823 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cc24e88d898709594112b2c73bd1243a.jpg 7527c957c13d27af4664d66b19245bf3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReganPhil_Photo4 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Regan, Phil Description An account of the resource Phil Regan Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1979s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4c96f0cb06c08382fba46430670b6206.jpg a47e2758e1fbf00c8032e16cdffe8570 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReganPhil_Photo5 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Regan, Phil Description An account of the resource Phil Regan Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d8037862de60713903fcd66f0b8d4c51.jpg b74973d866de47ece022b6e91e5e8207 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReganPhil_Photo6 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Regan, Phil Description An account of the resource Phil Regan Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1979s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8cadcb568c42676c1884bf53deac2852.jpg 2cd8c58dda48d3c44e568ee43de2d760 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReganPhil_Photo7 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Regan, Phil Description An account of the resource Phil Regan Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/998e23ddf49ed2b97315fdbbeec79ea4.jpg 50b317ef51f47a7de20123d0f472448f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReganPhil_Photo8 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Regan, Phil Description An account of the resource Phil Regan Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c46aba8fa9763f10a6f1bc023ce08666.pdf 0a1a0fbe85a5115e186f2d5a1c04e5c7 PDF Text Text Regarding the Conflict About Christian Exclusivity Richard A. Rhem Minister of Preaching and Theological Inquiry Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan Edited Transcript of the Spoken Address followed by Questions and Answers at The Synod of the Mid-Atlantic, Reformed Church in America Ramapo, New Jersey October 4, 1996 Editor’s Note: See “The Church in Conflict – Can Non-Believers Be Saved?” for the prepared text of the address. Thank you for the opportunity of being with you today (I think). I want to begin by saying that I am not here on a crusade. I am here because I was invited to come and, having taken the stand I have, I feel there is some responsibility to give an account of myself. I have all of my life been a part of the Reformed Church in America, and being outside at this point in my life is the most surprising thing that has ever happened to me. And yet, I don’t want simply to turn my back on that which has been my whole life, but continue in a dialogue and conversation to the extent that that is desired. And so, I am here today to do that very thing. But, I want to be clear, I am not here because I am trying to win a battle or make a point. I’m not on a crusade. I was not on a crusade in Michigan, either. I was simply ministering in my own concrete community of faith, in my own congregation, and there was no idea ever that what we had discovered at Christ Community to be an effective embodiment of the grace of God should be exported anywhere, to our local community or beyond. We simply were trying to be faithful as the people of God in that place, and what has transpired over the last year has come to us from the outside; it is not something that originated inside, and it is not something that has happened because we were trying to move out. I want to be very clear about that. I am here to be in conversation with you and to be of whatever help I can be in lifting up aspects of the question that is before us, namely, that the grace of God is limited to those who come to God through faith in Jesus Christ; in other words, Christian exclusivity. I think there is no one that would deny that we are dealing with a very important question for the Christian church, but I begin with that disclaimer, that I am here for conversation and not as a crusader, not moving out now to convince the whole world, after all, that I was right or that I am right. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 2 The other thing I want to say is that I am a Christian minister of the Gospel. I have for 36 years been involved in the ministry. Four of those years I was in graduate study in The Netherlands. Other than that, I have been a pastor and have preached every week, been involved in pastoral care, preaching, teaching, just a garden variety pastor, committed to the local congregation – all of that done as a Christian minister. I preach the grace of God as it has appeared in Jesus Christ and no other message. We don’t get up on Sunday morning at Christ Community and say, “Well, let’s look at the menu this morning. Shall we have a pinch of Buddhism or a dimension of Islam, or whatever.” No, I preach every week from the scriptures. I try to be faithful in my wrestling with scripture and its interpretation, and to proclaim the God whom I have come to experience as the one embodied in Jesus Christ. So, let me be clear on that, as well. I suppose there will be some other things that will come out as the day progresses, but I think I want to say those things by way of introduction. I am here at your invitation, not at my initiative, and I’m here as one who continues to be what he has always been and that is a minister of the Gospel of the grace of God in Jesus Christ our Lord. I’ve tried to think of how I could best get the story, the issue before us, and sometimes to tell one’s own story is about as effective as anything. Obviously, in the last weeks and months I have had good opportunity to try and track the pilgrimage on which I have been engaged, and the way that I have come to where I am presently in my understanding of Christian faith and other faiths. It seems to me that, when I was in New Jersey in the middle 60s when my “little system” was coming up short in terms of being able to deal with the experience of a pastor in a congregation, and my ability to interpret life, understand human experience, and to preach my theological system, my understanding of the faith, was limited. I came out of a very conservative nurture and continued in that very conservative track through my college and seminary education. I went into the ministry a very conservative, evangelical pastor and I certainly would have been at the far right of the theological spectrum. Human experience has a way of humbling us and creating situations in which our tight little systems are not adequate. I was beginning to run into that when I made the move from Spring Lake to New Jersey. My first four years were in Spring Lake, Michigan. At the time that I came to New Jersey, the Reformed Church was engaged in some controversy over a Church School curriculum, Covenant Life Curriculum, and this was the first time in which the church at large was being introduced to some of the critical views of the scripture. It was really very good stuff and very responsible and actually conservative material. But, nonetheless, there were those who were threatened by some of the things that were handled in the Covenant Life Curriculum. I began to study that curriculum and it began to address some of the questions that I was having in my own pastoral ministry. It was time for me to go to Europe in 1967 and find out if I really had anything to say, if I had a Gospel to preach. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 3 I went there wanting, for the first time in my life, to know the truth. I went through my whole college and seminary education seeking to buttress the presuppositions with which I came, those I had imbibed with my mother’s milk. I did not want to be stretched and I was not aware of it, but I was very defensive against those questions that put my faith understanding in question. But one eventually has to deal with that and so I went to Europe and found a very wonderful mentor in Hendrikus Berkhof who was at the University of Leiden. He helped me identify what the real questions were. Berkhof would say, when I would come with a question, “Ja, ja, ja. That’s the question.” I said, “I know that’s the question. What’s the answer?” He’d say, “Ja, ja, ja, ja. Just live with the question for a while.” So I did and they were four wonderful years in which I imbibed as much as I could. I read and read and read and wrote and read and wrote and thought, and had, what was for me, my first real immersion in an educational experience. I sat in his study one day and I said to him, “You know, in the Reformed Church, we can’t really deal very effectively with any of the specific theological questions that come up because we have never dealt with the issue of the authority of scripture and how scripture is to be used. It seems as though with everything we’re debating, we never debate the issue. We debate the issue in terms of what it will do to our doctrine of scripture.” I think at the time it may have been the ordination of women to the Elder-Deacon office, and I could see that nobody was asking whether women could be spiritual, whether women could be gifted, whether women could be effective leaders in the church. It seemed to me that the issue always came down to, “Well, if we grant that, what will happen to First Timothy, whatever, and what about this passage?,” so that it was not the issue itself, but it was that authority which informs all of our decisions. I said to Berkhof, “What I really should do is write a dissertation on the place of scripture and the use of scripture in the church,” and he looked at me and he said, “You go back to the Reformed Church in America and the United States of America and do that, do you know what they will do to you?” And so, I came back and I didn’t do that. But I was aware that that needed to be dealt with. Then, after some years, having returned to Spring Lake where I had continued to wrestle with the faith, I went to the University of Michigan in the fall of 1983 where Hans Küng was a guest, giving public lectures on Monday night. They were held at Racham Auditorium, with overflow crowds. He gave the lectures, now published, entitled Eternal Life? On Tuesday afternoon I was engaged in a crossdiscipline seminar with him for three hours. There were about 35 of us from the various schools of the university, medical people, artists, a couple of pastors – a marvelous experience. He was working from mimeographed material on paradigm change in theology – wrestling with that whole shift in perspective that © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 4 comes when current data put the present conception of things into question. Then there seems to arise a new model that can include and embrace the fresh data and there is a significant shift. It happens, of course, in the sciences, and there was a significant book by Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, in which he said this is actually what happens in the natural sciences. Hans Küng and David Tracey of the University of Chicago had gathered a consultation in Tübingen prior to 1983 about the application of paradigm shift through theological understanding. So I really got into that paradigm shift dimension early on. Küng helped me to understand that, in all of my training, I had come up with the scriptures as the authoritative word of God and all of human experience, the ongoing human experience, really had little impact on the faith understanding that came out of the scriptures. I had one pole to which I was lashed, and yet life was going on “out here.” Küng helped me to see that the theological task is to live between the two poles – that which is given, the history of Israel and Jesus in our scripture, and ongoing human experience, the present horizon. And that theology does not pass along through history untouched by historical circumstance, some deposit of faith as though it fell out of heaven, simply to be delivered to the next generation as it is. Rather, theology is that hermeneutical task that constantly runs between the given revelation that is in the scripture and the ongoing human experience, so that from the scripture the present is illuminated and the present elicits new life and new understanding from the scripture. There is a coordination between those two poles. And when I saw that, I realized that my whole experience prior to that had been living out of this pole of the scripture without any significant regard as to what was happening out in the world. I also realized that what had happened in the liberalism of the 19th century, that had come on bad times, was that there was such an earnest attempt to understand and accommodate what was going on in the world that the pole of the scripture was not taken seriously. I began to realize that the task really for us in the church is to live between that biblical story and our ongoing story, and to understand our lives in the light that comes from the story, the founding story, but that the founding story has spurred a tradition that has resources that are rich, being enlarged through ongoing human experience, that can continue to be reclaimed to bring the faith to fresh expression as we go on in our pilgrimage. For me, I think that was a very significant moment. On Monday night Küng spoke on heaven and hell and purgatory, judgment and death to overflow crowds in this vast educational institution where only a professor’s half time is given to a program in religious studies in this huge state university. There is just a smidgeon of interest in the whole phenomena of religion. This was a new experiment at the time, Küng being the first guest lecturer in Religious Studies. The Vatican was putting the heat on him in Germany; they wanted him put under censure for his views, and he came to the University of Michigan almost on a lark in order to have some leverage back in © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 5 Tübingen because Michigan did say to him, “If you want to stay here, you can stay here.” He didn’t do that because, when you’re a professor at Tübingen in the German system, you want to retire out of that system, which he has done. So there I was, preaching every week, and now I see in this huge secular arena sophisticated, educated, cultured, cultural despisers of religion sitting for two hours to hear the rather difficult English of this Catholic theologian talk about death, purgatory, hell, judgment, and I said to myself, ”Good grief, I don’t even preach on those things in my own pulpit. In this secular setting I gathered with people, fully human, listening to lectures on such issues. Maybe they know, too, they’re going to die, and they must wonder, and maybe they’ve lost someone, and they must wonder.” And so it was like a revelation to me that there was this intense existential interest in the human person, whether they were connected with the institutional religion or had any particular faith profession. Those end questions engaged them, and I came home and began my own search. That is what has gotten me into trouble, because I discovered the expanse, the extent of the grace of God was much broader than I had ever dreamed. It was about that time that the Reformed Church founded a journal of theological investigation whose purpose was to stimulate theological discussion in the Reformed Church and, because I was a pastor at a rather safe pastorate, I seemed to be the one that got the assignments to write on the issues that would address the Reformed Church in terms of those questions that we felt needed to be talked about. And so, an early article was on purgatory. I never would have believed that I would have been concerned at all about purgatory, but I began to see what was the wisdom of the ancient church and what was behind that whole construction of things, and to recognize that, as a child of the Reformation, I never got a fair shot at understanding what that was all about because we were in such sharp reaction precisely at that point in the 16th century. And then I began to investigate the extent of God’s grace and I found out that, in the early church, there was a strong strain of universalism, that the grace of God would finally be triumphant in regard to all. And I found some high Calvinists who simply were more logical than some of the rest who also came to that same position of the ultimate triumph of the grace of God And then, of course, there was my own mentor, Hendrikus Berkhof and his reference to Karl Barth and to the contemporary discussion of that issue. And so, again, I wrote in Perspectives. The “Letters to the Editor” revealed that some people were upset. There were also a few positive comments and there was engagement. However, it was in black and white. Over the next decade I continued to address these issues in the journal until 1995, when I published an article on interreligious dialogue and my recognition that we had within the Christian church some serious thinking to do before we could enter authentically into religious dialogue. That © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 6 got me to where I am and there was never any question about it until the spring of 1995. The catalyst for the discussion on salvation was the fact that we allowed a group from the Metropolitan Community Church ministering largely to gay and lesbian people simply to use our chapel. When that was called in question, then one thing led to another, and then my theological views were called in question and eventually the Classis recognized, I think, there wasn’t much point in pursuing the original issue, but they were deeply concerned, then, about this question of salvation apart from Christ. This has become a conversation within the Reformed Church and the question, as it has been phrased, is “Can non-believers be saved?” I want to say that that is the wrong question. I’m not interested in the question of whether non-believers can be saved. I am interested in the question of whether those who have a yearning for God and seek after God and who pursue that yearning and that seeking in another faith tradition can be saved, because we are not talking about people who are Christian and the rest of the world as non-believers. We are talking about a world that is laced with believers of many stripes, and we are living in a context today, a global context in which these people are our neighbors and our children are bringing home people of other faiths and presenting them as their future spouses. We meet them at work and down the street there is a temple or a meditation place or a shrine of some sort that was not the case some years ago. So, the question is not whether non-believers can be saved. The question is “Must I insist that there is salvation through Jesus Christ alone?” Now, let me be very clear again. Before the Classis of Muskegon I said, “If you will scratch out one word, I’ll sign your document” that affirms that there is salvation through Jesus Christ. I believe that and I would affirm that, and I have affirmed that. But, when you tell me that I must say it is through Jesus Christ alone, then I don’t know what to do with Jewish folks that I have come to know so well and have become so fond of, working in the Jewish-Christian Committee for Dialogue in the West Shore area of Michigan. Then, what do I do with all of those about me in our world today who seem to manifest all of the fruits of the Spirit, whose questions are my questions, and whose experience seems to be the same experience as mine – what am I to do with them? The issue is not whether or not there is salvation through Jesus Christ. It is whether or not I must be held to an exclusivist position that says through Jesus Christ and through no other, and that apart from Jesus Christ there is only condemnation, there is no salvation and light, and no eternal life for any who come not through Jesus Christ our Lord. That I will not say. And that is the issue upon which I have been put out. Obviously you might expect me to argue my theological conclusion on the basis of scripture. But that is not as simple as it sounds because, as has been claimed in many arguments, anything can be “proven” by scripture. I learned from Professor Berkhof the rich diversity of the biblical witness, for example, on the very © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 7 question of the extent of God’s grace. In his Well-Founded Hope, he has a chapter entitled “The Double Image of the Future.” He deals seriously with the biblical witness but concludes that Scripture leaves us with a double track. Countless attempts have been made to subsume one track of texts under the other by ingenious “exegetical tricks” but, Berkhof concludes, “we cannot smooth out this contradiction in the New Testament.” All that we read abut the future, texts offering consolation and texts of warning, do not “fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.” In the case of the passages giving warning, these present the gospel in its nature as a call to decision; the passages offering consolation give hope and the promise of eventual salvation of all. We must hear both witnesses; we must not reduce one to the other. But we cannot simply allow them to stand with no link between them. Berkhof suggests we pronounce them “one after the other,” for “only the person who has learned to tremble at the possibility of rejection may speak about universal salvation.” When my article, “The Habit of God’s Heart” was published in 1988, I was the Preaching Professor at Western Theological Seminary. The piece caused a stir. I was called before the Executive Committee of the seminary board to give an account of myself. I remember distinctly when I suggested that scripture spoke in more than one voice on the matter of the extent of God’ s grace, I was immediately “corrected.” Scripture interpreted by scripture leaves no ambiguity – salvation comes through Jesus Christ alone. I remember a conversation with the wonderful Lutheran bishop, the late Krister Stendahl, who was a guest at our Jewish-Christian Dialogue. He spoke of the brilliant apologist for Christianity, C. S. Lewis. He spoke of how much he loved the Lewis of Shadowland and of A Grief Observed, the result of his grievous loss of his wife to cancer. Lewis, in his grief expressing the loss of his love, spoke the language of the heart. But, said Stendahl, when Lewis argues for the existence of God, the incarnation, the atonement, I don’t take him seriously because he is so brilliant he could be just as effective on the other side of the question. So it is with the Bible. As Luther argued, scripture is a wax nose; one can be as honest and responsible as possible and have someone on the other side of the question come up with a contrary conclusion. And thus I have not really engaged in the whole biblical debate. That said, it does not imply that I do not believe there is a legitimate biblical witness to God’s universal grace. In Luke’s Acts we read the story of the movement of the Gospel beyond its community of origin – to the vast Gentile world. The story of Peter and Cornelius is paradigmatic, showing the expansive movement of the Gospel to the Gentile world. Luke records the story and then © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 8 has Peter rehearse the whole experience before the Jerusalem Elders who called him to account for going to the Gentiles. In light of his concrete experience of the Spirit of God anointing the Gentiles, Peter says, according to Luke’s account, “…who was I that I could hinder God?” An even larger crisis was generated by Paul who brought the Gospel intentionally to the Gentiles. Acts 15 records the story of the first “Church Council.” The Jesus Movement was at a crisis point; a decision had to be made concerning the nonJews who were embracing the Gospel and becoming a growing part of the Jesus Movement that, to begin with, was a Jewish movement. Peter recounted his experience with Cornelius. In Luke’s recounting of the story, he has Peter declare, And God, who knows the human heart, testified to them by giving them the Holy Spirit, just as he did to us; and in cleansing their hearts by faith he has made no distinction between them and us…we believe that we will be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they will. (Acts 15:811) Following Peter’s witness Barnabas and Paul told of “the signs and wonders God had done through them among the Gentiles” (verse 12). And then the leader of the Jerusalem Church, James, gave his “decision that we should not trouble those Gentiles who were turning to God…” (verse 19). Luke is recording the most momentous decision that early Jesus Movement was called upon to make. Luke records the pivot point of the whole Jesus Movement. Gentiles could become Jews. That was not new. What was new in Paul’s argument is that Gentiles can become God’s children without first becoming Jews. Paul is arguing for Grace, the Grace of God embracing the Gentile apart from those specifically Jewish rituals, circumcision, dietary laws, whatever, and Paul’s experience is that God is embracing the Gentiles through faith as Israel had been embraced through all the generations. Peter’s experience is that God is embracing a Cornelius and his household, the Holy Spirit falls on them, the waters of baptism are applied to them. In Jerusalem the leadership asks, what’s going on here? That was a critical point because they could have said it would be necessary for the Gentiles to come to faith in Jesus as the Messiah, but they would have to do it by way of full participation in the Mosaic legislation following the Torah. And they decided not. They decided that the grace of God could embrace the Gentile without that Gentile becoming a Jew, and that was a paradigmatic shift. Paul said God is doing a new thing; God is creating one new humanity. In Romans 9, 10 and 11, Paul is struggling because he does not see how his Jewish brothers and sisters can fail to see what he sees in Jesus. How they can fail to see © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page 9 what God is doing in history. He says, “My heart is deeply distressed. I, myself, would be accursed for my brothers and sisters if only they could see.” He goes on in those three chapters struggling with that issue, and he comes to the end of that struggle in the 11th chapter in verse 32, where he says, “God has reckoned all in disobedience, the Jew and the Gentile, Israel and the nations, in order that God may have mercy on all.” And then he breaks out into the one great doxology that has no reference to Jesus Christ, just praising the eternal God, the God of Israel, for His unsearchable ways, His inscrutable judgment, and he says, “Source, Guide and Goal of all there is, to God be glory forever.” He finally believes that a mystery is at work here, that Israel finally will be saved, he knows not how, and, in the meantime, the grace of God has come to the Gentiles. Now we are talking about a hinge point in history. We are talking about the fact that Peter had to do that which is contrary to the scripture by which he had lived. He could quote scripture and verse, the ritual, the tradition that would have said don’t enter the house of Cornelius, don’t do this, don’t do that. He was going contrary to that which had been deeply inbred in him, and he did it because he said who can fight God? He was so inwardly compelled and the evidence, what he saw before his eyes, made him say, “I have to do this.” And it was confirmed in the experience. So I would say we are at another hinge point in human history. I don’t know where we got into it and I don’t know when we’ll get out of it, but I think that we are living through a time of global change. We live in that period of history in which the whole human family is experiencing its history at the same time and together. This is a time of global consciousness, of a global community, and it does not seem reasonable to me that the whole world is going to be evangelized and the Gospel is going to be brought to the whole world. That was a noble dream and a noble vision, and it was an honest response to an apocalyptic vision, that conviction that they were standing on the end of the age and that the whole cosmic drama would be wrapped up rather soon. But, can you imagine that the Christian church could hold its breath for 2000 years and still be talking about the imminent return of our Lord Jesus Christ? As we approach the year 2000, are we not going to hear more and more about it? And how can we honestly do that when we come to recognize that those New Testament documents were written by those who believed they were at the End and they were not at the End. The Jewish scholar Paula Fredrikson of Boston University has written From Jesus to Christ, and she says, “Why did the Jesus Jewish movement fade out first, and why did the Christian movement become a Gentile movement?” She says, first of all, because the one who was to come didn’t come. Nothing happened. Three times in the Gospel of John it speaks about being put out of the synagogue. Why? Well, if you were a Jew and if you had responded and believed that this Jesus was the Messiah that you were expecting and according to the message, © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page10 history was all going to end very soon and this one would return, but nothing happened. And now the Pharisaic, Rabbinic Judaism, the movement of Judaism after the temple which became the ascendant group, the ongoing Jewish community – that community now is saying, “If you say Jesus was the Messiah, you’re going to be put out of the synagogue.” And now you have to say, “Am I going to remain with my religious heritage of all of these centuries, or am I going to be put out of the synagogue on the chance that this one really was the Messiah and he’s going to come back very soon?” What would you do? Paula Fredrikson said the reason that the earliest movement faded , first of all, nothing happened; and secondly, there were just too many Gentiles. Paul was too successful. And if Paul succeeded, if Judaism had stayed with the church, there would not have been the question of assimilation of the Jewish people in the 20th century. It would have happened in the first century. And I think our world would have been diminished for lack of that ongoing Jewish community. Now it seems to me that what was going on then is going on now. We are not seeing the death of the great religious traditions; we have seen their renaissance and their resurgence, and, not only that, we have found that they contain riches and gifts that can enhance our own understanding and our own experience. I believe that we are faced with a global reality that calls us, in light of the power of religion and its volatility, to discourse together, to learn from each other, to live in mutual respect and civility in order that all together we may work toward the building of community and world understanding. Karl Jaspers was a German philosopher who spoke about the first axial period. The pre-axial period was when the human family was pretty much caught up in the rhythms of nature and the cosmos. Then the first axial period, 800-200 BCE, independently, in three places around the globe, India and China and the eastern Mediterranean, the great religious traditions arose. They all arose in that period of time effecting a transformation of human consciousness, a transformation that shaped the first axial period to the present. Ewert Cousins, Fordham University, suggests that we may be in the second axial period and that the image for us is that view of the globe that the astronaut has seen, that beautiful, fragile, blue globe hanging in space. For the first time our kind has been able to look back and see it whole and to realize that all the borders and divisions and the lines that we draw over which we fight and for which we kill, that all of that has no reality because we are a part of one inner-connected whole. And, if we are part of one cosmic whole and we are part of one human family, and if we are serious that God in the beginning created the heavens and the earth, then I believe that it is high time for us to deepen our particularity and to learn again from Jesus Christ and all of that which has been revealed through him of the purpose and heart of God and to recognize that God has a grander scheme and a broader purpose and that there is so much enrichment, so much greater possibility as we live together in the human community transcending those barriers and divisions that have separated us. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page11 As I said, Krister Stendahl was in Michigan. He was at the temple on Friday night, a Sabbath service, and then Saturday lectures, and then he preached at Christ Community Church on Sunday morning. My son came up to me afterwards and said, “Dad, I’ve had a religious experience,” and I said, “I know.” He said, “This feels so right,” and I said, “I know. If it feels so right, you don’t need an argument, do you?” He said, “No.” I said, “Once you have had that sense that it’s so right, then you can simply be there and invite others to share that same sense of shared humanity. You don’t need to prove anything or demonstrate anything.” But, I’ll tell you, my own experience is that I have never experienced such openness from the other and desire to hear about my Jesus than since the time I laid down my arms and did not feel that monkey on my back of world evangelization, but rather speaking of the grace of God in Jesus Christ and listening and receiving and giving and taking in a mutual enhancement that builds toward world community that is so much better than anything I have ever known. Thank you. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Q. The rise of fundamentalism in all world religions frightens me. How can people engage with Christians and other fundamentalist groups when they are willing to kill for their faith? A. Well, it scares me, too, and I do believe that that is part of the reason why it is so imperative that we enter into dialogues in a broad scope. James Davison Hunter, in his New Culture Wars, points out the fact that the breakdown in civil discourse and in communication between people has created such a threat throughout the world, and I think that the militant mind in the respective traditions, there's a Jewish fundamentalism, an Islamic fundamentalism, a Christian fundamentalism, you don't have to have a particular badge in order to have that mentality and that mind set, and I do believe that as the times become somewhat anxious and people become somewhat unsteady and afraid, they tend to this kind of fanaticism and absolutism, wanting to find security and wanting to find the answer that is absolutely clear and simple. So to me, I don't know why, I just know that, in such a world, at such a time it is critical that we dialogue together and open up the channels of communication together. Now, for a lot of these things I do not think that it is a question of being right or wrong. I mean, there's such a broad spectrum of understanding, and there are various symbol systems © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page12 and it's not like one will work and the rest won't. I think that we need to find that which communicates meaning and connects us to that sense of transcendence, meets that hunger for God, and if that is in place, then I think that, rather than enforcing that on everyone else, in that sense of connectedness with the transcendent to find a freedom and a resting place in which to open oneself up to the other and thus create the bridges of communication. So, I don't know what the answer is, but I know it's a serious problem. Q. Will you describe more fully your phrase “Monkey on your back?” You applied that to world evangelization. A. Did I say that this morning? Well, if I didn't, I should have. I came into the ministry, I grew up, feeling that I had to defend God. I had to defend the faith. I felt such an urgency; I was insecure. I didn't know how insecure I was. I didn't know how defensive I was. But I thought it was up to me to defend God and to keep God enthroned, and it seemed to me that it was my responsibility that you believed correctly, that you dotted the i's and crossed the t's and that is a terrible, terrible burden. I can remember the experience of believing finally that God could take care of God's self, whether or not I could defend God. Now, that was Step One. And then to believe, as well, that God had a marvelous embrace of people who had an experience quite other than mine, and yet which seemed to be also very similar in terms of that which it generated within the individual. And when I could simply affirm that and not have to change someone to my image ... I had lived with a monkey on my back. I had to get the world to Jesus. And I had no sense of letting that in God's hands and simply being an instrument, and so that's what I meant. Q. We have just heard for over an hour about the love of God for everyone, but 10% of those God has created are homosexuals who cannot change their identity and are ostracized by the church. These are people who are looking for God's love. How can the church deny them? A. Well, I don't think the church can deny them, but the church does deny them. I have to say that this was the catalytic event that got this whole conflict started for us because, as I said to you, we gave a group ministry, largely lesbian and gay people, the use of our chapel. For us it was an act of hospitality. Again, I was not looking to take on a crusade. This was not my issue. Subsequent to what has happened, I think it should have been my issue a long time ago. It is an issue of justice; it is an issue of the love of God and the grace of God. I had heard stories, people pouring their heart out to me, beautiful human beings and I thought, "My God, where was I all these years?" Just not even concerned about this thing with people who were suffering and being ostracized and being shunned and so, when you say how can the church deny them, I don't know how the church can deny them love, and I will now speak anywhere, everywhere for... In fact, I’ve got a lot of stories. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page13 Q. Does God's grace extend to non-believers, too, in your theology? Could your position be better supported by the teaching of Christ himself rather than appealing to St. Paul? Who now holds your credentials? Will the Spring Lake church align itself with another denomination? A. The congregation holds my credentials at present, and we have done some very preliminary kind of investigation, but I have found that it's a little bit like marriage, it's a lot easier to get in than to get out, and I'm – just scratch that one – I'm at this advanced age, you know, and in the springtime of my senility, and I don't know if I really want... I believe in the connectedness of the church and I believe in mutual covenants of accountability, I believe in all that, but I may just keep investigating long enough to where it won't be an issue anymore, and in all that time no one will be able to criticize me for living in splendid isolation and I'll say, "I'm working on it, I'm working on it," and one day they'll bury me. Sort of like Peter Paulson today, as Bob said, you know, Paul Fries tells me that he suggested to Peter when he went into the pastorate that he always keep a body at hand in case he needs a funeral. Can my position better be supported by teachings of Christ? I do believe that. Yes, I do believe that. But, you know, when you've got Dutch Calvinism in your blood and your genes, you have to argue with Paul and I do believe, yes, Jesus. Again, I'm hesitant to get into biblical discussions about this because you can argue it all over the place. But, I would say that, apart from any specific biblical reference, just the God I see in Jesus is a God that would make me reach out and embrace my neighbor and listen to the other and live in harmony with the other, and that's not by having a text, it is by the whole context, the whole encounter with Jesus Christ which says to me God is bigger than anything we've yet dreamed of, so I would agree with that. Does God's grace extend to non-believers, too, in your theology? Yes. Because ... I don't know. How do I know? This is what I think and that is that God is not through with us at our death. This is what I began to wrestle with Hans Küng and then I would never have thought that I would think twice about purgatory and I go to these lectures and find, why did the ancient church have this? What were they talking about? Then I read from C. S. Lewis, his Letter to Malcolm, where he talks about purgatory as, you know, being in the dentist's chair and when you're coming around the dentist says, “Wash your mouth out with this." And he says, that's purgatory. I began to read Lutheran and Reformed theologians as well as Catholic theologians who speak about our encounter with God at our death, and so, what does it mean to be a non-believer? What does it mean? Does it mean that I have been so damaged by the institutional church? I'll tell you what -I could almost leave the institutional church. This past year with that experience in the church – I'll tell you what – if I wasn't a stubborn Hollander, I'd be out. I'm just too ornery not to go. But then, how many people have not been damaged and hurt by the attitudes, by the spirit, by the structures? So, non-believers - who are © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page14 they, anyway? I don't find as many non-believers out there as I used to. I used to know how many there were; I used to know what percentage of the population they were, and now I found out when I don't know so much, they're really interested and they really want to talk and I think there's something deep down in the human spirit that can be appealed to that makes that category of non-believer somewhat fuzzy. One of the old, early American preachers, Lyman Abbot, said if he were a Calvinist he would be a universalist, but he said, because I respect the human will, I cannot be a universalist because I believe that God will not finally crush my human Yes or No. I think God respects our Yes or No to such an extent that... So, non-believers? Someone wants to finally say, "Not thy will be done, but my will be done?" will God say then, "Thy will be done?" I don't know. Of course, I don't know those answers. But, I don't think there are as many non-believers out there as I used to. Q. You said that you didn't want to get into scripture, but there are a few people here who would like you to at least address some issues. One question: please speak on the question of the necessity of the cross of which Jesus speaks often, particularly consider the incident of Jesus in Gethsemane saying, "If it is possible for the cup to be removed," but God demanded Jesus to drink of it, nonetheless. A. Yes. I would say that one of the areas of revision as I reflect on Christian faith and doctrine, as I have learned it and I have preached it and taught it, is my understanding of atonement. I think that when Jesus said, "Let this cup pass from me," that Jesus was saying, "Bring that kingdom about, effect your purposes apart from my having to go through with tomorrow." I think Gethsemane was just what it appears to be and that was the real existential struggle of Jesus in the garden at the threshold of his own death, a horrible death, in which he could have slipped out of town and gotten away with it. I don't think that Jesus died to bear our sins; I think Jesus died because of our sins. I think Jesus died the way he died because he lived the way he lived, and his dying was the authentication of the life that he lived ,which was the embodiment of the kingdom of God and the rule of God in the midst of human society. And so, when he said, “Let this cup pass from me," I think he wanted out, like I would want out. And I think when he said on the cross, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" that's not like my Calvinist theology said, that in that time he was experiencing the torments of hell because God turned God's face away from Jesus in those moments. I think he was experiencing hell; he was experiencing forsakenness. That which he had staked his life on and pointed to and embodied was not happening. He was dying! He was being crucified. And I think anybody that lives the way he lives is going to end up pretty much like he ended up, and that's why most of us are smart enough, most of the time, not to do it. And to follow the Way of Jesus is a most radical way to go, and I'll tell you what - I'm not ready for it. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page15 Q. How do you respond to such scripture as "No one comes to the Father but by me"? A. I refer people to Bishop Krister Stendahl's little paper on “From God's Point of View, We're all Minorities.” Now, he's a New Testament scholar; I'm not. And he says, you know, to take a text in the intimacy of conversation between Jesus and his friends, and then to lift that up out of its context and absolutize it as though it is the end all and the be all.... I wouldn't be in any trouble if it weren't for John 14:6 and Acts 4:12. "No other name under heaven given among men whereby we must be saved." In other words, save as healed, and they're talking about the crippled man who was just healed. And they are saying in Acts 4:12, in your name did you do this? And Peter says, "No, not in our name. There isn't any other name. The only name is the one Jesus, that name. That is the healer, that Jesus who was in our midst who was the embodiment of God who brought the healing power of God to bear." And in 14:6, “In my Father's house there are many resting places." Krister Stendahl says that's in the world. In the world there are many places you can be, and so, be there. And as I go to prepare a place for you and so forth. I do not think that one ought to take John 14:6 and try to explain it as though it had no nuances of exclusivism because there is a genuine biblical exclusivism, there is that track in the scripture, and I think that it is most understandable that there would be, because the Bible, New Testament documents, this is not a book on interreligious dialogue; this is not a book on religious philosophy; this is a book of proclamation. This is a book written by those who believed they were at the end of the age, that God had appeared in Jesus Christ, that the answer was in Christ, everything was in Christ, this was their message; this was their preaching, so, I don't think I ought to try to whitewash that thing and say there is no possibility of constructing that kind of exclusivist view where there is salvation through Jesus alone and no other. The only thing that I would argue is that that's not the only voice of the scripture, and that if we look at it in its context and in its time and then, through the tradition of 2000 years and our present situation, you put all of those things together, then I think that's the basis on which I would say that if Jesus said John 14:6, which Jesus Seminar says he didn't, of course, that's too easy, isn't it, then I think that there's the possibility of nuanced interpretation, but maybe that's exactly what John wanted to say. Q. Has human experience taken precedence over the authority of scripture? A. Yes, I hope so. And that's why I'm in trouble, because I say things like that. You see, and now Dr. Fries can't be that foolish because he still holds an institutional position. But, the reason I'm in the trouble I'm in is because I think human experience and scripture need to be in dialogue and need to be coordinated. I need to give human experience a lot of credence in order to make up for the first fifty years of my life, when I didn't know that human © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page16 experience even existed. I had a text and I had a book and it didn't matter whether human experience was being honored or regarded at all. So, I think there is the scripture, there is the tradition, there is present human experience and then there is the reflection of reasonable faith, and Krister Stendahl who was with us some years ago in a dialogue with David Hartman, the Rabbi from Jerusalem, spoke about tradition as an instrument for continuity and change. Now, I know of tradition as an instrument for continuity. I didn't understand it as an instrument for change. As Krister Stendahl spoke of it, I could see that it is the living tradition that connects us with the founding story, and that living tradition is a constant re-interpretation of the founding story in light of ongoing human experience, so that at every point of the historical spectrum, as you look back at this event, you see it from a bit of a different angle, you see new wrinkles and new nuances because what goes on is also God's history and the spirit of God is still active in the world. It’s not as though it all happened back there and now it's just waiting for the applause at the end. We have to constantly look at that story in light of our experience, in light of that way we have traversed, and we do it, we use our heads, we think! And in that mix we come to our present understanding of the faith which helps us to interpret present human experience. So, I think that's a red herring. I think that's a false dichotomy. I don't think you can understand the Bible apart from human experience, and I don't think that human experience apart from the critique of the founding story will ever connect you to the transcendent. I think that both of them have to live in tension. Q. How do you view Buddha and Krishna? A. Hardly ever do. I don't know, and frankly, I am an incurable Christian theologian and I have not really dipped with any breadth or depth into the world of religious dialogue. The only specific relationship I've had is with the Jewish community which has been a very enriching kind of relationship, but I am not a scholar of world religions. However, when I hear someone like John Hick who advocates a pluralist position, or when I hear someone like Huston Smith, then I sense that perhaps if I am going to make sense of what they tell me about the authenticity of that spiritual experience, then I would say that the spirit of God can take up residence within Buddha, Krishna. I think that the historical, concrete figure may be agent and instrument of the Spirit of God, and that there have been those in whom that transcendence came to shining expression to a degree far beyond that which is true of us ordinary mortals. So, I think where there are great religious leaders, if there is truth there, I would guess it is the truth of God. Q. Where or how do you fit in the 250,000 Jewish people who have come to believe in Jesus as Messiah since 1967, and who believe that the Messiah is still to be preached to their own people? A. I am aware that there is such a movement. I just got a letter from Isaac © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page17 Rottenberg who wrote to a Rabbi in New York City about the Jesus Jewish movement and the fact that that ought to be a part of the agenda of the discussion, the dialogue between Christianity and Judaism. I think in all of the religious traditions there ought to be the possibility of crossing over. I believe that one ought to deepen one's own tradition and one's own particularity. In other words, don't hear me say that you ought to put all the traditions into a blender and homogenize them and come out with some new kind of mush. Let's be authentically what we are. Let's even deepen what we are. Because I do believe that the universal is accessed only through the particular. But, I think that there should always be the possibility for a Jewish person to see Jesus and say, "Messiah!" And if that is the authentic experience of that person, wonderful. Ironically, in the Muskegon Classis in the last two years, I'm the one who has baptized two Jews, adult Jews! I almost did it with a bad conscience. I said, "Are you sure you want to do this? You know, you don't really have to do this," but they wanted to do that. Okay. But, on the other hand, seriously, about myself, maybe I'll join the synagogue. I could become a Jew because I see Jesus very much in his Jewishness and to follow Jesus and practice Judaism, live out of the Torah, so if I want to do that, I think the Rabbi should receive me. But, all I'm saying is that you can cross over, pass over, if that is where you find that connects you, God bless you. And if you are a Jew and you want to find in Jesus the Messiah today and you want to tell your fellow Jewish people about that, I think that's witness, that's fine, that's fine. I respect that. Q. If your views moved the Reformed Church closer to the Unitarian position, if so, what would be gained for the church body, and what might be lost? A. The doctrine of the Trinity is a mystery and I can understand how the church, seeking to come to terms with the raw material of its experience, its Christological creedal formulas, I understand. I understand what those doctrinal symbols are pointing to and seeking to communicate. Would my views move the church more toward Unitarianism? Maybe, but not necessarily, because I think that, even within the Jewish tradition, that which comes to expression in the doctrine of the Trinity, there are echoes of that in Judaism, as well. And so, I think that that is not necessarily the issue of where I would go. I would say this: I understand the impetus to Unitarianism when it happened. I can understand why there was such a movement and such a development, and I'm not nearly as scandalized by it as once I was or probably some of you would think I should be. But, I want to maintain the embodiment of God in the flesh of Jesus. That's the God I know. That's the God I see, and I am not as impressed with some of the contemporary discussions of the Trinity where that's reflective of community within a godhead which is modeled after community of humankind - frankly, it never really grabbed me, but that's for esoteric theologians like Dr. Fries. I mean, you know, we wouldn't need seminaries, we wouldn't need such brilliance if there were not those kinds of questions to think about. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page18 Q. Will you please respond to the question once posed to Karl Barth – “Professor, will there be a hell?” A. Hell, no. I think that Hell is the experience of separation from God and I do believe that I believe in judgment. I believe that no one will get away with anything. Thank God. True for all of us. So that there will be this authentic encounter with God so that my life will be there and I will face my life, and then, you know you have to talk in symbols and images. I love The Great Divorce, where C.S. Lewis says on the other side of death you can sort of float around in those misty grey flats as long as you want to, and then if you want to get on board the bus a little farther in, a little farther up, okay. You get up there and say, "Ooh, this is too bright. I think I like it down below," the ambience of the misty flats. But, it is always the individual in authentic encounter with God. God is not mocked and I will see myself consciously in the presence of God. I believe in judgment. But, I believe that judgment is redemptive. I think that in the scriptures that judgment is always for salvation. So, Hell for as long as you want it, but it doesn't have as many folks in it as it used to have, for me, and it doesn't last as long as it used to last. Q. Dick, it would have seemed that Joseph Campbell addressed this issue without the controversy, why is it now considered controversial? A. Well, Joseph Campbell wasn't talking within the rather narrow limits of the Reformed Church in America. I mean, Joseph Campbell had a world stage and the whole mythology tradition of which, of course, he was expert. I cannot believe that this issue is of such interest that it would get on the front page of the New York Times. I can't believe it. Others have said it better; they've said it years and decades and centuries ago more eloquently, more explicitly. I do not know why now this issue is so big. I think it's reflective, perhaps, of the church being afraid, being threatened. And rather than in faith saying, "What in the world is going on?" and "Is there something bigger? Does God have a grander scheme that is more than I ever, ever conceived of?” Rather, there's this growing in, and why it is now, I don't know. I don't feel like I have said anything new. I've not said anything very well. I am pretty much mainstream, down the middle. In my context? No, but in the broader human context, certainly, and even within the broader Reformed Church, I believe that I would come somewhere in the middle of the spectrum. So, it baffles me. Q. As a seminary student that shares your views, should I consider a longer engagement, both live together for a while, or break it off now? A. If I answered that in all honesty, I would be answering out of a deep woundedness that would not be a fair answer. I am wounded. The church has hurt me. And I should not be giving counsel to anybody for another year or two. Q. Why is there no movement to change our creedal statements? Why are we © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page19 stuck in 15th and 16th century statements? A. I said to the Classis of Muskegon that I would be willing to sign the formula for ordination which speaks of those statements as faithful, historical witnesses to the Christian faith. I do believe that those statements were authentic statements of faith. They were affirmations; they were proclamations. In their context they addressed the questions and the issues of that time. It's simply a human quality - we tend to say it, the movement erupts, there is this prophetic flame, there is an eloquent statement, and then we absolutize it and we perpetuate it through history as though it no longer will be touched by ongoing historical experience. It happens all the time. It happens in every tradition. You don't have to be the Reformed Church in America, and I think that's the question. Until we can honor our creedal tradition as being a faithful expression in a given context, recognizing that that faith needs constant translation and fresh expression - until we do that, we'll be going through the torment of this past year in Michigan. Historical consciousness is a relatively late arrival on the scene of the human disciplines. I think that science of history, historiography, is an 18™ century phenomena, and it, when it really soaked into the human psyche… I mean we all think historically today. It is the very lens through which we see everything, but we have somehow or other compartmentalized our faith and our theological expression, and made out as though those expressions do not need to continue to bring new light through translation in light of ongoing experience. I don't know. I don't know why we can't learn that. I've learned it. I said in New Brunswick Seminary when John Beardsley - John Beardsley, where are you? What year did you go to New Brunswick? Could it have been '64? I sat there on behalf of Western Theological Seminary and stood in your procession and John Leese gave a lecture, and John Leese's lecture pointed out the historical condition of every creedal statement, and it was like a light went on, and I sat there and thought, why didn't I understand that in my first 30 years? Why didn't I know that? And then I could see. It happened. It's just amazing to me, but I can remember it like it was yesterday. The historical conditionedness. You want to read a great story? The Presbyterian Controversy by Bradley Longfield, the fundamentalist controversy from 1920 to 1936 in the Presbyterian Church, the one where _________came out and started Westminster Seminary. Henry Sloane Coffin, I think, Robert McCartney, William Jennings Bryant, anyway, six of these outstanding church leaders, and the controversy of those, assembly after assembly, where the fundamentalists in the decade of the 20s, it is an amazing story, and Jay Gresham Machen said this is the deposit of faith and this thing goes down through history and nothing touches it. © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page20 I can remember as a student reading Machen who said never go down on the playing field. They'll slaughter you. Stay in the citadel of faith. Okay, you got it here, stick there, just keep saying it. Fundamentalism is simply the reiteration of yesterday's answers to today's questions, and so, you don't go down. He said, don't get out of the citadel and go down there. In other words, you can't reason with those people. Don't draw swords with those people. Don't dare try to go mind to mind, thought to thought. No encounter, because they'll slay you, because if you have the citadel of faith, and you have this pure source of revelation, you just keep repeating it. Well, to think that that deposit of faith can just sort of move through history with all of the... was it Einstein who said after the explosion of the first atomic bomb? Everything is changed, except our thinking. I would say that, on the threshold of the year 2000, if the church would open its eyes, it would have to say everything has changed and it's time we think about it. And then it's a question of whether one really believes in God, really has faith, you see. I believe in God. I trust God for the future. I think it's going to be great. I'm going to keep preaching. Q. What can be done by a Reformed Church minister to engage in a serious Christian-Jewish dialogue where the Consistory is opposed to this dialogue? A. Take a call. I don't think you can do it without leadership in tune with it. The only reason I've survived this past year is because my own congregation has been wonderfully solid and supportive. If my congregation were torn up, I would be torn up and I would be out of here because I am not a fighter. I don't go around looking for confrontation and I couldn't stand it if my own people were not together in this thing. So, I would be very hesitant to recommend a minister or a church leader of any sort to get involved in that which is not affirmed by his or her own leadership. It's a formula for disaster, I think. Q. Of course, a lot of things can feel right, even demonic persecution which takes the persecutor beyond need for argument. What are the critical criteria for putting holds on affirming all kinds of behaviour, such as your ouster …? A. Well, you see, I think that if we operate with a biblical tradition, with the biblical story, with the Christian tradition in a concrete community of faith, and if we are in dialogue together and in conversation together, then I think that we'll make some mistakes, but I think we'll correct ourselves, too. I trust, basically, the people. I think that there's a terrible gap between the academy and the congregation. Your pastors have known a lot of things they've never told you about over many, many years, and my experience has been that I can trust my people with anything I'm thinking about, anything I'm toying with, and it's a community and the Spirit of God lives in that community. And so, I have the biblical story, I have the tradition, I have the concrete community. And then, I think we test the spirits, and sometimes we make mistakes, but © Grand Valley State University �Spoken Address to Mid-Atlantic Synod Richard A. Rhem Page21 we have the freedom to fail, and then we can turn around and say that didn't work or the consequences of that were not foreseen. I'm going to back down from that. I don't know any other magic, but I do think that the Christian community can be trusted. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Series Address to The Synod of Mid-Atlantic, Reformed Church in America Location The location of the interview Reformed Church Synod of Mid-Atlantics, Ramapo, New Jersey References Karl Barth, The Humanity of God, 1960,1996, Hendrikus Berkhof, Christian Faith, 1979, 1986 C. S. Lewis, Letters to Malcolm, 1964, Richard A. Rhem, "The Habit of God's Heart," Perspectives, Sept., 1988. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RA-3-19961004 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996-10-04 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Title A name given to the resource Regarding the Conflict About Christian Exclusivity Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Description An account of the resource Talk created, delivered, or published by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on October 4, 1996 entitled "Regarding the Conflict About Christian Exclusivity", as part of the series "Address to The Synod of Mid-Atlantic, Reformed Church in America", at Reformed Church Synod of Mid-Atlantics, Ramapo, New Jersey. Tags: Inclusive Grace, Nature of God, Pluralism, Universal Grace, Scripture, Authority. Scripture references: Karl Barth, The Humanity of God, 1960,1996, Hendrikus Berkhof, Christian Faith, 1979, 1986 C. S. Lewis, Letters to Malcolm, 1964, Richard A. Rhem, "The Habit of God's Heart," Perspectives, Sept., 1988. . Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Authority Inclusive Grace Nature of God Pluralism Scripture Universal Grace https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/066c981a78e01cc813145ff0d256d6c2.pdf 7f8c129de54c3e47511381b4c4722787 PDF Text Text REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ·:: ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS �I I I I I LOCATION COUNTY CLARE MISSAUKEE I I I \,osco GLADWIN I I I 1 I J~ 1 I SAGINAW OSCEOL~ - - - - 1 MECOSTA BAY .' ;l MOUNT PLEASANT us M20 :131 1 I \ISABE~~~-- 1 us 27 I I I v I l ~ : • ""\ -": -. •., ,:.} '. - • - . ~ ::!-4 \ . -· --· THE ASSOCIATION OF CLAfd: COUNTY:LOCAL PLANN1t,11, COMMISSIONS 'I JUNE 1HE ~R EPAR ATION OF 1HIS ._.AP '41AS FINA N\[;) •N PAH ~ r 1·H(f)UG~ /, COMPR El-lf 111S!Vf I> ;_ f'II\I Nll'l. ii GRANT • ROM THE. OiPARTMENT OF HOUSING ADMfNISTEkt O l:H ti.N O URBAN THE. S lAl f .)I- ()E ·J f:. 1()Pti,IFN r MtC~iG AN , 1978 CL.ARE COUNTY MICHIGAN I I �Mark A. Wyckoff 400 Everett Dr. Lansing, M,ich. 4891'5 ,,, FROM THE LIB RARY Of le.tanning & Zoning Center, Inc. REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Clare County Michigan Prepared by Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. Planning, Research & Env ironmental Design Consultants June 1978 The preparation of this report was financed, in part, through a Comprehensive Planning Grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, administered by the State of Michigan. �BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET 1. Report No. MIP-ACCLPC - 01 1 4.Tiile and Subtitle REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Clare County, Michigan 3. Recipient's Accessio n No. 5. Report Date June 1978 6. Au thor{s) Assoc1at1on ot Clare County Local Planning Comm1ss1ons & Parkins Roaers,i. Associates, Inc. Plonnina Consultants 9. Performing Organization Name and AddressAssociation of Clare County Local Plan 7. 8. Performing Organization Rept. No. 10. Pro;ect/Ta sk/W;rk Unit No. ning Commissions, c/o Chairman, Nial D. Resseguie 8245 E. Long Lk. Rdi.c------,-------""""4 11. Contract/Grant No. Harrison, Mich 48625 & Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc., 925 Book Building, Detroit, Michigan 48226 P-416-220 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Donald Peto, Ott1ce of Intergovern- 13. Type of Report & Period Covered mental Relations, D:epartment of Ma:nagement & Budget, Lewis Cass Builing 2nd, Ffoor , P.O • . Box 30026, Lansing, Michigan 48909 7-1-77 to 6-30-78 14. 15• Supplemencary Notes Correlates and summarizes previous 701 Community Planning Assistance grants and unassisted County and Township planning projects. Abstracts This Plan contains surveys, analyses and evaluation on the natural resources and environment, population, economy, housing characteristics, land use, organizational structure, transpor.totio.n facilities and utilities relating to Clare County. Recommendations ore made on future desirable land use needs to . serve the County's future population in the year 2000 . Implementation measures are presented -including a recommended five-year Continuing Planning Program. 16. 17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 170. Descriptors Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms 17b. Planning interpretations of soils information, prime agricultural and prime recreational lands, industry mix and employment structure projection, sector concept for land use planning. 17c. 18. C0SATI Field/ Group Availability Statement Release Unlimited Copies Available F ORM NTIS-3s lREv. 10·731 ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO. 19 •. Security Class (This Report) UNCI A<;;STFTFn Security Class (This P21ge UNCLASSIFIED 21. ·No. 20. 22. THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED of Pages Price usc;:oMM-Dc s2es-?74 �TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Tobie of Contents. List of Tables List of Charts . List of Maps General Summary 111 V IX XII XII XIV History Historical Perspective Historic Preservation . 1 2 Environmental Characteristics Climate Drainage . Major Lakes, Ponds, and Streams Soils and Surface Geology Bedrock Geology • Su.r face Geology Soil Associations . Topography Water . Soil Hydrology Agricultural Interpretation of Soil Associations Forest Cover . Fragile Environmental Areas . Conclusion 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 l1 12 12 12 13 13 14 Population Characteristics and Forecast Past Population Growth Trends . Population Composition Population Distribution, Density and Migration Population Forecast 15 15 20 23 Economy Introduction Employment and Income Distribution Business Activity • Agriculture Anticipated Urbanization and Future Space Needs 37 Housing Study Introduction Existing Housing Characteristics 40 40 V 28 28 31 34 �TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Housing Study (cont.\ 47 Housing Supply Needs Housing Needs Analysis Housing Environment . Statement of Goals Housing Assistance Programs 51 53 57 58 Existing Circulation and Transportation Characteristics Introduction Regional Setting . Road Inventory Characteristics of the Road System . Airport Facilities. Rail Facilities Trucki ng Facilities .. Publi c T ronsportation Conclusion Public Utilities, Facilities and Services Introduction Recreatiqnal Faci Ii ties Librar· e 5 . Police Protection Fi re Protectior. Ambulance Services . Hospital Services. Mento I Hea Ith Dental Care Schools Elect ricity 59 59 60 63 64 66 66 66 66 68 68 69 72 73 75 75 75 76 76 76 Goals and Policies Polici e s and Procedures for Decision-Making Citizen Awareness and Participation Control! ed Development Agriculture and Land Use Business Industry Transportation Environmental Utilities • Organizational Cooperation 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 85 85 land Use Pl an Introduction Existing Land Use 87 87 '· VI �TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Land Use Plan (cont.) 90 94 Clare County Land Use Patterns. Urban-Rural Land Use Conflicts. Future Land Use Plan . Concepts of the Plan . Existing Factors Influencing the Plan Planning by Development Sectors Land Use Control Conclusion 95 95 99 100 105 105 Organizational Analysis Introduction Structure of Counties• County Functions . County Administrator. County Board of Commissioners 107 107 108 111 ··- L · -: ·- -1-12 f:.: .. Implementation - Continuing Planning Program Introduction Organization . The Continuing Planning Process Components of a Continuing Planning Program Maintenance and Updating of Planning Data 11 7.. . . - ' ; ; -·.: :,-:11-8 ·. ' c120· .~· l2'1-· · · i 21 :. ·. - APPENDIX Environmental Assessment Introduction Environmental Impact Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects Alternative to the Plan Irreversible and Irretrievable Committment of Resources Applicable Environmental Controls . · ·• ,· ~-Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Tobie A A A A A A A A A - l, Value of Housing, Clare County, 1970 - 2, Housing Characteristics, Clare County, 1970 - 3, Type of Structure,Clare County, 1970. - 4, Count of Housing Units with Complete B·othroom Fqcilities, Clare County, 1970 - 5, Source of Water, Clare County, 197-0 . - 6, Heating Equipment, Clare County, 1970 - 7, Year Structure Built, Clare County, 1949 to 1970 - 8, County and State Median Values, Clare County, 1970 - 9, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roi 1, Cl o re County . vii j . . . . ,, . ,., • · 130 13Q ::-,.. :- : . ·-.- l3.2 - --: :: 132 .-•. , 133 , ., 133 134 135 l36 :\ ·,, . . •· l37 · · . · · '138 . ·139 140 141 142 l ', �TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue d) Table A - 10, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, City of.Clare Table A - l l, True Cash Value of Real and Personal _Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, City of Har~ison Table A - 12, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Arthur Township . Table A - 13, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Franklin Township Table A - 14, True Cash Value of Real a nd Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Freeman Township Table A - 15, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Frost Township . Table A - 16, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Garfield Township . Table A - 17, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Grant Township . Table A - 18, True Cash Value of Rea l a d Personal Property as Determined from-Assessment Roll, Greenwood Township Table A - 19, True Cash-:Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessrnent Roll, Hamilton Township . Table A - 20, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Hatton Township. Table A - 21, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Hayes Township . Table A - 22, True Cash Value of Rea l and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Lincoln Township Table A - 23, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Redding Township Table A - 24, True Cash Value of Real a nd Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Sheridan Township Table A - 25, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Ro ll, Summerfield Township Table A - 26, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessmen t Ro ll, Surrey Township. Table A - 27, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessmen t Roll, Winterfield Township TableA-28, Township School Millage, Clore County, 1977 I. 1 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 · Clare County Drains, Clare County, Michigan, 1978 162 Application for Plan Examination and Building Permit Construction Code Authority, Clare County -r • 164 viii �LIST OF TABLES Table No. Inventory of Lakes, Ponds, and Streams. 4 2 General Soils Mop Legend, Clare County 6 3 Comparative Population Growth, Clare and Surrounding Counties, 1940-1976 . 16 4 Age Composition, Clore County, 1930-1970 17 5 Median Age, Clore County and Other Regions, 1950, 1960 and 1970 . 19 Population Per Household, Clare County and Other Regions . 20 Population Trends by Local Municipality, 1950, 1960, and 1970 21 Natural Increase and Net Migration, Clare and Surrou nd ing Counties, 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to l July, 1976. 24 9 Population Projections, Clare County, 1990 and 2000 25 10 Employment, Clare Area and State of Michigan, 1977 and 1985 6 7 8 11 29 Employment Projections, Clare County,- 1974, 1980 ahd , 1990 • • • •-•• ., .' 12 .. C · 30 . .. Effective Buying Income and Distributtoti ; Clare County, 1974-1976 • I <• 32 13 Retail Sales Data, Clare County, 1974, 1975 and 1976 33 14 Wholesale Trade Area, Clare County, -1967 and 1972 . 33 15 Selected Service Data, Clare County,, J.967 and 1972. 34 16 General Agricultural Statistics, Clare County, 1964, 1969 and 1974 . 17 Types of Farms, Clare County, 1954, 1964 and 1974 . , . '··~ ix 36 �LI ST OF TABLES (Continued) Table No., l8 livestock Production and Sales, Clare County, 1954, 1964 and 1974 . 36 19 Shopping Area Standards Related to Population and TimeDistance . 38 20 Owner Occupied Housing Value, Clare County, 1970 . 41 21 Housing Characteristics, Clare County, 1970 42 22 Housing Units by Type (Occupied and Vacant al I Year), Clare County, 1970 42 23 Bathroom Facilities, Clare County, 1970 43 24 Sewage Disposal, Clare County, 1970 44 25 Source of Water, Clare County, 1970 45 26 Heating Equipment, Clore County, 1970- 45 27 Building Permit Statistics, Clare County, 1977 • 49 28 Projected Housing Supply Permanent and Second Homes, Clare County, '1970-1980 . 50 29 Household Income levels, Clare County, 1976 52 30 Elderly and Non-Elderly Low Income Households, Clare County, 1976 52 31 Street Mileage Within Incorporated Communities, Clare County 60 32 Inventory of Roads and Surface Types., Clare County, 1976 62 33 34 . _Commercial Aircraft Serving Tri-City Airport, May, 1976 65 Moy 65 Single-Plane Airline Service From Tri-City Airport 1976 ' • "' X f \ �LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table No. 35 Page Standards for Specific Recreation Activities, Clare County 70 36 Inventory of Natural, Scenic, and Historic Sites 71 37 Desirable Library Standards, Clare County 72 38 Schooi Districrs,J Ciore County, i977 39 Existing Land Use, Clare County, 1978 40 Updating · Procedures . .I Tl 91 125 XI - - -- ~ ~- �LIST OF CHARTS Chart No. Lot and Plat Approval, 1870 -1978, Clare County. 119 Suggested Organizational Structure 2 97 LIST OF MAPS · Follows Page Map No. Existing Environment 4 Water Resources . 2 Surface Geology . 3 General Soil Map 4 Agricultural Land 5 Maj or Forest Types 6 Soi I Conservation Areas . 5. 5 13 14 14 Population 7 Population Distribution . 22 8 Housing Study Area location 55 9 Road Classifications 62 Traffic Volumes . 63 10 Facilities and Services · 11 Natural, Scenic and Historic Sites 70 12 Fire, School and Hospital Service Areas 73 Land Use 13 Existing Land Use 90 14 Approved County Plats, 1870-1978 96 xii �LIST OF Mtl..PS (Continued) Follows Page Map No. Land Use (cont .) 15 Soil Limitations . 100 16 Cultural Limitations . 100 17 Combined Physical Limitations . 100 18 future Land Use . 101 xiii - - --~ �GENERAL SUMMARY �GENERAL SUMMARY REGIONAL SETTING *Clare County is located in northcentral Michigan and is primarily a rural-farming and recreational area. *Clare County's growth wi 11 come about not as a result of being near a regional urban growth radial nor because of absorption by an expanding large city, but rather as a rural resort area. *U.S. 27, U.S. 10 and M-61 Freeways can be e)(pected to play an important role in the County's residential and industrial development. *Clare County in the future will be subjected to two major economic forces: development pressures and rural stability. ENVIRONMENT *Glaciation has been the dominant force creating the surface formation in Clare County *Clare County relief {elevation of land surfaces above sea level} varies from hilly land in the central townships to gently rolling land in the surrounding portions of the County,. *The soils of Clare County are varied and have a direct relationship to the development potentials and problems in the County, *Clare County contains approximately 400 lakes and ponds, both natural and man~made. Of these 60 are between 20 and 388 acres. *There are 29 miles of major streams and 302 miles of tributary streams flowing within Clare County. *In terms of natural land capability, Clare County is abundantly endowed with diversified soils, crop land, topography, bodies of water and mineral and organic soi I resources. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND FORECAST *Clare County experienced a relatively consistent but rather slow population growth between 1940 and 1960 {9,163 in 1940 to 11,647 in 1960). *Population growth in the 1960's significantly increased with an average yearly increase of approximately 600 persons. The 1970 population was 16,695 people. *Between 1940 and 1970, the age distribution of the County dramatically changed. Fol lowing national trends the most obvious change in the · age distribution within Clare County has b.een the large growth in the proportion of young people up to 1960. By 1970 dramatic increases of older citizens {55 + years) were noted. ~n the future, a large proportion of the new families will be in the 55 years or older age group. School age children continued to increase in the 1970's, but should increase more slowly during the 1980's. *The population distribution of Clare County is generally concentrated in the Cities of Clare and Harrison and the Vi I Iage of Farwel I and around several major lakes. The greatest population density occurs xiv -~· ... �POPULATION CHAR AC TERISTICS AND FORECAST (Continued) in the City of Clare (1,224 people per square mile) and the lowest in Summerfield and Freeman Townships (each having 5.9 people per square mi le). Reviewing the center of population within the County from 1940 to 1960 a shift toward the City of Clare indicates that population had been growing more rapidly in the southern and western portions of the County. This trend reversed in the l 960's and early 1970's and will gradually locate in the central area portion of the County in the Hayes Township area. *In review of the growth in the 1960 1s and the known placement of growth generators in the County (e.g., freeways, utility systems, proposed developments), the 1990 population projection is for a population of between 34,000 and 37,000 people. By the Year 2000, the County's population is expected to be approximately 45,000 to 50,000. ECONOMY *The purpose of the economi C base study is to analyze the industrial, commercial and agricultural sectors of Clare County, the three generators of economic growth within the County. In 1977, over 8,700 people were employed out of a total work force of 9,675. Employment within the non-manufacturing industries is expected to increase the most rapidly through 1990. *It is projected that by the Year 2000 over 4,000 additional people will be employed in Clare County. *The Retai I and Wholesale Trade and Service Industries in Clare County are not as specialized as these industries are in more urbanized areas. The sales volume and number of employees per establishment are both considerably less than the State average. *The total number of farms in the County has decreased steadily during the 1954-1974 period as has the total land area in farms. However, the value of farm products and the total production of lrvestock and livestock products has increased during these 20 years due to more intensive methods of farming. HOUSING STUDY *The purpose of the housing study is to identify housing related problems in Clore County which may impair the type, quality and quantity of the future County housing stock. *As of 1970, the last Federal Decennial Census, there were 11,061 dwelling units in the County. In 1970 more than half of all the homes were bui It for either seasonal use or were vacant and used occasionally. *In 1970, nearly 44 percent of the houses were constructed since 1961 while an additional nine percent were constructed in the 1950 decade and another four percent were constructed between 1940 and 1949, the remaining 22 percent being constructed before 1940. As of 1970, only 56 percent of the total dwelling units were less than 10 years old. xv �HOUSING STUDY (Continued) *There is a shortage of rental housing in the County. TRANS PORT A Tl ON *Five interchange areas off U.S. 27 are integral to Clare County's Development *In Clare County there are large clusters of homes in need of improvement. Zoning and land use plans and bui Iding and construction codes should be reviewed periodically to determine if they are realistic. However, once they are updated, they should be closely fol lowed and enforced. *In order to provide a continuous road system through Clare County, new road connections must be provided. Because of the soil conditions and topographic variations in some areas of the County, feasibility studies by the County Road Commission are required. *A program of taking periodic traffic counts along the County Primary Roads should be initiated by the County Road Commission. This will provide necessary information to develop a road improvement program in the County. PUBLIC UTILITIES, FACILITIES AND SERVICES *Clare County has sufficient regional recreation areas located in the County to satisfy future needs based on recreation standards. However, resort-recreation areas in Clare County receive intense use by people living outside of Clare County and crowded conditions exist. *Clare County's natural physiography and its location in north-central Michigan provide the potential for greater recreational development in the County. ,..., *Clare County hos a great potential for tourism with likely success in vacation cabins, cottages, comping grounds, picnicking, fishing, golfing, hunting, and hunting preserves. *Clare County should encourage the tourist industry in the C0..1 nty to expand rather than develop new County recreation areas. *An organization of recreation related businesses should be organized to explore common concerns of the tourist industry in Clare County. *The County should consider preparing a tourist development plan which would iclentify areas for tourism in the County and which could provide information to be used by potential investors. * A promotional mop showing the present recreation resources and foci Ii ties avai Iable to visitors in Clare County should be prepared. *The existing library system consists of three separate libraries all funded to some extent by the County. *Improvement and expansion of the existing library system should soon be implemented to meet the growing County population. *Two ambulance services operate within Clare County. XVI �PUBLIC UTILITIES, FACILITIES AND SERVICES (Continued) *Clare O steopathic Hospital is the only hospital located within Clare County. Eleven docto rs are on staff. Seven dentists work in Clare County. GOALS AND O BJECTIVES *Urban development in Clare County should be concentrated in distinct urban areas. The scattering of population throughout the County means that services are provided at a high cost to the taxpayer or not provided at all. *Clare County includes eight school districts the largest of which is the Harrison School District. *Agricultural uses cannot compete with urban land u3es and therefore must be protected. The concentration of population in the County is one important way to protect agricultural land. *Primary urban areas in Clare County should be encouraged so that it can achieve a size which can support a wider variety of services and cultural activities. *Clare County is bountiful in natural assets which should be preserved for recreation use of residents in the County of Michigan. *The objective of the County should be to encourage al I local municipalities to adhere to the goals of the County in reference to various land uses. LAND USE *The existing residentiat land in the County amounts to about 29,680 acres. About 1.7 percent is single-family in character and 81 percent is in rural lots. Concentrations of residential development occur in the City of Clare and Harrison and the Village of Farwell and surrounding · many lakes in the County. The remainder of the housing is randomly scattered along Section arid Quarter Section Line roads. *Approximately 600 acres are used for commercial purposes within the County. About 20 percent of the commercial acreage is located in the City of Clare and Harrison and the Vi IIage of Farwell with the remaining 80 percent scattered in the townships. · *The location of manufacturing land uses is not evenly distributed throughout the County. Concentrations of manufacturing land uses are found in and around the City of Clare and the Village of Farwell. Of the approximately 4,070 acres of industrial land usage, only 0.1 percent is in manufacturing, warehousing and storage. The remainder is in extractive indu3tries such as gas and gravel extraction. *Forested land is the predominant land use in Clare County with approximately 195,000 acres in large forested lots. *Other land uses in Clare County include Transportation and Uti Ii ties (12,000 acres), Public, State-Owned Land (43,650 acres), and Water (3,200 acres) and Agriculture (75,720 acres) • . ,:.· . xvii �LAND USE (Continued) *The scattering of urban development throughout a rural area generally results in the gradual dis.c ontinuance of farming. There is evidence that the scattering of urban uses in rural areas of southern Clare County is occurring. *The Future Land Use Plan is based upon the sector theory of development. Broad areas of the County are identified as having dist:nct characteristics which indicates a dominant type of land use within a sector. The County is divided into five sectors: high intensity development, low intensity development, conservation, agri culturol, and rural development sectors. *Examining physiographic features (soil percolatio~, slope and cultural limitations) in Clare County reveals that there are extensive areas in the County which should avoid urbanization. Large portions of the County are unsuitable for urban development. *High intensity land uses, medium density residential, industry, commerce are recommended near major thoroughfares and urban settlements. *Moderate and low density residential development are proposed in and around the Cities of Clare and Harrison and other existing urban communities *The agricultural sector is extensive and stretches from the north to the south primarily along the eastern areas of the County. *The conservation sector (e.g., State-Owned land, private parks and recreation areas) ore indicated in two broad areas in the County. The first area is in the north and northwest where the state-owned and forested areas are best suited to recreation use. The second area extends north of the City of Harrison in an area including large portions of Frost and Franklin Townships. . OR GANI ZATI O NAL *The fact that County officials have managed to perform their duties so ANALYSIS well is a tribute to their capabilities and not a result of the present organizational structure as defined in the Michigan Constitution and State laws. *There are seven members of the Board of Commissioners in Clare County. *In 1974 Clare County voters set a fixed millage limit of 15 mills. *Clare County has more than a two million dollar budget. *The County Home Rule Act, Act 293, does not have the potential to substantially improve County governmental operations. * A County administrator could help make the County's operations more efficient. *The Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions is unique to Clare County and can continue to serve the region. -~- . xviii �IMPLEMENTATION *Due to the nature of Clare County's rapid growth, comprehensive planning is becoming increasingly necessary. *A County Planning Department should be formed in Clare County and work in con junction with the County Bui Iding and Health Departments. *The Regional Comprehensive Plan should be periodically revised and updated to keep pace with Clare County's growth and changing nature. *All local governmental units within the County should work together toward achieving well planned and coordinated growth • .as:· "' XIX • �HI STORY �HISTORY Historica I Perspective Clare County is one of the few areas in Michigan which remained relatively untouched and unused in its early years. The first people to make use of the area were the Indians who played a significant role in Michigan's history, but their activity was very limited. The Indians did not have any permanent settlements .in the Clare County area. A few scattered families did live in the area but it was only used to traverse the State in an east and west direction. Because of this minimum use of the area by the Indians the COlntyremained in a relatively natural state up until the time of the first white settlers. In 1840 Clare County was approved as a county by the Lansing Legislature and was at that time named Kaykakee, meaning 11 Pigeon Hawk 11 in Chippewa Indian Language. In 1843, the name Kaykakee was changed to Clare by an Irish surveyor, Henry Nicholson, who was devoted to his County Clare in Ireland. The documented history of Clare County begins in 1866 with the settlement of the Wilkins family in what later became Surrey Township. At the same time, the Crawford family settled near what is now Dover in the northeast corner of Grant Township. The entrance of these families was nearly concurrent; however, the Crawford settlement (Dover) is credited as being the first settlement in Clare County. l The first settlement of an industrial nature in the County was Hinkleville, a community which was established for the purpose of lumbering in 1868. Hinkleville was located near the intersection of U. S. 10 and the Tobacco River, a mile and a half east of what is now the Village of Farwell. It was here that the County's first impromptu County Seat was located. Today, Hinkleville is overgrown with grass, weeds and trees. Slowly, between the years of 1870-1980 settlers formed the existing township government units which are still in operation today. The prime reason for migration to the Clare County area was the forest cover resources base which existed in the County. Because of the great resource in trees, it was quite natural that the various related lumber industries developed, and even complete lumbering towns in strategic areas of the County. Many of these towns and industries have long since disappeared. The railroads, which were a necessity to the lumber industry, followed the lumber camps and consequently opened the way for additional settlers with interests other than lumber. The railroad lines were instrumental in determining the prosperity of such towns as Farwell, Clare and Harrison. In 1879, Harrison was platted by the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, resulting in the County Seat being moved to Harrison from its original location in Farwell .2 During the time new development was occurring, significant changes in the physical environment were made. Many acres of land were completely stripped of tree cover. Mass removal of trees and ground cover led to increased sedimentation which altered drainage patterns, thus beginning the cycle of environmental change due to human use. Also, access to forest areas by means of the lumbering trails, promoted additional settlement to those areas. l Forrest Meek, Michigan's Timber Battleground, (published in conjunction with the Clare County Bicentennial Historical Committee), 1976. 2 clare County Environmental Study, Student Water Publications, Michigan State University, 1971. - 1- �In more recent years, the County's economic emphasis has changed and lumbering does not hold the dominant position that it once held. Agricultural activi-ty, and more recently, recreational activities, have replaced it as significant factors in the County economy. The development of roads and, more recently,the high speed freeways have all had a large role in shaping the development of Clare County. Population has been increasing and with this increase more environmental concerns have arisen. Clare County Today History has had a vast impact on Clare County and the role that is plays in the State. The fact that Clare County is the "Gateway to the North" still remains as a concept that will have a significant influence on the path that Clare County follows in the future. The County has ties with the northern portions of the State as wel I as with the southern sectors. County residents must choose which role they ore going to follow in the future and the particular life-style that they desire. Growth brings benefits but it also brings significant problems, unless the growth is well planned for by the residents for it is their home and their responsibility. Hopefully, what is included in this document wil I aid in providing incentive to Clare County officials and residents to work for a better environment. Historic Preservation There are no historic sites in Clare County which are on the National Register of Historic Places. However, in December 1977, the Lincoln Township Hall was approved by the Michigan History Department as a historic site. The development plans of this Regional Comprehensive Plan will not adversely affect any historic sites. -2- �ENVIRONMENT �ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS The various land capabilities in Clare County exert limiting or accelerating effects upon prospects for future growth of the County. Man's natural environment influences url:>an and rural growth. This development should never be the result of poor planning decisions. A knowledge of these natural features of the land is, therefore, necessary in formulating sound planning principles for the County. The features characteristic of Clare County which are considered include climate, drainage, water resources, soil characteristics, topography and mineral and organic deposits. Climate A humid continental climate is characteristic of Clare County. The annual mean temperature is 43° F ., and the average annual precipitation is 32 .64 inches. The growing season averages 143 days per year. The mean July temperature is 69° to 70° F., and the mean January tempera.ture is 19° to 20° F. Early and late frosts have at times caused some damage to crops. Drainage The Muskegon Watershed and its tributary streams drain about half of Clare County, while the Cedar and Tobacco Rivers join the Tittabawassee River, a major stream flowing eastward into the Saginaw River. The Muskegon River drains westward into the Saginaw River. The Muskegon River drains westward into Lake Michigan. Clare County is consequently subject to a major drainage divide with waters flowing both westward and eastward into Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Major Lakes, Ponds, and Streams There are 29 miles of major streams and 302 miles of tributary streams flowing within Clare County. The County also has approximately 400 lakes and ponds, both natural and man-mode . Of these, 60 are between 20 to 388 acres in area, and 191 are between 2 to 40 acres in size. There are 11 public fishing sites. The State of Michigan has two 40 acre public easement sites for fishing along the stream banks within the easements. (Refer to Table l, Inventory of Lakes,. Ponds, and Streams.} The major rivers, creeks, and lakes are shown on Map 1, "Water Resources. 0 Soils and Surface Geology Past development of Clare County has for the most part been controlled by its soils. Given today's limited utility facilities throughout the County, the soils are still controlling its development. Controls, however, are being based upon a greater base of knowledge and the restrictions established by law and enforced by the Clare County Health Department. These factors have combined to create a settlement pattern running across the middle of the County from the northeast corner to the southwest corner. This prime development area covers about one half of the County and the only limitations to its complete development are those areas of excessive topography. The area in the northwest corner of the County is primarily well drained, drovghty sand to poody drained sands and muck. The droughty sands present development problems in terms of on site -3- �TABLE 1 INVENTORY OF ~AKES, P.ONDS, AN.D STREAMS :,.,. ~~ Loentlon Ro\11\d Dnlley Locn (Big) Ciut Arnold 17N 3W 2 17N 'JW 3 \. Otter Shnmrock Clear Dco.r llnlf Moon No Nnm •a Thh'tcen Mill Pond . Surrey I ~ Three Lnkcs Crnnbcrry (Dig) Mud (DI~) Mystic no.~:i Elcht I"<tlnl Crooked Perch BlufC Grey Viol! Bccbo Ltly Shinalc Gcorgo Bungo Bertha Perch Hemlock , I Silver i\lo~wny 1131g) Spring 25, 0, 40.0 75.0 : 41. 3 141, G(l) 17N 4W 5 17N 4\V 0 17N4WO, 0, lG 17N 4W 18 · 22.0 120,0 17N 4W 26 17N 5W 5 50. 0 76,0 17N5W5,G G2,5 17N5W5,6 13N SW 31, 32 I I ~ I 32,0 17N SW 0 17N SW 13 so. 0 32,0 17N SW 2G 17Ns·w21, 44, 8 22 17N GW 2, 11 57,0 203, 0 17N GW 4, O, 1G 210,0 17N OW G .4 1.0 17NGW1G 511, 0 17N OW 17; 10 17N GW 100 307,:; 20, 20, 30 17N GW 21, 264,0 22,23,27 50,0 17N GW 23 17N6W25 43. 5 17N GW 27, 46.0 34 20, 0(2) lON 'JW 25 18N 2W 30 18N 4W 14, · 51, 0 23 · 18N SW 3 20!!, 0 31,0 18N SW 7,8 10N SW 8, ' 134. 0 16,17,21 18N, 5\V 21, 45,0 22 43, 0 18N SW 22 18N SW 20,20 25,0 18N 5W 29 • 20. 0 18NSW30 51.S 10N GW 2,3 52.0 18N GW 10, 35.0 11 Dcscrlt!tlon or Wntcr Nnturnl Nnlurnl Naturnl Nnturnl Nnturcl Lnko Lnkc Lnkc Lnko Lnko Nntural Nnturol No.lur:il Nnturnl Natunl Lnko Lnko Lnkc Lnkc Lake Present Uso . ,, Nrunc of Wntcr Windover l'antioh, pike Doc nnd Tom PMflsh P:inti!Jh Losl I Panfich Pantish Dodi:e No Nnme Swallow Dov. Townllno Springwood 12 Pnn!lch Nntural Loko Natural Lake Nnturol Lako Art!Clcinl Lako Spr!.ngwood I 1 Howlnnd Crnnborr,r . Naturol Lake Nllturnl Lnko Arnold Noturnl Loko Nlllurnl Lnko Nnturnl Loko PMClah, plko Nnlurnl Lnkc I>o.n!lsh, pike Locntlnn I Dutld Suthorland Long (LlUlo) 10N GW 11, 1-1 lON GW 23, 24,25,26 lON GW 20 0 33 1!lN 3W 10 l!lN 3W 10, 30 10N 3W 10 l!lN 3W l!l 10N 3W 28, 20 19N 3W 20 lON 3W 34, 35 10N4W1,' 12 10N 4W 2 20N '1.W 35 . 10N 1W 10, 21, 20 10N4W22, 23 10N4W21, u~c ~ De~erlpt!on or Wntcr so. 0 Nnturnl Lnke 187. 0 Naturnl Lnk<: 34,0 Nnlur:il Lnkc 25. 0 20, 0 Nntur:il Lnkc Naluro.l LllkC 2G,O 20. o 70,0 Arllficlnl Lake Nnturnl Lake Naturnl Lnkc 32,0 34,0 Nntural Lnke Nnturnl Lake 2nG. 0 Naturnl Loko Pll.l'l!!sh, pike 110,0 Nnturnl Lnko Pike, troul 175,-1 Nntur:,,1 L:iko Pnnflsh, trout 42,0 Notur:11 Lnko Pnntl6h 43,0 Nntur:il Lnko l'nn!ish, trout 22,0 40,0 Nnturol Lnko Nntural Lnke 30, 0 N:iturlll Lnkc 24, 0 ' Nntural Lake Pn.n!ish 210.0 N:i.turnl L:ike P:i.n!ish, pike '72,0 32,0 Nat'ural L:1kc Natural Lake 2G3, 0 Na~ural Lake 62, 0(3) Nntural Lake Prc5cnt l':l.l'l!loh, pike P:ill!lsh l'n.ntish, trout 22 N:ituro.1 Lnke :PnnClsh, trout Deer Elbow Natural Lnke . NlllUrlll Lnke Nntur:i.1 Lnko 15 Trout Pnn!lsh Panrish lialtMoon Natural L:i.ko Loni: (Bia) Noturol Loke N:iturnl Lnke Naturnl Lake Notural Lnko Pan!lsh, pike Rice Pond Haskell Pan!ish, pike • . Panflsh, pike Lnkc Lnko Lnko Lokc Lnke Lako Fur Farm Cr:,,nbcrry Nnturnl Lnko Naturol Natural Natur.il Nnturnl Natural Natural 19N 4W 23 • 20N 3W 10, P~flsh, plke Po.r.ri11h · 20N 3W 11, 14 20N 4W 22, 23 20N 4W 22, 2G,27,35 20N 5\V 12 20N SW 13, 24 20N sw·21, 28 20N GW l 21N 6W 38 SOURCE: An Aper:ilsal or Potentlnl Outdoor Rcerc:it!on:il Deve1oement in Clnrc County, Nov. lD68, (1070 Rc;,rintl �. --- - purification of effluent. The remainder of the soils have a high water table or will not support foundations. In. the southeast part of the County the soils tend to be well to poorly drained, moderately fine textured soils with moderately low to very slow permeability. The result is the development of on site disposal foci lities are very costly because of the extensive tile field and the amount of aggregate necessary to have such a system function. This area of the County, however, is best suited to developments of an agricultural nature. Bedrock Geology The geology of the County is divided into two basic segments. These segments are: (1) bedrock, and (2) surface geology. This report, however, will not deal with bedrock geology because there is up to 800 feet of overburden consisting of surface geology. This means the bedrock geology of the area has little influence in terms of development except for gas, oil and high delivery water wel Is from the Saginaw Formation. Presently, natural gas resources are being developed in Lincoln and Winterfield Townships. Surface Geology The surface geology of Clore County was laid down during the glacial period of this region. As a result, three basic types of formations exist. These are: {l) Moraine)' (2) Outwash, and (3) Till Plain. The Moraine is composed of undifferentiated Punctino sand, clay-gravel and silt, Outwash being comprised of sand and gravel, and Till Plain-clay and silt. Map 2 shows the various types of surface geology in Clare County. The Moraine area of the County underlies prime development soils of the County. While there is slightly less area of Moraine than prime soil, the basic cause can be attributed to the erosion which has taken place since the recession of the glacier. The Outwash formations lie in the northwest part of Clare County along with a small area of Till Plain. As with the Moraine, this area's soil is related directly to this formation • . Being basically sand and gravel it is droughty, or where it is underlain by silt or clay, it has a high water table and is relatively wet. These wetlands are associated with the Muskegon. River Valley which runs through the Outwash area. The Ti II Plan is located in the southeastern segments of Clare County and contains the clay and silt deposits of the County. This area would be a prime development area just as the Moraine area is, except that it needs urban utility facilities to support development. Soil Associations A complete soil map for Clare County was completed in 1976 by the Clare County Soil Conservation Service. Map 3 graphically shows the nine soil associations as they are found in the County. (See Table 2 for legend.) This general map is useful in understanding the soil groups on a generalized County scale. Soils in different parts of the County can be compared and areas found suitable for certain types of land use can be delineated. The map is not in sufficient detail, however, to permit detailed land use planning involving soils on individual sites. However, the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, which maintains an office in the City ·of Harrison, has a complete collection of detailed soil maps drawn on aerial photograps to aid in detailed soil work. -5- �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON ,,. COUNTY . ., I ' I I . "' FRANKLIN FROST \ C \ l,AYES 4 > ENWOOD I- !HARR~ • > z => 0 (.) I- z => z 3: Q < ..J • 0 0 < • •..J (!) 0 w ~OLN 0 (/) 0 ..... ' HATTON ~ • "' ARTHUR ~ . ' .; . ~ t . ~ ~ • !SABELLA WATER COUNTY RESOURCES . Oilii JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS -~s Tl"'!( PREPARATION OF H-11s "4AP FINANCED IN PART THP.00GH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPARTMENT Of HOUSING AND URBAN AOMINISTE ~ED BY DEVELOPMENT, THE STAT( OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1 �SURFACE GEOLOGY ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~moraine- undifferentiated ,_____~loutwash -sand O ~ • 1 :t • II and :::;:;:;:::::::::::=::::;:;:;::ti 11 plain -clay and sand, c1ay, gravel and silt gravel si It 2 JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS TH( PREPARATIO"-' OF Hos -.t:..P WAS F INANCED IN PA~l THRfJU~!oi A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM T •• E. O(PARTJt,1ENT Of HOUSING AND URB AN AOMINISTEfiEO BY OEVELOPM(NT, THE ST ATE OF MICH IG AN - CLARE COUNTY ' MICHIGAN �SOILS GENERAL MAP NUMBERS . MAP AND PATTERNS CORRESPOND WITH TABLE 2 ~ . .,, . 1 ! Uilb JUNE, 1978 -THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS - - - - ·- THE PREPMfArlON OF THIS MA>-' WAS Flri.4riCEO IN p;..,;,r • Tt-lR0UGH A COMPRE HENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM TH E DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT t AOMINISTEFiEO BY THE STATE OF MICHtGAJrr,j CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN �TABLE 2 GENERAL SOILS MAP LEGEND CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Area Soil Association · Percent of County -· 1 Gladwin, Wheatley 2 Nontcalm, Menominee, Nester 3 4 1% Drainage Soil Texture level Somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained. Sandy and loamy 15 level to rolling. Well drained to moderately wel I drained. Sandy and loamy Menominee, Iosco, Kawkawlin 11 level to gently Well drained to somewhat rolling poorly drained. Sandy and loamy Nester, Kawkawlin, Sims 14 level to rolling Wei I drained to very poorly drained Loamy 29 level to steep Somewhat excessively drained and well drained. Sandy I °' Topography ...... 5················ :::•:•. :::::•:•:•:•:•:•. G rayca I m, Mo ntca I m 6 Grayling 8 level to steep Excessively drained, extremely droughty. Sandy 7 Rubicon, Croswell, AuGres 9 level to rolling Excessively drained to somewhat poorly dmil'"!ed. Sandy 8 Mancelona, Gladwin 4 level to gently Excessively drained and rollihg somewhat poorly drained. Sandy and Ioamy 9 level Muck ...:~:::, 9 •·············· :~~::~::«: Lupton, Ma r k ey Very poorly drained *Soil Survey of Clare County, Paul Corder, Soil Conservation Service, 1976, United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation wit h Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. �For example, because of percolation problems found throughout the County, all development requiring the in;tallation of septic tanks should be checked against the data available at State and local agencies. On the other hand, the general soil map is useful for County-wide planning programs. Agricultural programs, urban development, highway planning and recreational developments can be better evaluated using this map. In addition to the outline in Table 2, (the nine soil associations in Clare Count~, the physical qualities of soils comprising each association are described below. Association l: Gladwin-Wheatley. This Association consists of nearly level, somewhat poorly drained to very poor drained sandy and loamy soils, that have sandy and gravelly substratums. These nearly level soils occur on old glacial lake beds and outwash plains. Differences in elevation between the soils ranges from one to five feet. · Association l occupies about one percent of the County. About 40 percent of this map unit is Gladwin soil, 35 percent is Wheatly soil, and the remaining 25 percent are soils of minor extent. The Gladwin soil is slightly higher in the landscape than the Wheatley soil. It lies on the slightly higher broad flat areas and drainagewayse The Wheatley soil lies on the wet drainageways and broad wet flat areas. The Gladwin soil is somewhat poorly drained, and the Wheatley soil is poorly and very poorly drained. Both these soils have a seasonal high water table, and low available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the somewhat excessively drained Mancelona soil, the somewhat poorly drained Au Gres, Colonville, Iosco, and Kawkawlin soils, and the poorly and very poorly drained Brevort and Roscommon soils. These types are used mainly for woodland, pasture, or idle grassland. For most uses, the excess wetness of these soils is the major limitation. This map unit does have good to fair potential for pasture. The excess wetness is so difficult to overcome that the potential is fair to poor for cultivated crops, woodland, wildlife, and recreational uses, and poor for most engineering uses. However, there is a good to fair resource of sand and gravel. Association 2: Montcalm-Menominee-Nester. This Association is composed of nearly level to rolling, wel I drained and moderately wel I drained sandy and loamy soils, that have sandy and loamy substratums. Most areas of this Association are hilly, but a few areas are fairly flat. This area has few streams, rivers or lakes. Association 2 occupies about 15 percent of the County. About 40 percent consists of Montcalm soi I, l O percent each of Menominee and Nester soils, and the remaining 40 percent are soils of minor extent. The Montcalm soil in most places is slightly higher in elevation than the Menominee and Nester soils. All these soils lie· on hills to fairly flat areas with slight rises. The Montcalm soil is well drained, and the Menominee and Nester soils are well and moderately well drained. The minor soils in this map unit include the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm soil, the moderately well drained McBride soil, and the somewhat poorly drained Iosco and Kawkawlin soils. This map unit is used mainly for pasture, woodland and cultivated crops. For most uses, the susceptibility to erosion and the variable texture of these soils are the major limitations. -. 7 - �Association 2 does have good potential for pasture and woodland. It has fair to good potential for cultivated crops and upland wildlife and variable potential fo~ recreational uses and engineering uses, depending upon the soil and the use. Community development on the flatter areas of Montcalm soil have good potential, while the other areas within this map unit have fair to poor potential. Recreation uses on the flatter areas of the Nester soil have good to fair potential, while the Montcalm and Menominee soils hove fair potential. Association 3: Menominee-Iosco-Kawkawlin. This Association is nearly level to gently rolling, well drained to somewhat poorly drained sandy and loamy soils, that have loamy substrotums. These nearly level to gently rolling soils occur predominantly on till plains and moraines, but some areas are outwash plains. Most areas of this map unit are nearly flat with some slight rises. This mop unit has few lakes, streams or rivers. It is higher than the Grayling map unit in elevation and lower than the Graycalm-Montcalm map unit in elevation. Association 3 occupies about 11 percent of Clare County. About 30 percent of this map unit consists of Menominee soils, 25 percent Iosco and Kawkawlin soils, and the remaining 45 percent are soils of minor extent. The Menominee soil in most places is higher in elevation than the Iosco and Kawkawlin soils. It lies on the higher areas that consist of slight rises and hills. The Iosco soil lies on the very gentle knolls and the Kawkawlin soil lies on the nearly flat area. The Menominee soil is well and moderately well drained. The Iosco and Kawkawlin soils are somewhat poorly drained, and they have a seasonal high water table. The minor soils in this map unit include the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm and Melita soils, the well drained Montcalm soil, the well and moderately well drained Ubly soil, and the poorly and very poorly drained Brevort soil. This map unit is used mainly for pasture or woodland, but some areas are cultivated. For most uses, the excess wetness, the susceptibility to soil blowing and the high clay content of these soils ore the major limitations. The high clay content of these soils substratums cause moderate shrink-swell potential, and moderately slow permeability. This Association does have good potential for posture, and good to fair potential for woodland and upland wildlife. It has fair potential for cultivated crops, if the Iosco and Kawkawlin soils con be drained. It has fair to poor potential for recreational uses and engineering uses. Association 4: Nester-Kawkawlin-Sims. This Association is nearly level to rolfing, well drained to very poorly drained loamy soils, that have loamy substrotums. These nearly level to rolling soils occur on till plains and moraines. Most areas of this map unit are fairly flat with some slight rises, but some areas have several hills. This map unit is lower in elevation than the GroycalmMontcalm map unit~ It is above the Lupton-Markey map unit and the Gladwin-Wheatley map unit in elevation. This mop unit occupies about 14 percent of the County. About 55 percent of the Association consists of Nester soil, 20 percent Kawkawlin soil , 10 percent Sims soil and the remaining 15 percent ore soi Is of minor extent. The Nester soil in most places is higher in elevation than the Kawkawlin and Sims soils. The Kawkawlin soil lies on the flat areas with slight rises. The Sims soil lies on the low-lying wet areas and depressions. The Nester soil is well and moderately well drained. The Kawkawlin soil is somewhat poorly drained, the Sims soil being poorly and very poorly drained. The Kawkawlin and Sims soils have a seasonal high water table. Flooding· is frequent on the Sims soils. The permeability is moderately slow in the Nester and Kawkawlin soils, and slow in the Sims - 8 - �soil. All these soils have a high available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the we! I and moderately wel I drained Menominee soil, the somewhat poorly drained Iosco soil, and the very poorly drained Markey soil. Association 4 is used mainly for cropland and pasture. Cash crops, dairy herds and beef herds are the main fanning enterprises. For most uses, the excess wetness, erosion susceptibility and high clay content of these soils ore the major limitations. This map unit has good potential for woodland, and certain types of wildlife. It has fair to poor potential for most recreational uses and for most engineering uses. It has good to fair potential for cultivated crops and pasture in general. The undrained areas of the Sims soil has poor potential for cultivated crops. Association 5: Graycalm-Montcalm. This Association is nearly level to steep, somewhat excessively drained and wel I drained sandy soils, that have thin sandy and loamy bands. These nearly level to steep soils occur on till plains, moraines and outwash plains. Areas of this map unit range from fairly flat areas to very steep hilly areas. This map unit has few streams and rivers, but it does have several lakes. This map unit occupies about the highest elevation in Clare County. Association 5 occupies about 29 percent of the County. About 45 percent of this map unit is Graycolm soil, 25 percent Montcalm soil, and the remaining 30 percent are soils of minor extent. The Graycolm and Montcalm soils ore about the same in elevation, but the Graycalm soil is usually slightly higher in most places. Both these soils lie on broad flat plains with slight rises to hilly and steep uplands. The Graycalm soil is somewhat excessively drained, and the Montcalm soil is well drained. - They both have rapid penneability and low available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the excessively drained Grayling soil, the wel I and moderately well drained Menominee soil, the moderately well drained McBride soil, and the very poorly drained Markey soi I. This map unit is used mainly for woodland, but few areas ore cultivated, or are used for pastu.r e. For most uses, the susceptibility to soil blowing and erosion and the droughtiness of these soils are the major limitations. The rapid penneability of these soils may cause pollution of the ground water from septic tank absorption fields. These soils also have corrosivity to concrete, and cutbanks that cave in excavations. Association 5 does have good potential for woodland. The Graycalm soil is a fair source of sand. This map unit has fair to poor potential for cultivated crops, wildlife, and recreational uses due to the major limitations listed above. The potential for pasture and engineering uses gets increasingly poorer as the slopes increase in length and height. Pastures and community development on the flatter areas of these soi Is has good potentia I, the hilly to steep areas have f~ir to poor potential. Association 6: Grayling. This Association is nearly level to steep, excessively drained, extremely draughty sandy soi I, that has a sandy substratum. .l This nearly level to steep soil occurs on outwash plains. Most areas of this map unit are fairly flat, but some areas have steep hills to low hills. This map unit is usually higher in elevation than the Rubicon-Croswell-Au Gres map unit and the Lupton-Markey map unit. - 9 - �This map unit occupies about eight percent of the County. About 80 percent of Association 6 consists of Grayling soil, and the remaining 20 percent are soils of minor extent. The Grayling soi I lies on broad plains with slight rises to steep hills. It is extremely droughty due to its very rapid permeability and very low available water capacity. The minor soil in this map unit include the moderately well drained Croswell soil, the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm soil, and the well drained Montcalm soil. This soil has poor potential for cultivated crops, pastures, woodland, wildlife and recreational uses due to the extreme droughtiness of the soil. Using the soi I for woodland is usually the best choice due to the deep rooting capacity of the trees. Community development on the flatter areas has good potential, while the hilly to steep areas have fair to poor potential due to the slopes. This map unit is a good source of sand. Association 7: Rubicon-Croswell-Au Gres. This Association is nearly level to rolling, excessively drained to somewhat ·poorly drained sandy soils, that have sandy substratums. These nearly level to rolling soils occur on outwash plains and til I plains. Difference in elevation between the soils ranges from about 1 to 10 feet. Association 7 occupies about nine percent of the County. About 30 percent of the map unit is Rubicon soil, 20 percent Croswell soil, 20 percent Au Gres soil, and the remaining 30 percent are soils of minor extent. The Rubicon soil in most places is higher in elevation than the Croswell and Au Gres soils. It lies on the hills and higher broad plains with slight rises. The Croswell soil lies on the lower flat areas with slight rises. The Au Gres soil lies on the lowest flat areas. The Rubicon soil is excessively drained. The Croswell soil is moderately well drained, and Au Gres soil is somewhat poorly drained. All of these soils have rapid permeability and low available water capacity. The Au Gres and Croswell soils have a seasonal high water table. The minor soils in this map unit include the excessively drained Grayling soil, the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm and Melita soils, the somewhat poorly drained Iosco and Kawkawlin soils, the very poorly drained Markey soils and the poorly drained Roscommon soil. This Association has good to fair potential for woodland. Cultivated crops and recreational uses have fair to poor potential due to the wetness and droughtiness of the soi Is. Engineering uses and pastures have a variable potential, depending upon the soil and the use. The Rubicon soil - 1 has good potential for community development on the flatter areas and fair potential on the hilly areas. The Crosell and Au Gres soils have fair to poor potential for community development due to their wetness. All the soils have poor potential for wildlife. These soils are a good source of sand. Association 8: Mancelona-Gladwin. This Association is nearly level to gently rolling, somewhat poorly drained, sandy and loamy soils, that have sandy and gravelly substratums. These nearly level to gently rolling soils occur on outwash plains. Most areas of this map unit are fairly flat, but some areas have slight rises to low hills. These soils usually lie fairly close to streams, rivers and lakes. They are at the same elevation or ore slightly lower in elevation than the adjacent till plain and moraines. This map unit occupies about four percent of the County. About 50 percent of Association 8 consists of Mancelona soil, 15 percent Gladwin soil, and the remaining 35 percent are soils of minor extent. - 10 - �The Mancelona soil in most places is slightly higher in the landscape than the Gladwin soil. It lies on the flat areas with some slight rises, to low hills. The Gladwin soil lies on the slightly lower flat areas and drainageways. The Mancelona soil is somewhat excessively drained, and the Gladwin soil is somewhat poorly drained. The Gladwin soil has a seasonal high water table. Both these soils have low available water capacity, and moderately rapid permeability. The minor soils in this map unit include the excessively drained Grayling soil, the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm soil, the somewhat poorly drained Colonville soil, the very poorly drained Markey soil, and the very poorly and poorly drained Wheatley soil. This Association has good potential for pasture, and it is a good to fair source of sand and gravel. It has fair potential for cultivated crops and upland wildlife, and good to fair potential for woodland. It has fair to poor potential for most recreational uses, and a variable potential for engineering uses depending upon the soil and the use. The Mancelona soil has good potential for community development on the flatter areas and fair potential for the hilly areas. The Gladwin soil has fair to poor potential for community development due to the seasonal high water table. Association 9: Lupton-Markey. This Association is nearly level, very poorly drained mucky soils, that have sandy and mucky substratums. These nearly level soils occur on bogs within till plains, outwash plains and moraines. Differences in elevation between the soils ranges from 0 to 3 feet. These soils usually lie next to streams, rivers and lakes. They are below all the other map units that surround them in elevation. This Association occupies about nine percent of the County. About 35 percent of the map unit is Lupton soil, 35 percent Markey soil, and the remaining 30 percent are soils of minor extent. The Lupton and Markey soils are about the same in elevation. They both lie on wet mucky areas. Both these soils have a high water table that frequently floods the soil surface. They also have moderately slow permeability and a high available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the moderately well drained Croswell soil, the somewhat poorly drained Winterfield soil, the poorly and very poorly drained Evart soil, and the very poorly drained Loxley and Greenwood soils. This map unit is used mainly for woodland, but some areas are in marsh grass or bush covered. For most uses, the excess wetness and the instability of these soils are the major limitations. Association 9 does have good potential for wetland wildlife. The excess wetness and the instability of the soils are severe limitations, and they are so difficult to overcome that the potential is poor for cultivated crops, pasture, woodland, recreational uses and engineering uses. Topography The topography of Clare County for the most part is gently rolling. However, there are areas of extreme topography in the County. Generally, these topographical extremes lie in the morainal areas and should be an asset to this area. Since this topographical relief lies in the area with the greatest potential for growth, these slopes will serve to insure separations between development areas. - 11 - �The recreational development potential of Clare County is enhanced by its topography. The basic reason is related to the minimal relief in the majority of the urban areas of the State. For the most part, however, the topography of the County offers very few constraints to its development and in fact heightens its potential. Water Ground water supplies in Clare County seem to be adequate to serve the needs of the County. There have been no reported water problems to this point in time on deep wel Is, in terms of insufficient supplies or extreme mineral content. Driven wells around the lake areas where the heaviest concentrations of recreational residences occur have been causing the Clare County Health Department concern. Soil Hydrology The hydologic characteristics of Clare County's soil can be expressed in terms of water-retaining capacity and soil infiltration rates. Soils with high moisture-retaining capacity and low infiltration rates, for example, the Nester, Kawkawlin and Sims soils, are more likely to require artifical drainage. In contrast, crops grown on soils with very low moisture-retaining capacity and high infiltration rates such as the Grayling soil would be more likely to respond to irrigation and would seldom require artificial drainage. These same soil moisture characteristics also have important considerations with respect to the operation of septic tanks. Soils with high moistureretaining capacity and low infiltration rates are often unsuitable for such uses. Presently, most of Clare County relies upon ground absorption of effluent (liquid sewage) as the main means of sanitary sewage disposal. If the soil in a given area wil I not readily absorb or transmit such liquids, and if other feasible means of waste disposal are unavailable, it will have a restricting effect on the County expansion. The Architectural Standards Division of the Federal Housing Administration lists sandy and gravelly soils with no sand-clay mixtures among those most suitable for domestic septic tank installations. Generally speaking, a soil is considered unsuitable for sewage disposal purposes if it contains clay intermixed with fine-grained compacted sand or silt. Even where soils do not readily permit internal drainage, a septic tank field may be installed, if the length of drain tile is adequate to insure absorption of the effluent waste at a rate compatible with existing sanitation codes. Usually, this is unsound economically since excessive amounts of land must be devoted exclusively to waste disposal. The final determination of the suitability for septic tank disposal is best provided by a percolation test which measures the obi lity of a soil in a given area to absorb liquids at a rate commensurate with applicable health standards. Generally, the soils in the southeastern corner and northwestern edge of Clare County are among the least desirable for septic tank installations. Agricultural Interpretation of Soil Associations Fol lowing extensive cutting of timbered areas, much of the land in Clare County was turned over to agricultural usage • .The lighter sandy soils covering about two-thirds of the County could not support intensive agriculture! activity; and, consequently, much forming was discontinued. The remaining one-third of the County is characterized by the Nester-Kawkawlin Soil - 12 - �Association and is capable of supporting agricultural uses under proper management practices. It is intended by Clare County that part of its best agricultural land be protected to ensure its availability in future years. It is also intended that, where possible, this land be used as additional open space between municipalities and resort-oriented urban concentrations. The better agricultural areas in Clare County are delineated on Map 4, "Prime Agricultural Lands. 11 In 1964, farms covered about 110,370 acres or approximately 30. l percent of Clare County land. By 1974, only 20. 7 percent or 75,730 acres of the County's land was in agricultural use. The contribution of crop agriculture to the County economy has declined substantially. Increasing individual productivity, especially through the use of modern technology, has made it possible for fewer farmers to produce more from fewer acres. This situation has resulted in fewer operators and a need for less farm acreage. The number of farms in Clare County has decreased from 573 in 1959, (467 in 1964), to 374 in 1974. The average size of farms has increased from 206.4 in 1959 to 236.3 acres in 1964, and then decreased to 202.5 acres in 1974. Increasing property taxes could play an integral role on the future of Clare County's agricultural production. Forest Cover Clare County hos approximately 53 percent of its land area dominated by forest cover. Two basic forest associations exist in Clare County. These are: (1) Northern Associations, and (2) Southern Associations. The breakpoint for these associations is about midway through the County. Along this breakpoint and for a limited distance on either side there is a mixture of the two associations. The forest cover throughout the County is second growth developed since the eastern white pine harvest of the late l800's and early 1900's. As a result, much of these timber resources have not reached maturity. The next decade or two will see a considerable amount of this forest cover reaching maturity. Selective cutting will increase the growth rates in these areas and this type of operation is now in progress. The abandoned and ungrazed agricultural lands will and are now becoming reforested. Aerial reseeding would speed this process but such a program is highly unlikely. Map 5, compiled by the United States Forest Service, indicates the major forest types in Clare County and their approximate locations. Fragile Environmental Areas Numerous lakes dot the face of Clare County in a band running from the northeast part to the southwest part of the County on both sides of the watershed divide. In the past many more lak es existed in the County but inte~sive forest cutting and subsequent burning caused heavy siltation of these lakes which are now bogs. Most of the lakes in the County were affected in the same way just after the lumbering area, but due to their depth and the surrounding topography, they were not as severely affected. In the "White Birch Lakes of Clore" development in Lincoln Township, several of these filled in lakes were dredged to create new lakes. If the existing development of the County continues, a considerable amount of lake reclamation work could take place. In existing lakes this activity could have some adverse effects upon the productive capacity of the lake. This would be caused by the removal of the breeding and food producing areas of the lake which lie in the narrow band adjacent to the shore. This type of reclamation program could make the lakes more vulnerable to excessive recreational development. - 13 - �. ' MISSAUKEE COUNTY I '...1~·"'-.· i',t;• • ..I: COUNTY ..1 ,:!.-.: ~ -. I l :s.•.• ROSCOMMON I ""'"···· ..,.., ~;'~ifili .jfi_ D ==*~ ••····• -· --:: ~: .. m:,· ····· ·•-•::..... ' •: !• . . FF AN KL IN __.. SU MM':RFIEL D ·•···· ..... • / , ~ •:~::::::· ::;J;:~ ;: 11--+-~1---1---+---~-~l--+---1---4--+=-r.:;~~dl---+--t~-t--, ,...-+--t--1r~ :! : • . :! : . :! : 1 · $ · = : • ; § • ; • ~ =• ~ l : « ~· ~ «, i . ~ J . --t-:~m ··•1•••·;·•1 o . 11••········ . , . ~ ... ·.••;,. =-~ ·•·.•:.•:• •• :.•••:•.:.••• • ••••• ••• ·1· 0 N :;e; •:::::;~:: ..~-l---'._,..+--i~+~b..J.:.=-.k.;.:-:d--- •:!:!:!: . •• ••::::!:!:!:: •••• ~•:.:!.:!:!:!:; • . •• "'-- ::::::: -;::::::::: :===~====~ z:::::, ' ,::::? -:;:;:: r. ❖•❖:~ -.bJ~..fill--f-+--1-IH--t--.-Ht-A_Mi ~ l~~ .!t...r.t- T.....1:❖•,!!•':; •::::;:;~ ~:-·•~···· 0 •❖!•~•!• .!❖!❖::: H A Y ES :•:❖:-:• '·::::::::.=~ Sr..~. - ·•···•···· ❖:.-:~:• ~- RI DD NG ,-::.::;:. ,c.;•••• .,- ~--:: ,,:.• ... • •••••• .... ··-~•.•·· •• .•...,~···.. •••, - 11=.::ffl. .•.❖:. H) ....•PN .·~'"'····· =~==· m •-•r,;• ,s:: ;s ·•:• =··• ........ . ········•:• IJ .•!• ........~• ··'I".· ·•·· .... ... •• ~. •f!.e• [•··" •• .•J!.V.•.• . .J LI NC OLI~ ~ :~•·····•9\:, tt,.......... ..: ..•.•.~ • • :::::::::: :::::::~:; ::=:=::::: ::::&::: ··=~:4!~ ~==:=:i· ········· ···•······ ~~== : :~: : : \ ... C ····•"!fl .. i!•!❖ ••., 0 II.I 0 ,n G .. FFIELD SURR 0 I • I I SABELLA COUNTY AGRICULTURAL LAND Soils Best Suited for , or in Agricultural Production JUNE , 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLA RE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE ·"'RE PARAT ION OF THI<; MAP WA S FINAN CED IN UAF-i T ft.iR0UG H A CO MPREHEN SIVE PLA NNIN G GRAN T FROM THE Of.PA RT MENT Of HOU SIN G ANO URB A N OE YEL OPMENl , A OMIN I S TEJ<[ ['I BY '!' HE S TA Tt. Of- MlCH IGJl N CLARE COUNTY , MICHIGAN 4 z �MAJOR ;:::.:•:•:•:•:•:•::::::.:.:::: white, red, :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:·::·:·:·:: ma pie, f jack beech, FOREST TYPES pine oak, birch hickory ~ - - - - ) aspen, birch ~ DUI 1 • JI .. JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE' PREPARATION OF HUS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THR0UGH A CO MPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM TME DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN AOMINISTEFfEO BY THE STATE OEVELOPhf(NT, OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 5 �This overdevelopment by recreational homes could cause two very real problems. These problems are: {1) overuse of the lake because of the number of users housed in the lake development and . (2) degradation of water quality. Degradation of water quality will develop because of the soil conditions and the pan or seal provided by a clay bed varying from three feet to 60 feet or more below the surface of a porous overburden. Purification of effluents in the porous soil areas is minimal. The effluents wovld move downward to the clay pan and then laterally into the water of the lake. This very problem is now being recognized on those lakes which have had seasonal recreational home developments for a number of years. Map 6, prepared by the Clare County Soil Conservation District, represents the land considered by the District to be most sensitive to erosion and soil problems • . The areas denoted on Map 6 are very much the same as those areas considered prime agricultural lands. Of the townships having land considered as susceptible to soi I problems, Winterfield, Sheridan, Hatton and Hamilton Townships have zoning ordinances to ensure proper site, size and use and in all five of the townships most of the land delineated on Map 6 is presently zoned for agricultural luse. Conclusion At the present time, Clare County has a considerable amount of open land. However, the various factors of soil, climate, topography, lakes and streams, and forest cover, and the highway network focusing on the southern boundary of the County have generated o demand for land within the County. This demand is for recreational land ranging from large land holdings for clubs to smaller properties for "second homes." The majority of the second home market has centered upon the many lakes throughout the prime development land of Clare Coonty. In the past, this lake development was prevalent bvt the major occupants were persons from the immediate area. In the early 1900's, Farwell and Clare residents and some others from cities in the region developed second homes along the lakes in the southwestern corner of the County. A few lakes in the County have, however, developed differently. Budd Lake and Little Long Lake just east of Harrison have been developed with permanent residences. This type of development, however, is limited in the County. Whether the lakes are developing as permanent or as second homes, the extensive nature of the development, in terms of distribution, will and is causing some real problems. Many of the lakes now have resident lake associations connected with them. These persons are concerned because of what is happening or could happen to their lakes. Such concerns are for pollution, siltation and similar problems related to the environment. The permanent residents, however, seem to have a real advantage in that (1) they reside on lakes all year round; (2) they ore more acutely aware of what has been happening, and (3) they are in a better position to do something about it. While protective measures are being sought in those areas now built-up, the areas now undergoing development will be generating new and possible problems. The cause is related to the private nature of the development. These recreational developments were largely developed in a basically free market place without the guidance of land use planning and zoning which is now in existence in a majority of Clare County's townships. As this type of development continues in the townships without development guidelines, future problems can be compounded. This intensity will increase because of sheer numbers, whether they are people, cottages, homes, miles of streets or any other method by which one measures growth which leads to overuse and degradation. - 14 - �- -·-- --- MISSAUKEE I - -- - COUNTY I ROSCOMMON I COUNTY F ROST FF ANKLIN SU MM:RFIEL D ' /1 HAMILTON RI DD NG I\. ~ , !SABELLA COUNTY SOIL I .·.······ .:.:.:...r .=.-.:.. ...J. t.:.·_·_· ·.·.·_·_·_ ·_·r·~·~n-r:·=: Ii CONSERVATION AREAS ~ 1 • ,11 .. JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARA TION OF THI S t.l:A P 'lrAS flNAN C(O IN PAR T THR'lUGH A COMPR(HENSIVf PLANNING GRANT FROM T HE DEPARTMENT OF HOUS ING AOM l NI S TEi:.tfO BY A NO URBAN THE STATE DE VELOPMENT t OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 6 �POPULATION �POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND FORECAST Urban planners in a rural area are principally concerned with the physical development of the community. Although physical development is the primary consideration, it is the people who must I ive in the environment suggested by the planners. Therefore, it is for the people that urban planning is undertaken. People are the most important resource in any community. The population serves as a market and labor force. The size of the population will affect the amount of homes and commercial services that are needed. The size, type and number of community facilities relate to the number of people who use them. Certain segments of the population have different needs. The young require schools; the labor force needs sh9pping facilities and employment opportunities; and the elderly may need moderate or low income housing. · A study of the population reveals the growth potential of an area. This study contains the size, composition, distribution and density of Clare County's population. The County's population is a variable element, changing from decade to decade. With each changing decade 7 the County1s population has, concurrent with the national, State and regional trends, altered in its characteristics. From these variations, County population trends can be evaluated. As an aid in developing long-range plans for the County, 1990 and 2000 population forecasts are made. Past population trends and expected future growth generators provide the basis for these population projections. These forecasts permit quantifying future land use and needs. Past Population Growth Trends Clare County experienced a rather steady but consistent growth during the years 1940-1960. Its population increased from 9,163 to 11,647 in these two decades, at an average of approximately 1,240 people per decade. Its rate of growth during these 20 years exceeded that of only four counties in the surrounding 8 county region(Gladwin, Mecosta, Osceola and Roscommon). However, Clare County's rate of growth was less than al I the other counties and the State and nation. {See Table 3.) It must be concluded that resort-recreational pressures spilling over from the Cities of Detroit, Lansing, and the Tri-Cities had not yet reached Clare County in 1960. In addition, many people were migrating from rural areas such as in Clare County during these years and this trend accentuated the growth in urban areas. During the 1960 decade, however, Clare County experienced the most rapid growth rate of all governmental units {see Table 3), due primarily to a net migration of resort residents. This is evidenced by the high rate of growth of 43.3 percent in the County during the years 1960-1970. This rate of growth, was considerably greater than the figure of 13.4 percent in the State of Michigan and 15.7 percent thr9ughout the nation during these same years. It must be concluded that during the 1960-1970 decade a shift from urban to rural areas began to affect the population growth trends in Clare County and will continue to lead to a net migration into the County during the 1970 decade, as is evidenced by the 1976 population estimate of a 34.2 percent increase in population in only six years. This rate of growth is exceeded by only that of Roscommon County which is stil I in an emerging state of development. Population Composition Age group distribution of a population is important to community facility planning. Planning for such facilities as schools, parks and public services is contingent upon this population break- - 15 - �TABLE 3 COMPARATIVE POPULATION GROWTH CLARE AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES, 1940-1976* 1940 County 1960 1950-1960 Percent Change l July 1970 1960-1970 Percent Change 1976 1970-1976 Percent Change a Clare 9,163 10,253 11 •9 11,647 13.6 16,695 43.3 22,400 34.2 Gladwin 9,385 9,451 .7 10.769 13.9 13,471 25. 1 17,000 26.2 Isabella 25,982 28,964 11.5 35,348 22.0 44,594 26.2 51,400 15.3 Mecosta 16,902 18,968 12.2 21,051 11.0 27,992 33.0 34,400 22.9 Midland 27,094 35,662 31.6 51,450 44.3 63,769 23.9 67,500 5.9 8,034 7,458 · -7 .2 6,784 -9.0 7,126 5.0 9,200 29. l 13,309 13,797 3.7 13,595 -1.5 14,838 9. 1 17,800 20.0 3,668 5,916 61.3 7,200 21.7 9,892 37.4 15, 100 52.6 5,256,106 6,371,766 21.2 7,823,194 22.8 8,879,862 13.5 9,104,100 2.5 131,669,275 150,697,361 14.5 178,464,236 18.4 203, 183, 103 15.7 Missaukee Osceola °' 1950 1940-1950 Percent Change Roscommon State of Michigan United States N/A N/A ·Ir U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population, Michigan (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950, 1960 and 1970 issues). aProvisional estimates to the nearest hundred as presented in Michigan Statistical Review, · 1977 edition. N/A Not available. �down. The many decades of change through which the population of Clare County has evolved are most evident in the population characteristics. These are changes which can be witnessed each year -- the growing number of school age children, the in-migration of young families into the County and the increasing number of elderly residents. With the construction of two or three new subdivisions, the population composition of any municipality or township could greatly be altered by the addition of large numbers of young families with children or concentrations of elderly residents requiring special services. Age Distribution The age of Clare County's population dramatically changed over the 30 year period between 1930 and 1960, and again during the years 1960-1970. This shift in the age distribution of the County is presented in Table 4. TABLE 4 AGE COMPOSITION CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1930-1970* Age 1930 Percent of Total Population 1940 1950 1960 1970 0- 4 5 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 29 30 -44 45 - 54 55 - 64 65+ 10. l 21.7 9.3 12.3 17.0 9.9 9.6 l 0. l 10.2 20. 1 9.7 15.0 17.0 10.9 8. l 9.0 8.0 21.5 9.3 10.3 14.9 10.8 12.0 13.2 11.3 20.4 8.3 11.7 19.3 10.4 9. 1 9.5 12.6 20.6 8.2 10.3 16.9 10.9 8.8 11.7 *U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970. The most obvious change in the age distribution within Clare County has been the tremendous growth in the proportion of older people. The "Baby Boom" of the late 1940 1 s and 1950 1 s did not drastically affect Clare County. To better understand the age distribution of the County's population, age groups that demonstrate the same facilities and housing needs, and that have other similar characteristics are grouped together. Four major age categories and a subcategory are thus formed: Pre-School (0-4). -- This age group provides a short-range indicator of future school enrol 1ment. Children have been placing an increasing strain on school facilities as the size of the pre-school age group has been increasing both numerically and as a proportion of the total population. School Age (5-19). -- This group places the greatest burden on community services. Education and active recreation facilities ore just two of the many services that this age group requires. The obi lity of a community to keep its young people after they finish their education is most · important to the stability and well-being of the community. The community must provide a -17 - �reason, such as employment opportunities and a desirable living envi ronment, for young people to stay in a community . Labor Force (20-64). -- This age group is the foundation of the community. They are , for the most part, the property owners and taxpayers and they make th e y make the major contribution to the financing and management of local government. Family . Formation (20-44). -- This is a subgroup of the labor force category. Persons in this subgroup are valuable contributors to economic activity in the community in that they constitute a large body of consumers of goods and services. There is a direct relationship between the size of the family formation group and the size of the pre-school and school age groups. This subgroup also requires good housing, fire and police protection, recreational facilities and other municipal services. Senior Citizens (65 and over). -- This age group places special demands on the community for passive recreation uses, transportation facilities, specialized hospital facilities, housing and other such services. The Pre-School age group (0-4) increased from 10. l percent of the total population in 1930 to 12.6 percent in 1960 and then dropped to 8.0 percent in 1970. The increase from 1930 to 1960 was the result of the large number of babies born after World War II. The national birth rate then decreased during the-1960 decade. However, there are more women of child-bearing age than ever before. In the- future, the proportion of pre-school children to the total population may not increase, but the numerical number of pre-school children will. However, due to the increasing median age of the County a large influx of pre-school children is not expected. Pre..; school demands in the County should remain relatively constant or slightly increased over the next several decades. The proportion of School Age children (5-19) slightly decreased between 1930 and 1960 but increased to its highest level in three decades in 1970. This recent increase resulted from the children born after World War II. As they enter the school system, this age group will constitute a greater percentage of the total population. In fact, the 1970 decade should _w itness greater demands on junior and senior high school facilities than ever before. Numerically, school age children should continue to place even greater burdens on the school system over the next two decades. · The Labor Force group (ages 20-64' years) and the Family Formation subgroup (ages 20-44 years) decreased slightly as a proportion of the total population during the years 1930 to 1960 as the pre-school age group increased. By 1970, the proportion increased by about two percent in the Labor Force group and dec~eased nearly two percent to the Forni ly Formation subgroup. The elderly increasingly represented a greater proportion of the County's total population during the 30 years fol lowing 1930. In 1970 as this age category was at its highest proportion to the total population in over four decades. The numerical population in the 65 and over age group in the County increased even faster than the percentage indicates due to the dramatic overal I County population increase. The national trend of people living longer and the natural preference of many elderly people to retire in their 11 old 11 resort homes accounts for this large absolute increase. The elderly group is anticipated to continue to increase numercially within the County. As this age group becomes larger, so do the responsibilities of government in meeting their specific needs. · - 18, - �None of the age groups have an imbalance of males or females. The sex composition of Clare County wi 11 have Iittle effect on the development plans of the County. Median Age Over the past two decades, a national trend in the median age of the population has been evolving, revealing a constantly younger population. The major reason for the decreasing median age exhibited on Table 5 is the post World War II "Baby Boom" which boosted the national birth rate up to about 124 per 1,000 women in the 15-44 age group. The nation's birth rate has witnessed a sharp decline in recent years which may reverse this trend. Between 1950 and 1970, the national median age fell from 30.2 to 28.3 years of age. During this same time span, Michigan witnessed an even greater decrease in the median age, fol ling from 29 .8 years in 1950 to 26.3 years in 1970. However, a decrease of only 0.5 years was witnessed in the micro-region median ages. The micro-region's median age was 28. 9 years in 1950 as opposed to 28.4 years in 1970. Clare County witnessed much the same trend from 1950 to 1960 and had a less dramatic median age decrease compared to the national, State and microregion median ages. However, the median age of its residents took a sharp turnaround during the 1960 decade and increased 2 .4 years to 30. 9 years in 1970. TABLE 5 MEDIAN AGE CLARE COUNTY AND OTHER REGIONS, 1950, 1960, AND 1970* Year u. s. Michigan Micro-Region Average 1950 1960 1970 30.2 29.5 28.3 29.8 28.3 26.3 28.9 27.3 28.4 Clare County 35.5 28.5 30.9 * U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, Michigan, 1950, 1960, and 1970. Household Size The national trend towards the reduction of persons per household which has been evident in the last few decades, reveals smaller family sizes resulting from the decrease in the birth rate and a probable increase in the proportional number of households of elderly citizens. Between 1950 and 1960, as revealed in Table 6, the ratio of persons to households in the United States declined 0.09, from 3.38 to 3.29 while a decrease of 0.21 to 3. 17 occurred during the 1960 decade. During the same time period, Michigan's proportion of persons per household, which was higher than the national figure, fell from 3.48 to 3.42 to 3.27. The micro-region's average household size also decreased between 1950 and 1970, from 3.50 to 3. 17. Clare County followed the micro-region's pattern of decreased household size between 1950 and 1970. The County's ratio of persons per household decreased .36 from 3.46 to 3.10 for this time period. This phenomenon can be attributed to the growing percentage of one and two member elderly households. -19 - �TABLE 6 POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD CLARE COUNTY AND OTHER REGIONS, 1950, 1960, AND 1970* Year u. s. 1950 1960 1970 3.38 3.29 3. 17 Michigan 3.48 3.42 3.27 Micro..:Region Average 3.50 3.42 3. 17 Clare County 3.46 3.33 3. 10 * U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, 1950, 1960, and 1970. Population Distribution, Density and Migration In addition to developing a knowledge of the number and composition of inhabitants living in the County, analysis of the distribution of the population, population densities and population migration is also important. This wil I assist in developing recommendations where community facilities, such as schools, parks, libraries, and hospitals are needed. Population Distribution Population trends in the various localities of Clare County offer an indication of the distribution of people. Table 7 illustrates the population of the last three Federal censuses for the incorporated municipalities and townships. The principal communities in 1970 were the City of Clare, Hayes Township, Grant Township, Surrey Township, and the City of Harrison. The population distribution of Clare County is generally concentrated in the southern and central portions of the County, and around several major lakes. The remainder of the population is generally along the Section or Quarter Section Line roads of the individual townships. However, a more meaningful presentation of the population distribution on the County level can be exhibited by the center of population technique. · The center of population is that point which may be considered as the center of population gravity in Clare County. It is that point upon which Clare County would balance if it were rigid plane with each person in the County being assumed to have equal weight and to exert an influence on a central point proportional to his distance from that point. Map 7 shows the center of population for the County by decade from 1940 to 1970. Assuming that the County's population were evenly distributed, the cent er of population would be identical to the geo.g raphical center of the County (the point where Greenwood, Hayes, Lincoln and Hatton Townships meet). The actual center of the population lies to the southeast of this geographic center. The center of population for Clare County in 1970 was located in Section 16 of Hatton Township. This implies that the County's population is greater in the southeast area of the County. This would reflect the existence of the City of Clare and the population growth of Grant Township. The southern variance between the geographic center of the County and the center of population indicates that the present population of the County is more heavily concentrated in the southern townships. - 20 - �TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS BY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 1950, 1960 AND 1970* 1950 1960 1950-1960 Percent Change 2,440 2,442 .08% Harrison 884 1,072 21.3 1,460 36.2 Farwell '694 737 6.2 777 5.4 Arthur 433 420 -3.0 475 13. l Frankl in 243 251 3.3 374 49.0 Freeman 165 127 -23.0 212 67.0 Frost 404 338 -16.0 607 79.6 Garfield 511 686 34.2 938 36.7 Grant 937 1, 328° 41.7 1,754 32. 1 Greenwood 327 255 -22.0 362 42.0 Hamilton 445 513 15.3 796 55.2 Hatton 268 295 10.0 460 56.0 Hayes 437 606 38.7 1,842 220.5 Lincoln 225 345 53.3 645 87.5 Redding 293 200 -31.7 281 40.5 Sheridan 696 712 2.3 863 21.2 Summerfield 110 119 8.2 214 79.8 1, 138 1,653 45.3 2,338 44. l 285 -4.0 335 17.5 11,647 13.6 16,695 43.3 Community 1970 1960-1970 Percent Change 2,639 8.1% Cities and Villages Clare Townships Surrey Winterfield Clare County 297 10,253 ' *U.S. Decennial Censuses, 1950, 1960 and 1970. aPart of Grant Township annexed to Clare City. - 21 - �In reviewing the center of population movement over recent decades, several facts are revealed. First, the center of population shift has been relatively slight from 1940 to 1960, indicating a stable rural population. No significant concentrations of population in any one area of the County ,,, have had an overwhelming pull on the center of the County's population. Second, the cent~ of population had been moving in a general southwest direction until 1960. Population in.Pn::ases, ' therefore, have been slight-!y greate r in the southern and western portions of the Coun ty until 1970 and then the Hayes Township area began to attract a larger proportion o-f fhe County's growth. ---- The shifts in the center of population by decade hove been in a linear southern pattern. From 1940 to 1960, the pull was from the south. From 1960 to 1970, the_populotion center indicates a large pull toward the northern and central townships. In general, however, the center of population indicates that the population in the County is remaining relatively close to U. S. 27 probably because of its direct link with the metropolitan areas in downstate Michigan. The most important shift in the County's center of population would be that which resulted from 1960 to 1970. Increased housing development and greater population increases indicate that urbanization is increasing at an even greater rote. The growth center of population technique assumes no population to be residing in the County at the base date of 1960. · Therefore, only the distribution of new population growth between 1960 and 1970 is considered. The growth center of population over the last decade is located in Section 34 of Hayes Township. The 19601970 growth center when compared to the geographic center of the County indicates that the growth is increasingly locating in the central portions of the County. The City of Harrison and Hayes Township ore gaining most of the new growth in the County. Population Density The population density of the County is another means of describing population settlement. Map 7 shows population densities by municipality for Clare County as computed in 1970. The greatest densities occur in the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Vil loge of Farwell. The City of Clare has the greatest density with approximately 1,224 people per square mile. The Village of Farwell is next with approximately 621 people per square mi le and the City of Harrison with 365 people per square mile. The townships display lesser densities than the two Cities and the Village of Farwell; Hayes Township has the greatest township density, with about 54 people per square mile. This higher density in Hayes Township reflects the high concentration of resort housing surrounding the many lakes in the Township. Grant and Surrey Townships also rank high with 48.7 and 43.4 people per square mile, respectively • . The lowest densities ore recorded in Summerfield Township and Freeman Township, each having 5. 9 people per square mile. Population Migration Natural increase and net migration rates of population for Clare County constitute an important segment of the population. The number of births minus the number of deaths (for a specific time period) is called natural increase. If all other factors remain constant, the-natural increase would represent the net increase in this specific time period. However, the population of any area is not stable, so, in order to determine the number of people coming into or going out of an area, the term "net migration" is used. Net migration i.s simply the total change in popula- - 22 - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON COUNTY ~---------------------------------------------------~-------------------------------------·- ----- ------~----------------------~----------------- ------------------------- --~-----------------------·- -------------~--------------------------------------· - ~-------------------------~------------_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-----=-----= """-:.-: :f....:f3.A:t.tlfitt: ----::._-_ = WINTERFIELD _-_-_:-.:....: rncIS-.T :-- ----_-:--- - ,... ---_-_-_-_-_-_---_---_-_-_---_-_ - SUMMERFIELD --------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - 1----------------------- --- - ------------~--------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - ~---------------- ------------- - - - - - - - . - - - - :::---77.-:-.:-:-.-:-:-.-:-::-:-:.~---- ~------------~------------.,_ ____________ _ 1--------------i--------------,__--:....""GREENW000--- --_-_: r-------------------------r-------------------------- - rl I •1z ::::::, IHARRISOf t--------------,..... ____________ _ ~------------• z ------------- ll lllll I • --------4=-===~====~=-=-~~:=-:==-==:-=-::====:-=-::F-~~~~~~==~ -z 0 REDDING 0 0 I- ::::::, -: ______ -------:--------------____-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-- __-_-__________ - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I- ·- - ,_----- _-_-_-:_-:_-_::_- 0 ~ < ~;:~:Hc-=----<~=---=fg:§-=======~ k=====~~~=~=l ~ ~ ------:_-:_-_-_-:_-_-:_=] --=--==~=:f:f=~~==~~=-== --=---=:~ C -I 0 w u Cl) 0 FREEMAN ·- --~ ----- ·- ······················•·:ffi.J8~!B·l·\:l~°f¥·.·.·.•··•·-:-.•. :::':· ' :' ' :::' !SABELLA .. ·: .. COUNTY POPULATION DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIC ·• • & POPULATION CENTERS 1970 Density ( pop./sq.mi) CJ Geographic Center of the County 20- 30 Population Center by Decade 1960 - 1970 Growth Center ,- ~ -....: ; - . i THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS 0-10 10 -20 30- 50 50-100 100 - 6 50 ·- I JUNE, 1978 !lli iii 650 or more TH£ PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WA S fl NAN CED IN PAR T Tl-4R'1UGH A COMPREHE NSIVE PL ANNIN G GRAN T FAOM TH [ OEPARTM[P'IIT OF HOUSIN G AND URBAN DE VE LOP MfN T , A OMINI S TEk [ f'i BY THE ST AT E: OF MI CHI GAN CLARE COUNTY , MICHIGAN 7 �tion minus the natural population inc rease. The resulting figure is the number of people that migrated into or out of that area during the specific period of time. Table 8 shows the natural increase and net migration for 1960, 1970 and the estimated net migration for July 1, 1976 wi t hin Clare and su rrounding counties. Net migration (total population minus natural increase) provides a measure of population move. ment. Clare County's net in-migration from 1960 to 1970 was 4,073 people, and from 1970 to July I, 1976 estimate was 5,400 people. When compared to the surrounding counties Clare . County's net in-migration ranks high. During the 1960 to 1970 time period , only Mecosta and Isabella Counties had a greater net in-migration . During the 1970 to July I, 1976 time _period Clare and Roscommon Townships had the highest net in-migration of 5,400 people each. This was a fig ure almost twice as great as Clare County's east and west neighbors Osceola and Gladwin Counties. Again, this net influx of population is a result of the high resort nature of Clare County and its attractiveness to retired and elderly persons. Population Forecast An estimate of the future population of Clare County is one of the most important and basic steps · in the overall planning process. The need for future land uses and community facilities cannot be assessed if the number of future residents is not projected. There are no truly accurate methods of predicting future growth since growth is based on different variables. However, historic growth provides one basis for projecting future growth. Historic growth projections, however, must be modified to reflect future growth generators that wil I affect future population growth. The continuing planning process shot.Ad provide a periodic review and restudy of long-range plans. Therefore, these predictions can be adjusted to reflect changing conditions within the County. Five different population projections are considered for Clare County's estimated population in 1990 and 2000. These projections are shown in Table 9. Michigan Department of Management and Budget One source for projections for future population of Clare County is the comprehensive studies undertaken by the Michigan Department of Management and Budget in October 1974. These projections were mode using data for birth rates, number of women in child-bearing years, death rates, and recent migration trends. Through this method Clare County's population projection for 1990 is 36,817 people and for the Year 2000 at 49,159 people. Region VI I "208" Planning Projection The East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region's 208 Area-Wide Waste Treatment Management Program population projections included Clare County. The report, published in March 1977, estimated that the 1990 population of Clare County would reach 41,950 and the Year 2000 population would reach 59,550. These projections are quite liberal since the estimated July 1976 population was only 22,400 and in the 11 208 11 report Clare County's population is estimated to attain approximately 28,000 people by 1980. Arithmetic Projection The arithmetic method of projection is based entirely upon the assumption that the exact numerical growth in the past decade will continue on into the next decade. From 1960 to 1970 Clare County - 23 - �TABLE 8 NATURAL INCREASE AND NET MIGRATION CLARE AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES,. 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to l July 1976* 1960 to 1970 Countl 1 N .i:,.. 1970 to l Juli'.'.. 1976° Population . Natural Net Population Natural Change ____ Increase ___ Migration ______ Change ____ Increase Net Migration Clare 5,048 975 4,073 5,700 300 +5,400 Gladwin 2,702 873 1,829 3,500 400 +3, 100 Isabella 9,246 5,076 4,170 6,800 2,600 +4,200 Mecosta 6,941 2,406 4,535 6,500 1,300 +5 1 200 Midland 12,319 9,937 2,382 2,700 4,600 -900 Osceola 1,243 1,090 153 3,000 700 +2,300 Roscommon 2,692 38 2,654 5,200 -200 +5,400 Missaukee *Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1976), Series P-25, No. 461, and Series P-26, No. 23-76 and No. 23-75. 0 Provisional estimate rounded to the nearest hundred as presented in Michigan Statistical Review, 1977 edition. �TABLE 9 POPULATION PROJECTIONS CLARE COUNTY, 1990 AND 2000* Projected 1990 Population Michigan Department of Management and Budget Region VII 11 208 11 Planning Projection Arithmetic Projection Straight Line Projection (1960-1970) Planning Advisor's Projection Projected 2000 Population 36,817 49,159 41,950 26,791 34,283 34,000-37,000 59,550 31,839 49, 127 45,000-50,000 *Compiled by Herman Raad, Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions' Planning Advisor, March 1978. increased its population by 5,048 people. Simply adding 5,048 three times gives the Year 2000 projection of 31,839. This projection is considered to be very conservative. Straight Line Projection The straight line projection (1960-1970) simply extends the County's population into the future by the same increase as was experienced during the last decade (approximately 43.3 percent). The 1990 Clare County population would then be about 34,287 people, with the Year 2000 projection at 49, 127, very close to the projections established by the Department of Management and Budget. Projection by Township Planning Advisor Growth projections based upon historical growth patterns fail to consider new developments which will affect growth in the future. At best, historical growth projections provide the lower limits for expected future population size. Growth generators such as freeways, utility systems and new employment centers stimulate growth in an area. The extent of new growth that these generators stimulate depends upon many variables. One of the more important variables is the location, extent and direction of regional growth trends. Clare County is located within a morning's driving range from most of the population in Michigan. Both U. S. 27 and U. S. 10 (linkages to heavily populated areas) ensures that if people are going "up north" there will be good chance of driving to Clare County. The rural attractiveness and ease of access to populated areas ensures a rapid and steady growth rate for Clare County. a Population Projection for 1990. -- Several significant growth factors will mature by 1990. These include: 1. The vast amount of recreational and vacant units in the County, if filled,would have more than double the 1970 population of 16,695 to 39,686. - 25- �2. Expansion of industrial parks. 3. Expansion of sewerage facilities adjacent to developed lake areas and incorporated communities. 4. Urban renewal rejuvenation in the Ci ties of Clare and Harrison and the Vi I I age of Farnwell 5. A number of Federally assisted elderly housing apartment complexes. The exact impact that these new growth factors will have on Clare County is difficult to numerically project. It is certainly anticipated that the growth rate in the 1960's will continue into the 1970's and probably equal the 1960-1970 growth rate. It is estimated that the growth rate will be between 42 and 54 percent from 1980 to 1990, for a 1990 pop_ulation of between 34,000 and 37,000 people. PopulaHon -Projedion for the Year 2000. -- The growth genera~ors for the Year 2000 are anti cipated to further mature and develop. In addition new factors could arise such as: l. Early retirement and additional recreational needs for the middle class worker. 2. High transportation costs which could force people _to spend limited time driving to reach a vacation or cabin site. Clare County is aptly cal led "The Gateway to the North." 3. Development of additional services and light industrial concerns drawn by the already stable population and generally lower pay scale than in the metropolitan areas. It is therefore anticipated that between 45,000 and 50,000 people are expected to live in Clare County by the Year 2000. It is not essential that a population projection be absolutely accurate. A population projection provides the planning program with a general basis for determining the extent of future land areas and community facilities. The Clare County Planning Commission and the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions should periodically evaluate the actual growth of the County in relation to the projected County growth. In this manner, the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Plan can be accelerated or decelerated to meet actual County growth. For the purpose of future planning, a Year 2000 population of 45,000 to 50,000 will be utilized. The ultimate population growth over the next two decades will be greatly influenced by County and local municipal officials. The various ways officials have to influence growth include: 1. Physical change in Clare County, as well as economic change, will be influenced by highway development by the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation and the Clare County Road Commission. 2. The quality and quantity of services, particularly sewerage and water supply facilities and street development, wil I significantly affect County population changes. 3. The cost of homes and living conditions also affect decisions of families as to their location. A wide price and rental range of housing generally attracts people with a range of interests and ability to pay for or rent homes and other living accommodations; a restriction of cost range will likewise restrict the number of available - 26 - �buyers. Land use controls such as building codes, zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations influence the rate and type of population change. 4. ·Solutions to the problems of solid waste disposal, storm drainage and other development problems surrounding lake areas are essential to additional housing construction. 5. A pleasant environment supplying adequate recreation facilities, preserving open land areas and redeveloping older urban areas can attract people to an area. These are some of the important factors which will directly influence population growth in the County. How and when County decision makers provide workable answers to these factors will greatly celermine the population growth of Clare County. - 27 - �ECONOMY �ECONOMY Introduction The purpose of an economic base study is to analyze the various generators of economic activity within a community. An understanding of the resultant employment structure which stems from these particular generators forms a ba_sis upon which sound planning programs may be developed. Clare County is presently changing from a farming-oriented community to one whose future will be determined, to a large extent, by resort pressures emanating from the Cities of Detroit, Lansing and the Tri-Cities. Therefore, the first section of this study consists of this study and projected future industry mix and employment structure within the County. The agricultural sector of the economy is discussed in the second section, while an analysis of the effect that urbanization will have upon the local governmental units within the County is included in the final section. Employment and Income Distribution State and Regional Employment Projections Over an extended period of time, the economy of Clare Cou~ty will be affected not only by internal changes but also by forces originating at the regional and State level. Therefore, a general description of the employment structure within the State of Michigan and the Clare County Region}and projections for the year 1985 are presented in Table 10. 4 This projection was completed by the Michigan Department of Commerce in 1976. During the 1977-1985 period, the largesr increases in employment throughout the State are projected to occur in the Durable Goods Industry, Government and Retail Trade and are also projeded to develop the most rapidly in the Clare County area . Employment Projections for Clare County In Table 11, employment by industry within Clare County during the 1974 period is presented along with estimates for the years 1980 and 1990. 5 Employment within the non-manufacturing industries is expected to increase the most rapidly through 1990. Retail Trade employment is expected to increase from 925 in 1974 to 2,048 by 1990. Employment in construction (an indicator of County development) is expected to take a healthy increase during the 1980's and 1990 1 s. Employment within the manufacturing industries are expected to increase approximately 33 to 39 percent by 1990. Employment growth in Clare County is not projected to be as fast as population growth. By the Year 2000 there is projected to be between 45,000 and 50,000 residents in Clare County or approximately 7,290 more households. Between 1974 and 1990, there is projected to be a total increase 3 4 5 consists of Clare, Arenac, Gladwin, Gratiot, Iosco, Isabella, Roscommon Counties. Midland, Ogemaw, and 1970 Census 4th County Population Display Program. The 1980 and 1990 projections were derived by assuming that the present growth trends in employment would continue through 1990. · - 28 - �TABLE 10 EMPLOYMENT CLARE AREA AND STATE OF MICHIGAN, 1977 and 1985* Clare Area I !:i Emplotment 1977 Emplotment Civilian Labor Force Employment Unemployment Rate 111,536 · 99,918 11,608 10.4 1985 Employment Projection a State of Michigan 1977 Employment (1,000) Employment (1,000) Projection 1977-1985 Change Number (1,000) Percent 32.2 26.9 78.3 4,145.140 3,807.500 338.360 8.2 4,935.590 4,637.160 298.640 6. l 794.45 829.66 -39 .72 -2. l 19.2 21.3 -11.7 f977-1985 Change Number 35,937 147,473 26,864 126,764 9,096 20,704 3.7 14. 1 -- Percent Wage and Salary - lv\cmufacturing Ind. Durable goods Ind. Non-durable goods Ind. 75,203 22,990 7,801 15, 189 90,513 21,985 8,834 13,151 15,310 -1,005 1,033 -2, 130 20.4 -4.4 13.2 -13.4 3,457.600 1,130.220 908.040 222. 180 4,361.630 1,323.910 1, 106.760 217.140 904.03 193.68 198.72 -5,04 26. 1 17. 1 21. 9 -2 .3 Non-Manufacturing Ind. Construction Retail Trade 34,343 4, 195 12,496 46, 146 6,325 17,329 11,803 2,130 4,833 34.3 50.8 38.7 1,706.070 126.400 546.590 2,235.770 180.960 669.320 529.70 54.56 122 .73 31. 1 ·43_2 22,5 Government 17,871 22,383 4,512 25.3 621.470 801. 990 180.52 29. l *Source: Civilian Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment Forecasts Multi-County Balance of State Areas, Malcolm S, Cohen, Harold T. Shapiro, Arthur R. Schwarts, Alan Kett and Philip Mirowski, May, 1977. aConsists of Clare, Arenac, Gladwin, Gratiot, Iosco, Isabella, Midland, Ogemaw, and Roscommon Counties. �TABLE 11 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS CLARE COUNTY 1974, 1980 and 1990* Employment Projections 1974 1980 1974-1980 Percent Change 1990 19'80-1990 Percent Change Manufacturing Industries 67 84 Lumber and Wood Products 67 84 25.4 113 34.5 Fabricated Metal Products 40 50 25.0 67 34.0 Jvlochinery, except Electrical 73 92 26.0 124 34.8 Electrical Equipment and Supplies 134 169 26. l 227 34.3 Transportation Equipment 227 . 286 26.0 384 34.3 19 24 26.3 32 33.3 121 153 26.7 205 34.0 Print and Publishing 11 13 18. l 18 38.5 Other Non-Durable lvbnufacturers 16 20 25.0 27 35.0 120 201 67.5 336 67.2 58 108 86.2 192 77.7 825 1,346 45.5 2,048 52.2 1,007 1,883 87.0 3,344 77.6 Other Durable Manufacturers Food and Kindred Products 113 Non-Manufacturing Industries Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Other *Source: Research and Statistics Division, Michigan Employment Security Commission; Civilian Labor Force and Emp!_oyment Estimates, 1970-1973. This chart originally appeared in the 11 Clare County Solid Waste Management Plan 11, prepared by the E.C.M.P.D.R. for the Clare County Board of Commissioners, May, 1975, pg. 28. - 30 - �in employment of 4,299 jobs in the County. New employment opportunities within Clare County do not entirely account for the population growth in the County. A majority of those migrating to Clare County do so for retirement and not to find employment. Income Distribution The level of effective buying income and the distribution of families within the various income categories is a direct result of the industry mix which generates the economic wealth of a community. The level of household income is the single most important indicator of the economic well-being of the residents. Data documenting these figures for Clare County during the 19741976 period are presented in Table 12. Du ri ng these three years, the level of household income in Clare County has been steadily growing. Clare County has a growing proportion of family incomes in the $15,000 or over category and a decline of households earning less than $8,000. However, these statistics do not take into consideration income which is earned, but not recorded. In many agricultural and rural communities, commodities such as fruit, vegetables, meats and dairy products are produced by the individual family and their expenditures for these necessities are thus reduced considerably. Also, housing is often less expensive in rural communities. In actuality, the "standard of living" in Clare County may be as high or higher than the average throughout the State, but complete living standard statistics are not available. Business Activity The characteristics of the business establishments of Clare County are similar to those of establishments which are located in a rural county (e.g., they are smaller in size and do a smaller dollar sales volume per establishment that similar establishments located in more industrially oriented and populous counties). The Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Village of Farwell provide shopping and convenience goods for the majority of County residents. However, to obtain specialized goods and services, County residents must travel to the Mount Pleasant area, and,, in some instances, to the Tri-City (Midland/Bay City/Saginaw) area and the Lansing areas. Reta ii Trode The amount of employment in Retail Trade is directly related to the population size within the area serviced by the retail establishments. Also, the general trend throughout the State and the nation has been for a decrease in the number of retail establishments, while both the number of employees and dollar sales per establishment have been increasing. These trends are most evident in areas where shopping centers with large stores ore replacing the downtown business establishments. In Table 13, dpta on Retail Trade in Clare County is presented. During the 1974-1976 period, retail sales hove been steadily increasing for most retail services. Both furniture and automobile sales have increased the highest during this period. As could be expected in a rapidly growing retirement and recreation area, food sales and restaurants have nearly kept pace with the overall retail sales increase for the period 1975-1976. There is a great diversity of goods within Clare County attracting sales of its rapidly expanding population as is evidenced in a steady retail sales growth; 5.8 percent from 1974 to 1975 and 16.0 percent from 1975 to 1976. - 31 - �TABLE 12 EFFECTIVE BUYING INCOME AND DISTRIBUTION CLARE COUNTY, 1974-1976* Total Effective Buying Income (Thousands) Median Household Income Family Income Distribution: Percent of Families Within Each Income Categort $0-2, 999 $3,000-4 1 999 $5 I 000-7 I 999 $8, 000-9 I 999 $10, 0QQ-14, 999-$15 1 000+ 1974 $58,491 $7,612 $69,169 $8,389 $79,739 $9,292 14. 1 16.6 12.5 22.9 12.3 N/A N/A N/A 10. 9 24. 1 17. l N/A N/A N/A 9.9 23.5 23. 1 21.6 1975 I w I',,) 1976 -- I *Sales and Management Magazine (1974, 1975, 1976 editions). N/A - Not available. �TABLE 13 RETAIL SALES DATA CLARE COUNTY, 1974, 1975 AND 1976* (Thousands) 1974 Food Eating and Drinking Places General Merchandising Furniture and Appliances Automotive Drug $13,133 Total Retail Sales $55,467 N/Aa 2,352 2,779 9,168 1,570 1975 Percent Increase 1976 Pe rcent Increase $15,093 14.9 $17,161 13.7 7,196 1,820 2,990 8,760 1,736 N/A 22.6 7.6 -4.5 10.6 8,454 1,999 3,523 10,875 1,849 15.9 9.8 17.8 24. 1 6.5 $58,687 5.8 $68,050 16.0 *Sales and Management Magazine (1974, 1975 and 1976 editions). aN/ A - Not Available . Wholesale Trade Employment in Wholesale Trade is not as closely related to changes in population as is Retail Trade. Wholesaling activities are often understated as certain manufacturers sell directly to the ultimate consumer and do not use brokers, or the wholesaling activities are consolidated with other functions. Data on Wholesale Trade within Clare County is documented in Table 14. It is evident that wholesaling activities are rapidly expanding within Clare County as the dollar sales, the number of stores and the total payrolls have increase dramatically. Wholesalers usually are located where the products are produced, near the market or· at the intersection of several main arteries of transportation. Clare County has the advantages of excel lent transportation access to populated areas in "downstate" Michigan. TABLE 14 WHOLESALE TRADE AREA CLARE COUNTY, 1967 AND 1972* (Thousands) Sale Number of Stores Total Payrolls 1967 1972 $8,447 · · 13 354 $16,031 . · 29 1,197 Change Numerical 7,584 16 843 *U. S. Census of Business, 1967 and 1972, Wholesale Trade, Michigan. -33 - Pe rcent 89.8 123. l 238. 1 �Selective Services A.s the expendable income of the population increases and people have more leisure time, the demand fo r services increases. Thus, over the past decade, the service industry has become the fastest growing industry throughout the nation. In Table 15, data in presented on these ."selected services. 11 TABLE 15 SELECTED SERVICE DATA CLARE COUNTY, 1967 AND 1972 * Kind of Business 1967 Hotels, Motels, Etc. Personal Services Business Services Repair and Auto Services Motion Pi cturesa Recreationa Legal Services 25 49 13 19 3 9 b Number of Establishments Change 1972 Numerical Percent 20 -5 -20.0 34 15 78.9 16 N/A N/A 7 *U. S. Census of Business, 1967 and 1972, Selected Services, Michigan. aCombined for the 1972 Census. 6 Not reported in 1967. N/A - Not Available. The type and number of Selected Service establishments within Clare County is indicative of a northern resort community where a large percentage of commercial enterprise comes from service oriented business. A.s the County population keeps increasing, larger establishments wil I be more numerable and will provide more specialized services. Agriculture General Agricultural Activity The purpose of the analysis of the Agricultural sector of the economy is to present a general description of Clare County's agricultural productivity and then to determine the primary concentrations of this activity within the County. This analysis will guide future planning programs as it will serve as a basis upon which to make decisions which will arise when the forthcoming urban pressure dictates that some land must be taken out of agricultural production. Data on the number of farms and acres in production throughout Clare County during the 19641974 period are presented in Table 16. The agricultural trends in Clare County followed the national and State trends as the total number of farms and the land area in farms decreased during this period. However, the value of all products sold and the value of the products sold - 34- �per fam, both increased during this 10 year interval. These trends are a result of both inflation and a more intensive and efficient method of farming. The average number of acres per farm decreased from 236.3 to 219.0 acres during these 10 years as some farms were platted and sold off acreage. TABLE 16 GENERAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS CLARE COUNTY, 1964, 1969 AND 1974* 1964 Number of Farms Land Area in County (Acres) Land Area in Farms (Acres) Average Size of Farms (Acres) Value of Land and Bui I dings Per Farm Value of Land and Bui Idings Per Acre Cropland Harvested (Acres) Value of Al I Agricultural Products Sold Average Sold Per Farm Livestock and Livestock Products Sold Crops Sold Forest Products 1969 1974 346 467 366,080 110,375 236.3 394 366,080 89,013 225.9 366,080 75,730 219.0 20,571 32,943 66,870 87. 15 28,979 14 1. 81 23,048 306 25,778 2,885,750 6,179 3,141,114 7,972 4,817,000 13,922 2,476,204 357,741 2,719,318 392, 187 3,751,000 912,000 *U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, Michigan (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1964, 1969 and 1974 issues). The number of the different types of farms in the County as classified by the U. S. Census of Agriculture for the years 1954, 1964 and 1974 for which data is available, are documented in Table 17. Livestock showed the smallest percentage change during these 20 years. A large decrease occurred in the number of Dairy and General farms and in the number of Miscellaneous and Unclassified farms. Field Crops and Cos Grain farms show a slight increase from 1954 to 1974. Livestock Available data illustrating the trends in livestock production in the County for the 1954-1974 period are presented in Table 18. The total number of cattle and calves decreased slightly during the 1954-1964 period while the total value of livestock and livestock products produced increased. From 1964 to 1974 the number of livestock farms and number of cattle per farm increased substantially as did the value of livestock products for the same period. �Dairy In 1954, 311 dairy farms existed in Clare County; by 1974 the number dropped to 65. Although the number of farms has drastically dec reased,the value of dairy products sold from Clare County markedly increased. (See Table 18.) This reflects larger more efficient dairy farms in 1974 than those 20 yea rs ago. TABLE 17 TYPES OF FARMS CLARE COUNTY, 1954, 1964 AND 1974* Type of Farm Field Crops (other than fruit and vegetable) Cash Grain Other Field Crops Vegetable Fruit Poultry Dairy Livestock General Miscellaneous and Unclassified 1954 1964 5 13 12 1 13 1974 26 19 2 5 2 311 175 67 35 175 99 55 392 l 65 81 6 2 *U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, Michigan (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954, 1964 and 1974 issues). TABLE 18 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SALES CLARE COUNTY, 1954, 1964 AND 1974* Cattle and Calves (number) Hogs and Pigs (number) Sale of Dairy Products Milk Sold (pounds) Poultry and Poultry Products Sold 8,365 3,215 $647,637 14,364,095 13,691 2,929 $2,135,000 N/A $91,525 N/A 7,097 3,624 $1,349,570 32,361,867 $100,291 *U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, Michigan (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954, 1964 and 1974 issues). N/A - Not Available. - 36 - �Anticipated Urbanization and Future Space Needs Urbanization The preceding two sections have discussed past, present and expected future economic trends within the County. The conclusions arrived at in these sections are used to determine what effect the future expected changes will have upon the local governmental units within the County. Change in population per square mile, a density factor, is a good criteria of how rapidly various communities are being urbanized. Two paths of increasing population densities are emerging in Surrey and Grant Townships. One is following the route of Old U. S. 10 Highway westward from the City of Clare through the Townships of Grant and Surrey and the Village of Farwell. Another path of increasing population density is along U. S. 27 through the Cities of Clare and Harrison and the Townships of Grant and Hatton, Hayes and Frost. Hamilton Township is also beginning to experience increased population pressures. The low densities in the western and northernmost townships in Clare County are mostly attributed to the relatively greater distance and driving time from populated areas, and the lack of a direct route from these townships to a larger city. The largest area of conflict with urbanization in the County is expected to occur in the Townships of Arthur and Sheridan. Both have rich farmland and are agriculturally oriented and are desirous of maintaining their farmland. The conflict arises because both townships have ready access to the U. S. 27 Freeway and are within commuting distance from the Cities of Harrison · and Clare and employment centers in the Tri-Cities area. There is a large proportion of State land devoted to recreational purposes in Redding, Summerfield and Winterfield Townships. This trio of townships will remain primarily forested and will also continue to exhibit large landholdings. Due to their isolated locations, it is expected that, at least for the next 10 years, the Townships of Greenwood, Franklin and Freeman will only experience a slight comparative increase in urban concentration, notwithstanding the fact that Clare County is one of the most rapidly expanding counties in this part of Michigan. Future Potential Space Needs Industrial and Commercial. -- The 1990 employment projections indicate that there will be an increase in the number of employers in Clare County. Clare County has two industrial corporations in Clare and Harrison and there is a possibility of the Village of Farwell developing an industrial committee. In 1977, the City of Harrison was awarded a Public Works Administration Grant for development of a 18 acre site with public water, sewage and gas facilities. The County is also fortunate to have Mid-Michigan Community College which offers a large choice of vocational training programs. Large gas storage areas have recently developed in the Townships of Lincoln and Winterfield. Depending greatly upon the future energy needs of Michigan and the United States, these Townships could be dramatically changed. Land for industrial expansion is available in Clare County. However, in most areas of the County, water and sewer lines needed for industrial purposes are lacking. In summary, with all the vacant land in the County, there will be no problem in meeting the future additional space needed by new and expanding firms. As long as proper zoning codes are enforced throughout the County, industrial expansion can provide a greater tax base for the community with a minimum of destruction of open space. However, some utility expansion will be needed. - 37- �The largest concentration of commercial establishments is in the Cities of Clare and Harrison. Originally, Clare served as a "community 11 shopping center for the County but recently the City of Harrison has been expending in terms of services. In Table 19, the recommended population needed for the different sizes of shopping centers is documented. TABLE 19 SHOPP I NG AREA STANDARDS RELATED TO POPULATION AND TIME-DISTANCE * Shopping Area Composition Population Served Service Area Neighborhood Center Supermarket or smal I variety store are major tenants with total floor space of at least 20,000 square feet for all uses. 3,000 to 25,000 depending on density of population. Neighborhood or population necessary to serve an elementary school. Community Center Major tenant of junior department store. Tota I area for all facilities should be 10 to 40 acres. 15,000 to 100,000 population. One to three miles radius. Regional Center Two (2) major · department stores. Site size 40 to 100 acres. 100,000 to 400,000 population. 30 minutes driving time. *Adapted from standards established by Urban Land Institute; Santa Clare County, Commercial Land Needs (November 1964); and International City Managers Association, Local Planning Administration (Chicago, Illinois, 1959). By Year 2000, the County's population will be approximately 45,000 to 50,000 people which will require the present retail shopping base in the County to expand. Expansion will occur by existing retail stores becoming larger and new stores locating in the County. Existing commercial development in the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Village of Farwell throughout the County will generally meet the demand for neighborhood shopping centers and in certain instances for a part of the community center needs. With the trend today towards planned shopping centers, Clare County can anticipate receiving some small neighborhood shopping centers. These will occur where the population growth is the greatest. Shopping centers have tremendous advantage in retailing goods. Parking is plentiful, convenient and free. Shoppers can do a wide range of shopping at one location by walking through a variety of stores. Central business districts in existing population settlements will have a diffi- - 38 - �cult time to compete with new shopping centers particularly in the Harrison area where growth is expanding a long Clare Avenue ("old II U. S. 27). The three incorporated communities presently act as small community shopping centers. They will have to revitalize their central business districts if they hope to successfully compete with shopping centers and strip commercial growth in the future. Regional facilities are presently located in the Mount Pleasant and the Tri-Cities areas. These communities will continue as the regional shopping facilities for Clare County in the near future. Housing. -- As the population increases, so does the demand for housing. It was noted in the income analysis that the residents of Clare County are primarily in the "lower to low middle income" ranges. It has been traditional in American society, especially in generations which have recently migrated from a farm, for middle class families to own their own home. However, with the present money market and high interest rates, many people, especially young couples, cannot afford a single-family home and must rent a dwelling of some type or live in a mobile home. If the approximately 27,300 additional people that will live in Clare County by the Year 2000 (22,700 in 1976 vs. 50,000 in 2000), all chose to live in single-family residences, at an average of 3.1 persons per household, approximately 8,806 additional dwellings would be needed and I at an average of 2 .5 persons per household, 10,900 more dwellings would be needed in the next 22 years. It is impossible to accurately determine what proportion of the future population will desire multiple or single-fomi ly residences. With the large supply of part-time vacant housing in Clore County, any of which could possibly be converted to permanent homes, not all the additional homes need be constructed. Both the construction and construction supply industries should profit from the housing demand in Clare County. Realtors and other people depending on land development as a source of income should also prosper in the future. Care must be taken to insure that the interest of a small industry does not cause any deterrent to the planning and coordination of future County growth. - 39_ �HOUSING �HOUSING STUDY Introduction The purpose of the Housing Study is to analyze the problems that confront the residents of Clare County in relation to the adequacy, supply and price of housing. Recommendations of objectives that will help alleviate existing housing problems and will prevent this recurrence in the future wi 11 be presented. Various elements of the overal I housing environmental and special residential areas in Clare County will also be analyzed. This Study 1s purpose is not intended to solely project future housing needs but to analyze the characteristics of its existing housing stock affecting the supply and demand of housing within the County. Existing Housing Characteristics Housing Stock In ]970, there were 11,061 dwelling units in Clare County. This represented an increase of 3,028 units over the 1960 figure of 8,033.6 Many of the structures within the County are rela tively new. Approximately 44 percent of the 1970 County housing stock was constructed in the 1960 decade. Nearly 23 percent of the County's total 1970 housing units were constructed in the 1950 decade. The remaining structures were divided among 11 percent in the 1940 decade cmd 22 percent before 1939. Detailed local unit analysis is included in the Appendix of this document. In general, the quality of the County housing sto ck appears to be in need of im provement in spite of its age. However, an in-depth structural quality study of the entire County's housing stock should be undertaken to determine what the present condition is of these dwellings since the Census data is based upon a sample of the total number of units and the surveys are often undertaken by inexperienced personnel. Only with a detailed survey could there be a determination of exact locations of structural deterioration and remedial action taken. There is a high turnover rate of housing within certain areas of the County. Th is is indi coted by the 1970 Census data. As of that year, 52 percent of the homes were either vacant for occasional use or strictly seasonal cottages. This proportion is more predominant in the recreationally oriented townships of the County as the lakefront developments characteristically have small lake lots and high density resort housing. · Housing Value Although the definition used by. the Census Bureau is clear, the validity of the reported dollar value as an estimate of property valuation is a subjective measurement and may be questioned. 11 Value" is the respondent's {owner's) estimate of 11 How much the property would sell for on today's market. 11 Value data is limited to single-family housing (one unit structures),. detached and attached, that are located on 10 acres or less, or on properties which also have a business establishment. Cooperatives, condominiums, and trailers ore also excluded from the value tabulations. 6 1nforrnation provided by the East Centroi Michigan Piann1ng and Deveiopment Region, Saginaw, Michigan. -.40- �TABLE 21 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Units Number Percent Built for Seasonal Use Occupied Year Round Vacant for Rent Vacant for Sale Vacant for Occasional Use Other Vacant Rented or Sold but not Occupied 1,741 5,345 161 179 4,837 499 32 13.6 41.8 1.3 1.4 37.8 3.9 12,802 100.0 Total .2 *U. S. Census of Population and Housing; provided by the East Central Michigan Planning and Development Regional Planning Commission. The large number of seasonal homes is indicative of Clare County's resort nature. The large percentage of resort housing is heavily influenced by large numbers of seasonal homes in Hamilton and Hayes Townships possessing 40.6 and 31.3 percent, respectively, of all the resort homes in Clare County. Housing Type The predominate type of housing unit in Clare County is single-family dwellings. In addition, in 1970 there were 491 year-round mobi I e homes in the County. TABLE 22 HOUSING UNITS BY TYPE (OCCUPIED AND VACANT ALL YEAR), CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Number Percent Single Family Duplex Multiple Family Mobile Homes 10, 199 92.2 247 124 491 2.2 4.5 Total 11,061 100.0 Type 1. 1 *1970 U. S. Census, Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census; 4th Count Summary Tapes. - 42 - �In 1970, over 40 percent of all of Clare County's single-family homes were located in Hayes, Garfield and Lincoln Townships. These three townships are also the townships which possess large clusters of homes adjacent numerous lake developments. Surrey, Grant and Frost Townships cumulatively comprise 21.0 percent of Clare County's single-family housing stock. The Cities of Harrison and Clare, the only two cities in the County, house 15.4 percent of the County's homes; and the remaining 2,353 homes were almost equally distributed in the remaining nine townships. Of the total 247 (1970) duplex units in the County, 124 were located in the City of Clare and 33 were located in the City of Harrison. Six townships in the County possessed the remaining 90 duplex units. In 1970, the multiple family dwelling units were concentrated in the Cities of Clare and Harrison with a combined total of 76 multiple family dwelling units out of a total 124 such units. Nearly a quarter of all the County's 1970 mobile homes were found in Hayes Township. The 1970 Census information indicated 104 mobile homes in Hayes Township, or 21.2 percent of the County's 491 mobile homes. The Township Planning Advisor estimates that in 1978 there are nearly 1,000 mobile homes in the County, 350 in Hayes Township alone. Plumbing Facilities Plumbing foci Ii ties include toilet and bathing equipment and water supply facilities. The characteristics of these fixtures are measurements of housing quality. Housing units considered as having all plumbing facilities are those which have piped hot and cold running water inside the structure, a flush toilet, and a bathtub or shower inside the structure for use only by the occupants of the unit •. TABLE 23 BATHROOM FACILITIESa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* None or Half Bathb 1 1--1/2 2 2-1/2 Bath Baths Baths Baths 3 or More 3,682 6,532 496 277 50 50 Total ·: Uni ts 11,087', *1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. a , Based on 15 percent sample calculations. blncludes facilities also used by occupants of another unit. The 1970 Census reported that 3,682 or 27.8 percent of Clare County's year-round housing did not have complete bathroom facilities. The problem of insufficient or total absence of plumbing facilities will become more serious if the present trend of seasonal home conversion to year-round units continues throughout the County. - 43 - ,.;.· . �Allied to plumbing facilities are those housing characteristics which describe the various methods of residential sewage disposal and the different sources of water supply. These characteristics are also elements of housing quality, for many persons place great value on publicly provided sewer and water services. Sewage Disposal Residential sewage disposal is handled through three basic methods: (a) Public sewer. (b) Septic tank or cesspool. (c) Some other means, ordinarily a very primitive method such as a priv y, chemical toilet, or running a sewer line from the housing unit directly into a creek, lake, swamp, etc. TABLE 24 SEWAGE DISPOSALa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Unit County Total Public Sewer 1,050 Septic Cesspool 7,093 b Other 2,944 Occupied and Vacant Total 11,087 * 1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes . aYear-round units. Based on 15 percent Census sample. bOther includes units on individual sewer lines running directly to creek, lake, o r swamp . According to the 1970 Census, only 9 .5 percent of all Clare County's year-round units were tied into a pub Ii c sewer system; 86.3 percent of these homes used a septic cesspool system, and the remaining 26.5 percent relied upon some other means of sewage disposal. Source of Water In 1970, nearly 18 percent of Clare County's 11,087 homes relied on a public water or private water system; al I but 8.8 percent were so provided in the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Vi II age of Farwel I. Homes with water supplied by a individual well constituted 80.2 percent (8,897 homes) of all the homes in Clore County. Only 221 occupied and vacant year-round homes relied upon a creek, river or spring directly. Two townships, Frost and Lincoln, had 54 · homes each relying upon a primitive method of water supply. - 44 - -~· ... �TABLE 25 SOURCE OF WATERa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Public System or Private Companyb Unit Individual Well 1,969 Clare County Other 8,897 Total Units C 221 11,087 *1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. aBased on 15 percent calculated sample. b Common source supp I ying · water to more t han f.rve units. . cWater obtained directly from springs, creeks, rivers, etc. Heating Equipment Heating equipment, like plumbing facilities, is a measure of housing quality. The types of heating equipment discussed here represent the principal kind of equipment used in each housing unit. The U. S. Census Bureau in its survey of heating ·e quipment utilized eight separate classifications. For simplicity, these have been reduced to four major categories: (a) Central heating equipment, whether hot water, warm air, or electric; (b) Room heater without a flue; (c) Other types which include room heaters with a flue, pipeless furnaces, stoves, fireplaces, and portable heaters; (d) . Not heated. TABLE 26 HEATING EQUIPMENTa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Central Heating Unit 3,534 Clare County Heater Without Flue 256 Other Types Not Heated Total 7,142 129 11,061 *1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. aBased on a 20 percent sample. Occupied and Vacant Year-Round Units. I. In 1970, 32.0 percent of all the year-round units in Clare County were equipped with some form of central heating system (83.4 percent of these were warm air type). Only 256 of all ' • •• ~· . • 'l t... . the yecr-iounv units rel:e'-4 upon non-tiued room heaters. Uver b4 percent of the County;s ~ ~ - 45- . ~--- �year-round units relied on other types of heating facilities (about 57. 1 percent of these were heated with flued heaters). Al I but 129 homes in Clare County were heated in 1970. Most of the homes built since 1970 rely on some form of central heating. Mobile Homes The mobile home is one aspect of the housing supply which is often overlooked. In 1975 about 9.9 million people lived in more than four million mobile homes.7 Now more than two percent of the United States pouplation live in mobile homes. The mobile home industry has inherited the lower-priced market and this year wi 11 sel I about 95 percent of new homes under $25,000. 8 Mobile homes are, therefore, beginning to have great impact upon the low-cost housing market. Mobile homes may range from 12 feet in width to 70 feet in length. Two 12 foot wide mobile homes can be placed together and may have wel I over 1,200 square feet of floor space. New · mobile homes, fully equipped and completely furnished, range in price from $7,500 to $18,000. The double wide homes may range from $9,000 to $30,000. Prices may vary according to size, style, and quality of the unit. The Veterans Administration makes loans for mobile homes with a maximum limit of $12,500 financed over a 12 year period. An additional $7,500 maximum loan may also be obtained to purchase a site for a mobile home. A total of $20,000 may be borrowed for a 15 year period. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insures loans on mobile homes up to $12,500 with a maximum repayment period of 12 years and 32 days. The mobile home must meet construction standards as determined by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. FHA does not insure loans on seasonal mobile homes. Today, there is little to distinguish the mobile home owner from those who own conventional homes. Many mobile home units may be used as second homes. Twenty percent of the total mobile home shipments are assumed to be in this category. 9 Considering that the "typical income for the mobile home family in 1974 ranged between $6,000 and $9,000 (and) about 25 percent (of the owners) were over 65, 11 10 Clare County appears ripe for mobile home development. The Township Planning Advisor estimates that there are approximately 1,000 year-round mobile homes in Clare County as of June, 1978. 11 7 8 9 Sylvia Porter, "Mobile Homes Affordable," The State Journal, August 8, 1976. carl Norcos, "Mobile Homes - The Most for Your Money," Detroit Free Press, Parade Magazine, September 12, 1976. . u. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook N. 428, Projections of Demand for Housing by Type of Unit and Region, May 1972. lOSylvia Porter, "More About Mobile Homes," The State Journal, June 10, 1976. 11 This estimation is derived from assumptions made from bui Iding permit statistics for the year 1977 and from population estimates. In 1977 alone an additional 144 mobile homes were placed in Clare County (not all are assumed to be permanent Clare County residents) • - 46- .. - �Seasonal Housing The discussion of housing growth characteristics has heretofore grouped al I housing units in Clare County with no distinction made between year-round and seasonal dwellings. Yet, there are ample reasons for examining the two types separately. First of oil, seasonal homes are highly restrictive in their intended use, and often inadequately constructed, equipped, or maintained for year-round occupancy. As such, it is unrealistic to include these units with the County's year-round housing resources. In 1970, the U. S. Census Bureau determined that there were 1,737 seasonal homes, however, there were also 5,716 homes classified as vacant. Many of the homes classified as vacant were also used as seasonal homes. This means that approximately 58 percent of Clare County's homes were classified as either seasonal or vacant in 1970. The large number of seasonal units hinders the provision of public services throughout the County. Concentrations of dwelling units that would normally be capable of supporting public services are unable to do so in Clare County due to the large percentage of seasonal homes. The owners of seasonal homes, being temporary occupants, are often hesitant to pay for public services, thereby making any system too expensive for the year-round residents during the non-peak seasons. The result of this situation is a lack of pub Iic services in areas where environmental conditions often demand them. Housing Supply Needs In the three decades previous to 1960, only a small portion of the population increase in Clare County was due to an in-migration of people. However, from 1960 to 1970 Clare County's population increased an estimated 10,748 persons. Of this total increase, 88 percent was due to a net inflow of people from other counties. 12 The pleasant living conditions, abundant recreational opportunities, and absence of urban problems have induced many people to reside in the County and commute to the City of Midland or as for away as the Tri-Cities or Lansing areas for employment. Clare County's history as a resort area has helped spur the in-migration of elderly persons, many of whom move into their "vacation home" permone,:itly after retirement. Existing Supply The County's 1970 population of 16,695 is projected to increase to approximately 26,000 by 1980 and to about 36,000 by 1990. If these additional people were to live in single-family homes at an overage of 2.81 persons per household, l3 an additional 3,300 homes would have to be made available by 1980 and on additional 3,300 homes would be needed between 1980. and 1990. According to the East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region in its 1975 Housing Inventory, Clore County in 1970 had a total of 12,802 housing units. Of this total, 13.6 percent, or 1,741 units, were classified as seasonal residences. From the remaining 11,061 yearround housing units, 348 were for sole or rent. The remaining 10,713 units were composed of 5,368 second homes and 5,345 occupied households. Removing the homes which were considered 12 See Chapter, Population Characteristics and Forecast. . , 13compu,ea . ,. I Ioy ca~, r ... ,... t I M· I ! P' • . d' Deve,opment i- · . ·• . '-'.en_~ ., , \!C:n,gan ___ ,annrng an Region; originally presented in Technical Guide For Housing Plan, Preliminary Draft, 1978, p. 21. - 47 - -~- �substandard due to deficiencies in plumbing and deterioration, only 7,298 year-round homes in 1970 were considered available. The problem with this analysis is that consideration was not given to the actual amount of seasonal and second home~ which will potentially be available by 1980. This large number of pc;>tentially avai !able homes is an important factor in Clare County's future housing supply. · Supply Projection Methodology In order to accurately project the 1980 supply, the number of housing units to be· made available through construction or renovation must be tabulated. The first step in aci:omplishing this task is to determine the average rate of construction or renovation for the various types of building activities. Actual building permit statistics are needed to serve as a base. However, only in 1977 are complete records available. (See Table 2 7.) Building activity prior to 1977 will have to be estimated. (The Department of Commerce estimated that 1,302 housing units were constructed from 1970 to 1975, however, the source of their information indicated voluntary reporting of permit activity. No accurate record~ were kept during that period for any Clare County community.) Estimations of potential 1980 housing supply were made from 1977 building permit statistics and through discussions with the Clare County Building and Health Departments. 14 Through discussions with the Clare County Building and Health Inspectors it was determined that 1977 was not a "typical" year for County development. It was ascertained that 1977 had a more rapid rate of mobile home development than the previous six years. Permits for housing construction and additions were also higher than they had been in prior years. Fewer cabins were constructed in 1977 as well as fewer improvements on existing second homes. Incorporating 1977 permit data and the observations of two wel I informed department heads, an average yearly rate of development for each type of building activity was determined. Each class of activity was then calculated as to the ratio of permanent to second homes. Table 28 summarizes 1980 supply projections~ Potential 1980 Standard Housing Supply As indicated on Table 28) it is estimated that an additional 1,400 mobile homes will be moved into Clare County during the 1970 decade. It is approximated that 63 percent of the mobile homes moving into the County will be used as secon.d homes, and a total of 518 additional permanent mobile homes will be added to the housing stock. It is also projected that approximately 70 cabins wil I be built per year or a total of 700 additional resort or second homes by 1980. Approximately 15 percent of these units, 105 units, are estimated to be used permanently. In 1977, 109 single family homes were constructed. This high figure is not indicative of the County's early development when seasonal home construction was stil I in its heyday. It is anticipated that an average of 125 permanent homes will be constructed yearly during the 1970 1 s, or a total of 1,250 additional homes by 1980. In 1977, more than one-half of all the building permits issued were for additions and improvements to existing structures. The Clare County Building Inspector estimates that 60 percent of all additions made in Clare County are intended to prepare a second home for permanent occupancy. The Building Inspector further estimates that 25 percent of all the improvements made in Clare County are intended to convert a second home for permanent use. It is estimated that 14 DLicussions held during Month of May; 1978. - 48 - ,· �TABLE 27 ---Unit Town sh i_es: Arthur Frankl in Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamil-ton Hatton Hayes I .p.. Lincoln --0 Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey .,,, Winterfield BUILDING PERMIT STATISTICSa CLARE COUNTY 1977* Mobile Homes 2 Addition Cabinb House 1 6 4 6 1 9 15 .• 19 17 20 16 Pole Barn Improvem~~GC!I~ge Total 6 0 1 2 14 20 42 5 3 5 12 9 15 23 29 74 98 5 2 6 3 14 46 6 41 5 73 0 15 5 22 5 35 12 60 33 246 9 l 6 11 3 6 8 29 5 2 l 4 4 0 1 10 0 20 4 4 4 3 13 0 6 10 11 30 4 33 32 32 107 16 0 l 27 2 0 0 13 l 19 8 26 8 85 20 144 218 43 109 114 249 877 11 Cities: -Clare Harrison Farwell County Total *Clare County Building Department, M-lrch, 1978. Compiled by Township Planning Advisor. aFreernan, Hamilton, Lincoln and Grant Townships and the City of Clare had their own building inspector during 1977. 6A ccibin is considered to be a seasonal residence of approximately 720 or smaller. clmprovements include porches, fireplaces, breezeways, roofs and similar alterations. �TABLE 28 PROJECTED HOUSING SUPPLY PER!vlANENT AND SECOND HOMES CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1970-1980* Type of Construction Mob ii e Homes Yearlt Occurrence b Actual 1977° Estimated 1977 Yearly Average Seasonal or 2nd Homes Permanent Percent Total No. Percent Number 144 184 110 63% 882 37% 518 Cabins 43 55 70 85% 595 15% 105 Houses 109 161 125 6% 6 100% 1250 Addif'ions 218 316 291 N/A N/A 60% 1746 Improvements 114 166 169 N/A N/A 25% 422 I u, *Disc ussions with Clare County Building Department and Clare County Health Department, May 1978. 0 a 1',, Table 28 bFreernan, Hampton, Lincoln and Grant Townships and the City of Clare's building activity was estimated by the following methodology. 1. Freeman Township's building activity was assumed to be the average of the construction activity during 1977 in Summerfield, Winterfield and Redding Townships. 2. Hamilton and Lincoln Townships collectively compose 11 percent of the County's housing units. Thus, for all the types of building activity an additionat 11 percent was added to account for Hamilton and Lincoln Township building activity. 3. The level of activity for the City of Clare was assumed to be the same as the level of activity for the City of Harrison. cDue to the rising building costs occurring :throug.h ~-: the State and Nation none of the homes larger than 720 square feet are considered seasonal or second dwellings. N/A - Not applicable. Additions or improvements to existing seasonal or second homes would not increase the number of available seasonal or second homes. �,( an additional 2,168 permanent standard quality homes will be made available through renova. t io n of existing second or seasonal homes. Supp ly Summary As indicated in Table 28, an estimated 4,041 housing units will be added to the County's housing stock by 1980. Including this figure with the 3,758 standard year-round units available in 1970, 15 the assumption can be made that 7,799 housing units will be available in 1980. If the projected population reaches 26,000, as is estimated, and if the projection of household size is correct (2. 81 people per household), a total of 9, 253 housing units wi 11 be needed. An additional 370 housing units, approximately four percent of the housing stock, should be added to the projected need to accommodate for mobility and vacancy. In comparing the supply and need calculations it is determined that Clare County will have a shortage of 1,824 standard housing units by 1980. Employing the 2.81 population per household estimate, 5,125, County residents, or nearly 21 percent of the County's 1980 population, will be housed in substandard housing. In the following section housing needs wi 11 be addressed to determine the special needs of elderly persons, low income persons and renters. Housing Needs Analysis Different population groups have different needs. The needs of the elderly are not the same as the needs of low income families or renters, although they are sometimes very much related. An elderly retired couple does not require the same size house that a young family with children would require. Low income families may be composed of both renters and elderly people and are many times limited by their low income to have a wide range of housing choice. Elderly/Non-Elderly Household Needs The Department of Health, Education and Welfare estimated the elderly population (60 years or older) for each county in the United States as of July 1, 1975. 16 This estimate indicated that 18.7 percent of Clare County's population was over 60 years old in 1975. Assuming that the ratio of elderly to non-elderly persons will remain the same, 4,762 people in Clare County will be over 60 years old in 1980. If al I elderly households have two members, 2,382 homes wil I be needed for elderly residents. If the average household size is less than two, an even greater number of homes will be needed for elderly citizens. Low and Moderatre Income Household Needs The determination of what constitutes a low or moderate income household is estimated by the Community Development Act of 1974 to be 80 percent of the median household income for the moderate income househord and 50 percent below the median income household for the low income household. In 1977, the 11 Survey of Buying Power" 17 was published in which the median household in.come for every county in the nation was tabulated. "Effective buying income" (EBI) excludes personal taxes and social security payments and, therefore, does not necessarily reflect 15 16 East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region, Housing Inventory Analysis, 1975. oepartment of Health, Education and Welfare Publication (OHD) 77-20085, 11 Estimates of the 60+ and 65+ Population for Counties and PSA's: 1975, ,\,Uchigan. 1711 Survey of Buying Power," Sales and Marketing Management, July 25, 1977 pp. C-102-C-110 • .,.. - 51 - �11 total 11 income. However, Clare County's EBI does reflect a general ability to pu rchase goods and is consequently used in this document as the base for calculating low and ve ry low income levels for 1976 (Table 29). TABLE 29 HOUSEHOLD INCOME LEVELS CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1976* 1976 Median Effective Buying Income $9,292 Low Income Level Very Low Income Level $7,434 $4,646 *"Survey of Buying Power, 11 Sales and Marketing Management, July 25, 1977 and East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region calculations. TABLE 30 ELDERLY AND NON-ELDERLY LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1976* 1976 Clare County Households Below Median Income a Elderly Non-Elde rly Total 41% 4, 181 6,492 Low Income Elderly Non-Elde rly Total 3,881 4,041 30.5% Very Low Income Elderly Non- Elderl y Total 3, 114 2, 171 20.3% * "Survey of Buying Power, 11 Median Household Income Data, 1976; Department of Housing and Urban Development, Percentage Distribution of Households, 1974; and Township Planning Advisor's calculations. a As a percent of total County population. In 1974, the Department of Housing and Urban Development produced statistics as to the percentage distributions of households at various income levels for elderly and non - elderly populations. This statistical breakdown for Clare County is shown in Table 30. Nearly 88 percent of Clare County's elderly population earned less than the 1976 median effective buying income of $9,292. A general rule of thumb is that a person can afford approximately twice their yearly income for housing. Table 30 indicates that the 1980 housing market in Clare County will most likely be for homes valued at less than $20,000. Clare County's large group of very low income residents will probably require financial assistance to be able to enjoy a suitable living environment. Many of these low income people could also be forced to live in rental housing. Considering the fact that housing costs are escalating out of the reach of many low or moderate income families, an increasing demand could occur for rental homes. In 1970, 12.9 percent of the standard available homes in Clare County were rented. If the same ratio holds true in 1980, 3,354 County residents will be potential renters. Assuming an average household size of 2.81 - 52 - ..;.·" �pe rsons for rental homes, l, 194 rental units will be needed in Clare County in 1980. Housing Environment Housing quality deteriorates for many reasons. Poor original construction and lack of proper maintenance are two major reasons. However, much more is involved than just poor maintenance and construction. Deteriorating housing is a much broader problem. The environment in which housing is located is vital to its existence. Several factors will be examined which affect the housing environment. Incompatible Land Uses Incompatible land uses are uses of land which tend to adversely affect one another. Concentrations of deteriorating homes appear in those areas where the lack of, or the improper administration of zoning creates conflicting land usage. The National Commission of Urban Problems made the following statement concerning the link between poor housing and conflicting land usage: "A common characteristic of a deteriorating area is a mixture of land uses not conducive to a neighborhood of homes. 1118 Land use in close proximity to residential areas has a major impact in determining the desirability of these areas for living. A heavy industrial area generally presents a poor environment for housing. However, it is conceivable that a light industrial plant using few raw materials and generating limited traffic could exist quite well near a residential area. Most commercial uses generally tend to adversely affect the residential environment. Notable exceptions to this may be found. The only real answer is that each individual case must be carefully examined so as to determine its functional needs. The objective must be to obtain a mix of uses which exist compatibly with each other; not to be totally segregated uses . Such total segregation can only lead to a sterilized community with living, working and shopping areas linked only by automobile. The answer must be reached carefully with the specific goal of grouping uses according to their needs and functional characteristics with each case given individual consideration. Inadequate Neighborhoods It is difficult to determine what makes a neighborhood inadequate. Certain answers to the problem may be due to the absence or presence of needed neighborhood facilities. The availability of schools, parks, etc., has much influence in determining the desirability of neighborhoods as living areas; however, the exact forces which determine a neighborhood's qua! ity are not always related to the availability of facilities. . Poor Subdivision Developments 11 While poor construction is in large measure responsible for new slums, poor land use regulaHons, and particularly poor subdivision design standards and review have played a large part in speeding deterioration of new housing developments. 1119 Many of the problems of poor subdivisions are at least bound to the fact that virtually no regulations or controls were in effect when the growth 18 Report on the National Committee on Urban Problems to the Congress and the President "Building the American City, 11 Washington, D.C., 1968, page 6. ' 19 The American Society of Planning Officials, "Problems of Zoning and Land Use Regulation, 11 Washington, D.C., 1968, page 18r - 53 - ,.c;!· .. �occurred. Recently adopted zoning ordinances for many of the County's communities provides standards for orderly residential growth. 2 0 Also, the County Building Code adopted in 1975, as administered by Bill Randle, helps ensure quality construction of new units. (See Appendix for sample building permit.) Subdivision regulations should be employed only to designate the broad framework development should follow, not to dictate specific details of design. Regulation must seek to provide minimum design criteria with enough flexibility to allow good developers to provide sufficient facilities to ensure the future stability of their developments. Problems Associated With Land Speculations "The transfer of land for profit has been necessary to the functioning of the American economic system, and is generally defended on the ground that it helps to ensure that land is being put to its most economically productive use. 11 21 Today, however, land speculation is generally considered a primary cause of many land use problems. In this regard, the National Commission on Urban Problems found: 11 The ever rising cost of land has unquestionably been a factor in increasing the cost of housing, and it, therefore, decreased the supply of low and moderate cost accommodations. 11 22 Constant pressure is exerted by land speculators for measures to rapidly increase the value of their holdings. Measures which bring about this rapid increase are often in the hands of Township officials. Placement of schools, water and sewer lines, streets, highways, and public services of all kinds affect the value of land. Pressure is frequently exerted on Township officials by speculators to place public facilities at locations which will bring the most direct benefits to their holdings. The net effect of this process is an illogical and uncoordinated growth pattern. Statement of Problems Rising building cost is a prohibitive factor when planning new construction. Because of the high cost of labor and materials, builders make a low profit margin on low priced housing. Therefore, many builders prefer to limit their construction to houses that exceed $20,000. As a result, high building costs are particularly responsible for creating a lack of low and moderate priced housing. There are numerous families in Clare County that cannot afford to rent or buy suitable housing. The problem could be partially remedied if better job opportunities were made avai Iable at both the Township and County level. There is an acute shortage of rental housing in Clare County. As a result of current high building cost and the demand for low priced housing (i.e., less than $20,000) rental housing demand has taken a sharp increase during the recent years. Since there is a shortage in this 20 zoned communities in Clare County as of June 1978 are Surrey, Sheridan, Arthur, Hatton, Lincoln, Freeman, Hayes, Hamilton, and Frost Townships. The Townships of Winterfield, Summerfield and Franklin have ordinances very close to adoption. Both the Cities of Harrison and Clare have adopted zoning ordinances. 2 1Amencan • Soctety • . orr pl.ann1ng • Of.nc,a1s, r• • 1 op.cir, page 66 . 22 American Society of Planning Officials, op.cit, page 68. - 54- -~•. ' �type of housing, any families attempt to remedy this problem by purchasing mobile homes. During the pa st decade, the number of mobile homes in Clare County inc reased from 122 in 1960 to 491 in 1970, and to an estimated 1,000 permanent year-round mobile homes in June 1978. The lack of suitable mobile home parks, creates a problem in itself. As a result, trailers are scattered throughout the County many being improperly installed and lacking adequate sanitation facilities. The increasing trend to convert seasonal homes to permanent residences could create a detrimental effect on the living environment in Clare County. Many older residents who owned a resort home in Clare County are retiring permanently in their seasonal homes, many of which are located on very small lots. If this trend continues, sewage and other public service problems could drastically increase, especially surrounding the heavily developed lake areas. Another problem created by seasonal home conversion to year-round residences is that many people find that the old cottage is just too smal I to adequately meet their permanent living needs. Because of this, many people are building their own additions, many times overlooking building code requirements. Part of the problem could be that Clare County adopted the State BOCA Building Code in the latter part of 1974. Up until that time, there were no building specifications for a homeowner to go by. It is assumed and hoped that as time goes by more people wil I be aware of,and adhere to, the County administered Building Code. Limited financial resources of the County which results in the basic inability to afford adequate expertise in the areas of -planning, revenue, code enforcement, etc., is a major and serious obstacle to the complete solution of the local housing problem. This situation necessitates coordinated efforts and requests for State, Federal and related aid. These financial inadequacies are particularly critical in the area of sewer construction and financing and providing adequate staff and administrative budgets for potential code enforcement programs. In general, there is a lack of understanding concerning the intent of such reasonable land use controls as zoning and subdivision regulations. This misunderstanding could create an opposi.tion to regulatory control. Windshield Survey Analysis There are many residential subdivision developments in Clare County which exemplify the housing problems previously mentioned. Early in 1978, the Planning Advisor completed windshield surveys of five residential areas representing a variety of problems common to many Clare County neighborhoods. See Map 8. Area 1: Eight Point Lake. This Garfield Township development surrounds the largest lake in Clare County. The Eight Point Lake area is one of the most expensive property areas in the County. Al I roads immediately servicing the lake are gravel. The majority of the homes are on the lake side of the road. Many of the established seasonal residents, or new permanent residents, are forced to build their garage or storage sheds across the street from their home due to the very small lake lots. The majority of the homes are in good condition; however, because of of the high ratio of seasonal residents, many of the homes are in need of minor repair. Small lot sizes and an increasing tendency toward gross covered front lawns requiring fertilization has helped speed the growth of algae. Eight Point Lake has a Lake Association and every few years the Association hires a firm to cultivate the seaweed. A majority of the homes are vacated during - 55 - ,.i.· "' �MISSAUKEE COUNTY I I ROSCOMMON 1 I COUNTY \ WINTI RF IELD F ROST ' FF AN KL IN SU MM~RFIEL D RI DD NG I\. r . - HI TTbN ~ L-l-_)_~.._._~~..,~---1-~..-~l'l!!-4-~~-+-,~'--.1-t--+..,:G_ift-A-fll\rT,-t--;--r-r--,r--r--. ~ IA:o F F IE L D SU RR I y \ I) II, -~ ~ .I Kf··"":=1__,._-t---_,, / I !SABELLA COUNTY HOUSING STUDY AREA @ housing f LOCATIONS study area ~ ~ • Olli 3 • • JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS TH[ PRf P-,RATION OF Ho$ AAAP WAS FINAN CED IN PART T..iR0Utjj,,j A CO MPREHENS IVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTM ENT Of HOUSING AND URBAN OEVELO;,M[NT, AOMINISTEkE'C BY THE STATE OF MICHIG AN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN a �the winter; but during the summer months the road surrounding the lake is inundated with parked cars. A small neighborhood store serves the immediate needs of the residents, but the nearest commercial district supplying a variety of services is the City of Evart in Isabel la County more than 10 miles away. Area 2: Hil I Haven. This residential subdivision development occupies large portions of Section 6 in Surrey Township. The area is adjacent to M-115 giving its residents easy access to the Village of Farwell and the City of Clore. This is one of the few large scale residential developments (larger than 320 acres) which does not surround a lake (three lakes are near Hill Haven Subdivision but are not included in the development). Hill Haven is composed of nine subdivision plats the first of which was approved in 1962 and the lost approval was granted in 1974. When this development was started small homes of less than 700 square feet on lots less than 12,000 square feet were sold at a package deal of less than $5,000 with minimal downpayments. This type of development attracted many resorters to capitalize on the "bargain." There are approximately 260 homes in Hill Haven. Many of the homes have deteriorated considerably since their construction in the early 1960's. "For Sale" signs and broken windows are everywhere. The character of the ·development has changed . from a recreation-resort oriented community to housing primarily low income families many of whom seem to have school age children. Improvement of the area would require large amounts of money. However, many of the homes are too small and were constructed too poorly to justify large expenditures of housing rehabilitation money. Area 3: Dodge Lake and Townline Wilds Subdivision. Area 3 consists of nine platted subdivisions, seven subdivisions in the Dodge Lake development and two in the Townline Wilds development. Townline Wilds No. 1 was approved in Section 19 of Hamilton Township in 1954. The Townline development has 322 platted lots and the Dodge Lake area has 716 platted lots for a potential residential area of 1,038 lots. These developments consist of lots much less than 12,000 square feet. This is one of the original resort areas in Clare County . Today, over 700 single-family homes and mobile homes are clustered around six smal I lakes. A small commercial area has developed on the corner of Dodge Lake and Townline Lake providing. limited retail serives. Many of the seasonal homes are being converted (mainly by retired persons) for use as permanent homes. This could potentially pose a health problem because the lots are too small to accommodate the sewage needs of a permanent population. Also, the six lakes surrounded by development are in danger of recreational overuse. Area 4: White Birch Lakes of Clare. The White Birch Lakes development is located in Sections 26, 27, 35 and part of 34 in Lincoln Township. This is the most recent large-scale subdivision development in Clare County. · This development consists of six subdivision plats, the first of which was approved in 1970 and the last being approved in 1972. The development provides a total of 1,356 one and two acre lots. The roads traversing this development have 66 foot easements, a community center and a posted security guard at the development's entrance. White Birch Lakes of Clare appears to have been geared toward residential area in the County. However, in 1974, the project culties and went into receivership and at present its future is in only about 90 have been developed with residential structures. developing a more affluent experienced financial diffiquestion. Of the 1,356 lots Of the homes that were con- �structed many appear to be in the $30,000 or over range and are consequently beyond the price range many Clare County residents can afford. This and the fact that second home ownership is becoming increasingly expensive probably added to the development's financial problems. White Birch Lakes of Clare could have become a model for other potential residential developments. This development has a set of stringent subdivision regulations to ensure that scattered mobile homes or substandard houses are not constructed. Area 5: Arnold Lake (Hayes Township). Arnold Lake is in Section 2 of Hayes Township. This development represents a unique approach; on the west side of the lake tbere are four separately owned developments. The first of these subdivisions, Jay Woods Subdivision, was approved in 1956 and contains 42 lots with an average lake front lot depth of 240 feet. This large lot size was rare among resort areas in Clare County in the last 1950 1 s and early 1960 1 s. Six years later -~ch's Subdivision was platted to include 21 lots with an average lakefront lot depth of 270 feet. Keeping in mind the fact that Hill Haven Subdivision (Area 2) was developed at the same time with 150 feet long lots. In 1967, Jay Mar Subdivision No. 2 was approved, platting an additional 26 lots with an average depth of 200 feet. Finally, in 1970 Hughes South Subdivision was platted to allow for an additional 13 lots in the area's development. As of September 1977, only 34 homes were developed on the west side of Arnold Lake. There were no mobile homes in the development, and very few homes are for sale. The homes on the lake lots generally start around $40,000 and up depending upon the lot and residence. This area is also out of the pri-ce range of many Clare County residents, but considering the relatively small number of lots involved, the area will probably not face the same financial difficulties White Birch Lakes experienced. Statement of Goals The main housing objective of Clare County is to provide adequate housing for all its citizenry. Therefore, consideration of the following goals must be met if the objective is to be realized. 1. Enforce and adopt reasonable controls that wil I serve to guide private development along orderly lines. (a) Uniformly administer and enforce local zoning ordinances so that new residential construction will conform to adjacent land uses. (6) Analyze the possibility of preparing subdivision regulations so that land subdivision wil I meet minimum health and safety lot standards to accommodate new home construction. (c:) Continued enforcement of building codes so that future construction will meet minimum safety standards. 2. Provide adequate information concerning the availability of housing to all income levels. 3. Work with local groups which are seeking information and assistance on housing programs. - 57 - ,.;,.·"' �4. Update existing local housing studies and information on housing conditions on a yearly basis. 5. Provide technical assistance to local builders and contractors on site ide ntification and financing. 6. Enc0urage builders to construct more and better qua Iity low and moderate income housing. 7. Participate in planning programs at the regional level which would help the County and its townships in qua! ifying for assistance programs. 8. Analyze the feasibility of preparing a Waste Water and Sewage Collection Facility Plan. 9. Employ local tax credits to achieve housing code compliance. 10. Utilize Federal and State housing subsidies. 11. Provide input and work with the Clare County Housing Commission. 12. The Regional Comprehensive Plan should be revised as necessary and implemented. Housing Assistance Programs There is presently existing in Clore County a housing assistance program sponsored by the Clare County Housing Commission. Through their program (approximately $380,000 for fiscal year 1977-1978) existing housing, substantial rehabilitation and new construction may be partially or wholly financed. Elderly housing and direct loans for residential rehabilitation, and direct and insured loans for elderly and low to moderate income housing are presently available. Mr. Ron Jessup, the Clare County Housing Director, should be contacted at his office in the Clare County Courthouse, phone number 539-2761 for specific program guidelines and policies. - 58 - ...t-·" �TRANSPORTATION �EXISTING CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORTATION CHARACTERI-STICS Introduction Transportation facilities play an important role in the growth of any area. Without proper access within the community and to surrounding areas, residential, commercial and industrial development may never occur. By the same token, improved transportation routes in adjacent areas could have a negative effect on a community's economic base if the community too did not evidence transportation improvements. Competition is an economic fact of life in governments. Historically, competition has always occurred between nations, states, counties, and even local municipalities. Competition has also occurred between modes of transportation and those who are responsible for those modes. From the very exploratory beginnings of this hemisphere in the 16th Century, settlements have competed with each other for the largest share of commerce. As the towns and villages grew along the water tributaries in this nation, as well as around the Great lakes, they competed with each other. As the nation grew, a faster mode of transportation than water was needed to carry both passengers and goods. Thus, the railroad, with the aid of Federal subsidies, became the prime mode of transportation. Towns and villages sprouted and grew wherever train stations were located. In the early 20th Century, the-invention of the automobile again changed the transportation habits of the United States· and indeed the entire world. With the advent of the automobile, new roads and highways had to be constructed to transport volumes of people to areas not settled before. These areas, located away from the water tributaries and the railroad lines, were then settled. The highways were used to transport goods to markets away from the water and rail hubs of commerce, thereby lessening their importance. It was found by businessmen that it was cheaper and faster for a truck driver to de! iver goods to the doorstep rather than wait for a train to unload and then find another mode of transportation to deliver goods the remainder of the distance to the place of business. In the future, air transportation is expected to become an important carrier of both freight and people. However, today it is the automobile and the truck which carry the bulk of people and goods to their destinations, and therefore the road system, on which these modes of transportation depend, is the foundation upon which economic growth is governed. Regional Setting Clare County boundaries are located approximately 170 miles north of downtown Detroit, 15 miles north of Mount Pleasant and 30 miles northwest of the Tri-Cities (Midland, Bay City, Saginaw). One State Highway (M-61) and two U. S. Freeways (U. S. 27 and U. S. 10) directly link Clare County to Detroit, Flint, Lansing and other major urban areas in the State. These routes will remain an important part of the transportation system connecting Clare County with neighborhing communitis even though other thoroughfares and freeways may eventually be bui It through the County. - 59 - �Road Inventory Not all roads provide the same function for carrying traffic. Motorists with their destination or origin outside of the County will generally travel on regional thoroughfares. These highways are generally indicated as State routes and are engineered for fast-moving traffic between major population centers. Roads which are designed to provide links between major land uses relating to employment, shopping and residential uses within the County are considered as County Primary roads. These roads which provide access to abutting property are considered local roads. An inventory of these three types of roads and their condition in Clare County is included in Tables .3] and 32. Regional Thoroughfares Regional thoroughfares, as found in Clare County (see Map 9), are M-61, U. S. 10 and U. S. 27. There were over 80 miles of State trunkline in Clare County. Table .31 shows the number of trunkline miles in each of the three incorporated communities and the total street mileage of the communities. It is interesting to note that the communities al I possess urban trunk line mileage. TABLE 31 STREET MILEAGE WITHIN INCORPORATED COMMUNITIES CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Incorporated Community Urban Trunk line Maior Local Total Clare Harrison Farwell 3. 11 3.47 1.25 3.68 4.22 2.63 16.62 13.96 4.64 23.41 21. 15 8.52 Totol (Miles) 7.83 10.53 35.22 53.58 *State of Michigan, Deportment of State Highways and Transportation, Twenty-Fourth Annual Progress Report, Report No. P 62, (Lansing, Michigan, 1975), pp. 66-87. Michigan Highway 61 (M-61) connects the Cities of Gladwin and Marion and traverses the entire width of Clore County, cutting directly through the center of the City of Harrison. Michigan Highway 115 (M-115) begins on the west side of the City of Clare near the U. s. 27 Freeway. It travels north from this location through Farwell north through Cadillac and on to Frankfort, Michigan. U. S. 10 links C_lore County to Midland and l-_75. 1-75 goes through Detroit and all the way to the State of Florida. To the north, U. S. 10 links Clare County to Ludington. The Old 10 is now a County Primary road and links the Village of Farwell with the City of Clore. u. s. U. S. 27 is a major limited access thoroughfare that traverses the center of Michigan from Mackinaw City through Lansing to Indiana. ,~· .... �Since the function of the regional thoroughfare is to provide a means of moving goods and people in a relatively quick fashion and at t he same time being accessible to most of the residents in the County, it is apparent that these regional thoroughfares are spaced in a manner that does in fact make them readily accessible to people in Clare County and linking the County with urban concentrations in lower Michigan. County Primary Roads The designation of a Primary road is made by using two criteria. The first is location (e.g., they serve as connecting links between major thoroughfares as well as other ccmmunities). A second criteria relates to the amount of traffic volume carried by the road. The transportation network of any county would be adversely affected were it without an adequate Primary road system. Map 9 indicates the location of County Primary roads in Clare County. The County Primary road system is established by the Clare County Road Commission after approval by the Michigan Deportment of State Highways and Transportation. By designating a road as part of the County Primary road system, the County can obtain Federal and State highway · funds to help maintain said road. Taking an overall view of the County Primary road system in Clare County, the major problem is the lack of adequate improved Primary roads within the County and also a lack of continuity in the road network itself. The location and condition of the Primary road system in Clare County overall is better in the southern and central sections of the County. North of the M-61 Highway, the County Primary road system is more random in spacing. There are numerous jogs, even in major roads, as wel I as combinations of different road surfaces, including gravel. The road system appears to have developed without any real thought or design. In other words, the road system simply happened. For example, Old State Road is a County Primary road which may be utilized as a north-south access to M-61 Highway. Most of Old State road north of M-61 is gravel and is in poor condition during the Spring wet season. County Loco I Roads Under the Michigan Highway Law (Act 51 of 1951, as amended) all roads unde r County jurisdiction other than Primary roads are considered County Local roads. The County Local roads are perhaps a more vital link in the transportation network than might be imagined. Obviously, if the local roads of a county are in such poor condition as to impede good accessibility to the Primary roads, then the Primary roads, and indeed the regional thoroughfares themselves, are rendered of reduced value to the person wishing to gain access to them. Local roads comprise the largest portion of the total road mileage in the County. There are over 760 miles of Local roads in Clare County. Just over 27 miles of the Local roods are paved . while about 647 miles ore gravel and nearly 92 miles are sand trails. (See Table 32.) For the most part, the Local roads form a grid system with Section Line and Quarter Section Line roads comprising the bulk of the local road system. - 61 - ~- "' �TABLE 32· INVENTORY OF ROADS AND SURFACE TYPES CLARE COUNTY 1976* Paved Trunkline a Couniy Primary Roads Couni•y Local Roads Total Sand Trails Percent of Total Miles Total Percent of Total Miles Percent of Total Miles 81. 96 100.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 81.96 7.6 140.61 59.4 96. 16 40.60 0.00 0.00 236.77 21.8 27. 13 3.5 647. 16 84.5 91. 96 12.00 766.25 70.6 249.70 23.0 743.32 68.5 91. 96 8.5 1084. 98 100.0 Miles Category Gravel Percent of Total I 0- *Clare County Road Commission, Road Systems Tabulation, Apri I 16, 1976. l'v a Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report, Report No. 162 (Lansing, Michigan, 1975), pp. 36-37. ,:. �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON I l I l • I l r-' I I r---' I w INTER RIEL D t--------.. - ,,,, __ J_ ~ •T- ---~ \ ------, \ I "' l t,_, I 1 I , " I .. I ' FRANKLIN F O{ T SUMMERFIELD I I r>.,""-----1 I I .. ----r-.-J COUNTY --., I I I I I •' I I HA ES •~ z :::, 0 u I I '----, I C \ .J 0 w 0 , 'r•-- r ..' Cl) 0 I l I I I ,-l-------~ I --T------- • ----I l' I I ---L- -&1.j.6-fi I l I IS AN I I FA~ e l-t~ : 1 I I I \ I I I ,, I l l I I - =-,- --+----- I I I '\ us 0 ARFIEL ~ l I I I I I I 1 I I I ELL A ' COUNT Y ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS ~ T ' T T • WWW _ Principal Arterials _ Rural Arterials _____ Rural • Collectors Interchange Areas • THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS JUNE, 1978 THE PREPARATION OF TMIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART T.-.R()UGH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT Of HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AOMINISTE l,[D BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 9 �Characteristics of the Road System The nature and effectiveness of any road system is governed by a number of factors, such as traffic volumes, major accident locations and the condition of the pavement. All these factors are related when considering the adequacy of a road system. Traffic Volumes Traffic volumes for thoroughfares in Clare County are shown on Map 10. The Michigan Department of State Highways took traffic counts for the State Highways in 1974. U. S. 27 Highway has the greatest traffic volume in the County with a 24 hour average traffic flow of 8,300 vehicles per day near the Mannsiding Road interchange in Hatton Township. It is this exit which receives heavy commuter traffic to Mid-Michigan Community College. The least travelled State Highway is M-61 four miles west of Gladwin County. This Highway primarily establishes a link in the State system of highways and goes through a rural area. Traffic on the new U. S. 10 Freeway west of U. S. 24 in Clare County will increase as the Freeway connection is more known. The highest traffic volumes in 1974 were near the City of Harrison which corresponds with the rapid development central Clare County is experiencing. Major Accident Locations Accident locations primarily occur on heavily travelled roads. However, traffic volumes are not a directly proportional cause of accidents. Freeways generally carry the greatest traffic volume at very high speeds, and yet, they are among the safest roads in the overall road system. High volumes of traffic generally emphasize poor highway designs or inadequate signalization. The traffic hazard areas in Clare County are not due only to high volumes of traffic. The greatest . traffic hazards relate to poor intersection design, numerous ingress and egress points onto highways and inadequate pavement. The traffic hazards near crowded lake developments {Cranberry, Eight Point, Dodge Lake, etc.) occur because these roads generally have very poor visibility at the intersections and many times there are no stop, speed or yield signs to control traffic. During the summer months, traffic accident rates increase dramatically due to substantially higher traffic volumes and a lot of people who are simply not familiar with Clare County's rural road network and its peculiarities. Commercial uses along a highway allowing a larger number of ingress and egress points are also partially responsible for the traffic hazards associated with Old U. S. 27 near Harrison. The area west of the City of Clare and between the Village of Farwell has numerous curb cuts and higher traffic volumes and numerous commercial uses. As traffic volumes increase on County roads, the inadequacies of the road system will become more evident. Some of the common problems associated with the highway system in Clare County are: - 63 - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON WINTERFIELD COUNTY FRANKLIN FROST SUMMERFIELD ~00 GREENWOOD >- HAMILTON I- z :::, REDDING •I- 0 (.) r2200 z :::, z 0 0 :il: 0 < ..J < .J (.!> 0 LL.I LINCOLN 0 ARTHUR fl) 0 HATTON GARFIELD GRANT SHERIDAN FAR~ !SABELLA COUNTY 4200 TRAFFIC VOLUMES average daily traffic volumes 1974 and 1975.,,... ~ 1l,.' •killii 3 " JUNE THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS 1 1978 10 THE' PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED lN PART THR()UGH t. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPI\RTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT t AOMINISTEF<EO BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY ' MICHIGAN �facilit ies, or services available. In terms of passenger jet travel, a resident of Clare County would optimumly use the Tri-City Airport located approximately 10 miles from Saginaw. The next nearest air carrier facilities are located in Alpena to the north, Traverse City to the northwest, Grand Rapids to the southwest, Lansing, and Detroit to the south. Tri-City is served by two certificated airlines -- North Central and United -- and by one commuter carrier -- Air Metro. Table 33 provides a list of aircraft which are utilized and their passenger capacities. Table 34 lists all destinations by single-plane service from TriCity. TABLE 33 COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT SERVING TRI-CITY AIRPORT, MAY 1976* ·Airline Typical Passenger Capacity Equipment Douglas DC-9-30 Convair 580 Boeing 727-100 Boeing 727-200 Boeing 737-200 Beech 99 North Central North Central United United United Air Metro 100 50 96 124 91 18 *U. S. Civil Aeronautics Board. TABLE .34 SINGLE-PLANE AIRLINE SERVICE FROM TRI-CITY AIRPORT, MAY 1976* Non-Stop One-Stop Two-Stop Three-Stop Alpena Chicago Cleveland Detroit City Detroit Metro Flint Grand Rapids New York City Traverse City Denver Marquette Minneapolis Pittsburgh Tampa Toronto Kalamazoo New Orleans Reno South Bend * Air Metro Airlines, North Central Airlines, United Airlines. - 65- �1. Roads which intersect at less than a 60 degree angle can be considered as possible hazard a reas. Turning movements at such an intersection ore very difficult to judge and poor judgement by motorists will create a traffic hazard. POOR GOOD _JL 2. Interruptions in traffic flow due to staggered intersections of major roads will create problems when traffic volumes increase along these roads. Off-set roads of less than 150 feet are a problem to traffic flow. Traffic must make several turn ing movements which conflict with traffic moving on the through road. This may delay motorists from making turns, thus stacking up traffic and creating congestion. POOR GOOD L 3. Traffic signalization at highway intersections and intersections with railroads should be constantly checked to ensure its adequacy in handling increased traffic volumes . 4. Stripp commercial, industrial and residential development along major roads should be carefully controlled to ensure proper ingress and egress onto major roads . Airport Facilities Clare Municipal There are three airport facilities in Clare County. All three are under private ownership. The Clare Municipal airport is located one mile northeast of the City of Clare. It has one lighted bituminous runway and two unlighted turf runways which are mowed. Snow is removed from the paved runway during the winter. The airport is attended during the day and has a beacon but no radio facilities. Services include gasoline, major airframe and power plant repairs, rental car agency, and taxi service. Harrison This airport is located 2.3 miles NNW of Harrison and is closed from November 1 to April 1. It has three turf runways maintained by mowing. The airport is attended during the day but has no beacon, lights, or radio facilities. Services include gasoline and taxi service. Scott Airstrip This airport is located one mile west of Lake Station and has one turf runway which is unlighted and maintained by mowing. The airport is attended intermittently and has no beacon, radio - 64_ �Rail Facilities There are two roil facilities now serving Clare County, the Ann Arbor Railroad, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail road (Chessie System). The Ann Arbor Railroad extends from Toledo, Ohio to Frankfort, Michigan passing through Clare County. The Ann Arbor Railroad experienced financial problems resulting in their bankrupticy and in 1977 was subsidized by the State of Michigan to become a part of the Michigan Interstate Rail road Company. The end point, a car ferry in Frankfort, has been experiencing more business in recent years than past trends would have indicated. This could be a good sign for the "old" Ann Arbor Railroad and Clare County. The Chessie System operates one of the most extensive railroad systems in Michigan. The line that cuts through the City of Clare also goes through the Cities of Midland and Saginaw and stops at Ludington. The Chessie System has recently petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to stop service at the car ferry in Ludington. The effect on Clare County of such approval is not as yet known. Trucking Facilities The trucking industry is an important sector of transportation and greatly affects the economic status of Clare County. A general complaint in the County is that the truck lines do not adequately serve the County. Adetailed investigation should be undertaken to arrest this situation . Public Transportation Public transportation in Clare County is limited to bus and taxi services. There is no railway passenger service. Public transportation in the County is limited to those types which can utilize streets and highways. These carriers can be divided into two types: intercity buslines and taxi and limosine services. · Both the North Star and Greyhound lines serve Clare County both using the maior thoroughfares as their routes, thereby, providing access to the more densely populated areas of the State. Clare County does not have a fixed route or demand response transportation system other than one privately owned cab system. County officials should recognize the importance of public transportation especially considering the rapid population growth of elderly and retired citizens within the County. Roscommon and Gladwin Counties al ready have demand responsive public transportation. Conclusion A good transportation system is essential to the economic growth and well-being of any region. -·- An effective system.jn_s_l!:ic;!_e s varieties of transportation including highways, railroads and airports. A balanced network of transportation enables people and goods to move within and through a region quickly and efficiently. In today's world, the mobility that transportation permits is vital to the shopper, worker, inudstrialist, store owner, farmer and visitor. - 66- �The presen t transportation system in the County was developed over many years. For the most part, this transportation system primarily served rural areas, where demands were small. Summarizing Clo re County's existing circulation and transportation system, several conclusi ons can be reached: l. Clare County has an existing system of County Primary roads that, by and large, do not reflect an ease of travel for the motorist. It is characterized by continual stops and turns, with intermittent stretches of pavement. 2. With the advent of large-scale development, the existing road network will not adequately carry the volume of traffic that will be required of it. 3. Traffic hazard areas exist at locations where heavily populated lake areas have been allowed to develop with little or no consideration as to how to handle the traffic they wi 11 generate. 4. There are two rail facilities in Clare County providing inadequate service. 5. Clare County ha the County. three private airport facilities. Public air transit is found outside Recognizing that the present system of transportation within the County must be improved to adequately meet future needs, how is a future transportation system to be developed? It is obvious from existing development patterns that major transportation facilities providing the greatest mobility to markets attract urban uses. Thus, at the intersections of U. S. 27 Highway with M-61 and U. S. 10 Highways, the two largest urban centers in Clare County are located. Along these three highways, especially at intersections, strip urban development is concentrating. Improvements to the transportation system in the future are likely to affect development in a similar manner. Because transportation is so important to the growth pattern of development, a piecemeal apprach is undesirable. As Clare County faces the 1980's and 1990's, major development decisions must be made. Where should development occur? How much development is desirable? How soon should it occur? The Land Use Plan addresses itself to these very decisions. Through the Land Use Plan, decisions of where development should occur and the intensity and type of development are presented. This provides an overall scheme of development for Clare County. --67 - ,.,;.··· �PUBLIC FACILITIES UTILITIES, & SERVICES �PUBLIC UTILITIES, FACILITIES AND SERVICES Introduction Clare County is undergoing an accelerating population growth. As more people move into the County, more services will have to be extended. Community facilities are directly related to the increase in population. This makes it essential that the Clare County officials thoroughly study the existing community facilities of the County and have an understonding of future needs. In this way, rational decisions can be made on the location and siz:e of such facilities. Budgeting needs can be anticipated and the level of services in Clare County can be main~ tained. Without such a study, it is all to easy to underestimate needed facilities and be unprepared when it becomes necessary to provide them. Recreational Facilities More and more people are seeking recreational opportunities. All levels of government have some responsibility for providing recreation areas for people. The local communities concentrate on smaller parks and recreation facilities for the enjoyment of their constituents. Activities are related to active play areas or passive recreation pursuits such as picnicking. Counties generally provide large- regional recreation areas where multiple recreation pursuits for the entire family can be--provided. Usually, special facilities for hiking, swimming, snowmobiling, horseback riding or similar activities are provided. Thus, the County augments local recreation programs by providing large areas for specialized facilities. Basically,_. regional kinds of facilities serve larger geographic regions such as county or multicounty areas. The uses associated with them span the full range of recreational facilities, including all the facilities mentioned in the formerly noted areas plus hunting, fishing, and con~ servation of natural resources. Regional parks are intended to serve as a vehicle for bringing about a more desirable configuration of the urban environment. Regional foci Ii ties and parks may be State, Federal, regional authority, county or multi-county development. Recreation Standards How much land is needed for recreational use? It should be obvious that any attempt to resolve the problem posed must go beyond the concept of mere physical space available. Recreation in its most comprehensive sense includes visual and physical settings; it includes land, buildings and various types of recreationc;il apparatus, equipment and facilities. Recreation, moreover,. is aesthetic as well as physical. It can be man-made or it can be natural. It can be used by man or left as nature's storehouse to achieve a balanced eco-system. A basic minimum area for regional parks or reservations is 15 acres per 1,000 population. Such a standard should provide a minimum recreation opportl•nity to Clare County residents. The size of the site may vary depending upon its function. This standard does not take into consideration specialized features of a region such as commercial recreation potential or special land forms or physical features. Both these considerations must be kept in mind when discussing Clare County. These two features may make it desirable to go beyond the 15 acres per 1,000 population guide. - 68 - . ~· . �To further delineate regional recreation standards, specific activity standards are provided in Table 35. These standards are general and may not specifically apply to Clare County today . . But as the County continues to gain in population, the more important it becomes to apply these standards to Clare County. A program of mutual cooperation between the public and private sectors would be beneficial to the development of the County. These would serve to decrease the costs of recreationaJ development by the public sector of the economy. In addition, such private developments would serve to spread the recreational usage of lands and stabilize the natural environment. Map 11 shows the location and types of existing recreational developments, cind Table 36 inventories Clare County's natural, scenic, and historic sites. Recreation N aeds Even though Clare County has a large number of acres devoted to public recreation, there appears to be potential for greater recreation development in the County. Such development could either be public or private recreaf'ion. The public sector is heavily dependent upon state owned land. At this time there ore no proposals known for future expansion. However, there would still be considerable potential for commercial recreation development. Instead of developing new County recreation areas, the tourist industry in Clare County should be encouraged to expand. Clare- County should assist in developing tourism in the County. Clare County does not presently have a large commercial recreation industry. Various camps by church groups and the Boy Scout and Girl Scouts of America have the greatest development in the County. Approximately 4,000 acres of land in Clare County are developed for pri vote and semi-pri vote camps. Clare County has a greater commercial potential than just as a campground area. A number of potential recreation activities in Clare County have a high potential. Recreation activities having a high potential for success in Clare County are vacation cabins, cottages and homesites, camping grounds, picnicking, fishing, golf, hunting and hunting preserves, and natural and scenic views. County government can help provide the initiative in getting the private sector interested in developing tourism. An organization of recreation-related businesses should be organized similar to a Chamber .of Commerce. Possible existing Chambers of Commerce could organize the founding of a special tourist committee. This committee could explore the common concerns of the tourist ind~stry in Clare County and provide a great deal of information and guidance. Libraries Libraries provide a number of services to the community including education, entertainment and information. Every level of government is involved in library service. Many areas have local library services as well as county and state service. Many local communities are too small to acquire, house, bind and circulate books or run special library programs without County-wide financial assistance as is the case in Clare County. The system of promoting libraries in the County is unique in that two city libraries and a township library receive a certain amount of County Revenue Sharing money (the amount is not set and varies annually). A county supported library system can be extremely important to developin h • · • Cl are County. g a compre ens1ve l .b 1 rory service in ...-- 69 - �TABLE 35 STANDARDS FOR SPECIFIC RECREATIOi'\J ACTIVITIES CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Type !>pace Requirement For Activity per Population Ideal Sized Space Required Activity Major Boating Activities 100 acres/50, 000 popu Ia ti on 100 acres and over Hiking, Camping Horseback Riding, Nature Study 10 acres/1,000 population 500-1 ,000 acres One 18-hole course/50 ;000 population 120 acres Picnicking 4 acres/1,000 population Varies Passive Water Sports, including Fishing, Rowing and Canoeing 1 Lake or Lagoon/25,000 Golf 1 acre/1,000 population population Minimum of 20-acre water area Indoor Recreation Centers 1 ocre/1 ,000 population 1-2 acres Outdoor Theaters on Band Shells 1 acre/1 ,000 population 5 acres * Adapted by Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. from Joseph DaChicara and Lee Koppelmann, Planning Design Criteria (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969). - 70 - �I MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON ® COUNTY @) ® WINTERFIELD 3 l FROST SUMMERFIELD @ FRANKLIN @ overnight A trailer park @ girl scout A camp . fr,...... 19 .A.overnight ove.r.n I g ht A trailer park 1A girl scout .camp © ~•~Nr• GREENWOOD overnight trailer park >- A~ AMIL TON bicycle rentals I- z ::, 0 HA~SO REDDING •I- A golf course HAYES. overnight trailer park A z u trout fee fishing A over'lJjAf trailer A ::::, z 0 .:: (.) 0 < -' 0 ® © w LINCOLN (.) / (I) @ 0 ski area A t boy "'scout camp < ..J overnight . Jrailer park ARTHUR HATTON(D .A.boy scout camp FREEMAN .A.horse riding ® golf 1,,.course A yw~a camp GAR F.J. ELD_____,,_ /g' four camps '=/ ( boys & girts) A GRANT overnight trailer park SHERIDAN FAR~® Ski 1,,. area !SABELLA COUNTY NATURAL, SCENIC AND HISTORIC SITES @ natural, _scenic and historic sites NUMBERS REFER TO TABLE IN TEXT f ~ ' • bbl .A. private recreational l developments 3 • • JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL Pl.ANNING COMMISSIONS TH[ PREPARAT10111 OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN P.tUH Tl-fWJUGt-i A COMPAEHENS i VE' PLANNING GRANT FR0'4 THE OEPMHMEtH OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, 40MINISTEHEO BY . THE STATE OF MICHIGAN ' CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN ' 11 Cl �TABLE 36 INVENTORY OF NATURAL, SCENIC, AND HISTORIC SITES TYPE OF AREA LOCATION TOWNSHIP HIGHWAY SIZE OF AREA ScenicHistoric Hatton Old 27 2 acres 2Leot_a_ _ Historic Summerfield Sec, 10, 11 Comer of 1232 & 1233 3 Historic Sec. Franklin 13 18 & Meridith Grade NAME OF AREA 1 County Park with Historic Marker DESCRIPTION OF AREA PRESENT-USBOF AREA . Developed picnic area alone creek. Has flowing well and Historic Marker. Lumbering Period Towns: Meridith 300 acres Small community tl ,at was cnce noted lumbering town, Villa,e 40 acres Small comm~ity that was once noted lumbering town. Village 4Temple Historic Redding Sec. 21 , 22 61-11 miles &O acres W. of Harrison Small community that was once noted lumbering town. Village 5Harrison Historic Hayes Sec. 20, 21, 22 61-old 27 County seat that was noted lumbering town. Town 6Dodge Historic Hamilton Sec. 19 Townline 500 acres Rd, & Co. 458 Lake development for seascnal dwellings. Community 7Lake George Historic Lincoln Sec. 7, 8, 17 Bringold Ave, 5 mi. south of 61 Lake development for seasonal dwellings. Vlllsge 8Hatton Historic Hatton Sec. 29 Hatton Rd, & Harrison Grade 9Lake Historic Garfield Sec. 23 Co. 436 S. of 80 acres 10 Crooked Lake Lumbering period town. 1OFarwell Historic Surrey Sec. 25, 26 10 - 4 mi. 1000 acres west of Clare Town that was mce noted lumber town. Town 11 Hinkleville Historic Grant Sec. 30 10 - 1-1/2 mi, E. of Farwell Old lumbering village site alona RR grade. Wildland 12Clare Historic Grant Sec. 34, 35 10 and old 27 1000 acres Town that was once noted lumber town, Town 130ld Fur Farm nooding NaturalScenic Summerfield 4 ini •. w •• Sec. 28 • 1 mi. S. of Haskell Lake Mich. Dept. of Nat. Res, flood· ing project. Wildland 14Muskegon River High Banks NaturalScenic Summerfield Sec, 17 3 mi. W. of Haskell Lake High south banks along the Muskegon River Wildland Natural.Scenic Summerfield Sec. 12 2 mi. E . of Leota High gravel hill overlooking Rice Pond and Muskegon Wildland 15Rice Por,4 L"OOkout 2000 acres 500 acres 5 acres 200 acres 5 acres 200 acres Foundations of lumbering commu • Wildlife nity along route of old RR grade. 16Meridlth Grade HistoricScenic Hayes & Franklin Old lumber RR grade, Co. Roadway, Trail 17Leota Grade HistoricScenic Hayes & Summerfield Old lumber RR grade. Co. Roadway, Trail 18Harrison Grade HistoricScenic Grant, Hatton & Hayes Old lumber RR grade. Co. Roadway, Trail 19Michigan Gas Storage Scenic Winterfield Sec. 34 1-1/2 mi. E. of 61 Natural Gas Pumping and Treatment operation. 2OGreat Lakes Gas Transmission Scenic Lincoln 2 mi. S. of Lake George Natural Gas Pumping and Treatment operation. Sec. 20 SOURCE: ~ Appraisal of Potential Outdoor Recreational Development - 71 - in Clare County, Nov. 1968. (1970 Reprint) �Library Standards There are a number of nationally recommended standards for libraries. Table 37 indicates these guidelines for communities of between 35,000 and 100,000 population. This fits Clare County's projected population of about 45,000-50,000 people by the Year 2000. However, when applying the standards to Clare County, a major factor must be kept in mind. Clare County does not have all its people concentrated in one area. Therefore, the County will have to disperse its facilities throughout the County as is presently in effect. When applying the standards to Clare County, the population which the standards are being applied to must be carefully analyzed to determine their urban and rural nature. In other words, these standards cannot be applied to the total County population without modification. TABLE 37 DESIRABLE LIBRARY STANDARDS CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Population Size Book Stock - Volumes Per Capita 35,000 - 100,000 2.5-2.75 Number of Seats · Per 1,000 Population 3 Total Sq. Ft. of a Main Library .5 - .6 * Joseph L. Wheeler and Herbert Goldbar, Practical Administration of Public Libraries (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), p. 554 . Police Protection The State of Michigan is divided into 83 counties. Each of these counties has a sheriff who is responsible for policing the unincorporated areas of their county. In addition, Michigan sheriffs maintain custody of county jai Is. Standards There are no adequate standards regarding manpower needs. The extent of manpower requirements must be based on a number of fadors such as density of population, crime statistics (e.g., type and frequency of crime), roads to be patrolled and other controlling factors. Thus, this study makes no attempt to establish a desirable level of manpower. The standard for jail capacities has been established by the Michigan State Department of Correction. They recommend one prisoner space per 1,000 population. Existing Conditions The Clare County Sheriff's Department consists of 11 fut I time officers plus three part time marine patrol officers. The Department generally operates two patrol cars during the day only one patrol - 72 - �car between 12 a.m. and 8 a.m. Augmenting the Sheriff's Department are the State Police Posts located in Mf. Pleasant and Houghton Lake, which both have jurisdiction in Clare County. The service area of these State Police Posts are divided by M-61. The Post in Mt. Pleasant has 33 men on full time duty and generally has a car on patrol everyday south of M-61 in Clare County. The Mr. Pleasant Post also aids the City of Clare by taking all police calls into the City between 4 p.m. and 8 a.m. and dispatches the local police cars. The Houghton Lake Post has 13 men on full time duty and has primary responsibility for the area north of M-61 • The summer months are the most demanding for police protection. A marine patrol is dis- · persed to all recreational lake areas. In addition, the thousands of visitors to the County in the summer months add to the amount of road patrolling and other police activity. Summer months are also the time when the Sher if f's Department is the most understaffed. The Clare County jail is located adjacent to the Clare County Courthouse along M-61 Highway on the west side of the City of Harrison. The j ai I has capacity for 24 prisoners. There are two dormatory cell areas which house eight prisoners. In addition, there are four maximum security cells and a bullpen. The jail has no separate facilities for women. Thus, women prisoners are kept in other county jails near Clare County which have facilities for woman and charge the County $20 per night for their accommodations. There are no records on the number of women arrested in Clare County in 1977, but it is estimated that there were not enough to warrant a need for women jail facilities. In 1977, the daily number of prisoners ranged from 12 to 15. In 1977 a total of 942 prisoners were housed at the jail. Even though the jail seems to be large enough to handle Clare County's needs, some changes might have to be made. The State Department of Correction says that a jai I should have an exercise yard, a cafeteria and a law library. Clare County's jail does not have any of these facilities, nor is their room on the present site to accommodate these changes. Fire Protection There are five volunteer fire departments in Clare County. The Cities of Harrison and Clare and Surrey, Lincoln, and Garfield Townehips have a volunteer department. Fire protection for the other units of government is arranged through a number of contractural agreements. Winterfield and Freeman Townships use the services of the Marion Fire Departments. (See Map 12). All fire departments are dispatched from the Clare County Sheriff's Department. Sheriff The County Sheriff, who is an elected constitutional officer, is the chief law enforcement officer in Clare County. In addition, he administers the County Jail. He also coordinates the functions of the County law enforcement agency with that of the State Police and the local municipalities within the County. Many law enforcem~nt studies prepared for other counties have recommen.d ed a county-wide agency which would consolidate all such departments within the County. One · fact always brought up by the local municipalities in such discussions is that the County Sheriff is an elected and not an appointive office and many local municipalities were reluctant to place power in an official over whom they have little control . and who will not necessarily be re-elected :ven if he is very competent. However, it is worth noting that if conditions p-ermit, a County-w_,de law enfor~e.ment agency consolidating all such agencies in the County would be the best to implement eff1c1ent law enforcement measures. - 73 - �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -~ ..... ._.... ___ _ 7-- I --7 I '---r-1 I 1 I I I I I• I I I -r I I --,..L--~= -~:;;_;::;_;;:_;:;::::;:::I I I I _ FIRE, _._,__. ___ ....,._ 0 SCHOOL AND HOSPITAL SERVICE _AREAS __ fire service area boundry school · district boundry hospital service area· boundry ~ ·•au,~ • 12 JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART Tl-tR0UGM A COMPREHENSIVE Pt.ANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPARTMENT Of HOUSING ANO URBAN OEVEU)PM£NT' AOMINISTE~EO BY THE STATE OF MICH IGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN .... �At the present time, the Clare County Sheriff's Department furnishes police service on a contractural basis to Lincoln Townehip. The Sheriff's Department provides two full-time men and Lincoln Township pays salaries and bought a car for their use in the Towns hip. This is one method of implementing a County-wide law enforcement agency. This has proved beneficial to the area serviced and the County itself. It is recommended that such a policy be encouraged whenever possible throughout the County. Dog W:.:irden The Dog Warden in Clare County is a department that is operated through the SheriffBs Office. Phone calls from the public for this department are placed directly to the Sheriff's office, who then relays them to the Dog Warden. The operations of the animal control department appear to be very efficient in Clare County. In 1977, one full-time employee and truck were dispatched to 1,432 animal complaints. Clare County Public Health Department Clare County instituted a Public Health Department in 1969 in conjunction with Arenac, G!adwin, Isabella, Osceola and Roscommon Counties and formed the Central Michigan District Health Department. Each County has a branch of this agency in its respective county seat. The Clare County branch is housed in the Clare County Courthouse in the City of Harrison. This Public Health Department has responsibility for several functions, including environmental health and the control of communicable disease. The Central Michigan District Health Department has a full-time staff of over 60 personnel representing a variety of disciplines. In Clare County there is a full-time staff of five and one part-time public health nurse. Basically, Clare County's health department serves two functions: environmental health and an individual health program. The environmental health aspects of the Health Department are handled by two full-time sanitarians. At an interview conducted in March, 1978, it was mentioned by the sanitarians that over 20 various duties are performed in relation to environmental health. These duties range from ensuring properly installed septic systems to inspecting foster core centers. Before a building may be constructed anywhere in Clare County, a health permit must first be obtained before a building permit may be issued. This type of check and balance system helps insure that Clare County can be safe in the knowledge that the environment of the County is carefully watched. The public health of Clare County is in the hands of two full-time and one part time public health nurses. It is their responsibility to conduct health clinics, and provide preventive treatment to various Clare County residents. The nurses also visit certain County resident's homes. In addition to these services, the Health District has a group of technicians to visit all six counties and perform glaucoma and hearing tests. The money for both of these services comes from a variety of sources. The Clare County Board of Commissioners annually approve funds which are then pooled to the district office in Mt. Pleasant. The District Office then uses the money from the six counties, and other federal and state funds, to operate its district office. Through pooling of iesources Clare County is bener able to provide health care and preventive health care to its residents than if the services were to be paid solely from limited County funds. -74 - �Ambulance Serviceg There are two amSulance services in Clare County. O,e is located in the City of Clare and is privately owned, subsidized by the County and dispatched out of the Clare Nursing Home. The second service, United Rescue Service, is a volunteer operation maintaining its base of operation in the City of Harrison. As Clare County's population expands, a corresponding improvement of the ambulance services should be made. The need of elderly persons is different than those of the median age county resident. Considering Clare County's poren.tial as a retirement community, careful watch should be maintained to insure an increasing improvement of ambulance services. . I Serv1ces . 23 Hosp1ta According to the Michigan Departme11t of Pub.lie Health, Clare County is included in three health facilities services areas, shown on Mop 12. These areas are fluid, but major changes are unlikely. Most of Clare County is served by Clare Osteopathic and Central Michigan Community Hospitals. Clare Osteopathic has 64 licensed beds and Central Michigan Hospital has 115 currently licensed beds with 30 licensed beds soon to be available. Franklin, Hamilton and Arthur Townships are classified as being in the Gladwin Area and Midland Hospital Center Service Areas. Gladwin Area Hospital has 42 licensed beds and Midland Hospital Center has 239 licensed b~ds. Winterfield and Redding Townships are included within the Cadillac facility service area. The Clare Osteopathic Hospital is the only hospital located within Clare County's boundaries. There are 11 doctors on staff of whom nine are Doctors of Osteopathic medicine, one is a medical doctor and one is a pediatrist. The Hospital has five emergency treatment rooms. {two were recently added in a new hospital addition). In 1975 the Michigan Cooperative Health Information system reported 66 licensed practical nurses {49 percent working full time, 17 percent working part time, and 34 percent inactive}; 75 registered nurses (32 percent full time, 31 percent part time and 37 percent inactive) in Clare County. . Mental Heafth Clare County is a member of the Central Michigan Mental Health ·District (Clinic}. The Clinic is a non-profit, publicly funded atency offering mental. health services to the resideni•~ of Cl are, Isabella, Mecosta and Osceola Counties, and is administered by a Board appointed by the County Commissioners of each respective county. The Board operates under authority from the State Department of Mental Health {Act 258, P.A. 1974.) The Board is funded jointly b the four counties and the State of Michigan. Some Program components are currently being y , · 23 A 1 1 · I Survey o,-~ H,osp1,als, • ~ • Mic. • •• h":gen D ' • o f ruo11c. n I I• Hea,tn, '"' I nnua epcrrm.enr LJivision of Health Facility Planning and Construction, 1975, provided by East Central Michigan Health systems Agency, Inc., May, 1978. . i-· "' - 75 - �supported by federal grants. The Clare County Clinic consists of two clinical psychologists, one aftercare treatment counselor, one clinical case worker and one social worker. In addition, the Clinic utilizes the services of a psychiatric consultant. The cost of service is determined by an individual's ability to pay, no person being refused service because of an inability to pay. The Clare Clinic is located in the basement of the Clare County Courthouse. Dental Care According to the Michigan Department of Liensure and Regulation (as of March, 1978) there are seven dentists in Clare County. The City of Clare has four, the City of Harrison two, and the Vi I Iage of Farwell has one dentist. Schools Clare County includes eight school districts (Map 12), the largest of which is the Harrison School District. In 1977 the Harrison District composed 37.88 percent of the total Clare County equalized valuation (Table 38). In 1977 this amounted to nearly $72 ,000 ,000. Of the 10 governmental units within the Harrison District, Hayes Township ;had nearly 32 percent of the entire Districts evaluation, and including the City of Harrison, nearly 46 percent of the School District is supported. The second largest school district is the Farwell District. This District has over 36 percent of the entire County's equalized valuation. Within the Farwell District five County governmental units are included. Lincoln Township composes over 35 percent of the District's valuation. The Clare School Districts's taxable base is 17 .16 percent of the entire County's equalized valuation. Within the District more than 53 percent is supported by the City of Clare. The remaining five school districts support schools located outside of Clare County and compose corn?aratively smal I percentages of the County's valuation. Electricity 24 Consumers Power Company supplies most of Clare County's electricity . In speaking with representatives of the Company, it was learned that no major problems exist and improvements in the system are made continually in accord with development trends and projections. Three-phase service is provided along major highways (all-y.,,eather roads) and throughout the urban areas. Single phase services is provided along most county roads. Consumers Power representatives: addes that the general backbone of electrical power in the County is the Consumers Power Company which can supply electrical service sufficient to handly any major development providing 24 nootnI r.. O A r I • '-oopera r r•1ve an d Tir1• 1....0unty r El1ednc • ,-. • supp,y I I • • v •..)< c ec t r1c '-ooperat1ve e1edr1c1iy ro a small number of Clare County residents. .,... - 76 - - �TABLE 38 SCHOOL DISTRICTS CLARE COUNTY, MICHi GAN, 1977* School District Farwel I Harrison Governmental Units Equalized Valuation Freeman Garfield Grant Lincoln Surrey $ 8,353,212 12,757,750 6,277,242 24,462,491 16,948,097 12. 14 18.55 9. 13 35.55 24.64 TOTAL $68,798,792 100.00% 357,168 5,348,150 8,002,670 6,536,032 10,691,048 3,397,148 4,647,229 27,200 10,015,300 22,791,267 0.50 7.45 11 • 14 9 .10 14.89 4.73 6.47 0.04 13.95 31.73 $71,813,212 100.00% Arthur Franklin Frost Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Summerfield Winterfield Harrison City Hayes TOTAL Beaverton Arthur Gladwin Arthur Hami Iton TOTAL Evart Freeman Marion Redding Winterfield TOTAL Winterfield 959,986 100.00 1,634,959 1,308,110 55.55 44.45 $ 2,943,069 100.00% $ 100.00% 16,000 3,248,059 9,208,154 TOTAL McBain Percent of Clare County Supported School District TOTAL Clare Arthur Hatton , Grant Sheridan Clare City TOTAL *Clare County Equalization Department, 1978. -77- 26.08 73.92 $12,456,213 100.00% $ 54,700 100.00% 1,005,832 1,023,500 7,779,855 5,193,620 17,526,219 $32,S-29,056 3.09 3. 14 23.92 15.97 53.88 100.00% �proper notice and financial arrangements are made. .; - 78 - �GOALS & OBJECTIVES �GOALS AND POLICIES . . Policies and Procedures for Decision-tv\:::iking The Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions (ACCLPC) realizes that planning is a continual process, and that planning decisions must be made intelligently when the need arises. It is imperative for Clare County to have a wellplanned guide of pol icy statements at the time of development so that sound planning decisions wi 11 be made and executed. I It is the ACCLPC's intention to place its major emphasis on careful review of the quality, design, and effective functioning of proposed developments. The County intends that its planning program shall deal effectively with evolving reality, not prematurely with only a projected possibility. In order to accomplish this, Clare County shal I place special emphasis on the process leading to decisions, and shal I seek c~nsistency of action through mature decisions instead of through premature, baseless decisions. Planning decisions mean environmental change. The process for decision - making, a procedure for change, shat I be consistent and unchanging, even though the process may be different every time. In brief, that process shall always follow this basic two-part sequence: 1. Statement of public intent (Comprehensive Plan, Goals and Poli cies). 2. Legal procedures to see that the intent will be realized (Zon ing Ordi na nces, Subdivision Regulations, Building Codes, etc.). The planning process in Clare County, however, shal I be continuous and timely. The ACCLPC recommends certain design and use standards, as wel I as any other basic criteria, for arriving at future decisions, and they may adopt deta iled plans for I imited areas within the County. These may be adopted periodically as part of the evolving comprehensive plan, or whenever it becomes necessary to make clear the public intent and the basis for a future decision. Goals and Policies The comprehensive planning elements wil I be guided by statements of long-range Goals and Policies set forth during the progression of the Comprehensive Planning Program. They are to be adopted as an expression of the pub! ic intent of the ACCLPC. These statements will serve as the basis for the resultant Comprehensive Plan. Citizen Awareness and Participation Goal: Policies: Instill within the citizens of Clare County, the desire to be actively interested in community functions and the future of the County. To maintain and encourage the free flow of communication among governmental agencies and the citizens of Clare County. - 79 - �To continually inform the citizens through news media of various County events and prob Iems. To encourage the formation of civic imp_rovement organizations, technical committees and citizen advisory groups to actively strive for county betterment. To actively engage various county lake and neighborhood·associal'ions to overcome local problems and collectively engage in solving countywide problems. To strive for better attendance at local meetings when significant issues are discussed and decisions are made. Control Ied Development Goal: Policies: Control Clare County population density and amount of land coverage in accord with predetermined capacities of County utilities and service facilities. To encourage major areas of residential development to occur in close proximity to established communities so that utilities and services may be economically provided. Where development continuous to existing sewer and water systems is impractical, steps should be taken to encourage large lot development so that individual septic and well systems can be uti I ized effective Iy. To support a County-wide ordinance that demands high standards and quality on mobile home installation. To strive to eliminate marginal or temporary housing units in deteriorating conditions. To provide for development of mobile home parks {year-round occupancy) where access is direct and the road surfaces dustless. Parks should be easily accessible to fire protection vehicles. To ensure future construction of standard subdivisions on land having soil characteristics suitable for that use. To prevent or discourage scattered development of non-farm permanent residences along outlying roads of rural agricultural sections of the County, To insist upon good design of residential areas al lowing for freedom from the noise and danger of high speed or heavy traffic, for safe pedestrial circulation, safe play areas for children, and for the logical grouping of homes to form neighborhoods of sufficient size to permit efficient installation of utilities and community services such as schools, shops, and churches in nearby !ccations. - 80 - -~ =-- __- - �To encourage the construction of residential structures in accord with high standards, as can be set forth in local building and health codes. To inform local real tors that low cost "budget construction" will produce County liabilities over a period of time. Agriculture and Land Use Goal : fvlaintain and preserve the most productive agricultural soils of Clare County, and regulate future land uses to provide maximum benefits to citizens of the County. Policies: ' To protect the prime agricultural lands of the County by preventing scattered rural housing. Such housing tends to increase the assessed value of adjacent land and results in higher taxes for the farmer. The withdrawal of farm land from cultivation because of increased value for urban use eliminates its agricultural productivity as effectively as if its topsoil were carried away by erosion. · To help identify opportunities for· private landowners and commercial enterprises to make profitable investments in various facilities and areas of the County. To encourage conversion of open land to intensive uses when all necessary urban services may be prov ided, and when sufficiently large tracts are planned, to insure future utility of the entire tract and all adjacent land, as well as all highways serving both . To discourage intensive development on steep, rugged areas as well as very poor drained bottom lands having poor permeability or soil stability. To careful I y control and regulate new growth adjacent to lake areas to help enhance and enrich the I ives of County residents, as wel I as improve the image and attractiveness of the County as a whole. Business Goal : Policies: Encourage the growth of business and commercial activities in incorporated as well as unincorporated areas, in harmony with anticipated population growth in or near existing c9mmunities. To strengthen existing business areas where future potential can be justifiably maintained or expanded. To recognize the need for broadening the activity and the growth of retail business within existing commercial centers of incorporated communities. To strive to maintain, and upgrade where necessary, the quality of merchandise and services of all business in Clare County. - 81 - �To prevent the diversity and h~phaza rd arrangemen t of business as "strip development sectors" along highways and County Primary Roads. To encourage new business developments to locate in Clare County in unincorporated areas adjacent to or within easy access of principal and minor arterials when such development would not conflict with objectives and policies of neighboring communities or urbanized concentrations. To encourage combined investment of public and private capital in the future development or rehabilitation of central business district areas within the various existing communities as needed. To create an awareness of the importance of central business districts, their impact upon the local economy, and the need for planning their future development. To promote performance standards for business areas, as wel I as all other uses, to prevent undue amounts of noise, smoke, or glare. To encourage business enterprises to locate with direct or limited acc_ess to existing or planned major collector or arterial streets. To· promote standards for adequate off-street parking for commercial developments. · To locate and design commercial areas to avoid: 1. Commercial traffic on residential streets. 2. Commercial activity noise. 3. Unsightliness created by signs, backs of but.ldings, trash, etc. 4. Fumes and odors. 5. Glare from exterior lighting. 6. Unccntrol I ed runoff of surface waters. Industry Goal: Policies: Encourage growth of industrial uses within the County in order to diversify and strengthen the tax base and to provide employment for the permanent Clare County population. To promote a diversity in the size of industrial concerns, both large and small. To require adequate regulation and control of industrial pollutants through the adoption of local zoning ordinances. -82 - - -- --~-- - - - = - -- -- - �To promote new industrial developments through a close I iaison among municipal, County and industrial promotion representatives. To ensure and protect industrial development from the encroachment of incompatible land uses. To serve industrial areas with adequate utilities. To provide adequate parking and loading space in industrial areas. To encourage industrial park development with areas set aside for expansion when necessary. To encourage vocational training in the educational system. To foster and encourage the development of smal I "homegrown 11 industry having the long-range potential of becoming principal employers in the Clare County area. Transportation Gaol: Policies: Maintain and further develop effective and efficient transportation facilities to meet the needs of an increasing population . To disapprove individual lot access from intensive development to any arterial or collector highways where the loss of highway efficiency is likely to occur. Sufficient open land b~ planned adjacent to existing roadways to enable further acquisition and widening. To require al I intensive development to have interior systems of local circulation. To encourage the design of internal local streets that will effectively prevent their use by through traffic . To support all County group efforts toward realizing new or improved air travel foci I ities to handle the needs of the entire County area and vicinity. To protect the areas immediately surrounding existing or proposed airport from the noise and hazards of low-flying planes during landing and take-off. This shal I be done by promoting land use in the immediate vicinity area for nonresidential uses . To promote electrical signal s and/or crossing gates at intersections of highway-railroad grade crossings considered potentially dangerous because of heavy traffic or congestion. To promote rail sidings in the County with loading ramps that meet industria I require men ts. - 83 - , ·" ., �Environmental Goal: Policies: Protect the environment of Clare County from sporadic and hap hazard use. To encourage programs of soil conservation by lending full support to al I agencies involved in this endeavor. To encourage efforts to improve the physical appearance of vacated mines so that reclamation for possible recreational or residential purposes may be undertaken. To encourage complete cooperation in watershed improvement programs in order to improve their recreational potential. To preserve wild I ife areas wherever feasible. These areas should include pub! ic hunting and fishing areas for County residents as wel I as visitors. To preserve significant scenic, geologic, and historic features for the enjoyment of present and future generations. To integrate both public and private recreation development in a cor_nplementary relationship of activities and land use to enable the County to realize its full recreation potential. To use public access easements to allow public access to land or water for hunting, hiking, and other recreational purposes. To provide scenic views and roadside picnic grounds throughout various parts of the County for use by local residents as wet.I as travelers or vacationers passing through or going · to Clare County. To enforce flood plain or watershed district regulations to preserve attractive stretches of rivers and streams in their natural state and to control flood damage costs by restricting development . in areas subject to flooding. To develop pleasant, clean and uncrowded places along Clare County lakes where families can picnic and enjoy their leisure hours. To prese~e portions of lake and water areas where stands of trees, stretches of beach, or natural swamp habitats exist. To require highways near shorelines be planned and platted so as not to impair recreation, scenic or fish and wildlife assets. To use conservation or scenic easements to keep land in its natural state, to provide open space or buffer zones around parks, and to preserve natural countryside along highways. - 84 - �To seek a balance among various kinds of resources and areas within Clare County. To help preserve areas of natural drainage courses through a coordinated open space program in order to protect such areas. Utilities and Services Goal: Policies: Develop public facilities and services to adequately service the anticipated growth of Clare County. · To provide personnel to handle·a continuing planning program as well as provide services for help in enforcement of local zoning ordinances, and other similar regulations. To maintain an awareness of the increasing problem of adequate and diverse water supplies, storm drainage and flood control in Clare County . To develop an action-oriented comprehensive program on County water and sewage facilities to meet present and future needs. To determine the growth potential of Clare County and program improvements to adequately meet ensuing demands. To enlarge pol ice and fire facilities, personnel, services, and equipment' to keep pace with popu lotion growth. To encourage new development in areas having access to pub I ic centralized treatment foci Iiti es. To effectuate or implement a Continuing Planning Program to keep data current and make continuous evaluations of any deviation from the projected course of growth established in the Regional Comprehensive Plan . Organizational Cooperation Goal: Policies: Cooperation with internal community groups, technical committees, advisory bodies, adjacent municipalities and counties, state authorities, and all independent commissions, boards and governing bodies, and assist in the creation of a well-planned and organized future for the whole of Clare County. To maintain an awareness of events and actions in surrounding areas that may affect Clare County . To maintain an awareness of all private and governmental financial assistance potentially available for Clare County. To recognize the fact that what occurs in Clare County affects surrounding areas. - 85 - �To request pub! ic agencies, community and lake associations, service clubs, conservation organizations, farm bureaus, etc., to encourage all individuals of the County to protect and enhance the scenic qualities of any of their holdings. There must be participation and cooperation among these groups and the County residents to produce positive results. To develop working relationships between the Clare County Planning Commission, adjoining County Planning Commissions, and the Association of Clare County local Planning Commissions. - 86 - ~ •. �LAND USE �LAND USE PLAN Introduction I Clare County is located in the north-central part of Michigan's southern peninsula. An ·imaginary I ine running east to west through northern Clare County is generally cited by those traveling north as a tran;itional zone between southern agricultural lands and the northern evergreen forests. 25 The County is within short driving distance from Lansing and the Detroit metropolitan area. Both U.S. 10 and U.S. 27 pass thr9ugh Clare County, offering excellent driving conditions for metropolitan residents attracted to the County's recreational opportunities. Live in the country-work in the city. This way of I ife is becoming more attractive to many families. But, as so often happens the more families who seek the country, the less country there is to find. Unfortunately, man destroys the very essence of what he seeks. More people result in more roads, more homes, more business, more factories and more pollution. It does not take a conscious effort to pervert nature, but only the thoughtless attempts to achieve a better life. It does not take hundreds-of thousands of people to ruin a glen or brook or lair of some wildlife, but only the abuse of a handful of well-meaning families. Clare County is delicately balanced between remaining a beautiful, unspoiled area or · becoming an urbanized community whose cancerous development de£poils the landscape. How can Clare County mcintain its balance? Is there no way to prevent growth? Roads and buildings will be built. If the development is certain, must the beauty of Clare County be lost? If the answer is yes, Clare County will be ravished. Development will occur in a helter-skelter pattern across the face of the County. Pollution ~wil I become worse; forests wil I be cleared; farm land wil I be subdivided. The County will in t~uth be ravished. Not all at once--not all 366,000 acres. The development will be scattered; nowhere in the County wil I it be possible to escape the presence of development. And yet, so I ittle development will actually occur. How can Clare County maintain a balance between a beautiful countryside and an urbanized area? The answer presently being sought is through planning. If the influx of people is a certainty, then minimize its negative effects. If the scattering of development creates problems, then concentrate the development. If the land area in Clare County is truly worth saving, then regulate development to protect the land. All these are easier said than done, but what is the alternative? The uncontrolled scattered developments of the past may become the development patterns of the future unless conscious efforts through planning bring about a rational pattern. Existing Land Use The existing patterns of land use provide the base from which the Future Land Use Plan is prepared. Both land use survey and analysis are essential for describing the intensity of land utilization, the patterns of development, growth pressures, and the ( 25 - From a student report on the Land Use of Clare County, Michigan State University Resource Development 816, Spring, 1967. - 87 - �emerging direction of future physical growth. The composition and analysis of this information constitutes a most elemental and necessary description of the County's environment. Land is a precious resource. The present usage of land in the County represents investments by several generations. In order to protect these investments, especially in view of accelerating land use development, sound and effective planning must be accomplished. Accordingly, this.analysis stresses the relationship between urban and rural development. It was quickly realized from the beginning of the land use survey that differences between urban areas (e.g., incorporated communities) and farm areas are not as clear as they once were. Nature itself provides a balance between land, water, forest, and wildlife. All too often the spread of urban development into rural areas has destroyed this balance, resulting in floods, storm damage, water shortages or water pollution. Many of these negative occurrences to which "built-up II areas have subjected themselves are directly attributable to the failure to properly relate urban development to the natural environment. Through effective planning, it is hoped to make the natural forces work for developing areas and not against them. Only in this way can nature's balance be protected. •;;, The existing land use survey has recorded how man uses the land within Clare County. By studying what has been done to or placed upon the land, officials can make decisions on how to provide a healthful, efficient, and attractive environment. What County, Township and City decision makers do today limits and shapes the possible alternatives of tomorrow. Inventory of Clare County Land Use Population characteristics, when correlated with the land use data, reveal useful information. Also, by using the existing land use information as a base, updated comparisons indicate trends that are shaping the County's rural-urban complex. Ultimately, data collection and technical reports are aids to the understanding of the forces exerting strong influences on the growth of communities; and to help formulate decisions encouraging a better living environment. A classification of land uses is necessary to provide a common understanding of the material presented. Land uses can generally be grouped into major categories such as residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural. These categories are not conclusive enough for the purposes of this study, and a further breakdown is necessary. The following is a description of the various land use classifications used in this study. Residential This catego1y includes areas in which dwellings with their accessory buildings occupy the major portion of the land and consist of the following sub-categories: - 88 - �Single-Family Residential. --These areas in which single-family dwelling units and their accessory buildings are located. This category cilso includes mobile homes located on individual lots or in mobile home parks • .Single-family residential units, 20,000 square feet or less, seasonal homes, including mobile homes located especially around lakes, are included in this category. Rural Residential.--This is an area that is used primarily for residential purposes. For purposes of this study, a rural residential lot is deemed to occupy up to ten acres. Commercial Land areas where goods are distributed or personal business services are provided are considered commercial uses. This category includes the retail sale of goods (e.g., grocery stores, gas stations and drug stores, businesses providing services such as restaurants, banks and real estate offices, and commercial transit lodging places (e.g., hotels, and motels). Industrial. --Industrial uses are land areas with or without buildings where one of the fol lowing operations is conducted: tv\:inufacturing, Warehousing and Storage. --tvbnufacturing includes land areas with or without buildings where raw or semi-finished materials are processed, fabricated and/or manufactured. Warehousing and storage of materials includes uses enclosed in a building or not. Open storage, such as concrete block, farm equipment, junk cars and waste material and municipal dumps are con sidered industrial uses because of the possible nuisance factors associated with them. Utility industrial uses such as gas storage stations are included in this category. Extractive.--Areas in which sand, gravel, clay, peat, or rock are excavated have been placed in the Extractive category. Included are the gravel pits used by the Clare County Road Commission and private excavations. Transportation and Utilities Transportation uses encompass all dedicated surface righr-of-way, including highways, freeways, railroads and airports, which are used for the movement of people and goods. Utilities include both public and private facilities providing general services, such as electric power stations, gas regulator stations, sewage treatment plants, radio stations and other facilities of this nature. Forestry, Public, Ouasi-Publ ic and Recreation Land areas and facilities, such as schools and government buildings, which are available to, or used by, all the people within a particular service area, are considered public uses. Also included in this classification are areas and buildings that are used by a limited number of persons with particular interests and who do not have profit as their main motive (Quasi-Public a_nd Recreation). This category includes churches, the County - 89 - �Fair Grounds, sportsmen's clubs, Boy and Girl Scout camps, parochial school camps and other similar uses. Recreation uses such as bowling alleys and movie theaters, because of their smaller size and functions, are placed within the commercial category. Permanent or seasonal residents on non-agricultural land larger than ten acres are considered forestry land uses. Areas covered by water and forested areas are also considered in the broad category of forestry. State-Owned Land Land areas owned by the State, with or without structures, that serve the recreation needs of the public or provide open land areas under conservation management, are included in this category. Agri cu Iture This classification is applied principally to areas for crop land, permanent pasture land, and land lying fallow but which indicate cultivation at an earlier date. Due to the variations in the agricultural practices of farmers, in terms of land cultivation, this classification is flexible for specific parcels. Clare County Land Use Patterns Traveling through Clare County, the visitor receives the impression of vast areas of farm land, woodland, open land areas, richly scenic areas and isolated grouping of homes located near primary road intersections. Along highways are scattered residential, commercial or industrial land uses which become more frequent as the visitor approaches the City of Clare, the City of Harrison and the Village of Farwell. The effect upon the traveller of an open, rural coun_ty can be seen on Map 13, Existing Land Use, Clare County. Land uses, especially residential development, are widely dispersed throughout the County. Table 39 indicates the amount of area that these uses occupy within the County. Residential Land Use The existing residential land in Clare County amounts to about 29,860 acres, or approximately 8 .2 percent of the total County area. Of the residential land about 20 .3 percent is single-family in character and a 79.7 percent is comprised of larger rural lots. Apartment and townhouse development is so infrequent that it is not considered by this report as a major County land use. The residential development found surrounding many lakes in the County is characterized by very smal I lot sizes. The majority of this type of concentrated development occur in the Townships of Hayes, Hamilton, Lincoln Garfield, Surrey and Grant. While the origina I purpose of the majority of these cottages was for seasonal use, there has been a trend in recent years to convert these units into year-round homes. This trend has created - 90 - -~.. �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ». :}J iif f:j:;mi:; n:I1 in~ f I j•'• lm I~ = icJ :JC·[ :t·']t::, r~ ~}ilfe.J1❖~•❖tf -:oN IJ:I ., ,: t)f ~•::J::Cs 1 %:,.-. t -., .:,::Iii i i :lii/!liliii iii::::::::i;i ._._.:._-:. i i i ~f iii!~/~;i;~ ~ ~i~i~i~i~ :-:-:,:-::_ :!;illJ1l ?J{} - - "1 ~ z .·••· mlid!!fi!i! i ! fi!i!i!i!!!!E!i!!!! I ,,,,:,:,,,4 \ YIES - ~ - - - -- - :If!Il@ItJIt/1 :~:~:~:t+=~:~: ::· ·· tll ll ji[ililililI .•:•:t :•::!!!!!!!i/J!:!:!:!:i!i :;:;::::::::::J:::::::; :::!:!:!:i;l !i!i!i!i!ii=== H tlllitr LIIN § ' i }l : : :===:I}!\?! :;:'.:J~iifr1i~~~., .-.· >- :;:;:){ ff { ,. ,. : H ; ,, ❖❖ 0 /} T )::: t : :i: I • :):: :=:~:=: - ❖:•:-:-:- ~~~I jili •:•:•:• .·.·.·.·1·· ::::::::::f: ~~{~~~ ~~ :::::::~: !SABELLA COUNTY LAND EXISTING Q_.:_.J.,;.:,_;~ ••-.:•~~- RE C REATION :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: A G R I C U L T U R E ~~m S TA T E OWNED USE LAND .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: INDUSTRIAL ( WAREHOUSING, MANUFACTORING,) EXTRACTIVE AND STORAGE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESIDENTIAL (SINGLE FAMILY & RURAL) FORESTRY & PUBLIC LAND COMMERCIAL 0 ~ a 3 4 ~ JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARATI ON OF THI S MAP WAS F INAN CED IN PA R T THR 0 UGH A CO MPREHEN SI VE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSIN G ANO URBAN ADM INI S TERE D BY THE ST A T £ . >;:. DE VEL OPMENT, OF MI CHI GAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 13 �a pollution problem around some of the lakes in Clare County. Mobile homes are also found scattered within many lake developments. The use of very small lake frontage lots without adequate utilities has increased health and sanitation problems. Overcrowding of the lakes should be avoided, or optimum use of lakes for recreational purposes may be jeopardized. Lot sizes in the incorporated communities are understandably smaller because of the presence of municipal facilities. However, elsewhere in the County where sewers have not as yet been installed, there is a potential hazard of water pollution due to the increasing trend of seasonal home conversion to year round residences. f'.iany of the lake front lots are less than 8,000 square feet in size which did not pose a problem when only one of four lots were regularly used. During the peak summer Clare County's population more than triples. Most of the seasonal residents own homes near the County's lake and stream areas. TABLE 39 EXISTING LAND USE CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1978* Land Use Acres 29,860 Residential 6,060 Single-Family 23,800 Rural Residential 600 Commercial 4,070 Industrial 230 Manufacturing, Warehousing and Storage 3,840 Extractive 12,000 Transportation and Utilities Forestry, Public, Quasi-Public and 195, 180 Recreation 48,650 State-Owned Land 75,720 Agriculture TOTAL 366,080 acres Percent of Tota I 8.2% 1.7 6.5 .2 l. l •1 1.0 3.2 53.3 13.3 20.7 100.0% Pollution problems are forcing some communities within Clare County to consider sewage systems. In this regard both Lincoln and Hayes Townships prepared Facility Plans in 1976 to consider alternative courses of action. In both units the cost was a prohibitive factor and no action was taken. However, Grant Township is now considering possible coordination with the City of Clare to extend sewer I ines to the Five Lakes Area • As a result of the early settlement patterns of large parcel ownership, lots are fairly evenly distributed throughout the County along Section Line and Quarter Section Line - 91 - �Roads. Lot size is not as significant with rural lots because the land surrounding the residences usually belongs to the owner of the house. ·when proSlems of water supply or sewage disposal arise, the large lot owner is not faced with as great a dilemna since he is in a position to re-drill a new wel I or construct a new tile field on his surrou!'lding land. As implied in the above statements regarding residential lot sizes where no public water or sewage disposal foci! ities exist, the minimum desirable lot size requirement is dictated to some degree by the soil conditions present. Because of the potential water pollution problem created by septic tanks on small lots, the Clare County Health Department must be contacted before any construction may begin. Commercial Land Use Approximately 600 acres, or about 0.2 percent of the County's total area, are used for commercial purposes. About 20 percent of the commercial activity is located in the Cities of Clare and Harrison and the Vil loge of Farwell, with the remaining 80 percent scattered in the townships. The City of Clare has the largest number of acres in commercial use for an incorporated area. The Townships of Grant and Hayes have the greatest commercial acreage among the townships in Clare County. The concentrations of commercial land uses as represented on the lvbp 13 evidence the early settlement pattern within the County. Forestry and Agricultural interests were dominant within the County and small towns established primarily as service centers for the surrounding farm and forestry areas. Commercial areas were established within these towns. Today, many problems, such as deterioration of old buildings and lack of parking areas, threaten to relegate these commercial areas in competition with commercial land uses locating along major highways outside of the urban areas. This second type of commercial development pattern is beginning to occur within the County primarily along the two-lane state highways. Transportation and Utility Land Uses About 12,000 acres or 3.2 percent of Clare County, are occupied by transportation and utility land uses. Of the acreage, about 94 percent is included in road and railroad rights-of-way, with the remaining six percent in utilities. This small acreage of land in uti Iiti es in generally scattered throughout the County. Road and railroad rights-of-way comprise about 11,280 acres in clare County. Within incorporated areas, the Cities of Harrison and Clare have the most acreage devoted to this type of use as may be expected. The amount of transportation land uses is normally directly proportional to city or village size. Road and railroads rights-of-way within individual townships vary little in the amount of land used. Most of township roads in the County basically consist of Section and Quarter Section Line Roads. There is little variance from township to township in the amount of land used for roads, reflecting the basic rural nature of the County. Townships which ore crossed by railroad lines or include sections of State highways are slightly above the township average for land in rights"'"Of-way. Grant, Hatton, Hayes - 92 - �and Frost Townships acreage in rights-of-way are high because of the U.S. 27 and U.S. 10 Freeways. Grant Township because of the U.S. 10 right of way and two ma ior ramps, has the highest proportion of rights-of-way land exit than any other Township in the County. Other transportation uses in the County include three airstrips. One airport, Clare Municipal, having three runways, is located northeast of the City of Clare. A smaller facility, Harrison Airport, also having three runways, is located northwest of the City of Harrison. There is also a smal I airstrip near lake Station. As industrial uses increase in the County, better air facilities will be needed. Forestry, Public, Quasi-Public and Recreation Land Use Approximately 195, 180 acres of land within Clare County ore devoted to forestry, public, quasi-public and recreation land use, constituting 53.3 percent of the total County land. Wop 13 shows areas devoted to this category. Within this classification, forest covered land accounts for approximately 95 percent and public, quasi-public and recreation land uses compose the remaining five percent. Generally, most of the public and quasi-public uses are situated near the Cities of Clare and Harrison. These uses include smal I community parks, governmental structures, churches, post offices and schools. The townships contain the majority of the cemeteries and township meeting halls. Schools now used by Clare County children are generally located- in- the Cities of Clare and Harrison or in the Village of Farwell . Recreation land uses are dispersed throughout the County. These consist of rural camps, Boy and Girl Scout camps, golf courses, public access to lakes, roadside parks and sportsmen's clubs. Forest land is generaliy found in greater concentrations in the western and northern areas of the County. Forestry areas are also intermingled with residential and ~griculturol uses creating an effective buffer strip between potential conflicting land uses . Forestry land serves in the County's recreation needs for hunting and snowmobiling areas. State-Owned Land In addition to the recreation facilities mentioned in the previous section, State land within the County also provides recreational opportunities for County residents and those of surrounding counties alike. State land in Clare County covers approximately 18,650 acres, or about 13.3 percent of the County's total area. Industrial Land Use There are approximately 4,070 acres in Clare County devoted to industrial land use, which is about l. l percent of the total County land area. Of the total industrial land uses, extractive industries account for about 94 percent, with the remaining six percent in manufacturing, warehousing and storage. - 93 - �The distribution of manufacturing land is not evenly spread throughout the County, but rather it is concentrated primarily in and around the City of Clare; however, both Harrison and the Village of Farwell also have manufacturing areas. These concentrations become more evident when viewing the generalized patterns of indus~rial development portrayed on the /v\ap 13 for the County. Isolated parcels of manufacturing land within the townships are usually open storage areas for farm equipment or junk. Several industrial uses within the County occupy large acreages of land due to open storage. These include the Michigan Consolidated Gas Company properties in Winterfield and Lincoln Townships, and adjacent the C & 0 Railroad Tracks in Grant Township. Extractive industries use the greatest amount of land in the industrial category. The majority of this land consists of gas and oil extraction. Extraction of gas and oil is the most predominate in Lincoln and Winterfield Townships, however, numerous small one acre extration sites are located throughout the entire County. Agricul tura I Land Agricultural land is the second most predominant land use in Clare County following forestry land. Of the County's total land area, approximately 75,720 acres, or 20.7 percenf·, are found in farming use. Most of the farm land is found in the Townships of Sheridan, Arthur and Winterfield. The amount of land in farm production is decreasing each year. Consumption of agricultural land is expected to increase at an increasing rate as residents and business interests relocate in the County. However, the expanding population of Clare County requires increasing amounts of fresh fruit, vegetables, and milk (preferably locally produced to help maintain a stable economic base in the County). Urban-Rural Land Use Conflicts Throughout this report, reference has been made to· urban and rural land uses. Urban land uses represent man-made improvements characteristic of development within cities or villages. Such development, for the purposes of this study, include Single-Family, Commercial, /v\anufacturing, Warehousing and Storage, and Transportation and Utility land use. Rural land uses are associated with agricultural and forestry practices and open land areas that are not occupied by permanent structures. For the purpose of this study, such uses include the land use categories of Agriculture, Rural Residential, Extractive Industry, State-Owned Land and Forestry and Recreation Land. If all the urban land uses were massed together in one area, less than the area of one township (36 square miles) within Clare County could accommodate all of the urban growth presently located within the County. Agricultural land uses (those areas actively being formed) if placed all together would be equivalent to over three townships within the County. Agricultural land uses (those areas actively being formed) if placed all together would be equivalent to over three townships within the County. In addition, Rural Residential lots would be about equal to a township and the remainder of the County area would be in forest and state-owned land use. The rural character of Clare County is predominate. - 94 - �The inf! uence within an area of urban and rural development is not proportional to their size. It is the experience of most developing areas in the State that urbanization is accomplished through a cessation and replacement of farming activities. However, the cessation of farming is not always fol lowed by immediate use for urban development. Increased land values and land speculation can make it unprofitable to continue farming land which was once farmed and therefore becomes idle. Yet, such land may not all be marketable for urban use. The scattering of urban development throughout a rural area generally results in the gradual discontinuance of farming. Reviewing fv4..ap 13, there is evidence that the scattering of urban uses in rural areas is occurring. This is particularly true of the non-farm, single-family land use. It has become common to locate single-family homes in rural areas. Commercial and industrial uses are locating along major highways adjacent the incorporated communities and throughout the rural areas. Future Land Use -Plan The saving of the landscape 1s only one reason a rational plan should be developed for Clare County. Another reason is economies of scale. Water pollution is less expensive to control if people settle in areas Jtith greater population densities. More services, such as fire and pol ice protection, can be provided with less expense. These and other savings and benefits are available to any community which is wil I ing to regulate itself. This self-regulation, as propagated through the plOJ1ning process, is the challenge that Clare County residents must accept very soon. The County is composed of numerous political sub-units, such as townships. The Land Use Plan cannot, and must not replace the local municipality's responsibility in developing its own planning programs. The County has numerous powers but ultimately development is best controlled by local units of government through zoning, subdivision regulations and local planning. The Future land Use Plan does not specifically indicate individual land uses, but provides an overall framework within which local municipalities must provide the necessary detail. For example, large residential areas are identified within the Plan, but no consideration is given to ancillary residential uses, such as schools, neighborhood recreation areas, churches, neighborhood shopping areas and other related land uses. Those specific uses and their locations are the proper responsibility of local municipalities. The Future Land Use Plan is an attempt to locate land uses of regional consequence for the forthcoming two decades. Its prophetic success will only be as great as the attempt of County and local officials to use the Plan, along with any subsequent justified amendments, as a working blueprint of future coordinated development within the County. Concepts of the Plan Th ere are 22,400 people on ~66, 080 acres in Clare County--one person for every sixteen acres. In 22 years, the ratio is I ikely to be one person for every seven acres. It will not be an overcrowded county, but the expected 45,000 to 50,000 people could possibly spoil much of the 366,080 acres. The overal I concept of the Future Land Use Plan is to concentrate growth in urban centers presently in existence. At the same time, the ccncen- 95 - -~ �centration of people will allow the farm areas and scenic areas to remain unblemished in the County. The City of Clare is the most important and largest urban community in Clare County. l'vbjor transportation foci! ities, community foci! ities and utilities presently exist in the City. The City of Harrison is the second largest urban center existing in the County and it too has transportation, utilities and community facilities. Located at the ce nter of the Co:Jnty, it is planned that the City of Harrison wil I become a secondary urban center, subordinate in size and function to the City of Clare. Surrounding these two urban centers, the greatest part of the increase in population is expected to Iive. The two communities are far enough apart that the eventual merging of these two urban communities can be avoided. There are numerous small settlements located throughout the County. Their growth should be limited. Their primary function is to provide services to small geographic areas within the County. Limited growth in these small villages and settlements will occur, but large population growth should be watched with caution. Clare County is a vast area. If urban development is to be concentrated, what will the remainder of the County be Iike 20 years from now? The Existing Land Use Study indicated that prominent land usage in Clare County included agricultural uses, recreation uses and estate or forestry development. Clore County is urbanizing, but urb::mization only has to locate in a small percentage of the land area. At the present time Clare County has a considerable amount of open land. However, the various factors of soil, climate, topography, lakes and streams, and forest cover the County's natural beauty and the highway network have generated a demand for land within the County. This demand is for recreationaf land ranging from large land holdings for clubs to smaller properties surrounding lake areas for second homes. Plat records since 1950 show the increasing demand for second home properties based upon the numbers of lots platted. Chart .I and tv'k:lp 1"4, shows the plat and lots recorded by year since 1870. This serves to trace the development of the County and its urban centers. The maiority of the second home market has centered upon the many lakes throughout the prime development land of the County. In the past this lake development was prevalent but the major occupants were persons from the immediate area. In the early 1900 1s, Farwel I and Clare residents and some others from cities in the region developed second homes along the lakes in the southwestern corner of the County. A few lakes in the County have, however, developed differently. Budd Lake and Little Long Lake just east of Harrison have been developed as permanent residences. This type of development, however, is limited in the County. Whether the lakes are developing as permanent or as second homes the extensive nature of the development, in terms of distribution, wil I and is causing some real problems. Many of the lakes now have lake associations. These persons are concerned because of what is happening or could happen to their lakes. Such concerns are for pollution, siltation and similar problems related to the environment. - 96 - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY I I ROSCOMMON t COUNTY .,:.:::::::: ::::*:::: / ::::::•:~: ::::::::::~ WINTI RF IELD F ROST ' . ., -.,;:, ::::.;:; «~ I Ht TT~¼.} ··········· IARlrHLR C .J 0 IU 0 (I) 0 I I SABELLA I • COUNTY APPROVED NUMBER OF APPROVED PLATS PLATS Plat ·-y ~liC:=>,,. ' • bllh ~ ;____.: 4,5&6 Plats -] 7 or more Plats - THE ASSOCIATION OF CLAR E COUNTY: LOCAL i>LANN l ~G COMMISSIONS PER SECTION 14 J UNI: , 1978 ·•Rt t->AHA ·• r.~ N .H· THI S M AP #A ':., • ttl AN l"; t ;J IN P M 1 . IR0UUH A r.n ~ Pi.f.'.~•tN ~tVl ~lfl '4N fNG GRA NT H-1 ,) M 1 1 , t- i•• t ll f PAR l ME N f f,f H0US t1'G ANO URB AN AOMINI S l[kF1 1 RY THf S lATE. )• " n E. i E L 0 PM f N ; , MIC HIGA N CLARE COUNTY ' MICHIGAN �0 I Ill 0 (\J (\J Ill .-- 0 .- ft'~• 0 Ill -·.,~....r1.~-~- -~ 0 "... m 0 (0 m .Jil:,.,.,,. __ ~ ··... en 0 w Q_ 0 0.. I' <! en 1I- ,'l I<! 1_J -_, z 16t[I .,... --- 0 I~ 0 I' :J I >-Iz -z 0 w > 0 ::J 0 0 w > 0 __. ~- ~... ([ n. a.. a.. a.. ~ ~ en en I- w er I0 a CD <! _J 10 iz ' u _J .. . 3~!103~ 3)1\17 ~ ';f - --_ ..... 3>1\17 .lNIOd 8 II0 _J ---- - ------.:;, t 0 oi .- 0 0 ... m ..,ii, NOSl!l!I\IH • - - - ---- ~ - H.11031131'1 S£8E ---"- ' 0 m m .- 0 m m ... 713M!IV.:I 0 (IJ ID (\J ... ID 0 (\J S7'11/\0t::ldd'lt ::10 t::1381/1JnN 97 0 .- - ~ · 3!1\17J ID (/) a: (\J <( . .-m w >0 _J n. 0 [I) m .- ~. ~~- NOSl!l!I\IH _ . . ., .•- I I <! 0 m ... -- -.iii ([ u 0 ID m ... ([ CJ) ... - 0 ~" om .-- �While protective measures are being sought in those areas now built-up, the areas now undergoing development will be generating new and possible problems . The cause is related to the private nature of the development. These recreational developments were instituted in a basically free market place without the guidance of zoning and other reasonable land use controls. If this type of development were to be allowed to continue in the County without guidance, future problems could develop. The intensity could increase because of sheer numbers, whether they are people, cottages, homes, miles of streets or any other method by which one measures growth which leads to overuse and degradation. To make a Future Land Use Plan for Clare County, a sector theory of planning was utilized. The sector approach to land use planning is specifically developed for urbanizing areas where the future land use patterns are not yet fully evident. Clare County is such an area. Sectors refer to the general intensity of land use within a given area. The specific land uses are not indicated; rather, uses of similar intensity and character are suggested for a sector. These intensities of land use are developed based upon various locational criteria {e.g., transportation systems, available utilities and phy siographic features). The advantage to the sector approach is that it provides flexibility to the Plan and permits the development of local policies and goals upon which to base more definitive development decisions. It relies heavily upon local administrators to provide zoning with performance standards and new techniques of planned unit and cluster developments. In addition, policies to commit pub Iic improvements in areas specifically designed as urban areas must be made by administrators. Thus, the major requirement for the sector pfan is a level of sophistication that must be achieved by administrators in order to fully utilize the concept. For Clare County, five sectors are proposed: high intensity development sector, low intensity development sector, conservation sector, agricultural sector and the rural forested sector. In addition, two zones in the conventional sense, reflecting major land use categories with regional significance, are indicated because they presently exist these are; the central business district, and industrial park sites open space. High Intensity Development Sector This sector allows the most intensive urban land uses in relation to employment {industrial and offices), services (commerce and wholesaling} and residences (apartments, townhouses and mobile homes). All these uses require excellent access as provided by a good, fast transportati9n system. In addition, a full range of utilities and community facilities is necessary. High intensity development is recommended adjacent to those freeway interchanges most likely to be provided with utilities and community facilities and along major highways which will have an attraction to intensive development. low Intensity Development Sector This sector refers primarily to residential areas and supporting uses,. such as churches , recreation and neighborhood shopping, Low intensity residential implies only partial - 98 - �utilities and facilities, and a lower density of two to four dwelling units per gross acre. Conservation Sector Clare Co'.Jnty has significantly large areas of hilly, wooded land; Much of this land is in pub! ic or quasi-pub! ic ownership today. Based on the physiographic features of these areas and the existing pattern of land use, further open space recreation uses should be encouraged in these areas. To help develop an economic base for these areas such uses as regional parks, camps, riding academies, summer rescrts, skiing, wildlife preserves and similar uses should be encouraged. Agricultural Sector Agricultural pursuits in Clare County provide a major source of income to County residents. The soil survey for the County indicates the northeastern and southwestern portions of the County as rich farm land. This area should be preserved through farm lot zoning of about 20 acres, an absence of utility systems and discouragement of future subdivision activities. Rural Forested Sector The demand for non-farm rural living is an evident desire of many people in Clare County. Such development should be allowed on large lot development (approximately five acres or more per dwelling unif"). Utilities and community facilities would not be needed to dny great extent. To lessen the dangers of water pollution, strict regulations regarding septic tanks would have to be enforced. Existing Factors Influencing the Plan Many factors affect the use of land. Types of land uses have differing location requirements. It is important when developing a Future Land Use Plan to be cognizant of the various land use requirements and their possible distribution throughout a County area. Physiographic Features The most important land use trend in Clare County in the next 20 years will be the increasing urbanization within the County. The location of urban development will have a tremendous impact on agriculture, recreation arecs and other land uses. It is therefore important to determine various natural I imitations which might affect the location of urban development. These natural limitations are not impossible barriers to urban development, but if urban development locates in areas which have high water table characteristics and poor soil percolation, or cultural limitations, then the cost of development will be greatly increased. These costs should be acknowledged prior to urban development locating within these areas. - 99 - �Wa rer Table Characteristics and Soil Percolation.--These factors are perhaps of greatest significance to urban development. Sewage waste may be handled in two common ways--individual septic tanks or municipal treatment. The former method involves a direct expense to individual property owners, while the latter is a longterm community expense for a system which is costly to build and operate. Whenever soils have good percolation, septic tanks are generally an acceptable means of treating waste products, provided that population density is not excessive. Poor percolating soils credte pollution prob I ems if urban development is permitted to Ioca te on them • /v\ap 15 indicates areas in Clare County which have the most serious percolation problems owing to water table characteristics and soil conditions. Certain of these areas are severe enough to warrant , urban development to be discouraged from locating there. An example of the problems which may arise if urban development locates in poor percolation areas is the subdivision activity adjacent waterbeds and on heavy clay soils used presently for farming. It must be realized that pollution problems can occur if not carefully watched, elsewhere in the County, depending upon the density permitted in an area. The more people concentrated in an area, the more necessary it becomes to have a sewage system. Thus, /v\ap 15 only indicates the most serious conditions related to the water table and soil percolation within the County. On the other hand, certain wetlands which might be otherwise drained for urban purposes and provided utilities might better be left in a natural state through use of township zoning regulations. Cultural limitations.--There are some large open areas where existing uses are unlikely to change. These uses are generally based upon public or semi-publk ownership and may be considered cultural I imitations. fvlap 16 indicates cultural I imitations in Clare County. For the most part, these areas consist of State-owned land. It would appear unlikely that this land would ever be used for urban development. Its value is in serving urban residents. Other areas in Clare County which wil I probably not be used for urban development include Boy Scout, Girl Scout and conservation club properties. Combined Physical Limitations. --Combining the factors which limit urban development in Cfare County, large areas of the County are actually unsuitable for urban growth. fvlap 17 illustrates this point. Urban development in the past has generally located where urban limitations were not greatly in evidence, as indicated by the fact that most cities and vii loges are located outside the areas demarcated as having urban I imitations. It would seem logical to locate future growth in a similar manner. Planning by Development Sectors The sector concept represented in the Plan does not mean that other land uses should not develop in a sector. Rather, the sectors imply that an area is best suited for a particular type of development and that local plans should reflect this consideration. In addition, specific land use zones are represented on the Plan around the Cities of Harrison and Clare. These specific land use areas recognize existing local plans for those two municipalities. Similarly, other local plans developed by municipalities - 100 - �Jt!r•:-:-=:=·=-·-·-:::::: :-=-·====· ........... ................... ........... ' •••• •• • ... # ::::tir=--····· SOIL ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: soi Is ~ • • .,, • LIMITATIONS adverse I y e f f ec t in g future development e 15 JUNE, 1978 ·- THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS TH[ PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THR0UGH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT Of HOUSING !.DMINISTEkEO BY ANO uqeAN THE SH.TE DEVELOPMENT, OF ~ICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN �I :::::::::: :::: .. ..· :::::::::::::: ·::::::::::::: :::::::: •:;; !ft) •:•:•:❖ CULTURAL LIMITATIONS ·· ·:•:•:•:•• ··········•: major pub I ic and semi - pub I ic ownership f ~ • • .Obi 3 ,. JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING CQMMISSIONS THE PREPARATION OF THI S MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THR()UGH A COMPREHEN SIVE PLANNING GRANT FR OM TH E DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTEkf D B't _T HE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 16 �.-: -:- ....... =:::::, . .=_.=~::.:-=:j·:::::::;:··.:_=.:·..:.. ·•···•·•··· ;::::::.. ··=.·.·.•.·:.·.=.:.=.=.=.:: ' 1 ili!llif/1t:1 111111:m::i :/t-.::.::·· COMBINED .::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: combined o ~ • • , " PHYSICAL cultural and LIMITATIONS soi I I imi tat i.ons e JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARATION OF THIS '°'.AP WAS FINANCED IN PART TtiW)UGH A COMPAEHENSIV£ PLANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AOMINISTEF<EO BY t.NO URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 1 - CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 17 �have been used to formulate the regional concept of land uses as presenteq in this Plan. High Intensity Development Sectors High Intensity Sectors represent the most probable areas of intensity land use development. A good transportation system is the primary location factor affecting high density development. Those areas in Clare County which have the best transportation access are the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Village of Farwell. In order to allow a larger density, municipal sewer and water is necessary. Interchange Sector. --There are five interchanges along the U.S. 27 Freeway. Because they provide access to the freeway, they promote urban development. However, not all interchanges can be expected to attract growth. It is anticipated that the interchange near the City of Clare and the two interchanges south and north of the City_of Harrison (See lv\:ip 18) wil I attract considerable urban development • . Corridor Sector. --High intensive land use development also locates along major highways. These highways provide a good road system which is desirable for intensive land uses. The corridors' depth may vary by the type of land use. For example, commercial development may require 300 feet of depth, while high density residential may require 600 feet or more to permit good residential design. The important factor is that local municipalities recognize those highways while will develop as high intensive uses so that proper zoning controls with prudent site plan review can be effectuated. Certainly along such major highways direct access to the highway must be carefully controlled since numerous access points reduce the efficiency of a highway as well as create a traffic hazard from turning vehicles which conflict with through traffic. Future Land Use, Map 18, indicates several major highways in the County for high intensive uses. North of the City of Harrison Business Route 27 is shown as a high intensive land use corridor. Business Route 27 is presently two-lane facility within the City of Harrison. Other High Intensive Areas. --The Future Land Use Plan also indicates other areas as high intensive land uses (e.g., central business districts and industrial areas). Although these areas are high intensive land uses, the Zoning Ordinances for the Cities of Clare and Harrison ·cmd Hayes Township specified the use. Therefore, the Regional Land Use Plan ..indicates the .use qnd not the concept. The Central Business District in the City of Clare is the primary commercictl area within Clare County. Certainly the Year 2000 County projected population of 45,000 to 50,000 persons is not sufficiently large to warrant a competing regional shopping center in Clare County. Thus, th~ City of Clare business center should be strengthened as the regional shopping area in Clare County. In this manner, more shopping opportunities will be provided Clare County residents than if a competing center were promoted. ' - IOI - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ;,::J :)fr~ > ,z ::, 0 (.) ...,<( 0 UJ (.) en 0 !SABELLA COUNTY FUTURE USE - 2000 LAND "'" SECTORS HIGH LOW -:;~·~::::::::~:~:❖~ ~:::: :::~.:~:::~ :· INTENSITY ZONES DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT C O N S E R V A T I O N~ INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL ,::;;:,:-:;;,:;:;;.:::::;;;:;;;:;;:: i R U R A L ~ •.__,: MILii- 4 FO R E S T E D " ·, JUNE. 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS 18 THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART htR0UGH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTERED BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN �It shoLJld be the policy of the City of Clare and Clare County to promote the CBD area of the City. Redevelopment of the business center through rehab ii itation and renewal could provide sufficient off-street parking, a stronger commercial district, office uses and high density residential development. Another intensive land use in the City of Clare area is the industrial development proposed south of the City. The 40 acre, 16 site industrial park wil I be complete in the latter part of 1978. The central business district in the City of Harrison is another intemive land use development. It is a substantial business center which serves the central ar,d northern portions of Clare County. This business center wil I serve a secondary function to the City of Clare's business core. North of the City of Harrison, in Hayes Township, is located an 18 site industrial park. The park is served by paved roadways and other utilities. The area has some industrial development, is flat and is between the two U.S. 27 interchanges serving the City of Harrison. A second industrial park is presently being developed in the City of Harrison and should be complete with all facilities by August, 1978. A third intensive use is proposed in the Village of Farwell. Presently the Village is in a period of improvement. The voters of Farwell approved in tv\:irch of 1977 to accept a $400,000 sewer and water grant to improve their present system. Also, there is a good possibility rhat Farwell will be developing on industrial park. However, the Vil loge of Farwell lacks a zoning ordinance to control potential growth. The Village of Farwell should investigate preparation of a zoning ordinance and other reasonable controls to combat haphazard, untimely development. Low Intensity Development Sectors. --Low Intensity Sectors represent areas with varying degrees of development. For the most part, these sectors range from small lake front lot developments to very large rural lot developments. Both types of Low Intensity Development has its own character. Moderate Density Residentiol.--This sector provides for a moderate density of between three and six families per gross acre. These densities are possible in Clare County only because most of the areas in moderate density are seasonal residence areas. If more permanent residents move into these areas municipal utilities might be needed~ Moderate density development refers to single-family development on small lots in forested and lake areas and also townhouse development. A mixture of housing types and lot sizes will provide a heterogeneous community, allowing a mixture of age groups and income ranges. Planning for related land uses, (e.g., schools, neighborhood shopping centers and recreation areas) and their location is the responsibility of local planning. It is important for local municipalities to recognize the relation- . ship of their local plans to the Regional Plan. County roads and facilities should be provided in a regional concept. It should be the policy of local municipalities to require a full range of improvements (e.g., underground utilities, sidewalks, and paved roads) within the moderate density subdivision areas. These areas are urban in - 102 - �i nature and require such improvements. The Clare County Road Commission now requires that al I new residential subdivisions have paved roads. The unincorporated communities in Clare County are also proposed for moderate density development. Lake George and Meredith have already taken steps to insure coordinated growth through use of land use planning and zoning. A water and sewer pion was prepared for Lake George due to an increasing number of permanent residents. The pion was turned down by the Lincoln Township Board as being too expensive. To minimize potential health problems Lincoln Township should consider alternative water supply and sewage disposal systems. Lake Station (Garfield Township) however, hos not token any major steps to pion for its future other than that of a land use pion prepared for the Township in 1976. A zoning program should be undertaken in Garfield Township to ensure that Lake Station's a viable I iving and service oriented area. Large amounts of growth within or adjacent to these concentrations of development should not be encouraged. These areas primarily serve immediate service needs. Their character should not be encouraged to change since it is more economical and beneficial to the County as a whole to promote growth in the Clare and Harrison City areas. Low Density Residential. --It must be recognized that large lot subdivisions ore in demand. The number of families per acre may range up to three. These suburban densities do not always require o full range of urban improvements and municipal utilities. Where all utilities are provided, it may be feasible in certain areas to exceed this density range subject to detailed local site planning and based upon · specific land characteristics and potentials. The low density areas in Clare County are included within the Low Density Development Sector. Rura I Forested-Non-Farm In Clare County, there is considerable evidence of residential development locating in rural areas. Completely preventing this type of development is unrealistic. It, however, should be carefully watched. Urban improvements (e.g., paved roads, municipal utility systems,. fire and police protection and schools) cannot economically be provided as they could be in the urban areas of the County. In these rural areas, lot sizes should be in the range of one and two acres, but no larger than 10 acres. Lot splitting and subdividing should be controlled through zoning and subdivision ordinances. In many cases the rural areas are on the fringe of urban development. Land speculation and promotion con become detrimental to the future development of these areas if and when demand permits such development. It should be the policy of local municipalities to discourage subdivision activity in these areas by requiring large lots through ::oning and to discourage long, narrow lot splits {by requiring a minimum width to depth ratio for residential lots). Conservation Sector Two large areas in Clore County ore suggested as Conservation Sectors (See tvbp 18). Four outstanding features of these areas are the topography, woodiand, wetland and - 103 - �generally large acreage of State owned land, and lakes. In these areas, some land has over 12 percent slope and are not conducive to urban development. Winterfield, Summerfield, Redding, Freeman, Lincoln and Greenwood Townships comprise much of the Conservation area in the northern and western portion of the County. Heavily wooded areas and significant topographic variations characterize this area. Estate development (ten acres or more) and recreation areas (State parks, scout camps and private camps) typify the existing development. Such development preserves the natural beauty of the area and should be preserved and expanded in the future. The Conservation Sector expands into Hatton Township and includes the MidMichigan Community College due to its large wooded site and Camp Rotary a major Scout Camp. Parts of Frost and Franklin Townships comprise another Conservation area north of the City of Harrison. This area has a rolling terrain and is heavily wooded. Clare County has the topography and natural assets to develop as a regional recreation area. Seven mill ion people are within three hour's drive of the County and access by these people to the County is greatly enhanced by the e;xisting freeway system. Recreation and tourism has become one of Michigan's largest industries. It is possible for Clare County to take greater advantage of this industry and provide a new economic stimulus within the County. It should be a policy of the County to establish a committee to further investigate the recreation potential of Clare County. The Clare and Harrison City Chambers of Commerce and other organizations in the County could work with a County recreation committee to promote the idea of a recreation industry in the County. State and Federal agencies could also be contacted to lend assistance in this area. It should be the policy of Clare County and local municipalities to preserve and enhance the natural amenities of the Conservation Sector. Zoning Ordinances should be adopted in Redding and Greenwood Townships; the other townships in the Conservation Sector should strictly implement their existing ordinances. Agricultural Sector The primary agricultural land in Clare County is in the southern and eastern portions of the County. These areas have gently rolling terrain with fertile soils which are presently being farmed in many locations. The biggest problem in the Agricultural Sector relates to scattered residential developments. To help control this situation and protect the agricultural nature of the ar~, small lot residential development should be discouraged on active agricultural land. Two areas in the Agricultural Sector will have urban pressures. One such area is in Grant, Garfield and Surrey Townships. The concept of the Land Use Plan is to provide a broad open space area between the two urban areas in the County. Strong zoning ordinances will be necessary to discourage subdivision activity in this area. Certain areas around Lake Station and the U.S. 115 and U.S. 10 intersection may experience growth, but this growth should be concentrated and I imited. - 104 - �A second area which will hove urban""i:lgricultural conflicts is in the east Grant and west Sheridan Township areas. The soils to the east of the City of Clore are generally not conducive to urban development and a strong zoning ordinance can protect this area. Land Use Control Most townships in Clare County have zoning ordinances in effect. Those townships without zoning as of June 1978 are Garfield, Grant, Greenwood and Redding Townships. Within these townships, there are no regulations regarding the location of land uses. At present only Redding Township has not developed a Township Land Use Plan. The remainder of the townships do have (or will have before 1979) zoning ordinances in effect. Ten of the 12 zoned township's did so through the assistance of the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions. In forming the Association the township's were able to prepare their zoning ordinances in a basically uniformed manner. Thus, the district sizes and allowable development for the agricultural, forestry, recreation, commercial and residential areas do not conflict. It is now the responsibility of these townships to equitably enforce and when the need arises to properly update their Land Use Plans and Zoning Ordinances. Each township presently has its own part time Zoning Administrator. Consideration should be given to the cooperative effort of hiring a full time professional Zoning Administrator and enforce al I the zoned Townships in the County. The Townships of Arthur and Frost prepared their own Zoning Ordinances without the help of professional planning personnel. These Townships should consider revising the ordinances to take into account the standards their surrounding Clare County Townships have adopted • The Vil Iage of Farwell is the only incorporated community that does not have a zoning ordinance. In 1976 the Village Council approved a Future Land Use Plan but did not take action to prepare a zoning ordinance. Farwel I should adopt a zoning ordinance immediately, especially considering its high intensity development potential. Conclusion The Sector Theory proposed by the Regional Comprehensive Plan requires a high degree of responsibility on the part of local municipalities to place controls on the development of Clare County. It will take a large effort on the part of the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the Clare County Planning Commission to encourage loca·I leaders to adopt the concept of the Plan and to implement the Plan through proper land use controls. In some instances, the County will have to supply the needed expertise and I eadership for local municipalities. This may be done by developing model ordinances for local adoption, preparing a series of education meetings on the Association's Planning Program and developing methods for the County to share in the enforcement of local ordinances. As noted earlier, the fact that a particular existing industry, business or subdivision is omitted from the Future Land Use Plan does not mean new or changed land uses in the future cannot be recognized on more detailed, - 105 - �local municipal plans and zoning ordinances prepared under the guidance of the more general Regional Comprehensive Plan. The Future Land Use Plan primarily deals with 11 sectors 11 of land use intensity rather than individual land uses. Some communities may object to the fact that their area is not considered for urban growth. The Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the Clare County Planning Commission must convince such leaders that growth and bigness do not necessarily equate to qua I ity of I iving environment or even progress. Urban growth is a burden. Utility systems, road systems and community facilities must be developed where growth occurs. Problems of pollution, land use controls, increased assessments and taxation and numerous other problems will plague growth communities. Certainly more expertise in government is required. Most communities in Clare County need not be faced with such burdens; other communities cannot escape these problems and must face up to them. This Land Use Plan can only be achieved if County and local community leaders accept its challenge and work towards its accomplishment. - 106 - �ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS �ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS Introduction The Organizational Analysis is part of the implementation phase of the planning program in which definite proposals are made relating to the structure and organization of the present government in Clare County. It is not within the scope of this study to undertake a detailed time-study analysis of the several County departments but rather: to make recommendations relating to the overall structure of the present government organization. Recommendations contained within this study are not meant to reflect the qualifications or capacities of the individuals filling these affected positions. Structure of Counties Counties in Michigan, as in many other states, operate on a series of laws passed over an extended period (150 years in Michigan) even though revisions were made in the 1963 State Constitution. The present structure of County government in Michigan places both elected and appointed officials in office. The State Constitution spells out the functions and powers of these officeholders in Michigan. There is I ittle centralized authority as different government officials are not responsible to a single authority. The fact that County officials have managed to perform their duties so well is a tribute to their capabilities and not a result of the present organizational structure as defined in the Michigan Constitution and State laws. However, counties only have those powers delegated to them by the State. Their administrative structures and financial and service powers are explicitly spelled out in the State Constitution. Few court decisions have been made regarding the implied powers of the County so it is impossible to determine if they may be expanded beyond their present limit. Administrative Offices The State Constitution presently requires that the following offices be filled through a direct, partisan, county-wide election -- Clerk, Prosecuting Attorney, Treasurer, Sheriff, Drain Commissioner and Register of Deeds. 26 The Judges of the Probate, Circuit and District Courts are also elected. The people filling the above offices, with the exception of the jrJ dges, constitute the "executive" branch of the government in Clare County. It is quite evident that the lines of responsibility of these offices are set up to make the holders of the above offices directly responsible to the electorate instead of being appointed as the County residents directly determined who are the officeholders. Legislative Branch The County Board of Commissioners constitutes the legislative body of county government but also holds some administrative powers as delegated to it by the State laws relating to county government. The number of Commissioners within a county is governed by State law, depending upon the resident population as indicated following: 26 The Register of Deeds and the County Clerk offices may be combined . .... 107 - �County Popula t ion 0 - 5,000 5, 00 l - 10, 000 10,001 - 50,000 50, 00 l -600, 000 over 600,000 Ma x imum Number of Commissioners 7 10 15 21 25-35 At present, there are seven members of the Board of Commissioners in Clare County. Each member of the Bo:Jrd represents one geographic district of the County with approximately an equal number of County residents living in each district so that the one-man, one-vote principle is in effect. A committee composed of the County Clerk, County Treasurer, and County Prosecuting Attorney decided in 1971 that there will continue to be seven districts during the 1970 decade but the boundaries of the existing districts will change due to the new 1970 Federal Census. 27 The County Board of Commissioners has the power to set the budgets of most of the departments (a notable exception is the County Road Commission which receives its funds directly from the State collections of gas and weight taxes) and thus exercises financial control over most of them. However, as indicated, the holders of most County offices are elected and in this respect are not directly responsible to the County Board of Commissioners. tv\any advisory committees and boards are also appointed by the Commissioners and report directly to this body. In effect, these committee members do most of the work for the Board and make recommendations directly to it. · County Functions Service Functions of Counties Previously, it was felt by many political observers that with improved transportation and communication and more urban centers that service functions of the County would gradually disappear and give way to the more densely populated municipalities. However, just the opposite trend has developed. tv\any students of government now feel that the County is the best level of government to provide services. This increase in responsibility to County government has occurred as many services can be performed more efficiently and economically on a county-wide basis where economies of scale and possibilities of specialization develop (e.g., water and sewer systems and I ibraries). Also, in rural, unincorporated areas, the County is the logical body to provide these services as many townships do not have the financial resources to cope with the problems. The Federal and State governments have also realized the value of performing certain services on an area-wide basis and have encouraged the County role by providing grants · and aid to counties. In the future, the service function of the counties in Michigan will undoubtedly increase, especially in areas which ore becoming urbanized, as urban problems spill over municipal boundaries into the outlying areas. The services provided by the counties which are mandatory and required by the State consist of holding elections, maintenance of law and order, care of prisoners, providing courts, supervising pub Iic welfare, keeping vital records, maintenance of county roads, care of dependent and neglected children and the relief of indigents. ' 27 Clare County Clerk, April, 1978. �Permissive functions or those which the county is allowed but not required to perform include the construction and operation of parks, I ibraries, airports, hospitals, the provision of other health services, water and sewer systems and port facilities. However, counties cannot perform services for incorporated areas within boundaries unless these areas specifically give the county permission to do so. Financial Powers There are three basic sources of revenue for counties--property taxes, State allocations and Federal aid, and fees, fines and charges. The combined County property tax assessed by the townships, school districts, and the County is limited to 15 mills or $15.00 per $1,000 of State Equalized Valuation. With a referendum vote, the limit may be raised up to 18 mills. In 1974 Clare County voters set a fixed millage I imit of 15 mills to be distributed in the following manner: County Townships Clare County Intermediate School District School Operatinga 6 Mid-Michigan College 5.5 mills 1.0 mills .5 mills 8.0mills l.5mills aThe rate will vary depending upon the respective school district. 6 1ndicates an extra-voted millage. At present, there is no proposal to increase the mil loge over the present 15 .00 mil I I imit. The counties have no control over the amount of State aid refunded to them as the established formula upon which these disbursements are based is applied to the total dollars collected at the State level. Federal aid to counties depends upon the need of the county and the county's awareness of the Federally funded programs and its financial ability to raise its share when required to do so. The counties thus have no control over the amount of State or Federal aid available to them, but can further their own causes by pursuing certain programs (e.g._, State recreation and Federal water-sewer grants). ln relation to charges, fees and fines, I ittle control is established in the county except for the amount of various user charges which it sets. In relation to the total revenue picture, the amount of the property tax is the only area in which the county can influence its revenue intake to any large extent and an upper limit is set on this amount by the voters. At present, counties cannot establish and use non-property taxes such as an income, sales or value-added to obtain revenues~ Thus, no additional sources of tax revenue are available for use at the county level. The amount of debt which a county may pledge its full faith and credit is limited by the State Constitution to ten percent of the State Equalized Valuation of real and personal property, or about $19,000,000 in Clare County as of 1978. -109 - �Charter Counties The next question which needs to be answered is what alternatives and modifications to the present structure of government in Clare County are available? Act 293 of 1966 sets up the guidelines for Charter or Home Rule counties in the State as allowed by the .1963 State Constitution. At present, only two counties have sought to exercise the authority of the Act. Wayne County voters have twice rejected propositions to authorize a charter commission while ~ltas County voters, after having elected a charter commission, rejected, by a wide margin, the proposed charter. Since this alternate form of government exists in Michigan, the provisions of Act 293 are briefly discussed in this study. Administration The County Home Rule Act of 1966, or Charter County Act, requires, as in the statutes relating to general county government I that five offices--Clerk, Sheriff, Treasurer, Register of Deeds and Prosecuting Attorney--be filled by direct partisan elections. It . appears that the Drain Commissioner and Road Commission could be appointed or elected under a non-partisan system. No meaningful changes are made in administration by enactment of Act 293. Service Functions There is no fundamental difference in the service functions of the county under the general county or charter county act. The county is stil I required under the home rule act to provide the same mandatory services as under the existing structure. Also, any countywide services cannot be carried out in vii loges or cities without the permission of such incorporated areas under either county structure. Taxing Powers The cost of county services under County Home Rule would approximate those under the present governmental organization. Salaries and supplies are increasing and will continue to do so under either form of government. Also, the public will continue to demand more and better ser1ices regardless of the type of government which provides them. On the revenue side of the ledger, Act 293 offers the possibility of increased revenue from the same sources. The County could set up a ten mill tax limit in its charter. This is 4 .5 mills more than the present 5 .50 I imit voted in Clare County in 1974. No new county taxing powers are granted under the County Home Rule Act. Conclusion The County Home Rule Act, Act 293,does not have the potential substantially to improve operations in Clare County. This is the case not so much because of the Act's wording but because of the existence and nature of Michigan townships. Since World War II Michigan townships have advanced in legal status to the point that they approach the legal standing of Michigan cities. As a result, Michigan counties have no geographical - 110 - �territory or population over which they have exclusive control (except with respect to certain functions). The Michigan situation, then, provides a special dilemna for county home rule advocates. There are several alternatives. One, which is to confront the issue of township or city legal standings, would require a substantial political fight. A second altern~tive is to limit county powers to so-called "new" functions as they become apparent. Another is to assign certain aspects of individual services and regulatory functions to the county-an approach which could give counties a role as a "producer" or "wholesaler" of services while other units focus on the 11 del ivery II or "retailing 11 aspect of the service or function. County Administra tor One additional topic related to the structure of county government is the issue of whether to have a full-time Administrator, or Control Ier, depending upon the title used. At present, all County Administrators in Michigan are appointed. They obtain their legal power of office from the County Board of Commissioners. Clore County In Clare County, the growth of County services and expenditures has been steadily increasing. The 1978 budget allows for over $2,280,000 in expenditures of County funds, excluding the budget of the rood commission which is a separate entity. Thus, County government in Clare is at the present time a mil I ion dollar plus operation. At present, the administrative function of the government is directed by those members of the County Board of Commissioners on a part:-time basis. The fact that the County has maintained a high level of services at a reasonable expense is a tribute to the efforts of the members of this Board. In approximately 22 counties, a full-time administrative position has been created by the Board. His functions are to review the budget, handle personnel problems, be the purchasing agent and advise the Board on other County affairs. There hc1ve b-aen no studies conducted to determine the effect of such an administrator upon efficiency, costs and the level of government services. Much of · the effectiveness of such an executive is an individual matter which varies from county to county and is dependent upon two basic criteria: the ability of the person fil I ing the office and the power granted to this individual by the County Boord. Unfortunately, no quonti tative measure of these actual benefits exists as efficiency or output per dollar may increase but only with the spending of more money. It is recommended that the County Boord of Commissi.oners consider creating an office for a full-time appointed administrator when the County population and work load demands it. Such an administrator would be directly responsible to the controller or administrator. Also, Gogebic County, whose 1970 population was approximately 20,676 has a control Ier. Prior to 1969, any counties with a population greater than 75,000 could implement the controller act. However, this restriction was removed in that year, and since that time, the concept has been implemented and investigated by some counties with a population less than the 75, 000 figure. - Ill - �It is felt that such an administrator could significantly reduce the work load of the Board of Commissioners and act in an advisory capacity to the members of the Board. The powe rs of this administrator should be as broad as possible and exp! icitly defined. Since this office is created at the wi II of the Board, it can be dissolved if found to be unsatisfactory. No increase in efficiency can be expected if such a position is created but no power is granted to the officeholder. The duties of such an administrator would be to implement the pol icy decisions of the County Boord of Commissioners. He would be responsible for preparing the budget, handling labor negotiations, centralizing purchasing and organizing and staffing those departments over which he would have control. In many instances, an insight into the daily activities of the various departments is required to determine their actual needs and to see what improvements can be undertaken (e.g., shifting of personnel and work loads between various departments and the consolidation or improvement of specific services provided by the County). A county administrator could fulfill such a void that presently exists and would most Iikely more than pay his salary by increased efficiency and output. In effect, such an administrator would implement the pol icy of the County Board of Commissioners. He would perform the administrative functions of the Board and free them to make pol icy decisions. Board of Auditors The County can establish a Board of Auditors consisting of a one-; two- or three-man Board whose members are appointed by the County Board of Commissioners. The Board of Auditors has assumed the role of the full-time administrative agency in counties having such a body. Its functions are to advise the County Board of Commissioners on policies relating to budgets, established a centralized purchasing department, audit all claims against the County and be responsible for other functions not specifically · assigned to any other County departments (if desired. by the Board). The role of the Bo1:ird of Auditors would be one that overlapped considerably with a full-time executive. Therefore, it is proposed that no Board of Auditors be created for Clare County since the functions of such a body would be similar to that of a full-time administrator. ~ounty Board of Commissioners Number of Members The present governing body in al I counties is the County Board of Commissioners. This agency replaced the County Board of Supervisors in 1968 as the administrative board within all counties in Michigan. In Clare County, there were 27 members on the County Board of Supervisors. Included were the Township Supervisors and one or more city supervisors from each municipality, depending upon the population of the incorporated area. The number of commissioners wil I remain at seven during the 1970 but a change in boundaries will occur so that the one-man/one vote principle will remain in effect. It is felt that seven is a workable number for the County Board of Commissioners. It is also recommended that in Clare County, the number range between seven and 13 members, and always consist of an uneven number of members. Thus, the Board would not be too - 112 - �smal I to complete its work nor be too large and cumbersome. It is imperative that an uneven number of commissioners be apportioned so that inequities will not exist on issues coming before the County Board of Commissioners. It is understood that the number of commissioners only changes at the time of each Federal decennial census and that reapportionment is governed by a committee consisting of the County Treasurer, County Clerk and County Prosecuting Attorney. However, many proposals as to the number of districts are usually received. This recommendation, if fol lowed, would place some I imits on the number of commissioners and would estab! ish certain guidelines. Drain Commission This deportment is to a large extent financially outo:iomous as most of the Drain Commission projects ore financed via special assessment levies even though County drains at large ore paid from the County General Fund. Due to the very nature of its functions, it hos many contracts with the Road Commission. Also, it hos close contact with the Register of Deeds office. Planning Commission The Clare County Planning Commission is charged with the responsibility of making studies, investigations and surveys relative to the economic, social and physical development of the County, formulating plans and making recommendations for the most economic, social and physical development of the County; cooperating with all departments, State and Federal governments, and other pub I ic agencies concerned with programs directed toward the economic, social and physical development of the County; and consulting with representatives of adjacent counties with respect to their planning so that conflicting, overall plans may be avoided. A necessary part of any planning program is implementation. This is the stage through which many of the recommendations and policies contained in the Plan are put into effect. It is, therefore, recommended that the County Planning Commission establish workable channels through which planning recommendations can be implemented once the Comprehensive Development Plan is completed. ' These channels could take a variety of forms. A full-time planning staff could be hired and a planning department created. Planning services could also be made available through professional planning consultants. A monthly retainer could be us~d to provide planning expertise to local government for a specified number of days per month. The County Planning Commission could also appoint new committees among itself to study in depth sp~cific problems. Whatever channels are established, the County Planning Commission must remain sensitive to the needs of the local units of government. It is recommended that the Clare County Planning By-Laws be reviewed. Periodic review of such By-Laws can promote revisions which are relevant to the composition and policies of the Commission. Items which should be reviewed carefully are membership, duties of the Chairman, attendance and duties of committees. - 113 - �It is also recommended that membe rs of the County Planning Commission be given nominal per diem compensation for attendance at meetings. This compensation should be commensurate with that amount received by other similar committees. This will not only serve to reinforce the val ue and necessity of planning in relation to other County departments but may also increase attendance at meetings. Regular monthly meetings should be held to keep the County Planning Commission actively involved with the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and al I township planning and zoning changes. A~sociation of Clare County Local Planning Commissions The "Association" is a group of communities in the County which formed for the purpose of having land use plans, zoning ordinances and housing studies prepared. Act 245 of the Public Acts of 1945, as amended, enabled the Association to apply for 701 planning funds, thereby, helping the members afford professional planning expertise. Three annual 701 grants were awarded by the State to the Association in the years 1975-1978. During this period nine land use plans, five housing studies, 11 zoning ordinances and a Regional Comprehensive Plan were prepared (all were adopted except for Grant Township Zoning Ordinance). In most cases very little planning activity would have been completed by the local governmental units had there not been an in-house planning · advisor available to answer daily questions. The members of the Association may also avail themselves to the services of a professional planning consultant who is contracted yearly to perform specific duties. Both the planning advisor and consultant are paid through the 701 Planning Assistance Grant. The Planning Grant helps keep the Association in a sound financial footing. Every dollar collected in Clare County is matched by two federal dollars. This matching money allows many communities who could not otherwise afford to prepare professional quality plans to do so. Bu ii ding Dee9rtment As of November 6, 1974 the State of Michigan's statute mandated that a building permit be required for all structural work. In Clare County the Building Department is located in the County Courthouse in the City of Harrison and is manned by two full-time inspectors (one building and one electrical) and a full-time girl Friday. It is the responsibility of the Building Department to ensure that all structural work meets the State building code. This means that all new construction (including mobile home installation), changing of supporting or bearing sections, additions, demo! itions and the moving of structures cannot be done unless a permit is first obtained. Also, a building permit cannot be issued until the following conditions are met: 1) a zoning permit has been issued by the respective community (if applicable), 2) a sanitation permit has been obtained from the Health Department, 3) a floor plan and the other applicable details have been presented to the Building Official, and 4) a complete application and energy code worksheet had been comp Ieted • Thus, the Building Department makes sure that all new development complies with the applicable local and County regulations. For added insurance a minimum of three on-site - 114 - �inspections are performed after the permit has been issued to insure that the construction wi ll comply with the State building code. If someone fails to obtain a permit before starting construction a fee double the original building permit is charged. If any plumbing changes are needed a plumbing permit is required, the forms are available from the Building Department, but a State inspector is called out to perform this duty. If any electrical work is needed, an electrical permit is also required. The Clare County Board of Commissioners hired an inspector early in 1978 just to handle electrical inspections (he shares an office and secretary with the Building Inspector.) As the Building Department is presently set up it is an efficient organization. An improvement could be made, however, if a zoning administrator was also housed with the Building Inspector. Presently, each community that has zoning has its own zoning administrator. A more efficient system would be to have one professional full time administrator shared by all communities, rather than having 15 or 16 part time, wel I intentional but inexperienced laymen. Treasurer The County Treasurer is an elected County official with a myriad of duties. The Treasurer's office is the one County agency which experiences a peak work load in the spring and a lower volume- in the last two months of the year. At the present time, an additionaly part-time person is employed during the first few months following February 28, to handle this seasonal increase of work. One function of a County Administrator would be to transfer people from one department to another during this peak and slack work months. This could be done in the Treasurer's office but not without the advice of someone who has a day-to-day working knowledge of the various County departments which would be affected. Presently, as required by a Michigan State Statute, the delinquent tax rolls are turned over to the County Treasurer each spring. When the taxes are collected by the County, they ore distributed to the local municipalities and school districts. A State statute allows the County to pay the municipalities the money due them, and collect it themselves with all interest accruing to the County. This action saves bookkeeping for the Co'.Jnty Treasurer as the rolls do not have to be reviewed to determine where the money is to be distributed when collected. From this activity the County receives a four percent col Iection fee and three-quarters of one cent interest for each month of delinquency. Courts Counties in Michigan have little control over the number of judges of the Probate, District or Circuit Courts which are assigned to them. The State pays a large proportion of their respective salaries and determines their respective jurisdictions. Thus, Iittle administrative control is administered over them by the respective counties. Cooperative Extension Service The Clare County Office of the Michigan Cooperative Extension Service is located in - 115 - �the County Building in Harrison. Clare County, I ike other counties throughout the United States, has this educational arm extended from · the Land Grant College or University in their State. The funding of the Extension Service in Clare County is a joint effort by the Federal, State and County Governments. The Federal and State portions of the budget are funded through Michigan State University providing professional staff positions, bulletins, and other educational materials. Clare County supplies the office space~ office supplies, clerical staff, agent travel expenses and other office operational needs. The Clare Extension Office is staffed by a County Extension Director who has responsibility for total program direction and also works with Agriculture and Resource Development, a 4-H Youth agent and 4-H program assistant who work with boys and girls involved in the 4-H program. The extension office also has a Family Living Agent and Nutritional Assistant to work with families on family living programs and consumer marketing. The Cooperative Extension's programs are available to all Clare County residents. Complete support of all the resources at Michigan State University are available to provide these educaHonal programs. The Clare County Extension Staff is directly responsible to Michigan State University but is conscious of Clare County's needs and welcomes input from .Clare County residents on programs, program direction, evaluation, etc. The staff also works closely with other branches of County government, Township government, Churches, local organizations, etc. - 116 - �IMPLEMENTATION �IMPLEMENTATION CONTINUING PLANNING PROGRAM Introduction Due to the nature of urban growth today, increasing population makes continuing comprehensive planning necessary to guide orderly development, and to assure wise investment in future development. Planning must encompass economic and sociological considerations, land use inventories, and forecasts, community facilities plans, transportation plans, and capital improvements programming. Before improvements are made, it is vital to understand and thoroughly consider the interaction of each phase and the complete interdependence expressed by the word "comprehensive . " It is primarily due to this fact that Clare County has begun a comprehensive planning process, supported by County, State and local financing. As a result, many planning 'programs and inventories hove been initiated. However, planning is a continuing and evolving process. After the inventories, various analyses and forecasts ore made and final plans are prepared to guide future urban development. Reason will dictate that a continuing planning program is needed to keep data current and make continuous evaluations of any deviation from the projected course of growth established in the initital Comprehensive Plan and township plans would seriously affect future Goals and Policies as originally conceived. Therefore, the following Continuing Planning Program will guideline a framework for: Watching and charting the growth process in Clare County. Noting and evaluating deviations from the projected and recommended Comprehensive Plan and Township detailed plans. Quickly and accurately evaluating alternative suggestions on land use development. If Clare County's Continuing Planning Program is to evolve, requirements for this program should follow an established guideline. The suggested program consists of the following: 1. Surveillance-Keeping data inventories current while maintaining a continual watch over regional development and spotting and evaluating, as quickly as possible, the implications of any deviation from the projected course of development. 2. · Continuing Reappraisal-Checking for significant land use changes, and updating any corresponding elements. 3. Service Function-Provision of data from the planning program for day-today decisions. 4. Research-The development of improved procedures and forecasting abilities with the possible simplification of data requirements. 5. Annual Report-This phase is elaborated upon iater in this report. ' - 117 - �Throughout this guide of a Continuing Planning Program, time scheduled for the updating of various projects are given a bi-annually, annually, or over a period of several years. Because these time schedules are demanding and untried in Clare County, it may be desirable to alter them to develop a more realistic schedule and stil I conform with the intent of the total planning program. The alteration of these schedules wil I probably depend upon the rate at which urban development occurs in the County. Now that the County and its townships realize the planning pro.c ess is a reality and understand it· to be a necessity, the true success of the program will be the implementation of the recommended plans. If the plan in the Continuing Planning Program is to deal with reality, a procedure for obtaining official endorsements by all involved agencies should be integrated into the program, so that ultimate adoption is emphasized to complement plan preparation. Such endorsement may be generally assured by the following actions: 1. Complete involvement in the plan development by all Clare County, township and municipal agencies. Through such involvement, policymakers will sense the true basis and value of comprehensive planning. 2. Through the thorough understanding of the Goals and Policies of the program, the presence of bias, prejudice, political motive, or mere intuition will be removed as bases for pol icy decisions. 3. Encourage use of inventory and planned data. With the information gathered, private citizens and businesses can benefit directly in day-to-day decisions through their reliance upon available data. Organization One of the most crucial factors in the Continuing Planning Program is the establishment of an organization. In this manner, it can be assured that consideration will be given to all elements, and implementation of the proposed plan will actually occur. Understanding and cooperation between the local municipalities, townships, and the County must exist if they me to provide for the establishment of committees to effectively carry out a Continuing Planning Program. The participating agencies, committees, and commissions must determine the organization and structure of the agency best suited to local conditions. The Organization Chart, Chart 2, indicates the typical coordination of work of each participating agency and charts a flow of responsibility. Since the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the Clare County·· Planning Commission represents the interests of the aggregate population of the County, they can serve as the Coordinating Commissions or nucleus of the Comprehensive Planning Program. - 118 - ------ - - ------- -~. •. �CHART 2 SUGGESTED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE County Citizenry I I Local Government County Township Municipal Federal Government I State Government I Coordinating Commissions {Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and Clare County Planning Commission) Planning Director or Professional Sublet Services I I I I Technical Committees Ex-Officio Members ' ' I I I . I Planning Department Staff Citizen Participation Advisory Committees 119 ' �Policy formulation and overall direction of a Continuing Planning Program is carried out by the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the County Planning Commission. Technical committees, which should be composed of professional representatives of various participating agencies, wil I provide technical guidance and assist the Planning Director in directing the program. Technical committees should be established to help handle all phases of Comprehensive Planning such as transportation, land use, open space, recreation, and community facilities. The Planning Director should assist and advise the Coordinating Commissions in reviewing policy matters related to the Continuing Comprehensive Planning Program. The most important function of the Coordinating Commission is to assure that all projects are undertaken in conjunction with development concepts adopted in the Comprehensive Plan. Perhaps the most difficult planning task is determining whether a proposed project is in accordance with plan concepts. This determination must rest with the Coordinating Commissions and the Planning Director as a major part of their functions. In addition to scheduled meetings, the County Planning Commission should meet any time the need arises to formally review and approve or disapprove proposed projects and/or programs. It is recommended that the Coordinating Commission maintain a full time secretary and Planning Director to effectively guide a Continuing Planning Program, and to qualify the area for available federal financial assistance. Depending on financial capabilities, consultants may also be on a retainer basis. The Continuing Planning Process The Continuing Planning Process provides for goal identification and periodic revision, constant awareness of development occurring in the County, maintenance of current data, re-evaluation and revision of the Comprehensive Plan as necessary, annual reviews, and a report. This is the process that continually achieves a useful, meaningful, and current program. This Continuing Planning Program should be organized by the Planning Director to function on an annual basis. The preparation of an annual report based on the various planning elements should culminate each year's work. An analyses of the County's past year's growth should be contained in this report, with recommendations for the ensuing year's course of action. Special studies and analyses of changes in development patterns must be done to meet the objectives of the program •. In many cases, spot analyses can provide a means for updating a program without necessitating major data collection operations. Through the use of technical comm_ittees, local communities as well as townships should update their data so the Coordinating Commissions are aware of changes, development characteristics and patterns. - 120 - . �As the Continuing Planning Program progresses, Clare County wil I undoubtedly develop new and better techniques to perform the essential analyses and updating. Components of a Continuing Planning Program Goals and Policies A major step in a Continuing Planning Program is the periodic revision of Regional Goals and Policies. These elusive Regional desires must be updated to reflect the Regional aims and assure that development progresses as intended. 3ecause these Goals and Policies determine the overal I application of planning recommendations, it is imperative they be reviewed yearly. This review will determine the extent of progress toward achievement and modifications needed to reflect changing desires. As a part of this overall definition and revision, Goals and Policies should be identified for at least, but not limited to, the following items: housing, business, and aesthetics of the Region. Goals and Policies based upon these items should reflect sound principles to meet short- and long-range needs of the area. Total acceptance of the Goals and Policies must be contingent upon period review so that no action taken by the Regional and County Planning Commissions conflicts with overall Goals and Policies. Whatever the Goals and Policies selected, they should be publicized and discussed from time to time to keep the general public informed. These Goals and Policies should have the support of the County and local (township, village, city) officials, as there would be little chance of implementing them without their approval and support. County Value Factors A continuous effort should be made to evaluate attitudes and values held by the County concerning matters that may be affected positively or negatively by the Comprehensive Plan. For example, if the County values a strong recreational system, a continuing planning effort can be made to provide County parks, beaches, fishing sites and recreational facilities, and to provide adequate access to these recreational areas. If the County values the preservation of historic sites, planning can help insure development from disrupting or encroaching upon such areas. It is not a simple matter to keep an accurate account of something as subjective as County value factors, but through contacts with key community groups observing what various individuals do and say, or through attitude surveys, it is possible to gain a workable understanding of those things that can be protected and enhanced through sound County planning. Maintenance and Updating of Planning Data One of the more difficult but necessary work items for a Planning Director is the assembly and tabulation of planning data from various sources. An efficient and reliable method for collecting and fit ing this data must be provided so the Regional and County Commissions are informed of al I new developments and their utilization. It is important that this system ...;-· - 121 - �be designed by the Commissions and their Director to incorporate and produce information useful for the Continuing Planning Program and be readily retrievable. Population-Economic Data It is vital to the Continuing Planning Program that population and economic data be maintained and kept current. Population-economic data form the major yardstick for determining whether the County is developing in accordance with projected patterns. Therefore,. one of the key elements of the maintenance program is to record and compare actual growth with the forecasts contained within this Comprehensive Plan. Further, it is desirable to determine any major changes which,. in the long run, would affect the overal I development of the projected land use pattern. Data should be summarized in tabular form with the incorporated municipalities responsible for their jurisdictions, and the County and Townships responsible for the unincorporated areas. Such as the Michigan tax statistics,. employment data, sales tax data, Motor Vehicle Registration data, building permits, and State and County population estimates would be helpful in maintaining this phase. The annual updating of the County O.E.D.P. would be useful. It is important to emphasize that gathering data and making inventories is costly. Only those items required for proper planning considerations should be inventoried and duplications of studies should be avoided. Land Use Land use should be planned on a parcel-by-parcel basis and continually coded in the same manner used in the initial township plans. All agencies utilizing land use data should agree upon a standard land use code (Michigan Land Cover/Use Classification System) and be requested to use this standard system for identifying and coding land use activities within the County. This procedure would also help simplify later groupings of data. N\apping Inventory The current mapping program should be continued, providing for the annual updating of base maps used in the Comprehensive Planning Program. It is suggested that information be kept current through the establishment of a "chain of communication 11. This communication would involve cooperation between the local township and municipal governments and the County government for reporting changes in inventory information. Keeping base map information current can be costly but, in the long run, it will be beneficial to the County. Without current County, township and municipal base maps, a Continuing Planning Program will have less long-range value. Transportation Facilities All modes of transportation directly or indirectly affect one another, and current knowledge of the status of each mode is necessary for proper operation and forecast of a balanced transportation system. Therefore, a continuing inventory of transportation foci! ities should include streets and highways, airlines, railroads, and any other mode of transportation in use. - 122 - �Because of their predominant role in the transportation system thoroughfares must be fully inventoried. The inventory should cover all physical and operational characteristics and contain functional classifications in accordance with the Comprehensive Plan. Information pertaining to existing capabi Iities, average speeds, and past accident records should also be gathered and analyzed. Such information is vital in recommending and evaluating improvements to the system. Community Facilities New schools, parks, recreational areas, and public buildings should be added periodically to the original Comprehensive Plan. In order to keep a Cont inuing Planning Program abreast of current data related to parks and recreational facilities, it is recommended that quarterly meetings be held by a technical committee consisting of a member of each Municipal Park Board (if established), a member of the County Park Board (if established) and a member of the state Department of Natural Resources. This technical committee should submit quarterly reports to the Planning Commission for recording current data affecting its Comprehensive Planning Program. Likewise, a representative from each school district in Clare County should become a member of a technical committee that would also submit quarterly reports to the County Planning Commission and the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions. Financial Resources The status of financial resources is important. In the majority of cases, there are always more improvements needed than funds available. Financial resources and expenditures should be under constant review to determine if the best possible use is being made of existing revenues. County Capital Improvements Program should be made by a technical committee consisting of the Planning Director, a member of the County Board of Commissioners, a member of the County Planning Commission, and a member of the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions. If existing revenues ore inadequate to meet costs of improvements recommended, other methods and sources of acquiring additional funds should be investigated. Law and Ordinances As public officials can act only where statutes permit, laws and ordinances are the basic means of protecting and enhancing the overall welfare of Clare County's citizens. This protection is afforded by pol ice regulations, building codes, zoning · ordinances, subdivision regulations, health standards and other resolutions and laws. Without properly planned control through the use of laws and ordinances, the probability of proper development is remote. Therefore, all laws and ordinances should be reviewed annually with recommendations to proper officials for revisions, amendments and/or additions needed to promote development in the best interest. - 123 - �f Annual Review and Report for a Continuing Planning Program The fol lowing are several reasons for recommending an annual report of the Continuing Planning Program: • It would form a permanent reference document for development of the County in terms of population growth and characteristics. • It would form an important source of trend information for all data collected during the Continuing Planning Program. • The annual report would keep all involved agencies informed and, at the same time, ensure the on-schedule undertaking and completion of the many functions of the program. Work completed during any given year by the staff, technical committees, the Regional and County Planning Commissions, as well as by a Planning Director should be condensed into an annual report. After approval by the Regional and County Planning Commissions, this synthesized report may be reproduced in hand-out copies for public consumption. The report wou Id also directly benefit the Board of County Commissioners and other legislative authorities in future decisions affecting Clare County. The fol lowing items are suggested for inclusion in this annual report: • Tabulation of the annual change in population and employment by type of activity. These changes could be compared to the conditions forecast during the original studies. Deviations should be analyzed and followed by recommendations for new courses of action. Continual updating of the original Comprehensive Plan and local plans and ordinances is imperative. • Major new developments should be described in both tabular and graphic form to indicate the direction of shifts in population and employment • • An analysis of public expenditures should include a listing of major projects undertaken in the previous year, and their effect on the economy and growth of the County • • Finally, on the basis of all data collected during the previous year, recommendations should be made for the major emphasis or thrusts in the program during the a, suing year. • These recommendations might include requesting concentrated efforts for delving more deeply into specific areas, or an immediate updating of plans in light of substantial deviations from the original projected trends. Financial Responsibilities of the Continuing Planning Program Maintaining current data in respect to the majority of elements of a Comprehensive Plan has been indicated throughout this repeirt. Maintenance of data can range from full-time, day-to-day operations for the County to part-time or intermittent operations for the local communities, townships, or County,. This maintenance and evaluation is a requisite for proper planning. - 124 - .;;· �Responsibility for coordination of a Continuing Planning Program should be assigned to local governments and to the County Planning Commissions. In order to supplement the Planning Department's budget the County, incorporated cities, communities and townships requiring services within the County should appropriate monies. This cooperation between the County and local governments would undoubtedly make possible the hiring of a qualified, competent planner or firm. It would also achieve coordination of all community, township, and County planning elements. Federal funds may be available for financing portions of a Continuing Planning Program on a matching basis. An investigation should be launched to determine the availability of such funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) or other government departments. Proper planning does not come cheaply, but the end result of a sound planning program over a period of years will repay the County tenfold. The following table, "Updating Procedures," lists in outline form the procedure, frequency, and responsibility of a Continuing Planning Program for the points previously discussed in Maintenance and Updating of Planning Data . Table 40 - UPDATING PROCEDURES Population Factors Procedures Frequency Responsibility l. Update current population historical trends, including in- and out-migration estimates by age groups. Annually Local, County & Association 2. Update in- and out-migration pattern data. 5 Years Local, County & Association 3. Maintain current population and number of house ho Ids. Continually Local, County & Association 4. Forecast future (5- and 20-years populat-ion by urba nized area, political unit · or census zones. 5 Years Local, County & Association Econof!1iC Factors (Could -be accomplished as part of the Annual O. E. D. P. Updating Process) Procedure l. iVointain current data on labor force for the study area; i.e., employment and unemployment as inventoried by place of residence by the Bureau of Census - 125 - Frequency Responsibility Continually Loco I, County & Association �Procedure Frequenct Responsibil itt 2. Currently M::tintain current data on employment for th e study area by category by place of work. These control totals should then be distributed by zone. (Suggested categories are manufacturing, services, trade, transportation-communication-util ities, and agricu Itura I -resources extraction.) 3. M::tintain current per capita income data (in constant dollars). 5 Years County & Association 4. /v\ointain current average family income by zone (in constant dollars). 5 Years County & Association · 5. M::tintain current truck ownership and car ownership through use of Bureau of lv\otor Vehicle Registration. Annually County 6. M::tintain current state sales tax receipts and bank deposits by city. Continually Association 7. N\::iintain current retail sales. Bi -annua II y County & Association 8. M::tintain current data on land values or tax duplicate of land and structures. Continually Local, County & Association 9. Maintain income consumption patterns. As Needed County & Association . 5 Years County & Association 5 Years County & Association '5 Years County & Association 5 Years County & Association Frequency Responsibility ·10 ~ Review area economic growth and development potential. 11. Forncast future (5- and 20-year) employment by category by zone of work. 12. Forecast future (5- and 20-year) total personal income in constant dollars and calculate per capita income. 13. Forecast future (5- and 20-year) average family income in constant dollars by zone. Local, County & Association Land Use Procedure l. /v\ointain current land usage parcel by parcel. Continually Local, County & Association 2. Prepare current pattern and update coded maps of land use for comparison with previous maps and pub I ic presentation use. 3 Years Association 3. M::tintain current land utilization by category. ,Annually Association 4. Prepare pattern or coded future land use maps. - 126 - 5 Years Association ~.:.· •. �Procedure 5. Document land use forecast procedures. Frequency Responsibi I ity 5 Years County & Association Freguency Responsibi Iity tvbp Inventory Procedure 1. Provide new aerial photographs at fiveyear intervals (stereoscopic). 10 Years County 2. Provide sectional enlargements of aerial photos, l 11 = 400' in intensively developing areas. 10 Years County 3. Prepare aerial mosaic. 10 Years County 4. tv\:i i nta in current County base maps. Annually Association 5. tv\:iintain current base maps of townships. Annually Association 6. Prepare large scale maps of other large . areas of interest and study industrial park development and display maps. As Needed Local, County & Association Note: Aerial photographs may be used to review and check land use maps. Transportation Facilifies Procedure Frequency Responsibility 1. Number new freeways, expressways, major and collector intersections. As Needed County & Association 2. tv\:iintain current map of inter-section numbers. Continually Local, County & Association 3. tv\:iintain current functional classifications of all roads and streets. ·continually Local, County & Association 4. tv\:iintain current physical characteristics of network by I ink on al I except local streets. Annually County 5. Review capacities of, all inventoried streets, and intersections. 5 Years County 6. tv\:iintain a current Ii.sting of deficient intersections for improvement scheduling. Annually Local & County 7. Prepare map showing present usagecapacity relationship of all streets and intersections. As Needed Local & County 8. tv\:iintain current ADT maps of area showing volumes of all streets over 1000 ADT. As Needed County & Association - 127 - I �Procedure Frequency Responsibility Annually Loco l , County & Association 9. Determine dangerous locations from accident spot maps. 10. tvbintain current data on airlines, railroads, inter-city bus· and truck lines as required to balance area transportation system 11. tvbke field reconnaissance of each segment of the proposed network to determine feasibility. 5 Years Local, County & Association 12. Provide current design standards for future network. 7 Years Loco l & County Frequenc}'.: Responsibil itt Annually Local, County & Association Frequenci Responsibil itt Annually Local & County 5 Years Loca I & County Annually Loco I, C aunty & Association Community Facilities Procedure l. tvbintain current maps locating the following community facilities:* Present and proposed churches Present and Proposed schools and school .districts Present and-proposed parks, open space and recreational facilities Historical sites and buildings Fire districts Other community facilities Financial Resources Procedures l. tvbintain current the following financial data: Real and personal property tax Bonded indebtedness Present and committed tax obi igations. Jvloximum tax ra'tes and bonded indebtedness. Other data as necessary 2. Prepare cost estimates of future (5 and 20 years) capital improvements. *Jvlony of these maps are maintained and periodically updated by existing local agencies. This information should be utilized as much as possible. - 128 - ... ~ �Procedure 3. Recommend a 5 year and 20 year fiscal program and implementation procedures. Frequency Responsib i Ii ty 5 Years Local, County & Association Frequency Responsibility Laws and Ordinances Procedure 1. Main ta in current inventory of changes Continually to zoning resolutions, setback requirements, bui !ding codes, and I icensing powers. Loco I, County & Association 2. Local, County & Association Re-evaluate al I development codes and Annually resolutions as they relate to future development plans to determine deficiencies. - 129 - �APPENDIX �ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Introduction The Regional Comprehensive Plan for Clare County is an overal I guide for the rational future planning of development in Clare County over the next 20 to 25 years. The Ex:sting Environment Analysis, analyzes the current conditions of the natural environment in the County, including an identification of existing environmental problems and potentials. The Land Use Plan element provides for desirable location of land uses to minimize land use conflicts, maximize economic and natural resources and provide for the County residents' housing, shopping and recreation needs. The Transportation Plan element analyzes the transportation system in the County and recommends future improvements, where necessary, to accommodate anticipated future transportation usage and to increase the safety and efficiency of the system. The Community Facilities Plan element analyzes and identifies deficiencies in the areas of recreation, schools, County administrative offices and pol ice and fire protection. Environmental Impact Clare County is essentially sparcely developed at present with only a few scattered small vacant lots and an increasing trend toward large rural lot development, thus there is virtually no environmental impact related to large scale development of vacant natural areas. However, the Plan does propose certain developmental policies in the Future Land Use Plan which calls for land use changes that would result in development of existing rural areas. High Intensity Development The proposed expansion of high intensity development north of the City of Harrison wil I eventually result in the development of many existing vacant areas. However, these high development uses will be subject to the Hayes Township Zoning Ordinance which requires proper setback and drainage. Also, the land which is presently proposed as Commercial on BR 27 north of the City of Harrison is a deteriorating large lot residential strip of development with interdispersed commercial and retail uses. In fact, high intensity development could improve the natural features through landscaping and planting of additional trees, shrubbery and grass. Low Intensity Development The Future Land Use Plan· also calls for some low intensity development in surrounding communities of Lake Station, Temple, Lake George and Meredith which at present have a number of deficient and substandard homes with small commercial cores providing some basic living services. Development in these areas could cause removal of several homes and the combining of some inadequate lots that in the end wil I benefit the environment by removing deficient structures, improving deficient lots, and providing population concentrations to support existing commercial areas. Additional development along U.S. 10, north of Farwell, Old U.S. 27 north and south of Harrison, approximately -130 - �500 acres directly west of the City of Clare, and the Five Lakes area are all expected to be future low intensity development sites. in Grant Township These areas are also presently in the stage of scattered commercial and more intensive residential use. The corridor on U.S. 10 northwest of the Village of Farwell is currently commercially zoned. High density residential areas abut this commercial corridor. A mobile home community is also included, as are many commercial uses and singlefamily residential lots. The area directly west of Clare has scattered commercial lots with Iittle natural ground cover. The area surrounding the Five Lakes development in Grant Township is also expected to flourish and develop to a more intensive area within the next twenty years. Two, five mile long corridors are expected to develop along Old U.S. 27 both north and south of the City of Harrison. Much of this land is already in small lot development with residential and commercial uses intermingled. Development of these corridors will be control Ied by zoning ordinances in both Hayes and Hatton Townships. Low Intensity Development is not planned to occur on large vacant properties and as such does not mar large acreages of vacant and previously untouched land. These areas are al ready located on the primary transportation system in their area of the County and no new roads would need to be constructed. In its developing stages the Low Intensity Sector will not need municipal services, however, when fully developed, in approximately the next twenty years, water and sewer services will probably have to be developed along the corridors and in the clusters of low intensity development in the various t?wnships. Exceptions to this proposed need might be the localities of Temple, Leota and Meredith which might not develop large concentrations of potential water and sewer users. Rural Residential Development Development in the Rural Residential Sector will be primarily large lot developments of one to ten acre lots and occassional estate-sized ·l ots. Sewer and water needs will not present themselves due to the large lot sizes and.the sandy conditions of much of the sectors soil. This Sector's development merely assumes that the existing pattern of subdividing and developing in these areas wil I continue and in fact that they should continue to al low ample land to be left for conservation and forestry uses. Most of the areas de! ineated as being in the Rural Residential Sector are already generally on smaller lots or larger tracts surrounded by ten acre or less size lots. The Future Land Use Section envisions that these existing residential areas be more fully utilized in the future. · The environmental impact of this development will destroy very little natural beauty of the large lots, which will accommodate an increasingly larger percentage of Clare County residents. If residential land is clustered in this fashion other more environmentally sensitive lands will not need to be developed. - 131 - �Agricultural Development Agricultural Development is expected to occur primarily in the south and south-west areas of Clare County. Much of this land is presently in agricultural use of some kind. The economic feasibility of a forested section of land being cleared for potential farm land is slight. With this fact in mind the Future Land Use Plan is expected to only minimally affect the environment in the Agricultural Development Sector. Conservation/Recreation Development The proposed acreage allocations in the Conservation/Recreation d istrict should be no less than ten acres in size. With lots this large environmental degradation should not occur. With densities this low, public facilities or utilities will not be needed. Wildlife habitats are generally found adjacent river basins and the only such area in Clare County is along the Muskegon River. In the Future Land Use Plan it is proposed that the Muskegon River area be untouched to allow the river basin to remain in its natural state. Concentrating urbanization on land in areas presently in various stages of development will have the effect of keeping the two major Conservation/Recreation areas in the most natural state possible. Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects The Plan will have minimal negative environmental effects because most of the Pion elements are aimed at improving the existing urban development. Relatively few changes in land use and densities are planned. The extent of the natural loss is confined to the removal of a smal I number of trees, shrubbery and grass normally associated with building a single-family home. There are no critical natural areas that will be disrupted. The effects on the man-made environment will potentially involve the widening of streets and the increasing of parking spaces in the incorporated communities. Alternative to the Plan The principal alternative to the planning program would be to take no action in the future, thereby allowing development to continue without the benefit of an overall guide or blue print. This is what happened in the past in Clare County. Numerous lake associations have formed to arrange for neighborhood and lake clean-up programs. Both Bud Lake in Hayes Township and Eight Point Lake in Garfield Township have hired a seaweed harvesting firm to improve their lakes. This occurance is the result of waste seeping into the lake in the form of phospherous and nitrogen. Both these elements feed the algea and seaweed growth in the lakes. The existing high density of single-family homes is too great for the lake environment to effectively handle with the implementation of various township zoning ordinances, lake areas and other environmentally sensitive areas wil I be protected from over development. The fact must be realized that Clare County will experience development in the future whether it is planned for or not. ~ 132 - �Relationship Between Short-Term Environmental Use and Long-Term Productivity Al I of the planning elements in this Plan are intended to provide recommendations and to project needs through the Year 2000. All recommendations are expected to be gradually implemented over the next 25 years. The recommendations made in the Plan are aimed at maintaining and enhancing the environment and long-term productivity of the County. Any short-term losses, deficiencies or inconveniences caused by the implementation of these recommendations, such as the removal of a few shrubs or bushes caused by maintenance and construction work, would be temporary and necessary to realize long-term benefits. Irreversible and Irretrievable Committment of Resources Numerous committee meetings and numerous hours of meetings wil I be the major resource committment. The total cost of the Regional. Comprehensive Plan's recommendations has not been calculated, as all of it awaits specific project planning; and much of the land acquisition will take place well in the future when additional people realize the beauty of I iving in northern Michigan. Surrounding the incorporated communities some natural resources (trees, grass and open space) will be lost, although most wil I be replaced through new planting and landscaping. Applicable Environmental Controls 1 Numerous controls are available to minimize any negative environmental effects that might be caused by these planning recommendations. Environmental Assessments with Federal and State review are required for any Federal Aid projects that might be implemented and, as part of these assessments, the Department of Public Works includes planned techniques designed to reduce negative environmental effects of a specific project. Numerous Federal and State agencies (including the Federal Highway Administration, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of the Interior, among others) require environmental review. Two specific County agencies, the Clare County Road Commission and the Clare County Drain Commission, may sometimes be included in review procedures. Finally there is local review through the Clare County Building Department which will not approve a building permit unless a health permit has first been obtained through the Clare County Health Department and unless the local zoning administrator has assured the County Building Department that the development does obey all rules of the township or community. Included within all township zoning ordinances prepared by the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions is a section requiring that the local community prepare a wetlands map denoting environmentally sensitive lands and prohibiting development on such lots less than ten acres and only then if the use does not involve any major construction. If major construction is involved a professional engi.neer will have to have to prove that the environmental effects are minimal. - 133 - �VALUE OF HOUSINGa CLARE COUNTY 1970 1~ =-=-=-=-========================-===-=====-----=----=-------------------=--=---------- -----==== -Unit Townships: _. w ~ Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Re dding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield $5,000 Less $5,000 9,999 $10,000 14,999 $15,000 ,$17,500 17,499 19,999 $20,000 24,999 $25,000 J4,999 $J5,000 49,999 7 0 0 0 60 4 7 0 0 0 26 9 $50,000 Total . morP ne: cup ie d (_b) 16 6 48. 27 7 2J 16 14 0 0 0 65 19 26 6 37 14 24 10J 116 27 18 115 59 169 72 12 16 29 225 1J 39 JS 0 JS 14 15 JI+ 59 19 18 97 19 6 20 7 0 12 8 17 5 47 J17 I 6 0 0 12 8 0 21 15 6 6 0 0 0 10 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 26 31 28 22 0 6 0 0 0 9 115 105 J2 41 J9 68 53 74 21 221 191 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 76 387 1 /_~ 2 5(, 71 f-. 7 450 J4 Cities: Clare Harrison 19 J2 137 County Total 0 415 1155 82 62 615 424 21 0 0 0 ---~v-71 580 321 30 91 County Median= $9,900 * 1970 Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. a Owner Occupied, Data limited to one family homes, detached or attached, vacant or for sal e , on less than 10 acres and no business property. Cooperatives, Condominiums, mobile homes, trailers excluded, Based on 10% sample, b Indicates data suppressed for confidentiality purpo s.e s, C Includes suppre sse·d data therefore County totals· are accurate ·. . �TABLE A-2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS CLARE COUNTY 197 o•, ================================== ===========r=========================================== Bu-iJ .t . Unit Occupied I :Vacant · Year Round Seasonal .f or· Sea·s o~al Vacant Migratory i Occupied & Vacant Year Round Year -Eo1~..ohst..rJJ.Ction Vacant For Occasional Use Other Vacant 37 9 · Total TownshiQs: _, w ., (.)1 'r. Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield t48 150 31 114 ,382 530 135 299 171 604 204 77 218 100 679 120 - 267 .33 5 706 543 159 - 4 .. - 203 155 262 552 1090 689 269 - 218 420 645 145 11 '-~ 358 264 2180 1077 203 265 344 1070 184 67 1270 828 101 32 244 985 JO 5 5 9 21 14 ~o 203 422 262 585 1095 r:;9 3 26 9 19 22 227 24 10 106L~ 2(4 2723 1077 203 8 265 JOO - 60 50 4 344 1229 184 4 985 935 12802 Ci ties: Clare Harrison County Total * 90.5 478 5345 24 - 911 322 24 28 1737 4 11061 4837 499 - 1970 Census of Housing, Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. ECMPDR Staff Calculations. ~ �TABLE A-3 TYPE OF STRUCTUREa CLARE COUNTY 1970• 1Unit 1 Unit Detached 1 Unit Attached 2 Units J-4 Units 5-19 Units - 7VIooIIe _______ _ 20-More Home Total Townshi.:2,s: w 0- Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Gre enwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield . 170 137 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 7 0 0 12 0 13 19 0 0 0 7 13 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 750 809 6 124 7 JJ 34 4 23 15 10164 35 247 JS 86 250 528 1046 631 2L/.6 352 229 2039 1031 203 260 336 977 170 0 5 8 JO 0 0 .o 28 18 0 24 27 39 23 6 203 155 262 552 1 09 0 689 2ri 9 J 58 14 264 2180 1077 203 265 . · J4i-11070 184 0 48 /.j,3 985 911 0 L~91 27 104 22 0 5 8 55 Citi e s: Clare Harrison County Total *Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes, aOccupied and Vacant Year Round. 0 11061 �TABLE A-4 COUNT OF HOUSING UNITS WITH COMPIETE BATHROOM FACILITI ESa CLARE COUNTY 1970•~ --=================o=============== ======================================================== Unit None or Half Bath 1 Bath 1 1/2 Baths 2 Baths 2 1/2 Baths 141 7 10 0 24 44 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 or More Baths Total Units 0 0 0 0 0 7 147 261 .537 1091 TownshiQs: ....w . ......;J (". Arthur Franklin 1''reeman Prost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamil ton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield , 57 48 72 15.5 373 34 112 70 532 37 197 71 770 110 15 14 0 6 18 0 0 0 32 4J 0 .5 0 13 7 149 13 689 708 128 52 3682 6.532 496 61 1358 489 159 · 58 2.53 174 47 193 J.58 668 579 155 0 277 201 31 775 23 0 :. 6 0 14 9 97 0 0 0 8 6 205 6 91 267 J78 262 · 219fi 107( 6 0 0 0 8 0 196 274 JJJ 1070 185 96 33 29 0 21 0 976 942 277 50 50 11087 Cities: Clare Harrison County Total * 1970 Census of Housing, U,S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. a Occupied and Vacant Year Round, Based on 15% Sample Calculations, b Includes -bathr~om facilities also used by occupants of another unit. �TABLE A-5 SOURCE OF WATERa CLARE COUNTY 1970* ----------===-----==-=-=====-=-=--==========-==-====-=====-==-==-=~=========~=====-=== Unit Public Systemb or Private Company Individual Well Otherc . ' ., .. .. Total Units Townships; _, w co Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hu.m :i.lton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Surnmerf ie ld Surrey Winterfield 0 193 147 261 12 0 0 11-1-7 468 1055 54 24 537 0 261 6 7 371 72 2103 998 0 0 15 12 15 10 24 670 2L~L1, 6 0 8 21 54 205 261 1091 691 267 378 262 2196 0 1076 196 5 274 0 0 0 196 269 324 18 722 167 886 586 90 0 349 7 976 942 1969 8897 221 11087 333 o. 24 1·,o 333 1070 185 Cities: Clare Harrison County Total ~~ 1970 Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. ~ Occupied and Vacant Year Round, Based on 15% Cal ·u ulated Sample. Common source supplying water to more than 5 units. c Water directly from · springs, creeks, rivers, etc. �TAB1E A-6 HEATING EQUIPMENT CLARE COUNTY 197 o• i- -----==-=--=---=--=--=-~====-=---=-==-- ======--===-=-=-=--=---=------ =---=--=--=-==--~=-==-===- =Unit Steam or Hot Water Central Warm-Air Furnace Built-in Floor-Wall Electric Pipele.ss Furnace Units Room Heater with Flue Room FireplaceHeater Stoves without Portable Flue Heaters Not He at e d Tot a l TownshiQs: __, w '-0 ,. Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamil ton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield 5 7 0 0 29 19 0 14 16 58 0 0 25 0 JS L1- 68 92 0 116 218 406 SJ 88 72 386 96 0 90 0 J12 13 0 17 6 0 28 4 40 0 6 .30 J2 35 71 37 4 79 37 1J6 114 651 119 160 117 ~-17 511 828 95 ''. 87 161 76 41+9 ,.72 5 238 123 0 14 0 6 21 0 8 1J 22 0 88 33 50 J.1-G 24 0 29 13 15 1Li- 275 0 · 8 35 52 0 86 0 28 18 68 21 10 15 0 5 0 9 0 JJ 20J 155 262 552 J 090 5 ~89 0 14 9 18 358 264 21 80 1077 20J 26 S J4f+ 1070 184 10 209 0 0 5 0 1131 46 62 28 2.50 47 19 319 14 0 0 9 0 911 1080 256 20J8 129 1106 1 ·' 66 I+ 5 J 0 18 0 Ci tie 2 : Clare Harrison County Total * 1JO 51 396 47.5 4JJ . 2948 29 190 '70 . . •· , 0 985 :· 1024 1970 Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes, �TABLE A-7 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT CLARE COUNTY 1949 to 1970* ====================-=======-==================-===~==========================~==-====-· Unit 69-70 6 5-68 60-64 . 5' 7 36 7 33 27 6 71 79 183 159 41 80 79 245 60 31 45 309 177 15 26 131.J, 33 1,191 293 51 21 50-59 40-49 1939 or earlier Total Tow nshi.:2.§.1.. 1, _. ~ 0 ,. Arthur Franklin Freeman frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield 11 56 6 35 10 113 90 67 18 27 98 54 22 39 294 231 203 155 26 2 184 35 186 31 12 43 235 245 114 38 68 1 O5 318 382 51 27 127 311 33 JO 1-1,3 67 97 112 105 150 211 109 11-1-2 517 313 985 911 421 1,643 2,768 2,.526 1,198 2,505 11 , 061 58 35 6 12 50 24 0 24 16 35 0 86 l-1,6 32 . 63 552 105 39 23 68 90 12 92 64 73 96 47 144 21-1264 73 1,090 089 2(9 358 2(.4 2,180 1,077 203 265 J44 1,070 184 5 239 ()0 Cities: Clare Harri -s on County Total Source: 1970 Census of Housing U.S. Bureau of the Census l-1-th Count· Summary Tapes. * Bases on 20% Sample, �TABLE A-8 COUNTY AND STATE MEDIAN VALUES a CLARE COUNTY 1970* =---------==-=-=-=---=-=-==============-=----=--===-=-=-------------------=-----------=--=-----County State Median Value $9,900 Unit Total No. Number Owner Below - .. Occupied .· · _·$1 o, ooo .% Total Median Value $17,600 Number Above $10, 000•,• Number Below % ·. , · $17, ·500_ -~otal . ,,... . ' Number Above $17,500 Township_s: ~ _, r Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield 60 23 JS 47 269 317 22 151 14J 1-J,7 187 76 J87 142 142 76 68 71 67 450 N/A 16 67. 239 N/A 321 580 156 11,4 3064 1542 56 52 228 111 · 50 56 5J 88 7 2-.5 36 229 234 77 85 74 11 40 SJ 29 20 6 62 . 6 0 25 . 0 87 N/A 118 174 45 :··43 -: 24· 159 . 59 78 89 23 100 53 N/A 37 : . . Jl_ .. 6. . ·_ :55 167 70 325 1J6 56 )2 f.4 96 100 65 . 211 .- N/A 46 · 67 J6J N/A 424 207 376 208 .65 11J 1522 2400 78 664 :. 0 . 100 81 N/A Citieg: Clare Harrison County Total • i- 27 J6 . 50 1970 Cens u s of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary·. aOwner Occupied, ECMFDR Calculations, 65 204 �Clare County True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-9 _____ 1972 __________ 197J __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ____ _ Real Pro:Qerty 16,101,439 Agricultural $13,881,664 16, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, ,,,, 120,57% Commercial 14,359,166 $12,726,71.3 % of yearly change 12.8% % of change '72-'77,, ,,., 85, 1+% Industrial $4,644,875 4,574,855 -1,5% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ,, ,,, 37 • 1+% Residential $122,109,168 143,063,975 17,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 114,7% Timber Cut Over11,061,9J? 17 l 146- ! i 5z % of yearly change 55,0% % of change 0 72-'77,, .,,, 96,9% $162,456,191 Total Real yearly change 1 ..... % of change '72-'77, •,,,, % of ~ 197,587,350 21.6% 91,8% 22,213,003 .38.1% 30,127,364 37,7% 28,77.3,814 -5,9% .30,619,1..1-26 18,485,867 28,7% 21,275,229 17, 5% 22,06.3,838 1.6'.1- 23,592,944 6,9% 4,809,958 5. 1% 1+,527,416 -5,9% 4,878,828 7,7% 6,J80,9JO .3 O. 81, 18.3 ,616 l 930 215,356,661 17.6% 217,080,5.32 228,iS08,J21 5,.3% 20,961,186 22.2% 2J,6J0,885 .1J,9%· 23 f 290 I 01+6 21,777,715 -6. 51- 247,167,932 25, 1% 297,503,8.36 20,3% 295,886,102 ,541 28.J% , 51 -2.4% 6. 4ot J11,64J,411 5,.3%- �City of Clare True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlF A-10 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 ____ --~--1975 __________ ;976 _____ ~ ____ 1977 _____ .. Real Pro:Qerty Commercial $7,638,942 198 If of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, ••. $2 J 464,606 Industrial 11 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, •• Residential $13,203,421 11·19 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'771 I I I I I 7,757,654 197 1,6% 8, 346., 874 194 7,6% 9 ;;088 ·, 599 •.· 189 8,9% 9,080,335 191 -, 1% 9,554,459 189 5,2% 2,268,822 14 -7,9% 2,707,480 16 19,3% 2,818,179 15 4.1% 2,933,924 15 4,1% 2,384,015 14 -18,4% ~J,3% 13,426,746 1129 1,7% 38,3% 15,197,428 11J8 13.2% 15,424,358 1128 1,5% 17,354,601 1134 12,5% 18,26J,JJ9 1135 5,2% 26,251,781 11,9% 27 I 331J136 4. 1% 29,368,860 7,5% 30,2 04,813 29,4% 3,366,300 412 3,969,200 421+ 1,580,144 343 1,657, /+34 168 3,809,600 23 4,682,400 23 1 J 8/+1 216 18 1,708,2L~O 10 1,472,399 2 1,495,399 2 1,528,465 2 1,579,839 25. 1% Total Real 23,453,222 $23,306,969 % of yearly change .63% 2 % of change '72-'77, ••• •• I , __, Personal Pro:Qerty ts $J,080,882 Commercial 2,970,775 206 202 II of parcels -46,2% % of change '72- '77 2 ,695,Lwo $3,271,000 Industrial 8 6 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,, ,, , · -47,8% 1,J.38,163 Utilities $1,333,580 1 2 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,, •• ~ 18,5% IO I I I I I 2 �City of Harrison True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-11 _____ 1972 __________ 1973 __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ Real Pro:2ert;y $2,188,400 Commercial 110 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change u72-'77. $4,463 Industrial 1 # of parcels % of yearly change Residential $9,353,767 # of parcels 1151 % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, ,,. 000,0 $11,546,630 Total Real % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22·· ,.o, 2,408,199 117 2,874,779 127 19. 1+% 4,433 1 - . 71% 10,083,199 1157 7,8% 51, 1% 4,433 1 0,0% 12,013,674 1155 19 .1% 98.2% 10o0% J2 o7% . 4,040,363 121 5,9% 4,338,274 122 7.4% -- -. 14,048,083 1145 17,8% 13,661,489 1147 -3,5% 14 120 434 1146 3,1+% 17,862,180 19.9% 17,701,852 - , 1% 18,458,708 4,J% 1,535,372 76 1,587,551 74 632,146 ?1 7 J4, 105 78 738,302 772,633 2 788,222 ,... 806,785 2 . 12 , 1+9 5, 8J 1 14,892,886 8 ,2% 19,2% 52,22£ Personal Pro~erty 1,280,274 $1,092,349 Commercial # of parcels 78 76 % of change '72-'77,.,,,, -32,8% $567 ,21.~4 · Utilities 635,705 2 2 If of parcels % of change,o,,,o 42.2% 3,814,097 127 .2 c., J J �Arthur Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-12 --~--!22~ __________ !22) __________ 122~----~-----1225 __________ 1226 __________ 1922 ______ Real Pro12erty Agricultural $2,124,092 2,339,000 230 # of parcels 20.5 10, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••• 122,5% 688,807 Residential $68.5,707 86 # of parcels 90 ,4.5% . % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,., ,, 172,0% 714,267 Timber Cut Over $881,167 106 # pf parcels 117 % of yearly change 18,9% % of change '72-'77,,.,,. 14. 5% 45,000 . Commercial 1 ·# of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, ,, .5. 8% ....; .p... u, , Total Real . $3,690,966 3,787,074 2,6% % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22•••~•• 102,2~ Personal Pro~erty $11,604 Commercial 1 # of parcels Utilities $224,894 236,149 # of parcels 9 9 % of change '72-'?7.,, •• , 17.4% 3,443,123 244 47,2% 4,327,4-37 239 25. 7% 4,448,100 245 2,8% 4,72.5,286 247 6 .2% 929,533 96 34,9% i , 1$87., 761 114 81.6% 1,646,300 11.5 -2,5% 1,865,284 119 13. 3% 849,022 106 18,8% 1,004,745 92 18,3% 991,600 90 -1,3% 1,008,600 91 1.7% 63,042 1 40, 0% .5.5,823 1 -11,5% 47,600 1 :..14. 7% 47,600 .5,284,720 39,.5% 7 ,07.5,706 33°9% 7,133,600 ,8% 7 I 646,770 7 .1% 248,657 259,133 8 266,427 8 269,847 8 1 0.0% 8 1! �Franklin Township True Cash Value of Real Personal l'roperty as determined from Assessment Roll TABI E A-13 _____ 1972 __________ 197J _________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1277 ____ _ _. ~ Real Property Agricultural $151,074 155,365 # of parcels 12 12 % of yearly change 2,8% % of change '72-'77,,,,,. 162,3% Residential $3,477,628 4,086,022 # of parcels 782 925 % of yearly change 17,4% % of change '72-'77,,,.,, 114.1% Commercial $172,.760 197,200 # of parcels 10 10 % of yearly change 14,1% % of change '72-'77., •••• J0,5% Ti mber Cut Over·· t,448,607 1,630,425 # of parcels 156 155 % of yearly change 12,5% % of change '72-'77,,,, .. 41.6% , Total Real $5,250,069 7,699,437 % yearly change 46,6% % of change '72-'77, ••••• 85,2% Personal Property Commercial $37,289 32,512 . If of par c e 1 s . 9 9 % chan~e '72-'77,,.,,, -J7.7% Utilities $677,616 767,188 II of parcels 8 · 8 % change '72-'77•••• ., -10,1% 487,000 22 213,4% 138,230 8 -71,6% 139,651 6 1,0% 396,201 9 183,7% 4,160,149 961 1,8% 6,~17,120 '1093 54,3% 6,964,670 · 1143 7,445,429 . 1174 6,9% 267,812 12 35,8% 241,08?. 11 10,0% 210,958 11 -12,5% 225, 40 0 11 6 . 8% 2,325,026 155 42.6% 2,340,37) 129 ,7% 2,294,945 126 -1,9% 2,05 0 , 600 117 10. 6% 7,239,987 -5,9% 9,i36,805 26.2% 9,400, 22 4 2,9% 9 , 72 1, 628 J, 4% 49,963 18 64,979 24 t6,093 19 23,221 821,943 8 808,054 8 608, 464 8 60 9 , 014 6 8,5% 1O �Freeman '1:ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll A-1 4 _____ 1972 __________ 197J __________ 1974 __________ 1975 _________ 1976 ___ ________ 1977 _____ Real Pro:12ert;y 665,200 Agricultural $517,400 21+ 24 If of parcels % of yearly change 2805% % of change '72-'77,,, ••• 135.6% Timber Cut Over 1,432,001 2,759,826 # of parcels 238 23~ % of yearly change 92,7% % of change '72-'77,,,.,. 100.5% $8,102,590 8,479,082 Re side ntial 2010 # of parcels 1999 % of yearly change 4. 6% % of change '72-'77•••••• 10,4% 72·,·000 Commercial ~ :•_: ~ '. ¢64 I 404 4 4 If of p·a rcels 11,7% %of yearly change ..... % of change '72-'77,,,,, • 15,2% ~ '-I 11,599,61{'.S Total Real $9,650,735 20.1% % of yearly change J.2,8~ ~ of change '22-'72,~•••• ~ersonal Pro:12erty 11,200 ·. :. -$11,200 Commercial 2 # of parcels 2 , % of change '72-'77,,,,,, J12.4% $1,980,853 2,915,495 Utilities 10 # of parcels 0 9 0 83,2% % of change 72- 77•••••• 5,000 Residential $5,000 1 . 1 # of parcels % of change '72-'7?,, •• ,. 0% 1,219,223 Jl+ 59,,4% 1,218, 801..J, 2,616,522 219 6,9% 2,860,555 223 9,3% 2,871,710 227 .38% 7 I 460 I 605 2020 -13,2% 7,906,274 2022 6,0% 8,943,667 2028 1J, 1% 7~-,430 64,865 74,200 750,200 24 1207% 1,i95,s13 JI+ 2,771,262 234 . l}1% 8,600,064 2012 1_,4% . ...,"' . .74 I OOQ . 4 2.7% 12,074,544 4.0% TJ\BIE 4 I 6% 11,347,370_. -6.0% . L/, -12.9% Jh -,'JJ% 4 :1.1.~. Ji,, 12,050,917 6.2% 1J,108,38i 8, 7% 4,876 14,276 12,788 46 ,1 88 4 5,305,571 5,562,412 15 3,045,580 13 3,629,532 10 5,000 1 5,000 5,000 1 5,000 4 . 15 4 1 4 1 �Frost Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-15 _____ 1972 __________ 197) __________ 1974 _________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ Real Pro12erty Agricultural 367,140 $326,223 # of parcels 34 37 % of yearly change t2,5% % of change '72-'77•••• ,. 126% 727,280 Timber Cut Over $795,570 81 # of parcels SJ -8,5% % of yearly change . % of change 0 72-'77, .,.,, 26.3% 7,736,763 $6,991,911 Residential 1312 II of parcels 1239 10.6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, •. , 7L~, 2% 217,300 Commercial $225,550 16 16 II of parcels -36,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 71,5% 26,001 Industrial $21,634 # of_ pn~cels 2 2 .% of yearly change 20.2% % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 91.5% Total Real $8,360,888 % of yearly change 0 ~ of change '22- 22••• ,,. Personal Pro~erty Commercial $59,280 # of parcels · 13 % of change '72-'77• ,i••• Industrial $37,944 # of parcels 1 % of change 0 72-'77, ,,,,, Utilities $1, J81, 006 4 # of parcels % of rh qnge '7?.-' 77, • , , , , 422,759 39 15.1% 828,808 39 96.0% 731,100 40 -11.8% 737,371 38 ,85% 957,261 83 31,6% 1,043,585 80 9,0% 917,761 1,005,055 73 8,769,030 1411 13.3% 12,079,743 1427 37,D;½ 11,420,686 1452 -5,5% 12,18J,J75 11+72 6 .7% 21~,5,188 19 12.8% J87, 891 20 58,2% 311.L~, 1 91 22 -11.3% 386,8 58 22 12,4% J0,047 2 15,6% 43,494 3 44.8% 38,211 3 -12,1% 41,438 9·, 074,484 8,5% 21.7~ 10,424,285 11+, 9% 14,383,521 38.0% 13,451,949 -6,5% 14,354, 095 6.7% 76,774 16 77.J% 44,909 1 91,539 32 100,5:1.9 36 31,887 26 105,080 16 82,678 2 82,678 2 1,819,392 1,847,572 4 1,847,572 4 1,333,936 4 1,546,166 4 12,0% 4 75 -12, 1% 9,5% s·.a% �Garfield Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABI.E A-16 _____ 1972 __________ 1972 __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ ..... .t,:.. '° Real Pro:2ert;y Agricultural 974,194 $491,994 68 # of parcels 37 % of ·yearly change 98,0% % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 221,9% Commercial 26.) I 46 5 $239 I 995 26 # of parcels 27 10 ,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 125,3% Industrial $10.5,670 112,977 ·3 If of parcels 3 % of yearly change 6.9% % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 34.2% Residential $13 I .574, 522 13,959,903 2089 # of parcels 22.50 2,8% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,.,,, 51,5% 1,084,860 Timber Cut Over $660,957 116 # of parcels 91 64, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 131,1% Real $ 1_5I07J11 J8 16,397,399 8,8% % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'27,,,,,, 60,7~ Personal Pro:2ert;y Commercial $118,987 138,199 # of parcels 29 . JO % of change '72-'77,,, ••• -17,4% Utilities $1,605,403 1,862,801 # of parcels .5 .5 % of change '72-'77., ,,,, -25.2% '11 otal 1,220,799 76 2.5,3% 2,116,938 73 73,4% 379,400 521, 01 .5 34 37,3% JO 42,9% • 1,.580,401 95 23,3% 1,583,504 95 9% 427,418 34 -18.0% 540,700 9 ~- __, 1~ 26. S?;,, 141,026 3 24·, 8% 137,172 17,184,265 . 2342 23, 1% 21,2.5.5,486 2J45 23,7% 19,981,846 2J84 -6,0% 20,564', JOO · 2389 1,J01,400 1,759,61$ 96 35,2% 1,55.5,931-J96 -11.6% 1 ,5?.7, 801 97 -1,8% 20,226,890 2J,4% 25,790,229 27,.5% 23,687,365 -8.2% 24,216,305 2, 2%, 14J I .599 .59 174,299 61.J, 109,499 .52 98,299 26 - 1,992,201 .5 2,086,701 .5 1,602,601 1,201,301 95 20,0% 3 -2,7% 141,766 2 3,J% 5 -3,3% 5 �Grant Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIF A-17 · _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ -u, 0 Real Pro:2erty 2,444,600 Agricultural $2,112,454 146 # of parcels 173 % of yearly change 15.7% % of change •72- 0 77.,, •.• 104.8% Commercial $917,691 972,974 # of parcels 49 49 6,0% % of yearly change % of change •72-•77.,,,,. 130,8% 9,244 Industrial $9,244 # of parcels 7 7 0.0% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••, 42.4% Residential 12,850,932 $9,374,698 1586 1510 ll of parcels % of yearly chan~e 37, 1% % of change '72-'77,,, ... 105,9% Timber Cut Over $178,651 305,545 # of parcels 17 . 25 71,0% % of yearly change % of .c hange '72-'77, ...• , 99-9% Total Real 14,637,347 $12,592,738 %· yearly change 16.2% fo of change '22- 0 72•••••• 102,4~ Personal Pro:2erty Commercial $299,049 265,677 # of parcels 34 31 % of change '72-'77•••••• -24.4% Industrial 34,622 · . $15,504 # of parcels 2 3 % of change '72-'77,, ,,,,5807.2% 780,248 Uttlities $718,62.5 # of parcels 7 . 7 % o~ change '72-'77,,,,,, 36.8% 2,703,400 157 10. 6% 4,2.56,585 151 . 57, 5% 3,968,576 159 -6.8% 4,326,201 144 9.0% 1,295,000 50 86,7% 1,416,039 51 9,3% 1,849,899 54 30.6% 2,118,400 9,759 7 5,6% 11,640 7 19. 3% 13,158 7 13,0% 13,160 7 ,02% 14,103,029 1685 9,7% 15,743,560 1682 11.6% 17,773,840 1686 12,9% 19,298,114 1713 325,569 17 16,6% 357,200 17 9°7% 311,751 21 2. 0% 279,279. 17 -10.4% 59 14,5% S. G,Y,. 16, 1+22, 939 12,2% 21 I 707 ! 053 32.2% 23,931,042 10, 2% 26,113,119 9, 1% 996,225 75 618,356 78 200,982 54 226,123 35 48,844 6 49,836 6 450,306 7 915, 8.56 848,862 · 7 890,619 7 926,342 7 982,822 7 5 �- - " ~ -- I Greenwood Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABI.E A-18 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974_________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ I ~ Real Pro:2erty 629,400 Agricultural $583,140 # of parcels 55 57 % of yearly change 7,9% % of change '72-'77,1,110 , 282,9% $18,800 21,400 Commercial 1 1 # of parcels % of yearly change 13. 8% % of change 0 72-'771.,1,1 480,9% $2 ,-6 00 2,600 Industrial 1 1 If of parcels % of yearly change 010% % of change '72-'771••1•1 29014% Residential $ 2,50.3,97.3 3,341,889 616 II of parcels 505 % of yearly change 33,5% % of change 0 72-'77• 111• 1 193,.3% Timber Cut Over $581 , 809 574,544 124 # of parcels ·124 % of yearly chahge -1,2% % of change '72- 1 77111111 118,9% iotal Real $1,690,322 4,569,833 % of yearly change 2J,8% ~ of change '22-'Z21, 111• 192,J~ Personal Pro:2erty 15,600 Commercial $7,000 # of parcels 2 1 % of change '72-'77;., •• , 172.1% 19,600 $12,000 Industrial 1 II of parcels 0 .3 % of change 72-'77, .00 581J% 1,804, 7.36 Utilities $1,792,090 # of par·cels 5 5 % of change '72-'77100101 18.3% I I 1,492,717 67 2,073,020 67 38.9% 2,135,931 68 ·310% 2,233,000 69 · 4 . 5% 48,000 2 73,237 1 109,200 5216% 87,000 1 18. 7% 10,457 4 .302 .1% 12 ,47.3 4 1913% 10,150 4 -18.6% 1 O, 150 4 0,0% 4,591,505 632 37 11-l-% 6,384,636 703 39, 1% 6,920, Oi-J-7 730 8, L~% 7,344,721 75 5 6 . 1% 1,20.3,807 127 10916% 1,358,726 110 12,9% 1,272,580 96 -6.J% 1,273, 6 00, 93 . 08% 7,303,286 5918% 9,902,092 l.9.J% 10,425,708 5,3% 1 O, 970 , 671 9,986 27,840 7 20,376 19 ,0 46 19,000 6 19,000 6 19,000 2 19,000 2 1,885,840 6 2,064,883 6 2,119,.336 6 2,120,3 94 13712% 1241.3% 5 6 1 25. 6% 5.2% 5 I 6 I ( I 11 �Hamilton Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-19 _____ 1972 __________ 1972 _________ 1974 __________ 197 2__________ 1976 __________ 197z ______ Real Property 1,367,200 Agricultural $1,371,800 # of parcels 131 132 % of yearly change ,34% % of change '72-'77,.,,., 124,7% 417,000 . Commercial $345,200 22 II of parcels 23 20,8% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, ,, 76.,?% $140,800 140,800 Industrial 2 2 # of parcels 0.0% % of yearly chan~e % of change '72- 77,, ,,., 74,J% Residential $8,541,399 9,073,999 # of parcels 1606 1725 6,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, ,, , 80,4% I ~ Timber Cut Over 481,000 695,999 42 "'1 # of parcels 42 44,7% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, ,,,, 6,9% 12,962,198 Total Real $10,880,199 19, 1% % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22••••• • 82.6~ Personal Pro~erty $211,861 Commercial 238,833 # of parcels 15 13 , 17% % of change 9 72-'77,. ,,,. Utilities · $3,024,022 3,374,657 10 # of parcels 9 % of change '72-'77,,,,. JO, 1% 1,704,759 144 24.7% 3,435,493 139 101,5% 3,074,891 136 -10,5% 508,352 22 21,9% 680,005 22 33,8% 605,823 22 -j.0,9% 609,836 22 .66% 169,271 .2 20,2% 167,946 2 .--:,8% 171,675 2 2.2% 245,395 11,171,047 1750 2J,1% 14,809,545 1807 32,6% 14,972,005 1820 1.1% 15,411,545 1841 2,9% 719,645 38 3.4% .582,577 32 -19,0% .571, 597 32 -1,9% 514·, 192 27 -10,0% 14,273,074 10, 1% 19,675,566 37,9% 19,¼03,770 -1.4% 19,863,638 2,5% 244,179 282,555 30 271,011 21 212,219 15 J .,6.52·,631 9 3,325,9.53 9 3,933, 205 7 JO 3,546,323 9 3,082,670 138 ,OJ% 2 42.9% �Hatton 'J.1ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from · Assessment Roll TABlE A-20 _____ 1972 __________ 1973 _________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977_____ Real Pro12erty 1,039,780 Agricultural $759,984 21-8 # of parcels 57 % of yearly change 36.8% % of change '72-'77 • . , . , . 1JJ,O% $ J44, 800 Commercial 470 I 560 12 14 # of parcels % of yearly change 36,5% % of change '72-'77, .,,,, 55,5% 32,000 $31,200 Industrial # of parcels 4 3 2,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, .,,, -89,6% 2 , 86J,018 Residential . $2I8451 990 J 44 II of parcels J48 ,60% % of yearly change % of change 0 72-'77,. ,,,, 62,9% 1,055,847 Timber Cut Over $567,864 # of parcels BJ 79 % of yearly change 85~ 9% · % of change '72-'77,, ,,, , 149,9% $4,549,838 Total Real % of yearly change · ~ of change 0 22-'72,,, ,,, 5,461,205 20,0% 8J,9~ Personal Pro12erty $204,834 Commercial 255,442 16 17 II of parcels % of change '72-'77,.,,,. -52,0% Utilities $340,465 366,255 6 6 II of parcels % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 22.7% 1,297,644 59 2,164,592 59 .1,804,935 5/-1- 1,770,509 53 . -1, 9%, 24. 8% 66.0% -16,6% 594,211 17 26.3% 535,498 14 -9,9% 529,905 536 ,31 8 15 1. 2% 37,488 4 17,2% 2,805 J -92,5% 3,243 J 15.6% 3,2 44 J ,OJ% J,425,581 352 19 ,6% 4,794,439 355 40,0% 4,294,570 415 -10, L~% 4,636 ,72 9 427 8, 1% 1,141,283 2 065 578 1, 417,842 92 · -J1. 4% 1,419,2 01 93 ,09% 85 8, 1% I I 8T' 81.0% 15 -2'5-7% 6,496,207 19 1% 9,562,912 47 ,2% 8,050,495 -15,8% 8 ,366, 001 39, 2%, 228,J04 35 293,782 37 '.1.J4,JJ4 15 98 ,384 12 374,386 461,126 395,659 417,821 I 6 6 6 6 �Hayes Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABLE A-21 ---- 1972 __________ 197] _________ 1974 __________ 197j __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ Real Pro32erty Agricultural $146,597 150,599 12 # of parcels 12 2,7% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, •••• 268,4% Commercial $1,315,962 1,235,534 62 # of parcels 72 -6, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 77,3% Industrial 9,517 $9,517 1 1 # of parcels 0,0% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, .• -J0,7% 21,549,690 Residential $20 I 607 536 lf of parcels 4495 ~-719 % of yearly change 4.6% % of change '72-'77,, ,,,, 84,7% 1,151,193 Timber Cut Over $433,968 110 # of parcels 113 %, of yearly change 165,3% % of change '72-'77, ••••• 324,8% 1 I Total Real $22-,STJ, 580 24,096,533 7,0% % of yearly change % of change '72-'22·•• ,,, 20,o~ Personal Pro~erty 41o,17 5 · $366, 01+7 Commercial 42 44 # of parcels % of change '72-'77••••·· 97,8% 117,000 · Industrial $117~000 2 2 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,,,. -40.2% $1,870,252 2,315,472 Utilities ' 6 ' 6 . # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 26.8% 525,700 51+4, 683 533,297 16 -2, 1%• 540,009 16 1,3% 2,158,800 72 74,7% 2,203,373 70 2,1% 2,290,098 70 3,9% 2,332,811 72 1, 9% 6,600 1 -30.·7% 6,534 1 -1,0% 6,600 1 1.0% 6,600 1 0.0% 32 I 97 0 I 880 4974 53, 1% 33,240,386 · 5018 6,9% 37,528,279 38,057,655 5073 1,983,500 116 72,3% 1,780,431 124 -10,2% 1,877,377 127 5,4% 1,843,576 127 -1.8% 37,645,480 39,775,407 5,7% 42,235,651 6,2% 42 I 780 1651 1,J% 458,429 42 409,188 94 290,429 77 721+, 602 54 70,000 4 · 70,000 1 70 000 1 2,437,237 6 2,157,729 2 370 931 3 12 249, 1% 56.2% 2,339,806 6 16 3,6% 50JL~ 6,5% 6 - /+%·' 1 ' 1 I I �~ Li n coln 'l 'ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Propert y as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-22 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ "\ u, u, Real Pro}2ert:y $16,260 49,981 Agricultural 2 1 # of parcels 20'7. 4% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ••••• 646,0% 169,480 $189,691 Commercial 14 # of parcels 19 -10.7% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••• 10J,4% 563,561 Industrial $735,179 · 10 2 # of parcels -23,3% % of yearly change % of change •72..:. 0 77,,. .. ,,211,.3% $12 I 404 I 44/+ 15,151 , 500 Residential 2960 3088 # of parcels 22, 1% % of yearly change ·% of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 76, 1% 1,650,329 Timber Cut Over $800,800 46 98 # of parcels 106 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,;,, 271,8% I Total Real $14,146,374 , % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22•••••• 17I.58/+I851 24.J% 97,600 2 95,3% 124,051 3 27, 1% 122,1+00 3 -1,J% 121,JOO 3 -,90% 235,200 18 38.8% 383,925 19 63.2% 396,472 22 J,4% 385,900 22 2,7% 206,100 2 -63.4% 247,625 2 20.1% 208,800 2 -15,7% 2,288,428 3 996 .1% 22,416,376 3451 -8.4% 24,479,750 3446 9, 2% 20,938,480 31+56 -14,5% 21,850,119 3498 4.4% 2,231,poo 121 35,2% 2,799,570 123 25,5% 3,115,859 118 11,3% 2,977,635 118 4,4% 25,186,276 4J,2% 28,034,921 11,.3% 24,782,011 -11. 6% 27,625,382 11. 5% 80,086 40 76,609 45 42,102 JO 58,570 18 16,000 2 20,000 2 20,000 2 1 J, 60 0 1 22°1~ Personal Pro12ert:y 79,860 Commercial $45,290 20 24 # of parcels % of change '72-'77•••••• 29,3% .12,600 Industrial · $6,1+19 1 1 II of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 112,0% Residential $2,600 II of parcels 4 Utilities $16,723,400 17,890,454 # of parcels 8 8 %of change '72-'77•••••• 27.4% 17,499,5~8 · 9 21,053,920 9 22,228,124 . 8 21,297,664 7 �Redding Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-2J _____ 1972 __________ 197} ___________ 1974 ________ ·_197~ __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ____ _ Real Property Agricultural $143,000 354,200 # of parcels 29 29 % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,.,,. 294,8%147,7% Commercial $14,000 17,000 2 # of parcels 2 % of yearly change 21.4% % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 131.6% 1,711,400 Residential $830,520 # of parcels 417 394 . 106, 1% of year~y fhan~e 1/o. .of chg,nge 72- .7'2.~ ,_,., t,,-- 364 1~11s, ooo Timber cu~ Over ,8~~,5oo # of parcels 150 . 154 % of yearly change 37,4% % of change '72-'77,~, .• , 57,8% 1 ~ 1 J,200,bOO 'rot al Real $ 1,801,106 yearly change 77,7% % of change _'72-'77,,,,,, 212.~ Personal Property 25,400 Commercial $24,245 # of parcels 5 5 % of change '72-'77,,, ••• 210.0% 1,091,801 Utilities $1,226,782 # of parcels 7 7 % of change 0 72-'77•••••• 43,8% 429,891 539,849 29 25.6% 536,883 -,5% 29 5,2% 28,627 2 34,6% 28,914 2 -1,0% 32, 42.7 2 12 .1% 2,462,746 428 43,9% 1,104,594 154 -1.2% 3,303,823 473 31+. 2% 1,317, /+34 148 19,3% J,290,4JJ 517 -,4% 1,185,773 142 -10,0% 3,855,460 1 , 281+, OL!-O 1J4 8,J% 018, 500 25,6% 5,189,733 29, 1% 5,042,003 -2,8% 5,636,527 11.8% 28,160 15 26' 041+ 17 49,638 i2 75,168 12 1,306,202 8 1,1+23,385 8 702, L1,40 8 688,951 5 JO 21,L!-% 21,269 2 25,1% /..j,, ' % of .. / ' JO 56L1-,600 5L1-2 17.2% �Sheridan Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABI.E A-24 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 197j __________ 197G __________ 12Z7 ______ ..... ,u, ·'-J Real Prc~erty Agricultural 4,065,381 $4,093,406 228 # of parcels 225 -,68% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, •••• 57,4% $22,400 Commercial # of parcels 1 % of yearly change $2,462 2,600 Industrial 2 2 # of parcels % of yearly change 5.6% % of change '72-'77, •• ,,, 354,9% 1,321,000 $1,221,130 Residential # of parcels 134 135 8,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ••••• 120,3% Timber Cut Over $311,752 72.5,2.5.5 II of parcels 4-8 59 13·2,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••• 138,0% 6, 1J6, 6 J6 Total Real $4,529,750 % of yearly change 35,.5% % of change '22- 0 22• ••••• 118,]% Personal Property Residential $111,446 118,507 # of parcels 26 24 % of change '72-'77••••••, 21-8% Utilities $. $29j,7$3 _. . .336' 063 # of parcels J J % of change '72-'77,,,,,. 31,9% , ' Commercial 66,400 II of parcels 2 % of change '72-'77,,,, •• 42.0% 5,885,714 235 4L1-, 8% 5,187,695 227 -11.9% 5,750,772 237 10.9% 6,41+2,931 21+2 12. o~r 11,18.5 2 117,.5% 9,431 2 -15,7% 11,200 2 18. G% 2,217,8.57 157 67,9% 2,129,252 186 -4. 0% 2,349,307 202 10,3% 2,690,199 216 14,5% 842,286 64 16, 1% 676,849 49 19,6% 841+, 271 43 24,7% 74-1 , 993 41 -12.1% 8,982,999 Li-6. 4% 8,004,982 -10,9% 8,953,781 11.9% 9,886,323 1 O. 4%• 176,377 125,123 131,937 32,000 1 42,9% . 5,142 2 97,8% 25 25 :J67,795 J 99,800 4 -365,095 I 25 135,788 . 24 3 372,595 J 387,595 98 It QQ 4 94,JOO 2 94,JOO 2 J I I �Summerfield Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-25 _____ 1972 __________ 1973 __________ 1974 ______ · ___ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ____ _ u, Real Property Agricultural 79,600 $33,300 10 11 # of parcels % of yearly change 139, 0% % of change '72- 1 77,, •.•• 157,7% Commercial $31,000 53,000 2 II of parcels 2 % of yearly change 71,0% % of change '72-'77••••••· 67,7% Residential $2,503-,731+ 2,910,999 fl of parcels 579 577 % of yearly changes 16,3% % of change '72-'77, •.••• 125.6% d; 6 00 Timber Cut Over i;)322, 564,002 64 . 64 II of parcels % of yearly change 74.8% ,% of change '72-'77,, •••, 173,3% 105,650 14 · 32, 7% 126,436 12 19,7% 83,704 7 -JJ,8% 85,800 7 . 2,5% 42,000 3 -20,8% 52,923 3 26.0% 52,000 3 -1.7% 52,000 3 0.0% 4,694,053 5,510,750 5,649,502 65 9 25,2% 881,700 62 • 25% ,t(- 3,822,509 590 6L1,5 31.3% 22.8% 651 17, I+% 581,040 68 1, 5% 710,194 63 879,500 61 2J,8% 4,551,199 26.2% 5,583,606 22,7% 6,525,950 16,9% 6,669,002 2,2% 29,932 12 35,253 12 15,920 6 14,JOO 4,520,390 7 5,085,742 2,559,178 2,619,01 4 10 22.2% 0) rrotal Real $2,890,634 3,607,601 24,9% ~ o.f change '22-'22··· ••• 1JO~7% Personal Property Commercial $16,951 20,058 # of parcels 7 7 % of change 0 72-Q77, ••••• -15,6% 3,605,501 Utilities $3,752,259 # of parcels 7 7 % of change '72-'77, .••.. -30,2% % of yearly change 8 8 3 �Sur r ey 'l'ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-26 · -·___ 1972 _________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ Real Pro:r2ert;y Agricultural $271,342 20 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,••·•• Commercial $1,025,538 66 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77 ••••• , Industrial .$292,000 # of parcels ,3 . % of yearly change % of change I 7 2- I 77 o Residential $12,670,704 # of parcels 1961 % of yearly changes % of change '72-'77., .• ,, Timber Cut Over $,596, 900 116 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change 0 72-'77 .••• ,, 'l'o±al ' Real . $14,856,h84 ~ of yearly change 0 ~ of change '22- 22, ..... Personal Property Commercial $ 517,778 62 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,, •. Industrial $ 5'-1-2, 899 II of parcels 3 % of change '72-'77.,, ••• $6,000 Residential # of parcels 1 % of change '72-'77 ••••• , Utilities $2,1.34,840 # of parcels 0 9 % of _phange 72- '77_..,., t _, lJ1 -0 I, JIIIIJ .... •· t I : I 493,600 42 81,9% 266,9% 1,129,000 73 10, 1% 119,3% 575,000 5 96.9% 141.7% 13,206,205 2068 4.2% 86.0% 1,102,681 116 84.7% 212,2%. 16,506,486 11,1% 633,266 41 28,3% 1,269,704 38 105,0% 882,794 J8 -30.5% 995,480 38 12 8% • 1,299,940 83 15.1% 2,218,.665 80 70.7% 2,008,262 8:L -9,5% 2,248,560 81 12, 1% 606,891 6 5,5% 872, .060 6 43,7% 671,370 705,800 7 5, 1% 17,398,_540 2119 31.7% ·22, 7 39, 4·54 2164 . 30, 7% 21,801,955 2152 23,563,464 2175 8 .1% 1,224,660 :·.119 11.1% i , 510, ·559 1,863,333 1Li,7 : 2J.~-% 1,863,662 14,5 ,02% 21,163,297 28.2% 28.·, 6"1 o ,.'-l'.42 35 ·. 2% 27,227,714 -4.8% 29,376,966 7 9%. 650,175 TJ4,·97l 137 592,331 109 773,89/1 71 12'-~ 23,3% 6 -2J.O% -'-1-, 1% I 0 22 -2~ 561,108 64 ··49,8% 686,007 4 -37-3% 1,000 1 -66,7% 2,193,878 10 146 1,910,801 14 i ,261,927 360,283 10 340,571 5 1,000 1,000 1 2,560 1 2,000 1 ,3;188,667 11 3,013,190 11 3,402,759 1. 2,407,776 11 111 12 �Winterfield Townsnip True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABLE A-27 _____ 1972 __________ 1972 __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ Real Pro12ert;y Agricultural 926,199 $739,598 fl of parcels 95 99 25,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 142,8% Industrial $825,500 827,JOO 16 16 # of parcels % of yearly change . 022% % of change '72-'77,,,,o, -1807% 1,276,799 Residential $1 I 197 973 262 /j of parcels 275 % of yearly change 6.6/o % of change '72-'77,,,,., 1J9,2% 1,286,699 Timber Cut O.ver ~)754,700 162 162 fl of parcels ·% of yearly change 70. 5% % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 74,1% J 0 ,. 0 1,012,781 102 9,3% 1,798,030 105 77,5% 1,761,160 114 -2,0% 1,795,760 11 4 2 .1 % 875,264 16 5,8% 1,096,303 16 25,3% 670,500 17 -38,8% 671,500 18 .15% 1,421,576 295 11,3% 2,664,607 2,765,000 '349 J,G% 2,865,021 357 1,419,960 187 . . 1 O,4% 1,880,935 176 32,5% 1,315,550 12L1, -JO, 1% 1,31 4 ,1 50 124 -. 117" 4,729,581 9,6% 7,439,875 57°3% 6,512,210 -12,5% 6,646 ,431 2. 1% 18,652,262 11 20,149,868 11 11,66_5,146 11 11 , 942 , 56.6 11 299 87, {-1-% 3. 6% ' 4,J16,997 $3,517,771 Total Real . 22 07% % of yearly change 88,2~ ~ of change '22-'22•••••, 14,159,656 Utilities $15,539,178 10 10 II of parcels % of change '72-'77,,, ,,, -2J,1% �TABLE A-28 TOWNSHIP SCHOOL MILLAGE CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1277 •~ SCHOOL DISTRICT BEAVERTON CLARE 32.106 42.116 EVART FARWELL GLADWIN HARRISON 32,206 36~ MARION MCBAIN TOWNSHIP ARTHUR FARNKLIN 36. 5.26 FREEMAN 3J,45 JS. 716 FROST 36. 526 GARFIELD J9.416 42.116 GARNT 35.416 . J6 .596_ GREEN\!IJOOD _, O• _, HAMILTON ~ ___42 ._116_ _ _ _ HATTON ____ ~- __ 6 I I -~--- --~ . 22-226 I 16. S96 HAYES _JL!._2_16 LINCOLN REDDING _ J2.22 42.116 SHERIDAN SUMMERFIELD }2.!...226 _]6 .416 SURREY WINTERFIELD J2.22 · J6. 596 JJ.2 41.116 CLARE HARRISON J 2• 296 a 0 c=, 0 E:l E:l OD ~ a::=J ~ • • • �Clare County Drains Clare County, Michigan 1978* NAME ANKNEY ALLEN BAILEY CORNWELL CROSTON COURTWRIGHT COOK COATS FLYNN FARWELL GILMORE JT GIB SON -- HICKOK HOWE HARVEY HERRING °'N HUTCHINSON JORDAN LOWER LARSON & ELLIOT LOOMIS JT LITTLE TOBACCO LAMONT LEITNER LAP0 LLOYD MARK BRAND MARION * • ~** MURPHY JT McGRAY McGIVERN TOWNSHIP ARTHUR GRANT SHERIDAN ARHTUR FREEMAN FREEMAN SHERIDAN ARTHUR Jb ARTHUR WINTERFlELD REDDING SURREY FARWELL CITY - TILE GRANT WINTERFIELD FREEMAN SHERIDAN SHERIDAN GRANT SHERIDAN GRANT SHERIDAN JO HATTON SHERIDAN ISABELLA CO. CITY OF CLARE CITY OF CLARE & VERNON TWP ARHTUR GARFIELD GRANT ARTHUR WINTERFIELD SHERIDAN LINCOLN SHERIDAN LENGTH SECTIONS J6-J 5-34 1- 2 15-22-21-lb 2-18 JO JO 1 2b-2 26 10-2-·]""4 . J0-Jl 2 5-b 2t 2 JJ 2200 ft t700 ft, Br 1 JJOO, 50 rds 120 rds b200 ft 22 ft 11,220 ft 4200 ft 20,845 ft 2840 ft CITY OF CLARE 12 1 ob6 ft 228 rds --rB'o rds in Clare Co. J2lb ft 2725 ft 12 2 rds SO rds 00 ft 22-15-15-21 22 24-2] 28 17-18 JiS 12-18-2 14-11 4b JO ft 2a20 ft tile .5.!± 00 ft lJ0 rds 2J7b ft 871 tile 2J48 ft Br zoo East '? �Clare County Drains (con't) NASS GRANT NASH FRANKLIN RANDALL WINTERFIELD RILETT SHERIDAN SHERIDAN SHERIDAN-CARROW STATE TRUNKLINE ARTHUR TONKIN JT ARTHUR TONKIN BRANCH REDDING & WINTERFIELD WHISKEY CREEK SHERIDAN WARNER * Clare County Drain Commissioner, April, 1978, _, ~ .I 10-11-1 2 2 12-1 14'--15-22-2] 22-20-21-12 18 16-12-8-5 10-11-2 ~o rds O rds J,200 ft 9 29J rds ]222 ft 108 ft I I I ' i, �CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN CONSTRUCTION CODE AUTHORITY APPL!CATION FOR PLAN EXAMINATION AND BUILDING PERMIT PROPERTY LOCATION_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~--~NUMBER_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ CITY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _TOWNSHIP_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ - - - . I BErnEEN_ _ _ _~---~-------'AND_ _ _--,-_ _ _ ___, _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ (cross street) (cross street~ LOT SUBDIVISION- - - - - - - - - -LOT- - -BLOCK- - -SIZE- - - - - - - - - - DIRECTIONS TOSITE -----------------~-------------- 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - TYPE OF IMPROVEMENT HOUSE CABIN ADDITION ALTERATION REPAIR FIREPLACE PORCH COST MOBILE HOME GARAGE CARPORT POLE BARN WRECKING MOVING OTHER COST OF IMPROVEMENT (INCLUDING LABOR) --TOTAL VALUE OF IMPROVEMENT ......•....- - PERMIT FEE .•...............•. : •.•...•- - - RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ONLY DIMENSIONS I WIDTH ........... -.................·.. LENGTH ............................. TOTAL SQUARE FEET FLOOR AREA ....... TOTAL LAND AREA, SQUARE FEET ....... NUMBER OF STORIES ........•......... TYPE OF FOUNDATION BASEMENT SLAB , - - CRAWLSPACE I - - POLES - - PIERS FOOTING DEPTH _ __ PRINCIPLE TYPE OF FRAME MASONARY (WALL BEARING) WOOD FRAME - - STRUCTURAL STEEL - _- REINFORCED CONCRETE OTIIER NUMBER OF BEDROOMS .•. NUMBER OF BATHROOMS: - - - - - FULL ... ·.............• PARTIAL .............. - - - - - ---_ _ __ _ _ __ _'_ __ _ _ __ MOBILE HOMES SIZE ...................••..• YEAR ........................ TYPE OF SET UP: PIERS ....................... SLAB ....................... . RIBBONS ..................... TYPE OF TIE DOWNS .......... . NUMBER PERSONS OCCUPYING .... TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL PUBLIC OR PRIVATE COMPANY PRIVATE (SEPTIC TANK, ETC.) 164 _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ --~------ r. I �LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY TO COMPLETE THIS SECTION: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL APPROVALS NOT REQUIRED REQUIRED 1 - ZONING 2 - FIRE DISTRICT 3 - POLLUTION CONTROL APPROVED DATE OBTAINED NUMBER BY .. 4 ....,. NOISE CONTROL 5 - SOIL EROSlON 6 - FLOOD ZONE i - WATER SUPPLY 8 - SEPTIC SYSTEM 9 _: VARIANCE GRANTED 10 - OTHER" NOTES and Data -(For department use) ' . : i - �ZOHIHG PLAN EXAMINERS NOTES DISTRICT USE FRDIH YARD SIDE Y AR D SIDE YARD REAR YARD NOTES IX. SITE OR PLOT PLAN - For Applicant Use t. =r .~=1· · _..,_ . ---~- - ; ~ ~ -I-- ··-. ·t::;::!::-,. ·- ,.._-r _... �!DEIHi FICA TION ~- --- - To be completed by all applicants Nome Moiling address - .\"umb e r. strt>f'l, city. and Stace- ZIP cod" T.,J. No. ' Owru,r or Lit>sse~ Bui Ide-,•'$ .L ie~nu, No. 2. Cor.tror::to, 3. A,chit-,ct or Engineer I hereby certify that the proposed work is authorized by the owner of record and that I have been autho.rized by the owner to make this application os his authorized agent and we agree to conform to all a pplicable lows of this jurisdiction. Signature of applicant Address OTHER REQUIREMENTS IF NO SEPTIC IS IN, A SANITATION PERMIT IS REQUIRED BY THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT BEFORE WE MAY ISSUE A BUILDING PERMIT. HAVE A SEPARATE DRAWING OF THE STRUCTURE SHOWING FLOOR PLAN, AND DIMENSIONS OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS. SET BACKS AND Lor RESTRICTIONS MUST MEET THOSE OF LOCAL ZONING ORDINANCES. ALL APPLICATIONS FOR PERMIT IN LINCOLN TOWNSHIP ARE REQUIRED TO BE SIGNED BY THE LINCOLN TOWNSHIP CLERK. I l I- - ~----- Application do,-,. �Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification System* Existing land use classifications, as presented in the Clare County Regional Comprehensive Plan, correspond with the Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification System. The Classification System presented below is intended to help provide standardized terminology, by means of a numbering system, for describing land use classes. and types of ground cover. Through use of this System all levels of government can be aided by means of s~andardized and organized land use information. Clare County's existing land uses, as illustrated·on Map 13, are compared below to the Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification System. Clare County, Existing Land Use Nomenclature Corresponding Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification Number Agriculture 291 113 Residential 124 Commerical Recreation 193 146a Industrial 431 Foresty aLimited amounts of Use Classification Number 139 are also included. * "Michigan Land Cover / Use Classification System" as developed by the Michigan Land Use Classification and Referencing Committee, reprinted May, 1977. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Clare-County_Regional-Comprehensive-Plan_1978 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions, Clare County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-06 Title A name given to the resource Regional Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Regional Comprehensive Plan for Clare County, Michigan was prepared by the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. in June 1978. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Clare County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c95786a491ea13b527b0d491aa14622a.jpg acde2e264aa4a2dc1e0f3de0bfab62af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_B001-0022 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-01-04 Title A name given to the resource Registration Lines at MSU Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of of a large group of students waiting in line for registration at Michigan State University on January 4, 1961. In the photograph, the line of students can be seen approaching and passing a registration entrance table indoors with signs displayed educating the students to have their admission and orientation cards ready for registration and enrollment. Photograph by Douglas R. Gilbert. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan State University East Lansing (Mich.) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9d12d33a1b0940d8946ea70095704b3e.pdf d709c626e7a7101b2e2dea5ca2559bd1 PDF Text Text • R~GULAR DO~\0Rb T0 THu BUilDINJ FU~D : Louis Aron .Mr . (;L »rs . 'l'ony Aron Mrs . Aronberg Dr . k- Mrs . H.alph August Mr . & Mrs . kax Ashendorf .Mr . & 11rs . Abe Ashendorf i.1r. & urs . uam Ashendurf Jake Ashendorf ,rs . Sonia Ashendorf Rosalie Brace ~r . & Mrs. ~tanley Baru E. H. Baum ltr . x ~rs . Harry S. Berman 1vlr . 6C Mrs . Louis 1-1 , berman ~r . ~ Mrs . neuben Berman ur , & 1°.rs . Hg_rry H. Ber'Tl.9.n lirs . Rose Berman Iru . 11• • Besbloff Mr • .:£ l•irs . H. Braverman l\1r . & 1•lrs . 0amuel Broutman Dr . ~ 1rs . Seymour ~ane nr . & Hrs . Sigmund Cahn ,r , &, urs . Robert Cherin Dr . c krs. ~ . G. Cohen ~rs . bdith Cohen The Darmstadter F~mily Dr . & ~rs . lrank Di skin Beatrice Druss i-.r . & 1•,rs . Andrew t.pstein Mr . &, I~.rs . lrancis line fv1r . &:. urs . Harry A. lisher •·•arilyn (;L Sally .t"isher Dr . 6C I•irs . Norman A. lleishm.9.n hr . & wrs . ¼illiam lo~el Alfred l"rank Dr. oc ~rs . M. ~ . friedenberJ 1•1r . & Lrs . -'aurice .Friend l•1r . :L nrs . bamuel Gluck 1~.r . & .irs . Albert Golden 1•1r. ,;:, ,·,rs . Maurice Golden I ike Goldbe-g ~r . ~~rs . Jake Goldberg r-.r . oc 11rs . Sidney Go l dbere; Grossman Department Store ~r . ~ «s . Herman Grossman l•ir . (;L •·•rs . tiarold Grossmstn Mr. fu ~~s . Louis Grossman 1'1r . & rs . Isaac Grossman 11lr . & drs . Samuel Jrossman •·•r . & ••1rs . David Judelsky Hr . cc •·•rs . •·.ar vin Gudelsky 1••r . &, 1,r s . vscar Gudelsky Mr . (;L Mrs . ~oseph Hirsch ilr . ~ 1•1rs . Lyle Hirschfi.eld Tillie Jacobs Wr . ~Mrs . Morris hantor orton l\.antor Mr . CG Nrs . J . Kelly Kaufman 1•1r . oc .•1rs . t.. 1,. Klein Nr , oc ~rs . bolomon Kohn hr . ~ Nrs . ~iltoP Kositcheck 1,r . cc Mrs . Alex Krg_use .1• r . I:£, 1•1rs • .uiw·~,rd .Krause dr. (;L drs . Harr,r Lahr Harriet , 1. .arsh,.i l ~ Lanny Lahr Ben Komiss .11:r . ,; urs . "'ack L~wson Nr . "" , lrs . :Sam La½ son .1 r . .1-lrs . 11,ax Lebow hr . ~ Mrs . Reuhen ~ • .1.,evy Benjamin Lewis Mr . &. 1•1rs . Hyman Lipman 1•.1r . x .t-...rs . oamuel .... ipman Lr . <JC 1,rs . "'ack Lipman Nr . ~ ~rs . Jharles Locke Herman »endelson I•,r . &. 1•Irs . u8.mes uetz Dr . Phi~lip Miller .t:;va •liller M~x heuman kr . &. 1\1rs . Ted •~eumer .1•1r. u.; urs . Albert Parker l'•1r . IX. 1.rs . 1~athan t>rice i:.r . cc ,v,rs. bamuel Price Dr.~ ~rs . Leonard Price ..r . cc ••1rs • .t<'red L . rlodoff nr . «. .1.v1rs . H1.rold Ch~se ~r . &. ~rs . Lyle do~ers 1.r . &. hr~ . .1.,eo nose for . C(. urs . Leo 0 , Rosen Mr , x ~rs . Harold Rosen 1ir. x. 11rs . Douglas rlosen lannie Rosen Karen & Kurt Rosen 1•1r . &, l•1r::, • .1•lax ltosenberg ur . ~ •·•r..,. Robert h'.osenber,; Mr . ~ ~rs . Seymour i . Rosenberg ~arilyn ~ ousan Rosenber 1,r . ct, 1•1rs . uamuel D. Rosenbaum Florence Rubinsky Paul bchlossman 1•1r . l':t, urs • .1•,ax :::ichubb .1•1r . 6:. urs . Abe ohrnookler ~r . &, ~rs . Samuel ~iebel ,.•,r . oc urs . Harold A. oil verrnan .1r . (;L .-'.rs . Sol . 0il verman Louis & Barbara Ann Silverman !•1r • .t.d . Simcoe Mr . oc ~rs . 0oe 0imon l\,r . x; Lrs . S . .., • Singer Mr . -.c urs . Joe 0int:er ~. i lli am 0nyr:ler 1 0 �1•1r . &; 11rs . /rederick Jtein !•.r . oc 1rs . 1ilton Steindler Jli1r . !Y, l•1rs . Carl. 0teindler 1'1r . ~ l•irs . Williarr. 0tern 1 r . & 1lrs . Joe s . ~triflin~ Ray Cl:, Herman 0tri f .1.ine J • Tessler l l r • oc 11rs . l'lr • 1:', 11rs . r.,li umith A.'.1r . <JC .1•1rs . Charles .::imith l 1r . ~ 1 .rs. J.eor,1;e .einberg 1•lr . ex: i'1r s . vosiah ,\ iener Paul \ iener l 1r • «, •.rs . 11r • .;J:, 11rs . !!Orton L. , olfe ~- �SPECIAL DONORS TO THE BUll,DING FUND. JOAN ARON CHARLES BASEY E. BAUTZ EARL BENTON BERG & WASSEL CO NATHAN BIALIS'l'OCK BRODIN BROS• J. BROWN & SON BRUNNER OPTICAL CO ABE CLAYMAN CLONICK STEEL co. COLUMBIA IRON & METAL CO. COMMON1VEAL'IH PRINTING DANA PRINTING DAVIDSON BRO'.IHERS DELTA On. PRODUCTS LAWRENCE DIAMOND EDSON BROS ERMAN-HOWELL JOE EVANS FAMOUS DRESS CO FARBER BROTHERS FLINT STERn.IZED PRODUCTS NAOMI G. GIVEN J. c. GODHELP HERMAN GOLANTY CHAS GOLD & CO MABLE GUMM HOOKER PAINT & GLASS INNES - SPIEDENS ISLER - YOMPS'IEEL LITH • CO• BENJAUm KATZ SAMUEL KLA'YF JACK LAWSON MCCONNEL - KER CO. NO'ffi - WES'IERN LEA. CO. M. A. REICH ROCKFORD VARNISH CO. MILDRED RODOFF SAMUEL RUBINER o. J. SAWYER MR. SCHOENER MRS . G, SERK. I• G• SHAPIRO SAMUEL SUICKLER GOLDIE ROSEN SMITH. SPAULDING JEWELRY CO. SAM SUBAR HARRIET TALBOT GEORGE B. TUXBURY VICKI FROCKS CO• �MUSKEGON HOUSE OF JEWISH WORSHIP MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN October :2.0, 1949 President LEOS. ROSEN Vice-President J. M. KAUFMAN Secretary JACK LAWSON Treasurer FRED RODOFF ,~J{eeJ MAURICE GOLDEN SAM KLAYF SAM LIPMAN HAROLD ROSEN FRED STEIN JOSEPH STRIFLING PAUL WIENER .9UIJidoJ<y §;,~ ABE ASHENDORF CHARLES LOCKE SAM PRICE HAROLD SILVERMAN SOL SILVERMAN .cJ#udd,;,'fl ((;;,,,,, ,,,,"t,te,, Co-Chairmen r.luskegon House of Jewish Worship, Muskegon, Michigan Dear Members: Although our new JeTTish Center has been in use for about a year, there remained numerous little things to be done by the various contractors. Now that these things have all been properly taken care of, final payment has been authorized and made to the contractors out of funds that were earmarked for this purpose. Therefore, it is now possible to submit to each member a final statement, prepared by your Treasurer, Mr. Fred Rodoff, and me, which details all receipts and disbursements for this project. J. M. KAUFMAN and HAROLD ROSEN Members HERBERT FISHER SAM KLAYF PAUL WIENER Should any member desire additional information in connection with the enclosed statements, I request that such member, without hesitation, so inform your Treasurer, Mr. Fred Rodoff, or me. I am happy to conclude this phase of our undertaking. I do wish to extend, on behalf of your Board of Officers, as well as personally, an expression of thanks to the many members who have given generously of their time and money to help underwrite the sucoes~ of this viorthy ven~ lysubm ~d~ / ; LSR:LE Eno. / /~ Leo • Rosen, President MUSKEGON MOUSE OF JEWISH WORSHIP � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Temple B'nai Israel Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Temple B'nai Israel (Muskegon, Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs, scrapbooks, programs, minutes, and other records of the Temple B'nai Israel in Muskegon, Michigan. The collection was created as part of the L'dor V'dor project directed by Dr. Marilyn Preston, and was supported by grants from the Kutsche Office of Local History and Michigan Humanities Council. Original materials were digitized by the University Libraries and returned to the synagogue. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital objects were contributed by Temple B'nai Israel as part of the L'dor V'dor project. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Muskegon (Mich.) Scrapbooks Synagogues Women--Societies and clubs Minutes (Records) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Preston, Marilyn Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource L'dor V'dor (project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-08 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Text Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1920s-2018 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-08_BI-BuildingFund Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Muskegon Jewish House of Worship Title A name given to the resource Regular Donors to the Building Fund, 1949 Description An account of the resource List of donors to the building fund for the Muskegon Jewish House of Worship. Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Muskegon (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the B'nai Israel Temple as part of the L'dor V'dor project. Relation A related resource L'dor V'dor (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4bf5872b8cb3dffc5f1d2446dbb15654.jpg d60c1d04f6a9c2e59c6f7c8911617272 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Title A name given to the resource Rehearsal of Brian Way's play, "The Cross Roads" Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001699 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource In rehearsal of Brian Way's children's play, "The Cross Roads," Lin Tackett as the Lovely Spirit, settles a battle between the Tramp, played by Alex Dolcemascolo, and the Monster, played by James Churbuck. The play was presented at Grand Valley State College on Saturday, February 7, and Saturday, Feburary 14, at 2:30 p.m. in room 201 Manitou Hall. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Events College theater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1960s black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/906891decaec2329d4b9a5da6abd6e12.jpg f7054fbd9ddf1e890319cea94b7a4cd8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1980s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1980s Title A name given to the resource Rehearsal of the play, "Caf‚ Murder." Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001715 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Female and male student actors rehearse for their upcoming performance of "Caf‚ Murder." Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students College theater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1980s black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/950cb98e1731cf20769e516f43b30beb.jpg e48d37de262dcbe4b7c3933a5018ffeb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-2-14 Title A name given to the resource Rehearsal of the play, "King Lear." Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001719 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Robert Moyer as the king and David Dean as the fool in "King Lear," Stage 3's production in Grand Rapids. Director Michael Birtwhistle of Thomas Jefferson College at Grand Valley State Colleges had adapted Shakespeare's play into action-filled modern expression. Moyer was the theatre department faculty at GVSC's College of Art and Sciences Dean was a student at Aquinas College. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students College theater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1970s black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/045d206ab17f8b2ac6d4c163a46282b2.jpg 22472fcf5f718e96bedde0e91f638695 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Title A name given to the resource Rehearsal of the play, "Lysistrata." Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001701 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Two student actors rehearse for their upcoming performance of the play, "Lysistrata." Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Events College theater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1960s black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5b618f915add60fa5b116833753a6716.jpg 7f5f18f6435abaf483fd9d6325a503a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1970s Title A name given to the resource Rehearsal of the play, "The Devil's Disciple." Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001720 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource GVSC students in a scene from the college production of "The Devil's Disciple." Mary Jo Roys as Essie crouches in fear (foreground) as Mrs.Dudgeon, portrayed by L'Anni Hill as she tries to talk to Christopher. Christopher, right, is played by Thomas Knapp. Listening in the background is Uncle William, portrayed by Bryan Bernholtz. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students College theater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1970s black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d3c90b6f605ae409094d0014cdc0151.jpg d8744207f0d41b5cb8af5aad18621f3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Title A name given to the resource Rehearsal of the play, "The Physicists." Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001700 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Two student actors (R: Gordon Wolotira) rehearse for their upcoming performance of the play,"The Physicists." Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Events College theater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1960s black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ac99a369e7813c8eb0198e6494d32738.jpg 9217f621365e85c8cb47ea198d481fd4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReidJoe Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Title A name given to the resource Reid, Joe Description An account of the resource Joe Reid, Special Education Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1990s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a250813523a084ca7ccb3912809d2736.jpg c2685e17c1eb28e1898a85f07d7870da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReifelJohn Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Title A name given to the resource Reifel, John Description An account of the resource John Reifel, Economics Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1971s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4bbfd6ef8442720fad49f635e45f7ba5.mp4 4e0a27afaf6f503a4319e638d7f0fea4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d82e3f422ffc45086e25950124201187.pdf cb361ed39bd81f74d92956383c89b8d4 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project John Reilly Vietnam War Interview Length (00:48:11:00) Pre-enlistment / Training (00:00:14:00)  Reilly was born in Kittery, Maine on December 5th, 1946 (00:00:14:00) o When Reilly was born, his father was stationed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire as a member of the U.S. Navy and Reilly was born in the naval hospital on the base (00:00:24:00) o Shortly after Reilly was born, his family moved to New Jersey, where his father, who was a doctor, set up a medical practice (00:00:31:00)  According to Reilly, New Jersey was a great place to grow up and spent all of his life there until going to college in Pennsylvania; after completing college and his military service, Reilly returned to New Jersey and has lived there ever since (00:00:43:00) o Reilly’s mother worked as a nurse; his parents met in New York City, when his father was an intern at a hospital and his mother was an RN (00:01:17:00)  The couple married before Reilly’s father enlisted in the Navy to serve during World War II (00:01:25:00) o After finishing high school, Reilly attended Villanova University in Pennsylvania and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Social Science in 1968 (00:01:36:00)  Prior to graduating from college, Reilly had a student deferment (00:02:07:00) o Because his draft number was so low, only in the upper fifties, Reilly was faced with a decision shortly after he finished his degree in regards to his military service (00:02:14:00)  Reilly ended up enlisting in the U.S. Army in July 1968 (00:02:28:00) o When he enlisted, Reilly was given the option of joining the three combat arms of the Army: infantry, armored, or artillery (00:02:44:00)  Reilly chose artillery and was initially scheduled to go into the Officer Candidate program (00:02:56:00) o Reilly did not actually report for his training until November 1968, so for a threemonth period between his enlistment in July and actually going in November, he worked a job in New Jersey (00:03:03:00) o Reilly had signed up for a three-year enlistment consisting of: basic training, advanced training, and officer training, followed by a two-year commitment when he received his commission (00:03:23:00)  Once he finally joined the Army, Reilly went through basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, where Reilly stayed for about eight weeks (00:03:37:00) o After completing basic training, Reilly was sent to the Army Artillery school at Fort Sill, Oklahoma for his advanced training (00:03:51:00)  Once he finished the advanced training, Reilly stayed at Fort Sill and completed his officer training, which he began in March or April 1969 (00:04:07:00) � At the time, individual sections of the advanced training was not specifically geared towards officers; although a number of the other men in Reilly’s section went into the artillery OCS (Officer Candidate School) with Reilly, not all of them did (00:04:27:00)  During the training, Reilly trained in a variety of different methods, from training on the actually artillery guns to working in an FDC (Fire Direction Center) (00:04:54:00) o When he finished the advanced training, Reilly was given some leave and he returned home to New Jersey to see his family before reporting back to Fort Sill for OCS (00:05:12:00) o After Reilly had been in OCS for a period of time, he made the decision to opt out of the program and just spend the remainder of his enlistment deployed in Vietnam (00:05:28:00)  Prior to actually doing so, Reilly was told that if he opted out of OCS, he was definitely going to be sent to join an artillery unit in Vietnam, which was fine with him (00:05:37:00)  Reilly made it six weeks into the six-month OCS program before deciding to opt-out (00:05:56:00)  Based on his advanced training, it was fairly clear to Reilly that when he deployed to Vietnam, he was going to be assigned to work in an FDC (00:06:21:00) Vietnam Deployment (00:06:21:00)  After opting-out of OCS, Reilly had a thirty-day leave to return home before flying in June from New Jersey to Fort Lewis, Washington; Reilly spent a brief period of time at Fort Lewis before deploying to Vietnam on June 22nd, 1969 (00:06:52:00)  Although Reilly did receive some training at Fort Sill specifically in regards to Vietnam, from what he can remember, it was largely an orientation as to what the men could expect when they deployed (00:07:43:00) o Reilly received more specific training when he arrived in-country at Cam Ranh Bay (00:07:53:00)  When he arrived in-country, Reilly was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and was sent to a training facility in Biên Hòa for a week to ten days of orientation about what to expect once in the field (00:07:58:00)  When he first received orders for Vietnam, Reilly did not know specific unit he would be joining when he deployed; the decision to send him to the 101st Airborne was based on the needs of the units in Vietnam in terms of training and background (00:08:32:00) o Reilly could have been assigned to one of six or seven different divisions and he ended up in the 101st Airborne, which just happened to be the most active division in Vietnam (00:08:45:00) o When he was sent to the orientation in Biên Hòa, Reilly knew he was joining the 101st Airborne; however, he did not know which specific unit within the division he was be assigned to (00:09:24:00)  At the time Reilly went through the orientation, there were maybe thirty or forty other soldiers in the course (00:09:28:00) �   When Reilly first arrived in Vietnam, his first thought was “I hope to God that I make it through this year”; Reilly was not exactly sure what he was going to face (00:09:58:00) o Prior to deploying, Reilly had heard a lot of stories about what Vietnam was like from friends who had served in either the Marines or Army (00:10:04:00) o Although he was apprehensive, as anyone would be, Reilly had a feeling that everything would work out (00:10:31:00) Being that it was 110° in the shade and around 100% humidity, going to the orientation in Biên Hòa helped Reilly become acclimated to the weather (00:10:54:00) After completing the orientation course in Biên Hòa, Reilly was placed onboard a C-130 with a group of soldiers and the entire group was flown from Biên Hòa north to Phu Bai, which was the airport located next to Camp Eagle, which was the home of the 101st Airborne’s headquarters (00:11:15:00) o Once at Camp Eagle, Reilly was assigned to join 2nd Battalion of the 11th Field Artillery Regiment (00:11:48:00) o When Reilly arrived at Camp Eagle, the 2nd of the 11th had their rear headquarters on the base, as well as a fire direction center, the headquarters battery and a supply battery (00:12:09:00)  Apart from the unit at Camp Eagle, the battalion also had three batteries in the field: Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie; each battery was assigned to a different fire base with orders to support the infantry units operating in the field (00:12:37:00) o When Reilly arrived at the battalion headquarters, he met the First Sergeant incharge of operations, who asked Reilly about his background and assigned him to the headquarters battery (00:12:54:00)  However, shortly thereafter, Reilly was sent out to joined Charlie Battery, which was stationed on Firebase Airborne, to be a member of the fire direction control on the firebase (00:13:11:00)  The firebase was near the Laotian-Vietnamese border, right on the edge of the A Shau Valley (00:13:34:00) o Each battery in the battalion and each battery had six 155mm howitzers as its main armament (00:14:05:00)  When Reilly joined, Charlie Battery had all six of its howitzers stationed in the top of a mountain, Firebase Airborne, and had orders to support infantry operations in the A Shau Valley (00:14:18:00)  When Reilly arrived at the battery, he was assigned to work in the FDC; the job of the FDC was coordinating with the actually artillery guns to make sure the guns were pointed in the right direction and were hitting the proper target(s) (00:14:37:00)  Although the men in the FDC had access to computers, they sometimes, if the computers were down or they wanted to doublecheck, had to compute the firing data manually (00:15:40:00)  Apart from the three or four soldiers in the section, there was also an officer and the officer would sign off in the data before sending the data out to the guns (00:16:05:00) o Technically, all the firing data the FDC computed had to be signed off by someone from battalion headquarters; �  normally, the FDC just called the battalion headquarters with the firing data and an officer there would doublecheck it before signing off (00:16:30:00)  Obviously, the men in the FDC tried to compute the firing data as quickly as possible when a request would come in (00:17:08:00) o Normally, computing the firing data took only a matter of minutes, although sometimes it was less and sometimes it was more; the length of time it took to get the firing data largely depended on extenuating circumstances, such as the locations of units and the possibility of friendly forces being in the area (00:17:19:00)  Although Reilly does recall it happening a couple of times, it was not too often that the battalion would call back and say that something in the firing data was inaccurate (00:18:11:00)  There were a number of different jobs within FDC itself, from calculating the deflection of the guns to calculating the elevation of the targets (00:18:49:00) o Usually, the men who had been in the field longer would be given the more complicated parts of the calculations; therefore, when he first arrived, Reilly might have only been looking at elevations (00:19:24:00) o As Reilly spent more time in-country and gained more experience, he moved up in terms of the calculations he would perform (00:20:45:00) Reilly only spent about six weeks stationed on Firebase Airborne before the firebase was closed down (00:21:03:00) o However, as the rest of the battalion left, Reilly was selected to be part of a small group of men from the 2nd of the 11th who stayed behind on the firebase to help the infantry close the firebase down (00:21:10:00)  Once the firebase was officially closed, Reilly and the small group were airlifted out (00:21:27:00) o In order to get the howitzers off the firebase, Chinook helicopters were flown over and they carried the guns to a different firebase (00:21:53:00)  Sometimes, the new firebase location was near the old one and sometimes, it was many miles away (00:22:27:00) Once he finished helping shut down Firebase Airborne, Reilly moved to Firebase Berchtesgaden, which was located in another part of the A Shau Valley, and was assigned to FDC (00:22:47:00) o By the time Reilly arrived, the firebase was already established and apart from 155mm howitzers, there was also a group of 105mm howitzers and an infantry mortar group (00:23:10:00) o Although he had moved to a new firebase, the procedures that Reilly had to do were pretty much the same as the ones he had done on Firebase Airborne; all the officers were the same and the FDC team was pretty much the same (00:23:45:00) � o The number of fire missions the FDC would process in a day varied quite a bit, anywhere from two to five a day, with five missions being uncommonly high for a single day (00:24:09:00)  On occasion, interdictory missions where scheduled and those involved the guns firing into the jungle at night to locations where intelligence indicated enemy forces might be located (00:24:22:00) o While stationed at Berchtesgaden, Reilly’s unit came under enemy mortar and rocket fire; while the unit was on Airborne, although there were threats of attack, none actually happened (00:25:02:00) Reilly was stationed on Berchtesgaden for about a month or so before he was recalled to the battalion headquarters (00:25:24:00) o The day after Reilly was recalled, the entire firebase was overrun by North Vietnamese forces (00:25:34:00) o When Reilly was recalled, there was a job opening at the battalion headquarters that required someone with a fire-direction background; from that point until the end of his tour, Reilly served in the battalion headquarters (00:26:18:00)  During the entire time Reilly was stationed at the battalion headquarters, from Sept 1969 to June 1970, the headquarters never moved its location except for one time, when a small section of the unit traveled north to the DMZ (De-militarized zone) on a raid (00:26:41:00) o In theory, the roles of the personnel at the battalion headquarters were the same as those personnel stationed on a firebase (00:28:14:00)  However, the operations at the battalion headquarters tended to be more by the book and followed more of the pre-set procedures (00:28:28:00)  The personnel in the battalion headquarters tended to react more to what was happening in the field and providing the proper support, which meant they were more cognoscente and aware of the needs of the units in the field (00:28:55:00) o While at the battalion headquarters, Reilly worked seven days a week, twelve hour shifts each day; each shift ran from either two in the morning until two in the afternoon or two in the afternoon until two in the morning (00:30:30:00)  About once a month, the commanders would alternate which soldiers worked on which shift (00:30:49:00)  In Reilly’s experience, he worked with a great group of soldiers who all worked well together and they had a good group of officers; all in all, Reilly believes they did a good job providing support to the infantry units already in the field (00:31:06:00) o While Reilly was there, the battalion headquarters was resupplied both by air and by road (00:31:28:00)  Camp Eagle was a major base camp, with upwards of 10,000 soldiers stationed on it, so resupply was often down with trucks bringing in supplies that had been brought in either using transport airplanes to Phu Bai or cargo ships along the coast (00:31:34:00)  A lot of the supplies brought onto the base were either ammunition or food, although it was not limited to that (00:32:00:00) �  o While Reilly was on Camp Eagle, the battalion headquarters was responsible for guarding a certain portion of the Camp Eagle perimeter and Reilly recalls being stationed in bunkers during the middle of the night on guard duty (00:32:32:00)  Normally, Reilly would have a chance to go on guard duty once every three or four weeks (00:33:07:00) o On occasion, soldiers in the battalion headquarters would be rotated out to one of the batteries in the field; typically, soldiers were not brought from a battery in the field to the battalion headquarters unless someone at battalion headquarters was rotating home and there was going to be a personnel vacancy (00:34:24:00) During the fighting around Firebase Ripcord, Reilly and the other soldiers in the FDC were very aware of what was happening at the firebase (00:35:44:00) o They would talk with personnel stationed on the firebase over the radio; although the soldiers talked with personnel stationed on all the firebases, it was around Ripcord that the most action was occurring (00:35:50:00) o Ultimately, the major action around Firebase Ripcord did not happen until Reilly had already rotated home (00:36:04:00) o Although he never got involved in the drug use himself, Reilly saw other soldiers using marijuana, especially when he was stationed at Camp Eagle (00:36:41:00)  Although Reilly heard rumors about soldiers using stronger drugs, he never really saw any significant use of them (00:37:13:00)  Reilly avoided drugs because in his mind, he had enough challenges just being in Vietnam without needing to use drugs (00:37:28:00) o Reilly did have some contact with local Vietnamese, in particular Kit Carson scouts assigned to the various units in the area (00:37:38:00)  Reilly also had contact with local Vietnamese who would do menial tasks around Camp Eagle, such as cleaning or doing the soldiers’ laundry at a Laundromat located on the base (00:38:12:00)  The Vietnamese who worked on the base were supervised to a degree, mostly to ensure that they did not try to bring a gun or grenade onto the base (00:38:40:00) o Reilly was able to get off-base on a couple of occasions and often, he would go to Eagle Beach, which was a guarded beach area that the soldiers could go to for a day or two (00:39:08:00)  Going to the beach was a nice diversion from what Reilly was doing on a day-to-day basis (00:39:29:00) The racial make-ups of the units Reilly served with were mostly divided between whites, especially at the officer level, and African-Americans; there were some LatinoAmericans but the majority of the soldiers were in the former groups (00:40:15:00) o Reilly detected racial tension amongst some of the soldiers, as well as a certain apathy amongst others, who would often look the other way and not try to address the racial tensions (00:41:08:00)  Reilly personally never had any problems with other soldiers; in his mind, they were all soldiers, they were all serving their country, and they should all try to help each other out, if not as friends, as comrades (00:41:22:00) � Although soldiers would not outright disobey commands, Reilly saw different situations where soldiers were not responsive to the commands or would respond in a different manner (00:41:57:00) o The interactions between the different racial groups varied with the soldiers; some of the soldiers natural congregated with their own racial group but others had no problem integrating with the other groups (00:42:36:00) o On several occasions, Reilly saw fights break out that could have had racial motives but there was never anything major (00:43:16:00) o According to Reilly’s perspective, the command structure was reluctant to address the racial issues within the unit (00:43:49:00)  However, even if the officers had tried to address the issue, Reilly does not think they even knew what they could do; it was a difficult time in the United States racial and the military was a reflection of that (00:44:24:00) End of Tour (00:44:47:00)  When Reilly’s tour ended, he was sent from Camp Eagle back to Cam Ranh Bay; it was a good feeling when Reilly boarded the flight out of Vietnam because he realized that he had made it (00:44:47:00) o From Cam Ranh Bay, Reilly flew to Fort Lewis, where he stayed for a day or two before flying home to Newark, New Jersey (00:45:11:00)  Reilly remembers that when he got home, his father had hung a large banner on their house that said “Welcome Home John” (00:45:21:00)  By the time Reilly arrived at Fort Lewis, he had less than five months remain on his enlistment and according to procedure, he was given an “early-out” and received an honorable discharge (00:45:40:00)  Re-enlisting was not at the top of Reilly’s list; he had a great job waiting for him in New Jersey and he knew what was happening back in Vietnam through letters from his friends (00:45:57:00)  Although he was happy that he made it home, Reilly still felt for the soldiers who were still in Vietnam (00:46:34:00)  Once he was back in New Jersey, Reilly went back to his job working for Prudential Insurance (00:46:52:00)  Reilly had mixed emotions about his time in the service; although it was a tough experience and he had friends who served as well who were killed or wounded, Reilly was personally very happy that he had served (00:47:26:00) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReillyJ1272V Title A name given to the resource Reilly, John (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Reilly, John Description An account of the resource John Reilly was born in Kittery, Maine, in 1946, and grew up in New Jersey. After graduating from college in 1968, he decided to enlist in the Army before he was drafted. After basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, Reilly went through the Army Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Although initially slated for officer training, Reilly dropped out and deployed to Vietnam in June 1969. Once in Vietnam, Reilly joined the 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Trained in fire direction control, he served at Firebases Airborne and Berchtesgaden in the latter stages of the 1969 campaign in the A Shau Valley, and later served with the battalion headquarters at Camp Eagle, where he was stationed at the start of the Ripcord campaign. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-10-07 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4907f1241ae9a8e05d6a82e1bf5e9d44.jpg 4fc3ea1145f5336148a3f81e0f008133 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00202 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Reindeer--Font-de-Gaume Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a Paleolithic reindeer mural from Font-de-Guame. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Drawings Cave paintings Archaeology Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f092bbf6cef90e8fbfb8103ca2869481.jpg d8bd877a28655c0350307ea015eef168 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_H055-0025 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-04-06 Title A name given to the resource Reinhold Niebuhr, New York City Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of American theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, in his office in New York City. Niebuhr was the president of Union Theological Seminary in New York City from 1963–1970. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1892-1971 New York (N.Y.) Union Theological Seminary (New York, N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec77b20983691ca902ea4187baec657d.jpg 29468bbf5b1954fee56e2cdcf0bbb1f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_H055-0029 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-04-06 Title A name given to the resource Reinhold Niebuhr, New York City Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of American theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, in his office in New York City. Niebuhr was the president of Union Theological Seminary in New York City from 1963–1970. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1892-1971 New York (N.Y.) Union Theological Seminary (New York, N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d8953f58f11f87ce96860ec6520d2c1e.jpg 1cb7083d5bfff4c1a845eed1038134a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_H057-0025 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-04-06 Title A name given to the resource Reinhold Niebuhr, New York City Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of American theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, in his office in New York City. Niebuhr was the president of Union Theological Seminary in New York City from 1963–1970. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1892-1971 New York (N.Y.) Union Theological Seminary (New York, N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6a7bb092168ff2b8b5ca1c40fea52191.mp4 9e5222f51b6e3626ccec4a3e1c7ce101 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/721bd6d46260b5c507cad918e66ccc76.pdf 44d4cf316daf7e618e1308e4c3d93a82 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Joe Reiss Length of interview (1:23:09) (0:36) Background Born October 3, 1920 in Cheshire Township, Michigan (0:48) Father worked as a blacksmith in town of Agnew, Michigan (3:12) Father died when he was 10 years old (5:15) Highest formal education achieved was 8th grade (3:20) Before the war, he served in the Civilian Conservation Corps for 9 months (4:00) In CC, he planted trees and stood watch for fires at night (8:51) Working at American brass in Grand Haven, Michigan when Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was bombed (4:45) Wanted to defend his country so he joined the Marine Corps (5:44) Had to wait until after Christmas 1941 before he enlisted (6:10) (7:00) Training Went to Parris Island, South Carolina for basic training (7:15) Learned discipline, marching, and physical training (7:36) Had good drill instructors didn’t bother him much (7:45) Then he went to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina for additional training (8:45) Training was pretty easy for him, got experience from the CC (11:15) Developed good marksman skills from hunting rabbits as a child (14:14) More interested in shot grouping, rather than bulls eye (15:00) From Camp Lejeune he was shipped to San Francisco, California (15:30) (16:00) Active Duty Assigned to Company E, 2nd battalion, 1st Marine Division (2:09) From California they went to New Zealand for 3 days to restock supplies (16:00) Japanese were building an airbase on Guadalcanal to bomb Australia (16:32) Did an amphibious landing on Guadalcanal, encountered no resistance (17:15) The only people there were workers building the airstrip (18:41) His ship, U.S.S. Elliot, was bombed and caught fire; had to be sunken (19:55) Set up camp on a grassy knoll and had to keep the position (20:00) Didn’t see any resistance for a couple weeks, then the Japanese came (24:03) Suffered little casualties and killed about 1400 Japanese (25:15) Assigned to scout sniper, used a M1903 Springfield Rifle (25:25) Stayed at Guadalcanal for about 4 months and didn’t have much food (26:45) After Guadalcanal they went to Australia to rest and resupply (27:55) While in Australia they got new uniforms and received well balanced meals (28:25) �(29:00) New Britain In the summer of 1942 [1943] went from Australia to New Britain (29:12) Landed on the southern part of the island on New Britain in December 1943 (32:40) Encountered little opposition when landing, but camps were everywhere (33:11) Stayed at New Britain for about 6 months (36:20) Could shove a pipe into the side of a mountain and get fresh warm water (36:33) Had a few battles at New Britain, but they never took the island completely (37:45) Next they went to island of Pavuvu near Guadalcanal (38:30) On the island there were a lot of mosquitos, rats and small crocodiles (39:10) After Pavuvu, they were shipped to island of Peleliu (41:00) He was put in charge of 2 battalion groups [?] as a Private First Class (41:28) (41:30) Peleliu He was part of the first wave that landed on Peleliu and made it fine (41:45) Japanese figured they could let 1st wave land, and get them later (42:00) Only on Peleliu for a couple days before he was wounded (45:00) He was shot through the arm and hand and got shrapnel in his hand (46:25) Made his way back to the ocean and was evacuated by ship (47:15) Transferred to the U.S.S. Henderson and then went back to Guadalcanal (47:30) Treated at Army hospital in Guadalcanal before going back to California (47:56) Flew from California to Great Lakes Hospital in Illinois (48:00) He got out of the hospital the day that the war ended (48:45) While on Guadalcanal they were not able to get the proper supplies (53:00) On New Britain while making a shack, bitten by tarantula and got malaria (55:00) While in Australia the United Services Organization visited the troops (57:30) (49:00) Post Service Used to wearing uniforms; civilian life took some getting used to (50:15) Received a Purple Heart Award for being wounded (51:07) Wasn’t able to keep in touch with his family while overseas (51:45) While he was serving his brothers also joined the armed services (52:15) Never doubted that the United States was going to win the war (56:14) Had a lot a respect for his fellow marines and commanders (1:04:00) Got a job at American Brass after he was discharged (1:05:00) Made a lot of close friends while in the service, he the only one left (1:06:00) Joined the Veterans Foreign Wars (VFW) for a while but quit (1:08:09) Member of the 1st Marine Division association and Guadalcanal association (1:08:00) Worked at Bastian-Blessing for 25 years making kitchen appliances (1:09:12) Married Louise Davis in 1948 and had five children (1:10:56) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReissJ1373V Title A name given to the resource Reiss, Joe (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Reiss, Joe Description An account of the resource Joe Reiss was born in Cheshire Township, Michigan, in 1920. He enlisted in the Marine Corps shortly after Pearl Harbor, and was assigned to the 1st Marine Division as a rifleman. He went with then to train in New Zealand, and was part of the initial landing on Guadalcanal, where he became a sniper and served for about four months. After rebuilding in Australia, his unit landed at Cape Gloucester on New Britain, in 1943, and on Peleliu in 1944. He was wounded on Pelelieu and sent back to the US, and got out of the hospital the day the war ended. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Erichsen, Wallace (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Marine Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-02-16 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c01ef7a57517b8abc03636d18c7e47d1.jpg 280a4b4f8bb92abda8e67dfad5b69f91 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ReisterPatricia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Reister, Patricia Description An account of the resource Patricia Reister Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng