in charge of the supply house and I was there for 12 years, and then I retired in 1985. Interviewer: “Alright, let’s see and when did you get married?” Wait no, let me think. Got married May 13th, 1950. Interviewer: “Did he get that right?” (59:43) Off camera voice: “Right.” Interviewer: “Okay, good, okay seal of approval there. Alright, okay and to think back on it I guess to the time you spent in the service how do you think that affected you or what did you learn from that?” I think it made me realize a lot, you know what life’s all about and it can be short but overall it was really a great experience, really. Interviewer: “Alright, well it makes for a good story so thank you very much for taking your time to share it today.” Oh boy, I survived! �Rensi, Edward � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RensiE2306V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rensi, Edward C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-03 Title A name given to the resource Rensi, Edward (Interview transcript and video), 2019 Description An account of the resource Edward Rensi was born on December 7, 1925 in Parlett, Ohio, and grew up in Wintersville. He received his draft notice on March 14, 1944 when he was eighteen years old and chose to enlist in the Navy. He was then bussed to Great Lakes Naval Training Station near Chicago for Boot Camp. After graduating Boot Camp, Rensi was trained off to Camp Shoemaker, California, where he awaited assignment. In June of 1944, he was shipped out on a troop transport ship from San Francisco to the Marshall Islands. Rensi was then assigned to the USS California. His duty was to clean compartments aboard the ship as well as maintain the ship’s air compressor units. The California sailed to Saipan and then up to the Mariana Islands. Offshore from Saipan and the Marianas, the California fired shells upon the beaches, inland factories, and Japanese ammunition dumps in support of the ground troops. Rensi was on watch the night the California collided with the USS Tennessee, after which he sailed to Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu Island, for repairs. The California was then prepared and redeployed from Palau to support the invasion of the Philippines. In the Lingayen Gulf, the California was struck below the upper control towers by a Japanese kamikaze plane, above Rensi’s former battle station, causing severe fires and damage to sailors and ship alike. After two months of repairs in Bremerton, Washington, the USS California traveled back to California before redeploying to Okinawa in the late spring of 1945. With the end of the war, the California anchored near Japan and Rensi was able to make it ashore twice. He recalled visiting Tokyo and a postwar memorial service in the Philippines, as well as taking other trips to Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Cape Town, South Africa. The California returned to the United States in December of 1945, docking in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the crew prepared it for scrapping. Rensi was then discharged on May 5, 1946 and proceeded to drift around before deciding to move to Detroit, Michigan, for work on the automobile assembly lines. He was laid off several times and eventually went to work in the coal fields near his hometown before retiring in 1985. Reflecting upon his time in the service, Rensi believed the Navy was a tremendous experience, teaching him the value and meaning of life. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Afghan War, 2001-2021—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/968e5b66b27944322947314ab26dc3c3.jpg c83ef1e2f7e08a4fdd5648df51fdcb7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_49_1916-1917_002 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1916-1917 Title A name given to the resource Rensselaerville Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a countryside town among trees and fields. Subject The topic of the resource Rensselaerville (N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f6aeff8027430ba99f3a54220030bb85.jpg f2c0ddb17024893aa3c579d425f18bce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_016 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image multiple cast members are perched on a tall scaffold. They look out as if from the balconies and fire escape of a city apartment building. On the top of the scaffold a middle aged man in a leather coat stands and sings. On the ground a man sits and wraps his arms round himself as if cold. He is also singing. In the background a full moon shines over a graffitied city block. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fd5e2b7d5dc1c327b9b492bf5d72269f.jpg d95d2f40e0aaa57628610dbb9245c8d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_083 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image two actors perform together onstage. A woman stands in front of a microphone stand. She looks seriously into the distance. A man leans on her shoulder and makes a goofy face. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f1997a45025c59ce34918588cc4070e8.jpg 130a7905d1d31dbdc2a2be664faf92b8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_105 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image an ensemble sits in a circle together. Most have paired off and are having conversations with one another. One man holds a camera filming the people around him. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6304ffd1b6c497a076f40c11a3f5b8b0.jpg 70d8e70c82971045f7b52a15e6ce13cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_163 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image a woman in a feathered white robe and gown speaks into a microphone. On her left four actors in cow onesies form a pyramid on their hands and knees. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2f546f96522d19a78a902b423e23bb7a.jpg 8864d2a57b785a93cc11269a9a817777 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_190 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image six cast members stand on restaurant tables, disrupting other customers. Two dance together, two stand and sing, and two kiss each other. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/08c5b2ed27a66d6f17e80b5fbe421d83.jpg b032765ce12f2ea8e7d66873d11acd3b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_194 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image a woman dances while her friends cheer her on and clap. Some cast members stand on tables. The set is of a restaurant. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/83b62a404ae3833950a70b39601464c2.jpg 0a9e2228c21be13159d04347bc7a57b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_218 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image the cast and ensemble stand together onstage singing. An image is projected onto the backdrop of a young boy. Two tall scaffolds bookend the stage. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0adc42d995287ec21f58d39e4f7ef04e.jpg a7f07de4fcca784cae333b38a2137454 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_275 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image a man in white pajamas stands up in bed and raises his hands angelically. He is lit from above by a spotlight. Beside the bed a man sits in the shadows and holds his head in his hands. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5132886b072ab9776ad9206230a6e04c.jpg ce9d9ab988831602f885a6fb899e6e1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_315 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." In this image a man holds a woman who appears to be sick. Behind him two other men look on with concern. The set is dressed like a living room, with sofa and coffee table, and the backdrop is of a brick wall covered in posters. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/31cfc320f5589c2bc19e0913abacb098.jpg a044b6d68cd6a55917a64b83a6cebe66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2009F-Rent_325 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Rent (theater production), 2009 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2009 production of "Rent." Full cast image. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Musicals Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2009s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c0802d970a397994931d59d34b3c5c20.jpg 824201752c47a553f9216545ca6f21ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000180 Title A name given to the resource Rep. Gerald Ford speaking on Allendale campus for the first time Description An account of the resource Rep. Gerald Ford speaking on Allendale campus for the first time. Ford is holding a flag he donated to the school. The flag arrived by anonymous donor in 2008. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006 Universities and colleges College administrators Legislators Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f7454560d69936a10d8c6ab1c4f831d4.jpg c16084c9e8c89c49048d88e837cf7c94 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M2577 Title A name given to the resource Repair ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US AR, Repair ship, January 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-01-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fcae6b7c83053814f0171611b8d6c592.jpg 2b7f10f34cb8f353d3c4d58aa95e494e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X859 Title A name given to the resource Repair ship, battle damage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Repair ship, US ARB (battle damage), April 1, 1952. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7ae0eccd326c6d7bf82ea300d25d3045.pdf f95ea1bd4555ce76bf2798cfd8aae853 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Repertorium iuris utriusque [folium 192] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_192Bertachinus1499 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bertachini, Giovanni, approximately 1448- Description An account of the resource One leaf from Repertorium iuris utriusque by Johannes Bertachinus. Printed in Lyons by Johannes Siber on June 23, 1499. Folium was used to bind Aegidies [A113]. [GW 4159; ISTC ib00501000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lyons: Johannes Siber Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1499 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/acb0e82aea3a091433cb897d80c8f333.pdf 2532fd72a537f4ac44836d8c6564b17c PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Repertorium utriusque iuris [folium 10] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_010Monte1480 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Monte, Petrus de Description An account of the resource One leaf of Repertorium utriusque iuris by Petrus de Monte and edited by Comes de Alvarotis. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. Printed in Padua by Johannes Herbort, de Seligenstadt in 1480. [GW M25372; ISTC im00844000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Padua: Johannes Herbort Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Del Monte, Pietro, 1457-1509 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1480 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Alvarotis, Comes de (editor) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/38a9c172ba3f6a1b7e3910ec3af3196f.pdf 22e2d889c8a8e061f2c0672ae4e3b62e PDF Text Text FROM THE LIBRARY 06 Planning & Zoning Center, Inc; COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS FOR WAYNE COUNTY Ill-A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Report on the Relationship of Property Taxation to I--'and Use DonaJd M. Oak·e s ~,,v,,,P, ~~r-v-a----~~ :. .A.4 :... . - ... ~----~... ' .. ' ,P r ~ ~ ...s ~ ... ~4~j, .... ~\. \Vayne County Planning Commission �ROM THE LIBRARY OF - MARK WYCKOFF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Ill-A Report on the Relationship of Property Taxation to Land Use Part of the Comprehensive Planning Process for "Wayne County I I I I I I I I Donald M. Oakes Public Management Consultant 2518 Foster N.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505 Editing for Publication By Wayne Cow1ty Planning Commission Staff "The preparation of this report was financially aided through a Federal Grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, under the Urban Planning Assistance Program, authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended, administered by the Michigan State Planning Division." Wayne County, Michigan 19 73 �Wayne County Planning Commission COMMISSIONERS 730 CITY- COUNTY BUILDING 2 WOODWARD AVENUE DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48226 PHONE 313 / 224-5018 DONALD D . JUCHARTZ CHAIRMAN JOSEPH B . EVANSKI VICE CHAIRMAN ELEANOR LAWSON SECRETARY FRANCIS P . BENNETT DIRECTOR JOSEPH D , CREA MAURICE W, ROACH LEONARD E. GOODALL MORTON S, HILBERT NATHAN JOHNSON KERMIT K , MEAO THOMAS A , NEENAN CLYDE L. PALMER JOHN L, TRELLAY ASSISTANT OJRECTOR June, 1974 To the Honorable Members of the Wayne County Board of Commissioners 726 City-Cctmty Building Detroit, Michigan 48226 Gentlemen: This report provides an early warning system to local officials as they contemplate the pros and cons of major public expenditures aimed at inducing developlilent. There are circumstances in which the property tax returns cover both short and long range development and operating public costs. There are also circumstances in which long range public dollar and social costs exceed the revenue generated. There are no exact mathematical formulae to tell the local policy maker which is which, but this report can be viewed as a check list of factors which should be considered. Respectfully submitted, • • • • ~~~u~tz1=:5 Wayne County Pl DDJ/FPB/p Comm)s sion �This REPORT is prepared for the WAYNE COUNTY BOARD OF CCMMISSIONERS: Robert E. FitzPatrick, Chairman Brian G. Arrowsmith John Barr Roscoe L. Bobo N. Frank Cylkowski James DeSana Mary E. Dumas Huey A. Ferguson Edgar L. Harris George Hart George F. Killeen John Lesinski Robert D. Mahoney Conrad L. Mallett Richard E. Manning Edward K. Michalski Michael E. Murray Michael J. Reilly Rose Mary C. Robinson Catherine Shavers Paul Silver Jarrette Simmons Ervin A. Steiner, Jr. William G. Suzore Tom F. Taylor Samuel A. Turner Chester Wozniak and for the WAYNE COUNTY BOARD OF AUDITORS: Richard T. Kelly, Chairman Arthur A. Sumeracki, Vice Chairman Leonard D. Proctor, Secretary At the direction of the WAYNE COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION: Donald D. Juchartz, Chairman Joseph D. Crea Joseph B. Evanski Leonard E. Goodall Morton S. Hilbert Nathan Johnson Eleanor Lawson Kermit K. Mead Thomas A. Neenan Clyde L. Palmer John L. Tre 11 ay With the aid of CONSULT..~~T: Donald M. Oakes By the PLANNING COMMISSION STAFF: Francis P. Bennett, Director Maurice W. Roach, Jr., Assistant Director Christine Chominski Othello Colecchia Phyllis Ferguson Gordon Rut tan Rodney Simonds Linda Wedel �TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. INTRODUCTION . . 1 DEVELOPMENT COST FACTORS - INDUSTRIAL. 2 Community Industrial Parks 2 Privately Developed Industrial Parks 2 Heavy Industry Development 3 Development Cost - Marginal Land 4 Summary - Pre-Development Costs 7 8 DEVELOPMENT BENEFIT FACTORS - INDUSTRIAL Property Tax Return on Heavy Industry 8 Property Tax Return - Simulated Examples 8 Industrial Tax Rate Impact 9 10 Employment Potential 12 DEVELOPMENT COST FACTORS - RESIDENTIAL. Residential Land Development Costs 12 Recap Residential Costs 13 Comparison of Valuations - Industrial vs. Residential 14 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 15 Revenue Return Studies 15 Revenue Return - Operation vs. Investment 16 Community Operational Studies 17 Comparison With Wayne Cotmty 19 Dwelling Unit Valuation - Family Income 21 Land Use Valuation Comparison 22 Indirect and Non-Fiscal Factors 22 Indirect Costs 23 Non-Fiscal Costs 23 In Summary 24 �TABLES Page lA - 1972 Valuation, Local Tax Rate, Dollars Raised - Wayne Cotmty 26 1B - Local Taxes, Population, Per Capita and Per Acre Compared - Wayne Cotmty 29 lC - Local Taxes, County Taxes and Per Acre - Wayne County 32 2 - Per Capita City/Township Taxes by Area 35 3 - Cost Revenue Analysis - 21 Cities 37 4 - Dwelling Units - Median Family Income - Wayne County 42 5 - 1972 Equalized Valuation by Land Use 44 Limited Comparison for Multiple Family Dwellings 45 �INTRODUCTION The hypothesis that has been followed for this study revolves arotmd the "quality of life" for the people of Wayne County. In that context, we note that there are contained in the county virtually all types of land uses~ agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial. There are worn out and poor use areas needing rehabilitation and there is vacant open land, and both mu_ ~ ,,.,,.,e proper use planning and zoning as a basis for improving the quality of life. Much land in the count y is industrially zoned. poor land for such use. In fact, much of it is It has always been as su•. 1ed that every community should strive for industrial uses to help increase its tax base and help carry the tax load for services to its residents. Studies to date have shown that many indus- trial uses seem to do this, as far as operating costs are concerned. This study will explore the assumption further. The "industrial competition" between communities is keen and it is believed that the future of the county and its communities should concentrate on some other uses and thereby obtain a better quality of life for their people. The cost of development of some of the undeveloped land may be more expensive, over all, than the revenue the industries would bring in in property taxes. The in- direct and non-fiscal costs they may generate over a long period of time may cancel out the tax benefits. Comparison will be made of the cost to a community of initial provision and long term funding of roads, utilities, and other services. For this com- parison, developing a square mile of raw land zoned for industry has been used as the basis for cost estimates. Even agricultural land could be left as such, if there was a tax incentive to permit a land owner to resist the blandishments of intensive development, mainly money - or expectation of it. -1- �DEVELOPMENT COST FACTORS INDUSTRIAL Community Industrial Parks There are many community industrial park developments in Michigan competing for industry. To be competitive, communities have, in some cases, installed utilities and roads to these parks at the expense of the local taxpayer. Their rationale for this expense is that the industry will bring in many more tax dollars and eventually pay off the expense of the "investment". to this, the industry is expected to bring jobs to the community. In addition In a metro- politan area with good transportation. the local people do not always get these jobs. Under Michigan law, a "tax advantage" cannot be given to any type of valuation. However, the installation of utilities and other necessary "enrichments" is not prohibited. Some land has been zoned for industry along highways or railroads without regard to such matters as soil tests or drainage, simply because according to planning generalizations, it seemed "appropriate." Privately Developed Industrial Parks Inquiry has been made in regard to the cost of development of industrial park land in the metropolitan area. A round figure of $10,000 per acre was obtained as an estimate for development of industrial parks having 1½ and 2 acre lots. II I These figures do not include financing costs and do not include the cost of the land itself. On the basis of developing a square mile, this would cost $6,400,000 for water, sewer, drainage and roads. Were an 8% inter- est cost added for a 30 year period at an average retirement, the total cost would increase to $16,900,000, a figure that can be used later for comparison purposes. -2- "' �These costs presume that the land is high and dry and needs no filling or extensive grading. They also assume that there are no excessive drainage costs. Ideally, the local unit of government requires an industrial park developer to pay all the costs of road, water, sewers and drainage, or allows the developer to contract the work with proper inspection being made by the comnrunity. The developer includes this cost in the sale price of the land which, of course, relates to its competitiveness. The developer must be competitive with other industrial land developers and, therefore, is looking for high and dry land with good soil conditions and a water table low enough to permit building on the land without excessive building costs to the land buyer. Heavy Industry Development Some heavy industry has paid high land and development costs because large assembled acreage was not easily obtainable near the required labor market. Some have also found that to go too far out from the labor market has cost them production dollars in absenteeism - an example of an indirect cost. It is probable that a given total area, if developed by one or two very large industries, might require a smaller public investment than would the same area plotted into small lots. However, the number of such potential industries is so limited that the prospect of securing one is slight in a competitive market. Nearness of bed rock to the surface has also been another consideration in location of heavy industry. The ease of obtaining raw materials and area for storage until used is another consideration, and this probably puts a premium on easy access to the cheaper water transportation. Communities have found that some heavy industry may be detrimental to the community for environmental or social or economic reasons. -3- Among these reasons, �related to public physical service~ are sewage and drainage problems, as well as air pollution problems. Development Costs of Community Sponsored Industrial Parks on Marginal Land Marginal land in this text is described as property which requires substantial preparation to be competitive. An example is low land with a high water table requiring sanitary sewers instead of septic tanks, extensive drainage to lower the water table, provision of drinking and processing water, and provision of adequate heavy duty highway access serving it. In order to attract industry to unattractive land, a community would have to provide these major capital improvements and amortize them over a long period of time. To this end, a check was made of possible cost or investment by a com- munity in such a development. The costs checked are (a) Drainage, (b) Roads, (c) Sanitary Sewers, and (d) Water. a. Drainage Probably the most difficult cost to estimate is the t:n.mk drainage cost for adequately draining the land. Some of the considerations are: the distance from an outlet; the kind of storm drainage that would be required for a particular industry; will this require much roof or paved area where the run-off will be fast; can retention ponds handle this and how much of this valuable industrial land must be used for these ponds; is it possible to run the drainage into an open ditch or will it be necessary to install expensive closed drains? It is rapidly becoming recognized by national, state, and local policy that storm water requires treatment and full-fledged pollution control. Perhaps an open ditch will be satisfactory at this time, but because of future development, the enclosure may have to come later -4- �and the taxpayer or land owners in the whole drainage district have additional taxes in years to come.* , It is well known that open land can afford its own drainage because of the above mentioned conditions. In one community, for a particular simple trunk installed a few years ago, the cost was equal to 5¢ per square foot for an open drain. increased construction costs 6¢ per sq. ft. If we add 20% for since then it would be increased to To project this figure to one square mile, the cost would be about $1,700,000 for the open trunk drain only. not include right-of-way costs. This does If a drain right-of-way of only 60 feet in width for only one mile were to be purchased on industrial land valued at $20,000 per acre, it would take 7.3 acres or another $146,000. The total is now $1,846,000 per square mile. Let us round this off at $2,000,000 for the trunk drainage for one square mile, as it is believed the $1.8 million figure is conservative. At 6% interest and 30 year retirement, the cost to the comnrunity would be $160,000 per year. For purposes of estimates, the average 1972 equalized valuation of the townships in Wayne County with some vacant industrial land still available is about 82 million dollars. On the basis of amor- tizing this, the trunk drainage cost would amount to $1.95 per thousand for each of 30 years. *An examp~e of which can happen is the so-called Red Run Drain in Oakland County. It was widened and deepened over 20 years ago when it ran through virtually vacant land. Since that time, the whole area has been built up. The "ditch" caused odor and mosquito problems in summer months. As a result, there is a large section which now has been enclosed in Royal Oak and Madison Heights at a substantial cost to the communities in the drainage area. Additional covering is expected to be required downstream all the way, possibly,to the outlet near Mt. Clemens at added costs to these same communities in the drainage area plus the_others using the drain along the way. With the accent on pollution free drains and streams today, which will not diminish in the future , added . treatment costs will also require tax dollars. -5- �b. Roads It is estimated that 15% of one square mile would be required for road right-of-ways for industrial use. 13.2 miles of roads. This would require about Because of the heavy amount of traffic gener- ated by the industry at peak periods, a 60 foot pavement width of heavy duty pavement was estimated. The cost of a 60 foot pavement at $820,000 per mile would mean an investment of $10,824,000. Spe- cial assessment could possibly be invoked for½ of this with only $5,412,000 assumed by the community, and this could add $432,960 in bond retirement to be paid back each year for 30 years. At the average township valuation of $82 million, this would amount to $5.28 per $1,000 of equalized valuation. We are assuming drainage to the trunk sewer is included in the costs of road. c. Sanitary Sewer On the above basis, there may be 13.2 miles of sanitary sewer required at diameters between 12" to 48" and at an average estimated cost of $4. 62 million. If one-half of this were "special assessed," the cost would be $2,310,000 or a retirement cost of $184,800 each year, costing $2.25 per thousand valuation on the same basis of valuation. d. Water Using the same basis of estimate, there would be 13.2 miles of water lines required. Most industries use much water, so 16" to 18" mains may be required at an average cost of $110,000 per mile. would amount to $1,452,000. This If half were special assessed, the cost to the community would be $726,000 or retirement of $58,000 each year, and an additional 71¢ per thousand of taxes each year for retirement. -6- �Summary of Pre-Development Costs for Marginal Land Industrial Development The potential costs would be as follows, if one-half of all but trunk drains were special assessed. Total Cost If !2 were Special Assessed Remaining Average Yearly Cost Possible Tax Rate $160,000 $ 1.95 Trunk Drainage $2,000,000 Roads &Local Drainage IO, 824,000 $5,412,000 432,960 5.28 Sanitary Sewers 4,620,000 2,310,000 184,800 2.25 Water 1,452,000 726,000 58,000 0.71 Total $18,896,000 $8,448,000 $835,760 $10.19 No special Assessment $18,896,000 $1,511,680 $18.44 The assumptions above indicate that industry will assume about 45% of the total cost through special assessment in addition to the cost of the land. If they did not, then the community cost could rise to a full $1,511,680 per year or a tax rate of $18.44 per thousand equalized valuation for 30 years. for the development of only one square mile. an $82,000,000 present equalized value. -7- This The assumed tax rate is based on �DEVELOPMENT BENEFIT FACTORS INDUSTRIAL Property Tax Return on Heavy Industry The equalized value of one new industry occupying almost a square mile of property was $51 million. The buildings occupied 54% of the property owned, and the remainder was vacant land. This is not unusual for an industry to provide a "green-belt" or for anticipated further expansion (which does not always materialize). Using the present average equalized valuation of Wayne County Townships with vacant industrial property - $82 million - and adding the $51 million " :--. § valuation, the result is an increase of 38% to the Townships' total. ( After such a plant is c·onstructed and in operation, we can assume that it also would take on part of the burden of paying for the facilities to serve it. In effect, 38% of the burden.* Compare this with the previous example of cost to the taxpayers for the one square mile improvement to marginal land in which the industry pays none of the cost of the improvements by special assessment (seep. 7). In this case, the tax rate per thousand of valuation would decrease from $18.44 to $11.43 with industry making up the difference of $7.01. If the industry assumed an average of 45% of the cost of facilities, the tax rate could decrease from $10.19 to $6.32 per $1,000 of valuation. In any event, the burden on the remainder of the township would be considerable for a 30 year retirement period.* Property Tax Return - On Simulated Industrial Examples A sampling of mixed industrial uses including some industrial park type development and heavy industry was "created" for a hypothetical square mile of *Estimates could be expanded in a similar way to obtain figures for additional areas of potential development. In this connection, seep. 23 dealing with bringing services to the subject development site. LI -8- �land as a further check on the value of industrial land. The sampling was a more intense use of the land with more land occupied than the one'industry sample used Freviously. The equalized valuation of this amounted to $101,000 per acre or about $64,060,000 for a square mile. When compared to the one industry example on a square mile of land, the proportional increase of a community valuation of $82 million would be about 44%. Another hypothetical example of a square mile of heavy industrial land was "created," again using actual valuations of certain properties in Wayne County. This sampling was also for a more intense use of land than in the one industry example. The equalized value was $145,500 per acre or $93,120,000 for one square mile. The proportional increase to a community of $82 million would be 53% and more than double the valuation. Another "testing" was made of a specific area in Wayne County and the land and buildings valuation came to $33,587,800 for a square mile. In the first example, it was found that the personal property valuation was 64% of the total. When this is added, the total valuation to the first above example would be about $94,000,000 for a square mile or $146,000 per acre. This would increase the hypothetical valuation of the "average valuation community" by 53.4% with the added intensified development of just one square mile of industrial land. Industrial Tax Rate Impact In the first example used, we had a cost of $10.19 per $1,000 of equalized value for the Industrial Development costs on "Marginal Land" if the industries assumed 45% on a special assessment basis and $18.44 if no costs were assumed by other than the whole community of $82,000,000 valuation. -9- �Noted below are the comparisons. Example Tax Rate Marginal Land $10.19 Heavy Industry - New Industry 6.32 Mixed Industrial (Example) s. 71 All Heavy Industry (Example) 4. 79 Specific Area-Personal Property Estimated 4.75 Industry does assist in paying part of the cost for the development of one square mile of any community and does help in paying for utility development of the land it occupies. However, it does not pay the whole cost as the community must also assume the over-all responsibility for the debt incurred to attract the industry. Employment Potential It is a reasonable assumption that the desire of communities with open land to secure industrial development is prompted by the prospect of tax returns which they believe will, in effect, subsidize the services being rendered to residential areas. It is also understandable that connnunities look forward to the employment potential and purchasing power, which will be added to the community through industrial development. Both the employment and the purchasing power are obvious "benefits" to be considered in relation to "costs" of services. There are a number of studies which have been made that relate jobs to acreage for different categories of employment. It is of interest in this report to include such figures with respect to a typical newly developed industrial area in Wayne County, well served with rail, highway and freeway access. The areas analyzed lie within corporate boundaries rather than being in a township. In the instance of warehousing, the ratio of employment to acreage was approximately 10 employees per acre. The aggregate land and building assessed valuation of the parcels contained in the sample was approximately $54,600 per acre. -10- �A well planned, almost completely developed new industrial park occupied by manufacturing establishments, provided approximately 25 jobs , per acre. The aggregate land and building assessed valuation of the parcels contained in the sample was approximately $63,500 per acre. Observations were made on an area containing larger establishments, primarily in manufacturing, not contained within an organized . industrial park. The employment-to-land area ratio in this case was in the order of 10 employees per acre. The difference between this situation and that cited in the previous paragraph reflects such consideration as the following: a) the acquisition of generous acreage for possible expansion; b) the provision of the type of landscaping and screen planting which contemporary development standards encourage; and c) the fact that land, being a relatively minor factor in plant investment, and offered in fixed parcels placed on the market one at a time by separate owners as distinguished from the operations of an industrial park, results in some of the industries acquiring more than their minimum requirements. Current hourly rates for the employees of both the warehousing and the manufacturing establishments are in the $4.50 to $5.00 range. This does not include clerical, executive or supervisory categories of employment. -11- �DEVELOPMENT COST FACTORS RESIDENTIAL Residential Land Development Costs Development of a square mile of land for residential purposes was also considered as a comparison to industrial development. Trtmk drainage was estimated at the same cost as industrial development at $2,000,000. There probably would be a similar run-off as with industry because of roof area and driveways. Road rights-of-way were estimated at 30% of the square mile area in keeping with frequent practice. This would involve 60 foot rights-of-way and new 24 foot pavement estimated at 26.7 miles. The cost estimate of $500,000 per mile brings the cost to $13,350,000 for streets. Sanitary sewer was considered at about $200,000 per linear mile and with 26.7 miles of streets along which to build residences this would cost $5,340,000. Water mains for the same mileage were estimated at $80,000 per mile or $2,136,000. The total for this development becomes $22,826,000 for residential land. When a special assessment is levied for½ the cost of all but Trunk Drainage, the balance would be $12,413,000, were the community to assume the unassessed cost as was assumed for th.e marginal land industrial example. The retirement costs on this would average $993,040 each year for 30 year bonds at 6% interest. If the same comparison were used in regard to tax rate required, it would amount to $12.11 per $1,000 of equalized value for a community whose total valuation was $82,000,000. After deducting the rights-of-way, there would be 448 acres to develop as residential. With 15,000 square feet as the minimum lot size, this would accom- modate 2.9 homes per acre or 1330 dwelling units for the square mile. -12- Should �these 1300 housing units average $40,000, the equalized valuation would average $20,000 each and the total equalized value of a square mile of such development would be $26,000,000 or $58,036 per occupied acre. Recap Resident ial Development Costs If½ were Special Assessed Total Cost Total Drainage $2,000,000 Roads &Local Drainage 13,350,000 Sanitary Sewers Remaining Average Yearly Cost Possible Tax Rate $ 160,000 $ 1.95 $ 6,675,000 534,000 6.51 5,340,000 2,670,000 213,600 2 .61 Water 2,136,000 1,068,000 85,440 1.04 Total · $22,826,000 $10,413,000 No Special Assessment The above $993,040* $I, >Q6, 800 $22,826,000 assumptions ✓ indicate $22.28 that the residential development will assume one-half of all but the trunk drainage cost on special assessment. the industry use comparison.) $12.11 (The same as This in addition to the cost of the land. The tax rate for one square mile of development could be $12.11 with the assumed special assessment or $22.28 if all were paid by a community. The assumed tax rate is based on an $82 million present equalized value. *On remaining $12,413,000 for community expense - Seep. 12 for source of this figure. -13- �Comparison of Valuations, Industrial Versus Residential The comparison of equalized value per acre with the industrial example versus the residential example is shown below for a square mile of developed land. Examples Valuation Per Acre $ 93,750 Heavy Industry (New Industry) Mixed Industrial 101,000 All Heavy Industry 148,800 Residential $58,036 The equalized valuation per acre of developed industrial or residential land equates to the return on property taxes as all types of valuation must meet uniformity of taxation requirements in the same community. Thus, the acre of industrial land would pay from 1.62 to 2.56 times more property taxes than the example of residential acre shown above. -14- �GENERAL OBSERVATIONS Revenue Return Studies Community growth and development create a need for public services and facilities. The community itself is responsible for assuming the costs of • these by either increased property taxes, greater return of federal and state revenue, an income tax, or special assessments for particular services. The level of service is determined by the citizens' desire and ability to pay for such services. In communities which develop as residential areas, the cost of public services must be paid primarily by taxes on residential properties. Many communities encourage the development of greater revenue producing land uses such as commercial or industrial development as they have generally been considered as contributing a greater share of municipal revenues for operation in comparison to the services they receive or require. On the other hand, entirely residential properties of medium value do not contribute enough property tax when compared with the costs of services received. Governments serve people and residences contain people who need the services. This applies to police and fire protection, refuse collection and disposal, utilities, roads and streets~ transportation, parks and recreation, cultural activities, and a wide variety of other services. It is important to attempt to develop a balance in the distribution of land use types in order to obtain an adequate tax base which is equitable to all land uses. Th.is is why studies* have been made to determine the service costs (for operation) by land use category to assist in evaluating the economic balance among the various land uses. Such studies dealing with future development are inherently limited by the ability of techniques and projections to anticipate tomorrow with certainty. *Statistics on 21 such studies done in Southeast Michigan are sunnnarized in Table 3 on pp. 37 to 41. See further discussion on p. 17. -15- �There are variables which must be appraised by those with the long local governmental experience in order to provide rational assumptions to serve as the basis for projections. Governmental units do not generally make specific breakdowns of money received from property taxes as related to land use categories and that is the reason that some expertise is needed in cost assignment. The studies for operational costs in relation to the property tax deal only with that aspect and no other local revenues. This has been a major source of revenue, and_until there is major tax refonn, will continue to be. Land development costs by communities do not have a significant part in any of the studies made to date. One must also recognize this fact when it is known that many communities throughout the country have, in the past, used the general property tax to install utilities, roads, and facilities to entice certain developments they thought good for their community. The study results for governmental operation are included here for reference as containing valid assumptions on the communities studied. Some have been made in earlier years, but the projection of an inflated dollar would also apply to property tax return as well as governmental cost of operation. It is appropriate at this point to call attention to the fact that there may be very significant indirect and/or non-fiscal costs and benefits that are inherent in various land use developments. It is extremely important to a com- munity that it be aware of these as it determines its future. This matter will be discussed later. Cost Revenue Return - Operation Versus Invest~ent In 21 cost revenue studies throughout Michigan on relationship of tax return to cost of community operation, it was found that industry more than paid its way for operating purposes. The exception to the "rule" was in townships which had only a 1 mill property tax. There were little or no township services. -16- �By raising the property tax to 5 mills, it was found that industry took up a significant amount of the operating expense. However, there can be no dis- crimination as between types of property assessment, so the residential and commercial property also have to pay five mills. • The residential property would receive more service that perhaps some do not want as yet, and in some cases may not be necessary. The facilities construction costs to attract industry on marginal land is a responsibility of all taxpayers. The industry over the years could "write off" their plant building investment on their income taxes and move out if other conditions were not proper. This leaves the community with the debt. Industry could sell the vacant land providing certain demolition of the building was accomplished, such as removing the corners. This happened at Sault Ste. Marie when a major industry knocked out the corners before "tax day" on December 31st. The community in- stantly lost $4,000,000 of assessment and 12% of its total assessed valuation. Community Operational Studies In Table 3 is the summary of the Cost Revenue Analysis for operation in 21 communities. These studies evaluated expenditures for operational services of the various communities. There was only an occasional capital improvement in- cluded in one or two studies such as utilities, and some bond installment repayments in a few. costs. Therefore, the studies do represent primarily the operational Some communities had a high level of operational services, and those communities with a "heavy industry" tax base _had a wider variety of operational services. These communities also seemed to have a higher residential per acre "deficit" which does indicate that services are primarily for people and they do live on residential acreage. -17- �It is further noted that some communities have only light industry or no significant industrial tax base and the amount of "plus" contribution to the community operation costs is much less, and in two examples has a minor negative impact per acre. This seems to indicate that if a city or township can obtain heavy industry within its borders, they may be able to afford a higher level of service and more diversified services. They also may bring more en- vironmental problems with them and these would be difficult to evaluate from a "dollars and cents" standpoint. Commercial development seems to have paid some "dividends" when they are of a large and substantial nature. The small individual type stores, spread widely over a corrununity, add little as a property tax base. We need both for convenience, and the small corrunercialoperators must continue to be a part of our life style, and they must be encouraged to continue. The studies indicate that in some cities and particular townships which developed or were in the process of development, the population had not yet reached the point of creating a large enough market for extensive and concentrated commercial development. The study dates noted in the Table were placed there because some of the communities have since developed commercial tax base and larger populations to patronize them. This would make a difference, were the studies to be updated as of today. It is also possible that some communities have also added services for their people, and the relative plus and minus impact would be revised upward toward more minus for residential property. For example, the addition of a full-time fire department would add considerably to community operational costs instead of a largely volunteer department. This would also be the result when adding more police protection was considered. Yet we must do both when the density of population increases and more people are to be served. -18- ., �There are only a few examples of office and research or multiple family developments ncted as the breakdown of specific valuations and land use acreages were not avilable at the time of the studies. It may be wise for more communities to do further research in this direction. In the studies to date, both offices and multiple family developments seem to indicate they are "plusses." However, it also must be stated that no community can direct its development to all of one type or another. There should be some balance of land use categories in every community to best serve their public. The only other way would be to accept the fact that if a community prefers to remain residential, it must be prepared to pay the property taxes necessary to support the services it desires and is willing to afford. The exception to this would be the community with very expensive homes and a low population density. This seems quite evident in the Tables developed in this study. This is not possible for all communities, as a pattern seems to have been fanned with present developments. The search for a fine community "address" has attracted the population able to afford more expensive homes. However, there are only limited numbers of people able to afford these, and a fast developing community cannot be sure it will be able to attract such developments. takes much tL~e to change the present pattern. It also Heavy industry and homes, inexpen- sive as well as expensive, do not seem compatible in any of the study communities. Comparisons with Wayne County The intention of the Wayne County study was to make comparison for consideration by Planning Commissions and governing bodies that had the responsibility of choice for the future welfare of their communities and the people they serve. Care must be taken to make those choices that would best serve now and in the distant future. Instant "profit" can be obtained from certain development, but -19- �what of the future when the service level has been increased and the property tax base deteriorates with age or because of some new technology development. For example, industry formerly developed as multiple story buildings and now seems to seek one story structures on larger land parcels, in order to operate efficiently and for profit. ✓ We cannot, as governing bodies, anticipate the technological changes, but we can exercise some care on the impact of certain operations on specific tracts of land. The availability of rail freight service was an index we formerly used as a natural site for industry. With advent of freeways and better trucking ser- vice, the railroad_s are no longer the sole basis for such decisions.* These decisions must also be made for communities where the residential development has aged to the point of needing replacement or high-rise industry has outlived its usefullness, or strip commercial development has proved to be unrentable. These are very difficult decisions and there is no assurance that everyone is capable of accepting them in regard to the use of their properties. They may even lose valuation in the process, and no one cares to consider that possibility for any property they may own. Another possible solution is to consider the "regional designation" of land use and occupancy. We know that communities desire to maintain their Home Rule status and vie with others to obtain adequate tax base. This is a problem in Wayne County as well as in all the other 82 counties in Michigan and elsewhere. We believe in this principle, but re&lize we must look beyond some borderline road or stream or natural or man-made border to assign the land uses properly. It will take a long time to change any pattern which has already been formed. *With respect to the current emphasis on the Energy Crisis, it is throughout this report assumed that the basic issue of an alternative to fossil fuels as an energy source will have been solved within the "lifetime" of existing communities. �It would be costly to do revenue studies for each of the 43 communities in Wayne Cotmty, but it is possible. So in order to save expense and still make this study relevant, an attempt has been made to make comparison with similar connnunities in Wayne and elsewhere from studies already completed. It may also be unwise to emphasize the comparison between communities in Wayne County further, in the event that such studies would tend to accelerate the competition between them for the tax dollars. This could be a costly future course and not improve the proper land use development or overall good of the connnunity, county, or state. Wayne County Dwelling Unit Valuation Equated with Family Income Table 4 shows the Residential equalized valuation of each local unit of government in Wayne Cotmty for 1972 and the number of Dwelling Units in each unit as of 1970 U.S. Census. This was then divided to give an estimated Dwelling Unit equalized valuation for each community. The so-called True Cash Value of these homes would be twice as much as the valuation listed herein. Detroit had 60.8% of the dwelling units, cities outside of Detroit had 34.2%, and the townships had 5% of the dwelling units in the county. The value of the residential properties were made up of 43.5% for Detroit, cities outside of Detroit had 47.2%, ahd the townships 9.3%. Residential valuation of the entire county was 48.3% of the total (This is also shown in Table 5). The percentage of valuation of the in- dividual communities to the residential valuation ranged from 95.7% in the Village and about 82% in two communities to about 8% of the value of the community. The 1969 Median Family Income is also listed in Table 4, and it is interesting to note that there is a surprising similarity between the average family income and the equalized valuation in over half of the communities in the county. -21- �~ In those communities, it would essentially mean that the average family income group would own residences equal in true cash value to twice their yearly income. One example was selected to test some theories that have been used over the years on the relationship of family income to the amount that should be paid for "shelter." Taxes of this community (predominately residential) were com- puted at about $740.00 per year for school, city and county. assumed at $200.00. Insurance was Comparing this to a median family income of $13,000, the family would pay 24% of their income for "she! ter." This does not include utili- ties, but -only those costs listed above. Wayne County Land Use Valuation Comparison This Table shows the fact that in 1972, industry made up 33.1% of the value. Residential was 48.3%, and commercial value was 18.3%. Commercial and industrial value together just reached 51.4% or slightly more than the residential value in the county. Real property (land and buildings) comprise 76.5% of the value and personal property (machinery, fixtures, stock and all utilities) was 23.5%. Agricultural property is three-tenths of 1% of the valuation of the county. There is still agricultural property in 6 townships and four cities. This is listed as a percentage of the total value of the community in which it is located. Indirect and Non-Fiscal Factors The previous pages have dealt almost exclusively with the measurable fiscal costs of development as it occurs at the point of development. sion of two additional factors follows. fiscal costs. A brief discus- These are indirect fiscal costs and non- Obviously, there are also benefits of both kinds to be weighed in making public development decisions. -22- •~ • • • • • • - �As has been stated., the general practice in considering cost of public services concentrates on operations rather than initial developaent or installation costs. Indirect Costs A £actor of importance which a connunity must consider is the extent and cost of bringing services to the development site. If., for example., we assume an industrial park of certain size and type will involve an investment of "X" public dollars in "on site" services., but the site is located some distance from the nearest source of such services (sewer or water lines or paved roads of sufficient capacity to meet industrial requirements., etc.)., the development costs must include such extensions. Th.is cannot be quantified in this report excepting where writ costs are included because the extent of such added services cannot be foreseen in a general sense; it must be computed for each case. Additional £actors include the full range of publicly funded services which those occupying the developaents will take for granted. These are ade- quate professional £ire and police protection., recreation., good schools., housing at a wide range of prices and qualities., cultural opportunities., etc. It can be argued that SCllle of these should be provided on a regional or multi-community basis., since it would obviously be wasteful to expect each service to be completely provided within each civil division. Nevertheless., there are clear trends which indicate that each community must carry its share of the financial andsocial burden of providing those services that are shared. Non-Fiscal Costs This is an era of rapid change in which ■any concepts., and aspirations are being challenged. definitions of service and quality. historically accepted standards., New voices are calling £or new "One man - one vote.," -23- "citizen involvement.," �"environmental impact," "stabilized population," "growth policy," are recent additions to the average vocabulary. They translate into questioning of a long standing premise of the industrial society, i.e., "Bigger is better." Certainly the£e are economies of scale, and there must be adequate numbers of producers and consumers to permit a modern free economy to function. "Littler is better" is no sounder a phrase than its opposite. This report makes no effort to prejudge the social costs of any development against its gains since these are matters that must properly be the result of local decisions. On the other hand, the report does suggest that any community, in considering its long range aspirations, take a careful, in-depth look at the realistic costs and benefits which will be generated by its plans. Such an analysis would involve initial and operational costs of public services, acceptable levels of services, indirect and social costs, taxing policies and tax reform potentials, identifiable trends in population, industrial, and commercial requirements, housing, educational and recreational needs, and a full range of options available to citizens to achieve their personal as well as collective aspirations. And most importantly, such an analysis must look ahead to the time when the glamour of newness has worn off and obsolescence has set in. When such an analysis, done objectively, leads to a balance on the side of benefits rather than costs, then development is sound. Otherwise, development may be a serious error. In Summary We may conclude that good clean valuable industry will help materially in assisting with operational costs of providing essential services through the property tax versus residential acreage which generally does not produce enough tax revenue to support itself. -24- �We may further conclude that development of industry on marginal land would be costly - that if a community were to subsidize this, it might be too costly • for them and of dubious long term benefit. We might also question uncontrolled developing of residential property as it does not pay its own way through the property tax. (On marginal land, both residential and industrial development are of questionable tax production value.) But we cannot have communities with only industry and no residential land~ Where would the people live who must serve these industries? There must be a mixture in a commrmity or a region. Perhaps the_best conclusion would be to plan our communities and regions carefully, and review these plans on a continuing basis. What kind of community do we want? We live here. We have a investment here. We will be inter- ested in how the community will be able to survive financially, ecologically> culturally, and in all the other significant elements that make for a "quality of life" environment. The growing co11DDunities with vacant land must take. opment. the most care in devel- Should some of this land be left for open space, parks, and other agree- able purposes? If it is private property, there must be some tax relief given through State Legislative permissives. If it is to be park, then the conmunity or other governmental agency must make plans to acquire it. We all note some ''woods" or open space land in some of the older commrmities that someone or a group decided should be a park years ago. sight to thank for that . . What will be our legacy? -25- We have their fore- \, , �TABLE lA (Page 1 of 3) 1972 VALUATION, LOCAL TAX RATE, DOLLARS RAISED WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN UNIT TOWNSHIPS 1972 EQUALIZED VALUATION Brownstown $105,402,760 LOCAL TAX RATE DOLLARS RAISED $106,457 Canton 91,616,280 4.04 370,130 Grosse Ile 55,684,135 9.20( 1) 551,273 Grosse Pte.* (Shores - Village) 40,364,980 Huron 37,772,760 13.12 495,579 Northville 50,128,640 1.01 50,630 Plymouth 161,799,330 3.28 530,702 Redford 408,564, llO 5.55 2,267,531 Slll!lpter 30,764,370 7.47 229,810 Van Buren 94,857,650 7.47 708,587 TOTAL TOWNSHIPS 40,768 $1,076, 955,015 $5,351,467 CITIES Allen Park $207,616,180 12.50 $2,595,202 Belleville 12,054,560 8.09 97,521 Dearborn 970,160,470 21,00 20,373,370 Dearborn Hgts. 321,757,450 11. 28 3,629,424 Ecorse 193,883,100 22.15 4,294,511 84,052,930 11.00 924,582 132,711,900 17.00 2,256,102 Gibraltar 42,093,420 13.00 547,214 Grosse Pte. City 53,674,820 21.18 1,136,833 Grosse Pte. Farms 104,591,380 15.85 1,657,773 Flat Rock Garden City 1. Includes Drain Tax of $2.90. *Grosse Pte. Twp. and Village includes only valuation and population in Wayne County. -26- I I I I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �TABLE lA (Page 2 of 3) 1972 VALUATION, LOCAL TAX RATE, DOLLARS RAISED WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN UNIT 1972 EQUALIZED VALUATION CITIES LOCAL TAX RATE DOLLARS RAISED Grosse Pte. Park $ 85,092,090 Grosse Pte. Woods 147,063,620 12.98(l) 1,908,886 Hamtramck 127,503,410 23.45 2,989,955 Harper Woods 113,901,620 11.20C 2J 1,959,108 Highland Park 190,027,100 22.55( 3 ) 4,285,111 Inkster 115,396,480 19.80( 4 ) 2,284,850 Lincoln Park 185,643,720 15.70 2,914,606 Livonia 795,589,860 9.08 7,223,956 Melvindale 69,085,660 18.20 1,257,359 Northville* 21,445,820 10. 20 218,747 Plymouth 70,908,560 14. 70 1,042,356 244,935,850 20.00 4,898,717 Riverview 79,945,060 20.00 1,598,901 Rockwood 16,502,580 15.50 255,790 Romulus 175,196,120 12.50 2,189,952 Southgate 145,869,150 12. 75( 5 ) 1,859,832 Taylor 318,386,810 14.20 4,521,093 Trenton 345,952,600 11. 00 3,805,479 Wayne 127,307,870 17.05 2,170,599 River Rouge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Includes Includes Includes Includes Includes Drain Drain Drain Drain Drain Tax Tax Tax Tax Tax of of of of of $17.50 $1,489,112 $3.50. $3. 70. $1. 00 $0.80 $0.35 *Northville includes only valuation and population in Wayne Cotmty. -27- -------~~ -- --- -- - - �(Page 3 of 3) TABLE lA 1972 VALUATION, LOCAL TAX RATE, DOLLARS RAISED WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN UNIT LOCAL TAX RATE 1972 EQUALIZED VALUATION CITIES DOLLARS RAISED Westland $318,261,490 $13.14(!) Woodhaven 104,304,710 9.00 938,742 Wyandotte 205,352,890 15.27 3,135,739 16.25 655.931 Grosse Pte. Shores Vil. (In Twp. Total) $4,181,956 Total Cities Except Detroit 6,126,269,280 95,269,309 Detroit 5,770,590,140 156,036,757 $11, 89.6, 859,420 $251,306,066 1,076,955,015 5,351,467 $12,973,814,43~ $256,657,533 TOTAL ALL CITIES AND VILLAGE TOTAL TOWNSHIPS TOTAL WAYNE COUNTY 1. Includes Drain Tax of $1.51. -2 8- I I I I •I • •I I I • • • • • • • • �(Page 1 of 3) TABLE 18 LOCAL TAXES POPULATION, PER CAPITA AND PER ACRE COMPARED WAYNE COUNlY, MIClHGAN UNIT 1970 POPULATION Brownstown 7,012 $ 15 15,161 11,026 34 23,117 16 Grosse Ile 7,799 71 6,682 83 Grosse Pte. (Shores-Vil.) 2,907 14 1,101 37 Huron 8,030 62 22,950 22 Northville 9,522 5 10,688 5 Plymouth 17,497 30 10,189 52 Redford 71,901 32 7,200 315 Sumpter 8,091 28 23,974 10 13,162 54 23,142 31 156,947 34* 144,204 Allen Park 40,747 64 4,582 566 Belleville 2,406 41 614 159 104,199 196 15,661 1,301 Dearborn Hgts. 80,069 45 7,725 470 Ecorse 17,515 245 1,754 2,448 5,643 164 3,840 241 41,864 54 3,757 601 Gibraltar 3,325 164 2,784 197 Grosse Pte. City 6,637 171 845 1,345 Grosse Pte. Farms 11,701 142 2,042 812 Canton , , , , - Van Buren TOTAL 1UWNSHIPS LOCAL TAX PER CAPITA LOCAL TAX PER ACRE TOWNSHIPS ACREAGE $ 7 37** CITIES Dearborn Flat Rock Garden City *Local Tax Per Capita of all townships. **Local Tax Per Acre of all townships. -29~ - -- �TABLE 1B (Page 2 of 3) LOCAL TAXES POPULATION, PER CAPITA AND PER ACRE COMPARED WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN CITIES 1970 POPULATION LOCAL TAX PER CAPITA ACREAGE LOCAL TAX PER ACRE Grosse Pte. Park 15,585 $ 96 1,734 Grosse Pte. Woods 21,878 87 2,131 896 Hamtramck 27,245 110 1,338 2,235 Harper Woods 20,186 97 1,683 1,164 Highland Park 35,444 121 1,895 2,261 Inkster 38,595 59 4,019 569 Lincoln Park 52,984 55 3,795 768 110,109 66 22,950 315 Melvindale 13,862 91 1, 741 722 Northville 3,033 72 723 302 Plymouth 11,758 89 1,427 730 River Rouge 15,947 307 I, 792 2,733 Riverview 11,342 141 2,842 563 Rockwood 3,119 82 1, 728 148 Romulus 22,879 96 23,066 95 Southgate 33,909 55 4,378 425 Taylor 70,020 65 15,123 299 Trenton 24,127 158 4,704 809 Wayne 21,054 103 3,846 564 Westland 86,749 48 13,069 320 Woodhaven 3,330 281 4,033 232 Wyandotte 41,061 76 3,545 884 Livonia $ 859 I I I 'I I I I I I • ~ ~ ~ -30- ~ �(Page 3 of 3) TABLE 1B LOCAL TAXES POPUIATION., PER CAPITA AND PER ACRE CDMPARED WAYNE CORITY., MICHIGAN UNIT 1970 POPUIATION CITIES Grosse Pte. Shores Vil. LOCAL TAX PER CAPITA ACREAGE 226 (1.,101) $ LOCAL TAX PER ACRE 596 (In Twp.) 998.,322 Total Cities Except Detroit 95* Detroit 1,511.,482 103 roTAL ALL CITIES AND VILIAGE 2.,509.,804 100*** roTAL TOWNSHIPS roTAL WAYNE CDUNTY *Local **Local ***Local ****Local Tax Tax Tax Tax Per Per Per Per 165,165 89.,350 254,516 577** 1.,746 987**** 156.,947 34 144.,204 37 2.,666.,751 96 398., 720 643 Capita of all Cities except Detroit. Acre of all Cities except Detroit. Capita of all Cities and Village. Acre of all Cities and Village. -31- �TABLE lC (Page 1 of 3) LOCAL TAXES COUNTY TAXES PER CAPITA AND PER ACRE WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN UNIT TOWNSHIPS COUNTY TAX RATE COUNTY TAX DOLLARS Brownstown $ 7.16 $ COUNTY TAX PER CAPITA COUNTY TAX PER ACRE 754,683 $ 108 $ 52 Canton 7.16 655,973 59 28 Grosse Ile 7.16 398,698 51 60 Grosse Pte. ( Shores - Vi 1.) 7.16 289,013 99 263 Huron 7.16 270,453 34 90 Northville 7.16 358,921 38 34 Plymouth 7.16 1,158,476 66 114 Redford 7.13 2,913,062 41 405 Sumpter 7.13 219,350 27 9 Van Buren 7 .13 676,335 51 29 $7,694,964 49 54 TOTAL TOWNSHIPS • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I I CITIES Allen Park 7.14 $1,482,380 36 324 Belleville 7.16 86,3ll 36 131 Dearborn 7.12 6,907,543 66 441 Dearborn Hgts. 7.16 2,303,783 29 298 Ecorse 7.12 1,380,448 79 787 Flat Rock 7.16 601,819 107 141 Garden City 7.16 950,217 23 253 Gibraltar 7.16 301,389 78 108 Grosse Pte. City 7.16 384,312 58 455 Grosse Pte. Farms 7.12 744,691 64 365 Grosse Pte. Park 7.16 609,259 39 351 -32- I I I I ' ' ' �Z: TABLE IC (Page 2 of 3) LOCAL TAXES COUNTY TAXES PER CAPITA AND PER ACRE WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN COUNTY a>UNTY CITIES TAX RATE TAX DOLLAR Grosse Pte. Woods $ 7.16 $1,052,976 48- 494 Hamtramck 7.16 912,924 34 682 Harper Woods 7.10 808,702 40 481 Highland Park 7.12 1,352,993 38 714 Inkster 7.14 823,931 21 205 Lincoln Park 7.16 1,329,209 25 350 Livonia 7.13 5,672,556 52 247 Melvindale 7.16 494,653 36 284 Northville 7.16 153,552 51 202 Plymouth 7.16 507,705 43 356 River Rouge 7.16 I, 753,741 110 1132 Riverview 7.16 572,407 50 201 Rockwood 7.16 118,158 37 68 RoDllllUS 7.16 1,254,404 55 54 Southgate 7.16 1,044,423 31 238 Taylor --------- 7.16 2,279,650 33 150 Trenton 7.14 2,470,102 102 525 Wayne 7.13 907,705 43 236 Westland 7.16 2,278,752 26 174 Woodhaven 7.16 746,822 209 178 Wyandotte 7.12 1,462,113 36 41 99 263 Grosse Pte. Shores - Vil. (In Township) COUNTY TAX PER CAPITA COUNTY TAX PER ACRE �TABLE lC (Page 3 of 3) LOCAL TAXES COUNTY TAXES PER CAPITA AND PER ACRE WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN UNIT CITIES COUNTY TAX RATE TOTAL CITIES EXCEPT DETROIT COUNTY TAX DOLLAR COUNTY TAX PER CAPITA COUNTY TAX PER ACRE $43,749,630 95 264 40,971,190 103 459 TOTAL ALL CITIES &VILLAGE 84,720,820 100 332 TOTAL 1DWNSHIPS 7,694,964 34 53 92,415,784 96 232 DETROIT TOTAL WAYNE COUNTY 7.10 -34- I I ' 'I I - �TABLE 2 (Page 1 of 2)_ PER CAPITA CITY OR 'IUWNSHIP TAXES SQUARE MILES OF AREA DENSITY PER SQUARE MILE WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN Per Capita City or Twp. Local Taxes Square Miles Density Per Sguare Mile $ 307 2.42 6,590 Woodhaven 263 6.55 544 Ecorse 245 2.74 6,392 Grosse Pte. Shores Village* 226 1. 72 1,690 Dearborn 196 24.47 4,258 Grosse Pte. City 171 1.32 5,028 Flat Rock 164 6.67 846 Trenton 158 7.35 3,283 Gibraltar 142 4.35 883 Grosse Pte. Farms 142 3.19 3,668 Riverview 141 4.44 2,555 Highland Park 121 2.96 11,974 Hamtramck llO 2.09 13,036 Detroit 103 139.61 10,837 Wayne 103 6.01 3,503 Harper Woods 97 2.63 7,675 Per Capita Average 96.18 Romulus 96 36.04 635 Grosse Pte. Park 96 2. 71 5,751 Melvindale 91 2. 72 5,096 Plymouth 89 2.23 5,273 Grosse Pte. Woods 87 3.33 6,570 Rockwood 79 2.70 1,194 River Rouge *Village Tax Only -35- - - - -- - -- - - - - - -- �(Page 2 of 2) TABLE 2 I ,. PER CAPITA CITY OR TOWNSHIP TAXES sguARE MILES OF AREA DENSITY PER SQUARE MILE WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN Per Capita City or Twp. Local Taxes Square Miles Wyandotte 76 5.54 7,412 Northville 72 1.19 2,540 Grosse Ile Twp. 71 10.44 7'4 7 Livonia 66 35!86 3,071 Taylor 65 23.63 2,963 Allen Park 64 7.16 5,691 Huron Twp. 62 46.80 172 Inkster 59 6.28 6,146 Southgate 55 6. 84 4,957 Lincoln Park 55 5.93 8,935 Garden City 54 5.87 7,132 Van Buren Twp. 54 36.09 365 Westland 48 20.42 4,248 Dearborn Hgts. 45 12.07 6,634 Belleville 41 1.03 2,336 Canton Twp. 34 36.12 305 Redford Twp. 32 11.25 6,391 Plymouth Twp. 30 15.92 5,273 Sumpter Twp. 28 37.46 216 Brownstown Twp. 15 22. 77 308 Grosse Pte. Twp.* 14 16.65 572 Northville Twp. 5 *Twp. Tax in addition to Village Tax. ~ -36- I Density Per Square Mile I I I • • • • • • • • • • • • • �tl-'age TABLE 3 CDST REVENUE ANALYSIS - GOVERNMENTAL OOMPARISON (For Operation Onll) COMPARISON CW ACREAGE BASIS Residential Single Family t.llltiple Family -Low High Rise Royal Oak (1971) (1971) Tren ton ( 1969) -971 -2, 952 +262 +191 -845 +482 -135 +1,932 -355 -874 -6 -3 +382 -668 Commercial +510 &Research +662 &'IV +73 Industrial +177 Radio ,, ,, Troy (1968) Mobile Home Court Office fJ Southfield Utilities +482 Golf Courses -65 Vacant -59 -25 1970 Populations 69,285 39,419 86_.238 24,127 Taxable Acreage Non-Taxable Acreage Total 13,053 3.,995 17,048 16,413 5,013 21,426 5, 327 2,283 7,610 3, 064 1,430 4,494 $18,141 $14,955 $13,619 $14 ,581 Median Income ) -37- -216 I '- of 5) �TABLE 3 (Page 2 of 5) COST REVENUE ANALYSIS - GOVERNMENTAL COMPARISON (For Operation Only) COMPARISON ON ACREAGE BASIS Portage (1969) Residential Single Family Owosso (1969) Port Huron (1967) Roseville (1967) -373 -686 -783 -596 -17 +486 +504 +172 +439 +275 +717 +127 -93 -108 Multiple Family-Low High Rise Mobile Home Court Coilllilercial Office Radio &Research &'P.V Industrial Utilities +2,674 Golf Courses -75 Vacant -11 -172 1970 Populations 33,590 17,179 35,794 60,529 Taxable Acreage Non-Taxable Acreage Total 17,769 4,193 21,962 1,568 1,152 2,720 2,948 1,854 4,802 4,651 1,633 6,284 $9,792 $12,262 Median Income I I I I I I II • • • • • • • • ~ ~ ~ -38- ~ �' (Page 3 of 5) TABLE 3 cosr REVENUE ANALYSIS - GOVERNMENTAL OOMPARISON (For Operation Only) COMPARISON ON ACREAGE BASIS Sterling Twp. (1965) Residential Single Family Redford Twp. (1967) Clinton Twp . (1967) Ypsi. Twp. (1968) -89 -362 -137 - 460 -127 +264 +20 +147 +10,568 +844 +188 +642 -15 -133 -4 -8 61,365 71,901 48,865 33,194 9,707 4,592 2,570 7,162 13,558 4,468 18,026 16,842 3,305 20,147 $13,793 $13,811 $13,400 $12,110 M.lltiple Family-Low High Rise Mobile Home Court Cmmnercial Office Radio &Research &1V Industrial Utilities Golf Courses Vacant 1970 Populations Taxable Acreage Non-Taxable Acreage Total Median Income -39- �(Page 4 of 5) TABLE 3 COST REVENUE ANALYSIS - GOVERNMENTAL COMPARISON (For Operation Only) COMPARISON ON ACREAGE BASIS Corunna (1968) Residential Single Family Owosso Twp. ( 1968) Caledonia (1968) Jonesville (1966) Plymouth Units -658 -88 -83 +319 -85 +409 +24 +4 -203 +23 +25 +52 +23 -99 +2,465 -24 -1 -1 -3 -100 2,829 4,002 4;;292 2,061 Taxable Acreage 1,244 Non- Taxable Acreage 495 Total 1,739 20,141 1,088 21,229 19,713 1,060 20,773 1,219 220 1,439 Multiple Family-Low High Rise Mobile Home Court Commercial Office Radio &Research &TV Industrial Utilities Golf Courses Vacant 1970 Populations Median Income 913 540 1,453 $13,082 -40- �TABLE 3 (Page 5 of 5) CX>ST REVENUE ANALYSIS - OOVERNMENTAL COMPARISON (For Operation Only) COMPARISON ON ACREAGE BASIS Harrison Twp~ (1969) Residential Single Family Fayette Twp. (1966) -169 -51 Hillsdale (1966) Tecumseh (1969) -507 -546 Multiple Family-Low High Rise Mobile Home Court Connnercia 1 +15 +2 +89 +85 +83 +l +134 +805 -4 -40 -8 -26 1970 Populations 18,755 2,933 7,728 7~120 Ta,xable Acreage Non-Taxable Acreage Total 4,767 5,566 10,333 13,155 514 13,669 2,132 667 2,799 2,197 679 2,876 Office Radio &Research &TV Industrial Utilities Golf Courses Vacant Median Income $12,000 -41- �-= TABLE 4 (Page 1 of 2) DWELLING UNITS AND MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME UNIT AVERAGE D.U. VALUATION 1969 MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME TOWNSHIPS 1972 RES. EQUALIZED VALUATION 1970 DWELLING UNITS Brownstown $24,763,248 2,109 $11,742 $11,800 Canton 45,836,760 3,339 13,728 12,100 Grosse Ile 45,730,605 2,319 19,720 19,475 Grosse Pte. (Village) 38,644,880 924 41,823 32,565 Huron 24,917,046 2,140 11,643 11,874 Northville 36,208,350 1,812 19,983 15,800 Plymouth 68,389,780 5,004 13,667 14,600 Redford 232,044,877 19,984 11,612 13,811 Sumpter 16,876,740 2,279 7,405 10,367 Van Buren 42,044,468 3,665 11,472 13,400 575,456,754 43,575 13,206 Allen Park 139,887,555 11,619 12,040 14,153 Belleville 7,018,999 844 8,316 11,584 Dearborn 345,458,961 35,304 9,785 13,257 Dearborn Hgts. 263,568,678 22,749 11,586 13,499 Ecorse 27,401,997 5,481 4,999 9,706 Flat Rock 16,153,355 1,586 10,185 12,700 107,449,747 10,571 10,165 12,994 Gibraltar 12,218,300 972 12,570 12,656 Grosse Pte. City 41,614,870 2,360 17,633 Grosse Pte. Farms 92,940,520 3,793 24,503 21,798 Grosse Pte. Park 78,948,650 4,948 15,956 17,760 Grosse Pte. Woods 129,377,500 6,508 19,880 18,981 TOTAL TOWNSHI_PS CITIES Garden City -42- 11 11 11 - 11 11 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ l l l 1 �(fage 2 of 2) TABLE 4 DWELLING UNITS AND MEDIAN FAMILY INCDME 1970 DWELLING UNITS AVERAGE D.U. VALUATIOO 1969 MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME $35., 835., 712 10.,964 $ 3.,268 $ 9.,395 Harper Woods 70.,666.,990 6.,499 10.,874 13.,534 Highland Park 35.,870.,185 13.,507 2.,656 8.,716 Inkster 80.,751.,408 10.,843 7.,447 11.,290 Lincoln 128.,985.,460 16.,221 7.,952 12.,131 Livonia 401.,055.,338 28.,134 14.,255 15.,216 Melvindale 32.,037.,077 4.,487 7.,140 11.,523 Northville 9.,211.,570 1,113 8,276 14.,387 Plymouth 38.,557.,858 3.,923 9.,829 13.,082 River Rouge 19.,353.,552 5.,316 3.,642 9.,433 Riverview 35.,204.,400 . 2.,988 11., 782 13.,913 Rockwood 9.,035.,080 807 11,196 12.,403 Romulus 51.,260.,004 6,174 7.,567 10.,900 Southgate 94.,669.,188 9.,320 10,158 13.,053 Taylor 184.,319.,697 18.,916 9.,744 11,977 Trenton 80.,386.,980 6,641 12,094 14.,581 Wayne 49., 718.,415 6,105 8.,144 11.,878 Westland 205., 711., 714 23.,654 8.,697 12,687 Woodhaven 20.,036,140 1,203 16,665 13,400 Wyandotte 99,348,220 13,241 7,503 11,283 Total Cities Except Detroit 2,944,054,120 297,397 9,899 Detroit 2,715,649,554 529,185 5,132 TOTAL ALL CITIES 5.,659.,703.,674 826,582 6,847 575,456,754 43,575 13,206 6,235,160,428 870,157 7,166 CITIES Hamtramck TOTAL TOWNSHIPS 'f TOTAL WAYNE COUNTY 1972 RES. EQUALIZED VALUATIOO' -43- 10,045 �I TABLE 5 1972 LAND USE EQUALIZED VALUATION COMPARISON WAYNE COUNTY, MI CHI GAN CATEGORY REAL PROPERTY Agricultural $ 43,335,951 Residential 6,235,135,426 Connnercial 1,725,426,537 Industrial 1,882,157,971 $ PERCENTAGE 0.3% 43,335,951 6,235,135,426 48.1 647,800,890 2,373,227,427 18.3 1,951,376,470 3,833,534,441 29.6 447,560,590 447,560,590 3.5 31,021,388 0.2 $ Utility Act 189 TOTAL PERSONAL PROPERTY 31,021,388 $9,917,077,273 $3,046,737,950 $12,963,815,223 76.5% 23.5% 100.0% 100% The industrial and utility totals are generally lumped together when reference to "Industry" is made. In this case, "Industry" would comprise 33.1% of the total for Wayne County. Note: The above valuations were reduced from True Cash value, and the final total is just $10 million under the published equalized valuation total. For the purpose of this study, the figures are accurate enough . -44- I I i i i i i I i i I I �LIMITED COMPARISON FOR MULTIPLE FAMILY DWELLINGS In a sampling 0£ only six developments, including £our apartment complexes, one condominium, and one cooperative, it was £ound that there were 1105 dwelling units whose average valuation was $7800 per unit. The 1105 dwelling units occupied 79 acres, and the average acreage valuation was $109,000. I£ we consider 3.5 people per dwelling unit per household, and there are 2.9 homes per acre on our previous example, we must serve 10.15 people per acre for $58,036 value or $5,718 per capita. If we consider 2.5 people per dwelling tmit in apartments and there are 1105 apartment dwelling tmits, we would be serving 2763 people (35 people per acre) served by $109,000 valuation or $3,114 value per capita. In this, we could conclude that we are serving more people but they are concentrated, and so the service per capita or per acre would amount to less for operational purposes. The sampling is only from two comnnmities in Wayne County and, therefore, may not show a valid comparison for the purposes of this study. -45- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Wayne-County_Comprehensive-Planning-Report_1973 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wayne County Planning Commission, Wayne County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Title A name given to the resource Report on the Relationship of Property Taxation to Land Use Description An account of the resource The Report on the Relationship of Property Taxation to Land Use as part of the comprehensive planning process for Wayne County was prepared by the Wayne County Planning Commission with the assistance of Donald M. Oakes in 1973. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Donald M. Oakes (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Wayne County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4f58e639681691fce484937fbc927bf9.jpg 60beb561da6a3df78990dbe2a3eb0219 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc652b2e3961a8eaa4884e2f055da7a7.jpg 4d07f2e342fd2b8d5981c2cc89b49219 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Repudiation Description An account of the resource Caricature of man depicting the South refusing to pay invoices for Northern merchandise. Design in full color on white envelope. Berlin & Jones, 134 William St. N.Y. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-49_PE016 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Postal service--United States--History Covers (Philatety)--United States--History Patriotic envelopes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War patriotic envelopes, (RHC-49)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f3b47d3e66d54dd6fba7c1ba3df966be.pdf 6682d8710721d86be3102ed64fb72756 PDF Text Text "To Save One Life is to Save the Whole World." The Talmud RESCUERS OF THE HOLOCAUST: PORTRAITS BY GAY BLOCK and WEST MICHIGAN RESCUERS: PORTRAITS BY CLAUDIA S. LIBERATORE �ABOUf THE EXHIBIT THE JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND OF GRAND RAPIDS For three years, photographer Gay Block and writer Malka Drucker interviewed and photographed people who hid and saved Jews in Europe during World War II, recording the stories of ordinary people who showed incredible courage and compassion risking their own lives to save others. The exhibition includes the video "They Risked Their Lives," and portraits of the rescuers. and The exhibit tells an extraordinary story and, has been shown at museums and galleries throughout the United States, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C. In addition to the traveling show, the Public Museum will feature the stories and photographs of "Rescuers" now living in Grand Rapids. Diet Eman Albert Kuperus, in memory of his parents, Gerald and Sonja Kuperus Henrietta Plantinga, in memory of her husband, Cornelius Peter and Adriana Termaat Dr. John Timmer, in memory of his parents, Aris and Bregta Timmer John and Jackie Weerstra John Witte RESCUERS OF THE HOLOCAUST will be on exhibit at the Van Andel Museum Center April 16 to June 15, 1996. THE FRIENDS OF THE PUBLIC MUSEUM invite you to a Dessert Reception for the opening of RESCUERS OF THE HOLOCAUST: PORTRAITS BY GAY BLOCK and WEST MICHIGAN RESCUERS: PORTRAITS BY CLAUDIA S. LIBERATORE Tuesday, April 16, 1996 7:00 - 9:30 p.m. Van Andel Museum Center 272 Pearl N.W. Downtown • Grand Rapids A program honoring local rescuers will be held at 7:30 in the Meijer Theater The Jewish Community Fund's sponsorship of the exhibition was made possible through the generous gifts of Meijer, Inc. and The Helen and Louis Padnos Foundation R.S.Y.P. by April l �JOIN US FOR THESE UPCOMING PROGRAMS An Evening With Madame F Meijer Theater Sunday April 28, 1996 at 7 :30 p.m. For ticket information call 243-6205 or 28 I -4079 Claudia Stevens' acclaimed depiction in music, song, and drama of the experience of Fania Fenelon and other concentration camp musicians. Sponsored by the Jewish Cultural Council of Grand Rapids and the Public Museum. I Never Saw Another Butterfly Written by Celeste Raspanti. Directed by Mary Cron Meijer Theater May 18-19, 25-26, and June 1-2 8:00 p .m. Saturday 2:00 p.m. Sunday Presented by Jewish Theater Grand Rapids and co-sponsored by the Public Museum. For ticket information call 732-6151 From I 942 to I 945 Jewish children passed through a garrison set up as a ghetto in Czechoslovakia. It soon became a station for hundreds of thousands on their way to the gas chambers of Auschwitz. Raja Englanderova lived through it as a teacher giving children hope when there was little reason for hope. This play is her story. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1996-Program-West-Michigan-Rescuers-Exhibit Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Rapids Public Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Title A name given to the resource Rescuers of the Holocaust and West Michigan Rescuers Reception program Description An account of the resource Program for the Dessert Reception for the opening of "Rescuers of the Holocaust: Portraits by Gay Block" and "West Michigan Rescuers: Portraits by Claudia S. Liberatore" at the Grand Rapids Public Museum. Subject The topic of the resource Museum exhibits Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/39d17998a5bac9fd4f367b238b5fc202.jpg 2f69dffb96cee0ac61db02580f530a00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_026 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912-07-17 Title A name given to the resource Residency 9 Ball Team Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the Residency 9 Ball Team. Subject The topic of the resource Portraits, Group Men Manitou Beach (Lenawee County, Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4c5742710dff38d75bac6c2db1dd3cda.jpg c04340db3291d7274e14cca63b5189ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_J275-0034 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-11-09 Title A name given to the resource Residential Area in St. Charles, Illinois Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a few automobiles traveling through a residential area in St. Charles, Illinois. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Saint Charles (Ill.) Streets--Illinois Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives