822 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2be872144791a7bae480631a46134518.pdf 548d5f91b47bc98c95fa6f04b2f15a01 PDF Text Text 2020.Regional Development Forecast: - Population, Households and Employment for Cities, Villages, Townships and Detroit Subcommunities c:::::::J D DD D ,----17 L__J DDD •r--ior, D r-7 V'" '----' J [7 ""U •••on c:::Jc!JD DD•• • DDDDD~U • DDDDD •• DDDDC' DODD~ •-DODD -•• ll [7 CJ DD DV April 1996 - SEA£OG ... Planning For The Future Today Southeast Michigan Council Of Governments �SEAfCOG ... Planning For The Future Today SEMCOG is a regional planning partnership, accountable to member local gover~m~n_ts in Southeast Michigan. Its primary missions are 1) planning on issues that extend beyond individual government boundaries and 2) intergovernmental relations in cooperation with local government, as well as state and federal agencies. The SEMCOG partnership strengthens efficient and effective local government, supporting local planning through its technical, data and intergovernmental resources. SEMCOG's membership includes cities, villages, townships, counties, intermediate school districts and community colleges in Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St.Clair, Washtenaw and Wayne Counties. SEMCOG's principal planning activities include adoption of region-wide plans and policies in the area of transportation, community and economic development, water and air quality and other environmental concerns as well as public safety and land use. SEMCOG also maintains the region's most extensive planning database, for demographic, transportation, infrastructure and development, both economic and physical. It is a depository for U.S. Census data as well as the great volume of data generated in various planning activities for more than 35 years. SEMCOG implements direct services through RideShare, the region's car/vanpool matching service; the Center for Joint Public Services, a resource for cooperative intergovernmental arrangements and the SEMCOG library's local ordinance files and governmental problem-solving service. Three principal sources of revenue support SEMCOG programs: federal grants and contracts, state grants and contracts and membership fees. All SEMCOG policy decisions are made by local elected officials, insuring that regional policies reflect the interests of member communities. There are two policy-making bodies: the General Assembly and an Executive Committee, with each member community represented on the General Assembly. SEMCOG's deliberative process includes broad-based representation from local government and the busine~s community as well as environmental organizations and other special interest groups. They funct10~ together in technical advisory councils for transportation, environment, community and economic development, data analysis and education. 0 Printed at SEMCOG on recycled paper �2020 Regional Development Forecast: Population, Households and Employment for Cities, Villages, Townships and Detroit Subcommunities April 1996 Preparation of this document was financed in part through grants from the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration and Federal Highway Administration through the Michigan Department of Transportation, and local membership contributions. Prepared by SEMCOG, The Southeast Michigan Council of Governments 660 Plaza Drive, Suite 1900 Detroit, MI 48226 313/961-4266 • Fax 313/961-4869 http://www.semcog.org e-mail thomas@semcog.org �Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................. .............................. ................ ...... 1 Introduction/Methods ................................................................................................................ 3 Regional Forecast Results ........................................................................................................ 5 Jobs ............................................................................................................................... 5 Households ................................................................................................................... 9 Population .. ............................. ............................ .. ................... ......................... .......... 12 Appendix A - Definitions .......................................................................................................... 17 Appendix 8 - Regional Forecast Totals ................................................................................... 18 Appendix C - City, Village and Township Forecasts ............................................................... 19 Appendix D - Detroit Subcommunity Forecasts .................................................................... 101 �Seven County Region HOUY COHOCTlOH CONWAY - F-0 HCMEti ..,__ ICll00 P<Jl'NAM ~ ~ oon,, ll'NOOH D&NIElD OCEOIA - - .,_ ROBE ~ H<R1lNoO OIIO>'ElAM> ~ ll'IAHDOH - """71'1NCE -11 ..-- -· - SYlVAH - SHAROt4 -8 WN'ICHESTEII -,ofWAT91 ~ ·-· «-TBt - - LOHOOH ... ~ IJ DI.N&~ -~ ~ ~ 11M - ....... c»t>OAO ~ ~e ORION - �Executive Summary Introduction SEMCOG's new 2020 Regional Development Forecast (RDF) has been revised following review by local communities of the draft numbers, and has been adopted by SEMCOG's Executive Committee and General Assembly. The RDF provides projections for the total region, for cities, villages and townships, as well as for small areas within municipalities. Starting with base year 1990 data, the forecast represents the projected numbers of people, households and jobs in fiveyear intervals through 2020. In addition, it includes households by income and by presence of children and jobs by type of industry. The community review process included meetings in each of SEMCOG's seven counties and the City of Detroit. These were held in early December 1995. Review comments were used to revise the draft forecast. Following committee review, the completed 2020 Regional Development Forecast was adopted by the Executive Committee on February 23, 1996, and by the General Assembly on March 21 , 1996. Methods The Regional Development Forecast takes three major steps to generate small area numbers. The first step uses an economic and demographic model to generate Regional Forecast Totals. These set the overall regional growth expectations for population, households and jobs at fiveyear intervals from 1990 through the year 2020. Next, the DRAM/EMPAL (Disaggregated Residential Allocation Model/Employment Allocation) model uses these Regional Forecast Totals to produce forecasts for 174 areas called "forecast districts." Finally, the district numbers are allocated to 1,442 small areas called "analysis zones." Zones, in turn, can be summed to equal cities, villages, townships and counties. Methodology used in RDF takes advantage of established, well-tested computer models used in many large metropolitan areas across the United States. Small area data from the 1980 and 1990 censuses, the Michigan Employment Security Commission and other sources through early 1995 are used to represent economic and demographic trends. Data on existing land development, infrastructure and local plans indicate capacity for future growth. SEMCOG has had the input and review of a committee of local planners and economic and demographic experts during the RDF process. The agency's most recent forecast was very accurate (within a few percentage points) at the county and region levels when compared to the subsequent census. Municipal and analysis zone forecasts have been reasonably accurate. The new 2020 RDF is expected to provide an even better view of future small area change. Summary of Forecast Results The adopted Regional Forecast Totals show strong growth in both population (up 13 percent regionwide) and jobs (up 18 percent) from 1990 through 2020. The basis of this growth is a diversifying economy led by growth in services, together with the region's traditional solid economic foundation in manufacturing (although a continued push for efficiency will shrink totals of manufacturing jobs). The region can look forward to a positive economic future. The two most significant trends in the forecast are the aging of our region's population and the continued outward spread of households and jobs. The aging population will result in more households without children (up 37 percent regionwide, 1990 to 2020) and fewer households with children (down 5 percent). With the forecasted 22 percent growth in households, the region will need to build over 400,000 new housing units between 1990 and 2020. 1 �Over the next 25 years, the region's growth will continue to spread out - for both job locations and residences. Job growth will be strong in western Wayne County, the Ann Arbor area, the western and northern Oakland County suburbs, in central Macomb County and in Livingston County. Detroit's historic employment losses will moderate with significant gains in some areas of the city. Growth in service jobs (up 39 percent regionwide) will lead the gains in high growth areas of Southeast Michigan. On the household side, the largest amount of growth will occur in the communities on the borders of the built-up, urbanized area of the region, with additional strong growth areas in the townships surrounding Ann Arbor, in central and eastern Livingston County, across northern Oakland and Macomb counties and into St. Clair County. Population also changes as existing households change. Because of a continued decline in household size (down from 2.66 to 2.47 persons per household for the entire region), many older suburbs will continue to add households yet will lose some population. Use of the RDF SEMCOG's forecast provides a basis for its Regional Transportation Plan and other regional planning work. Local units of government can use these projections in their infrastructure and master planning. Businesses and other organizations need this type of detailed portrayal of the future to understand their clients' needs. 2 �Introduction/Methods Introduction Over its 28-year history SEMCOG has produced an update of the Regional Development Forecast (RDF) approximately every five years. This 2020 RDF takes advantage of data from the 1990 census and more recent development and job data to extend SEMCOG's forecast to the year 2020. By providing small area detail, the forecast gives a 25-year view of the future of Southeast Michigan that satisfies these objectives: • provides a base for SEMCOG's long range regional planning, • links future changes in the region to past trends and to the most current data on locations of residential development and economic activity, • provides SEMCOG's member local governments with an essential component of their comprehensive planning and • satisfies planning requirements of the federal lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991. Methods In order to have an accurate view of the future for communities and for small areas within communities, a forecast requires that the larger context of growth and change be set for the entire metropolitan area. SEMCOG's 2020 Regional Development Forecast uses a three-step process to determine the future growth of the entire Southeast Michigan metropolitan area and then allocate that growth to sub-areas of the region, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Regional Development Forecast Process c:::lc:=:JC DDQ •• •Cl •DDCSmallDD DDDDD~U • •••• rArean[] ~~VP' •c:::u=:::10 DODD D IT • c::JcJDDDD Regional Forecast Totals DD • fl 3 �The first step in the process is developing a set of Regional Forecast Totals. Appendix B contains the complete set of numbers on future population, households and jobs at five-year intervals to 2020 that were adopted by SEMCOG's General Assembly in February 1995. SEMCOG and the RDF Subcommittee of the DataCenter Advisory Council derived the regional totals from work done at the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations of the University of Michigan using the REMI model (Regional Economic Models, Inc.). REMI is a computer model that considers local areas as economic units competing for labor, income and future population with other areas of the United States. SEMCOG evaluated and modified REMI results based on current data and other national forecasts of the region. With the context for overall regional growth established, step two is examining household and economic interactions within the region. SEMCOG used the DRAM/EMPAL (Disaggregated Resi• dential Allocation Model/Employment Allocation) model system to do this. DRAM/EMPAL is a well-tested method that is now being applied in many of the largest metropolitan areas across the country. It considers each of 174 forecast "districts" as a market area competing with the rest of Southeast Michigan for future people and jobs. Each district's characteristics are considered and recent job and household changes in the district are linked to all other districts by use of interdistrict travel times. Data considered by the models are summarized below. Summary of Data Inputs DRAM/EM PAL for 174 districts Zonal Allocation Program for 1,442 analysis zones Regional totals of jobs (8 types) and households (8 types), all forecast years For each district: jobs (8 types) and households (8 types), all forecast years Jobs in base year Jobs 5 years previous Households (20 types) in base year Households (20 types) 5 and 10 years previous Household type-housing unit structure type in base year Households in base year Households 5 years previous Population in base year Land by vacant developable or type of use Job-land use relationship in base year Land holding capacity - from vacant developable land, local plans and densities Travel times to all other districts, all forecast years Population from Households for 1,442 analysis zones Regional totals of population, all forecast years Households ( 20 types), all forecast years Persons per household in base year Wit~in each of the 174 districts, new development can be accommodated where suitable laodis ava,labl~. ~onal allocation is the third step in the RDF process. The zonal allocation program (ZAP) di st nbutes district forecasts to 1,442 analysis zones. ZAP uses land "supply" data and ;ecent tre nd s to accomplish this step. Population is then derived from households. zone t~:e~::n~re summed to provide forecast numbers for each city, village, township and county in 4 �The review, revision and adoption process for RDF brought together SEMCOG staff, local planners, economists and demographic experts to review methods and draft results. Community review used a series of meetings, one in each county, to discuss and solicit suggested modification to the draft forecast. SEMCOG researched concerns raised in comments and modified the forecast as appropriate. Final approval by SEMCOG's General Assembly in March 1996 followed recommendation by the DataCenter Advisory Council and Executive Committee. Providing an accurate view of future small area change in Southeast Michigan is the overall goal of the Regional Development Forecast. The data, methods and review process are all designed to produce this result. SEMCOG's most recent forecast (RDF, Version '89) was accurate at the regional and county levels to within a few percentage points when measu.-ed against the 1990 census. Small area accuracy was within reasonable limits. In 2020 RDF, improved small area data and newly applied computer models should produce even better results. Regional Forecast Results Future Jobs Southeast Michigan's economic future is solid, as shown in the Regional Forecast Totals (see Appendix 8). The REMI economic model that was the source of these totals indicates strong, broad-based economic growth over the next several decades. Job gains will be 18 percent, with a total of 2.9 million jobs by 2020. Because of the aging population, however, as described below, from 2010 to 2020 there will be little change in total numbers of jobs. Figure 2 shows forecast job growth and also shows jobs as a percentage of working age adults. Figure 2 Employment Change 1990 - 2020 87% 88% l..ru~---:--::-::;85:o/c~o=~rw;;~~;;;;;;;;;;;---7 t of working Age Population Jobs as a Percen 88 1: 84 B 80 ~ D. en C .2 :E 2000 2010 2020 The region's economy will continue to diversify as employment in service industries grows. Figure 3 shows the eight industrial classes forecast by SEMCOG along with changes in jobs from 1990 to 2020. 5 �Figure 3 Change in Jobs by Industrial Class 1990- 2020 1.2 1.0 .8 ,n C .2 ·-:e .6 .4 .2 0 Ag. Manuf. Nat. Res. Who esale TCU 1990 Retail Services 2020 While the region's manufacturing job totals will shrink by 15 percent over the 30-year forecast, this represents a continuing process of cost cutting and efficiency in goods production. The region'~ share of U.S. motor vehicle production has remained around 20 percent for the past several decades. Manufacturing jobs were 24 percent of all jobs in Southeast Michigan in 1990 as compared to 17 percent in the U.S. overall. The biggest gains, 39 percent, are in services, which include a wide range of activities, from job~ in beauty shops and other personal services to business services and health care workers. Retail (which includes restaurant jobs) and financial services are other major segments of the econom~ that will show gains. 6 �Change in Jobs by County 1990- 2020 1990 1995 2010 2005 2000 2015 2020 Change Percent Number 39,300 46,700 55,100 63,300 69,400 70,900 71,900 32,600 83.0% Macomb 333,700 361 ,400 386,200 403,700 410,600 409,700 407,700 74,000 22.2% Monroe 50,400 55,600 60,700 64,600 66,500 66,800 67,200 16,800 33.3% Oakland 681 ,000 745,300 806,100 856,200 883,400 885,300 887,800 206,800 30.4% St.Clair 55,700 60,600 64,700 69,400 72,500 73,500 74,400 18,700 33.6% Washtenaw 213,900 228,300 242,800 252,800 258,200 259,000 260,200 46,300 21 .6% Wayne Detroit Balance Wayne 976,200 412,500 563,700 979,200 383,700 595,500 999,700 1,015,000 357,300 368,900 630,800 657,700 1,016,200 348,200 668,000 1,010,200 1,004,500 341,700 337,400 667,100 668,500 28,300 -75,100 103,400 2.9% -18.2% 18.3% 2,350,200 2,477,000 2,615,200 2,725,000 2,776,700 2,775,200 2,773,700 423,500 18.0% Livingston Region Note: Due to rounding, individual values may not equal totals. Within Southeast Michigan, job locations will continue the historic pattern of outward growth. The two tables show forecast jobs by county and the top 1O growth communities in the region. Oakland, Out-Wayne, Macomb and Washtenaw counties each will gain substantial numbers of jobs. The largest percentage gains, however, are in Livingston County. Ranked by community, the biggest gainers are the Oakland County suburbs Auburn Hills, Troy and Rochester Hills, plus Ann Arbor and Livonia. Top 10 Job Growth Communities Employment Change 1990 2020 Number Percent 22,200 62,000 39,800 179.3% Ann Arbor 113,300 134,700 21,400 18.9% Troy 104,500 125,000 20,500 19.6% Rochester Hills 18,700 36,700 18,000 96.3% Livonia 93,100 110,200 17,100 18.4% Canton Twp 14,200 30,600 16,400 115.5% Waterford Twp 23,100 39,300 16,200 70.1% Sterling Heights 55,800 70,800 15,000 26.9% Novi 22,200 36,700 14,500 65.3% Clinton Twp 25,700 40,200 14,500 56.4% Auburn Hills 7 �Figure 4 shows that areas of strongest job growth are generally in the northern and western suburbs. Moderate job gains are forecast for many of the more rural townships just beyond these areas. Job losses are most pronounced in the traditional centers of manufacturing employment, such as Detroit, Pontiac and Warren . Detroit's historically large losses are expected to continue moderating, as redevelopment accelerates during the forecast period. Figure 4 Change in Employment 1990- 2020 D Decrease, More than 1,000 Loss QI]] Small Change, 1,000 Loss to 1,000 Gain ,~1111 Moderate Increase, 1,001 to 5,000 Gain 8 Large Increase, More than 5,000 Gain �Future Households Several factors combine to produce the substantial growth in households, 22 percent, indicated by 2020 RDF. Strong economic growth will keep population growing in the region. As shown in Figure 5, households with children will actually decline by five percent from 1990 to 2020, while households without children will increase over 36 percent. These childless households will include many single adults, both young and elderly, but also many more "empty nesters" as baby boomers (people born between 1946 and 1965) age beyond the child raising years. Figure 5 Household Change 1980- 2020 2.0 ti) C .2 :e 1.5 1.0 .5 0 1980 1990 2000 2020 2010 Figure 6 Average Persons Per Household 1960 - 2020 · 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.59 2.5 2.0 1960 2.52 2.47 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 9 �L The forecasted drop in household size continues a huge demographic shift in how people live, one that has been ongoing through much of the industrial period in the history of our society. The steady decline in household size will continue through 2020, with the regional average at 2.47 persons per household by that time. By county and by community, household growth trends reflect gains and losses in job concentra• tions, changing access to these concentrations, and a general tendency of an outward spread of lower density residential development. The tables show household growth by county and list the highest growth communities in the region. Change in Households by County 1990- 2020 Change Number Percent 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 38,900 46,000 52,800 59,500 66,400 73,300 79,400 40,500 104.1% Macomb 265,000 285,600 300,800 316,000 332,100 347,100 359,900 94,800 35.8% Monroe 46,500 50,000 52,900 55,400 58,000 61,100 63,800 17,200 37.1% Oakland 410,500 440,000 461,600 483,500 506,100 530,500 551,800 141,300 34.4% St. Clair 52,900 57,700 61,400 64,800 68,300 72,300 75,800 22,900 43.3% Washtenaw 104,500 112,600 118,600 124,600 130,900 138,000 144,600 40,100 38.3" Wayne Detroit Balance Wayne 780,400 374,100 406,500 781,300 360,500 420,800 TT9,100 349,300 430,100 TTS,400 339,900 438,700 TT9,100 332,500 446,900 782,800 327,200 455,900 788,000 322,800 465,500 7,800 -51,200 59,000 1.0% ·13.7" 14.5% 1,698,800 1,773,100 1,827,400 1,882,300 1,941,300 2,005,400 2,063,600 364,700 21.5°4 Livingston Region Note: Due to rounding, individual values may not equal totals. High Growth Communities Households MACOMB TWP Change 1990 2020 Number Percent 7,400 27,200 19,800 267.6% NOVI 12,700 31,600 18,900 148.8% SHELBY TWP 16,800 34,900 18,100 107.7% CANTON TWP 19,500 34,100 14,600 74.9% CLINTON TWP 32,500 44,700 12,200 37.5% 6,800 17,300 10,500 154.4% STERLING HEIGHTS 40,800 50,700 9,900 24.3% TROY 26,200 35,400 9,200 35.1% ROCHESTER HILLS 22,300 31,400 9,100 40.8% FARMINGTON HILLS 29,300 38,000 8,700 29.7% PITTSFIELD TWP Aas discudssed above' the strongest growth in jobs is forecast for western Wayne County the Ann ArbOr rea an central Oakland and M b • ' eneral ·ob . acorn counties. As Figure 7 shows, household growth follows th~se 9 J patterns, but is more spread out, reflecting both land availability and commuting behavior. 10 �Figure 7 Change in Households 1990 - 2020 D Decrease, More than 500 Loss Small Change, 500 Loss to 500 Gain - Moderate Increase, 501 to 2,000 Gain Large Increase, More than 2,000 Gain 11 �Future Population r Southeast Michigan's population has rebounded, beginAfter almost tw~ decades of stag~a io;, been aining at a rate of 1/2 percent per year. Relying ning in 1988. Smee the~, th ~ r~g,on as my p;ople will continue to choose to live in Southeast on the strength _of o~r d1vers1fyh1~gfecono t ~t 13 percent over 30 years, reaching 5.2 million in Michigan. Reg1onw1de growt is orecas year 2020. Figure 8 Population Change 1980- 2020 18 16 14 12% 11% rento1 po ~etv . 5 'leat5 pu\at1on ... C ftfte o1~ Cl) 12 6 0 ~et ~ Cl) 0. 10 8 6.0 4.6 4.8 5.0 2000 2010 5.2 ~ 4.0 .2 :i 2.0 1980 1990 2020 Within that steady increase in total population, big shifts are occurring in ~~e structure a~: geographic location. As Figure 8 shows, the population over 65 years of age w1I! increase ge percent in 1990 to 17 percent in 2020. Figure 9 shows how dramatic the shift will be for eac ~ . 5 group. Despite overall population growth, there are decreases in all age groups _up to 8 10 One principal effect will be on the labor force - no growth in numbers of workers in the 2 in 2020 period. The biggest increase is for the age group that will be composed of baby bo?mers 59 2020, those aged 55 - 74. Because of people living longer, the 75+ age group will also mcrea strongly, by 59 percent. In response to these changes, communities will need to provide more services for empty nest~: and the elderly - zoning for retirement and care-giving housing, elderly transportation and rec ational opportunities. frr 6~o 12 �Figure 9 Percent Change in Population by Age 1990- 2020 100 +81% 80 .,. 60 C Cl) ...u Cl> Q. 40 20 0 -20 0-4 5-15 16-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age Group The table shows county population change numbers. The growth shown in these figures parallels that of households. Change in Population by County 1990 - 2020 Change 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Number Percent Livingston 115,600 135,600 154,100 170,900 187,700 204,900 219,700 104,100 90.1% Macomb 717,400 754,500 775,900 802,300 832,500 860,900 884,200 166,800 23.3% 146,700 150,700 154,900 160,200 164,800 31,200 23.4% 1,192,200 1,232,200 1,272,200 1,319,000 1,359,900 276,300 25.5% Monroe Oakland 133,600 141,400 1,083,600 1,150,900 St. Clair 145,600 158,900 167,500 175,100 182,800 191,500 199,200 53,600 36.8% Washtenaw 282,900 300,500 313,100 325,600 340,300 357,400 373,400 90,500 32.0% Wayne Detroit Balance Wayne 2,111,700 1,028,000 1,083,700 2,094,000 992,300 1,101,700 2,055,000 2,020,700 952,000 916,000 1,103,000 1,104,700 1,992,300 884,300 1,108,000 1,973,100 1,961,400 858,600 837,300 1,114,500 1,124,100 -150,300 -190,700 40,400 -7.1% -18.6% 3.7% Region 4,590,500 4,735,700 4,804,400 4,877,400 4,962,600 5,067,100 5,162,400 571,900 12.5% Note: Due to rounding, individual values may not equal totals. 13 �Figure 10 Change in Population 1990 - 2020 D Decrease, More than 1,000 Loss Small Change, 1,000 Loss to 1,000 Gain - Moderate Increase 1,001 to 5,000 Gain Large Increase, More than 5,000 Gain As Figure 10 shows, the areas with declines in population include both urban core cities such~~ 8 Detroit and Pontiac, which are losing households, but also the suburbs built in the 195os .11 196Os. These are communities with many households that have "aged in place" and th0 Ywi have many empty nesters and elderly in year 2020. 14 �When viewed by community and small areas, population change in many suburban communities brings up the question, "How can my community be gaining households (and housing units) yet losing population?" This apparent paradox is explained by the changing composition of households. With five percent fewer households with children and many more single adults in 2020, there will not be as many people in a given number of housing units. On the growth side, in contrast, the areas rapidly growing in households are also rapidly growing in population. Because many families move to new housing when young children are added to the household, some of these growth communities will experience a net increase in household size. The table shows population change in the 15 largest communities in the region. While Detroit and Warren work to achieve stable populations in the future, communities such as Clinton Township and Canton Township will be challenged to provide schools and other services for their burgeoning populations. Population Change in 15 Largest Communities Change Population Detroit Warren Sterling Heights Ann Arbor Livonia Dearborn Clinton Twp Westland Southfield Farmington Hills Troy Pontiac Taylor St. Clair Shores Waterford Twp 1990 2020 Number Percent 1,028,000 144,900 117,800 111,800 837,300 133,200 125,800 122,300 96,300 92,700 -190,700 -11,700 8,000 10,500 -4,500 3,400 15,000 6,800 -1,700 8.0% -2.2% 72,900 71,200 70,800 100,700 91,500 74,000 83,400 89,100 62,700 61,300 -18.6% -8.1% 6.8% 9.4% -4.5% 3.8% 17.5% 8,700 16,200 -8,500 -9,500 11.6% 22.2% -11.9% -13.4% 68,100 66,700 63,900 74,600 -4,200 7,900 -6.2% 11.8% 100,800 89,300 85,800 84,700 75,700 74,700 15 �Appendix A - Definitions Population . • h · ·t . . · Total population includes all residents of the commun!ty, whet~~-r they reside in ousmg um s or ~n ~rou~ quarters (nursing homes, college dormitories, correctional fac1ht1es, etc.) Group quarters populat10 in se lected communities having federal or state group quarters facilities h~s been updated to 1995 and all other 1995 group quarters populations have been adjusted, so that the region's total 1995 group quarters population is the same as the 1990 total. No further changes are made beyond 1995. Households . Total households equal the total number of occupied housing units. The household with ~~1ldren group 1s those households with one or more persons under 18 years of age. A household not contam1~g any person under 18 is in the households without children group. Note that the 1990 total households figure 1s b~sed on sample Census data and may differ slightly from the 100 percent count total. Also note that neither population nor household numbers have been adjusted to reflect 1990 Census undercount. Household income quartiles consist of four income classes. Each class contains 1/4 of the re~ion's total households. Households are arranged in order of income, lowest to highest. In terms of 1989 income, as reported in the 1990 Census, the quartile boundaries are as follows: Quartile 1 Less than $16,717 Quartile 2 $16,717 to $34,302 Quartile 3 $34,303 to $55,585 Quartile 4 More than $55,585 Because future dollar values of income quartiles cannot be projected accurately, forecast households are simply reported as numbers of households by quartile, with no dollar value specified. Persons Per Household Persons per household is an average, calculated by dividing household population by total households. Employment "Total employment'' measures the number of jobs, both full-time and part-time, located in the community. This includes self-employed proprietors. These jobs may be held by community residents or by nonresidents who commute into the community. Employment is broken down into four types: manufacturing, retail trade, services and all other. These types, called "industrial classes," describe the predominant purpose and major product or service of the business, agency or governmental department for which the employed person works. Note that although manufacturing jobs occur mainly in plants and factories, they can also be found in warehouses, research facilities and office buildings. "Retail trade" jobs occur mainly in stores, shops and eating and drinking places, but also occur in warehouses and office buildings. "Services" is a very diverse class, including such establishments as hotels and motels, repair shops, barber and beauty shops, hospitals, schools from nursery to university, business service firms and offices of health practitioners, consultants, architects, engineers and lawyers. The "all other" group includes agriculture, transportation/communications/utilities, wholesale trade, finance/insurance/real estate and public administration. Note that construction jobs and military are not included in RDF employment. Communities Communities are defined as of January 1, 1990, as recognized by the 1990 Census, with two kinds of exceptions. First, township "islands" are included within the surrounding city or village, and very minor differences may occur because of differences between analysis zone boundaries and communities. Second, boundarie_s were updated to 1995 for two pairs of communities, Dexter/Scio Township, and South Lyon/Lyon Township, where there were sizable annexations between 1990 and 1995 that impacted the communities' vacant land acreage. The table gives numbers by both 1990 and 1995 boundaries. In addition, the 1990 numbers for all communities do not reflect corrections made by the Census Bureau after the sample data were ~eleased. The forecast requires sample data detail and this is unavailable in the Cens~s Bureau corrections. The one exception was South Lyon/Lyon Township, where there was a major err?r in the 1990 censu_s ~ata. Staff used the official revised totals issued by the Census Bureau and 1 estimated the charactenst,cs of the households involved in the change. 16 J �Appendix B - Regional Forecast Totals Table 1 Employment by Industrial Class Southeast Michigan 1990 - 2020 Industrial Class 1990 Agri., & Nat. Res. 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 1990-2020 Number Percent 30,423 31,945 32,602 33,117 34,092 34,646 35,065 4,642 15.3% Manufacturing 486,644 482,618 468,658 466,926 461,554 439,838 415,270 71,374 -14.7% Trans., Commun. & Utilities 124,287 117,000 120,002 123,867 126,736 127,795 127,044 2,757 2.2% Wholesale Trade 121,200 128,294 134,006 143,085 149,036 149,024 147,741 26,541 21.9% Retail Trade 441,167 464,100 476,751 499,946 507,785 502,250 496,965 55,798 12.6% 193,410 201,221 210,717 217,649 221,054 47,932 27.7% 1,119,829 1,184,915 1,213,458 1,229,487 1,255,449 350,557 38.7% 74,235 5,733 8.4% 2,774,868 2,772,824 422,586 18.0% Finan., Insur. & Real Estate 173,122 183,004 Services 904,892 1,001,811 68,502 68,070 Total Employment 2,350,238 2,476,840 Public Adminstration 70,621 72,582 2,614,310 2,723,699 2,775,959 69,052 74,179 Table 2 Households by Income Quartile and Whether Children in Household Southeast Michigan 1990 - 2020 Income Quartile and Whether Children Present Without Children 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 1990-2020 Number Percent Quartile 1 300,929 310,722 327,201 345,782 364,210 382,099 398,727 97,799 32.5% Quartile 2 290,430 305,344 319,145 336,907 356,194 374,393 388,958 98,528 33.9% Quartile 3 245,792 265,916 281,705 300,621 318,955 332,956 342,373 96,581 39.3% Quartile 4 240,783 261,877 281,864 304,352 323,695 335,410 341,998 101,214 42.0% Total W/O Children 1,077,934 1,143,859 1,209,915 1,287,663 1,363,054 1,424,857 1,472,056 394,122 36.6% -5.3% With Children Quartile 1 123,755 132,545 129,645 124,801 121,104 119,252 117,159 -6,596 Quartile 2 134,292 137,924 137,701 133,676 129,120 126,958 126,928 -7,364 -5.5% Quartile 3 178,935 177,352 175,141 169,962 166,358 168,395 173,513 -5,421 -3.0% Quartile 4 183,903 181,391 174,982 166,232 161,619 165,941 173,888 -10,015 -5.4% 620,885 629,212 617,469 594,672 578,201 580,547 591,488 -29,397 -4.7% 1,698,819 1,773,070 1,827,384 1,882,335 1,941,255 2,005,404 2,063,544 364,725 21.5% Total With Children Total Households 17 �Table 3 Total Population, Household Population, Group Quarters Population, Population by Age Group and Persons Per Household Southeast Michigan 1990 - 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 1990-2020 Number Percent 4,590,468 4,735,738 4,804,389 4,STT,433 4,962,603 5,067,093 5,162,405 571,937 12.5% Household Pop. 4,521,180 4,666,450 4,735,101 4,808,145 4,893,315 4,997,805 5,093,117 571,937 12.7% Group Quarters Pop. 69,288 69,288 69,288 69,288 0 0.0% Total Population 69,288 69,288 69,288 Population by Age Group Oto 4 347,129 324,152 303,933 296,189 301,068 308,866 309,509 -37,620 -10.8% 5 to 15 704,564 739,089 732,016 690,907 666,167 670,206 689,278 -15,286 -2.2% 16 & 17 131,538 132,062 133,379 140,043 132,225 126,587 126,301 -5,237 -4.0% 18 to 24 485,781 464,554 455,606 478,609 485,113 463,706 448,659 -37, 122 -7.6% 25 to 34 807,887 717,674 664,449 649,149 657,011 697,514 702,850 -105,037 -13.0% 653,264 646,942 662,474 -48,015 -6.8% 35 to 44 710,489 794,760 783,069 697,555 45 to 54 474,827 586,480 688,308 761,670 753,935 674,225 634,303 159,476 33.6% 55 to 64 394,960 394,7TT 450,456 550,441 648,757 719,900 713,406 318,446 80.6% 65 to 74 323,062 343,563 324,055 323,266 373,492 458,861 541,531 218,469 67.6% 75 & Older 210,231 238,627 269,118 289,604 291,571 300,286 334,094 123,863 58.9% 2.66 2.63 2.59 2.55 2.52 2.49 2.47 -0.19 -7.3% Persons Per Household 18 �Appendix C Regional Development Forecast, Full MCD Report LIVINGSTON COUNTY BRIGHTON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 5,990 2,472 942 1,530 518 677 596 681 2.42 5,389 46 652 42 117 2,768 192 1,519 53 6,690 2,746 1,028 1,718 553 675 584 934 2.44 6,384 51 577 46 183 3,053 255 2,173 46 7,241 3,008 1,050 1,958 591 668 555 1,194 2.41 7,307 36 566 70 194 3,309 352 2,727 53 7,424 3,166 973 2,193 630 653 499 1,384 2.34 8,134 32 566 84 203 3,530 454 3,202 7,409 3,261 854 2,407 658 626 434 1,543 2.27 8,802 32 555 106 204 3,683 537 3,620 65 7,390 3,354 757 2,597 678 608 383 1,685 2.20 8,880 28 502 120 189 3,547 576 3,852 66 7,365 3,433 678 2,755 680 596 348 1,809 2.15 8,917 27 452 113 173 3,411 599 4,077 65 BRIGHTON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 14,541 4,575 2,222 2,353 347 627 1,351 2,250 3.18 6,030 209 1,489 206 389 1,309 861 1,217 350 15,689 5,021 2,266 2,755 296 651 1,569 2,505 3.12 7,076 243 1,730 248 475 1,391 1,047 1,589 353 17,151 5,621 2,317 3,304 277 723 1,865 2,756 3.05 7,688 178 1,694 298 497 1,500 1,196 1,935 390 18,160 6,123 2,254 3,869 306 818 2,144 2,855 2.97 8,394 146 1,699 369 523 1,631 1,358 2,237 431 19,177 6,661 2,192 4,469 368 932 2,389 2,972 2.88 8,976 133 1,678 411 540 1,737 1,520 2,508 449 20,230 7,229 2,213 5,016 473 1,068 2,585 3,103 2.80 9,040 119 1,524 431 504 1,719 1,633 2,655 455 20,983 7,720 2,249 5,471 630 1,205 2,688 3,197 2.72 9,024 112 1,381 420 466 1,697 1,699 2,797 452 COHOCTAH TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 63 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,693 842 425 417 120 160 315 247 3.20 235 91 29 3,161 985 491 494 118 161 383 323 3.21 236 91 19 0 58 30 0 38 0 3,606 1,131 546 585 121 165 448 397 3.19 288 98 19 3 47 53 10 57 4,005 1,271 579 692 132 174 502 463 3.15 333 99 21 5 42 77 13 74 2 4,387 1,411 605 806 141 188 543 539 3.11 361 98 22 7 31 98 14 88 3 4,783 1,555 646 909 150 206 584 615 3.08 374 93 21 9 30 112 14 92 3 5,061 1,661 677 984 155 222 611 673 3.05 378 88 20 11 26 122 12 96 3 63 20 0 31 0 Change 1,375 961 -264 1,225 162 -81 -248 1, 1:~0 -.28 3,528 -19 -200 71 56 643 407 2,558 12 Percent 23.0 38.9 -28.0 80.1 31 .3 -12.0 -41.6 165.6 -11 .5 65.5 -41.3 -30.7 169.0 47.9 23.2 212.0 168.4 22.6 Change 6,442 3,145 27 3,118 283 578 1,337 947 -.46 2,994 -97 -108 214 77 388 838 1,580 102 Percent 44.3 68.7 1.2 132.5 81 .6 92.2 99.0 42.1 -14.5 49.7 -46.4 -7.3 103.9 19.8 29.6 97.3 129.8 29.1 Change 2,368 819 252 567 35 62 296 426 -.15 143 -3 -9 10 -37 102 12 65 3 Percent 87.9 97.3 59.3 136.0 29.2 38.8 94.0 172.5 -4.7 60.9 -3.3 -31.0 1,000.0 -58.7 510.0 n/a 209.7 n/a 19 �., CONWAY TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,818 559 247 312 74 155 167 163 3.25 141 91 10 3 7 15 0 15 0 2,227 701 275 426 76 185 211 229 3.18 141 92 13 3 8 7 0 18 0 2,576 828 293 535 78 207 253 290 3.11 240 98 14 5 13 19 9 82 0 2,935 955 312 643 86 224 297 348 3.07 319 98 15 7 19 31 13 135 3,307 1,080 340 740 93 236 337 414 3.06 379 97 16 9 24 43 14 174 2 3,781 1,225 401 824 101 248 387 489 3.09 404 93 17 11 23 55 15 188 2 4,323 1,379 490 889 108 257 445 569 3.13 432 90 18 13 24 68 16 201 2 2,505 137.8 146.7 98.4 184.9 45.9 65.8 166.5 249.1 -3.6 206.4 -1.1 80.0 333.3 242.9 353.3 DEERFIELD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 3,000 963 431 532 136 183 361 283 3.12 100 42 0 1 25 18 0 14 0 3,566 1,148 481 667 115 184 470 379 3.11 98 44 0 1 16 20 0 17 0 4,057 1,322 501 821 95 178 570 479 3.07 248 45 18 3 21 28 8 125 0 4,538 1,498 500 998 90 177 641 590 3.03 387 44 35 6 27 36 12 226 4,937 1,652 480 1,172 83 172 695 702 2.99 500 45 5,205 1,769 455 1,314 77 166 732 794 2.94 545 43 52 11 34 48 15 338 4 5,370 1,856 426 1,430 72 160 758 866 2.89 582 41 53 13 36 52 15 367 5 2,370 893 -5 79.0 92.7 -1.2 168.8 -47.1 -12.6 110.0 206.0 -7.1 482.0 -2.4 FOWLERVILLE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2 ,648 973 379 594 262 393 228 90 2 .72 806 38 52 4 31 283 79 319 0 2020 Change Percent 2,734 1,009 380 629 231 422 261 95 2.71 1,219 40 120 8 24 456 57 514 0 2,882 1,072 384 688 211 454 299 108 2.69 1,296 19 115 7 18 520 14 603 0 2,981 1,125 370 755 203 472 330 120 2.65 1,446 10 123 6 15 593 9 690 0 3,092 1,180 359 821 194 485 357 144 2.62 1,600 13 120 6 13 665 9 773 3,132 1,214 343 871 183 3,134 1,234 327 907 173 486 261 -52 313 488 484 376 167 2.58 1,677 13 109 5 10 693 7 839 1 387 190 2.54 1,736 12 99 4 91 159 100 581 18.4 26.8 -13.7 52.7 -34.0 23.2 69.7 111 .1 -6.7 115.4 -68.4 90.4 .0 -74.2 149.8 -93.7 182.1 1 n/8 20 48 9 31 43 15 306 3 8 707 5 900 820 243 577 34 102 278 406 -.12 291 -1 8 10 17 53 16 186 2 898 -64 -23 397 583 -.22 482 -1 53 12 11 34 15 353 5 -89 -.18 930 -26 47 0 -23 424 -74 n/a 1,240.0 n/a n/a 1,200.0 44.0 188.9 n/a 2,521.4 n/a �•----------------- GENOA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 10,790 3,692 1,562 2,130 430 719 972 1,571 2.92 4,082 88 343 160 318 757 104 2,302 10 12,769 4,525 1,649 2,876 394 866 1,173 2,092 2.82 5,127 95 380 177 333 1,642 170 2,321 9 14,854 5,338 1,792 3,546 371 985 1,357 2,625 2.78 6,147 107 423 224 361 1,963 206 2,773 90 16,924 6,175 1,897 4,278 387 1,084 1,600 3,104 2.74 7,096 137 496 276 402 2,302 240 3,090 153 18,862 6,957 2,011 4,946 408 1,155 1,772 3,622 2.71 7,820 167 562 312 423 2,589 265 3,316 186 20,401 7,593 2,146 5,447 431 1,203 1,891 4,068 2.69 8,000 172 575 318 397 2,706 275 3,357 200 21,549 8,087 2,275 5,812 455 1,230 1,960 4,442 2.66 8,113 170 573 316 360 2,784 280 3,424 206 GREEN OAK TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 11,604 3,893 1,573 2,320 433 836 1,229 1,395 2.98 4,005 18 1,886 238 643 209 7 981 23 14,000 4,744 1,883 2,861 423 1,086 1,420 1,815 2 95 3,617 15 1,226 313 681 224 2 1,122 34 16,011 5,471 2,112 3,359 440 1,316 1,554 2,161 2.93 4,330 61 1,202 368 714 292 74 1,580 39 18,089 6,234 2,307 3,927 496 1,570 1,681 2,487 2.90 5,060 94 1,211 496 758 366 150 1,938 47 20,573 7,132 2,567 4,565 555 1,828 1,839 2,910 2.88 5,598 117 1,203 563 795 450 208 2,214 48 23,243 8,071 2,931 5,140 594 2,068 2,024 3,385 2.88 5,709 131 1,102 588 754 522 231 2,332 49 25,586 8,879 3,310 5,569 600 2,254 2,201 3,824 2.88 5,803 139 1,006 625 709 581 249 2,446 48 HAMBURG TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 13,077 4,438 1,842 2,596 445 886 1,289 1,818 2.95 1,331 26 541 36 35 378 14 265 36 16,587 5,588 2,344 3,244 452 999 1,557 2,580 2.97 1,454 27 590 43 35 446 18 264 31 19,440 6,547 2,712 3,835 452 1,064 1,725 3,306 2.97 1,812 101 593 135 94 513 32 310 34 22,517 7,635 3,024 4,611 489 1,170 1,930 4,046 2.95 2,146 149 613 160 160 630 47 350 37 25,390 8,667 3,303 5,364 515 1,258 2,114 4,780 2.93 2,464 161 623 243 222 734 61 382 38 28,227 9,689 3,659 6,030 533 1,344 2,336 5,476 2.91 2,657 167 589 305 284 802 74 397 39 30,677 10,571 4,026 6,545 531 1,413 2,573 6,054 2.90 2,811 168 556 354 338 859 87 411 38 Change 10,759 4,395 713 3,682 25 511 988 2,871 -.26 4,031 82 230 156 42 2,027 176 1,122 196 Percent 99.7 119.0 45.6 172.9 5.8 71.1 101.6 182.7 -8.8 98.8 93.2 67.1 97.5 13.2 267.8 169.2 48.7 1,960.0 Change 13,982 4,986 1,737 3,249 167 1,418 972 2,429 1,798 121 -880 387 66 372 242 1,465 25 Percent 120.5 128.1 110.4 140.0 38.6 169.6 79.1 174.1 -3.3 44.9 672.2 -46.7 162.6 10.3 178.0 3,457.1 149.3 108.7 Change 17,600 6,133 2,184 3,949 86 527 1,284 4,236 -.04 1,480 142 15 318 303 481 73 146 2 Percent 134.6 138.2 118.6 152.1 19.3 59.5 99.6 233.0 -1.5 111.2 546.2 2.8 883.3 865.7 127.2 521 .4 55.1 5.6 -.10 �HANDY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HARTLAND TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HOWELL Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 22 1990 2,840 907 468 439 148 222 301 236 3.13 744 71 248 29 23 70 15 288 0 1995 3,807 1,178 621 557 149 227 413 389 3.23 890 71 268 34 20 83 6 408 0 2000 4,686 1,428 745 683 146 222 511 549 3.28 1.156 75 264 39 27 115 18 618 0 2005 5,512 1,675 845 830 153 221 590 711 3.29 1,498 79 282 42 38 230 25 800 2 2010 6,273 1,919 927 992 161 227 646 885 3.27 1,751 84 284 43 48 308 27 949 8 2015 7,072 2,186 1,031 1,155 175 245 709 1,057 3.24 1,844 85 266 40 46 340 29 1,027 11 2020 7,813 2,447 1,139 1,308 193 272 TT3 1,209 3.19 1,930 88 249 35 45 366 31 1,102 14 Change 4,973 1,540 671 869 45 50 472 973 .06 1,186 17 1 6 22 296 16 814 14 Percent 175.1 169.8 143.4 197.9 30.4 22.5 156.8 412.3 2.0 159.4 23.9 .4 20.7 95.7 422.9 106.7 282.6 rv'a 1990 6,860 2,211 1,022 1,189 198 398 715 900 3.10 1,430 149 15 3 36 448 21 758 0 1995 7,926 2,619 1,097 1,522 184 478 866 1,091 3.03 1,936 166 48 11 79 456 33 1,143 0 2000 8,990 3,036 1,151 1,885 172 554 989 1,32, 2.96 2,235 178 61 13 99 461 24 1,399 0 2005 9,909 3,444 1,136 2,308 194 643 1,062 1,545 2.88 2,617 185 102 17 124 500 33 1,655 1 2010 10,859 3,870 1,123 2,747 218 730 1,131 1,791 2.81 2,969 198 136 25 149 517 43 1,897 4 2015 11 ,838 4,302 1,153 3,149 247 815 1,227 2,013 2.75 3,163 198 162 31 154 53 2,on 4 2020 12,700 4,685 1,203 3,482 279 888 1,328 2,190 2.71 3,329 198 179 35 154 452 60 2,247 4 Change 5,840 2,474 181 2,293 81 490 613 1,290 -.39 1,899 49 164 32 118 4 39 1,489 4 Percent 85.1 111.9 17.7 192.9 40.9 123.1 85.7 143.3 -12.6 132.8 32.9 1,093.3 1,066.7 327.8 .9 185.7 196.4 rv'a 1990 8,261 3,298 1,111 2,187 790 1,078 788 642 2.50 10,341 12 1,883 246 86 1,786 2,089 3,646 593 1995 9,415 3,759 1,227 2,532 765 1,286 846 862 2.50 11,998 23 2,423 253 128 1,713 2,176 4,567 715 2000 10,345 4,171 1,268 2,903 741 1,483 860 1,087 2.48 13,361 45 2,682 290 139 1,930 2,347 5,109 819 2005 10,622 4,418 1,120 3,298 737 1,609 845 1,227 2.40 14,640 52 2,923 323 150 2,158 2,482 5,622 930 2010 10,592 4,562 917 3,645 724 1,702 780 1,356 2.32 15,545 51 3,090 332 149 2,384 2,506 5,996 1,037 2015 10,368 4,648 709 3,939 711 1,792 694 1,451 2.23 15,505 44 2,954 307 131 2,468 2,408 6,075 1,118 2020 10,Q78 4,699 524 4,175 706 1,875 601 1,517 2.14 15,363 38 2,768 270 113 2,521 2,299 6,201 1,153 Change 1,817 1,401 -587 1,988 -84 797 -187 875 -.36 5,022 26 885 24 27 735 210 2,555 560 Percent 22.0 42.5 -52.8 90.9 -10.6 73.9 -23.7 136.3 -14.4 48.6 216.7 47.0 9.8 31.4 41.2 10.1 70.1 94.4 484 �-------------------HOWELL TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 7,835 2,610 1,071 1,539 187 458 784 1,181 3.00 5,342 157 1,364 124 153 2,214 40 1,209 81 2015 2020 9,313 3,142 1,260 1,882 230 516 899 1,497 2.96 5,466 158 1,328 142 154 2,317 55 1,224 88 10,761 3,660 1,473 2,187 272 564 1,008 1,816 2.94 5,551 163 1,272 158 157 2,392 69 1,249 91 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 4,298 1,336 657 679 120 271 477 468 3.22 1,695 237 831 42 92 283 14 185 11 5,036 1,588 760 828 118 312 550 608 3.17 2,705 258 1,044 71 120 615 9 563 25 5,800 1,856 867 989 125 361 614 756 3.13 3,828 191 1,159 86 126 1,247 18 955 46 6,679 2,183 955 1,228 151 407 696 929 3.06 4,778 158 1,271 104 141 1,875 28 1,133 68 IOSCOTWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 3,843 1,203 545 658 71 248 370 514 3.19 510 105 10 29 40 171 29 112 14 4,547 1,428 645 783 84 265 424 655 3.18 555 114 11 36 44 180 41 114 15 5,203 1,637 751 886 97 275 478 787 3.18 589 114 12 42 48 189 52 116 16 MARION TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min , Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,567 495 246 249 45 142 175 133 3.17 131 77 9 0 14 19 1 10 1 2,186 681 341 340 48 182 241 210 3.21 145 84 8 0 19 21 0 11 2 2,719 845 414 431 50 207 294 294 3.22 296 90 8 9 26 83 9 66 5 3,232 1,006 474 532 59 228 329 390 3.21 446 98 9 18 33 154 18 104 12 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 8,055 2,702 1,070 1,632 275 389 652 1,386 2.98 1,349 174 158 54 83 240 25 562 53 9,776 3,340 1,256 2,084 353 502 794 1,691 2.93 1,587 185 198 84 108 305 43 599 65 12,102 4,165 1,579 2,586 432 660 1,021 2,052 2.91 1,795 201 234 121 136 361 66 606 70 14,432 4,980 1,946 3,034 495 826 1,285 2,374 2.90 1,999 217 268 157 167 413 89 616 72 4,893 1,526 738 788 145 228 461 692 3.21 604 177 51 7 47 77 0 242 3 5,838 1,862 840 1,022 169 264 503 926 3.14 759 177 101 13 49 109 0 296 14 6,836 2,232 951 1,281 209 312 557 1,154 3.06 1,084 177 125 31 63 168 11 476 33 Change 6,463 2,324 816 1,508 152 293 531 1,348 -.28 3,856 -74 441 116 65 2,109 55 1,064 80 Percent 150.4 174.0 124.2 222.1 126.7 108.1 111 .3 288.0 -8.6 227.5 -'31 .2 53.1 276.2 70.7 745.2 392.9 575.1 727.3 Change 3,636 1,142 505 637 52 133 303 654 .01 458 37 3 42 34 170 51 106 15 Percent 232.0 230.7 205.3 255.8 115.6 93.7 173.1 491 .7 .4 349.6 48.1 33.3 n/a 242.9 894.7 5,100.0 1,060.0 1,500.0 Change 9,539 3,454 1,208 2,246 350 598 824 1,682 -.31 1,395 40 217 150 120 336 89 374 69 Percent 195.0 226.3 163.7 285.0 241.4 262.3 178.7 243.1 -9.6 231 .0 22.6 425.5 2,142.9 255.3 436.4 n/a 154.5 2,300.0 23 > �11 OCEOLA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration PINCKNEY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration PUTNAM TWP Total Population Total Households With Childreh Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 24 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4,773 1,500 703 797 197 374 400 529 3.18 500 189 29 2 82 33 13 151 5,812 1,845 822 1,023 186 438 464 757 3.15 590 194 35 3 80 76 25 174 6,710 2,158 906 1,252 171 485 518 984 3.11 735 225 53 18 91 99 35 208 7,364 2,425 917 1,508 163 505 568 1,189 3.04 822 204 69 30 102 123 7,843 2,656 887 1,769 154 507 592 1,403 2.95 871 176 82 41 109 145 51 8,027 2,803 827 1,976 141 8,017 44 19 21 21 20 2010 1,893 632 276 356 137 72 209 214 3.00 483 6 14 6 11 301 2015 1,928 666 265 401 148 72 213 233 2.89 470 2020 1,951 697 254 443 158 73 216 250 2.80 459 8 Change 6 1990 1,603 514 270 244 113 114 154 133 3.12 273 1995 1,694 534 285 249 111 95 174 154 3.17 339 0 0 32 15 4 2000 1,802 570 296 274 113 83 197 177 3.16 394 2 10 2005 1,850 599 288 311 125 75 205 194 3.09 458 4 12 5 5 4 257 8 295 3 5 7 0 3 54 56 253 3 224 48 109 157 863 117 92 51 109 164 88 95 113 128 0 137 0 0 1 1 7 12 7 10 7 12 283 9 139 13 267 11 142 1 1990 1995 2000 4,586 1,506 677 829 212 310 512 472 3.05 976 2005 5,137 1,699 720 979 194 262 632 611 3.02 1,366 2010 5,693 1,904 765 1,139 179 235 758 732 2.99 1,800 2015 2020 6,174 2,094 6,509 2,240 767 1,473 183 235 6,788 6,998 2,365 765 1,600 182 2,465 909 913 2.91 970 970 2.87 2,397 2,386 2,390 3 49 37 2 79 35 767 4 28 28 46 23 186 58 978 19 42 25 58 33 368 69 1,177 28 779 1,315 184 231 843 836 2.95 2,246 48 1,343 -67 98 192 1,168 -.41 363 -72 63 49 27 131 43 102 249 1 147 597 1,571 2.86 870 143 89 751 2,140 130 472 592 1,697 2.77 248 236 14 3 0 494 2,891 Change 3,244 1,391 243 767 1,698 180 255 1,025 1,005 2.84 50 51 40 41 27 62 46 580 82 1,353 46 28 62 54 27 59 58 574 55 59 599 84 1,466 53 78 1,491 59 25 551 69 1,527 63 348 183 -16 199 45 -41 62 117 -.32 186 8 -22 4 13 120 8 54 Change 2,412 959 90 869 -32 -55 513 533 -.21 1,414 38 -24 18 57 472 34 760 59 Percent 68.0 92,7 6.8 168,5 ·34.0 26.2 48.0 220,8 -12.9 72,6 -38.1 217.2 2,450.0 32.9 397.0 330.8 67.5 2,000.0 Percent 21.7 35.6 -5.9 81.6 39.8 -36,0 40.3 88.0 -10.2 68,f n/a -68.8 133,3 n/a 81.6 266,7 61.4 n/8 - Percent 52,6 63,7 13,3 104,8 -15,1 -17,7 100.2 112.9 -6.8 144,9 1,266,7 -49,0 48,6 2,850,0 597,5 97,1 99,f 1,475,0 �TYRONE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 6,854 2,215 1,011 1,204 228 342 799 846 3.09 298 159 10 8 26 37 2 56 0 8,002 2,634 1,097 1,537 249 357 1,072 956 3.04 355 178 21 8 30 43 2 73 0 9,097 3,068 1,143 1,925 277 367 1,366 1,058 2.97 568 183 10,053 3,491 1,130 2,361 351 388 1,587 1,165 2.88 787 185 88 25 57 71 31 327 3 11,047 3,935 1,121 2,814 416 411 1,802 1,306 2.81 987 190 125 34 70 92 12,067 4,381 1,163 3,218 476 439 2,014 1,452 2.75 1,103 188 152 43 80 112 51 468 9 12,960 UNADILLA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,949 978 398 580 123 298 328 229 3.02 185 33 27 3 0 36 5 81 0 3,282 1,092 412 680 91 306 415 280 3.01 265 34 3,565 1,195 416 779 68 302 506 319 2.98 326 38 20 10 5 115 12 3,830 1,296 407 889 63 306 569 358 2.96 399 4,121 1,404 404 1,000 60 315 627 402 2.94 4,433 1,518 424 1,094 60 324 680 434 45 444 46 4,713 1,620 456 1,164 61 332 719 508 2.91 453 25 19 26 21 16 156 27 18 157 31 143 144 9 9 LIVINGSTON COUNTY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 24 6 0 90 6 105 0 48 17 42 52 21 204 124 2 43 22 14 10 147 18 138 7 42 427 7 14 157 23 143 8 454 2.92 4,777 1,228 3,549 527 468 2,194 1,588 2.71 1,203 186 173 50 88 131 59 505 11 45 26 23 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 115,645 38,893 16,924 21,969 5,084 8,413 11,618 13,778 2.97 39,296 1,756 8,186 1,071 2,036 8,772 3,455 12,935 1,085 135,558 45,958 19,019 26,939 4,922 9,436 13,804 17,796 2.95 46,700 1,911 8,670 1,288 2,361 10,885 3,865 16,469 1,251 154,061 52,801 20,629 32,172 4,887 10,371 15,796 21,747 2.92 55,139 1,989 9,099 1,689 2,614 13,092 170,853 59,515 21,337 38,178 5,274 11 ,344 17,570 25,327 2.87 63,355 2,041 9,742 2,103 2,941 15,569 5,087 24,000 1,872 187,725 66,372 22,005 44,367 5,679 12,287 19,124 29,282 2.83 69,376 2,111 10,183 2,465 3,188 17,235 5,538 26,564 2,092 204,875 73,303 23,372 49,931 6,106 13,264 20,746 33,187 2.79 70,887 2,083 9,752 2,653 3,165 17,636 5,711 27,663 219,674 79,378 24,950 54,428 6,502 14,121 22,190 36,565 2.77 71,925 2,062 9,232 2,752 3,111 17,884 5,788 28,821 2,275 4,468 20,641 1,547 2,224 Change 6,106 2,562 217 2,345 299 126 1,395 742 -.38 905 27 163 42 62 94 57 449 11 Change 1,764 642 58 584 -62 34 391 279 -.11 268 12 -1 20 18 121 26 63 9 Change 104,029 40,485 8,026 32,459 1,418 5,708 10,572 22,787 -.21 32,629 306 1,046 1,681 1,075 9,112 2,333 15,886 1,190 Percent 89.1 115.7 21.5 194.8 131.1 36.8 174.6 87.7 -12.3 303.7 17.0 1,630.0 525.0 238.5 254.1 2,850.0 801.8 n/a Percent 59.8 65.6 14.6 100.7 -50.4 11.4 119.2 121.8 -3.5 144.9 36.4 -3.7 666.7 n/a 336.1 520.0 77.8 n/a Percent 90.0 104.1 47.4 147.7 27.9 67.8 91 .0 165.4 -6.9 83.0 17.4 12.8 157.0 52.8 103.9 67.5 122.8 109.7 25 �It MACOMB COUNTY ARMADA 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percen1 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,548 502 246 256 84 109 170 139 3.08 985 21 149 3 7 250 16 513 26 1,620 519 255 264 68 108 182 161 3.12 1,028 48 216 5 9 243 15 466 26 1,673 528 264 264 54 102 194 1,718 540 262 278 45 97 201 197 3.18 1,196 4 251 8 11 290 1,757 552 1,784 565 255 310 1,801 576 250 326 31 253 74 4 70 -53 -41 16.l 14.1 1.6 27.l -63 1 ·37,6 16.! 100.1 ARMADA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BRUCE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 26 178 3.17 1,112 19 234 8 10 265 259 293 38 88 203 223 3.18 1,265 4 274 8 12 298 8 12 514 11 566 601 50 55 60 34 78 202 251 3.16 1,293 4 282 8 13 295 4 622 65 68 198 28 279 3 .13 140 .04 u 1,304 2 32,4 68 319 -19 129 5 6 39 -12 129 42 25.1 161.! 278 8 13 289 4 642 ·90! 86.I 166.1 85,1 15.I -m 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Perce~ 2,943 874 438 436 115 171 269 319 3.37 339 128 56 4 16 18 0 116 3,671 1,069 533 536 119 172 356 422 3.43 576 134 220 6 20 21 0 174 4,079 1,177 572 605 117 157 419 4,604 5,131 1,461 678 783 117 5,663 1,609 6,115 1,741 107,8 749 820 3,172 867 382 485 1112 -1 -23 •,! -13! 144.o 151.1 41 484 3.47 734 135 275 22 28 28 11 1,319 622 697 118 151 493 557 3.49 867 130 299 30 36 46 20 144 557 643 3.51 934 114 328 39 43 860 115 144 614 736 3.52 979 100 346 921 114 148 658 821 3.51 812 1951 .29.1 56 1,001 90 353 59 51 60 38 38 38 NI 50 48 35 42 530A 1,375.1 2181 233.l 223 282 51 29 293 307 191 12 24 37 300 41 164.1 43 42 4,200.1 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 4,193 1,328 628 700 178 298 349 503 3.16 1,575 55 920 46 30 235 7 282 5,668 1,807 846 961 6,426 7,429 8,413 9 ,359 10,100 2,099 927 1,172 2,469 1,050 1,419 2,843 1,177 3,230 1,295 1,935 223 415 503 666 3.14 2,146 40 1,326 62 43 306 25 344 247 516 611 725 3.06 2,575 48 1,524 105 65 344 32 423 273 307 857 878 801 2.96 3,271 3,571 1,368 2,203 402 1,127 0 34 0 389 502 .15 662 -38 297 55 99.2 684 742 770 3.01 2,949 63 1,663 115 94 409 53 493 59 1,666 75 1,845 127 117 432 71 519 85 351 1,014 1,042 823 2.90 3,444 83 1,926 150 130 441 88 533 93 1,210 832 2 .83 3,495 88 --- Change~ 5,907 2,243 740 1,503 224 829 861 329 -.33 1,920 33 1,918 164 138 444 99 998 118 108 209 92 547 97 265 97 140, 168.! 111.1 214.1 125.I 218.! 246,1 65,l .10,i 121.! so.i 108l 256! 3&',i ~.! ~., 1,31',l r/1 �CENTER LINE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 9,026 3,919 962 2,957 1,497 1,097 852 473 2.30 7,067 33 2,664 127 775 1,214 471 1,728 55 8,679 3,927 933 2,994 1,596 1,212 776 343 2.21 8,939 46 3,569 298 965 1,310 352 2,317 82 8,337 3,927 877 3,050 1,694 1,289 695 249 2.12 10,000 49 3,667 329 1,075 1,270 305 3,200 105 8,214 3,985 823 3,162 1,809 1,336 627 213 2.06 10,561 48 3,716 376 1,183 1,255 283 3,584 116 8,096 4,038 770 3,268 1,896 1,393 566 183 2.00 10,794 47 3,672 431 1,246 1,172 251 3,849 126 8,092 4,125 760 3,365 1,993 1,452 519 161 1.96 10,743 47 3,468 483 1,250 1,085 227 4,048 135 8,080 4,195 765 3,430 2,078 1,495 479 143 1.93 10,627 47 3,233 514 1,237 1,019 209 4,228 140 CHESTERFIELD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 25,905 8,903 4,025 4,878 1,085 2,144 3,187 2,487 2.91 7,993 76 4,443 192 296 912 668 1,224 182 28,678 9,987 4,292 5,695 1,111 2,301 3,682 2,893 2.87 9,087 86 4,405 231 361 1,677 426 1,675 226 33,733 12,026 4,824 7,202 1,302 2,723 4,503 3,498 2.81 10,332 124 4,067 310 420 2,257 363 2,476 315 35,151 12,770 4,717 8,053 1,435 2,801 4,748 3,786 2.75 11,876 160 4,090 389 494 2,915 349 3,130 349 36,508 13,514 4,610 8,904 1,567 2,883 4,941 4,123 2.70 13,413 193 4,591 446 545 3,442 315 3,499 382 37,960 14,290 4,640 9,650 1,713 2,987 5,146 4,444 2.66 14,347 229 4,807 481 567 3,791 290 3,770 412 39,138 14,950 4,727 10,223 1,851 3,081 5,309 4,709 2.62 14,819 257 4,730 501 575 4,051 270 4,016 419 CLINTON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 85,848 32,471 11,651 20,820 5,534 8,480 9,535 8,922 2.64 25,682 300 3,768 731 930 6,509 2,134 10,518 792 93,831 36,890 11,573 25,317 6,429 10,124 10,700 9,637 2.54 29,916 392 4,559 626 935 7,958 2,764 11,631 1,051 96,836 39,279 11,023 28,256 7,139 11,183 11,142 9,815 2.47 33,690 443 5,162 619 968 8,956 3,186 13,242 1,114 100,213 41,687 10,464 31,223 8,039 12,357 11,521 9,770 2.40 36,692 476 5,485 621 1,074 9,917 3,468 14,474 1,177 103,517 44,121 10,032 34,089 9,077 13,631 11,866 9,547 2.35 38,594 510 5,836 600 1,120 10,545 3,789 14,960 1,234 101,726 44,278 9,463 34,815 9,598 14,124 11,655 8,901 2.30 39,514 538 5,835 574 1,117 10,832 4,054 15,277 1,287 100,727 44,640 9,204 35,436 10,099 14,560 11,524 8,457 2.26 40,206 560 5,760 546 1,102 11,024 4,225 15,693 1,296 Change -946 276 -197 473 581 398 -373 -330 -.38 3,560 14 569 387 462 -195 -262 2,500 85 Percent -10.5 7.0 -20.5 16.0 38.8 36.3 -43.8 -69.8 -16.4 50.4 42.4 21.4 304.7 59.6 -16.1 -55.6 144.7 154.5 Change 13,233 6,047 702 5,345 766 937 2,122 2,222 -.29 6,826 181 287 309 279 3,139 -398 2,792 237 Percent 51.1 67.9 17.4 109.6 70.6 43.7 66.6 89.3 -10.0 85.4 238.2 6.5 ~60.9 94.3 344.2 -59.6 228.1 130.2 Change 14,879 12,169 -2,447 14,616 4,565 6,080 1,989 -465 -.39 14,524 260 1,992 -185 172 4,515 2,091 5,175 504 Percent 17.3 37.5 -21.0 70.2 82.5 71.7 20.9 -5.2 -14.7 56.6 86.7 52.9 -25.3 18.5 69.4 98.0 49.2 63.6 27 �2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 35,001 13,492 4,251 9,241 2,850 4,328 4,186 2,128 2.59 10,335 82 810 318 484 3,2n 805 4,325 234 34,527 13,512 4,098 9,414 2,883 4,532 4,227 1,870 2.56 10,925 83 839 348 542 3,190 900 4,746 277 34,417 13,548 3,975 9,573 3,002 4,556 4,167 1,823 2.54 11,404 89 937 359 607 3,169 957 4,991 295 34,041 13,561 3,802 9,759 3,114 4,625 4,112 1,710 2.51 11 ,523 93 964 365 657 3,069 1,036 5,009 330 34,116 13,753 3 ,777 9,976 3,255 34,264 4,741 4,845 4,123 1,634 4,150 1,578 2.48 2.45 11 ,420 96 939 361 672 2,913 1,094 4,982 363 11 ,333 98 898 352 676 2 ,792 1,128 5,012 3TT 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 13,899 5,176 1,895 3,281 1,162 1,255 1,500 1,259 2.69 10,510 94 5,361 158 725 1,425 302 2,311 134 15,087 5,796 1,922 3,874 1,356 1,386 1,622 1,432 2.60 12,729 78 6,499 169 896 1,638 266 3,050 133 15,135 6,005 1,765 4,240 1,482 1,424 1,611 1,488 2.52 13,927 73 6,775 183 1,009 1,745 254 3,749 139 14,986 6,183 1,556 4,627 1,638 1,536 14,514 6,211 1,363 4,848 1,799 1,600 1,495 1,317 2.34 14,316 78 6,434 180 1,177 14,211 6,275 1,253 5,022 1,949 1,661 1,434 1,231 2.26 14,098 6,392 1,199 5,193 2,098 1,720 GROSSE POINTE SHORES (PT)1990 1995 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2000 2005 111 49 9 40 0 13 19 17 2.27 59 0 13 0 0 0 0 46 0 107 49 EASTPOINTE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration FRASER Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 28 1990 35,283 13,447 4,329 9,118 2,896 4,001 4,072 2,478 2.62 9,608 86 781 296 397 3,203 687 3,999 159 105 48 5 43 0 12 14 22 2.19 55 0 13 0 0 0 0 42 0 1995 1,588 13,964 3,812 10,152 3,391 1,401 80 6,061 173 1,195 1,813 229 1,173 2.21 13,635 82 5,654 165 1,193 1,779 220 4,325 4,419 128 123 2010 2015 2020 106 49 120 57 119 58 118 59 8 8 41 0 15 19 15 2.18 69 0 13 0 0 0 0 56 0 41 0 16 20 13 2.16 70 0 13 0 0 0 0 57 0 9 48 9 49 20 23 13 2.11 73 0 13 2 21 24 11 2.05 73 0 13 1,421 2.42 14,321 76 6,606 185 1,114 1,856 252 4,095 137 1,848 239 4,229 131 14,004 9 50 3 23 24 9 2.00 73 0 13 Change Percent -1,019 517 -517 1,034 495 844 78 -900 -.17 1,725 12 117 56 279 -411 441 1,013 218 ·2.! 31 ·11.! lU 17.1 2U u ·36.J ~.I m w m jij,! 70 ) -1!! 64.1 251 137,1 Change Percent 199 1,216 -696 1,912 936 465 -99 -86 -.48 3,125 -12 293 7 468 354 -82 2,108 -11 1.4 23! •36.1 58.J 00.1 37.I -6.o -6.1 .17.! 29.1 .12.i 5.1 ti 64.6 24J .27,2 912 ~.i ---- Change~ 13 11 4 1 3 11 10 -13 -.19 18 0 0 12,4 22.9 ao.o 16,3 ,0 91,1 71,4 ,59,1 .8,6 32.1 ,0 ~a ~a ~a 0 57 0 0 57 0 0 57 0 0 15 0 ,0 35.1 ,0 �HARRISON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration LENOX TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MACOMB TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 24,685 9,950 3,124 6,826 1,679 2,687 2,806 2,778 2.48 5,334 59 1,457 234 374 856 167 1,498 689 25,883 10,648 3,072 7,576 1,720 2,852 3,052 3,024 2.43 6,318 40 1,879 26,105 10,930 2,914 8,016 1,759 2,886 3,155 3,130 2.39 7,434 43 2,188 231 329 1,090 252 2,516 785 26,533 11,297 2,742 8,555 1,880 2,919 3,277 3,221 2.35 8,172 55 2,227 243 347 1,248 308 2,921 823 27,111 11,680 2,638 9,042 1,974 2,989 3,394 3,323 2.32 8,562 60 2,243 244 348 1,350 320 3,142 855 27,805 12,106 2,636 9,470 2,081 3,090 3,523 3,412 2.30 8,897 64 2,312 241 337 1,408 330 3,317 28,341 12,454 2,675 9,779 2,180 3,176 3,628 3,470 2.28 9,087 68 2,299 235 325 1,449 333 3,481 897 3,656 2,504 -449 2,953 501 489 822 692 -.21 3,753 9 842 -49 593 166 1,983 208 14.8 25.2 -14.4 43.3 29.8 18.2 29.3 24.9 -8.3 70.4 15.3 57.8 .4 -13.1 69.3 99.4 132.4 30.2 218 342 978 204 1,942 715 888 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 3,069 984 443 541 163 247 306 268 3.12 477 126 66 81 13 106 4 78 3 5,456 1,331 637 694 184 294 456 397 4.10 871 129 50 83 25 122 4 108 350 5,960 1,507 669 838 162 302 548 495 3.95 1,280 148 184 120 41 142 19 216 410 6,710 1,747 735 1,012 138 312 656 641 3.84 1,598 155 216 116 58 244 34 308 467 7,451 1,984 794 1,190 117 311 742 814 3.76 1,749 140 252 115 73 258 8,256 2,231 892 1,339 103 313 813 1,002 3.70 1,861 126 279 127 82 262 63 338 584 8,984 2,451 1,002 1,449 97 315 1,175 3.67 1,920 117 293 130 88 264 65 349 614 5,915 1,467 559 908 -66 68 558 907 .55 1,443 -9 227 49 75 158 61 271 611 192.7 149.1 126.2 167.8 -40.5 27.5 182.4 338.4 17.5 302.5 -7.1 343.9 60.5 576.9 149.1 1,525.0 347.4 20,366.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 38,969 12,354 6,200 6,154 998 2,219 3,918 5,219 3.15 3,128 47 620 149 94 224 44 1,949 1 49,484 15,580 7,832 7,748 1,179 2,682 4,981 6,738 3.18 4,210 63 793 167 137 290 65 2,684 11 61,600 19,221 9,917 9,304 1,349 3,182 6,126 8,564 3.20 5,254 68 954 179 163 354 91 3,430 15 74,969 23,243 12,467 10,776 1,523 3,703 7,409 10,608 3.23 6,187 72 1,054 185 181 405 118 4,151 21 87,988 27,162 15,153 12,009 1,683 4,181 8,678 12,620 3.24 7,030 75 1,110 186 193 447 143 4,851 25 65,274 19,808 11,438 8,370 933 2,646 6,287 9,942 .15 5,255 43 707 30 162 193 120 3,975 25 287.4 269.4 307.9 230.0 124.4 172.4 262.9 371.2 4.9 296.1 134.4 175.4 19.2 522.6 76.0 521 .7 453.8 n/a 22,714 7,354 3,715 3,639 750 1,535 2,391 2,678 3.09 1,775 32 403 156 31 254 23 876 0 32,579 10,272 5,335 4,937 898 1,967 3,318 4,089 3.17 2,327 37 502 136 64 232 31 1,325 0 48 327 536 864 �MEMPHIS PART Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MT CLEMENS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration NEW BALTIMORE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 30 1990 896 317 146 171 80 127 69 41 2.83 211 0 74 0 3 31 18 67 18 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 943 335 151 184 1,030 366 159 207 49 187 59 71 2.81 1,111 395 162 233 36 207 59 93 2.81 534 3 302 5 2 75 18 93 36 1,218 1,339 461 1,463 189 214 276 17 567 173 68 105 -63 188 61 79 206 2.99 10 165 .16 393 5 266 13 2 47 64 158 60 53 2.81 436 0 252 0 0 62 19 74 29 488 2 280 3 68 18 83 33 428 171 257 27 213 64 124 2.85 581 4 333 8 3 78 17 272 20 206 71 164 2.90 602 5 345 11 4 78 98 15 101 40 43 490 604 5 340 13 5 78 14 rva 359.5 rva 66.1 151.! Percanl •7,! 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 17,056 7,325 1,529 5,796 2,688 2,230 1,379 1,028 2.33 29,846 203 4,873 841 423 4,901 1,223 15,178 16,885 7,355 1,458 5,897 2,810 2,248 1,331 966 2.30 29,231 205 4,802 747 382 4,828 1,096 14,965 16,915 -1,439 311 -616 927 670 227 -265 -321 -.29 3,038 5 129 2,204 2,206 16,984 7,613 1,450 6,163 3,090 2,333 1,295 895 2.23 27,575 206 4,225 599 306 4,499 921 14,643 2,176 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 5,798 2,265 802 1,463 560 553 576 576 2.56 2,809 113 382 91 60 816 162 1,112 73 6,437 2,477 864 1,613 525 584 671 697 2.60 3,257 142 409 116 74 803 169 1,454 90 7,545 2,891 963 1,928 539 631 846 875 2.61 3,491 136 411 131 83 895 141 1,595 99 8,021 3,049 986 2,063 518 633 946 952 2.63 3,775 124 419 151 93 996 135 1,748 109 8,487 3,205 1,013 2,192 480 651 1,053 1,021 2.65 4,109 105 471 169 103 1,107 8,963 3,368 1,070 2,298 440 675 1,174 1,079 2.66 9,362 3,507 1,133 2,374 399 696 1,295 1,117 2.67 4,600 59 496 195 110 118 5.! 186.3 55.1 150.0 17,685 7,343 1,776 5,567 2,559 2,198 1,440 1,146 2.41 29,731 225 4,996 932 445 4,754 1,354 14,790 2,235 1,917 119 14.5 402.4 •22.2 1995 80 498 187 108 1,219 104 2,075 129 48.0 -4 18,066 7,328 1,936 5,392 2,473 2,163 1,504 1,188 2.47 27,869 238 4,894 991 510 4,626 1,492 13,091 2,027 4,400 61.4 ·78.8 37 27 1990 1,442 6,035 2,953 2,292 1,308 924 2.26 28,278 206 4,523 665 338 4,646 998 14,690 2,212 54.o 46.8 104 45 18,423 7,302 2,066 5,236 2,420 2,106 1,560 1,216 2.52 24,537 201 4,096 1,064 593 4,048 1,707 11,153 1,675 1,4n Percen1 63.l 1,301 91 2,217 131 4.l •29.! 17.1 27.1 10.i -17.0 ,26.4 .1u 12.4 2.5 3.1 -465 -43,1 -287 451 -786 3,490 501 -48,l 11.1 ,46,0 31.3 29,9 --- Change~ 3,564 atl 1 242 '331 911 -161 143 719 541 11 . 1,791 -54 114 104 50 485 -71 1,105 58 54·1 41.3 62·3 -28,8 2~·9 124,8 93.9 4,1 638 78 -4 , 29,! 114.~ 83~ 59A -43,i 99A 79,! �NEW HAVEN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration RAY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration RICHMOND Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,331 770 401 369 251 225 199 95 3.03 587 2 282 6 35 21 12 201 28 2,829 921 468 453 251 238 270 162 3.07 710 2 410 6 16 32 11 224 9 2,960 957 462 495 202 213 310 232 3.09 917 6 512 21 27 38 15 263 35 3,180 1,031 455 576 162 189 351 329 3.08 1,037 10 553 24 36 51 18 301 44 3,368 1,097 447 650 130 157 369 441 3.07 1,136 12 608 27 43 54 19 319 54 3,566 1,169 453 716 107 132 374 556 3.05 1,186 14 630 31 46 55 21 330 59 3,741 1,233 468 765 90 115 366 662 3.03 1,200 15 623 34 48 56 21 341 62 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4,613 1,429 675 754 321 117 392 599 3.23 943 104 91 204 8 42 27 363 104 5,078 1,556 783 773 392 127 409 628 3.26 959 92 105 165 12 47 35 381 122 5,556 1,687 5,994 1,808 1,021 787 453 204 461 690 3.32 979 74 126 127 18 55 42 399 138 1990 3,234 1,052 433 619 157 151 308 436 3.07 545 104 43 78 0 22 19 220 59 3,798 1,203 520 683 190 135 353 525 3.16 672 110 59 177 0 22 19 229 56 4,154 1,305 581 724 251 117 368 569 3.18 870 108 78 248 4 27 19 301 85 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 5,241 1,902 734 1,168 373 423 478 628 2.76 2,852 18 72 81 46 1,333 110 1,103 89 5,850 2,097 803 1,294 368 426 521 782 2.79 3,173 33 93 82 58 1,481 109 1,217 100 6,536 2,306 887 1,419 356 415 565 970 2.83 3,336 41 116 84 69 1,540 85 1,289 112 7,257 2,519 994 1,525 333 398 619 1,169 2.88 3,397 47 136 95 77 1,534 52 1,334 122 7,906 2,708 1,100 1,608 303 377 674 1,354 2.92 3,458 52 151 101 82 1,514 54 1,376 128 4,141 1,540 574 966 380 400 400 360 2.69 2,038 5 53 23 24 1,098 106 678 51 4,725 1,720 675 1,045 376 413 443 488 2.75 2,553 12 39 58 37 1,216 121 998 72 904 783 439 155 434 659 3.29 984 81 117 155 15 51 43 390 132 Change 1,410 463 67 396 -161 -110 167 567 .01 613 13 341 28 13 35 9 140 34 Percent 60.5 60.1 16.7 107.3 -64.1 -48.9 83.9 596.8 .2 104.4 650.0 120.9 466.7 37.1 166.7 75.0 69.7 121.4 Change 2,760 756 588 168 296 53 153 254 .24 434 -30 83 49 18 33 23 179 79 Percent 85.3 71 .9 135.8 27.1 188.5 35.1 49.7 58.3 7.8 79.6 -28.8 193.0 62.8 n/a 150.0 121.1 81 .4 133.9 Change 3,765 1,168 526 642 -77 -23 274 994 .23 1,420 47 98 78 58 416 -52 698 77 Percent 90.9 75.8 91 .6 66.5 -20.3 -5.8 68.5 276.1 8.6 69.7 940.0 184.9 339.1 241.7 37.9 -49.1 102.9 151 .0 �RICHMOND TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 2,528 753 352 401 102 156 258 237 3.36 766 ROMEO Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 3,520 71 207 6 27 128 101 219 493 834 388 343 2010 3,574 1,007 1,088 410 678 75 142 335 402 605 80 149 401 3TT 3.33 3.31 1,004 63 297 1,111 57 323 427 3.28 1,151 50 358 72 43 183 63 55 2000 3,084 926 395 531 86 152 102 90 234 22 353 179 11 7 1,327 2005 3,329 1995 2,918 866 397 469 94 160 313 299 3.37 871 70 249 58 36 166 1995 3,828 1,466 530 936 460 2000 3,913 1,541 517 1,024 513 331 346 374 52 71 227 32 59 284 299 40 309 318 43 45 2010 4,067 1,741 432 1,309 647 307 495 292 2015 4,145 1,845 396 1,449 715 296 521 2020 4,203 1,936 368 1,568 313 333 2.34 2.25 4,702 20 2,039 2.17 4,758 22 31 2005 3,997 1,641 476 1,165 578 322 264 2.61 3,520 8 13 12 14 597 1,532 1,666 27 250 360 1,797 66 55 1,105 236 1,220 259 1,257 118 3.26 1,159 40 81 253 272 99 mi ·2! 3.27 1,158 44 375 56 68 229 34 62 2.65 2,461 17 534 228 431 266 2.54 3,849 225 326 485 481 Change Pnt 53 396 2 70 137 2020 4,073 1,249 464 785 64 133 518 219 343 108 444 2015 3,837 1,173 434 739 467 274 2.44 4,211 4,540 17 1,973 TT3 288 542 2,013 31 35 281 311 402 52 1,348 418 39 1,432 1,487 46 341 410 26 1,540 286 315 343 360 42 330 416 25 1,545 496 &,] 112 3U 384 -38 -23 260 297 -.10 393 -31 167 46 44 99 -69 99 38 W ~ ~13 ·14 100.I 513 -ll.1 001 7~1 163.\ m ,M,) 451 5421 Change Perffli 683 609 -125 734 385 -55 199 80 -.48 2,297 14 1,416 44 233 138 -73 283 242 1~.I 45.! •2!1 8M 99.1 .1 ao 68.i 31.I ,181 93.l m.i 2372 2,200.1 215.1 50.1 .73,1 22! 205,1 FRlCO>SS~EVVILILiLEE_ _ _ _11G199ciro;----:;1~9~95;-----:2::o:-.:-oo=----20_0_5___2_0_10_ _ _ 20_1_5___2_0_2_0_-=c-=-ha-n-=ge~~ Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 32 51,412 19,533 6,611 12,922 4,518 6,043 5,686 3 ,286 2 25 ,~:; 179 6,055 1,051 1,1 43 a,472 1,128 6,997 302 51,066 20,221 6,055 14,166 4,875 61640 5,722 21984 25 ~·:; 210 6,137 49,757 48,892 20 ,508 201776 1~:~~: 5,212 1:::~~ 5,665 7 ,037 5,585 7,269 5,303 2 •674 2 ·43 25 •:~ 2,539 2.35 25,~~: 5,851 846 953 8 ,976 979 5,921 928 11040 91035 1, 020 , 6 333 894 958 81996 990 434 ·:~ 6 7 -~~: ~:~~~ 4,359 16,753 6,114 7,568 :~:!:: :~:::: 5,039 2,391 2.28 25,207 4,116 17,542 6,577 7 909 • 4,887 2,285 2.22 24,447 4,748 2, 184 2.18 23,793 233 5,684 774 905 8,743 959 243 5,334 707 839 8,384 940 250 4,962 649 785 8,085 914 7,:~ 7,::~ 7,:~! 3,967 18,016 6,924 8,127 -3,550 2,450 _ 44 216 5,094 2,406 2,084 -938 12 · 1, \ -.4 1 34 · \ 1 -1,093 -40 2 358 • 387 · 214 · !!! ~.! 12.! 4M 39.i 63.l 34.i , ,16,, .33.! 1, .1 ,6,1 39,1 .18.I .38.~ .31.l 4,i .19.~ 7,6 1(6.1 �1990 48,655 16,840 6,515 10,325 1,740 3,474 5,056 6,570 2.89 12,086 333 3,524 346 389 2,837 1,050 3,439 168 1995 57,337 20,750 6,751 13,999 2,189 4,436 6,512 7,613 2.76 13,392 374 3,409 368 426 3,237 1,221 4,171 186 2000 64,642 24,240 6,635 17,605 2,630 5,307 7,905 8,398 2.67 15,214 393 3,400 490 502 3,582 1,522 5,095 230 2005 72,213 27,749 6,480 21,269 3,247 6,208 9,218 9,076 2.60 17,332 408 3,615 636 613 3,999 1,805 5,970 286 2010 80,016 31,255 6,563 24,692 3,890 7,118 10,552 9,695 2.56 18,887 434 3,741 750 702 4,226 2,081 6,615 338 2015 85,637 33,968 6,714 27,254 4,457 7,866 11,609 10,036 2.52 19,843 453 3,674 832 754 4,313 2,310 7,121 386 2020 86,495 34,863 6,653 28,210 4,788 8,192 12,023 9,860 2.48 20,378 468 3,529 869 776 4,358 2,444 7,518 416 Change Percent 37,840 18,023 138 17,885 3,048 4,718 6,967 3,290 -.41 8,292 135 5 523 387 1,521 1,394 4,079 248 77.8 107.0 2.1 173.2 175.2 135.8 137.8 50.1 -14.1 68.S 40.5 .1 151 .2 99.5 53.6 132.8 118.6 147.6 1990 117,810 40,839 16,432 24,407 5,119 8,625 12,724 14,371 2.88 55,757 348 21,782 1,973 1,583 14,204 2,310 12,535 1,022 1995 118,655 42,631 14,946 27,685 5,871 9,254 12,841 14,665 2.78 62,149 414 22,783 2,232 2,226 15,553 2,562 15,348 1,031 2000 119,283 44,183 13,773 30,410 6,703 9,771 12,980 14,729 2.70 68,200 456 22,920 2,587 2,880 16,801 2,996 18,451 1,109 2005 120,126 45,582 12,683 32,899 7,559 10,410 13,117 14,496 2.64 71,184 492 22,045 2,861 3,426 17,590 3,235 20,416 1,119 2010 121,270 47,078 11,953 35,125 8,534 11,118 13,353 14,073 2.58 72,062 513 21,080 3,030 3,918 17,581 3,444 21,385 1,111 2015 123,413 48,858 11,793 37,065 9,513 11,833 13,662 13,850 2.53 71,525 534 19,598 3,131 4,236 17,179 3,608 22,130 1,109 2020 125,783 50,703 11,885 38,818 10,480 12,501 13,978 13,744 2.48 70,762 550 18,103 3,148 4,436 16,815 3,696 22,927 1,087 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 7,973 9,864 -4,547 14,411 5,361 3,876 1,254 -627 -.40 15,005 202 -3,679 1,175 2,853 2,611 1,386 10,392 65 6.8 24.2 -27.7 59.0 104.7 44.9 9.9 -4.4 -14.0 26.9 58.0 -16.9 59.6 180.2 18.4 60.0 82.9 6.4 ST. CLAIR SHORES Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 68,107 27,224 7,344 19,880 4,895 7,709 8,112 6,508 2.50 19,943 195 2,617 598 879 5,156 1,191 8,922 385 1995 66,548 27,360 6,563 20,797 4,882 8,540 8,167 5,771 2.43 21,349 204 2,605 283 983 6,052 1,354 9,449 419 2000 65,277 27,413 5,970 21,443 4,998 8,897 8,241 5,277 2.38 22,780 212 2,547 236 1,082 6,550 1,488 10,216 449 2005 64,522 27,419 5,550 21,869 5,316 9,007 8,083 5,013 2.35 24,024 226 2,664 190 1,214 7,085 1,594 10,599 452 2010 64,139 27,559 5,260 22,299 5,559 9,231 7,988 4,781 2.33 24,529 236 2,641 192 1,312 7,454 1,748 10,475 471 2015 63,953 27,808 5,169 22,639 5,811 9,475 7,940 4,582 2.30 24,530 242 2,506 191 1,345 7,586 1,876 10,299 485 2020 63,862 28,080 5,180 22,900 6,051 9,682 7,920 4,427 2.27 24,528 248 2,349 188 1,357 7,663 1,964 10,273 486 Change Percent -4,245 856 -2,164 3,020 1,156 1,973 -192 -2,081 -.23 4,585 53 -268 -410 478 2,507 773 1,351 101 -6.2 3.1 -29.5 15.2 23.6 25.6 -2.4 -32.0 -9.1 23.0 27.2 -10.2 -68.6 54.4 48.6 64.9 15.1 26.2 SHELBY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration STERLING HEIGHTS �1995 UTICA 1990 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children 5,081 1,882 776 1,106 5,105 1,911 747 396 568 510 408 2.70 5,633 78 716 Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 269 124 2,057 506 1,831 52 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 5,021 5,115 2,070 34 188 .7 10.0 5,061 1,926 5,057 1,956 5,050 1,989 2,017 646 1,310 590 1,399 544 543 -233 -30.0 1,164 702 1,224 1,473 1,527 421 38.1 392 404 448 507 569 621 225 533 490 496 2.67 488 444 401 326 470 564 2.63 7,041 84 631 425 762 2.49 292 831 -242 -218 423 56.8 -42.6 -42.7 639 2.59 376 705 2.54 360 326 2.47 -.23 103.7 -8.5 7,691 82 634 7,982 85 618 8,110 89 574 8,330 92 2,697 14 47.9 17.9 537 -179 -25.0 302 106 2,964 670 312 329 78 60 22.3 95 3,103 317 81 3,145 -37.1 3,170 -46 1,113 704 738 783 277 2,852 2,976 3,068 3,235 1,404 76.7 106 54 103.8 6,329 84 674 268 127 2,446 587 2,084 59 276 110 2,677 632 2,558 73 81 89 98 54.1 54.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 144,864 54,621 16,363 38,258 10,814 15,371 15,660 12,776 2.65 107,387 670 41,673 141,428 55,492 14,516 40,976 11,695 16,566 15,878 11,353 2.55 106,056 747 36,842 137,328 55,710 12,939 42,771 135,038 133,597 133,287 133,190 -11,674 55,978 11,876 44,102 13,344 17,647 56,493 11,081 45,412 57,492 10,736 3,886 -5,756 46,756 58,507 10,607 47,900 -8.1 7.1 14,986 18,812 19,382 2.47 15,424 9,563 2.41 105,498 786 32,145 104,899 813 28,953 102,123 15,095 8,599 2.32 98,301 856 25,940 889 22,784 TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2,533 5,429 16,632 3,657 31,908 4,885 2,854 5,530 17,260 3,404 35,628 3,297 5,450 17,187 3,410 39,811 3,643 5,538 17,419 3,900 5,429 5,154 20,183 4,041 4,892 17,148 16,529 3,492 41,929 3,543 42,510 3,564 42,758 3,791 3,412 3,112 2,797 WARREN WASHINGTON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 34 12,441 17,274 15,773 10,222 14,126 18,162 15,182 9,023 2.36 15,790 9,642 4,976 4,011 15,053 -607 8,282 2.28 95,324 -4,494 -.38 912 -12,063 242 -21,490 1,508 -631 -3.8 3,539 2,600 43,328 2,428 -118 11,420 -2,457 35.8 -50.3 2015 25,781 2020 Change Perce__!11 28,435 17,053 149.8 7,146 1,549 186.7 93.4 258.0 1995 2000 2005 2010 17,028 19,779 22,723 5,084 1,985 3,099 6,141 2,154 3,987 7,335 2,319 5,016 8,588 468 957 1,532 2,127 2.86 2,719 55 9,869 2,850 7,019 10,973 2,529 6,059 507 1,193 608 1,505 731 1,812 876 2,130 1,022 5,597 607 1,724 1,927 2,514 2.77 2,412 2,357 2,865 2.70 2,796 3,262 3,601 3,679 2,599 3,249 2,216 2.65 3,683 110 1,126 2.61 3,860 2.59 4,422 4,993 219 5,422 5,655 253 275 1,507 266 63 1,000 118 921 1,716 322 109 388 1,647 475 1,189 188 1,263 830 60 577 29 885 62 796 32 79 3,207 7,766 -.38 323 1,040 256 1,091 331 3,419 218 1,147 446 183 471 271 1,123 99 119 130 1,153 136 576 107 150 -51.6 16,001 14,547 175 1,300 -14.2 -11.2 36.1 59.5 -9.9 1990 724 143 22 46.0 26.1 -3.9 -35.2 -537 4,023 11,382 3,827 1,658 2,169 415 688 1,080 1,644 2.97 2,236 57 569 92 22 -35.2 25.2 181 1,290 538 205 1,301 -3.2 146.3 250.6 240,6 134,8 -12.9 152.9 382.5 201.6 484.8 831.8 56.7 451.7 99.8 369.0 �MACOMB COUNTY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 717,400 265,048 92,427 172,621 47,378 68,575 77,992 71,103 2.71 333,723 3,374 102,751 10,160 14,013 71,606 16,605 104,301 10,913 754,494 285,552 90,762 194,790 51,359 76,295 84,004 73,894 2.64 361,350 3,787 105,066 10,651 15,396 79,483 17,101 118,566 11,300 775,875 300,745 87,306 213,439 55,304 81,567 88,208 75,666 2.58 386,158 4,044 102,550 11,985 16,525 83,962 18,336 136,754 12,002 802,349 315,943 84,665 231,278 60,494 86,210 91,464 77,775 2.54 403,706 4,285 99,809 12,810 18,068 89,028 19,426 148,129 12,151 832,477 332,093 83,985 248,108 65,734 91,393 94,919 80,047 2.51 410,574 4,484 97,383 13,371 18,998 90,638 20,400 152,978 12,322 860,899 347,132 86,000 261,132 70,583 96,004 98,271 82,274 2.48 409,647 4,639 92,102 13,752 19,169 89,956 21,186 156,319 12,524 884,222 359,878 89,244 270,634 74,892 99,695 101,046 84,245 2.46 407,633 4,752 86,266 13,790 19,102 89,152 21,606 160,502 12,463 Change 166,822 94,830 -3, 183 98,013 27,514 31,120 23,054 13,142 -.25 73,910 1,378 -1 5,485 3,630 5,089 17,546 5,001 56,201 1,550 Percent 23.3 35.8 -3.4 56.8 58.1 45.4 29.6 18.5 -9.2 22.1 40.8 -16.0 35.7 36.3 24.5 30.1 53.9 14.2 Change 1,332 527 151 376 -32 230 301 28 -.11 1,216 -50 257 119 6 351 -22 547 8 Percent 28.3 33.2 22.1 41.5 -12.7 66.1 54.7 6.4 -3.7 53.5 -6.2 46.5 540.9 23.1 177.3 -44.0 88.4 400.0 Change 10,569 4,904 453 4,451 865 1,273 1,448 1,318 -.30 4,638 155 676 295 -67 1,114 305 2,099 61 Percent 44.5 60.9 12.9 97.8 68.2 64.4 57.1 58.1 -10.2 110.3 106.9 101 .7 368.8 -17.0 91.2 172.3 140.3 244.0 1 MONROE COUNTY ASH TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BEDFORD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4,710 1,589 682 907 252 348 550 439 2.96 2,272 802 553 22 26 198 50 619 2 4,981 1,694 707 987 246 378 622 448 2.94 2,679 842 685 62 29 258 29 773 1 5,205 1,784 724 1,060 238 410 686 450 2.92 2,899 799 737 76 32 336 27 888 4 5,393 1,862 732 1,130 228 457 731 446 2.90 3,173 744 825 92 38 443 29 995 7 5,589 1,943 745 1,198 221 499 773 450 2.88 3,374 759 864 111 36 498 28 1,069 9 5,825 2,035 784 1,251 219 541 817 458 2.86 3,447 756 846 127 33 528 28 1,119 10 6,042 2,116 833 1,283 220 578 851 467 2.86 3,488 752 810 141 32 549 28 1,166 10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 23,748 8,054 3,503 4,551 1,268 1,978 2,538 2,270 2.95 4,204 145 665 80 395 1,221 177 1,496 25 26,229 9,052 3,718 5,334 1,383 2,228 2,858 2,583 2.90 5,134 167 899 74 344 1,477 250 1,897 26 28,106 9,906 3,792 6,114 1,515 2,436 3,124 2,831 2.84 6,318 196 1,061 140 329 1,759 319 2,468 46 29,680 10,676 3,748 6,928 1,654 2,650 3,349 3,023 2.78 7,366 212 1,249 200 345 2,019 365 2,907 69 31,185 11,436 3,709 7,727 1,809 2,852 3,552 3,223 2.73 8,074 247 1,347 261 349 2,191 416 3,187 76 32,876 12,252 3,809 8,443 1,976 3,067 3,784 3,425 2.68 8,506 277 1,361 323 336 2,277 456 3,393 83 34,317 12,958 3,956 9,002 2,133 3,251 3,986 3,588 2.65 8,842 300 1,341 375 328 2,335 482 3,595 86 35 �BERLIN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CARLETON 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,635 1,587 671 916 292 344 519 432 2.92 1,212 128 20 70 8 677 22 282 5 4,964 1,707 694 1,013 302 341 590 474 2.91 1,344 137 7 65 9 776 16 327 7 5,205 1,810 696 1,114 308 342 662 498 2.88 1,628 142 16 99 13 887 19 437 15 5,394 1,899 680 1,219 309 362 716 512 5,606 1,993 676 1,317 309 5,860 6,085 1,450 2,099 2,192 733 605 62 309 1,459 304 543 12 420 827 455 111 877 358 124 -.14 1,248 31.3 38.1 9.2 59.3 4.1 32.3 69.0 28.7 -5.0 103.0 27.3 140.0 318.6 212.5 82.3 45.5 118.1 900.0 2.84 1,937 145 30 148 19 1,020 23 528 24 387 770 527 2.81 2,172 151 37 202 24 1,130 26 568 34 700 1,399 543 2.79 2,336 157 556 2.78 2,460 163 35 43 48 28 253 25 1,191 30 592 293 25 1,234 32 615 50 223 17 557 10 333 45 45 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2020 Change 2,770 982 467 515 262 278 333 109 2.82 248 0 25 6 0 105 45 51 16 2,869 1,045 461 584 317 266 348 114 2.75 300 0 35 5 0 130 52 60 18 2,874 1,088 431 657 376 247 349 116 2.64 333 2 40 10 3 146 46 66 20 2,840 1,128 383 745 445 227 334 122 2.52 382 4 47 19 6 164 47 72 23 2,795 1,169 332 837 522 206 311 130 2.39 418 6 51 29 9 182 40 75 26 2,763 1,215 290 925 599 190 286 140 2.27 440 9 52 2,728 1,257 254 1,003 671 176 260 150 2.17 451 11 52 44 11 201 20 79 33 -42 275 -213 DUNDEE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2,664 1,088 374 714 323 295 320 150 2.45 1,372 6 226 10 42 558 66 448 16 2010 2,810 1,159 380 779 306 307 395 151 2.42 1,431 6 299 14 29 533 43 493 14 2015 2,916 1,212 376 836 282 315 465 150 2.41 1,489 10 303 18 31 521 47 544 15 3,032 1,261 374 887 271 325 511 154 2.40 1,655 14 338 24 35 574 54 599 17 3,160 1,313 384 929 275 333 543 162 2.41 1,750 18 357 41 36 573 57 649 19 3,305 1,370 409 961 286 341 567 176 2.41 1,768 22 342 49 35 553 61 685 21 36 38 11 193 30 n 30 488 409 -102 -73 41 -.65 203 11 27 38 11 96 -25 Percent -1.5 28.0 -45.6 94.8 156.1 -36.7 -21.9 37.6 -23.1 81.9 n/a 108.0 633.3 n/a 28 91.4 -55.6 54.9 17 106.3 2020 Change Perce~ 3,450 1,422 786 334 67 267 -25 52 262 45 -.02 405 20 96 46 -9 29.5 30.7 17.9 37.4 -7.7 17,6 441 981 298 347 582 195 2.43 1,777 26 322 56 33 534 64 720 22 81.9 30.0 -.9 29.5 333.3 42.5 460.0 -21.4 -24 -4.3 -2 272 6 -3.0 60.7 37.5 �DUNDEE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,712 877 385 492 127 215 281 254 3.09 627 69 411 27 26 31 9 47 7 2,890 927 412 515 3,070 977 437 540 150 189 320 318 3.14 3,209 1,020 447 573 161 187 329 343 3.15 896 76 551 43 47 25 23 117 14 3,342 1,066 454 612 167 189 340 370 3.14 925 80 551 55 52 26 3,480 1,117 469 648 176 193 350 398 3.12 916 3,599 1,163 84 88 491 76 44 25 23 130 17 144 198 297 288 3.12 782 69 538 25 36 21 18 66 9 840 73 549 31 41 22 20 93 11 524 67 50 25 24 24 122 15 126 16 488 675 185 197 359 422 3.09 894 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 4,492 1,528 648 880 345 390 400 393 2.94 1,080 38 9 172 42 152 11 652 4 4,816 1,629 686 943 350 441 403 435 2.96 1,311 45 16 170 33 205 20 818 4 5,048 1,718 693 1,025 364 487 404 463 2.94 1,465 41 28 169 36 232 27 927 5 5,261 1,799 696 1,103 380 529 416 474 2.92 1,596 36 41 147 40 263 31 1,031 7 5,467 1,881 701 1,180 399 563 435 484 2.91 1,710 35 48 125 43 285 36 1,130 8 5,689 1,970 726 1,244 419 590 467 494 2.89 1,780 36 54 97 46 293 41 1,204 9 5,881 2,047 759 1,288 437 606 505 499 2.87 1,840 36 58 71 46 299 45 1,276 9 ESTRAL BEACH Total Population Total Households 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 430 149 72 77 30 44 45 30 2.89 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 476 161 81 80 27 45 57 32 2.96 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 485 162 83 79 22 42 67 31 2.99 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 499 166 85 81 19 40 76 31 3.01 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 506 169 84 85 16 38 84 31 2.99 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 513 173 514 176 83 93 14 34 97 31 2.92 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 ERIE TWP With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 84 89 15 36 91 31 2.97 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 83 10 Percent 32.7 32.6 26.8 37.2 45.7 -8.4 27.8 66.1 .1 42.6 27.5 19.5 181.5 69.2 -19.4 155.6 176.6 142.9 Change 1,389 519 111 408 92 216 105 106 -.07 760 -2 49 -101 4 147 34 624 5 Percent 30.9 34.0 17.1 46.4 26.7 55.4 26.2 27.0 -2.3 70.4 -5.3 544.4 -58.7 9.5 96.7 309.1 95.7 125.0 Change 84 27 Percent 19.5 18.1 15.3 20.8 -53.3 -22.7 115.6 3.3 1.2 30.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 30.8 .0 Change 887 286 103 183 58 -18 78 168 .00 267 19 80 49 18 -6 14 11 16 -16 -10 52 1 .03 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 37 �• EXETER TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 2,756 861 419 442 174 209 220 258 3.20 160 64 0 20 21 37 0 4 14 2,998 932 445 487 162 220 262 288 3.22 205 67 0 23 21 57 0 11 26 3,176 991 451 540 151 221 309 310 3.20 294 69 2 28 17 80 4 60 34 3,318 1,043 442 601 138 219 356 330 3.18 391 70 8 37 19 110 8 95 44 3,460 1,097 3,632 1,159 440 719 114 205 3,TT8 1,214 450 764 106 198 516 394 3.11 525 80 1,022 353 31 322 -68 -11 296 136 -.09 365 16 18 FRENCHTOWN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 17,960 6,414 2,630 3,784 1,482 2,006 1,787 1,139 2.80 9,866 105 240 1,004 126 2,489 629 5,240 33 18,872 6,972 2,624 4,348 1,456 2,387 1,970 1,159 2.71 11,091 84 536 930 120 2,290 449 6,619 63 19,710 7,525 2,594 4,931 1,478 2,744 2,139 1,164 2.62 12,357 87 669 948 135 2,294 418 7,730 76 20,366 7,988 2,513 5,475 1,550 2,969 2,291 1,178 2.55 13,266 99 765 937 159 2,440 405 8,375 86 21 ,086 8,459 2.475 5,984 1,657 · ' 3,159 2,429 1,214 2.49 13,705 97 813 899 174 2,422 373 8,834 93 21 ,967 8 ,980 2,530 6,450 1,793 3,339 2,572 1,276 2.45 13,792 95 837 842 178 2,328 342 9,072 98 22,751 9,440 2,621 6,819 1,923 3,473 2,700 1,344 4,791 3,026 -9 3,035 441 1,467 913 205 -.39 4,044 -12 594 -220 52 -239 -311 4,112 IDA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 4,554 1,442 698 744 216 310 507 409 3.16 680 113 12 6 26 93 12 406 12 4,750 1,535 683 852 208 322 566 439 3.09 790 112 9 15 31 82 12 516 13 4,908 1,631 654 977 203 335 641 452 3.01 900 118 13 19 36 82 13 605 5,017 1,711 612 1,099 209 357 702 443 2.93 1,026 123 18 29 43 89 15 693 16 5,142 1,798 577 1,221 217 384 768 429 2.86 1,120 129 23 41 47 91 16 755 5,297 1,894 568 1,326 230 413 832 419 2.80 1,193 135 30 52 48 92 16 801 19 5,418 1,978 566 1,412 247 439 887 405 2.74 1,255 139 36 61 48 91 16 844 20 864 38 14 I 434 663 125 212 408 352 3.15 440 73 11 46 17 125 12 102 54 18 464 376 3.13 483 n 15 55 15 134 16 107 64 18 63 15 141 20 112 76 2.41 13,910 93 834 784 178 2,250 318 9,352 101 43 -6 104 20 108 62 68 536 -132 668 31 129 380 -4 -.42 575 26 24 55 22 -2 4 438 8 Percent 37.1 41.0 7.4 72.9 -39.1 -5.3 134.5 52.7 -2.8 228.1 25.0 n/a 215.0 -28.6 281.1 rva 2,700.0 442.9 Percent 26.7 47.2 -.3 80.2 29.8 73.1 51.1 18.0 -13.9 41.0 -11.4 247.5 -21.9 41.3 -9.6 -49.4 78.5 206.1 Percent 19.0 37.2 -18.9 89.8 14.4 41.6 75.0 -1 .0 -13.3 84.6 23.0 200.0 916.7 84,6 -2.2 33,3 107.9 66.7 �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 4,985 1,575 759 816 241 457 506 371 3.17 372 4 14 3 9 168 23 132 19 5,235 1,683 781 902 220 531 555 377 3.11 340 2 16 3 11 140 25 136 7 5,384 1,776 5,481 1,859 749 1,110 212 667 625 355 2.95 655 4 34 20 14 156 23 391 13 5,560 1,943 716 1,227 218 732 649 344 2.86 693 5 39 28 15 159 22 411 14 5,658 2,038 692 1,346 227 803 671 337 2.78 716 6 44 37 15 158 21 420 15 5,722 2,123 669 1,454 236 870 686 331 2.70 739 7 49 45 15 157 20 431 15 737 548 -90 638 -5 413 180 -40 -.47 367 3 35 6 -11 -3 299 -4 14.8 34.8 -11.9 78.2 -2.1 90.4 35.6 -10.8 -14.8 98.7 75.0 250.0 1,400.0 66.7 -6.5 -13.0 226.5 -21.1 LONDON TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 2,982 1,040 302 738 78 231 399 332 2.87 249 115 10 22 6 11 13 62 10 3,011 1,076 271 805 69 226 430 351 2.80 271 115 11 33 9 12 13 67 11 3,071 1,116 257 859 64 220 461 371 2.75 292 112 14 44 13 13 13 71 12 3,128 1,151 250 901 61 216 487 387 2.72 308 110 17 51 16 14 13 75 12 213 231 -160 391 -92 -12 193 142 -.45 185 21 15 49 16 5 0 73 6 7.3 25.1 -39.0 76.7 -60.1 -5.3 65.6 58.0 -14.2 150.4 23.6 750.0 2,450.0 n/a 55.6 .0 3,650.0 100.0 LASALLE TWP 778 998 210 605 594 367 3.03 599 3 28 12 13 144 24 365 10 42 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2,915 920 410 510 153 228 294 245 3.17 123 89 2 2 0 9 13 2 6 2,950 969 373 596 118 235 329 287 3.04 157 117 4 6 0 9 13 2 6 2,946 1,005 330 675 92 237 365 311 2.93 200 116 7 9 3 10 13 34 8 LUNA PIER 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 1,571 556 252 304 155 171 166 64 2.83 302 1,579 569 241 328 149 182 178 60 2.78 302 2 2 149 5 94 7 30 13 1,572 582 225 357 146 197 183 56 2.70 284 2 3 118 6 100 8 33 14 1,555 596 209 387 144 216 183 53 2.61 254 2 4 80 7 102 9 35 15 1,526 608 192 416 144 236 178 50 2.51 222 2 5 43 7 102 10 37 16 19 82 -58 140 -27 75 52 -18 -.36 -59 2 5 -146 4 27 6 37 6 1.3 15.6 -23.2 50.7 -15.8 46.6 41.3 -26.5 -12.4 -21.0 n/a n/a -77.2 133.3 36.0 150.0 n/a 60.0 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,507 526 250 276 171 161 126 68 2.87 281 0 0 189 3 75 4 0 10 1,549 541 255 286 163 165 146 67 2.86 287 0 0 191 3 77 5 0 11 175 4 85 6 18 12 39 �MAYBEE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 500 155 93 62 23 53 51 28 3.23 52 6 0 0 9 12 0 25 0 496 156 92 64 16 53 54 33 3.18 52 6 0 0 2 17 0 27 0 493 159 88 71 11 51 59 38 3.10 63 6 0 0 2 19 0 35 484 161 81 80 8 49 63 41 3.01 73 6 0 475 163 75 88 7 45 68 43 2.91 467 165 71 94 7 41 72 45 2.83 80 6 0 2 0 24 0 44 461 167 68 99 8 37 76 2.76 6 0 2 0 25 0 45 -39 12 -25 37 -15 -16 25 18 -.47 30 0 0 2 -9 13 0 20 -7.8 7.7 -26.9 59.7 -65.2 -30.2 49.0 64.3 -14.4 57.7 .0 .0 .0 -100.0 108.3 .0 80.0 4 4 4 n/a MILAN PART Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 980 372 150 222 82 154 75 61 2.63 1,962 0 1,886 0 4 4 10 0 58 1,416 510 236 274 98 202 114 96 2.78 2,021 0 1,949 0 2 8 9 0 53 1,706 604 281 323 115 212 148 129 2.82 2,093 7 1,980 6 10 11 11 7 61 1,999 695 311 384 133 207 184 171 2.88 2,166 14 2,007 12 18 14 14 14 73 2,281 788 335 453 153 213 214 208 2.89 2,204 21 2,010 18 26 17 16 15 81 2,637 891 383 508 167 213 255 256 2.96 2,140 29 1,910 24 2,970 980 437 543 173 214 293 300 3.03 2,045 36 1,785 30 42 24 18 17 93 1,990 608 287 321 91 60 218 239 .40 83 36 -101 30 203.1 163.4 191.3 144.6 111.0 39.0 290.7 391.8 15.0 4.2 38 950.0 500.0 80.0 MILAN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 . Change Percent 1,659 573 237 336 104 144 180 145 2.90 174 110 31 6 6 7 0 14 0 1,636 582 214 368 98 136 198 150 2.81 179 109 33 1 13 7 0 16 1,628 579 210 369 89 128 212 150 2.81 187 108 33 1,627 580 210 370 88 139 205 148 2.81 199 108 4 11 7 0 35 1,586 581 198 383 98 149 189 145 2.73 194 107 30 7 6 7 1,554 582 193 389 107 151 181 143 2.67 191 106 28 8 4 7 -105 9 -44 53 11 7 0 27 1,610 580 203 377 91 144 198 147 2.78 198 108 32 6 9 7 0 36 0 0 0 37 0 38 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.3 1.6 -18.6 15.8 2.9 4.9 .6 -1 .4 -7.8 9.8 -3.6 -9.7 33.3 -33.3 .0 .0 171.4 .0 40 2 21 0 41 2 34 n 6 0 2 0 23 0 43 3 34 21 17 16 89 46 82 20 8 17 35 3 7 1 -2 -.23 17 -4 -3 2 -2 0 n/a -5.4 n/a n/a 60.3 �MONROE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MONROE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration PETERSBURG Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 23,152 8,560 3,334 5,226 2,766 2,235 2,050 1,509 2.70 16,894 40 4,412 1,741 528 3,513 626 5,324 710 23,516 8,742 3,431 5,311 3,036 2,195 2,018 1,493 2.69 17,222 47 4,447 1,219 553 3,330 483 6,415 728 23,421 8,827 3,379 5,448 3,250 2,165 1,969 1,443 2.65 17,195 52 4,006 983 553 3,067 407 7,389 23,081 8,885 3,175 5,710 3,357 2,240 1,925 1,363 2.60 16,696 59 3,488 886 566 2,946 22,929 9,234 2,920 6,314 3,677 2,405 1,902 1,250 2.48 15,199 64 2,634 852 533 2,395 247 7,609 738 7,629 774 22,831 9,003 2,987 6,016 3,502 2,315 1,899 1,287 2.54 16,009 62 3,077 842 562 2,674 290 7,682 820 23,086 9,469 2,900 6,569 3,840 2,486 1,915 1,228 2.44 14,694 65 2,287 903 506 2,194 217 7,613 909 -66 909 -434 1,343 1,074 251 -135 -281 -.27 -2,200 25 -2,125 -838 -22 -1,319 -409 2,289 199 -.3 10.6 -13.0 25.7 38.8 11.2 -6.6 -18.6 -9.9 -13.0 62 .5 -48.2 -48.1 -4.2 -37.5 -65.3 43.0 28.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 14,965 6,208 1,695 4,513 1,675 1,961 1,359 1,213 2.41 9,634 82 1,031 486 208 1,447 338 5,783 259 15,470 6,509 1,729 4,780 1,727 2,114 1,419 1,249 2.38 9,717 83 1,015 459 208 1,405 318 5,961 268 3,561 2,068 -24 2,092 412 833 392 431 -.30 3,152 9 428 -262 99 233 -82 2,610 117 29.9 46.6 -1.4 77.8 31 .3 65.0 38.2 52.7 -11.4 48.0 12.2 72.9 -36.3 90.8 19.9 -20.5 77.9 77.5 348 865 11,909 4,441 1,753 2,688 1,315 1,281 1,027 818 2.68 6,565 74 587 721 109 1,172 400 3,351 151 12,881 4,900 1,824 3,076 1,394 1,441 1,118 947 2.63 7,536 59 738 552 147 1,356 417 4,109 158 13,418 5,242 1,795 3,447 1,455 1,583 1,178 1,026 2.56 8,561 63 859 534 164 1,416 395 4,942 188 13,908 5,556 1,733 3,823 1,537 1,686 1,236 1,097 2.50 9,226 78 963 532 192 1,507 387 5,347 220 14,381 5,864 1,685 4,179 1,611 1,806 1,289 1,158 2.45 9,550 81 1,011 515 206 1,502 361 5,632 242 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 1,214 469 109 360 52 80 199 138 2.59 85 3 11 3 3 26 17 18 4 1,206 482 90 392 45 69 201 167 2.50 88 4 12 4 4 25 16 19 4 1,191 490 76 414 40 57 198 195 2.43 89 5 12 4 5 24 15 20 4 -10 71 -114 185 -63 -63 67 130 -.44 4 5 0 3 5 -11 -1 7 -4 -.8 16.9 -60.0 80.8 -61.2 -52.5 51.1 200.0 -15.2 4.7 n/a .0 300.0 n/a -31.4 -6.3 53.8 -50.0 1,201 419 190 229 103 120 131 65 2.87 85 0 12 1 0 35 16 13 8 1,230 433 182 251 94 111 153 75 2.84 74 0 13 1 0 25 16 15 4 1,233 446 162 284 79 102 177 88 2.76 78 1 14 2 24 16 16 4 1,224 457 135 322 63 93 191 110 2.68 83 2 12 3 2 26 17 17 4 41 �RAISINVILLE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4,631 1,471 707 764 178 333 447 513 3.15 562 271 40 36 14 4 7 187 3 4,805 1,555 719 836 194 345 431 585 3.09 651 280 79 38 16 6 14 202 16 4,974 1,652 719 933 223 384 405 640 3.01 742 280 83 46 24 9 15 264 21 5,045 1,731 679 1,052 246 5,186 1,817 662 1,155 260 5,436 1,994 646 434 468 5,323 1,911 651 1,260 267 513 364 687 2.91 849 282 89 65 30 13 18 323 29 341 748 2.85 917 286 94 84 38 16 19 347 33 SOUTH ROCKWOOD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,221 409 180 229 73 95 110 131 2.99 150 0 87 3 0 1 3 50 6 1,308 441 185 256 78 99 108 156 2.97 199 0 100 3 0 25 3 61 7 1,376 470 185 285 85 101 104 180 2.93 244 2 113 5 2 32 5 76 9 1,428 495 178 317 91 103 99 202 2.88 294 3 131 8 4 41 7 89 11 1,483 521 172 . 349 96 105 96 224 2.85 325 4 138 12 6 47 9 96 13 1,551 551 172 379 100 108 98 245 2.81 340 6 135 15 6 52 11 100 15 1,611 SUMMERFIELD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 42 328 803 2.79 969 284 97 102 46 20 20 364 36 1,348 267 556 325 846 2.73 1,009 280 99 116 54 23 19 381 37 5n 175 402 102 111 103 261 2.79 345 7 128 17 6 54 13 104 16 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 3,076 998 461 537 171 228 318 281 3.08 390 55 9 41 8 51 0 225 2015 3,228 1,073 436 637 146 203 398 326 3.01 505 72 10 61 33 71 0 258 0 2020 3,290 1,137 392 745 134 173 475 355 2.89 578 76 12 71 34 70 1 314 0 3,327 1,195 338 857 129 150 544 372 2.78 668 79 14 88 39 78 2 368 0 3,386 1,256 295 961 127 131 616 382 2.70 722 82 16 104 39 79 3 399 0 3,476 1,324 273 1,051 125 119 693 387 2.63 769 84 21 123 38 77 4 422 0 3,561 1,383 264 1,119 126 112 757 388 2.57 809 85 25 139 35 76 5 444 0 Change 805 523 -61 584 89 223 -122 333 -.42 447 9 59 80 40 19 12 194 34 Change 390 168 -5 173 29 16 -7 130 -.19 195 7 41 14 6 53 10 54 10 Change 485 385 -197 582 -45 -116 439 107 -.51 419 30 16 98 27 25 5 219 -1 Percent 17.4 35.6 -8.6 76.4 50.0 67.0 -27.3 64.9 -13.4 79.5 3.3 147.5 222.2 285.7 475.0 171.4 103.7 1,133.3 Percent 31.9 41.1 -2.8 75.5 39.7 16.8 -6.4 99.2 -6.5 130.0 n/a 47.1 466.7 n/a 5,300.0 333.3 108.0 166.7 Percent 15.8 38.6 -42.7 108.4 -26.3 -50.9 138.1 38.1 -16.5 107.4 54.5 177.8 239.0 337.5 49.0 n/a 97.3 -100.0 �. WHITEFORD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MONROE COUNTY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,433 1,523 580 943 322 332 480 389 2.91 1,007 231 189 48 87 78 0 370 4 4,544 1,584 568 1,016 363 274 516 431 2.87 1,225 261 272 46 100 93 0 433 20 4,558 1,615 550 1,065 4,558 1,651 518 1,133 459 176 553 463 2.76 1,396 208 360 40 79 117 8 554 30 4,539 1,685 4,529 1,724 471 1,253 558 122 557 487 2.63 1,438 168 361 35 58 129 16 636 35 4,509 1,759 76 236 -122 358 271 -220 73 112 -.35 -78 150 -17 -40 55 20 300 32 1.7 15.5 -21.0 38.0 84.2 -66.3 15.2 28.8 -11.9 41.9 -33.8 79.4 -35.4 -46.0 70.5 n/a 81.1 800.0 406 217 539 453 2.82 1,309 240 312 42 85 102 4 499 25 488 1,197 510 144 557 474 2.69 1,446 190 375 39 70 126 12 601 33 458 1,301 593 112 553 501 2.56 1,429 153 339 31 47 133 20 670 36 422 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 133,600 46,513 19,653 26,860 10,473 12,238 13,295 10,507 2.87 50,364 2,350 9,430 4,208 1,489 10,690 2,123 18,964 1,110 141,449 49,982 20,187 29,795 10,919 13,123 14,506 11,434 2.83 55,541 2,482 10,685 3,504 1,532 10,993 1,874 23,280 1,191 146,701 52,872 20,052 32,820 11,391 13,897 15,557 12,027 2.77 60,702 2,492 10,866 3,424 1,579 11,355 1,837 27,832 1,317 150,732 55,427 19,362 36,065 11,914 14,679 16,377 12,457 2.72 64,574 2,483 11,016 3,506 1,719 12,178 1,844 30,342 1,486 154,867 58,071 18,794 39,2TT 12,559 15,428 17,152 12,932 2.67 66,501 2,560 10,919 3,614 1,776 12,311 1,798 31,903 1,620 160,160 61,085 18,891 42,194 13,290 16,274 18,026 13,495 2.62 66,807 2,602 10,397 3,714 1,745 12,084 1,756 32,765 1,744 164,788 63,755 19,241 44,514 13,962 17,026 18,791 13,976 2.58 67,155 2,633 9,799 3,812 1,705 11,897 1,716 33,759 1,834 31,188 17,242 -412 17,654 3,489 4,788 5,496 3,469 -.29 16,791 283 369 -396 216 1,207 -407 14,795 724 23.3 37.1 -2.1 65.7 33.3 39.1 41.3 33.0 -10.0 33.3 12.0 3.9 -9.4 14.5 11.3 -19.2 78.0 65.2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,785 1,593 700 893 163 368 432 630 3.00 587 46 12 19 17 64 58 369 2 5,483 1,831 762 1,069 128 403 460 840 2.99 800 44 21 19 22 219 65 408 2 6,443 2,198 773 1,425 101 423 471 1,203 2.93 1,673 52 45 16 40 594 90 833 3 6,918 2,391 7,418 2,591 799 1,792 7,858 2,767 3,073 1,174 118 134 442 558 1,633 64.2 73.7 20.3 115.6 -17.8 20.1 29.2 159.2 -5.5 314.3 8.7 558.3 -26.3 270.6 1,326.6 112.1 221.7 50.0 OAKLAND COUNTY ADDISON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 5,978 2,012 779 1,233 104 413 465 1,030 2.97 1,222 45 33 20 30 374 77 641 2 no 1,621 106 427 481 1,377 2.89 2,015 52 58 14 49 751 102 986 3 435 513 1,525 2.86 2,245 51 70 14 56 845 113 1,093 3 842 1,925 2.84 2,432 50 79 14 63 913 123 1,187 3 142 1,032 -29 74 126 1,003 -.16 1,845 4 67 -5 46 849 65 818 43 �AUBURN HILLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 17,076 6,445 2,178 4,267 1,179 2,035 1,817 1,414 2.65 22,202 256 5,353 770 1,194 2,263 2,602 9,572 192 1995 19,663 7,678 2,439 5,239 1,384 2,448 2,062 1,784 2.56 33,731 228 13,222 865 1,860 2,498 2,914 11,950 194 2000 21,692 8,615 2,569 6,046 1,530 2,765 2,221 2,099 2.52 43,038 222 18,663 1,089 2,450 2,721 3,133 14,545 215 2005 23,933 9,649 2,632 7,017 1,678 3,029 2,493 2,449 2.48 49,870 230 22,815 1,296 3,038 3,021 3,308 15,932 230 2010 25,611 10,592 2,572 8,020 1,827 3,353 2,795 2,617 2.42 55,609 225 26,434 1,387 3,547 3,305 3,476 16,989 246 2015 27,183 11,520 2,604 8,916 2,029 3,677 3,072 2,742 2.36 58,806 220 28,142 1,435 3,876 3,471 3,599 17,802 261 2020 28,564 12,360 2,684 9,676 2,243 3,973 3,311 2,833 2.31 62,039 217 30,125 1,446 4,101 3,591 3,655 18,636 268 Change BERKLEY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 16,960 6,613 2,182 4,431 1,130 1,897 2,091 1,495 2.56 5,129 28 395 107 409 1,300 345 2,468 77 1995 16,986 6,667 2,126 4,541 1,069 1,930 2,140 1,528 2.55 5,985 34 228 113 364 1,685 387 3,086 88 2000 16,845 6,695 2,028 4,667 1,043 1,958 2,148 1,546 2.52 6,403 41 186 126 341 1,765 438 3,408 98 2005 16,659 6,722 1,881 4,841 1,060 1,979 2,125 1,558 2.48 6,880 50 193 138 354 2,001 471 3,572 101 2010 16,592 6,790 1,767 5,023 1,079 2,014 2,100 1,597 2.44 6,889 52 177 142 345 2,009 505 3,558 101 2015 16,711 6,916 1,734 5,182 1,102 2,064 2,102 1,648 2.42 6,715 53 155 142 322 1,936 525 3,485 97 2020 16,822 7,025 1,737 5,288 1,124 2,106 2,101 1,694 2.39 6,603 54 138 139 302 1,872 535 3,470 93 Change BEVERLY HILLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 10,643 4,098 1,207 2,891 281 503 977 2,337 2.60 2,424 16 102 21 61 644 144 1,420 16 1995 10,341 4,091 1,101 2,990 291 487 1,185 2,128 2.53 2,712 19 104 21 73 620 151 1,708 16 2000 10,222 4,092 1,067 3,025 299 463 1,397 1,933 2.50 2,788 20 101 23 71 588 157 1,810 18 2005 10,051 4,084 993 3,091 321 461 1,578 1,724 2.46 2,856 21 111 26 74 584 163 1,858 19 2010 10,005 4,095 973 3,122 2015 10,173 4,154 1,033 3,121 366 443 1,947 1,398 2.45 2,777 21 110 34 76 514 172 1,831 19 2020 10,321 4,194 1,111 3,083 381 426 2,106 1,281 2.46 2,742 20 105 37 75 485 174 1,827 Change 44 344 452 1,764 1,535 2.44 2,838 21 112 29 75 554 169 1,859 19 19 11,488 5,915 506 5,409 1,064 1,938 1,494 1,419 -.34 39,837 -39 24,772 676 2,907 1,328 1,053 9,064 76 -138 412 -445 857 -6 209 10 199 -.17 1,474 26 -257 32 -107 572 190 1,002 16 -322 96 -96 192 100 -77 1,129 -1,056 -.14 318 4 3 16 14 -159 30 407 3 Percent 67.3 91.8 23.2 126.8 90.2 95.2 82.2 100.4 -12.8 179.4 -15.2 462.8 87.8 243.5 58.7 40.5 94.7 39.6 Percent -.8 6.2 -20.4 19.3 -.5 11.0 .5 13.3 -6.6 28.7 92.9 -65.1 29.9 -26.2 44.0 55.1 40.6 20.a Perce!!! -3.0 2.3 -8.0 6.6 35.6 -15.3 115.6 -45.2 -5.2 13.1 25.0 2.9 76.2 23.0 -24.7 20.8 28.7 18.8 �> BINGHAM FARMS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1,001 412 88 324 23 31 37 321 2.43 6,958 0 404 898 515 270 1,950 2,921 0 1995 995 422 75 347 22 25 25 350 2.36 7,960 0 291 1,383 658 354 2,390 2,884 0 2000 942 412 60 352 20 17 14 361 2.29 8,343 0 287 1,325 654 335 2,516 3,226 0 2005 910 411 44 367 18 13 8 372 2.21 8,761 0 319 1,461 685 333 2,629 3,334 0 2010 893 411 35 376 16 10 5 380 2.17 8,974 0 326 1,564 691 316 2,736 3,341 0 2015 900 419 33 386 14 9 6 390 2.15 8,905 0 313 1,591 655 292 2,772 3,282 0 2020 923 430 36 394 12 8 8 402 2.15 BIRMINGHAM Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 19,997 9,121 2,174 6,947 738 1,469 2,185 4,729 2.19 20,177 164 899 718 746 4,984 2,786 9,691 189 1995 20,147 9,307 2,023 7,284 562 1,283 2,236 5,226 2.16 20,841 169 1,162 321 907 4,389 3,414 10,281 198 2000 20,204 9,383 1,972 7,411 465 1,171 2,297 5,450 2.15 21 ,468 165 1,271 291 1,002 4,077 3,703 10,756 203 2005 20,135 9,514 1,822 7,692 490 1,166 2,296 5,562 2.12 21,251 160 1,393 268 1,112 3,895 3,744 10,482 197 2010 20,183 9,689 1,714 7,975 502 1,173 2,343 5,671 2.08 21,455 163 1,452 235 1,208 3,755 3,890 10,551 201 2015 20,296 9,863 1,697 8,166 518 1,191 2,391 5,763 2.06 21,107 163 1,414 206 1,231 3,521 3,944 10,426 202 535 1,206 2,423 5,806 2.04 20,865 163 1,352 183 1,234 3,346 3,943 10,445 199 BLOOMFIELD HILLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 4,288 1,515 443 1,072 78 102 153 1,182 2.83 10,227 89 239 241 292 1,229 1,729 6,321 87 1995 4,427 1,570 446 1,124 58 75 166 1,271 2.82 12,162 116 302 341 393 1,255 2,031 7,643 81 2000 4,561 1,624 457 1,167 42 57 176 1,349 2.81 14,017 118 353 415 449 1,252 2,417 8,914 99 2005 4,674 1,685 468 1,217 34 56 204 1,391 2.77 15,462 127 438 494 500 1,311 2,734 9,750 108 2010 4,791 1,749 483 1,266 30 51 239 1,429 2.74 16,373 133 478 582 567 1,278 3,092 10,124 119 2015 4,873 1,790 517 1,273 27 47 278 1,438 2.72 16,741 132 471 616 581 1,197 3,418 10,198 128 2020 4,966 1,825 560 1,265 25 45 317 1,438 2.72 17,119 130 448 619 585 1,133 3,730 10,342 132 8,814 0 296 1,579 620 275 2,767 3,277 0 2020 20,316 9,970 1,716 8,254 Change -78 18 -52 70 -11 -23 -29 81 Percent -7.8 4.4 -59.1 21 .6 -47.8 -74.2 -78.4 25.2 -11.7 26.7 -.28 1,856 0 -108 681 105 5 817 356 0 -26.7 75.8 20.4 1.9 41 .9 12.2 .0 Change Percent 319 849 -458 1,307 -203 -263 238 1,on -.15 688 -1 453 -535 -1,638 1,157 754 10 1.6 9.3 -21.1 18.8 -27.5 -17.9 10.9 22.8 -7.1 3.4 -.6 50.4 -74.5 65.4 -32.9 41 .5 7.8 5.3 Change Percent 678 310 117 193 -53 -57 164 256 -.11 6,892 41 209 378 293 -96 2,001 4,021 45 15.8 20.5 26.4 18.0 -67.9 -55.9 107.2 21 .7 -3.9 67.4 46.1 87.4 156.8 100.3 -7.8 115.7 63.6 51.7 488 .c 45 �BLOOMFIELD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BRANDON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CLARKSTON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 46 1990 42,473 15,727 5,084 10,643 863 1,450 2,531 10,883 2.70 15,013 182 630 483 749 3,142 1,797 7,878 152 1995 43,136 16,429 4,777 11,652 845 1,408 2,860 11,316 2.63 18,406 232 814 498 928 3,178 2,967 9,593 196 2000 42,678 16,691 4,367 12,324 833 1,361 3,096 11,401 2.56 22,289 263 973 687 1,087 3,190 4,252 11,605 232 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 42,067 17,067 3,807 13,260 927 1,594 3,334 11,212 2.46 25,249 290 1,255 870 1,278 3,359 5,339 12,579 279 41.422 17,461 3,263 14,198 1,051 1,751 3,663 10,996 2.37 27,271 310 1,350 977 1,397 3,303 6,614 13,013 307 41,179 17,871 3,001 14,870 1,174 1,902 3,940 10,855 2.30 28,314 323 1,353 1,052 1,435 3,135 7,600 13,089 327 41,015 18,220 2,876 15,344 1,286 2,029 4,155 10,750 2.25 29,035 334 1,326 1,086 1,445 3,001 8,248 13,259 336 -1,458 2,493 -2,208 4,701 423 579 1,624 -133 -.45 14,022 152 696 603 696 -141 6,451 5,381 184 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 10,799 3,529 1,686 1,843 432 764 1,147 1,186 3.06 1,075 93 78 141 60 195 36 472 0 12,220 4,001 1,838 2,163 418 778 1,319 1,486 3.05 1,476 69 148 67 78 193 45 876 0 13,255 4,381 1,905 2,476 418 766 1,466 1,731 3.03 1,773 71 173 43 95 247 74 1,070 14,218 4,766 1,911 2,855 456 759 1,593 1,958 2.98 2,098 76 201 37 117 313 104 1,250 15,214 5,165 1,921 3,244 497 749 1,709 2,210 2.95 2,388 76 228 37 134 371 132 1,410 16,292 5,581 2,003 3,578 539 748 1,835 2,459 2.92 2,620 74 246 35 142 416 159 1,548 6,460 2,420 430 1,990 144 -14 803 1,487 -.16 1,750 -21 182 -108 0 0 0 0 17,259 5,949 2,116 3,833 576 750 1,950 2,673 2.90 2,825 72 260 33 144 454 180 1,682 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 977 441 92 349 96 70 149 126 2.22 3,339 171 253 85 45 781 438 1,396 170 2010 2015 2020 Change 1,005 434 108 326 87 81 126 140 2.32 3,092 164 285 109 58 747 341 1,296 92 955 443 83 360 101 58 170 114 2.16 3,347 156 203 86 15 807 482 1,411 187 926 447 69 378 111 49 191 96 2.07 3,558 133 201 94 23 887 530 1,486 204 905 451 57 394 116 42 213 80 2.01 3,629 101 200 96 26 964 465 1,570 207 889 455 49 406 118 36 235 66 1.95 3,613 72 199 94 26 986 382 1,646 208 878 460 43 -127 26 -65 91 31 -50 129 -84 -.41 482 -95 -94 -19 417 118 31 255 56 1.91 3,574 69 191 90 27 995 299 1,696 207 84 259 144 1,210 0 -31 248 -42 400 115 Percent •3,4 15.9 -43.4 44.2 49.0 39.9 64.2 •1,2 ·16.6 93.4 83.5 110.5 124.8 92.9 -4,5 359.0 68.3 121.1 Percent 59.8 68.6 25.5 108.0 33.3 -1.8 70.0 125.4 -5.2 162.8 -22.6 233.3 -76.6 140.0 132.8 400.0 256.4 ,0 - Percent -:m6.0 -60.2 27,9 35,6 -61.7 102.4 -60,0 -17,6 15.6 .57,9 .33,0 .11.4 .53,4 33.2 -12,3 30,9 125,0 �CLAWSON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration COMMERCE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration FARMINGTON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 12,588 5,743 1,064 4,679 990 2,407 1,690 656 2.19 6,203 73 700 463 194 1,643 605 2,480 45 12,535 5,828 1,026 4,802 972 2,587 1,673 596 2.15 6,173 73 644 456 179 1,618 623 2,535 45 13,874 5,542 1,660 3,882 987 1,598 1,749 1,208 2.50 5,783 77 704 297 278 1,570 400 2,418 39 13,606 5,615 1,520 4,095 982 1,788 1,786 1,059 2.42 5,963 80 774 364 244 1,524 444 2,492 41 13,167 5,620 1,365 4,255 989 1,942 1,776 913 2.34 6,000 76 728 397 220 1,564 487 2,485 43 12,866 5,635 1,222 4,413 1,007 2,076 1,741 811 2.28 6,200 71 767 438 218 1,625 526 2,510 45 12,625 5,645 1,117 4,528 997 2,221 1,703 724 2.24 6,282 73 754 461 209 1,667 573 2,500 45 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 38,071 13,909 4,864 9,045 1,084 3,050 4,488 5,287 2.74 11,572 225 918 441 992 2,310 954 5,621 111 40,993 15,092 5,288 9,804 1,231 3,379 4,922 5,560 2.72 12,101 236 897 462 1,091 2,325 1,033 5,949 108 22,228 7,695 3,389 4,306 710 1,606 2,315 3,064 2.89 6,493 337 1,232 188 288 1,622 347 2,374 105 26,267 9,160 3,870 5,290 714 1,869 2,798 3,779 2.87 7,307 273 970 181 401 1,799 471 3,122 90 29,159 10,293 4,138 6,155 720 2,096 3,212 4,265 2.83 8,657 240 912 285 551 1,952 585 4,034 98 31,842 11,416 4,258 7,158 828 2,387 3,619 4,582 2.79 9,971 214 933 339 705 2,188 724 4,760 108 34,698 12,574 4,459 8,115 944 2,696 4,011 4,923 2.76 10,910 211 938 397 862 2,282 846 5,264 110 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 10,132 4,681 967 3,714 817 1,125 1,256 1,483 2.16 8,528 177 857 282 462 2,269 611 3,742 128 10,190 4,724 956 3,768 772 1,167 1,301 1,484 2.16 7,921 186 469 275 412 2,154 774 3,518 133 10,173 4,755 927 3,828 744 1,213 1,349 1,449 2.14 8,155 178 448 331 350 2,066 887 3,752 143 10,136 4,817 857 3,960 738 1,357 1,474 1,248 2.10 8,195 161 445 427 277 1,955 1,094 3,685 151 10,137 4,862 863 3,999 740 1,444 1,550 1,128 2.08 7,945 158 416 460 233 1,802 1,174 3,551 151 10,135 4,898 888 4,010 744 1,525 1,622 1,007 2.07 7,759 155 386 477 199 1,685 1,224 3,484 149 10,136 4,780 880 3,900 740 1,281 1,404 1,355 2.12 8,293 162 450 377 318 2,065 987 3,784 150 Change -1,339 286 -634 920 -15 989 -76 -612 -.35 390 -4 -60 159 -99 48 223 117 6 Percent -9.7 5.2 -38.2 23.7 -1.5 61.9 -4.3 -50.7 -14.1 6.7 -t .2 -8.5 53.5 -35.6 3.1 55.8 4.8 15.4 Change 18,765 7,397 1,899 5,498 521 1,773 2,607 2,496 -.17 5,608 -101 -335 274 803 703 686 3,575 3 Percent 84.4 96.1 56.0 127.7 73.4 110.4 112.6 81.5 -6.0 86.4 -30.0 -27.2 145.7 278.8 43.3 197.7 150.6 2.9 Change 3 217 -79 296 -73 400 366 -476 -.10 -769 -22 -471 195 -263 -584 613 -258 21 Percent .0 4.6 -8.2 8.0 -8.9 35.6 29.1 -32.1 -4.4 -9.0 -12.4 -55.0 69.1 -56.9 -25.7 100.3 -6.9 16.4 47 �FARMINGTON HILLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 74,652 29,255 9,173 20,082 3,177 5,579 7,420 13,079 2.55 56,432 820 7,225 1,809 5,779 8,833 11,461 20,016 489 78,124 31,439 9,013 22,426 3,363 6,203 8,294 13,579 2.48 62,036 834 7,979 1,501 5,779 9,692 12,729 22,859 663 79,943 33,058 8,594 24,464 3,608 6,734 8,959 13,757 2.42 65,901 821 7,589 1,494 5,625 10,185 13,899 25,427 861 81,697 34,700 8,009 26,691 4,063 7,384 9,582 13,671 2.35 68,456 794 7,712 1,543 5,731 10,872 14,425 26,471 908 82,745 36,169 7,424 28,745 4,657 8,074 10,347 13,091 2.29 69,037 805 7,583 1,549 5,625 11,043 14,920 26,546 966 83,224 37,204 7,170 30,034 5,210 8,629 10,864 12,501 2.24 67,794 803 7,069 1,532 5,292 10,838 15,080 26,196 984 83,429 37,961 7,096 30,865 5,694 9,032 11,194 12,041 2.20 66,745 802 6,542 1,505 5,005 10,669 15,032 26,207 983 a,m 10,783 2,517 3,453 3,774 -1,038 -.35 10,313 -18 -683 -304 -774 1,836 3,571 6,191 494 FERNDALE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 25,026 9,845 3,343 6,502 2,683 3,230 2,567 1,365 2.54 10,577 60 2,266 252 1,355 2,269 329 3,917 129 25,054 9,836 3,394 6.442 2,639 3,256 2,661 1,280 2.55 9,848 69 1,916 264 1,158 1,823 304 4,145 169 24,825 9,841 3,330 6,511 2,660 3,272 2,719 1,190 2.52 9,449 74 1,613 276 1,058 1,645 309 4,293 181 24,729 9,825 3,239 6,586 2,622 3,251 2,772 1,180 2.52 9,369 82 1,570 291 1,026 1,554 322 4,339 185 24,843 9,853 3,211 6,642 2,532 3,292 2,859 1,170 2.52 9,078 86 1,479 297 979 1,440 336 4,273 25,109 9,948 3,269 6,679 2,481 3,338 2,958 1,171 2.52 8,614 87 1,330 290 900 1,310 342 4,165 556 295 37 258 -220 181 510 -176 -.02 -2,288 32 -1,066 32 -520 -1,051 188 190 25,582 10,140 3,380 6,760 2,463 3,411 3,077 1,189 2.52 8,289 92 1,200 284 835 1,218 346 4,128 186 FRANKLIN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2,679 1,011 322 689 28 101 131 751 2.65 982 16 24 14 2 99 113 699 15 2010 2015 2020 Change 2,644 984 326 658 26 93 131 734 2.69 859 17 38 13 14 92 106 564 15 2,519 972 283 689 28 99 113 732 2.59 1,057 18 22 18 2 94 119 768 16 2,425 963 237 726 30 105 99 729 2.52 1,095 21 25 23 2 94 124 789 17 2,366 965 202 763 33 112 89 731 2.45 1,099 21 25 25 2 91 129 789 17 2,372 986 191 795 2,414 1,015 195 38 44 131 81 759 2.38 1,085 18 25 30 5 83 133 775 16 -230 31 -131 162 18 48 122 83 743 2.41 1,086 19 25 27 3 86 132 777 17 820 8,706 -2,on 17 211 57 38 -50 25 -.31 226 1 -13 17 -9 -9 27 211 1 Percent 11.8 29.8 ·22.6 53.7 79.2 61.9 50.9 ·1.9 ·13.9 18.3 ·2.2 ·9.5 -16.8 ·13.4 20.8 31.2 30.9 101.0 Percent 2.2 3.0 1.1 4.0 -8.2 5.6 19.9 -12,9 -,8 -21.6 53.3 -47.0 12.7 -38.4 -46.3 5.2 5.4 44,2 --- percent ~ -8.7 3.2 -40,2 24,6 69.2 40,9 .38.2 3.4 -11.5 26,3 5,9 .34.2 130,8 -64,3 .g,8 25,5 37,4 6.7 �GROVELAND TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HAZEL PARK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HIGHLAND TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,705 1,538 691 847 208 292 428 610 3.06 417 48 0 2 81 46 5,954 1,985 802 1,183 222 320 495 948 3.00 939 30 6 9 37 230 8 607 12 6,461 2,190 816 1,374 248 227 12 5,432 1,796 758 1,038 213 315 472 796 3.02 579 29 0 0 60 67 1 410 12 6,976 2,398 837 1,561 283 347 546 1,222 2.91 1,619 36 33 9 23 471 21 1,012 14 7,517 2,613 885 1,728 327 367 576 1,343 2.88 1,740 36 40 8 24 462 24 1,132 14 7,994 2,803 943 1,860 376 388 610 1,429 2.85 1,836 36 45 8 24 452 26 1,232 13 3,289 1,265 252 1,013 168 96 182 819 -.21 1,419 -12 45 6 -57 406 25 1,005 1 69.9 82.2 36.5 119.6 80.8 32.9 42.5 134.3 -6.8 340.3 -25.1 n/a 300.0 -70.4 882.6 2,500.0 442.7 8.3 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Change Percent 19,532 7,230 2,809 19,007 2015 19,247 2020 19,141 7,122 2,687 4,435 19,525 7,427 2,684 -526 150 -235 385 186 -112 -2.6 2.1 -8.1 8.8 8.3 -4.7 10.8 -13.3 -4.6 -9.5 334 524 1,084 2.95 1,420 36 26 10 26 459 16 833 14 20,051 7,277 2,919 4,358 2,235 2,392 1,777 873 2.76 5,003 91 1,012 131 405 937 96 2,195 136 20,108 7,365 940 64 2,078 150 705 2.70 4,750 78 594 197 448 940 64 2,269 160 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20,197 6,992 2,782 4,210 785 1,617 2,071 2,519 2.89 5,192 129 304 60 219 1,247 191 3,027 15 21,348 7,644 2,616 5,028 837 1,786 2,217 2,804 2.79 5,933 175 331 68 261 1,435 240 3,405 18 22,822 8,403 2,499 5,904 882 1,964 2,408 3,149 2.72 6,586 232 313 75 305 1,609 295 3,737 20 17,941 5,919 2,878 3,041 785 1,444 1,859 1,831 3.03 3,711 72 405 100 166 908 127 1,926 7 2,921 4,444 2,296 4,421 2,248 2,464 2,455 1,815 790 2.73 4,631 93 745 129 1,822 432 19,071 6,411 2,872 3,539 772 1,509 1,959 2,171 2.97 4,667 87 384 102 197 1,095 162 2,628 12 7,122 2,364 1,813 703 2.69 2,609 4,513 2,266 2,311 1,835 710 2.67 7,268 2,629 4,639 2,338 2,298 1,899 733 2.65 4,826 4,767 4,629 70 534 67 472 66 222 247 488 2,242 4,743 2,421 2,280 1,969 757 2.63 4,530 65 362 192 -116 -.13 -473 -26 -650 134 66 -57 -28.6 -64.2 408 262 481 265 471 906 880 68 2,266 153 -28 71 17 102.3 16.3 -6.1 -29.2 3.2 12.5 2015 2020 Change Percent 24,631 9,247 2,530 6,717 931 2,147 2,674 3,495 2.66 7,012 253 273 81 334 1,726 348 3,975 22 26,312 10,004 2,634 7,370 967 2,301 2,946 3,790 2.63 7,409 271 269 83 351 1,814 391 4,207 23 8,371 4,085 -244 4,329 182 857 1,087 1,959 -.40 3,698 199 -136 -17 185 906 264 2,281 16 46.7 69.0 -8.5 142.4 23.2 59.3 58.5 107.0 -13.2 99.6 276.4 -33.6 -17.0 111 .4 99.8 207.9 118.4 228.6 473 952 67 938 68 2,343 2,325 68 2,279 165 162 159 49 �HOLLY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HOLLY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HUNTINGTON WOODS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 5,595 2,056 839 1,217 623 638 447 348 2.72 2,271 3 670 50 12 486 26 952 72 5,809 2,186 831 1,355 674 705 439 368 2.66 2,888 8 654 37 30 743 52 1,305 59 5,975 2,302 795 1,507 693 763 6,076 2,420 698 1,722 6,232 2,543 618 1,925 6,409 2,669 6,573 2,781 560 2,109 518 2,263 978 725 -321 1,046 35,3 •38,3 85.9 6TT 833 469 441 2.51 3,463 11 782 10 14 907 656 891 498 498 2.45 3,714 11 852 630 949 531 559 2.40 3,868 11 9 13 931 50 1,775 9 12 913 47 1,947 599 999 563 620 2.36 4,005 11 833 9 10 894 44 2,130 73 74 74 361 116 272 -.36 1,734 8 163 -41 -2 408 18 1,178 2 444 402 2.60 3,132 9 704 10 18 825 49 1,455 62 56 1,613 70 855 -24 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 3,257 1,091 504 587 152 254 361 324 2.99 326 25 94 20 57 16 5 109 0 3,660 1,197 582 615 123 294 400 380 3.06 450 42 149 4,035 1,347 4,186 1,427 583 764 83 371 456 437 3.00 978 45 204 564 863 76 404 4,333 1,509 557 952 74 437 493 505 2.87 1,173 4,452 1,582 553 1,029 76 464 20 11 3 224 3,854 1,268 592 676 99 330 427 412 3.04 694 40 163 2 12 86 3 388 2 9 193 4 521 1,195 491 49 442 -76 210 142 215 -.17 901 9 125 -18 -52 173 1 0 0 0 4n 470 2.93 1,103 503 539 2.81 1,227 42 38 34 222 219 2 7 197 5 628 224 2 5 193 6 705 189 6 772 0 0 0 663 0 2 5 1990 1995 2000 6,336 2,345 927 1,418 135 301 593 1,316 2.70 1,525 2005 6,429 2,358 961 1,397 116 256 670 1,316 2.73 1,841 2010 2015 2020 Change 6,441 2,362 966 1,396 104 221 750 1,287 2.73 1,969 6,463 2,371 960 1,411 111 195 824 1,241 0 103 26 73 143 212 1,210 74 0 6,624 2,439 995 1,444 131 162 973 1,173 2.72 2,074 1 6,711 2,477 1,036 1,441 146 152 1,044 1,135 2.71 0 6,515 2,395 961 1,434 118 175 897 1,205 2.72 2,108 375 132 109 23 11 -149 451 -181 .01 531 1 43 24 72 102 168 1,054 62 90 30 67 161 231 1,309 81 2.73 2,103 0 92 33 70 215 247 1,362 84 0 86 34 68 216 263 1,355 86 80 33 63 207 272 1,329 89 2,056 1 74 32 60 202 276 1,322 89 31 8 -12 100 108 268 27 17,5 •3,9 56.6 26.0 78,2 ·13.1 76.4 266.7 24.3 -82.0 -16.7 84.0 69.2 123.7 2,8 Percent 36.7 45.0 9.7 75.3 -50.0 82.7 39.3 66.4 •5,7 276.4 36,0 133,0 .90,0 .91,2 1,081.3 20.0 608,3 ,0 - p~ 5,9 5,6 11.8 1.6 8.1 -49,5 76,1 -13,8 ,3 34,8 rJa 72,1 33,3 -16,7 98,0 64.3 25.4 43,5 �tr:, INDEPENDENCE TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 23,717 7,969 3,516 4,453 580 1,318 2,402 3,669 2.98 4,445 265 480 103 172 1,190 481 1,727 27 28,498 9,650 3,974 5,676 570 1,539 2,995 4,546 2.95 5,572 264 401 80 116 1,508 689 2,485 29 32,319 11,115 4,195 6,920 581 1,747 3,470 5,317 2.91 6,937 247 345 80 154 1,758 885 3,387 81 35,551 12,488 4,145 8,343 681 2,056 3,841 5,910 2.85 8,345 238 360 98 180 2,062 1,120 4,135 152 38,280 13,724 4,025 9,699 771 2,369 4,132 6,452 2.79 9,139 264 374 100 175 2,280 1,115 4,676 155 40,401 14,768 3,950 10,818 848 2,683 4,357 6,880 2.74 9,561 273 387 98 160 2,373 1,067 5,048 155 41,703 15,539 3,859 11,680 919 2,979 4,480 7,161 2.68 9,878 268 385 95 143 2,423 1,003 5,410 151 17,986 7,570 343 7,227 339 1,661 2,078 3,492 -.29 5,433 3 -95 -8 -29 1,233 522 3,683 124 75.8 95.0 9.8 162.3 58.4 126.0 86.5 95.2 -9.8 122.2 11 -19.8 -7.8 -16.9 103.6 108.5 213.3 459.3 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 2,866 1,258 214 1,044 140 260 125 733 2.28 1,591 19 29 2 23 767 112 586 53 2,966 1,303 203 1,100 107 235 118 843 2.28 1,613 21 23 3 25 775 118 595 53 34 71 -194 265 -186 -173 -121 551 -.10 508 7 -30 -53 11 277 52 206 38 1.2 5.8 -48.9 31.7 -63.5 -42.4 -50.6 188.7 -4.4 46.0 50.0 -56.6 -94.6 78.6 55.6 78.8 53.0 253.3 KEEGO HARBOR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2,932 1,232 397 835 293 408 239 292 2.38 1,105 14 53 56 14 498 66 389 15 2,938 1,236 372 864 265 382 217 372 2 .38 1,331 19 50 52 18 596 79 478 39 2,892 1,231 328 903 227 350 191 463 2.35 1,406 19 41 34 19 638 86 526 43 2,852 1,236 278 958 212 318 160 546 2.31 1,516 19 43 22 21 704 95 567 45 2,857 1,248 241 1,007 178 288 141 641 2.29 1,579 19 38 7 23 754 105 584 49 LAKE ANGELUS 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 341 127 33 94 8 11 39 69 2.69 68 0 2 0 0 14 34 18 0 343 130 32 98 9 11 51 59 2.64 92 0 2 0 0 25 37 28 0 348 134 31 103 9 12 64 49 2.60 97 0 2 0 0 26 41 28 0 362 141 32 109 9 367 145 33 112 9 17 86 33 2.53 102 0 2 0 0 26 46 28 0 39 22 1 21 3 3 66 -50 -.14 43 0 0 0 0 15 18 10 0 11 .9 17.9 3.1 23.1 50.0 21.4 330.0 -60.2 -5.1 72.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 136.4 64.3 55.6 .0 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 328 123 32 91 6 14 20 83 2.67 59 0 2 0 0 11 28 18 0 338 126 33 93 8 12 28 78 2 .68 58 0 2 0 0 12 31 13 0 14 77 41 2.57 100 0 2 0 0 26 44 28 0 51 �LAKE ORION Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration LATHRUP VILLAGE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration LEONARD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 52 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 3,029 1,237 329 908 260 278 391 3,009 1,256 3,044 1,297 277 1,020 235 208 3,035 1,325 243 1,082 228 187 567 3,004 1,342 2,954 1,352 2 ,900 1,360 211 1,131 184 1,168 160 1,200 214 168 634 196 152 700 178 138 765 -129 123 -169 292 -82 -140 308 2.45 1,326 20 50 33 62 426 331 2.40 1,645 18 51 343 2.29 326 2.24 304 2.18 279 2.13 1,821 10 42 1,914 7 42 1,971 11 42 1,997 17 13 11 531 13 30 455 113 13 17 494 126 17 541 12 18 545 119 27.9 43 134.4 997 1,064 93 1,198 75 930 112 1,142 1,236 50 55 56 56 54 584 3 89.6 45 32 652 51 299 957 248 240 437 2 37 446 116 505 349 2.35 1,713 14 42 12 40 374 -29 -.32 Percent -4.3 9,9 -51.4 32,2 ·31,5 ·50.4 95.7 -9.4 -12.9 -21 50.6 -15.0 -20.0 -63.6 -44 .71.0 671 -3 -10 5.9 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,329 1,577 4,296 1,589 4,222 1,572 4,127 4 ,049 4,066 -263 -6.1 2.8 501 1,071 85 212 405 875 2.75 2,555 0 113 131 117 403 423 1,271 510 1,079 94 221 410 864 2.70 2,807 98 221 107 225 1,621 409 1,212 147 44 530 1,047 1,568 456 1,112 4,056 1,569 422 1,147 118 400 853 2.69 2,963 382 854 2.63 3,076 0 157 203 99 340 435 1,468 0 153 223 97 322 457 1,597 0 167 245 100 320 477 1,645 97 105 114 1990 1995 357 125 51 74 380 137 48 89 23 31 47 24 2.86 25 20 25 0 6 6 0 7 0 5 228 365 858 2.59 3,105 0 169 263 101 1,591 411 1,180 132 233 238 353 873 2 .54 341 895 2.51 3,060 3,030 1 152 269 96 -121 165 62 26 -22.8 -64 -15.8 2.3 -8.6 20 -.24 475 1 39 138 -21 -140 79 303 496 1,646 0 161 269 98 280 503 1,618 263 502 1,614 122 127 131 133 36 2000 2005 2015 2020 Change 396 149 404 2010 424 451 478 160 35 125 17 17 172 184 31 141 31 153 16 15 195 33 162 14 121 70 -18 43 106 18 20 15 343 88 -9 14 121 14 -17 65 27 2.77 82 29 2.66 97 29 2.53 129 82 34 2.45 38 2.45 14 100 110 31 2.47 108 0 78 117 127 128 0 81 0 83 4 0 78 5 4 129 0 72 7 5 0 79 7 0 8 0 5 1 6 10 11 3 2 12 2 16 1 3 14 3 19 15 4 21 1 -.40 104 0 66 1 5 9 16 5 23 5 18 1 0 15.8 72.9 12.3 18.6 rva 34.5 105.3 -17.9 -34.7 18.7 27,0 37,1 -- Percent 33,9 56,0 -35,3 118,9 .39,1 .54,8 174,5 58,3 -14.2 416,0 ,0 1,100.0 16,7 r/8 128.6 r/8 360,0 ' ,0 �• LYON TWP (1990 Boundaries) 1990 8,695 Total Population 2,954 Total Households 1,377 With Children 1,577 Without Children Income Quartile 1 320 Income Quartile 2 841 Income Quartile 3 999 Income Quartile 4 794 Persons Per Household 2.94 Total Employment 2,342 Ag, Min, Nat Res 84 Manufacturing 1,238 TCU 45 Wholesale Trade 51 Retail Trade 375 FIRE 312 Services 237 Pub Administration 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 9,854 3,318 1,557 1,761 280 870 1,170 998 2.97 2,941 96 1,558 63 116 460 325 323 0 11,005 3,649 1,731 1,918 271 879 1,354 1,145 3.02 3,415 101 1,447 72 135 532 362 758 8 12,316 4,040 1,909 2,131 275 925 1,536 1,304 3.05 3,972 113 1,464 110 163 706 419 980 17 14,030 4,580 2,136 2,444 291 984 1,744 1,561 3.06 4,276 117 1,449 163 188 793 468 1,074 16,236 5,296 2,473 2,823 323 1,060 1,997 1,916 3.07 4,452 124 1,373 227 204 852 506 1,135 31 18,419 6,015 2,839 3,176 363 1,131 2,230 2,291 3.06 4,594 134 1,299 286 219 899 532 1,192 33 9,724 3,061 1,462 1,599 43 290 1,231 1,497 .12 2,252 50 61 241 168 524 220 955 33 111 .8 103.6 106.2 101.4 13.4 34.5 123.2 188.5 4.0 96.2 5S.5 4.9 535.6 329.4 139.7 70.5 403.0 n/a LYON TWP (1995 Boundaries) 1990 Total Population 8,695 Total Households 2,954 With Children 1,377 Without Children 1,577 Income Quartile 1 320 Income Quartile 2 841 Income Quartile 3 999 Income Quartile 4 794 Persons Per Household 2.94 Total Employment 2,342 Ag, Min, Nat Res 84 Manufacturing 1,238 TCU 45 Wholesale Trade 51 Retail Trade 375 FIRE 312 Services 237 Pub Administration 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 9,854 3,318 1,557 1,761 280 870 1,170 998 2.97 2,941 96 1,558 63 116 460 325 323 0 10,645 3,529 1,681 1,848 258 11,791 3,865 1,834 2,031 257 13,410 4,380 2,036 15,620 5,094 2,383 2,711 308 1,018 1,938 1,830 3.07 17,804 5,810 2,759 3,051 9,109 2,856 1,382 Percent 104.8 MADISON HEIGHTS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 848 883 1,317 1,106 3.02 3,415 101 1,483 1,242 3.05 3,972 113 1,464 110 163 706 1,447 72 135 532 362 758 8 419 980 17 24 2,344 275 940 1,682 1,483 3.06 4,276 117 1,449 163 188 793 468 1,074 24 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 32,196 12,867 4,083 8,784 3,015 4,094 3,671 2,087 2.50 27,408 344 8,718 678 2,231 5,497 863 8,813 31,436 13,014 3,743 9,271 3,279 4,369 3,570 1,796 30,218 12,904 3,357 9,547 3,393 4,532 3,391 1,588 29,384 12,843 2,999 9,844 3,509 4,573 3,222 1,539 2.29 28,134 214 5,277 1,322 2,671 6,241 884 11,228 297 28,706 264 2.42 2.34 28,088 265 7,362 911 2,421 6,073 846 9,939 271 27,939 231 5,874 1,164 2,519 6,152 848 10,862 289 12,847 2,681 10,166 3,589 4,672 3,088 1,498 2.23 27,616 211 4,658 1,479 2,766 6,153 898 11,152 299 348 4,452 1,079 2,171 2,212 3.06 4,594 124 1,373 227 204 852 506 1,135 31 1,299 286 219 899 532 1,192 33 2015 28,271 12,952 2,487 10,465 3,685 4,823 2,992 1,452 2.18 26,489 204 3,994 1,565 2,710 5,881 897 10,939 299 134 2020 27,920 13,069 2,362 10,707 3,773 4,978 2,913 1,405 2.14 25,594 199 3,471 1,584 2,632 5,655 884 10,876 293 .12 2,252 50 61 241 168 524 220 955 33 96.7 100.4 93.5 8.8 28.3 117.3 178.6 4.1 96.2 59.5 4.9 535.6 329.4 139.7 70.5 403.0 n/a Change -4,276 Percent -13.3 202 -1,721 1,923 758 884 -758 -682 -.37 -1,814 -145 -5,247 906 401 1.6 -42.2 21.9 25.1 21.6 -20.6 -32.7 -14.6 -6.6 1,474 28 238 1,172 1,418 158 21 2,063 29 -42.2 -60.2 133.6 18.0 2.9 2.4 23.4 11.0 53 �----MILFORD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MILFORD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration NORTHVILLE PART Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 54 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 5,511 1,996 817 1,179 491 405 653 447 2.76 3,996 45 607 145 117 1,058 136 1,830 6,301 2,291 894 1,397 6,716 2,469 903 1,566 591 375 887 616 2.72 5,239 63 626 201 129 1,322 135 2,683 7,078 2,639 7,387 2,794 7,497 2,887 7,500 2,943 1,989 947 36.1 47,4 883 1,756 854 1,940 674 394 1,015 815 2,072 775 2,168 -42 720 151 2,827 2,995 80 88 97 700 404 1,045 738 2.60 6,029 58 560 247 159 1,667 180 3,051 107 ·5,1 83.9 46.6 2.2 62.9 58 550 396 796 549 2.75 4,942 52 654 186 117 1,279 119 2,462 73 638 381 960 660 2.68 5,597 69 631 220 142 1,469 711 2.64 5,950 67 615 242 155 1,611 168 414 1,064 745 2.55 6,120 47 503 989 229 9 411 298 -.21 66.7 2,124 53.2 4.4 -17,1 2 -104 36.8 119 1,347 61 73.6 105.2 Percent 104.3 118.6 158 1,696 186 3,177 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 9,281 3,067 1,194 1,873 10,343 3,474 1,288 2,186 11,438 12,606 13,507 6,897 3,909 1,402 4,379 1,567 4,755 1,726 2,580 812 2,507 2,812 3,029 285 413 375 503 1,074 1,522 2.98 4,838 73 1,732 478 589 759 1,366 681 1,596 2.93 1,665 1,504 1,694 2.88 2.84 3,378 35 1,953 8,142 2,667 1,084 1,583 227 383 813 1,244 3.05 3,501 51 1,826 5,253 83 1,690 5,503 95 1,561 5,606 103 1,424 60 97 61 26 1,146 82 109 47 27 1,359 165 161 209 185 248 195 273 198 0 0 62 1,725 125 125 622 1,213 876 1,768 492 507 847 734 -.20 2,228 68 -529 213 101 2n 66.0 194.3 -27.1 355,0 104,1 454,1 43 285 108 2,655 314 120 2,922 338 128 3,091 102 392,3 1,909 93 2,340 1,945 169.7 11 26 38 48 51 51 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 3,408 1,286 417 3,347 1,326 3,238 1,350 3,139 1,365 3,044 2,967 -400 349 977 196 1,169 1,374 149 1,225 1,382 116 869 43 135 430 678 2.65 915 60 124 0 1 175 52 497 6 263 1,087 44 166 44 182 539 601 2.40 587 552 2.30 1,091 506 2.22 1,124 38 112 40 100 5 28 213 56 630 9 5 28 209 6 88.8 140.2 260,3 137.4 128.9 76.5 •6,5 248 1990 454 35.0 60.3 102 3,367 1,231 454 777 49 131 381 670 2.74 856 75 105 0 8 159 49 61.4 89 41 638 50 234 6,610 2,175 914 1,261 189 369 657 960 3.04 935 1,434 3.03 4,102 •7,7 42 151 486 647 2.52 963 56 117 1 5 187 53 537 7 1,039 39 117 4 27 207 56 581 8 43 200 625 53 679 10 12.3 220 275 -205 -.59 1,151 42 295 -33 -17 205 49 724 10 -:[g -74.4 62,9 656 465 2.15 88 4 29 -- Percent 151 -338 489 -8 89 1,266 41 rJa 4 21 46 0 270 4 -16.3 67,9 72,2 .30.6 -21,5 34,5 -44,0 -16,2 rJa 262,5 28,9 .0 59,5 66.7 �NOVI Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration OAKLAND TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration OAK PARK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 33,148 12,742 4,715 8,027 1,249 2,886 3,736 4,871 2.60 22,221 313 3,782 612 2,656 7,885 1,030 5,789 154 41,595 16,102 5,773 10,329 1,427 3,564 4,744 6,367 2.58 25,479 250 3,865 485 2,284 9,367 1,109 7,890 229 48,731 19,098 6,506 12,592 1,587 4,190 5,636 7,685 2.55 28,822 247 3,743 499 2,010 10,445 1,263 10,293 322 56,161 22,259 7,120 15,139 1,895 4,901 6,558 8,905 2.52 32,402 279 3,969 529 1,896 11,717 1,483 12,165 364 63,682 25,479 7,768 17,711 2,209 5,657 7,538 10,075 2.50 34,748 284 4,054 516 1,731 12,332 1,636 13,782 413 71,419 28,752 8,636 20,116 2,539 6,430 8,536 11,247 2.48 35,851 281 3,903 492 1,537 12,428 1,747 15,007 456 78,053 31,569 9,512 22,057 2,840 7,095 9,401 12,233 2.47 36,708 279 3,698 467 1,389 12,437 1,814 16,148 476 44,905 18,827 4,797 14,030 1,591 4,209 5,665 7,362 -.13 14,487 -34 -84 -145 -1,267 4,552 784 10,359 322 135.5 147.8 101.7 174.8 127.4 145.8 151.6 151.1 -5.0 '55.2 -10.9 -2.2 -23 ..7 -47.7 57.7 76.1 178.9 209.1 Change 16,288 Percent 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 8,227 2,722 1,084 1,638 217 359 588 1,558 3.02 1,055 71 217 0 45 248 34 431 9 10,232 3,398 1,307 2,091 232 424 758 1,984 3.01 1,099 72 172 0 35 278 40 490 12 11,665 3,912 1,453 2,459 254 474 934 2,250 2.98 1,432 111 146 0 62 315 92 686 20 13,699 4,626 1,715 2,911 334 569 1,203 2,520 2.96 1,812 163 154 16,469 5,568 2,135 3,433 445 698 1,567 2,858 2.96 2,125 202 165 20,436 6,849 2,853 3,996 591 879 2,068 3,311 2.98 2,418 241 180 24,515 8,108 3,694 4,414 728 1,060 2,590 3,730 3.02 2,680 259 191 89 368 162 845 30 110 423 242 952 30 116 480 349 1,021 30 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 30,462 10,871 4,351 6,520 2,248 2,962 3,096 2,565 2.80 12,685 77 1,842 550 1,661 2,662 596 4,947 350 30,905 10,903 4,585 6,318 2,242 3,077 3,153 2,431 2.83 11,801 82 1,586 551 1,434 2,554 568 4,695 331 30,977 10,911 4,647 6,264 2,246 3,182 3,186 2,297 2.84 11,430 88 1,342 573 1,320 2,312 577 4,864 354 31,108 10,886 4,622 6,264 2,176 3,251 3,239 2,220 2.86 11,375 96 1,314 603 1,286 2,192 600 4,920 364 31,529 10,979 4,653 6,326 2,138 3,328 3,320 2,193 2.87 11,075 103 1,248 615 1,235 2,040 627 4,835 372 127 532 457 1,083 30 5,386 2,610 2,776 511 701 2,002 2,172 .00 1,625 188 -26 1 82 284 423 652 21 198.0 197.9 240.8 169.5 235.5 195.3 340.5 139.4 .0 154.0 264.8 -12.0 n/a 182.2 114.5 1,244.1 151.3 233.3 2015 2020 Change Percent 32,380 11,287 4,790 6,497 2,139 3,505 3,416 2,227 2.87 10,606 108 1,140 613 1,145 1,873 644 4,706 377 33,016 11,507 4,959 6,548 2,125 3,660 3,489 2,233 2.87 10,245 108 1,039 597 1,071 1,751 645 4,658 376 2,554 636 608 28 -123 698 393 -332 .07 -2,440 31 -803 47 -590 -911 49 -289 26 8.4 5.9 14.0 .4 -5.5 23.6 12.7 -12.9 2.4 -19.2 40.3 -43.6 8.5 -35.5 -34.2 8.2 -5.8 7.4 55 �ORCHARD LAKE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ORION TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 2,286 696 261 435 24 59 73 540 3.28 1,051 4 89 15 40 230 19 653 2,326 722 231 491 14 45 56 607 3.22 1,051 5 91 10 25 263 33 623 2,387 758 204 554 8 36 45 669 3.15 1,128 6 2,504 841 136 705 4 29 42 766 2.98 1,267 8 74 8 36 2,577 2,626 912 120 792 3 30 340 9 28 290 38 679 2,433 797 163 634 6 31 41 719 3.05 1,219 6 81 9 32 320 43 727 2005 2010 n 344 49 747 1990 1995 2000 21,047 7,331 3,Q75 4,256 774 1,618 2,322 2,617 2.87 7,379 106 4,726 257 198 633 242 1,159 58 25,409 8,745 3,649 5,096 794 1,800 2,775 3,376 2.91 6,324 114 3,499 214 170 682 147 1,428 70 28,695 9,837 3,991 5,846 784 1,893 3,100 4,060 2.92 6,880 150 3,118 217 129 827 247 2,073 119 31,569 10,857 4,150 6,707 849 1,999 3,299 4,710 2.91 7,942 179 3,109 254 134 1,068 388 2,629 181 34,256 11,851 4,241 7,610 907 2,076 3,458 5,410 2.89 8,533 199 3,103 262 138 1,193 450 3,004 184 881 125 756 3 29 46 803 2.93 1,266 8 60 6 37 351 54 749 1 54 825 2.88 1,273 9 46 6 38 355 58 760 1 216 -141 357 -21 -29 -19 285 -.41 222 5 -43 -9 -2 125 39 107 0 2020 Change 36,441 12,717 4,316 8,401 958 2,110 3,570 6,079 2.87 8,881 205 3,107 261 131 1,251 494 3,248 184 37,985 13,382 4,346 9,036 1,001 2,087 3,633 6,661 16,938 6,051 1,271 4,780 227 469 1,311 4,044 -.03 1,692 105 -1,723 2015 2.84 9,071 211 3,003 255 123 1,291 521 3,488 179 •,8 -37.9 103,9 115.3 200,9 208,6 1990 1995 2000 2005 1,524 543 233 310 98 143 153 149 2.81 476 0 39 0 6 117 35 236 43 2010 2015 2020 Change 1,252 453 196 257 104 131 116 102 2.76 354 0 26 0 14 96 28 149 41 1,677 596 246 350 89 140 179 188 2.81 528 0 42 2 9 130 42 257 46 1,834 1,980 713 252 461 83 133 221 276 2.78 641 0 51 3 16 159 56 305 51 2,133 773 260 513 80 130 242 321 2.76 697 0 52 3 18 176 63 333 52 2,227 812 264 548 75 124 259 354 2.74 744 0 52 3 19 191 67 363 975 359 56 -1.1 22.9 99.1 -36.5 -2 ORTONVILLE 49 Percent 80.5 82.5 41.3 112.3 29.3 29,0 56.5 154.5 -75 658 279 2,329 121 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 655 251 404 86 137 202 230 2.80 586 0 47 3 13 144 49 280 50 Percenl 14.9 31.0 ·54.0 82.1 ·87.5 -49.2 ·26.0 52.8 ·12.3 21.1 125.0 -48.3 -60.0 -5.0 54.3 205.3 16.4 .0 68 291 -29 -7 143 252 -.02 390 0 26 3 5 95 39 214 8 --- Percent ~ 71,9 79,2 34,7 113,2 -27,9 .5,3 123,3 247,1 ,,8 110.2 .0 100.0 rJa 35,7 99,0 139,3 143,6 19,5 �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2,929 1,155 400 755 279 266 296 314 2.54 1,269 2 265 5 52 280 125 439 101 3,235 1,248 444 804 262 249 357 380 2.59 1,469 6 324 5 64 340 3,422 1,316 457 859 254 227 404 431 2.60 1,567 6 322 5 58 374 167 574 61 3,509 1,370 435 935 260 212 436 462 2.56 1,689 7 332 4 56 409 186 627 68 3,511 1,403 396 1,007 262 195 454 492 2.50 1,806 7 336 3 49 448 207 685 71 3,469 1,423 358 1,065 263 179 469 512 2.44 1,896 7 315 2 35 490 226 749 72 3,404 1,435 321 1,114 262 164 482 527 2.37 1,975 7 288 OXFORD TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 12,028 4,146 1,627 2,519 381 912 1,458 1,395 2.90 3,548 176 1,160 15 65 653 166 1,309 4 12,922 4,493 1,683 2,810 377 1,026 1,532 1,558 2.88 4,031 178 1,190 21 82 796 211 1,549 4 13,872 4,858 1,794 3,064 378 1,144 1,596 1,740 2.86 4,296 178 1,143 24 97 891 243 1,716 4 14,720 5,185 1,922 3,263 381 1,252 1,638 1,914 2.84 4,485 179 1,Q76 OXFORD 148 525 57 22 526 239 818 74 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 9,004 3,074 1,331 1,743 460 662 993 959 2.93 2,136 177 1,091 21 19 321 24 483 0 10,278 3,502 1,482 2,020 431 731 1,196 1,144 2.93 2,324 152 1,112 10 31 327 60 632 0 11,171 3,815 1,578 2,237 389 807 1,350 1,269 2.93 2,902 158 1,116 8 45 467 103 1,005 0 PLEASANT RIDGE Total Population Total Households 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,754 1,097 293 804 119 87 280 611 2.51 632 9 101 6 13 89 191 214 9 2,702 1,101 246 855 113 72 274 642 2.45 706 10 106 6 13 136 205 221 9 2,677 1,112 209 903 106 64 268 674 2.41 708 10 93 2,684 1,133 190 943 102 62 265 704 2.37 688 9 77 2,692 1,151 179 972 99 63 261 728 2.34 673 8 64 7 14 128 228 215 9 With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2,833 1,094 372 722 145 138 287 524 2.59 585 8 170 5 19 49 162 163 9 2,805 1,093 337 756 128 107 287 571 2.57 606 8 128 5 15 72 175 195 8 7 7 14 137 218 220 9 14 131 225 216 9 24 110 964 267 1,861 4 Change 475 280 -79 359 -17 -102 186 213 -.16 706 5 23 -4 -30 246 114 379 -27 Percent 16.2 24.2 -19.8 47.5 -6.1 -38.3 62.8 67.8 -6.5 55.6 :!50.0 8.7 -80.0 -57.7 87.9 91.2 86.3 -26.7 Change 5,716 2,111 591 1,520 -79 590 645 955 -.09 2,349 2 -15 3 91 643 243 1,378 4 Percent 63.5 68.7 44.4 87.2 -17.2 89.1 65.0 99.6 -3.1 110.0 1.1 -1.4 14.3 478.9 200.3 1,012.5 285.3 n/a Change -141 57 -193 250 -46 -75 -26 204 -.25 88 0 -106 2 -5 79 66 52 0 Percent -5.0 5.2 -51.9 34.6 -31.7 -54.3 -9.1 38.9 -9.7 15.0 .0 -62.4 40.0 -26.3 161.2 40.7 31.9 .0 57 �PONTIAC Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ROCHESTER Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ROCHESTER HILLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 58 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 71,166 24,769 10,845 13,924 10,238 6,761 5,100 2,670 2.87 56,308 370 18,471 3,877 2,419 6,344 2,035 20,013 2,779 70,034 24,665 10,866 13,799 10,920 6,611 4,931 2,203 2.84 55,246 418 15,916 3,782 2,726 6,407 1,983 21,219 2,795 67,018 24,022 10,295 13,727 11,124 6,362 4,680 1,856 2.79 55,150 475 14,448 3,863 2,889 6,272 2,071 22,350 2,782 64,823 23,533 9,641 13,892 11,069 6,236 4,444 1,784 2.75 56,846 461 15,572 3,784 3,118 6,356 2,178 22,796 2,581 63,372 23,419 62,898 23,663 62,658 9,048 a,n8 14,371 11 ,080 6,226 4,387 1,726 2.71 57,942 482 16,776 3,699 3,267 6,113 2,316 22,700 2,589 14,885 11,268 6,309 4,392 1,694 2.66 56,958 496 16,346 3,547 3,251 5,769 2,418 22,544 2,587 1,675 2.61 55,803 508 15,352 3,383 3,198 5,514 2,475 22,833 2,540 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 7,178 3,473 842 2,631 588 1,068 1,004 813 2.07 12,757 146 2,181 357 196 2,830 721 6,240 86 7,761 3,665 928 2,737 506 1,015 1,193 951 2.12 15,106 152 2,470 327 232 2,658 867 8,311 89 8,335 3,848 1,028 2,820 444 964 1,342 1,098 2.17 17,650 140 2,551 337 315 2,634 983 10,582 108 8,958 4,069 1,123 2,946 398 962 1,432 1,277 2.20 19,552 128 2,662 360 411 2,569 1,072 12,227 123 9,678 4,321 1,257 3,064 357 958 1,502 1,504 2.24 21,107 123 2,733 348 2,662 1,133 13,494 130 10,550 4,613 1,471 3,142 325 956 1,555 1,777 2.29 21,921 117 2,635 325 517 2,656 1,164 14,372 135 11,393 4,874 1,719 3,155 297 952 1,588 2,037 2.34 22,636 113 2,499 304 538 2,642 1,177 15,228 135 1990 1995 2000 61,718 22,334 8,935 13,399 2,232 3,696 5,656 10,750 2.76 18,667 443 3,984 217 1,014 5,068 1,277 6,451 213 2005 2010 2015 2020 66,365 24,206 9,404 14,802 2,212 3,709 6,015 12,270 2.74 23,716 502 5,583 231 1,337 5,809 1,221 8,799 234 69,537 25,773 9,523 16,250 2,310 3,759 6,307 13,397 2.70 28,343 535 6,515 314 1,560 6,265 1,419 11,485 250 72,033 27,230 9,245 17,985 2,448 3,962 6,627 14,193 2.65 31,420 535 6,814 401 1,815 6,699 1,601 13,287 268 73,749 28,612 8,776 19,836 2,622 4,167 7,047 14,776 2.58 34,007 549 7,150 459 2,028 7,135 1,749 14,663 274 75,840 30,055 8,696 21,359 2,812 4,409 7,470 15,364 2.52 35,521 556 7,181 502 2,136 7,306 1,855 15,708 2TT TT,801 31,382 8,796 22,586 3,004 4,645 7,851 15,882 2.48 36,669 562 7,045 529 2,196 7,418 1,916 484 23,972 8,636 15,336 11,475 6,408 4,414 16,728 275 Change -8,508 -797 -2,209 1,412 1,237 -353 -686 -995 -.26 -505 138 -3,119 -494 n9 -830 440 2,820 -239 Percent ·12.0 ·3.2 ·20.4 10.1 12.1 -5.2 ·13.5 -37.3 •9,0 •,9 37,3 -16.9 ·12.7 32.2 ·13.1 21.6 14.1 -8.6 Change 4,215 1,401 877 524 -291 -116 584 1,224 .27 9,879 Percent 58.7 40.3 104.2 19.9 -49.5 -10,9 58.2 150,6 13,1 -33 -22,6 14.6 -14,8 174,5 -6.6 318 -53 342 -188 456 8,988 49 Change 16,083 9,048 -139 9,187 772 949 2,195 5,132 -.28 18,002 119 3,061 312 1,182 2,350 639 10,277 62 77,4 63.2 144,0 57,0 --Percent ~ 40.5 .1,6 68,6 34,6 25.7 38,8 47.7 -10,3 96.4 26,9 76,8 143,8 116,6 46.4 50.0 159,3 29,1 �ROSE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ROYAL OAK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade · Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ROYAL OAK TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,926 1,588 772 816 196 399 465 528 3.10 200 41 25 2 10 5 0 115 2 5,853 1,896 903 993 177 523 552 644 3.09 227 32 27 6,472 2,122 970 1,152 159 613 626 724 3.05 458 33 35 11 14 35 9 314 7 7,114 2,366 1,011 1,355 153 687 720 806 3.01 653 37 47 11 23 82 17 428 8 7,753 2,614 1,048 1,566 153 730 813 918 2.97 766 38 56 11 23 86 23 521 8 8,422 2,869 1,112 1,757 158 755 905 1,051 2.94 9,020 3,095 1,185 1,910 167 757 982 1,189 2.91 906 38 69 10 20 94 30 638 7 4,094 1,507 413 1,094 -29 358 517 661 -.19 706 -3 8 10 89 30 523 5 83.1 94.9 53.5 134.1 -14.8 89.7 111.2 125.2 -6.0 353.0 -7.3 176.0 400.0 100.0 1,780.0 n/a 454.8 250.0 5 6 0 149 7 842 38 64 10 21 90 27 584 8 44 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 65,493 28,366 7,432 20,934 4,969 8,181 8,334 6,882 2.31 34,871 365 2,922 2,162 1,751 6,831 2,139 18,275 426 65,367 28,658 7,140 21,518 4,894 8,453 8,669 6,642 2.28 35,350 388 2,889 2,067 1,599 8,048 2,460 17,454 445 64,479 28,756 6,690 22,066 4,940 8,637 8,825 6,354 2.24 36,056 381 2,732 2,200 1,466 8,404 2,726 17,670 477 64,087 28,832 6,385 22,447 5,207 8,590 8,864 6,171 2.22 37,609 366 2,872 2,426 1,451 8,723 2,944 18,326 501 64,253 29,094 6,219 22,875 5,431 8,636 8,936 6,091 2.21 38,149 376 2,834 2,545 1,391 8,947 3,207 18,336 513 64,951 29,598 6,293 23,305 5,710 8,748 9,082 6,058 2.19 37,964 380 2,652 2,563 1,281 8,821 3,381 18,367 519 65,544 30,039 6,456 23,583 5,983 8,819 9,209 6,028 2.18 38,084 383 2,465 2,529 1,193 8,697 3,480 18,824 513 51 1,673 -976 2,649 1,014 638 875 -854 -.13 3,213 18 -457 367 -558 1,866 1,341 549 87 .1 5.9 -13.1 12.7 20.4 7.8 10.5 -12.4 -5.5 9.2 4.9 -15.6 17.0 -31.9 27.3 62.7 3.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 5,133 2,468 744 1,724 1,179 784 285 220 2.08 2,635 1 157 250 258 464 457 903 145 5,391 2,527 820 1,707 1,274 726 304 223 2.13 2,536 4 143 243 237 422 462 879 146 5,548 2,576 861 1,715 1,367 653 314 537 108 249 -141 133 -40 -36 51 .12 -161 6 -50 -83 -160 -15 79 28 34 10.7 4.4 40.7 -7.6 10.8 -5.8 -10.3 26.7 6.1 -6.2 n/a -27.6 -26.3 -42.2 -3.7 20.6 3.3 31.2 5,011 2,468 612 1,856 1,234 693 350 191 2.03 2,617 0 181 315 379 408 383 842 109 5,152 2,447 704 1,743 1,154 760 340 193 2.11 2,675 0 202 224 305 520 418 877 129 5,173 2,455 718 1,737 1,081 819 340 215 2.11 2,683 0 170 234 279 529 424 908 139 5,084 2,451 723 1,728 1,103 829 316 203 2.07 2,685 0 166 246 270 500 441 919 143 242 2.15 2,456 6 131 232 219 393 462 870 143 20.4 59 �... SOUTHFIELD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 75,695 32,115 8,278 23,837 5,405 7,932 8,655 10,123 2.36 108,593 536 8,980 8,744 8,975 17,604 17,973 44,535 1,246 1995 75,331 32,459 8,032 24,427 5,636 8,271 9,349 9,203 2.32 111,422 481 7,501 7,490 9,445 16,260 20,955 48,031 1,259 2000 74,377 32,397 7,848 24,549 5,798 8,455 9,769 8,375 2.30 114,248 466 6,451 7,244 9,519 15,443 22,328 51,488 1,309 2005 73,503 32,419 7,438 24,981 6,139 8,640 9,916 7,724 2.27 114,279 485 6,363 7,172 9,837 14,998 22,409 51,702 1,313 2010 73,323 32,659 7,210 25,449 6,479 8,870 10,067 7,243 2.25 112,142 493 5,930 6,824 9,911 14,357 23,190 50,162 1,275 2015 73,654 33,142 7,216 25,926 6,856 9,171 10,241 6,874 2.22 107,867 493 5,283 6,359 9,496 13,376 23,485 48,141 1,234 2020 73,959 33,608 7,312 26,296 7,204 9,444 10,365 6,595 2.20 104,740 493 4,733 5,933 9,096 12,640 23,489 47,174 1,182 Change 2010 12,553 4,927 1,133 3,794 2015 13,067 5,074 1,083 3,991 581 1,183 976 2,334 2.58 3,199 52 347 180 Change 1,012 217 1,316 32 2020 13,381 5,163 1,043 4,120 530 1,164 935 2,534 2.59 3,267 49 329 180 44 1,032 223 1,375 35 441 116 681 16 Percent 102.4 90.1 25.1 118.9 -11.8 45.9 27.7 333.2 6.5 81.6 113.0 7.2 462.5 69.2 74.6 108.4 98.1 84.2 2015 13,683 5,276 1,173 4,103 596 1,225 1,035 2,420 2.59 3,199 52 347 180 43 1,012 217 1,316 32 2020 13,996 5,368 1,123 4,245 545 1,206 994 2,623 2.61 3,267 49 329 180 44 1,032 223 1,375 35 Change percent SOUTH LYON (1990 Boundaries)1990 Total Population 6,612 Total Households 2,716 With Children 834 Without Children 1,882 Income Quartile 1 601 Income Quartile 2 798 Income Quartile 3 732 Income Quartile 4 585 Persons Per Household 2.43 Total Employment 1,799 Ag, Min, Nat Res 23 Manufacturing 307 TCU 32 Wholesale Trade 26 Retail Trade 591 FIRE 107 Services 694 Pub Administration 19 1995 8,166 3,252 1,029 2,223 639 921 831 861 2.51 2,228 28 314 53 15 687 144 965 22 2000 10,642 4,270 1,203 3,067 733 1,136 1,011 1,390 2.49 2,520 41 312 105 25 783 165 1,065 24 2005 11,771 4,680 1,193 3,487 697 1,197 1,041 1,745 2.52 2,838 54 348 145 35 886 186 1,158 SOUTH LYON (1995 Boundarles)1990 Total Population 6,612 Total Households 2,716 With Children 834 Without Children 1,882 Income Quartile 1 601 Income Quartile 2 798 Income Quartile 3 732 Income Quartile 4 585 Persons Per Household 2.43 Total Employment 1,799 Ag, Min, Nat Res 23 Manufacturing 307 TCU 32 Wholesale Trade 26 Retail Trade 591 FIRE 107 Services 694 Pub Administration 19 1995 8,166 3,252 1,029 2,223 639 921 831 861 2.51 2,228 28 314 53 15 687 144 965 22 2000 11,002 4,390 1,253 3,137 746 1,167 1,048 1,429 2.51 2,520 41 312 105 25 783 165 1,065 24 2005 12,296 4,855 1,268 3,587 715 1,239 1,094 1,807 2.53 2,838 54 348 145 35 886 186 1,158 26 60 26 639 1,199 1,015 2,074 2.55 3,086 55 359 170 41 975 205 1,252 29 2010 13,137 5,127 1,233 3,894 655 1,243 1,077 2,152 2.56 3,086 55 359 170 41 975 205 1,252 29 43 -1,736 1,493 -966 2,459 1,799 1,512 1,710 -3,528 -.16 -3,853 -43 -4,247 -2,811 121 -4,964 5,516 2,639 -64 6,769 2,447 209 2,238 -71 366 203 1,949 .16 1,468 26 22 148 18 7,384 2,652 289 2,363 -56 408 262 2,038 .17 1,468 26 22 148 18 441 116 681 16 Percent ·2.3 4.6 ·11.7 10.3 33.3 19.1 19.8 ·34.9 -6.6 ·3.5 -8.0 -47.3 ·32.1 1.3 -28.2 30.7 5.9 -5.1 --- 1111 97.6 34,7 125.6 .9,3 51.1 35,8 348.4 7.1 81,6 113,0 7.2 462,5 69,2 74,6 108.4 98,1 84.2 �SPRINGFIELD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 9,927 3,276 1,554 1,722 385 623 1,010 1,258 3.03 1,244 166 189 15 93 80 6 695 0 12,660 4,193 1,946 2,247 460 677 1,285 1,771 3.02 1,703 94 342 27 39 229 5 967 0 14,587 4,868 2,178 2,690 515 688 1,473 2,192 3.00 2,427 100 388 32 44 413 28 1,422 0 16,598 5,597 2,360 3,237 588 740 1,688 2,581 2.97 3,199 121 496 38 65 677 59 1,742 1 18,628 6,338 2,537 3,801 664 801 1,876 2,997 2.94 3,579 124 555 39 71 701 76 2,012 1 20,734 7,101 2,795 4,306 738 22,579 7,774 3,070 4,704 801 990 2,238 3,745 2.90 4,008 126 577 35 64 697 100 2,408 1 SYLVAN LAKE 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,905 848 185 663 71 133 315 329 2.25 1,134 13 35 1 295 493 45 212 40 1,861 848 156 692 69 117 349 313 2.19 1,236 12 36 1,807 849 124 725 58 103 401 287 2.13 1,302 1,757 852 98 754 45 91 459 257 2.06 1,306 10 23 0 333 594 63 233 50 1,782 882 88 794 34 83 519 246 2.02 1,308 11 17 1 325 600 68 236 50 889 2,069 3,405 2.92 3,815 124 574 38 68 700 90 2,220 1 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,893 840 203 637 103 191 248 298 2.25 1,081 12 122 2 251 452 39 179 24 1,915 847 198 649 86 160 281 320 2.26 1,087 14 43 TROY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 79,002 28,501 10,580 17,921 2,801 4,425 7,326 13,949 2.77 116,358 461 21,555 3,190 8,797 20,934 13,657 47,255 509 82,136 30,049 10,442 19,607 3,012 4,651 7,577 14,809 2.73 125,075 493 18,785 3,374 8,832 21,600 14,556 56,879 556 85,158 31,658 10,051 21,607 3,413 5,036 7,800 15,409 2.69 128,710 526 16,589 3,496 9,136 21,969 14,871 61,533 590 85,836 32,793 9,121 23,672 3,801 5,508 8,290 15,194 2.62 129,113 536 14,548 3,525 9,144 21,452 15,183 64,122 603 87,282 34,076 8,746 25,330 4,199 5,971 8,760 15,146 2.56 126,606 538 12,415 3,486 8,775 20,370 15,229 65,184 609 89,110 35,378 8,687 26,691 4,574 6,392 9,203 15,209 2.52 125,073 540 10,TT9 3,423 8,432 19,536 15,124 66,636 603 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 72,884 26,173 10,109 16,064 2,640 4,152 6,924 12,457 2.78 104,498 403 22,210 3,313 8,070 19,781 12,671 37,577 473 281 482 39 191 36 320 545 53 227 42 11 31 0 337 584 59 233 47 Change 12,652 4,498 1,516 2,982 416 367 1,228 2,487 -.13 2,764 -40 388 20 -29 617 94 1,713 1 Percent 127.5 137.3 97.6 173.2 108.1 58.9 121.6 197.7 -4.2 222.2 -24.1 205.3 133.3 -31.2 771.3 1,566.7 246.5 n/a Change -111 42 -115 157 -69 -108 271 -52 -.23 227 -1 -105 -1 74 148 29 57 26 Percent -5.9 5.0 -56.7 24.6 -67.0 -56.5 109.3 -17.4 -10.3 21.0 -8.3 -86.1 -50.0 29.5 32.7 74.4 31.8 108.3 Change 16,226 9,205 -1,422 10,627 1,934 2,240 2,279 2,752 -.27 20,575 137 -11,431 110 362 -245 2,453 29,059 130 Percent 22.3 35.2 -14.1 66.2 73.3 53.9 32.9 22.1 -9.5 19.7 34.0 -51 .5 3.3 4.5 -1.2 19.4 77.3 27.5 61 �WALLED LAKE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 6,278 2,796 823 1,973 603 762 817 614 2.25 6,441 61 2,347 146 337 1,323 248 1,807 172 6,479 2,977 721 2,256 548 827 882 720 2.18 7,059 53 2,250 187 591 1,446 282 2,068 182 6,932 3,281 640 2,641 518 922 976 865 2.11 7,328 50 1,708 271 682 1,614 323 2,482 198 7,255 3,532 540 2,992 518 984 1,060 970 2.05 8,024 53 1,646 314 779 1,752 388 2,877 215 7,725 3,825 478 3,347 510 1,070 1,150 1,095 2.02 8,458 56 1,543 357 883 1,774 437 3,188 220 8,236 4,135 449 3,686 505 1,180 1,240 1,210 1.99 8,601 56 1,378 384 938 1,730 473 3,419 223 8,730 4,398 473 3,925 499 1,295 1,303 1,301 1.98 8,669 56 1,227 389 968 1,683 494 3,629 223 2,452 1,602 -350 1,952 -104 533 486 687 -.26 2,228 -5 -1,120 243 631 360 246 1,822 51 WATERFORD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 66,692 25,488 8,883 16,605 4,142 6.659 7,949 6,738 2.62 23,106 607 1,572 889 1,209 8,941 1,424 7,699 765 69,222 26,997 8,730 18,267 4,311 7,037 8,673 6,976 2.56 27,152 786 1,599 685 1,559 10,374 1,625 9,531 993 69,679 27,777 8,243 19,534 4,440 7,231 9,105 7,001 2.51 31,269 849 1,597 658 1,840 11,571 1,899 11,551 1,304 70,561 28,613 7,794 20,819 4,714 7,426 9,375 7,098 2.47 34,978 803 1,789 678 2,142 12,886 2,169 12,968 1,543 71,719 29,503 7,496 22,007 4,968 7,665 9,656 7,214 2.43 37,373 834 1,805 645 2,420 13,659 2,414 13,811 1,785 73,299 30,547 7,488 23,059 5,257 7,968 9,985 7,337 2.40 38,491 849 1,721 601 2,551 13,848 2,595 14,327 1,999 74,577 31,422 7,590 23,832 5,522 8,230 10,254 7,416 2.37 39,343 862 1,621 560 2,625 13,942 2,712 14,883 2,138 7,885 5,934 -1,293 7,227 1,380 1,571 2,305 678 -.24 16,237 255 49 -329 1,416 5,001 1,288 7,184 1,373 WEST BLOOMFIELD TWP 1990 Total Population 54,507 Total Households 19,216 With Children 7,138 Without Children 12,078 Income Quartile 1 1,002 Income Quartile 2 2,230 Income Quartile 3 4,289 Income Quartile 4 11,695 Persons Per Household 2.84 Total Employment 13,710 Ag, Min, Nat Res 355 Manufacturing 504 TCU 266 Wholesale Trade 536 Retail Trade 2,904 FIRE 1,309 Services 7,646 Pub Administration 190 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 Change 57,162 20,873 6,746 14,127 844 2,361 4,777 12,891 2.74 15,718 396 545 196 680 3,399 1,489 8,765 248 2015 59,566 22,268 6,548 15,720 768 2,473 5,220 13,807 2.67 17,881 417 528 205 786 3,849 1,756 9,986 354 65,991 27,132 5,237 21,895 1,501 3,581 6,901 15,149 2.43 21,640 472 641 218 1,087 5,006 2,685 11,077 11,484 7,916 -1,901 9,817 62 Percenl 39.1 57.3 -42.5 98.9 ·17.2 69.9 59.5 111.9 ·11.6 34.6 •8,2 47.7 166,4 187,2 27.2 99.2 100.8 29.7 Percent 11.8 23.3 •14.6 43,5 33.3 23,6 29.0 10.1 •9,3 70.3 42.0 3.1 .37,0 117.1 55,9 90.4 93,3 179.5 .--61,168 23,611 5,922 17,689 939 2,764 5,596 14,312 2.59 19,738 428 620 231 915 4,469 2,067 10,634 374 62,899 24,954 5,430 19,524 1,127 3,056 6,111 14,660 2.52 20,858 451 657 241 1,022 4,816 2,344 10,906 421 64,703 26,199 5,267 20,932 1,323 3,339 6,561 14,976 2.47 21,298 466 656 234 1,067 4,934 2,551 10,941 449 454 499 1,351 2,612 3,454 -.40 7,930 117 137 -48 551 2,102 1,376 3,431 264 percent ~ 41,2 .26.6 81.3 49,8 60,6 60,9 29.5 .14.3 57,8 33.0 27,2 -18,0 102.8 72.4 105.1 44,9 138,9 �WHITE LAKE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WIXOM Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WOLVERINE LAKE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 22,608 7,787 3,355 4,432 998 1,718 2,542 2,529 2.90 3,189 320 207 53 189 607 95 1,657 61 26,527 9,201 3,863 5,338 1,061 1,779 3,108 3,253 2.88 3,360 360 108 25 212 756 113 1,718 68 28,911 10,044 4,086 5,958 1,100 1,711 3,456 3,777 2.88 4,284 346 152 72 242 945 164 2,278 85 31,013 10,822 4,189 6,633 1,169 1,699 3,706 4,248 2.87 5,187 312 212 81 285 1,236 220 2,735 106 32,690 11,496 4,210 7,286 1,245 1,695 3,829 4,727 2.84 5,774 286 250 79 309 1,421 269 3,035 125 34,206 12,122 4,322 7,800 1,328 1,708 3,918 5,168 2.82 6,130 283 274 73 309 1,513 306 3,231 141 35,390 12,643 4,456 8,187 1,414 1,731 3,969 5,529 2.80 6,400 280 254 67 308 1,581 334 3,425 151 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 17,490 7,137 2,209 4,928 774 1,881 1,975 2,507 2.45 18,936 7,592 2,416 5,176 815 1,812 2,047 2,918 2.49 9,424 124 3,173 910 1,442 1,098 241 2,378 58 20,028 7,908 2,597 5,311 827 1,696 2,097 3,288 2.53 9,238 107 2,814 917 1,473 1,083 261 2,527 56 15,579 8,550 4,119 957 3,162 610 1,597 1,130 782 2.08 6,562 130 4,309 302 648 326 73 734 40 11,487 5,102 1,439 3,663 628 1,797 1,453 1,224 2.25 7,430 96 4,203 488 798 542 64 1,191 48 13,506 5,789 1,738 4,051 629 1,894 1,642 1,624 2.33 8,386 113 3,920 652 976 921 112 1,639 53 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4,578 1,739 529 1,210 255 423 689 372 2.63 477 17 4,667 1,777 540 1,237 266 430 708 373 2.63 529 10 3 2 4 56 72 346 36 4,747 1,880 504 1,376 305 465 772 338 2.53 619 8 8 4 13 63 84 402 37 4,747 1,931 477 1,454 325 487 802 317 2.46 655 9 11 5 17 49 66 309 33 4,700 1,823 517 1,306 287 444 739 353 2.58 578 8 5 3 8 60 79 378 37 4,727 1,657 674 983 202 380 567 508 2.85 355 14 0 0 0 58 63 190 30 4,676 1,703 606 1,097 227 407 631 438 2.75 418 18 0 0 0 44 61 265 30 6,,511 1,976 4,535 721 1,899 1,843 2,048 2.39 9,115 141 3,793 750 1,172 1,051 166 1,984 58 9,504 143 3,560 851 1,365 1,102 210 2,215 58 66 87 424 36 Change 12,782 4,856 1,101 3,755 416 13 1,427 3,000 -.10 3,211 -40 47 14 119 974 239 1,768 90 Percent 56.5 62.4 32.8 84.7 41.7 .8 56.1 118.6 -3.6 100.7 -12.5 22.7 26.4 63.0 160.5 251 .6 106.7 147.5 Change 11,478 3,789 1,640 2,149 217 99 967 2,506 .46 2,676 -23 -1,495 615 825 757 188 1,793 16 Percent 134.2 92.0 171.4 68.0 35.6 6.2 85.6 320.5 22.0 40.8 -17.7 -34.7 203.6 127.3 232.2 257.5 244.3 40.0 Change 20 274 -197 471 123 107 235 -191 -.39 300 -5 11 5 17 8 24 234 6 Percent .4 16.5 -29.2 47.9 60.9 28.2 41.4 -37.6 -13.8 84.5 -35.7 n/a n/a n/a 13.8 38.1 123.2 20.0 63 �.. OAKLAND COUNTY 1990 Total Population 1,083,592 Total Households 410,520 With Children 143,997 Without Children 266,523 Income Quartile 1 64,471 Income Quartile 2 92,274 Income Quartile 3 109,543 Income Quartile 4 144,232 Persons Per Household 2.64 Total Employment 681,037 Ag, Min, Nat Res 8,397 Manufacturing 116,987 TCU 30,089 Wholesale Trade 46,746 Retail Trade 130,230 FIRE 70,704 Services 268,006 Pub Administration 9,878 1995 2000 1,150,872 1,192,164 461,578 440,003 147,820 148,486 291,517 313,758 65,881 67,131 97,279 100,905 120,034 127,794 156,809 165,748 2.62 2.58 745,309 806,126 8,592 8,831 119,339 116,201 28,447 30,025 49,855 51,454 138,807 144,912 80,548 88,892 308,944 353,750 10,1n 12,061 2005 1,232,182 483,455 143,752 339,703 70,490 105,540 134,437 172,988 2.55 856,189 8,983 120,613 31,818 54,920 153,806 94,505 378,829 12,715 2010 1,272,192 506,060 140,173 365,887 74,037 110,799 142,028 179,196 2.51 883,393 9,241 122,512 32,562 56,905 156,589 100,398 391,901 13,285 2015 1,318,997 530,457 142,236 388,221 78,211 116,652 885,258 9,334 117,948 32,374 56,139 154,007 104,001 397,773 13,682 9,410 113,296 31,682 55,070 151,734 105,797 407,103 13,734 2010 5,010 2,045 529 1,516 579 676 355 435 2.45 1,470 6 144 20 21 532 216 511 20 2015 5,061 2,135 480 1,655 573 735 350 477 2.37 1,528 8 145 26 28 526 242 533 20 2020 5,096 2,212 442 1,770 570 787 346 509 2.30 1,579 10 144 31 34 519 267 555 19 Change 549 553 -225 778 2010 3,836 1,228 457 771 154 329 342 403 3.12 278 131 2015 4,203 1,343 505 838 157 356 381 449 3.13 300 135 13 22 17 30 22 61 0 2020 4,543 1,446 55·9 887 159 378 425 484 3.14 318 138 15 23 17 33 27 65 Change 2,135 683 229 454 8 185 209 281 -.01 164 20 8 15 17 29 27 48 0 149,800 185,794 2.49 2020 1,359,846 551,773 146,477 405,296 82,157 121,767 156,425 Change 276,254 141,253 2,480 138,773 17,686 29,493 191,424 2.46 887,826 47,192 -.18 206,789 1,013 -3,691 1,593 8,324 21,504 35,093 139,097 3,856 46,882 Percent 25.5 34.4 1.7 52.1 27.4 32.0 42.8 32.7 -6.6 30.4 12.1 ·3.2 5.3 17.8 16.5 49.6 51.9 39.0 ST. CLAIR COUNTY ALGONAC Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BERLIN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 64 1990 4,547 1,659 667 992 548 469 383 259 2.74 1,185 0 97 2 0 524 129 401 32 1995 4,843 1,793 685 1,108 570 527 390 306 2.70 1,134 0 118 2 0 453 149 396 16 2000 4,923 1,Bn 649 1,228 578 572 376 351 2.62 1,231 2 124 8 7 468 170 434 18 2005 4,970 1,962 590 1,372 584 623 366 389 2.53 1,371 4 135 14 1990 2,408 763 330 433 151 193 216 203 3.16 154 118 1995 2,831 899 374 525 154 234 253 258 3.15 173 119 5 11 0 15 0 23 0 2000 3,174 1,014 404 610 153 270 289 302 3.13 212 123 2005 3,499 1,121 427 694 154 302 313 352 3.12 248 127 9 18 11 23 11 49 0 7 8 0 4 0 17 0 7 14 6 19 6 37 0 14 516 192 476 20 11 21 16 26 16 57 0 0 22 318 .37 250 -.44 394 10 47 29 34 -5 138 154 -13 Percent 12.1 33.3 -33.7 78.4 4.0 67.8 -9.7 96.5 -15.9 33.2 rJa 48.5 1,450.0 rJa -1.0 107.0 38,4 -40.6 --- Percent ~ 89.5 69.4 104.8 5.3 95,9 96.8 138,4 .,4 106.5 16,9 114.3 187,5 rJa 725.0 rJa 2a2.4 .0 j �BROCKWAY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1,603 507 247 260 120 130 163 94 3.16 146 44 10 0 25 3 6 58 0 1995 1,798 560 280 280 110 132 214 104 3.21 208 44 85 0 23 3 8 45 0 2000 1,942 601 302 299 97 131 265 108 3.23 223 45 81 1 14 5 10 66 1 2005 2,083 641 320 321 86 132 308 115 3.25 252 46 89 2 BURTCHVILLE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 3,559 1,353 510 843 320 465 293 275 2.63 400 157 15 0 21 113 13 81 0 1995 3,798 1,444 534 910 301 496 288 359 2.63 400 155 15 0 21 99 17 93 0 CAPAC 1990 1,583 576 259 317 217 156 142 61 2.75 501 0 88 1995 1,641 589 281 308 231 143 159 56 2.79 589 0 44 8 8 52 102 345 30 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 6 39 88 268 11 2015 2,365 724 360 364 70 133 389 132 3.27 273 48 82 4 6 11 15 105 2 2020 2,487 763 381 382 65 134 424 140 3.26 279 49 76 5 6 13 16 112 2 Change Percent 884 256 134 122 -55 4 261 46 .10 133 5 66 5 -19 10 10 54 2 55.1 50.5 54.3 46.9 -45.8 3.1 160.1 48.9 3.1 91.1 11.4 660.0 7 12 83 2 2010 2,223 681 338 343 77 132 349 123 3.26 267 47 88 3 7 9 14 97 2 2000 4,059 1,565 549 1,016 289 544 287 445 2.59 448 125 25 11 26 109 17 133 2 2005 4,248 1,664 536 1,128 282 577 296 509 2.55 523 101 34 19 31 131 19 184 4 2010 4,434 1,767 521 1,246 281 609 309 568 2.51 581 94 42 26 35 148 25 207 4 2015 4,622 1,873 517 1,356 285 643 328 617 2.47 619 91 49 Change Percent 1,223 616 8 608 -28 208 59 3n -.20 252 -69 41 29 16 56 20 155 4 34.4 45.5 1.6 72.1 -8.8 44.7 20.1 137.1 -7.7 63.0 -43.9 273.3 4 2020 4,782 1,969 518 1,451 292 673 352 652 2.43 652 88 56 29 37 169 33 236 4 2000 1,704 611 293 318 242 134 180 55 2.79 617 2005 1,744 628 293 335 252 124 196 56 2.78 673 2 45 11 4 44 110 419 38 2010 1,787 646 292 354 256 113 215 62 2.77 716 3 43 12 3 39 113 461 2015 1,829 665 291 374 255 104 236 70 2.75 742 4 37 11 3 33 110 498 46 2020 1,863 682 288 394 248 95 259 80 2.73 759 5 31 10 3 28 103 532 47 Change 40 9 5 45 103 380 34 11 42 28 36 160 29 222 280 106 29 77 31 -61 117 19 -.02 258 5 -57 9 -3 -11 15 264 36 n/a -76.0 333.3 166.7 93.1 n/a n/a 76.2 49.6 153.8 191.4 n/a Percent 17.7 18.4 11 .2 24.3 14.3 -39.1 82.4 31.1 -.6 51.5 nla -64.8 900.0 -50.0 -28.2 17.0 98.5 327.3 65 �... CASCO TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CHINA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CLAY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 66 1990 4,552 1,453 703 750 278 360 420 395 3.13 197 99 33 22 0 2 0 41 0 1995 4,984 1,593 774 819 307 391 421 474 3.13 216 101 48 16 0 7 0 44 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 5,263 1,696 814 882 331 415 421 529 3.10 296 104 62 23 9 10 17 66 5 5,485 1,793 827 966 354 428 441 570 3.06 396 107 70 44 17 12 48 88 10 5,683 1,891 835 1,056 370 440 471 610 3.01 462 110 77 52 25 15 83 90 10 5,866 1,996 846 1,150 386 458 513 639 2.94 515 113 81 60 33 18 108 92 10 5,993 2,086 855 1,231 406 477 560 643 2.87 552 116 84 66 40 20 122 94 10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,644 813 408 405 85 210 290 228 3.25 1,267 313 179 467 3 159 0 146 3,185 1,001 469 532 93 272 382 254 3.18 1,417 342 315 442 8 131 0 179 3,448 1,120 475 645 98 308 469 245 3.08 1,544 334 350 465 17 138 13 224 3,679 1,238 461 777 110 332 564 232 2.97 1,730 326 382 531 26 157 31 271 3,901 1,355 446 909 125 350 657 223 2.88 1,853 336 406 568 34 163 51 289 4,143 1,480 4,334 1,587 444 444 1,036 146 370 743 221 2.80 1,893 339 403 573 42 164 65 301 1,143 171 387 0 219 2.73 1,901 341 391 562 48 164 76 313 0 3 6 6 6 6 810 Change 1,441 633 152 481 128 117 140 248 -.26 355 17 51 44 40 18 122 53 10 Change 1,690 774 36 738 86 177 520 -9 -.52 634 28 212 95 45 5 76 167 6 1990 1995 2000 2005 8,866 3,367 1,114 2,253 721 836 874 936 2.63 1,152 113 89 66 19 303 36 502 24 2010 10,097 3,762 1,262 2,500 687 905 978 1,192 2.68 1,294 118 2015 2020 10,894 4,035 1,324 2,711 11,677 4,291 1,370 2,921 12,407 4,535 1,407 3,128 13,156 4,793 647 942 1,024 1,422 2.70 1,489 124 138 116 44 312 74 645 36 604 989 1,087 1,611 2.72 1,717 129 161 148 63 346 101 727 42 552 1,029 1,134 1,820 2.74 1,880 136 181 171 79 360 131 1.485 3,308 503 1,100 13,765 5,012 1,570 3,442 464 1,177 Change 4,899 1,645 456 1,189 -257 341 1,189 2,001 2.74 1,232 2,139 2.75 1,203 .11 1,988 142 2,076 147 194 200 104 362 113 93 26 297 47 570 30 191 188 779 93 362 158 811 43 43 358 924 34 105 134 85 59 145 181 846 344 42 18 Percent 31.7 43.6 21.6 64.1 46.0 32.5 33.3 62.8 ·8.3 180.2 17.2 154.5 200.0 nla 900.0 nla 129.3 nla Percent 63.9 95.2 8.8 182.2 101.2 84.3 179.3 -3.9 -16.0 50.0 8.9 118.4 20.3 1,500.0 3.1 rJa 114.4 rJa Percent 55.3 48.9 40.9 52.8 -35.6 40.8 41.0 128,5 4.3 50.2 30,1 118,0 203,0 447.4 19,5 402,8 68,5 75,0 �CLYDE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 5,052 1,603 745 858 221 417 595 370 3.15 322 114 5,718 1,844 6,214 2,059 799 1,260 231 557 802 469 3.02 439 111 17 27 10 22 32 153 67 6,608 2,257 763 1,494 259 623 895 480 2.93 560 110 34 40 18 47 37 198 76 6,968 2,454 724 1,730 302 689 971 492 2.84 645 116 7,337 2,660 711 1,949 359 761 1,035 505 2.76 707 117 68 53 35 64 57 232 81 7,640 2,843 709 2,134 423 833 1,072 515 2.69 760 119 83 56 43 69 64 245 81 2,588 1,240 -36 1,276 202 416 477 145 -.46 51.2 TT.4 -4.8 148.7 91.4 99.8 80.2 39.2 -14.7 136.0 4.4 n/a 27.3 n/a 165.4 146.2 133.3 1,057.1 0 44 0 26 26 105 7 795 1,049 217 484 707 436 3.10 349 115 0 14 0 15 31 116 58 51 50 26 58 47 218 79 438 5 83 12 43 43 38 140 74 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 3,673 1,185 3,941 1,295 560 735 142 357 400 396 3.04 336 131 59 4,200 1,401 583 4,498 1,508 5,185 1,720 862 291 360 439 418 2.98 462 136 75 63 27 20 31 103 7 1,950 691 378 313 60.3 67.2 76.2 818 4,859 1,622 758 864 436 341 440 405 FIRE Services Pub Administration 3,235 1,029 496 533 130 282 322 295 3.14 257 128 56 33 0 5 0 32 3 COTTRELLVILLE TWP COLUMBUS TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 643 132 328 372 353 3.10 259 131 44 36 0 13 189 369 428 415 0 32 3 9 15 9 65 5 3.00 416 132 68 55 18 18 20 98 7 1990 1995 2000 2005 3,088 1,098 485 613 255 300 3,527 1,224 560 664 244 326 355 299 2.88 3,771 1,298 591 707 226 335 386 351 2.91 452 35 154 20 44 63 11 119 6 3,997 1,374 606 768 213 340 419 402 2.91 536 36 170 31 48 70 31 140 10 Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade 303 240 2.81 274 33 80 14 37 Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 46 0 60 4 Ag, Min, Nat Res 542 388 34 133 15 45 60 0 99 2 43 646 3.00 503 138 79 71 36 23 43 106 7 874 846 566 325 439 390 3.01 534 139 82 77 43 25 52 109 7 436 43 117 95 -.13 277 11 26 44 43 20 52 77 4 58.7 335.4 15.2 36.3 32.2 -4.1 107.8 8.6 46.4 133.3 n/a 400.0 n/a 240.6 133.3 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,205 1,449 614 835 199 342 447 461 2.90 590 38 182 38 49 74 4,409 1,530 627 903 186 348 479 517 4,566 1,600 637 963 176 351 509 564 2.85 623 43 177 47 40 75 80 151 10 1,478 502 152 350 -79 51 206 324 .04 349 10 97 33 3 29 80 91 6 47.9 45.7 31.3 57.1 -31.0 17.0 68.0 135.0 1.5 127.4 30.3 121.3 235.7 8.1 63.0 n/a 151.7 150.0 54 145 10 2.88 616 41 182 44 45 75 71 148 10 67 �.... EAST CHINA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration EMMETT Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration EMMETT TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 68 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 3,818 1,683 351 1,332 607 516 298 262 2.27 2,947 9 4,012 1,796 372 1,424 656 570 314 256 2.23 3,076 12 90 692 34 3,216 1,239 376 863 374 304 284 277 2.60 2,033 0 92 556 0 166 28 1,174 17 3,395 1,359 372 987 433 352 286 288 2.50 2,169 0 61 531 0 154 57 1,355 11 3,547 1,476 363 1,113 493 410 286 287 2.40 2,396 3 69 559 9 161 81 1,496 18 3,659 1,577 349 1,228 554 463 289 271 2.32 2,715 6 79 638 17 180 120 1,649 26 683 25 188 165 1,763 27 1990 1995 2000 2005 297 92 43 49 22 29 28 13 3.23 89 0 0 0 0 41 12 36 0 316 98 42 56 12 32 325 102 39 63 7 31 57 7 3.19 85 0 0 0 0 14 14 57 0 333 106 35 71 44 10 3.22 72 0 0 0 0 16 14 42 0 4 28 67 7 3.14 98 0 0 0 0 13 15 70 0 87 2020 4,189 1,893 402 1,491 696 616 330 251 2.21 3,174 15 91 682 42 199 1,834 27 22 194 734 9 2010 2015 2020 Change 335 110 30 80 4 24 75 7 3.05 106 0 0 0 0 11 15 80 0 339 114 27 87 346 118 25 93 49 4 4 20 83 7 2.97 110 0 0 0 0 9 14 87 0 18 89 7 2.93 112 0 0 0 0 7 12 93 0 1995 2000 2005 1,888 573 246 327 112 174 156 131 3.29 169 89 3 2010 2015 2,158 651 273 378 105 192 190 164 3.31 211 92 4 6 7 36 2020 2,427 727 298 429 100 205 220 202 3.34 255 95 7 8 10 39 8 86 2 2,701 802 327 475 95 213 252 242 3.37 282 97 8 10 12 39 12 102 2 3,001 883 368 515 92 220 289 282 3.40 300 100 9 12 12 39 16 110 2 3,268 955 411 544 0 4 30 61 0 15 -1 126 42 1990 4 -.38 1,141 188 222 1,908 26 188 1,519 468 203 265 113 144 118 93 3.25 137 88 2 4 5 19 0 19 0 6 37 Change 973 654 26 628 322 312 46 -26 89 224 327 315 3.42 317 102 10 14 12 39 20 118 2 26 -18 44 -18 -11 61 -6 -.30 23 0 0 0 0 -34 0 57 0 Change 1,749 487 208 279 -24 80 209 222 .18 180 14 8 10 7 20 20 99 2 Percent 30.3 52.8 6.9 72.8 86.1 102.6 16.2 -9.4 -14.7 56.1 n/a -1.1 22.7 n/a 13.3 692.9 62.5 52.9 Percent 16.5 28.3 -41.9 89.8 -81.8 -37.9 217.9 -46.2 -9.2 25.8 .0 .0 .0 ,0 -82.9 .0 158.3 ,0 Perce~t 115.1 104.1 102.5 105,3 -21,2 55,6 177,1 238.7 5,4 131.4 15,9 400,0 250,0 140,0 105,3 n/a 521,1 n/8 �FORT GRATIOT TWP Total Population Total Households 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 8,981 11,223 4,175 12,079 12,960 4,906 1,631 3,275 13,895 5,307 14,722 5,685 1,730 3,5n 1,819 3,866 874 1,678 1,317 1,037 2.64 921 1,850 1,427 1,109 2.62 9,078 68 25 163 151 4,720 312 3,536 103 965 2,037 1,501 1,182 2.59 9,482 68 26 194 187 4,885 306 3,709 107 3,266 10,302 3,783 With Children 1,258 1,418 1,508 Without Children 2,008 2,365 702 1,204 2,667 4,538 1,564 2,974 763 1,387 1,096 825 1,529 1,205 929 2.69 6,797 979 2.66 7,838 66 22 101 Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res 613 985 880 788 2.75 3,769 996 881 2.72 56 102 5,405 61 14 Retail Trade 21 41 1,836 35 8 2,947 71 44 3,594 FIRE Services 381 1,308 328 1,939 296 2,620 79 4,055 307 3,111 Pub Administration 24 73 90 97 Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade 63 19 8,605 68 24 131 114 4,491 315 3,362 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,210 1,495 404 180 224 78 147 495 221 274 78 177 1,693 560 246 314 74 198 1,889 625 265 360 72 217 118 61 156 84 185 103 216 120 3.00 3.02 119 61 162 61 3.02 267 73 2,272 754 309 445 70 247 272 165 3.01 Ag, Min, Nat Res 3.02 210 67 2,075 688 283 405 70 233 244 141 3.02 304 73 Manufacturing 17 37 0 0 3 0 0 4 44 6 3 7 55 12 6 296 77 59 17 9 14 2,452 813 338 475 70 256 297 190 3.02 309 70 3 28 3 47 7 10 9 61 13 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,037 86 47 2.94 1,251 421 188 233 93 160 108 60 2.97 1,403 471 206 265 92 179 130 70 2.98 1,549 520 217 303 90 190 159 81 121 26 130 31 1,828 618 235 383 80 195 228 115 2.96 153 39 Ag, Min, Nat Res 110 26 1,686 568 224 344 86 194 192 96 2.97 145 40 Manufacturing 21 TCU Wholesale Trade 47 0 35 37 2 Retail Trade 3 0 29 52 0 4 45 15 6 17 10 10 2 45 17 8 19 13 10 2 1,955 663 247 416 73 191 263 136 2.95 157 38 44 18 10 20 15 10 2 GRANT TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration GREENWOOD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment FIRE Services Pub Administration 353 155 198 89 131 8 5 0 8 2 9 5 9 2 12 14 79 16 2.98 143 36 42 27 4 14 8 10 2 17 86 17 58 18 12 15 20 91 17 56 18 14 16 22 96 17 Change 5,741 2,419 561 1,858 352 1,052 621 394 -.16 5,713 12 -76 173 146 3,049 -75 2,401 83 Percent 63.9 74.1 44.6 92.5 57.4 106.8 70.6 50.0 -5.8 151 .6 21.4 -74.5 823.8 356.1 166.1 -19.7 183.6 345.8 Change 1,242 409 158 251 -8 109 179 129 .02 190 9 39 18 14 13 19 68 10 Percent 102.6 101.2 87.8 112.1 -10.3 74.1 151.7 211 .5 .7 159.7 14.8 229.4 n/a n/a 433.3 633.3 242.9 142.9 Change 918 310 92 218 -16 60 177 89 .01 47 12 23 -29 10 17 15 2 -3 Percent 88.5 87.8 59.4 110.1 -18.0 45.8 205.8 189.4 .4 42.7 46.2 109.5 -61.7 n/a 566.7 n/a 25.0 -60.0 69 �2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 7,872 2,863 1,077 1,786 401 1,095 900 467 2.75 2,272 27 1,288 105 51 257 149 337 58 8,431 3,040 1,159 1,881 397 1,111 990 542 2.77 2,323 30 1,271 117 61 257 176 350 61 8,937 3,192 1,251 1,941 391 1,107 1,066 628 2 .80 2,331 33 1,224 125 68 256 198 363 IRA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 5,587 2,151 773 1,378 470 780 578 323 2.60 1,022 9 446 62 11 190 67 224 13 6,264 2,346 888 1,458 432 919 645 350 2.67 1,673 17 1,014 53 14 213 74 249 39 KENOCKEE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,854 598 253 345 125 188 179 106 3.10 230 110 12 4 3 18 3 55 25 2,190 705 293 412 115 228 219 143 3.11 273 106 14 4 6 38 3 72 30 2,469 799 321 478 108 260 249 182 3.09 342 106 22 12 10 54 12 92 2,723 886 339 547 103 287 278 218 3.07 418 106 31 20 15 74 18 116 2,966 972 355 617 99 312 302 259 3.05 465 108 38 27 19 3,226 1,062 383 679 97 336 328 301 3.04 490 103 44 28 3,460 1,142 416 726 97 354 352 339 3.03 509 99 49 84 22 128 90 26 137 34 38 39 40 KIMBALL TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 7,247 2,435 1,050 1,385 617 771 627 420 2.98 993 131 175 24 66 228 13 214 142 2010 7,996 2,742 1,066 1,676 628 846 683 585 2.92 1,345 112 216 64 100 435 31 247 140 8,478 2,963 1,038 1,925 622 886 701 754 2.86 1,553 100 248 59 109 527 33 317 160 8,951 3,181 982 2,199 9,445 3,394 937 2,457 637 975 703 1,079 2.78 2,077 70 6,839 2,534 969 1,565 418 1,016 722 378 2.70 1,894 20 1,131 67 27 223 97 282 47 7,342 2,696 1,019 1,677 408 1,068 810 410 2.72 2,117 22 1,222 91 39 247 122 318 56 632 927 710 912 2.81 1,883 92 304 58 127 679 39 402 182 97 321 59 137 776 50 447 190 64 Change 3,350 1,041 478 563 -79 327 488 305 .20 1,309 24 778 63 57 66 131 139 51 Change 1,606 544 163 381 Percent 60.0 48.4 61.8 40.9 -16.8 41.9 84.4 94.4 7.8 128.1 266.7 174.4 101.6 518.2 34.7 195.5 62.1 392.3 Percent 86.6 91 .0 64.4 37 110.4 ·22.4 88.3 96.6 219.8 -2.3 121.3 -10.0 308.3 -28 166 173 233 -.07 279 -11 24 600.0 146 21 76 26 91 700.0 422.2 866.7 165.5 40 15 60.0 2015 2020 10,496 Change 3,249 1,386 -90 1,476 33 326 73 Perce~ 9,999 22 3,620 937 2,683 644 1,036 701 1,239 2.76 2,184 103 309 63 136 839 59 480 195 28 24 94 29 3,821 960 2,861 650 1,097 700 1,374 2.75 2,248 107 284 65 131 886 68 512 195 954 -.23 1,255 -24 109 41 65 658 55 298 53 44.8 56.9 -8.6 106,6 5.3 42.3 11 .6 227.1 -7.1 126,4 -18.3 62,3 170,8 98,5 288.6 423,1 139,3 37,3 �LYNN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 921 299 2020 Change 928 308 110 198 65 73 128 42 3.01 175 163 4 0 0 0 0 8 0 Percent 967 319 108 211 981 328 97 231 51 54 169 54 2.99 213 146 6 0 0 0 0 59 2 993 337 87 250 45 44 184 1,007 347 79 1,019 356 74 282 34 32 206 84 2.86 227 '' 35 6 0 0 0 1 83 2 98 57 -50 107 -37 -53 102 45 -.22 54 -27 2 0 0 0 10.6 19.1 -40.3 61.1 -52.1 -62.4 98.1 115.4 -7.1 31.2 -16.7 50.0 .0 .0 .0 n/a 1,085.7 n/a 124 175 71 85 104 39 3.08 173 162 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 FIRE Services Pub Administration MARINE CITY 56 64 153 46 3.03 194 153 4 0 0 0 0 36 1 64 2.95 231 150 6 0 0 0 0 73 2 268 39 37 197 74 2.90 229 142 6 0 0 0 1 78 2 76 2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population 4,769 1,762 693 1,069 5,195 1,944 725 1,219 5,282 Total Households 5,029 1,857 5,443 2,183 628 1,555 548 809 520 306 2.49 3,124 8 937 33 87 920 &3 1,022 34 5,488 2,256 604 1,652 554 845 526 331 2.43 3,115 10 897 38 65 913 94 1,065 33 719 494 -89 583 -14 268 107 133 -.27 1,056 10 326 33 35 2,494 0 756 8 112 796 41 754 27 550 681 476 237 2.67 2,688 2 840 14 108 813 51 830 30 2,020 691 1,329 548 724 494 254 2.61 2,950 4 908 20 113 898 61 913 33 5,368 2,099 656 1,443 546 766 508 279 2.56 3,108 6 956 27 108 926 71 980 34 15.1 28.0 -12.8 54.5 -2.5 46.4 25.5 67.2 -10.1 51.3 nla 57.1 660.0 1.6 27.3 235.7 66.7 -5.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population 8,515 Total Households 3,363 1,068 2,295 714 1,025 1,002 622 2.53 5,301 0 1,653 706 486 9,076 3,703 1,102 2,601 863 1,181 1,058 601 2.45 9,505 4,031 1,095 2,936 1,042 1,341 1,083 565 2.36 1,071 536 2.28 6,115 0 2,129 799 485 6,831 2 7,438 3 2,351 863 438 1,151 152 1,797 77 2,534 853 421 10,113 4,574 1,000 3,574 1,412 1,603 1,055 504 2.21 7,747 4 2,557 835 375 1,489 166 2,235 86 10,482 4,838 1,006 3,832 1,582 1,721 1,060 475 2.17 7,746 6 2,437 791 312 1,572 173 2,367 10,793 5,029 1,049 3,980 1,717 1,780 1,095 437 2.15 7,675 7 2,291 739 254 1,628 175 2,496 85 2,278 1,666 -19 1,685 1,003 755 93 -185 -.39 2,374 7 638 33 -232 646 31 1,228 23 26.8 49.5 -1.8 73.4 140.5 73.7 9.3 -29.7 -15.2 44.8 n/a 38.6 4.7 -47.7 65.8 21.5 96.8 37.1 With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 568 5n Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 419 198 2.71 2,059 Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 0 TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MARYSVILLE With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 571 5 64 717 28 639 982 144 1,268 62 726 1,131 557 629 453 218 2.71 955 157 1,524 66 9,820 4,315 1,044 3,271 1,234 1,474 1,341 160 2,043 83 88 196 66 426 -2 71 I �MEMPHIS PART Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag. Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 2000 394 149 2005 421 159 2010 50 99 52 54 107 115 42 40 37 33 26 55 15 2.59 209 0 25 22 20 82 20 1990 1995 325 127 358 138 46 92 40 87 41 32 39 15 2.56 168 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 448 169 2015 480 180 58 122 29 19 104 28 2020 512 190 Change 64 24 187 63 2.64 228 2.65 251 19 93 24 2.65 272 290 126 25 21 112 32 2.69 305 0 0 0 0 0 23 25 24 21 18 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 2 5 .0 -33.3 .0 .0 2 5 n/a n/a 280 139 98.6 0 0 .0 2020 Change 1,492 529 113 416 Percent 97.5 110.7 44.7 184.9 63.8 13.8 207.0 95.0 -6.2 141.4 55.6 -31.8 16.3 -30.4 -17.1 70 17 2.67 2 0 141 184 202 222 243 4 262 0 0 0 0 0 0 2015 2,822 0 39 44.8 -16 -11 -39.0 -34.4 73 187.2 17 .14 137 113.3 5.3 0 -9 MUSSEY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1,530 478 253 225 47 145 185 101 3.20 215 27 22 43 23 70 0 30 1,879 584 293 291 33 153 271 127 3.22 213 27 10 38 22 75 0 41 2,133 672 307 365 28 152 355 137 3.17 318 30 11 42 20 69 4 140 2,366 755 316 439 33 152 420 150 3.13 421 33 16 2,591 838 324 514 21 70 8 219 151 481 164 3.09 474 36 16 50 17 66 12 270 0 0 2 6 7 PORT HURON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 33,681 13,143 5,081 8,062 5,267 3,965 2.443 1,468 2.56 23,958 15 4,876 1,277 467 5,131 1,719 9,626 2010 33,778 13,191 5,204 7,987 5,395 4,059 2,381 1,356 2.56 22,785 35 4,045 1,326 553 4,856 1,750 9,423 797 33,003 13,046 5,026 8,020 5,433 4,074 2,302 1,237 2.53 21,391 46 3,466 1,204 607 4,324 1,531 9,358 855 32,272 12,911 4,712 8,199 5,337 4,099 2,251 1,224 2.50 20.452 52 31,745 12,915 4,415 8,500 5,276 4,152 2,272 1,215 2.46 1,221 2.42 19,812 19,075 1,228 2.38 18,786 58 2,503 1,Q70 715 3,634 62 2,098 66 51 1,804 -3,072 72 847 Percent 57.5 49.6 60.0 48 2,928 1,103 666 3,848 1,454 9,501 900 42 927 343 584 57 156 533 181 3.04 499 39 16 52 16 61 17 3,022 1,007 366 641 77 165 568 197 3.00 519 42 15 50 16 30 20 383 96 -.20 304 15 -7 7 -7 -12 21 81.5 291 58 21 310 280 933.3 7 7 7 rJa 2015 2020 31,660 13,102 4,285 8,817 5,309 4,259 2,313 31,680 13,317 4,230 9,087 5,368 4,367 2,354 Change -2,001 Perce~ -5.9 1.3 -16.7 12.7 1.9 10.1 -3.6 -16.3 -7.2 -21.6 340.0 -63.0 -16.8 53.3 .38.8 174 -851 1,025 101 402 -89 -240 -.18 -5,172 1,052 721 3,351 1,063 716 -214 249 3,141 -1,990 -363 1,438 9,429 1,400 1,356 9,399 9,631 5 965 992 1,009 162 n/a -21,1 .1 19.1 �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children 7,621 2,748 1,016 1,732 2020 Change 8,330 3,022 1,084 1,938 8,743 3,209 1,087 2,122 9,149 3,397 1,073 584 923 746 538 1,087 823 574 2.76 1,220 880 623 9,880 3,792 1,057 2,735 456 1,518 1,040 778 2.61 6,745 60 693 735 10,166 3,980 1,062 2,918 480 1,614 1,072 2,545 1,232 46 1,186 Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 9,512 3,584 1,054 2,530 446 1,411 990 737 2.65 PORT HURON TWP RILEY TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ST.CLAIR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 495 2.77 3,480 55 574 537 298 822 18 1,139 37 4,787 54 650 748 278 1,502 18 1,491 46 486 2.72 5,549 55 673 795 248 1,799 21 1,901 57 2,324 458 1,315 936 688 2.69 6,185 59 722 788 240 2,062 25 6,584 2,228 60 727 774 218 2,281 28 2,433 61 63 188 2,397 32 2,576 64 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2,153 2,715 658 329 329 834 3,150 979 435 3,564 1,116 469 647 94 260 506 256 3.19 314 3,977 1,253 506 747 105 294 4,409 1,398 560 838 122 333 615 328 3.15 385 93 82 18 23 34 28 105 2 83 152 395 439 86 192 253 170 3.27 351 205 3.26 208 77 202 82 83 85 75 2 19 7 66 2 5 67 10 0 37 15 7 63 79 10 16 22 14 86 0 28 544 87 224 442 226 3.22 252 6 10 563 291 3.17 362 91 84 14 22 28 21 100 2 814 2.55 6,8!18 uo 653 689 165 2,477 35 2,717 62 2020 4,788 Percent 33.4 44.8 3,378 5 79 152 ·133 1,655 17 1,578 25 4.5 68.5 ·17.8 74.9 43.7 64.4 ·7.9 97.1 9.1 13.8 28.3 -44.6 201 .3 94.4 138.5 67.6 Change Percent 2,635 869 290 579 58 219 401 191 -.14 196 17 4 20 4 32 35 ·104 691 326 319 ·.22 2 2 122.4 132.1 88.1 176.0 69.9 144.1 158.5 112.4 ·4.2 94.2 22.1 5.3 1,000.0 21.1 457.1 n/a 292.9 n/a 1,527 619 908 141 371 654 361 3.14 404 94 79 22 23 39 35 110 82 0 0 1 2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 6,382 2,505 796 1,709 446 689 642 728 2.55 6,741 2,654 803 1,851 434 725 684 811 2.54 3,385 43 788 33 44 841 472 1,120 833 43 53 867 531 1,202 45 7,443 2,966 860 2,106 428 819 783 936 2.51 3,825 54 790 65 66 847 653 1,307 43 2,327 950 150 800 -65 261 288 466 ·.03 942 7 114 54 56 63 375 261 12 45.5 47.1 21.1 61.3 ·13.2 46.8 58.2 99.1 3,623 49 7,125 2,820 829 1,991 429 773 734 884 2.53 3,738 52 821 55 60 858 594 1,253 45 6,021 2,355 791 1,564 456 648 597 654 2.56 2,883 47 5,609 2,191 764 1,427 470 608 551 562 2.56 2,820 48 676 11 10 649 11 25 3,071 45 725 23 34 784 278 752 370 764 420 1,046 31 929 36 1,020 40 5,116 2,016 710 1,306 493 558 495 470 2.54 44 ·1.1 32.7 14.9 16.9 490.9 560.0 8.0 134.9 25.0 38.7 73 �ST. CLAIR TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WALES TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4,614 1,582 620 962 328 421 415 418 2.92 1,336 231 418 20 50 445 15 156 1 5,351 1,844 716 1,128 372 491 530 451 2.90 1,400 230 333 32 57 583 23 141 1 5,959 2,068 797 1,271 424 545 638 461 2.88 1,623 220 405 7,096 2,471 931 1,540 501 616 877 477 2.87 2,023 219 478 7,765 2,688 1,034 1,654 515 662 998 513 2.89 2,074 222 479 103 95 685 111 8,374 2,873 1,144 1,729 67 604 43 225 10 6,508 2,268 858 1,410 469 580 760 459 2.87 1,888 209 447 70 81 669 66 327 19 49 88 92 691 89 347 19 513 707 1,102 551 2.91 2,098 223 467 360 19 114 97 677 128 373 19 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,294 720 322 398 179 204 162 175 3.19 452 313 57 0 3 6 0 18 55 2,633 835 367 468 215 227 168 225 3.15 438 256 65 0 6 16 0 42 53 2,848 914 391 523 241 239 172 262 3.12 454 200 72 3,255 1,071 416 655 286 265 217 303 3.04 524 132 3,477 1,152 439 713 298 279 252 323 3.02 3,676 1,224 465 759 7 9 43 7 57 3,058 994 404 590 266 253 192 283 3.08 497 153 85 14 12 79 13 76 90 20 15 96 17 86 89 21 17 103 21 93 59 65 68 70 70 538 124 300 292 293 339 3.00 548 118 86 22 19 108 25 100 YALE 1990 1995 2000 2005 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,983 744 291 453 320 224 119 81 2.67 1,140 2010 2,043 760 313 447 329 235 117 79 2.69 1,102 2015 2020 2,092 782 323 459 340 246 118 78 2.68 1,150 2,105 2,117 2,122 800 314 486 353 251 17 79 2.63 1,243 819 304 515 366 252 119 82 2.58 9 4 9 0 326 28 712 14 9 4 10 9 5 12 2 278 31 887 19 1,303 10 839 294 545 379 249 124 87 2.53 1,331 10 2,120 857 283 574 390 243 5 13 3 246 32 973 21 4 12 3 204 30 1,045 23 74 6 91 8 0 429 31 565 10 283 29 798 16 132 92 2.47 1,366 10 3 11 3 174 28 1,113 24 Change 3,760 1,291 524 767 185 286 687 133 .00 762 -8 49 94 47 232 113 217 18 Percent Change 1,382 504 143 361 121 88 131 164 -.18 96 -195 29 22 16 102 25 82 15 Percent Change 137 113 -8 121 70 19 13 11 -.19 226 4 -88 3 3 -255 -3 Percent 548 14 81.5 81 .6 84.5 79.7 56.4 67.9 165.5 31 .8 ·.1 57.0 -3.5 11.7 470.0 94.0 52.1 753.3 139.1 1,800.0 60.2 70.0 44.4 90.7 67.6 43.1 80.9 93.7 -5.7 21.2 -62.3 50.9 n/a 533.3 1,700.0 n/a 455.6 27.3 6.9 15.2 -2.7 26,7 21 .9 8.5 10.9 13.6 -7.2 19.8 66.7 -96.7 37,5 n/a .59,4 -9.7 97,0 140.0 �ST CLAIR COUNTY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 145,607 52,867 20,802 32,065 14,242 15,608 13,281 9,736 2.75 55,730 2,533 10,565 3,984 1,657 13,121 3,038 19,440 1,392 1995 158,921 57,683 22,410 35,273 14,616 17,291 14,698 11,078 2.76 60,556 2,535 11,044 4,353 1,808 14,864 3,251 21,217 1,484 2000 167,478 61,370 22,858 38,512 14,899 18,580 15,801 12,090 2.73 64,654 2,462 11,270 4,567 1,945 15,697 3,279 23,744 1,690 2005 175,050 64,794 22,670 42,124 15,201 19,624 16,907 13,062 2.70 69,393 2,412 11,502 4,819 2,175 16,793 3,569 26,255 1,868 2010 182,766 68,329 22,574 45,75~ 15,551 20,607 18,015 14,156 2.67 72,462 2,491 11,449 5,005 2,314 17,646 3,944 27,643 1,970 2015 191,525 72,281 23,156 49,125 16,080 21,749 19,205 15,247 2.65 73,476 2,522 10,864 5,062 2,333 17,829 4,249 28,595 2,022 2020 199,160 75,784 23,966 51,818 16,602 22,773 20,250 16,159 2.63 74,3~18 2,546 10,226 5,063 2,327 17,932 4,469 29,798 2,037 1990 111,801 42,506 10,810 31,696 10,763 11,033 9,112 11,598 2.63 113,309 780 7,119 2,559 2,884 18,704 7,494 71,487 2,282 1995 113,735 43,944 10,997 32,947 10,834 10,478 9,550 13,082 2.59 125,701 753 6,869 2,416 2,986 18,698 9,340 82,070 2,569 2000 114,847 45,006 10,787 34,219 11,069 10,020 9,780 14,137 2.55 134,310 679 6,082 2,142 2,995 18,502 9,932 91,359 2,619 2005 115,968 46,080 10,287 35,793 11,117 9,922 10,238 14,803 2.52 136,549 594 6,016 2,051 3,126 18,495 9,746 93,793 2,728 2010 117,790 47,302 10,012 37,290 11,071 9,978 10,659 15,594 2.49 136,781 557 5,803 1,989 3,113 18,422 9,886 94,192 2,819 2015 120,248 48,786 10,155 38,631 11,197 10,154 11,090 16,345 2.46 135,106 525 5,366 1,948 2,978 17,901 9,906 93,582 2,900 2020 122,289 50,079 10,458 39,621 11,380 10,327 11,441 16,931 2.44 134,694 502 4,946 1,937 2,853 17,496 9,817 94,190 2,953 Change 10,488 7,573 -352 7,925 617 -706 2,329 5,333 -.19 21,385 -278 -2,173 -622 -31 -1,208 2,323 22,703 671 1990 2,292 1,021 257 764 85 225 256 455 2.24 4,214 263 150 118 300 879 264 2,194 46 1995 2,562 1,147 271 876 81 260 283 523 2.23 4,580 275 107 88 403 423 285 2,960 39 2000 2,839 1,279 284 995 87 285 299 608 2.22 4,765 264 116 98 461 411 323 3,035 57 2005 3,071 1,387 280 1,107 98 286 310 693 2.21 4,960 245 130 124 510 440 398 3,038 75 2010 3,351 1,494 301 1,193 109 270 328 787 2.24 5,284 243 141 137 558 480 460 3,184 81 2015 3,626 1,5n 355 1,222 117 250 343 867 2.30 5,505 239 146 143 579 503 514 3,294 87 2020 3,886 1,633 434 1,199 120 223 353 937 2.38 5,692 236 146 144 587 520 553 3,416 90 Change 1,594 612 177 435 35 -2 97 482 .13 1,478 -27 -4 26 287 -359 289 1,222 44 Change 53,553 22,917 3,164 19,753 2,360 7,165 6,969 6,423 -.13 18,668 13 -339 1,079 670 4,811 1,431 10,358 645 Percent 36.8 43.3 15.2 61.6 16.6 45.9 52.5 66.0 -4.6 33.5 .5 -3.2 27.1 40.4 36.7 47.1 53.3 46.3 WASHTENAW ANN ARBOR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ANN ARBOR TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration Percent 9.4 17.8 -3.3 25.0 5.7 -6.4 25.6 46.0 -7.2 18.9 -35.6 -30.5 -24.3 -1.1 -6.5 31.0 31.8 29.4 Percent 69.5 59.9 68.9 56.9 41.2 -.9 37.9 105.9 6.0 35.1 -10.3 -2.7 22.0 95.7 -40.8 109.5 55.7 95.7 75 �AUGUSTA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 4,415 1,473 4,578 1,576 527 1,049 4,768 1,650 537 1,113 173 342 572 4,867 1,721 4,959 1,793 469 5,102 1,877 5 ,236 1,955 821 482 18.6 32.7 461 462 -102 1,324 1,416 198 425 1,493 584 28 128 -18.1 64.2 564 909 181 319 458 515 3.00 862 121 48 15 41 90 42 505 0 180 333 516 547 2.90 830 124 49 14 563 2.89 823 119 52 502 1,219 182 368 610 561 2.83 1,055 122 82 53 364 56 566 9 65.7 7.4 102.1 130 424 104 419 117 414 426 75 -79 0 0 0 0 0 -15.6 .0 2010 344 2015 2020 Change Percent 342 338 18 5.6 134 41 136 37 138 13 -8 93 99 2 1 10.4 -19.5 25.0 .0 272 68 405 0 0 1995 2000 2005 337 128 344 346 132 TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 0 0 14 0 60 0 0 13 0 77 0 0 76 95 120 -10.6 17 373 320 125 41 BRIDGEWATER TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 90 92 8.9 -.32 58 463 48 1990 89 0 15 1,347 129 46 2.68 1,428 49 50 370 83 128 280 561 122 38 96 41 468 45 83 1 2 17 108 2.63 105 0 15 695 559 2.72 15.5 40.1 61 .1 97 BARTON HILLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 84 2 4 10 109 2.56 557 2.77 1,227 209 447 738 137 58 30 41 161 130 47 189 397 650 45 87 86 813.3 41 .5 414.4 178.6 33 105 21 2 1 0 -3 43 52 42 83 2.45 -26 -.11 118 29 0 1 32.6 .0 6.7 0 0 .0 .0 2 2 23 104 2.65 1 2 29 100 2.62 35 96 2.57 106 0 15 108 0 16 113 90 2 .51 116 0 17 0 17 0 16 0 0 0 0 78 14 0 78 0 0 16 0 13 0 0 15 0 81 0 85 0 0 0 0 83 0 3 0 25 0 0 21.4 .0 41.7 .0 2015 2020 Change Percent 20.3 36.2 -23.7 68.0 0 0 17 -75.0 420.0 -23.9 -4.3 1990 1995 2000 2005 1,304 2010 1,389 1,403 1,434 1,471 450 156 294 66 85 143 156 2.90 1,522 494 150 1,569 265 516 133 383 77 541 121 420 565 113 591 114 477 613 119 163 -37 494 100 107 200 41 54 53 55 -30 -35.3 163 187 2.81 60 173 93 52 176 177 180 183 40 206 2.72 225 2.65 243 28.0 71.8 265 163 2.60 323 160 258 2.58 365 148 18 0 2 10 5 42 25 376 142 22 26 2 3 15 16 107 29 3 2 17 17 112 48 54 59 252 136 31 0 19 10 4 45 7 344 72 72 1 2 12 9 74 43 86 452 62.1 268 112 2.56 -.34 393 132 141 -4 31 4 32 1 5 5 0 18 18 115 0 19 19 118 68 -19 9 15 73 -100.0 90,0 61 871.4 381 136 -11.7 56.0 -2.9 3.2 n/a 375.0 162,2 �CHELSEA Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration DEXTER (1990 Boundaries) Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag , Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 3,TT2 1,394 481 913 243 389 478 284 2.71 4,934 341 1,220 31 93 865 157 2,196 31 2020 4,013 1,487 475 1,012 198 406 4,112 1,538 445 1,093 162 410 624 342 2.67 6,346 243 1,381 12 7 1,240 179 3,243 41 4,189 1,595 396 1,199 150 405 6TT 363 2.63 6,801 223 1,415 5 8 1,381 203 3,521 45 4,264 1,651 349 1,302 140 396 725 390 2.58 7,059 210 1,427 5 10 1,526 214 3,617 50 4,364 1,710 322 1,388 132 384 4,452 1,759 306 1,453 125 369 807 458 2.53 7,324 18t} 1,303 3 7 1,728 221 3,815 58 no 424 2.55 7,203 198 1,374 3 8 1,641 221 3,705 53 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,497 1,726 760 208 552 173 212 218 157 2.27 2,877 72 963 61 152 441 141 941 106 1,856 835 204 631 186 211 239 199 2.22 2,935 69 950 65 172 438 160 964 117 1,940 910 166 744 202 210 239 259 2.13 3,096 65 1,017 76 195 468 182 965 128 2,041 983 136 847 211 214 234 324 2.08 3,297 66 1,063 85 218 512 205 1,009 139 2,174 1,060 121 939 214 221 232 393 2.05 3,403 67 1,054 91 229 540 230 1,042 150 2,294 1,124 113 1,011 211 220 231 462 2.04 3,464 67 1,025 93 235 560 249 1,079 156 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,131 960 229 731 204 237 279 240 2.22 2,935 69 950 65 172 2,285 1,060 201 859 221 240 286 313 2.16 3,096 65 1,017 76 195 2,391 1,135 2,635 1,279 138 _ 1,141 230 248 278 523 2.06 438 468 182 965 128 2,523 1,215 151 1,064 233 250 278 454 2.08 3,403 67 1,054 91 229 540 230 1,042 150 638 203 435 149 195 180 114 2.35 2,572 68 993 64 131 360 121 780 55 DEXTER (1995 Boundaries) 1990 Total Population 1,497 Total Households 638 With Children 203 Without Children 435 Income Quartile 1 149 Income Quartile 2 195 Income Quartile 3 180 Income Quartile 4 114 Persons Per Household 2.35 Total Employment 2,572 Ag, Min, Nat Res 68 Manufacturing 993 TCU 64 Wholesale Trade 131 Retail Trade 360 FIRE Services Pub Administration 564 319 2 .70 5,988 287 1,345 10 18 1,156 173 2,963 36 121 780 55 1,726 760 208 552 173 212 218 157 2.27 2,877 72 963 61 152 441 141 941 106 160 964 117 171 964 229 241 280 385 2.11 3,297 66 1,063 85 218 512 205 1,009 139 3,464 67 1,025 93 235 560 249 1,079 156 Change 680 365 -175 540 -118 -20 329 174 -.17 2,390 -152 83 -28 -86 863 64 1,619 27 Percent 18.0 26.2 -36.4 59.1 -48.6 -5.1 68.8 61 .3 -6.5 48.4 -44.6 6.8 -90.3 -92.5 99.8 40.8 73.7 87.1 Change 797 486 -90 576 62 25 51 348 -.31 892 -1 32 29 104 200 128 299 101 Percent 53.2 76.2 -44.3 132.4 41.6 12.8 28.3 305.3 -13.0 34.7 -1.5 3.2 45.3 79.4 55.6 105.8 38.3 183.6 Change 1,138 641 -65 706 81 53 98 409 -.29 892 -1 32 29 104 200 128 299 101 Percent 76.0 100.5 -32.0 162.3 54.4 27.2 54.4 358.8 -12.2 34.7 -1.5 3.2 45.3 79.4 55.6 105.8 38.3 183.6 77 r '{ ~ ,r I �DEXTER TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration FREEDOM TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration LIMA TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 78 1990 4,407 1,523 680 1995 4,914 205 290 411 617 2.89 316 80 12 0 12 1,695 749 946 200 313 449 733 2.90 357 63 12 0 19 61 109 41 67 144 51 843 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 5,209 1,816 5,462 1,938 780 1,158 217 366 492 863 2.82 5,692 2,063 5,926 2,193 1,686 n3 n9 1,414 6,093 2,303 783 1,520 273 491 558 201 981 2.65 364 -.25 817 501 66 -14 24 12 4 -1 38.3 51.2 15.1 80.3 33.2 69.3 35.8 59.0 -8.6 158.5 -17.5 100.0 n1 1,039 196 335 472 813 2.87 620 62 15 3 19 10 80 369 62 742 62 17 6 17 39 97 433 71 1,290 234 406 512 911 2.76 n1 63 19 4 12 50 111 431 81 253 450 536 954 2.70 780 103 677 68 147 792 64 22 4 12 54 122 428 56 129 431 68 322 86 96 55 -8.3 5,500.0 111.5 295.4 134.1 4 11 55 n/a 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 1,486 541 196 345 96 119 177 149 2.75 381 206 31 38 7 20 15 59 1,519 560 192 368 94 114 195 157 2.71 451 243 49 40 1 24 18 68 8 1,563 585 189 396 97 110 215 163 2.67 467 242 55 37 0 27 23 73 1,596 606 182 1,631 1,671 651 1,708 671 222 86 13 18 27 14.9 24.0 -4.1 40.0 36.5 -4.2 40.1 19.5 -7.3 15.2 -11.2 109.7 -36.8 -85.7 65.0 120.0 45.8 14 9 180.0 Percent 5 10 424 104 110 224 168 2.63 468 217 60 38 0 31 32 79 11 628 178 450 113 111 232 172 2.60 465 205 64 36 0 32 34 82 12 130 181 188 -8 470 122 112 483 131 114 138 241 176 2.57 248 178 454 193 65 31 1 33 34 84 13 2.55 439 183 65 24 1 33 33 35 -5 71 29 -.20 58 -23 34 -14 -6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2,132 720 269 451 98 141 189 292 2.96 374 131 102 1 0 36 0 104 0 2010 2,343 809 262 547 104 150 183 372 2.90 2015 2020 2,430 2,531 2,639 2,781 863 235 628 106 151 920 212 708 117 153 146 504 2.75 978 1,038 205 833 130 159 2,915 1,089 Change 783 369 226 863 412 406 110 114 1 0 55 0 126 0 520 97 111 2 2 89 5 212 2 165 441 2.82 659 91 116 4 3 193 10 239 3 197 781 125 155 132 566 2.70 765 88 119 2 3 233 15 301 4 131 163 130 619 136 659 2.68 813 2.68 830 82 112 -43 33 22 -53 367 -.28 456 3 3 -49 10 0 3 249 21 261 225 26 341 4 26 85 117 2 332 4 1 237 4 36.7 51.3 -16.0 91.4 33.7 15.6 -28.0 125.7 .g,6 121,9 -37.4 9.8 .0 rJa 625,0 rJa 227,9 rJa �LODI TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration LYNDON TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 3,902 1,305 614 2015 2020 4,488 1,494 4,908 1,644 746 5,289 1,790 763 1,027 5,667 1,940 777 1,163 126 240 533 891 2.95 1,359 108 16 73 26 149 76 760 151 129 265 614 932 2.92 1,482 113 17 88 39 167 78 803 177 6,060 2,098 817 1,281 132 297 696 973 2.89 1,563 117 18 99 52 181 79 828 189 6,380 2,234 860 1,374 134 332 771 997 2.86 1,628 121 17 106 64 192 77 850 201 691 113 202 321 669 2.99 684 93 16 40 3 73 63 387 9 700 794 117 212 386 779 3.00 714 95 14 43 0 76 68 407 11 898 119 221 456 848 2.99 1,111 101 15 55 13 101 69 634 123 Change 2,478 929 246 683 21 130 450 328 -.13 944 28 1 66 61 119 14 463 192 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 2,228 702 2,366 772 283 489 67 180 2,773 929 285 2,923 985 297 644 688 Ag, Min, Nat Res 242 212 3.17 125 45 26 TCU Wholesale Trade 0 7 14 0 26 0 5 21 0 27 65 195 272 453 2.97 221 41 29 2 3 . 45 7 7 8 63 192 275 399 2.98 209 40 29 2 3 44 15 66 10 3,055 1,033 314 719 66 196 268 503 2.96 232 . 43 Manufacturing 266 259 3.06 126 39 27 58 185 281 300 3.05 154 38 27 2 2 28 5 44 2,642 876 287 589 61 188 281 346 3.02 185 38 28 3 3 40 10 54 9 827 269 433 79 169 2,510 824 289 535 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2,455 875 382 493 123 264 276 212 2.81 2,046 19 1,111 21 0 2,706 964 409 555 129 285 303 247 2.81 2,244 19 2,916 1,048 424 624 133 303 327 285 2.78 2,345 20 1,261 24 0 365 89 553 3,139 1,138 443 695 137 316 355 330 2.76 2,337 21 1,244 25 0 350 93 567 37 3,311 1,215 456 759 140 321 381 373 2.73 2,309 23 1,200 26 0 338 95 585 42 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MANCHESTER Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,753 646 266 380 123 202 183 138 2.71 1,260 14 567 21 3 262 38 347 8 2,198 791 340 451 126 244 238 183 2.78 1,855 17 1,009 21 0 305 60 426 17 323 74 473 25 1,197 24 0 365 83 527 29 33 20 69 11 29 1 3 47 25 72 12 331 45 286 -13 27 26 291 -.22 107 -2 3 -4 33 25 46 5 Change 1,558 569 190 379 17 119 198 235 .01 1,049 9 633 5 -3 76 57 238 34 Percent 63.5 71.2 40.1 98.8 18.6 64.4 140.2 49.0 -4.5 138.0 30.1 6.3 165.0 2,033.3 163.0 22.2 119.6 2,133.3 Percent 37.1 47.2 16.7 66.1 -16.5 16.0 10.7 137.3 -6.8 85.6 -4.4 11.5 n/a -57.1 235.7 n/a 176.9 71.4 Percent 88.9 88.1 71.4 99.7 13.8 58.9 108.2 170.3 .4 83.3 64.3 111.6 23.8 -100.0 29.0 150.0 68.6 425.0 79 �MANCHESTER TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1,739 583 259 324 65 115 196 207 2.98 180 88 72 13 0 0 0 7 0 1,933 2,086 700 301 399 67 93 310 230 2.98 294 116 116 12 0 4 4 30 12 2,210 751 306 445 73 91 356 231 2.94 345 114 128 14 0 13 11 52 13 2,329 803 310 493 78 92 400 233 2.90 366 113 138 15 0 17 14 2,450 857 321 536 82 96 443 236 2.86 378 113 139 16 0 21 17 55 17 2,557 904 336 568 85 101 480 238 2.83 388 114 137 16 0 24 19 56 22 MILAN PART Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 3,060 1,174 470 704 242 321 360 251 2.61 2,051 62 794 75 44 506 57 424 89 3,404 1,307 515 792 289 323 400 295 2.60 2,291 55 859 102 3,534 1,364 528 836 332 305 411 316 2.59 2,253 56 863 117 3,663 1,432 523 909 382 305 409 336 2.56 2,511 60 955 137 61 760 109 367 62 3,741 1,496 503 993 439 301 403 353 2.50 2,743 65 1,045 156 63 846 129 374 65 3,770 1,545 483 1,062 491 289 393 372 2.44 2,905 67 1,069 177 61 936 147 379 69 3,751 1,577 460 1,117 537 272 380 388 2.38 3,022 67 1,057 196 57 1,027 161 386 71 NORTHFIELD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 6,732 2,452 919 1,533 324 741 792 595 2.75 1,292 125 437 36 65 161 11 440 17 2010 7,616 2,757 1,058 1,699 304 808 914 731 2.76 1,489 140 366 36 66 296 16 544 25 2015 2020 8,416 3,044 1,175 1,869 295 861 1,024 864 2.76 1,803 150 350 47 78 379 28 733 38 9,082 3,307 1,236 2,071 318 893 1,095 1,001 2.75 2,248 166 408 76 103 514 60 867 54 9,744 3,570 1,290 2,280 336 924 1,156 1,154 2.73 2,457 185 10,426 3,841 1,367 2,474 358 944 1,214 1,325 2.71 2,587 200 456 122 128 533 68 1,018 62 11,001 4,073 1,440 2,633 377 948 1,256 1,492 2.70 2,676 212 454 135 133 532 70 1,076 64 80 644 286 358 65 102 253 224 3.00 238 115 103 11 0 0 0 9 0 54 54 659 79 428 55 681 90 336 56 54 15 444 102 120 532 65 951 58 Change 818 321 77 244 20 -14 284 31 -.15 208 26 65 3 0 24 19 49 22 Percent 47.0 55.1 29.7 75.3 30.8 -12.2 144.9 15.0 -5.2 115.6 29.5 90.3 23.1 .0 n/a n/a 700.0 n/a Change 691 403 -10 413 295 -49 20 137 -.23 971 5 263 121 13 521 104 -38 -18 Percent Change 4,269 1,621 521 1,100 53 207 Percent 464 897 -.04 1,384 87 17 99 68 371 59 636 47 22.6 34.3 -2.1 58.7 121.9 -15.3 5.6 54.6 -8.7 47.3 8.1 33.1 161.3 29.5 103.0 182.5 -9.0 -20.2 63.4 66.1 56.7 71.8 16.4 27.9 58.6 150,8 -1.6 107.1 69.6 3.9 275.0 104.6 230.4 536.4 144.5 276,5 �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 17,120 6,803 2,053 4,750 1,341 2,079 1,703 1,680 2.52 11,963 239 2,721 21,748 8,534 3,040 5,494 1,558 2,490 2,103 2,383 2.55 13,610 286 2,503 2020 Change Percent 26,058 10,112 3,751 6,361 1,752 2,890 2,456 3,014 2.58 15,302 303 2,337 30,860 11,738 4,695 7,043 1,836 3,214 2,936 3,752 2.63 17,247 307 2,451 43,117 15,307 7,377 7,930 1,869 3,648 3,964 5,826 49,830 17,268 8,976 8,292 1,909 3,861 4,508 6,990 2.89 20,052 32,710 10,465 6,923 3,542 568 1,782 2,805 5,310 .37 8,089 191 .1 153.8 337.2 74.6 TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 485 546 3,581 688 402 708 3,146 580 449 3,982 905 4,315 809 415 4,399 1,319 36,673 13,445 5,916 7,529 1,845 3,434 3,437 4,729 2.73 18,560 321 2,453 925 537 590 PITTSFIELD TWP 4,138 1,110 5,658 666 6,848 699 406 4,380 1,536 7,835 704 2.82 19,400 331 2,340 1,007 383 4,249 1,722 8,660 708 42.4 85.7 164.7 316.1 14.7 67.6 338 99 41.4 2,203 1,051 362 4,130 696 -518 566 -184 549 1,146 6,272 159 -19.0 116.7 -33.7 15.3 161.9 199.4 29.6 1,854 9,418 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population 3,734 4,151 4,627 4,842 Total Households 1,223 495 728 1,368 536 832 121 166 4,398 1,466 1,568 542 1,026 144 139 728 557 2.95 1,315 294 75 79 126 207 91 441 2 1,667 538 1,129 158 141 5,070 1,770 554 1,216 170 152 867 581 2.86 1,485 309 89 101 147 209 97 531 2 5,259 1,857 579 1,278 182 167 919 589 2.83 1,539 313 90 111 152 205 98 568 2 1,525 634 84 550 68 -22 478 110 -.22 687 30 28 51 69 95 27 385 2 40.8 51.8 17.0 75.5 59.6 -11.6 108.4 23.0 -7.2 80.6 10.6 45.2 85.0 83.1 86.4 38.0 210.4 n/a SALEM TWP With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration SALINE 114 189 441 479 3.05 852 283 62 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 7,788 2,952 1,089 1,863 286 623 806 1,237 2.64 7,857 30 8,191 3,137 1,065 2,072 296 628 797 1,416 2.61 9,040 3,518 1,065 2,453 324 639 771 1,784 2.57 8,924 2,607 178 301 1,441 440 8,589 3,321 1,042 2,279 308 634 780 1,599 2.59 8,859 57 2,595 205 317 1,555 452 3,071 401 3,233 445 3,333 478 9,439 3,688 1,108 2,580 339 636 761 1,952 2.56 8,884 84 2,278 234 299 1,610 453 3,418 508 2,779 1,193 104 1,089 29 26 -2 1,140 -.11 2,288 75 -383 133 108 620 27 1,327 381 41.7 47.8 10.4 73.0 9.4 4.3 -.3 140.4 -4.1 34.7 833.3 -14.4 131.7 56.5 62.6 6.3 63.5 300.0 Total Households 2,495 1,004 1,491 Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 800 568 0 60 83 110 71 183 6,660 Ag, Min, Nat Res 648 546 3.00 1,125 285 58 67 113 144 81 376 1 Total Population With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 552 529 3.03 971 281 57 59 101 548 918 126 146 310 610 763 812 2.67 6,596 9 2,661 101 191 990 426 2,091 127 105 74 294 7,384 2,779 1,077 1,702 295 627 809 1,048 2.66 7,492 17 2,669 125 245 1,194 391 2,556 295 2,550 148 269 1,285 399 2,817 359 8,483 44 2.90 1,413 303 84 90 139 212 94 489 2 71 2,452 224 312 1,597 457 81 ( e n ,, y R ::>r I �1990 1,276 412 176 236 51 94 121 146 3.10 324 176 17 4 4 70 0 53 0 1995 1,363 437 184 253 44 90 132 171 3.12 382 181 16 4 3 89 0 89 0 2000 1,416 455 186 269 38 87 138 192 3.11 540 175 15 4 5 124 0 178 39 2005 1,459 473 183 290 37 86 141 209 3.08 687 169 15 6 7 218 0 224 48 2010 1,495 491 179 312 37 87 141 226 3.04 718 158 15 7 9 234 0 237 58 2015 1,535 511 181 330 38 88 142 243 3.00 724 143 14 8 11 241 0 244 63 2020 1,568 528 185 343 39 90 140 259 2.97 718 126 13 8 13 242 0 250 66 Change 292 116 9 107 -12 -4 19 113 -.13 394 -50 -4 4 9 172 0 197 66 Percent 22.9 SCIO TWP (1990 Boundaries) 1990 9,097 Total Population 3,304 Total Households 1,281 With Children 2,023 Without Children Income Quartile 1 235 Income Quartile 2 550 Income Quartile 3 847 Income Quartile 4 1,672 Persons Per Household 2.75 Total Employment 8,823 Ag, Min, Nat Res 269 Manufacturing 3,258 TCU 382 Wholesale Trade 764 Retail Trade 1,062 FIRE 111 Services 2,818 Pub Administration 159 1995 10,766 3,901 1,511 2,390 225 592 1,155 1,929 2.76 9,214 297 3,853 378 962 1,055 137 2,377 155 2000 12,192 4,455 1,711 2,744 210 662 1,483 2,100 2.74 9,431 293 3,818 409 1,092 1,024 181 2,433 181 2005 13,396 4,903 1,909 2,994 218 829 1,750 2,106 2.73 10,081 280 4,096 487 1,230 1,095 252 2,434 207 2010 14,610 5,368 2,096 3,272 260 956 2,024 2,128 2.72 10,766 288 4,293 542 1,370 1,191 316 2,539 227 2015 15,802 5,848 2,286 3,562 326 1,058 2,278 2,186 2.70 11,056 294 4,258 579 1,440 1,249 373 2,618 245 2020 16,699 6,249 2,432 3,817 395 1,148 Change 7,602 2,945 1,151 1,794 160 598 1,630 557 -.08 2,350 31 869 217 715 229 306 -112 Percent 83.6 89.1 89.9 88.7 68.1 108.7 192.4 33.3 -2.9 26.6 11.5 26.7 56.8 93.6 21.6 275.7 -4.0 95 59.7 SCIO TWP (1995 Boundaries) 1990 Total Population 9,097 Total Households 3,304 With Children 1,281 Without Children 2,023 Income Quartile 1 235 Income Quartile 2 550 Income Quartile 3 847 Income Quartile 4 1,672 Persons Per Household 2.75 Total Employment 8,823 Ag, Min, Nat Res 269 Manufacturing 3,258 TCU 382 Wholesale Trade 764 Retail Trade 1,062 FIRE 111 Services 2,818 Pub Administration 159 1995 10,766 3,901 1,511 2,390 225 592 1,155 1,929 2.76 9,214 297 3,853 378 962 1,055 137 2,377 155 2000 11,917 4,330 1,686 2,644 192 636 1,443 2,059 2.75 9,431 293 3,818 409 1,092 1,024 181 2,433 181 2005 13,051 4,753 1,874 2,879 199 799 1,703 2,052 2.75 10,081 280 4,096 487 1,230 1,095 252 2,434 207 2010 14,260 5,216 2,061 3,155 242 929 1,978 2,067 2.73 10,766 288 4,293 542 1,370 1,191 316 2,539 227 2015 15,453 5,693 2,256 3,437 307 1,029 2,232 2,125 2.71 11,056 294 4,258 579 1,440 1,249 373 2,618 245 2020 16,358 6,094 2,407 3,687 376 1,120 2,430 2,168 2.68 11,173 300 4,127 599 1,479 1,291 417 2,706 254 Change 7,261 2,790 1,126 1,664 141 570 Percent 79.8 SALINE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 82 2,4n 2,229 2.67 11,173 300 4,127 599 1,479 1,291 417 2,706 254 1,583 496 -.07 2,350 31 869 217 715 229 306 -112 95 28.2 5.1 45.3 -23.5 -4.3 15.7 n.4 -4.1 121.6 -28.4 -23.5 100.0 225.0 245.7 .0 371.7 n/a 84.4 87.9 82.3 60.0 103.6 186.9 29.7 -2.5 26.6 11.5 26.7 56.8 93.6 21.6 275,7 -4.0 59.7 �SHARON TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 1,366 459 192 267 1,631 545 2020 Change 1,806 604 230 374 34 85 246 239 2.99 462 236 135 Percent 1,979 663 240 423 TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 0 0 20 0 24 2,153 721 252 469 30 102 282 307 2.99 511 196 160 9 0 43 15 72 16 2,341 782 278 504 32 114 299 337 2.99 512 182 162 12 0 45 18 74 19 2,508 835 309 526 34 128 313 360 3.00 515 172 160 15 0 47 21 76 24 1,142 376 117 259 -20 47 145 204 .03 146 -31 38 15 0 27 21 52 24 83.6 81.9 60.9 97.0 -37.0 58.0 86.3 130.8 .9 39.6 -15.3 31 .1 n/a .0 135.0 216.7 n/a 54 81 168 156 2.98 369 203 122 0 218 327 43 84 214 204 2.99 416 242 131 0 0 21 0 22 0 3 0 26 4 45 13 32 92 266 273 2.98 500 210 149 6 0 40 12 69 14 nla 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children 8,720 3,060 1,420 1,640 9,232 3,323 1,419 Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 583 526 917 1,034 2.85 9,433 3,525 1,319 2,206 602 9,530 3,719 1,143 2,576 626 382 1,191 1,520 2.56 9,634 3,916 982 2,934 646 380 1,232 1,658 2.46 6,292 265 107 6,651 273 125 83 47 9,861 4,135 896 3,239 657 410 1,286 1,782 2.38 6,944 282 140 99 63 161 174 5,961 64 10,085 4,328 856 3,472 668 447 1,343 1,870 2.33 7,239 289 151 112 77 166 197 6,180 67 1,365 1,268 -564 1,832 85 -79 426 836 -.52 624 11 68 79 77 15 135 218 21 15.7 41.4 -39.7 111.7 14.6 -15.0 46.5 80.9 -18.2 9.4 4.0 81.9 239.4 n/a 9.9 217.7 3.7 45.7 SUPERIOR TWP Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration SYLVAN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 1,904 591 475 1,038 1,219 2.78 5,999 277 424 33 0 151 62 5,962 46 80 37 0 138 68 5,361 38 1,143 1,356 2.68 6,193 275 87 51 17 134 90 5,492 47 1990 1995 2000 6,615 278 83 2,508 818 359 459 50 171 260 337 3.07 2,888 944 400 544 3,088 1,025 406 619 36 178 311 419 3.06 28 178 347 472 3.01 68 32 143 118 5,503 56 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 3,275 1,110 401 709 32 183 3,453 1,196 395 801 40 191 399 566 2.89 1,671 30 3,649 1,286 406 880 51 204 421 610 2.84 1,725 807 6 7 774 5 6 211 32 647 16 3,814 1,362 424 938 64 218 437 643 2.80 1,748 36 733 6 5 221 40 689 18 1,306 544 65 479 14 47 177 306 -.27 841 14 72 -11 -5 171 40 542 18 52.1 66.5 18.1 104.4 28.0 27.5 68.1 90.8 -8.7 92.7 63.6 10.9 -64.7 -50.0 342.0 n/a 368.7 n/a 376 519 2.95 154 146 5,763 60 Ag, Min, Nat Res 907 22 1,047 18 1,333 22 Manufacturing 661 TCU Wholesale Trade 17 10 807 13 8 778 6 5 1,517 26 799 4 7 Retail Trade 50 44 FIRE Services Pub Administration 0 147 0 90 8 166 16 196 24 157 0 416 8 487 12 586 15 0 34 83 l f V n K e 1n ':J( ty R or I �WEBSTER TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 3,235 1,096 460 636 89 181 292 534 2.95 444 74 321 0 4 18 0 27 0 4,141 1,397 583 4,695 1,588 649 939 96 226 433 833 2.96 514 87 315 0 12 35 2 63 0 5,253 1,790 702 1,088 109 256 5,792 1,984 759 1,225 120 295 568 1,001 2.92 6,374 2,186 850 1,336 132 344 652 1,058 2.92 720 814 96 210 374 717 2.96 465 74 335 0 9 18 0 29 0 498 927 2.93 615 101 356 0 15 54 4 682 115 382 0 18 65 128 384 85 6 96 0 0 0 0 22 85 9 109 0 2015 8,245 YORK TWP 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 6,225 1,412 637 6,754 1,652 n5 975 99 233 551 769 4.09 1,315 156 6 14 77 30 50 690 292 7,166 1,835 680 1,155 113 255 635 832 3.91 1,285 166 12 24 93 77 69 549 295 7,506 2,008 649 1,359 133 301 706 868 3.74 1,560 182 43 36 112 157 97 607 7,835 2,183 625 1,558 158 351 783 891 3.59 1,739 195 51 50 129 226 124 622 863 920 3.47 1,883 211 58 63 141 270 151 630 326 342 359 YPSILANTI Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 84 90 206 457 659 4.41 2,364 167 6 15 65 27 48 1,632 404 2,358 949 1,409 142 393 739 1,084 2.92 739 139 375 0 21 76 8 103 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration an 2020 6,878 2,378 646 1,732 185 410 Change Percent 3,643 1,262 112.6 115.1 106.3 121 .5 59.6 117.1 153.1 103.0 -1.2 66.4 489 773 53 212 447 550 -.03 295 65 54 0 18 67 87.8 16.8 .0 450.0 372.2 9 n/a 82 0 303.7 .0 2020 Change Percent 8,633 2,408 1,142 52 1,090 119 263 475 285 -1 .03 -371 57 58 38.7 80.9 2,554 689 1,865 209 469 932 944 3.38 1,993 8.2 140.6 372 59 84 268 125 -990 -32 132.2 127.7 103.9 43.2 -23.3 -15.7 34.1 966.7 393.3 129.2 992.6 260.4 -60.7 -7.9 224 64 74 149 295 173 642 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 23,646 8,540 2,132 6,408 3,600 2,322 1,333 1,285 2.77 20,586 146 4,381 809 161 2,933 606 10,918 632 2015 2020 Change Percent 24,818 8,548 2,197 6,351 3,472 2,374 1,464 1,238 2.90 19,773 125 4,290 893 172 2,688 661 10,414 530 23,125 22,495 8,431 1,703 6,728 3,750 2,297 1,174 1,210 2.67 19,594 138 3,506 648 164 2,917 22,117 21,927 8,514 1,453 7,061 3,943 2,366 1,104 1,101 2.58 17,581 143 2,988 524 157 2,675 509 10,018 21,770 8,605 1,409 7,196 4,072 2,406 1,073 1,054 2.53 -3,048 57 -788 845 600 32 -391 -184 -.37 -12.3 .7 16,857 143 2,715 471 149 2,566 491 9,781 541 -2,916 18 -26.7 -14.9 -12.9 -14.7 14.4 -1,575 -422 -23 -122 -170 -633 11 -36.7 -47.3 -13.4 -4.5 -25.7 -6.1 2.1 8,498 1,956 6,542 3,712 2,267 1,214 1,305 2.72 20,285 148 3,807 730 155 2,904 564 11,310 667 546 11,053 622 8,432 1,537 6,895 3,825 2,323 1,132 1,152 2.62 18,612 141 3,292 584 165 2,818 527 10,495 590 567 -35.9 13.3 17.3 1.3 �YPSILANTI TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WASHTENAW COUNTY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 45,335 17,663 6,655 11,008 3,786 5,282 4,867 3,728 2 .57 21,970 152 11,528 1,911 729 2,404 2015 47,664 18,828 6,861 11,967 3,928 5,802 5,168 3,930 2.53 18,561 137 6,980 1,515 770 2,854 647 5,467 191 2020 Change 48,685 19,442 6,879 12,563 3,953 6,160 5,348 3,981 2.50 19,567 147 6,504 1,317 883 3,261 758 6,460 Percent 50,032 20,069 6,860 13,209 3,994 6,366 5,588 4,121 2.49 21,173 170 6,401 1,184 1,042 3,838 237 259 51,729 20,779 6,975 13,804 4,022 6,595 5,873 4,289 2.49 22,262 174 6,214 1,040 1,194 4,386 1,035 7,940 279 53,958 21,708 7,291 14,417 4,114 6,890 6,201 4,503 2.49 22,897 178 5,826 927 1,299 4,791 1,151 8,426 299 56,044 22,585 7,659 14,926 4,213 7,153 6,510 4,709 2.48 23,359 182 5,413 838 1,370 5,106 1,233 8,908 309 10,709 4,922 1,004 3,918 427 1,871 1,643 981 -.09 1,389 30 -6, 115 -1,073 641 2,702 677 4,367 160 23.6 27.9 15.1 35.6 11.3 35.4 33.8 26.3 -3.3 6.3 19.7 -53.0 -56.1 87.9 112.4 121.8 96.2 107.4 556 4,541 149 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 282,934 300,489 112,613 35,696 76,917 23,541 27,478 313,130 118,626 36,463 82,163 24,098 27,858 325,599 124,559 36,587 30,217 36,453 2.64 242,770 4,582 31,697 6,091 6,892 35,661 14,297 137,824 5,726 340,274 130,880 37,454 93,426 24,914 29,546 34,310 42,110 2.60 258,184 4,489 32,177 6,281 7,995 39,082 15,693 146,131 6,336 357,443 138,026 39,741 98,285 25,571 30,669 36,481 45,305 2.59 258,962 4,501 30,727 6,336 8,090 39,220 16,286 147,245 6,557 373,362 144,617 42,563 102,054 26,294 31,696 38,435 48,192 2.58 260,270 4,513 28,982 6,347 8,089 39,277 16,597 149,757 6,708 90,428 40,071 9,180 30,891 3,285 4,803 12,627 19,356 -.12 46,375 -37 -8,381 -565 1,912 6,111 5,627 39,549 2,159 32.0 38.3 27.5 43.4 14.3 17.9 48.9 67.1 -4.6 21.7 -.8 -22.4 -8.2 31.0 18.4 51.3 35.9 47.5 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 30,011 12,087 3,191 29,150 11,990 2,831 9,159 2,355 3,841 3,790 2,004 2.43 14,568 122 3,823 1,584 110 1,127 490 28,945 12,028 2,781 9,247 7,090 222 28,823 12,093 2,782 9,311 2,565 3,946 3,742 1,840 2.38 13,675 127 3,279 1,572 97 1,018 480 6,901 201 -2,344 25 -759 784 667 736 -26 -1,352 -.20 -2,868 -9 -1,087 253 -288 -1,474 -162 -10 -91 -7.5 .2 -21.4 9.2 35.1 22.9 -.7 -42.4 -7.7 -17.3 -6.6 -24.9 19.2 -74.8 -59.1 -25.2 -.1 -31.2 104,546 33,383 71,163 23,009 26,893 25,808 28,836 2.71 TCU Wholesale Trade 213,895 4,550 37,363 6,912 6,177 Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 33,166 10,970 110,208 4,549 28,335 33,259 2.67 228,331 4,663 33,737 6,377 6,529 34,737 13,171 123,975 5,142 1990 1995 Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 903 7,376 87,972 24,570 28,651 32,269 39,069 2.61 252,759 4,458 32,232 6,196 7,554 37,864 14,899 143,483 6,073 WAYNE COUNTY ALLEN PARK 15,389 117 8,896 2,098 3,776 3,896 2,317 2.48 15,121 113 4,447 1,402 111 4,152 1,513 99 1,561 512 6,977 262 1,289 489 29,514 12,015 2,985 9,030 2,243 3,798 3,837 2,137 2.46 14,949 118 3,996 1,539 115 1,181 492 7,216 250 7,270 238 Total Population 31,167 30,900 Total Households 12,068 3,541 8,527 12,210 3,418 8,792 2,012 3,614 3,874 2,710 2.53 With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,898 3,210 3,768 3,192 2.58 16,543 136 4,366 1,319 385 2,492 642 6,911 292 2,464, 3,896 3,760 1,908 2.41 14,071 125 3,546 1,593 103 1,065 487 6,940 212 85 ; 1 ,f y n K te m er ,ty :R tor �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 3,972 1,922 4TT 1,445 561 682 455 224 2.07 4,474 116 616 233 432 527 184 2,308 58 4,158 1,996 519 1,477 584 724 464 224 2.08 4,846 106 640 259 487 575 202 2,515 62 4,275 2,041 560 1,481 597 753 468 223 2.09 5,143 94 632 285 541 607 216 2,702 66 4,343 2,068 596 1,472 606 773 471 218 2.10 5,381 83 608 299 596 628 222 2,876 69 BELLEVILLE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 3,285 1,541 371 1,170 399 475 400 267 2.13 3,498 104 443 153 252 744 185 1,551 66 BROWNSTOWN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 18,811 6,414 3,269 3,145 1,286 1,565 1,751 1,812 2.93 3,992 195 1,043 363 314 599 220 1,226 32 19,939 6,797 3,415 3,382 1,370 1,560 1,724 2,143 2.93 5,471 253 1,089 716 493 884 217 1,787 32 21,794 7,438 3,596 3,842 1,408 1,652 1,764 2,614 2.93 7,085 257 1,132 865 595 1,020 259 2,905 52 22,574 7,750 3,524 4,226 1,321 1,747 1,791 2,891 2.91 8,469 256 1,167 1,015 704 1,269 331 3,658 69 23,412 8,100 3,470 4,630 1,255 1,828 1,836 3,181 2.89 9,164 274 1,185 1,160 800 1,381 380 3,911 73 24,382 8,484 3,529 4,955 1,192 1,907 1,902 3,483 2.87 9,730 292 1,159 1,289 858 1,461 429 4,165 25,388 8,867 3,658 5,209 1,128 1,986 1,987 3,766 2.86 10,162 309 1,122 1,373 893 1,520 465 4,402 78 CANTON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 57,040 19,536 9,680 9,856 2,292 4,058 5,903 7,283 2.92 14,229 98 1,650 482 1,338 5,244 632 4,410 375 2010 65,978 22,591 10,985 11,606 2,427 4,610 6,627 8,927 2.92 17,508 126 2,370 618 1,409 6,262 766 5,537 420 2015 2020 71,656 24,873 11,500 13,373 2,526 5,103 7,138 10,106 2.88 21,091 155 2,968 854 1,611 7,002 1,002 6,971 528 TT,892 27,222 12,061 15,161 2,643 5,594 7,743 11,242 2.86 24,574 193 3,573 970 1,910 7,833 1,246 8,237 612 84,377 29,554 12,830 16,724 2,760 6,005 8,271 12,518 2.86 27,206 199 4,072 1,114 2,195 8,378 1,491 9,121 636 91,055 31,909 13,931 17,978 2,885 6,397 8,784 13,843 2.85 29,129 204 4,340 1,235 2,378 8,684 1,725 9,900 663 97,206 34,072 15,136 18,936 3,004 6,738 9,250 15,080 2.85 30,565 207 4,443 1,302 2,498 8,892 1,909 10,643 671 3,269 1,579 361 1,218 438 520 393 228 2.07 3,730 119 508 184 351 425 151 1,940 52 3,690 1,798 426 1,372 520 625 434 219 2.05 4,064 111 561 208 379 472 162 2,116 55 n Chang 1,058 527 225 302 207 298 71 -49 -.03 1,883 -21 165 146 -116 37 1,325 3 Percent 32.2 34.2 60.6 25.8 51.9 62.7 17.8 -18.4 -1.5 53.8 -20.2 37.2 95.4 136.5 -15.6 20.0 85.4 4.5 Change 6,5TT 2,453 389 2,064 -158 421 236 1,954 -.07 6,170 114 79 1,010 579 921 245 3,176 46 Percent 35.0 38.2 11 .9 65.6 -12.3 26.9 13.5 107.8 -2.4 154.6 58.5 7.6 278.2 184.4 153.8 111.4 259.1 143.8 Change 40,166 14,536 5,456 9,080 712 2,680 3,347 7,797 -.07 Percent 70.4 74.4 56.4 92.1 344 16,336 109 2,793 820 1,160 3,648 1,277 6,233 296 31.1 66.0 56.7 107.1 -2.3 114.8 111.2 169.3 170.1 86.7 69.6 202.1 141.3 78,9 86 d �DEARBORN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 89,286 35,444 9,968 25,476 8,353 9,226 9,013 8,852 2 .52 101,444 267 36,042 5,676 2,850 16,592 7,931 31,032 1,054 91,074 35,913 10,495 25,418 8,581 9,630 9,416 8,286 2.54 110,269 290 42,072 4,645 3,734 15,731 7,399 35,295 1,103 2020 Change 90,929 35,916 10,588 25,328 8,762 9,859 9,610 7,685 2.53 113,846 301 42,568 4,338 4,094 14,247 7,448 39,700 1,150 Percent 90,816 35,964 10,472 25,492 9,088 9,946 9,702 7,228 2.53 113,421 309 41,012 4,187 4,507 13,425 7,286 41,548 1,147 91,331 36,163 10,559 25,604 9,443 10,041 9,792 6,887 2.53 111,413 314 39,562 4,082 4,847 12,797 7,167 41,518 1,126 92,073 36,507 10,863 25,644 9,818 10,176 9,880 6,633 2.52 108,311 319 37,106 4,034 5,009 12,102 7,084 41,531 1,126 92,738 36,876 11,215 25,661 10,153 10,310 9,965 6,448 2.51 105,538 325 34,536 4,005 5,080 11,568 6,949 41,971 1,104 3,452 1,432 1,247 185 1,800 1,084 952 -2,404 .00 4,094 58 -1,506 -1,671 2,230 -5,024 -982 10,939 50 3.9 4.0 12.5 .7 21.5 11.7 10.6 -27.2 -.2 4.0 21.7 -4.2 -29.4 78.2 -30.3 -12.4 35.3 4.7 DEARBORN HEIGHTS 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade 60,850 23,441 6,727 16,714 58,834 23,523 6,037 17,486 57,159 23,572 5,490 18,082 4,566 6,342 6,520 6,013 2.60 16,788 147 3,109 513 538 4,947 750 6,241 543 5,005 6,881 6,319 5,318 2.50 16,874 204 2,909 674 443 4,852 860 6,393 539 5,383 7,307 6,098 4,784 2.42 17,027 232 2,741 631 417 4,608 1,041 6,798 559 55,671 23,561 4,927 18,634 5,767 7,545 5,915 4,334 2.36 17,563 248 2,778 651 447 4,599 1,202 7,085 553 54,610 23,625 4,531 19,094 6,121 7,832 5,696 3,976 2.31 17,671 271 2,680 688 450 4,579 1,400 7,061 542 53,817 23,769 4,324 19,445 6,462 8,105 5,522 3,680 2.26 17,521 291 2,491 708 438 4,472 1,576 7,009 536 53,443 24,037 4,238 19,799 6,795 8,361 5,409 3,472 2.22 17,379 306 2,300 711 424 4,378 1,704 7,035 521 -7,407 596 -2,489 3,085 2,229 2,019 -1,111 -2,541 -.37 591 159 -809 198 -114 -569 954 794 -22 -12.2 2.5 -37.0 18.5 48.8 31.8 -17.0 -42.3 -14.4 3.5 108.2 -26.0 38.6 -21.2 -11.5 127.2' 12.7 -4.1 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 992,291 360,4TT 150,926 209,551 180,482 89,246 56,663 34,086 2.75 952,023 349,288 145,954 203,334 182,622 84,373 51,975 30,318 2.73 915,952 339,923 137,457 202,466 181,205 81,003 49,148 28,567 2.69 383,716 2,242 55,701 26,945 18,551 45,398 27,521 182,465 24,893 368,879 2,236 50,595 24,513 17,663 42,660 22,302 186,799 22,111 357,343 2,253 48,233 22,916 16,663 40,603 19,167 185,814 21,694 884,345 332,531 129,916 202,615 180,707 TT,836 46,696 27,292 2.66 348,206 2,291 46,380 22,179 15,729 38,995 17,889 183,115 21,628 858,648 327,215 125,251 201,964 180,620 75,432 44,877 26,286 2.62 341,745 2,360 44,021 21,764 14,800 37,737 17,434 181,898 21,731 837,294 322,892 122,197 200,695 179,857 73,836 43,665 25,534 2.59 337,352 2,401 41,401 21,425 14,025 36,801 16,937 182,628 21,734 -190,685 -51,106 -28,135 -22,971 5,517 -22,207 -19,915 -14,501 -.16 -75,138 194 -21,970 -9,899 -6,352 -12,703 -15,824 -2,337 -6,247 -18.5 -13.7 -18.7 -10.3 3.2 -23.1 -31.3 -36.2 -5.7 -18.2 8.8 -34.7 -31.6 -31.2 -25.7 -48.3 -1.3 -22.3 Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration DETROIT Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturlng TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1,027,979 373,998 150,332 223,666 174,340 96,043 63,580 40,035 2.75 412,490 2,207 63,371 31,324 20,377 49,504 32,761 184,965 27,981 87 ) IE 11 =I tc �ECORSE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 12,180 4,576 1,717 2,859 2,127 1,141 792 516 2.66 5,898 11,738 4,495 1,717 2,778 2,355 1,077 675 388 2.61 5,612 11,132 4,392 1,617 2,775 2,500 1,007 585 300 2.53 5,256 33 3,113 185 404 502 134 806 79 10,680 4,296 1,508 2,788 2,547 950 535 264 2.49 5,020 32 2,765 172 413 572 148 847 71 10,359 4,251 1,413 2,838 2,588 909 510 244 2.44 4,749 32 2,464 159 409 627 159 837 62 10,116 4,240 1,350 2,890 2,638 880 490 232 2.39 4,462 32 2,167 147 394 663 170 832 57 9,908 4,241 1,299 2,942 2,682 861 473 225 2.34 4,212 32 1,918 135 378 688 175 833 53 -2,272 -335 -418 83 555 -280 -319 -291 -.33 -1,686 -2 -1,955 -65 -26 266 103 -55 -18.7 -7.3 -24.3 2.9 26.1 -24.5 -40.3 -56.4 -12.2 -28.6 -5.9 -50.5 -32.5 -6.4 63.0 37.8 14.1 -50.9 34 34 3,873 200 404 422 127 730 108 3,540 191 405 478 123 753 88 48 FLAT ROCK 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 7,290 2,670 1,178 1,492 710 605 751 604 2.73 6,853 0 3,747 418 138 1,275 191 985 99 7,810 2,887 1,273 1,614 823 604 778 682 2.71 7,919 0 4,327 447 141 1,531 199 1,173 101 7,932 2,995 1,275 1,720 923 580 785 707 2.65 8,682 10 4,356 624 160 1,636 233 1,549 114 7,984 3,075 1,241 1,834 969 601 809 696 2.60 9,524 17 4,417 798 185 1,844 275 1,860 128 7,988 3,149 1,195 1,954 1,025 616 830 678 2.54 10,014 23 4,389 960 206 1,994 308 1,997 137 8,032 3,236 1,179 2,057 1,087 632 848 669 2.48 10,214 30 4,187 1,071 221 2,085 337 2,137 146 8,083 3,321 1,176 2,145 1,150 647 859 665 2.43 10,252 37 3,929 1,134 231 2,146 357 2,267 151 793 651 -2 653 42 108 61 -.30 3,399 37 182 716 93 871 166 1,282 52 10.9 24.4 -.2 43.8 62.0 6.9 14.4 10.1 -10.9 49.6 4.9 171.3 67.4 68.3 86.9 130.2 52.5 GARDEN CITY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 88 440 n/a 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 31,074 11,324 3,821 7,503 1,890 3,320 4,069 2,045 2.74 11,920 131 840 112 351 3,264 312 6,709 201 2015 Change 30,111 11,344 3,437 7,907 1,991 3,553 4,079 1,721 2.65 13,121 135 875 104 404 3,329 320 7,743 211 2020 Percent 31,846 11,204 4,192 7,012 1,795 2,988 3,965 2,456 2.84 10,390 120 737 139 281 2,908 359 5,648 198 29,572 11,388 3,141 8,247 2,217 3,621 3,947 1,603 2.60 13,789 138 978 99 463 3,487 338 8.075 211 28,938 11,436 2,857 8,579 2,437 3,727 3,804 1,468 2.53 13,969 142 1,020 90 504 3,523 344 8,140 206 28,502 11,532 2,701 8,831 2,644 3,828 3,696 1,364 2.47 13,915 145 1,003 81 521 3,469 348 8,145 203 28,318 11,693 2,632 9,061 2,840 3,928 3,632 1,293 2.42 13,840 148 966 74 528 3,420 348 8,159 -3,528 489 -1,560 2,049 1,045 940 -333 -1, 163 -.42 3,450 -11.1 4.4 -37.2 29.2 58.2 31.5 -8.4 -47.4 -14.8 33.2 28 23.3 31.1 -46.8 87.9 17.6 -3.1 44.5 197 229 -65 247 512 -11 2,511 -1 -.5 �GIBRALTAR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 4,297 1,576 590 986 199 402 526 449 2.73 988 11 192 116 89 117 15 416 32 2015 4,238 1,605 528 1,on 194 412 555 444 2.64 975 12 118 138 88 122 12 467 18 2020 4,196 1,638 469 1,169 186 421 583 448 2.56 1,101 14 96 149 94 131 14 581 4,179 1,679 410 1,269 175 440 626 438 2.49 1,199 16 84 159 103 155 18 639 25 4,225 1,736 376 1,360 170 4,300 1,796 364 1,432 165 487 709 435 2.39 1,285 21 79 169 109 169 27 686 25 4,409 1,861 367 1,494 160 507 743 451 2.37 1,316 24 GROSSE ILE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 9,781 3,505 1,335 2,170 232 438 938 1,897 2.79 1,759 36 185 58 18 322 114 969 57 10,776 3,918 1,408 2,510 220 473 1,190 2,035 2.75 1,948 32 59 64 17 437 32 1,244 63 11,320 4,176 1,422 2,754 200 489 1,427 2,060 2.71 2,465 48 68 87 29 482 51 1,617 83 11,882 4,456 1,421 3,035 200 521 1,759 1,976 2.67 2,774 67 79 112 41 547 75 1,757 96 12,636 4,791 1,494 3,297 230 567 2,120 1,874 2.64 2,988 89 98 139 53 589 102 1,823 95 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 5,711 2,400 663 1,737 166 473 379 1,382 2.38 7,473 85 17 104 61 1,432 456 5,259 59 5,665 2,411 624 1,787 165 507 358 1,381 2.35 7,647 87 15 111 61 1,425 468 5,4 9 61 5,652 5,657 2,436 631 1,805 165 561 309 1,401 2.32 7,766 89 11 111 53 1,347 475 5,620 60 GROSSE POINTE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 5,681 2,391 696 1,695 235 427 464 1,265 2.38 5,862 74 109 80 49 1,330 444 3,696 80 5,732 2,388 707 1,681 197 427 436 1,328 2.40 6,557 83 19 89 56 1,363 421 4,446 80 22 5,745 2,391 701 1,690 177 436 403 1,375 2.40 7,061 85 16 97 56 1,381 444 4,914 68 464 670 432 2.43 1,252 18 82 166 109 164 22 666 25 167 108 173 32 710 25 Change 112 285 -223 508 -39 105 217 2 -.36 328 13 -115 51 19 56 17 294 -7 Percent 2.6 18.1 -37.8 51.5 -19.6 26.1 41.3 .4 -13.1 33.2 118.2 -59.9 44.0 21.3 47.9 113.3 70.7 -21.9 2015 2020 Change 13,408 5,118 1,624 3,494 265 608 2,455 1,790 2.62 3,162 110 114 163 65 614 129 1,872 95 14,245 5,460 1,793 3,667 311 655 2,755 1,739 2.61 3,341 131 132 186 78 635 157 1,929 93 4,464 1,955 458 1,497 79 217 1,817 -158 -.18 1,582 95 -53 128 60 313 43 960 36 Percent 45.6 55.8 34.3 69.0 34.1 49.5 193.7 -8.3 -6.5 89.9 263.9 -28.6 220.7 333.3 97.2 37.7 99.1 63.2 Change -24 45 -65 110 -70 134 -155 136 -.05 1,904 15 -98 31 4 17 31 1,924 -20 Percent -.4 1.9 -9.3 6.5 -29.8 31.4 -33.4 10.8 -2.3 32.5 20.3 -89.9 38.8 8.2 1.3 7.0 52.1 -25.0 2,424 619 1,805 164 538 335 1,387 2.33 7,685 88 12 113 57 1,382 473 5,497 63 n 89 II C t, )i JI ,t, 0 }6 nt El ;tc �GROSSE PTE FARMS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 10,092 3,838 1,252 2,586 279 599 674 2,286 2.63 5,501 59 93 150 170 1,083 409 3,471 66 10,093 3,861 1,219 2,642 244 625 653 2,339 2.61 6,043 63 110 165 183 1,131 389 3,945 57 9,965 3,866 1,155 2,711 217 667 628 2,354 2.58 6,659 60 101 198 185 1,146 408 4,508 53 9,762 3,882 1,034 9,539 3,900 922 2,978 210 792 645 2,253 2.45 9,231 3,944 835 3,109 230 901 665 -861 106 -417 523 -49 302 -9 -8.5 2,148 2.34 -138 7,186 9,372 3,922 865 3,057 219 849 657 2,197 2.39 7,209 57 106 223 200 1,176 428 4,945 51 101 228 194 1,136 431 5,009 52 GROSSE PTE PK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 12,852 4,843 1,722 3,121 739 794 1,016 2,294 2.65 2,216 24 96 29 98 433 203 1,233 100 12,902 4,866 1,692 3,174 689 738 1,077 2,362 2.65 2,790 27 95 58 75 561 200 1,714 60 12,858 4,877 1,652 3,225 666 683 1,142 2,386 2.64 3,379 26 80 68 75 569 210 2,301 50 12,710 4,897 1,532 3,365 656 640 1,228 2,373 2.60 3,551 24 87 72 78 589 214 2,445 42 12,531 4,920 1,424 3,496 676 597 1,313 2,334 2.55 3,613 25 78 77 78 585 218 2,509 GROSSE PTE SHR (PT) Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 90 2,848 206 732 630 2,314 2.51 7,040 56 107 211 199 1,187 418 4,812 50 43 2.8 56 1,641 -10 -33.3 20.2 -17.6 50.4 -1 .3 -6.0 -11.0 32.2 .0 3.2 54.0 10.0 1.8 4.4 47.3 -15.2 2015 2020 Change Percent 12,418 12,340 4,974 1,3n 3,597 708 529 1,459 -512 58 4,947 1,383 3,564 694 560 1,390 2,303 2.51 3,617 25 67 80 76 565 220 2,540 44 7,271 59 96 231 187 1,103 427 5,112 -.29 1,no 0 3 81 17 20 18 2,590 117 15 1,357 42 -58 -4.0 2.7 -20.0 15.3 -4.2 -33.4 43.6 -.7 -6.5 64.0 4.2 -41 .7 175.9 -24.5 27.0 7.4 110.1 -58.0 2,278 2.48 3,635 25 56 80 74 550 218 131 -345 476 -31 -265 443 -16 -.17 1,419 1 -40 51 -24 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2,810 1,014 234 780 79 40 83 812 2.77 481 0 17 8 11 0 42 343 60 2015 Change 2,728 1,016 183 833 80 36 62 838 2.69 531 0 17 7 19 0 44 381 63 2020 Percent 2,850 1,009 275 734 82 42 102 783 2.82 429 0 21 9 10 17 42 288 42 2,629 1,020 128 892 80 32 45 863 2.58 562 0 22 6 25 0 45 404 60 2,538 1,025 86 939 82 28 32 883 2.48 572 0 22 5 27 0 46 415 57 2,468 1,030 66 964 2,405 1,035 -445 26 -221 247 5 -16 -15.6 2.6 -80.4 33.7 6.1 -38.1 -80.4 15.2 -17.7 84 27 25 894 2.40 573 0 21 4 27 0 47 420 54 54 981 87 26 20 902 2.32 575 0 20 3 26 0 47 -82 119 -.50 146 0 428 -1 -6 16 -17 5 140 51 9 34.0 .0 -4.8 -66.7 160.0 -100.0 11 .9 48.6 21.4 �GROSSE PTE WOODS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HAMTRAMCK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 17,715 6,557 2020 17,621 6,587 Change Percent 17,217 6,622 2,083 4,504 16,974 6,652 1,756 4,896 613 1,154 1,603 3,187 2.70 5,806 26 201 76 98 1,708 563 1,163 1,709 3,152 2.68 5,784 196 64 133 1,315 543 1,185 1,788 3,082 2.64 6,161 24 202 64 138 1,186 16,810 6,686 1,703 4,983 621 1,349 1,991 2,725 2.51 6,513 33 235 16,707 6,722 2,119 4,438 17,431 6,598 2,019 4,579 679 2,869 149 650 3,263 141 688 3,710 149 1,695 5,027 646 1,388 2,040 2,648 2.49 6,530 35 225 53 185 873 763 4,251 145 -1,008 165 -424 589 33 234 437 -539 -.22 724 9 24 -23 87 -835 84 1,382 -4 -5.7 2.5 -20.0 13.3 5.4 20.3 27.3 -16.9 -8.0 12.5 34.6 11.9 -30.3 88.8 -48.9 12.4 48.2 -2.7 22 1,890 4,732 563 1,250 1,842 2,967 2.60 6,445 30 233 63 164 1,129 705 3,973 148 593 1,303 1,928 2,828 2.55 6,530 32 241 60 179 1,034 737 4,099 148 56 183 940 756 4,162 148 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 18,372 7,908 2,183 5,725 4,017 2,265 1,079 547 2.32 7,723 40 2,490 18,166 7,810 2,252 17,601 7,607 2,214 5,393 4,174 2,214 228 582 1,839 331 1,849 267 550 1,801 312 2,313 800 419 2.31 7,853 43 1,608 298 512 1,684 323 2,762 16,980 7,424 2,033 5,391 4,077 2,172 773 402 2.29 7,948 47 1,498 364 589 623 646 16,502 7,312 1,870 5,442 3,982 2,173 763 394 2.26 7,796 49 1,352 302 459 1,507 337 3,140 650 16,184 7,271 1,772 5,499 3,942 2,186 756 387 2.23 7,576 50 1,192 297 416 1,391 340 3,234 656 15,964 7,276 1,712 5,564 3,939 2,203 752 382 2.19 7,401 51 1,058 288 381 1,304 338 3,334 647 -2,408 -632 -471 -161 -78 -62 -327 -165 -.13 -322 11 -1,432 60 -201 -535 7 1,485 283 -13.1 -8.0 -21.6 -2.8 -1.9 -2.7 -30.3 -30.2 -5.6 -4.2 27.5 -57.5 26.3 -34.5 -29.1 2.1 80.3 77.7 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 14,311 6,591 1,368 5,223 1,728 2,099 1,773 991 2.17 5,485 35 178 157 268 1,906 264 2,498 179 14,242 6,624 1,377 5,247 1,774 2,126 1,761 963 2.15 5,361 37 172 152 263 1,790 261 2,508 178 -661 51 -116 167 254 221 -30 -394 -.12 -683 17 27 2 40 -971 -62 273 -9 -4.4 .8 -7.8 3.3 16.7 11.6 -1 .7 -29.0 -5.2 -11.3 85.0 18.6 1.3 17.9 -35.2 -19.2 12.2 -4.8 5,558 4,144 2,257 928 481 2.33 7,703 40 1,831 300 496 1,620 331 3,010 ti 1990 1995 2000 2005 14,903 6,573 1,493 5,080 14,878 6,587 1,524 5,063 14,731 6,590 1,508 5,082 1,520 1,905 1,538 1,971 1,578 2,028 14,568 6,582 1,435 5,147 1,641 2,046 1,791 1,357 2.27 1,833 1,245 2.26 1,856 1,128 2.24 1,821 1,074 2.21 14,413 6,571 1,381 5,190 1,682 2,069 1,792 1,028 2.19 Ag, Min, Nat Res 6,044 20 5,819 24 Manufacturing 145 5,913 21 141 158 164 240 5,805 29 174 162 260 5,667 32 181 161 270 2,351 266 2,216 264 2,444 184 2,528 172 2,064 265 2,518 176 HARPER WOODS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade 150 223 2,761 FIRE Services Pub Administration 323 232 2,600 274 2,235 187 2,303 184 146 91 T ~ ,r 0 t) ]I J~ ,tt 01 1e nt: EF ;to I �HIGHLAND PARK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 20,121 8,041 2,875 5,166 5,129 1,588 912 412 2.50 14,905 0 7,226 325 1,214 1,470 161 4,120 389 1995 19,158 7,911 2,719 5,192 5,468 1,399 763 281 2.42 7,714 0 1,253 253 1,506 1,253 141 3,105 203 2000 18,118 7,742 2,528 5,214 5,650 1,230 642 220 2.34 6,732 1 699 225 1,695 1,172 144 2,669 127 2005 16,964 7,549 2,200 5,349 5,598 1,155 586 210 2.25 6,508 1 676 203 1,859 1,145 154 2,381 89 2010 16,295 7,413 2,048 5,365 5,590 1,086 545 192 2.20 6,443 1 654 1n 2,019 1,088 161 2,258 85 2015 15,849 7,366 1,953 5,413 5,629 1,042 516 179 2.15 6,304 1 623 156 2,090 1,021 166 2,164 83 2020 15,578 7,396 1,894 5,502 5,715 1,015 496 170 2.11 6,188 1 593 140 2,119 969 169 2,116 HURON TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 10,447 3,511 1,438 2,073 485 910 1,067 1,049 2.98 1,554 244 78 62 111 183 80 714 82 1995 12,423 4,182 1,691 2,491 526 1,148 1,269 1,239 2.97 2,033 279 205 204 239 214 90 766 36 2000 13,656 4,624 1,838 2,786 561 1,336 1,392 1,335 2.95 2,584 308 284 332 318 268 127 917 30 2005 14,843 5,065 1,952 3,113 635 1,532 1,517 1,381 2.93 3,192 342 345 459 400 357 179 1,081 29 2010 15,926 5,474 2,067 3,407 720 1,722 1,614 1,418 2.91 3,609 358 398 506 493 427 232 1,165 30 2015 16,959 5,874 2,231 3,643 811 1,915 1,719 1,429 2.89 3,972 372 459 533 576 484 287 1,229 32 2020 17,824 6,223 2,405 3,818 899 2,091 1,819 1,414 2.86 INKSTER Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 30,772 11,196 4,472 6,724 4,157 3,050 2,517 1,472 2.75 5,740 83 957 270 126 1,082 199 2,561 462 1995 30,031 11,248 4,300 6,948 4,626 2,943 2,472 1,207 2.67 6,176 83 1,393 249 152 1,256 198 2,189 656 2000 28,752 11,151 3,966 7,185 4,946 2,808 2,397 1,000 2.58 6,341 88 1,580 248 175 1,301 227 2,054 668 2005 27,512 11,052 3,528 7,524 5,141 2,749 2,241 921 2.49 6,557 96 1,648 243 205 1,450 258 1,996 661 2010 26,386 11,026 3,100 7,926 5,366 2,689 2,121 850 2.39 6,652 100 1,692 234 217 1,545 285 1,930 649 2015 25,610 11,080 2,827 8,253 5,608 2,653 2,023 796 2.31 6,659 105 1,676 225 221 1,596 310 1,880 646 2020 25,276 11,253 2,670 8,583 5,877 2,650 1,963 763 2.25 6,582 108 1,588 214 221 1,629 326 1,864 632 92 81 4,248 382 497 533 648 528 337 1,291 32 Change Percent -4,543 -645 -981 336 586 -573 -416 -242 -.40 -8,717 1 -6,633 -185 905 -501 8 -2,004 -308 -22.6 -8.0 -34.1 6.5 11.4 -36.1 -45.6 -58.7 -15.8 -58.5 Change Percent 7,377 2,712 967 1,745 70.6 77.2 67.2 84.2 85.4 129.8 70.5 34.8 -3.7 173.4 56.6 537.2 759.7 483.8 188.5 321 .3 414 1,181 752 365 -.11 2,694 138 419 471 537 345 257 577 -50 n/a -91.8 -56.9 74.5 -34.1 5.0 -48.6 -79.2 80.8 -61.0 Change Percent -5,496 57 -1,802 1,859 1,720 -400 -17.9 .5 -40.3 27.6 41.4 -13.1 -22.0 -48.2 -18.3 14.7 30.1 65.9 -20.7 75.4 50,6 63,8 -27.2 36.8 -554 -709 -.50 842 25 631 -56 95 547 127 -697 170 �LINCOLN PARK Total Population Total Households With Children 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 41,822 16,247 2020 Change 41,298 16,286 Percent 40,388 16,232 5,434 Without Children 10,813 5,410 10,876 5,239 10,993 39,727 16,178 4,984 11,194 39,151 16,175 4,748 11,427 38,693 16,230 4,623 11,607 38,328 16,327 4,551 11,776 Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 4,168 5,112 4,285 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household 2,682 2.57 4,624 5,351 4,087 2,224 Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 12,380 20 5,023 5,480 3,855 1,874 2.49 11,938 5,317 5,430 3,664 1,767 2.46 12,246 24 600 5,590 5,409 3,512 1,664 2.42 12,144 24 6,104 5,435 3,306 1,482 2.35 11,731 23 451 -8.4 .5 -16.2 8.9 46.4 6.3 -22.8 TCU Wholesale Trade 633 399 4,670 -8.8 -5.2 15.0 -48.0 -63.0 34.8 25.3 41.3 -26.2 -2.7 FIRE 400 396 5,271 417 Services 5,015 4,366 4,283 567 4,250 577 4,003 574 3,806 565 3,702 Pub Administration 375 377 385 384 377 375 365 -3,494 80 -883 963 1,936 323 -979 -1,200 -.23 -649 3 -417 -399 139 1,183 165 -1,313 -10 Retail Trade LIVONIA Total Population Total Households 868 2.54 11,925 18 713 367 20 616 442 5,408 284 500 251 487 5,683 555 226 524 5,858 5,852 5,414 3,393 1,571 2.38 11,906 23 499 223 536 5,870 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 100,850 100,586 99,562 98,562 97,393 39,716 8,483 96,551 96,344 40,985 7,937 -4,506 -4.5 14.1 35,931 12,557 37,227 11,598 38,259 10,473 39,153 9,298 23,374 25,629 27,786 29,855 31,233 Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 4,155 4,655 7,033 5,247 8,502 5,957 9,211 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 10,815 13,928 7,825 11,326 13,421 11,678 12,832 2.60 11,935 12,050 2.52 111,613 998 15,062 6,639 9,755 12,084 11,238 2.45 112,195 1,001 13,523 5,438 With Children Without Children 234 538 5,853 -44.7 40,281 8,082 32,199 7,281 10,238 12,192 10,570 2.40 111,182 1,002 11,947 5,221 12,451 5,054 -4,620 9,674 1,359 3,739 3,634 1,496 -3,815 -.46 17,105 84 -12,351 -643 4,306 3,982 6,596 14,894 237 ·36.8 41.4 90.0 51.7 13.8 -27.4 -16.2 18.4 9.1 -53.7 -11.4 53.0 21.3 84.0 53.6 21.1 33,048 7,894 10,667 12,311 10,113 2.35 110,240 1,003 10,551 4,979 12,438 22,687 14,449 42,674 2.81 2.70 Ag, Min, Nat Res 93,135 919 100,267 1,045 Manufacturing 23,002 18,792 107,438 1,045 16,409 TCU Wholesale Trade 5,622 5,236 9,648 10,678 5,546 11,604 5,417 12,283 Retail Trade 18,705 7,853 27,780 20,862 10,853 32,566 21,873 13,063 37,573 23,023 13,762 40,216 23,269 14,163 41,144 1,122 1,265 1,359 1,402 1,395 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 9,820 4,424 9,572 4,405 1,200 3,205 1,749 9,575 9,731 4,574 1,207 3,367 -1,408 -65 -257 192 432 270 -451 -316 -.27 -428 16 -12.6 -1.4 -17.6 6.0 FIRE Services Pub Administration '!ELVIN DALE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 8 ,132 11,139 10,755 10,309 4,639 4,599 1,451 3,148 4,534 1,389 3,145 1,278 3,146 1,555 1,743 1,642 1,821 1,694 1,816 930 371 2.34 806 265 2.27 706 208 2.22 3,618 25 3,688 32 3,616 697 146 1,464 3,175 1,427 1,615 1,079 518 2.40 1,823 663 180 2.17 Ag, Min, Nat Res 22 3,756 21 Manufacturing 1,057 881 772 753 TCU Wholesale Trade 652 291 189 231 371 415 165 462 498 Retail Trade 629 748 760 FIRE 267 297 333 796 369 819 374 Services Pub Administration 958 1,095 52 1,072 52 1,060 51 999 49 3,874 58 34 22,986 14,413 41,773 1,389 4,471 1,182 3,289 1,811 1,850 631 179 2.14 1,859 1,885 628 202 2.13 3,522 37 3,446 38 628 142 512 565 147 822 385 949 47 517 822 390 922 45 -492 -505 286 193 123 -36 -13 30.3 16.7 -41.8 -61.0 -11.4 -11.0 72.7 -46.5 -77.5 123.8 30.7 46.1 -3.8 -22.4 93 J �NORTHVILLE PART Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 2,859 1,255 326 929 259 311 331 354 2.28 4,677 91 356 120 264 1,287 535 1,868 156 3,311 1,421 373 1,048 207 375 400 439 2.33 4,702 89 353 164 266 1,157 577 1,937 159 3,280 1,432 329 1,103 157 408 405 462 2.29 4,694 94 357 182 237 1,070 634 1,991 129 3,221 1,439 261 1,178 143 410 386 500 2.24 4,973 104 392 200 223 1,074 696 2,170 114 3,167 1,443 196 1,247 128 401 361 553 2.19 5,112 107 403 220 201 1,023 765 2,272 121 3,138 1,445 150 1,295 113 377 339 616 2.17 5,169 110 395 242 166 956 839 2,333 3,137 1,449 118 1,331 99 345 321 684 2.16 5,254 112 381 269 132 902 888 278 2,440 572 128 130 -26 Percent 9.7 15.5 -63.8 43.3 -61.8 10.9 -3.0 93.2 -5.0 12.3 23.1 7.0 124.2 -50.0 -29.9 66.0 30.6 -16.7 Change 12,687 5,533 1,011 4,522 492 1,235 2,376 1,430 -.25 Percent 73.3 90.1 51.8 107.8 105.4 106.2 140.3 50.7 -8.8 1,902 17 213 615 203 -199 836 512 -295 34.3 24.3 109.8 1,708.3 89.0 -14.8 272.3 17.9 -58.1 Change 334 461 -599 1,060 -337 Percent 3.5 10.8 -56.4 33.1 -44.2 -1.9 -2.5 72.2 -6.6 7.3 13.9 -27.5 287.5 78.7 -41.2 77.1 42.3 -28.1 1990 NORTHVILLE TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 17,313 6,144 1,950 4,194 467 1,163 1,694 2,820 2.82 5,539 70 194 36 228 1,342 307 2,854 508 19,597 7,133 2,139 4,994 470 1,382 2,089 3,192 2.75 5,315 65 327 75 231 1,315 368 2,648 286 22,090 8,149 2,365 5,784 491 1,623 2,522 3,513 2.71 5,664 69 342 177 274 1,323 539 2,719 221 24,344 9,147 2,456 6,691 625 1,812 2,946 3,764 2.66 6,287 77 397 289 332 1,339 713 2,954 186 26,560 10,112 2,586 7,526 742 2,014 3,374 3,982 2.63 6,779 83 419 431 379 1,281 897 3,089 200 28,492 10,976 2,769 8,207 856 2,217 3,757 4,146 2.60 7,149 85 418 559 410 1,204 1,040 3,223 210 30,000 11,677 2,961 8,716 959 2,398 4,070 4,250 2.57 7,441 PLYMOUTH Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 9,522 4,263 1,062 3,201 763 1,179 1,145 1,176 2.23 8,635 122 1,574 8 244 2,750 1,137 2,661 139 2020 9,422 4,279 928 3,351 642 1,191 1,146 1,300 2.20 7,888 159 1,100 8 323 1,746 1,258 3,189 105 9,290 4,306 784 3,522 562 1,217 1,120 1,407 2.16 8,251 157 1,170 10 357 1,566 1,406 3,486 99 9,117 4,331 600 3,731 517 1,210 1,098 1,506 2.11 8,587 143 1,190 11 387 1,520 1,557 3,683 96 9,034 4,361 460 3,901 479 1,180 1,071 1,631 2.07 8,859 134 1,207 12 411 1,576 1,720 3,702 97 9,463 4,563 444 4,119 453 1,177 1,096 1,837 2.07 9,094 136 1,185 23 428 1,603 1,892 3,727 100 9,856 4,724 463 4,261 426 1,157 1,116 2,025 2.09 9,265 139 1,141 31 436 1,618 2,014 3,786 100 94 87 407 651 431 1,143 1,143 3,366 213 194 -208 402 -160 34 -10 330 -.11 577 21 25 149 -132 -385 353 -22 -29 849 -.15 630 17 -433 23 192 -1,132 877 1,125 -39 �PLYMOUTH TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration REDFORD TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration RIVER ROUGE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 23,686 26,781 10,090 3,211 6,879 847 2,134 2,301 4,808 2.65 21,928 162 8,473 1,049 2,011 3,334 1,070 5,428 401 2020 28,686 11,036 3,265 7,771 938 2,389 2,472 5,237 2.60 23,726 195 9,042 1,060 2,268 3,436 1,400 5,941 384 30,315 11,951 3,230 8,721 1,110 2,654 2,737 5,450 2.54 24,717 218 9,245 1,102 2,501 3,364 1,642 6,268 377 31,919 12,842 3,250 9,592 1,279 2,938 3,002 5,623 2.49 25,473 245 9,413 1,081 2,685 3,503 1,864 6,298 384 32,752 13,436 3,279 10,157 1,429 3,176 3,189 5,642 2.44 25,585 260 9,184 1,041 2,753 3,565 2,048 6,341 393 33,322 13,911 3,336 10,575 1,568 3,391 3,341 5,611 2.40 25,445 271 8,800 995 2,773 3,601 2,173 6,438 394 8,825 3,011 5,814 751 1,811 2,055 4,208 2.68 19,738 128 6,400 1,128 1,691 3,569 947 5,447 428 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 54,387 20,134 6,914 13,220 3,006 6,050 6,460 4,618 2.70 17,030 344 3,670 796 1,499 4,127 675 5,560 359 54,157 20,255 6,930 13,325 3,052 6,777 6,390 4,036 2.67 17,771 370 4,121 904 1,218 4,207 757 5,778 416 53,537 20,238 6,823 13,415 3,125 7,194 6,329 3,590 2.65 18,521 365 4,346 1,086 1,029 4,106 829 6,278 482 53,067 20,218 6,598 13,620 3,289 7,267 6,255 3,407 2.62 19,408 351 4,409 1,257 957 4,166 991 6,744 533 52,837 20,296 6,440 13,856 3,404 7,400 6,222 3,270 2.60 19,708 363 4,387 1,417 865 4,122 1,1n 6,835 542 52,861 20,482 6,455 14,027 3,525 7,556 6,226 3,175 2.58 19,829 374 4,330 1,537 TT2 4,011 1,350 6,902 553 52,972 20,693 6,550 14,143 3,636 7,698 6,248 3,111 2.56 19,813 382 4,168 1,603 701 3,912 1,478 7,018 551 1990 1995 2005 2010 2015 2020 11,314 4,256 1,772 2,484 2,079 1,097 741 339 2.66 2,618 75 783 403 159 314 138 695 51 10,780 4,102 1,797 2,305 2,196 1,038 615 253 2.63 2,785 75 870 400 174 379 138 709 40 2000 10,195 3,934 1,750 2,184 2,231 983 518 202 2.59 2,748 76 765 393 170 9,574 3,716 1,663 2,053 2,189 933 419 175 2.58 2,702 82 603 356 166 510 182 780 23 9,478 3,697 1,670 2,027 2,202 933 399 163 2.56 2,626 86 528 338 157 537 193 768 19 9,430 3,701 1,687 2,014 2,220 937 391 153 2.55 2,556 403 152 756 33 9,786 3,787 1,691 2,096 2,200 946 453 188 2.58 2,766 79 678 375 172 468 168 798 28 88 466 319 148 554 201 765 15 Change 9,636 5,086 325 4,761 817 1,580 1,286 1,403 -.29 5,707 143 2,400 -133 1,082 32 1,226 991 -34 Percent 40.7 57.6 10.8 81.9 108.8 87.2 62.6 33.3 -10.8 28.9 111.7 37.5 -11.8 64.0 .9 129.5 18.2 -7.9 Change -1,415 559 -364 923 630 1,648 -212 -1,507 -.14 2,783 38 498 807 -798 -215 803 1,458 192 Percent -2.6 2.8 -5.3 7.0 21.0 27.2 -3.3 -32.6 -5.2 16.3 11.0 13.6 101.4 -53.2 -5.2 119.0 26.2 53.5 Change -1,884 -555 -85 -470 141 -160 -350 -186 -.11 -62 13 -317 Percent -16.7 -13.0 -4.8 -18.9 6.8 -14.6 -47.2 -54.9 -4.2 -2.4 17.3 -40.5 -20.8 -6.9 76.4 45.7 10.1 -70.6 -84 -11 240 63 70 -36 95 �. RIVERVIEW Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 13,894 5,057 1,804 3,253 1,054 1,198 1,192 1,613 2.75 4,747 25 373 166 165 1,614 187 2,031 186 13,636 5,175 1,646 3,529 1,293 1,246 1,109 1,527 2.63 5,527 31 311 164 169 1,830 177 2,595 250 13,209 5,228 1,470 3,758 1,547 1,254 1,021 1,406 2.53 5,971 34 272 178 184 1,917 179 2,916 291 12,789 5,287 1,285 4,002 1,813 1,276 957 1,241 2.42 6,435 35 235 190 203 2,130 176 3,134 332 12,348 5,326 1,141 4,185 2,097 1,272 878 1,079 2.32 6,648 34 224 196 212 2,243 160 3,243 336 11,915 5,351 1,034 4,317 2,342 1,264 793 952 2.23 6,732 33 206 196 209 2,283 144 3,322 339 11 ,503 5,368 942 4,426 2,548 1,253 713 854 2.14 6,789 28 188 190 203 2,304 127 3,413 336 ROCKWOOD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 3,141 1,099 446 653 237 250 320 292 2.86 1,192 247 179 20 68 278 63 296 41 3,159 1,126 417 709 243 242 338 303 2.81 1,492 279 278 21 98 302 75 412 27 3,156 1,148 383 765 3,133 1,161 3,106 1,174 309 865 222 253 385 314 2.65 1,811 238 281 52 153 403 106 543 35 3,094 1,191 288 903 210 267 400 314 2.60 1,869 229 269 58 163 421 116 576 37 3,088 1,209 276 933 199 282 415 313 2.55 1,902 220 253 62 169 433 122 605 ROMULUS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 22,897 7,845 3,700 4,145 2,047 2,303 2,091 1,404 2.92 29,231 220 7,068 10,366 1,148 2,955 384 6,200 890 23,086 8,104 3,639 4,465 2,215 2,494 2,046 1,349 2.85 31,708 241 8,261 9,839 955 3,494 323 7,577 1,018 2020 22,798 8,181 3,480 4,701 2,324 2,605 1,974 1,278 2.79 34,938 268 8,675 10,519 838 3,908 339 9,177 1,214 22,563 8,264 3,249 5,015 2,425 2,663 1,950 1,226 2.73 38,270 306 8,977 11,384 813 4,526 392 10,461 1,411 22,325 8,357 3,033 5,324 2,547 2,701 1,910 1,199 2.67 40,323 321 9,148 11,866 761 4,980 422 11,238 1,587 22,222 8,493 2,919 5,574 2,671 2,751 1,893 1,178 2.62 41,540 334 8,990 12,100 700 5,286 448 11,919 1,763 22,240 8,655 2,871 5,784 2,790 2,809 1,893 1,163 2.57 42,152 345 8,650 12,071 651 5,510 464 12,587 1,874 96 248 233 354 313 2.75 1,612 272 278 32 118 335 85 462 30 344 817 235 243 371 312 2.70 1,720 247 282 42 137 373 96 510 33 38 Change -2,391 311 -862 1,173 1,494 55 -479 -759 -.60 2,042 3 -185 24 38 690 -60 1,382 150 Change -53 110 -170 280 -38 32 95 21 -.30 710 -27 74 42 101 155 59 309 -3 Change -657 810 -829 1,639 743 506 -198 -241 -.35 12,921 125 1,582 1,705 -497 2,555 80 6,387 984 Percent -17.2 6.1 -47.8 36.1 141.7 4.6 -40.2 -47.1 -22.0 43.0 12.0 -49.6 · 14.5 23.0 42.8 -32.1 68.0 80.6 Percent -1 .7 10.0 -38.1 42.9 -16.0 12.8 29.7 7.2 -10.6 59.6 -10.9 41.3 210.0 148.5 55.8 93.7 104.4 -7.3 Percent -2.9 10.3 -22.4 39.5 36.3 22.0 -9.5 -17.2 -12.0 44.2 56.8 22.4 16.4 -43.3 86.5 20.8 103.0 110.6 �SOUTHGATE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration SUMPTER TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration TAYLOR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 30,771 12,135 3,764 8,371 2,322 3,362 3,675 2,776 2.54 13,436 7 883 225 239 5,479 1,663 4,646 294 30,018 12,336 3,384 8,952 2,705 3,708 3,508 2,415 2.43 14,568 19 987 194 323 5,876 1,569 5,362 238 2020 Change 29,243 12,495 3,024 9,471 3,091 3,967 3,322 2,115 2.34 15,460 26 1,034 186 386 5,862 1,624 6,119 223 Percent 28,604 12,622 2,681 9,941 3,499 4,124 3,111 1,888 2.27 16,023 34 1,102 177 451 5,925 1,627 6,504 203 28,033 12,761 2,409 10,352 3,895 4,280 2,898 1,688 2.20 16,123 36 1,124 164 499 5,799 1,640 6,660 201 27,645 12,939 2,254 10,685 4,255 4,416 2,735 1,533 2.14 15,989 38 1,093 152 522 5,577 1,644 6,763 200 27,556 13,206 2,183 11,023 4,597 4,546 2,633 1,430 2.09 15,900 39 1,044 141 535 5,401 1,630 6,914 196 -3,215 1,071 -1,581 2,652 2,275 1,184 -1,042 -1,346 -.45 2,464 32 161 -84 296 -78 -33 2,268 -98 -10.4 8.8 -42.0 31.7 98.0 35.2 -28.4 -48.5 -17.7 18.3 457.1 18.2 -37.3 123.8 -1.4 -2.0 48.8 -33.3 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 10,891 3,687 1,690 1,997 11,466 3,882 1,737 2,145 711 1,102 1,099 970 2.95 700 75 1 11,910 4,031 1,750 2,281 697 1,075 1,170 1,089 2.95 1,019 85 85 102 15 327 0 43 173 38 507 0 12,632 4,307 1,651 2,656 661 921 1,369 1,356 2.93 1,522 100 148 149 133 262 83 647 0 12,975 4,437 1,635 2,802 632 36 0 144 26 418 0 12,276 4,173 1,700 2,473 684 1,003 1,277 1,209 2.94 1,326 96 124 137 84 222 60 603 0 13,280 4,552 1,640 2,912 601 760 1,522 1,669 2.92 1,793 102 194 154 190 316 122 715 0 2,389 865 -50 915 -120 -350 511 824 -.04 1,219 35 193 93 189 214 107 388 0 21.9 23.5 -3.0 45.8 -16.6 -31.5 50.5 97.5 -1.2 212.4 52.2 1,9300.0 152.5 1,8900.0 209.8 713.3 118.7 .0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 66,803 25,111 8,903 16,208 6,473 8,094 6,195 4,349 2.66 64,775 25,108 7,809 17,299 6,660 8,219 61,797 25,363 6,257 19,106 7,008 8,592 5,756 4,007 2.44 33,289 281 4,754 2,310 1,956 11,417 1,715 10,136 720 34,677 303 4,927 2,393 2,012 11,902 1,866 10,592 682 63,023 25,184 6,846 18,338 6,814 8,394 5,868 4,108 2.50 35,268 311 5,091 2,484 2,028 12,021 2,027 10,620 686 61,322 25,736 5,947 19,789 7,258 8,829 5,713 3,936 2.38 35,206 324 4,922 2,544 1,952 11,777 2,270 10,730 687 -9,489 893 -4,910 5,803 1,420 1,568 -1,139 -956 -.47 5,823 -36 1,294 468 -226 1,790 591 1,870 72 -13.4 3.6 -45.2 41.5 24.3 21.6 -16.6 -19.5 -16.4 19.8 -10.0 35.7 22.5 -10.4 17.9 35.2 21.1 11.7 721 1,110 1,011 845 2.95 574 67 1 61 70,811 24,843 10,857 13,986 5,838 7,261 6,852 4,892 2.85 29,383 360 3,628 2,076 2,178 9,987 1,679 8,860 615 69,067 25,097 9,923 15,174 6,216 7,767 6,524 4,590 2.75 31,320 288 4,315 2,191 2,020 10,954 1,576 9,261 715 88 6,034 4,195 2.58 838 1,453 1,514 2.92 1,684 101 180 156 168 292 105 682 0 35,341 318 5,098 2,540 1,993 11,903 2,173 10,625 691 97 j �TRENTON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration VAN BUREN TWP Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WAYNE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 98 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 20,582 7,851 2,609 5,242 1,418 1,836 2,228 2,369 2.62 13,112 109 5,290 672 256 1,533 577 4,422 253 20,534 8,068 2,394 5,674 1,536 2,109 2,170 2,253 2.55 13,183 127 4,796 669 302 1,703 441 4,876 269 20,036 8,097 2,151 5,946 1,593 2,322 2,031 2,151 2.47 13,131 121 4,132 710 322 1,779 390 5,379 298 19,482 8,123 1,839 6,284 1,627 2,575 1,863 2,058 2.40 13,282 119 3,498 746 356 1,971 378 5,885 329 18,960 8,147 1,578 6,569 1,681 2,808 1,664 1,994 2.33 13,413 105 3,293 765 371 2,074 342 6,138 325 18,455 8,167 1,392 6,775 1,742 3,023 1,474 1,928 2.26 13,280 89 2,992 762 370 2,111 307 6,323 326 18,006 8,186 1,251 6,935 1,808 3,206 1,307 1,865 2.20 13,134 75 2,705 741 363 2,128 270 6,533 319 Change -2,576 335 -1,358 1,693 390 1,370 -921 -504 -.42 22 -34 -2,585 69 107 595 -307 2,111 66 Percent -12.5 4.3 -52.1 32.3 27.5 74.6 -41.3 -21 .3 -16.1 .2 -31.2 -48.9 10.3 41 .8 38.8 -53.2 47.7 26.1 Percent 33.8 52.4 4.7 81 .6 111.7 76.1 30.3 12.9 -12.2 200.9 81.7 61 .8 240.9 484.6 196.9 210.7 237.5 -7.7 Percent 2.4 12.1 -11 .1 28.4 34.0 33.8 -12.3 -18.7 -8.7 2.3 53.5 -31.9 49.0 61 .9 -15.4 -45.0 39.3 75.2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 20,995 7,876 2,991 4,885 1,361 2,090 2,555 1,870 2.67 5,707 109 1,791 391 761 1,152 140 1,298 65 23,416 8,917 3,255 5,662 1,627 2,455 2,799 2,036 2.63 8,596 101 2,330 557 1,379 2,117 177 1,884 51 24,466 9,578 3,224 6,354 1,871 2,706 2,923 2,078 2.55 11,111 125 2,649 799 2,014 2,429 228 2,821 46 25,405 10,201 3,132 7,069 2,122 2,953 3,042 2,084 2.49 13,357 147 2,906 960 2,606 2,869 297 3,524 48 26,324 10,821 3,062 7,759 2,383 3,207 3,142 2,089 2.43 15,053 164 3,021 1,128 3,362 3,129 348 3,848 53 27,255 11 ,439 3,076 8,363 2,643 3,458 3,241 2,097 2.38 16,291 182 2,992 1,261 3,980 3,300 396 4,122 58 28,101 12,002 3,133 8,869 2,881 3,681 3,329 2,111 2.34 17,173 198 2,897 1,333 4,449 3,420 435 4,381 60 Change 7,106 4,126 142 3,984 1,520 1,591 774 241 -.32 11,466 89 1,106 942 3,688 2,268 295 3,083 -5 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change 19,899 7,129 2,927 4,202 1,695 2,259 1,851 1,324 2.79 15,543 43 6,609 716 462 1,845 418 5,079 371 20,306 7,396 2,956 4,440 1,801 2,559 1,762 1,274 2.75 16,773 40 6,870 882 556 1,850 213 5,899 463 20,165 7,479 2,850 4,629 1,884 2,769 1,634 1,192 2.70 17,574 44 6,671 988 625 1,796 216 6,688 546 20,203 7,598 2,745 4,853 1,990 2,841 1,620 1,147 2.66 17,461 53 6,079 1,019 691 1,822 229 6,990 578 20,199 7,709 2,638 5,071 2,087 2,892 1,612 1,118 2.62 16,994 58 5,568 1,059 735 1,734 231 7,001 608 20,272 7,848 2,600 5,248 2,184 2,956 1,614 1,094 2.58 16,400 63 4,997 1,076 748 1,637 232 7,008 639 20,384 7,995 2,601 5,394 2,272 3,023 1,623 1,077 2.55 15,900 66 4,503 1,067 748 1,561 230 7,075 650 485 866 -326 1,192 577 764 -228 -247 -.24 357 23 -2,106 351 286 -284 -188 1,996 279 �WESTLAND Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WOODHAVEN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration WYANDOTTE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 84,724 33,102 10,996 22,106 6,681 9,800 9,520 7,101 2.56 24,650 396 2,024 582 611 9,688 1,164 9,743 2015 87,411 35,233 10,600 24,633 7,193 11,on 9,755 7,208 2.48 26,853 407 2,380 822 801 10,015 1,233 10,713 2020 482 91,209 38,564 9,617 28,947 8,217 13,038 10,059 7,250 2.37 30,019 430 2,820 852 1,186 9,767 1,607 12,830 527 91,586 39,230 9,129 30,101 8,511 13,583 9,983 7,153 2.33 30,375 446 2,830 868 1,355 9,362 1,768 13,217 529 91,371 39,678 8,858 30,820 8,761 14,046 9,878 6,993 2.30 30,314 457 2,77J 866 1,461 8,847 1,896 13,476 534 91,524 40,238 8,796 31,442 9,039 14,472 9,836 6,891 2.27 30,282 465 2,673 850 1,530 8,440 1,976 13,820 442 89,119 36,931 10,101 26,830 7,669 12,185 9,859 7,218 2.41 28,680 417 2,620 942 982 9,761 1,437 12,002 519 528 86 Percent 8.0 21.6 -20.0 42.2 35.3 47.7 3.3 -3.0 -11.1 22.8 17.4 32.1 46.0 150.4 -12.9 69.8 41.8 19.5 Change 209 1,055 -730 1,785 831 137 249 -162 -.58 3,344 58 -62 191 194 1,064 152 1,594 153 Percent 1.8 26.6 -38.6 86.4 158.9 19.6 20.0 -10.8 -19.6 47.3 105.5 -2.4 35.4 223.0 56.1 61.8 112.8 73.2 Change -975 481 -408 889 465 1,211 -608 -587 -.17 -3,195 18 -1,942 -109 -501 -383 29 -256 -51 Percent -3.2 3.9 -9.9 10.8 12.9 30.6 -20.9 -31.9 -6.8 -24.1 16.4 -69.1 -21.4 -84.3 -14.8 4.6 -4.4 -20.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 11,635 3,960 1,893 2,067 523 699 1,243 1,495 2.94 7,072 55 2,626 540 87 1,896 246 1,413 209 12,334 4,311 1,886 2,425 663 695 1,294 1,659 2.86 8,045 78 2,799 429 124 2,106 243 2,022 244 12,483 4,532 1,764 2,768 830 685 1,320 1,697 2.75 8,663 94 2,833 492 173 2,249 279 2,271 272 12,350 4,680 1,559 3,121 953 735 1,372 1,620 2.64 9,423 98 2,877 558 217 2,546 312 2,513 302 12,199 1,371 3,450 1,084 777 1,428 1,532 2.53 9,956 106 2,863 625 252 2,756 348 2,680 326 12,034 4,931 1,249 3,682 1,218 812 1,468 1,433 2.44 10,261 111 2,731 689 271 2,880 379 2,850 350 11,844 5,015 1,163 3,852 1,354 836 1,492 1,333 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 30,938 12,314 4,107 8,207 3,602 3,955 2,915 1,842 2.51 13,268 110 2,812 510 594 2,588 634 5,765 255 31,100 12,470 4,173 8,297 3,707 4,438 2,693 1,632 2.49 11,610 115 1,852 505 218 2,572 591 5,510 247 30,717 12,482 4,095 8,387 3,782 4,788 2,481 1,431 2.46 10,734 116 1,246 489 151 2,469 612 5,407 244 30,336 12,480 3,911 8,569 3,856 4,877 2,397 1,350 2.43 10,560 115 1,085 453 136 2,467 626 5,446 232 29,970 12,646 3,699 8,947 3,988 5,065 2,316 1,277 2.37 10,154 125 964 422 104 2,290 660 5,375 214 29,963 12,795 3,699 9,096 4,067 5,166 2,307 1,255 2.34 10,073 128 870 401 93 2,205 663 5,509 204 4,821 30,062 12,523 3,754 8,769 3,913 4,960 2,342 1,308 2,40 10,399 120 1,078 440 120 2,398 647 5,375 221 Change 6,800 7,136 -2,200 9,336 2,358 4,672 316 -210 -.28 5,632 69 649 268 919 -1,248 812 2.36 10,416 113 2,564 731 281 2,960 398 3,007 362 4,on 99 j �. WAYNE COUNTY (EX DET) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 1,083,708 Total Population Total Households 406,434 With Children 143,367 Without Children 263,067 Income Quartile 1 85,687 Income Quartile 2 104,678 Income Quartile 3 109,610 Income Quartile 4 106,459 2.67 Persons Per Household Total Employment 563,703 5,257 Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 137,991 TCU 36,539 Wholesale Trade 28,705 Retail Trade 124,078 FIRE 33,466 Services 186,073 Pub Administration 11,594 1,101,664 420,803 141,726 279,077 91,547 113,120 111,224 104,912 2.62 595,521 5,741 138,349 35,509 32,263 129,023 35,679 206,907 12,050 1,102,957 430,104 136,387 293,717 96,514 119,295 111,498 102,797 2.56 630,759 5,997 136,431 37,811 35,361 129,816 40,032 232,646 12,665 1,104,716 438,710 128,829 309,881 101,427 123,529 112,414 101,340 2.52 657,675 6,229 133,910 39,865 39,084 134,517 42,750 248,308 13,012 1,107,957 446,921 123,300 323,621 106,128 127,421 113,071 100,301 2.48 668,028 6,443 130,630 41,359 42,166 135,707 45,083 253,409 13,231 1,114,546 455,915 121,908 334,007 110,893 131,313 113,942 99,767 2.44 668,453 6,623 123,791 42,228 43,619 134,193 47,056 257,415 13,528 1,124,059 465,470 122,854 342,616 115,613 134,978 115,085 99,794 2.41 667,129 6,762 116,119 42,276 44,346 132,706 48,167 263,240 13,513 40,351 59,036 -20,513 79,549 29,926 30,300 5,475 -6,665 -.25 103,426 1,505 -21,872 5,737 15,641 8,628 14,701 77,167 1,919 3.7 14.5 -14.3 30.2 34.9 28.9 5.0 -6.3 -9.4 18.3 28.6 -15.9 15.7 54.5 7.0 43.9 41.5 16.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population 2,111,687 Total Households 780,432 With Children 293,699 Without Children 486,733 Income Quartile 1 260,027 Income Quartile 2 200,721 Income Quartile 3 173,190 Income Quartile 4 146,494 Persons Per Household 2.71 Total Employment 976,193 Ag, Min, Nat Res 7,464 Manufacturing 201,362 TCU 67,863 Wholesale Trade 49,082 Retail Trade 173,582 FIRE 66,227 Services 371,038 Pub Administration 39,575 2,093,955 781,280 292,652 488,628 272,029 202,366 167,887 138,998 2.68 979,237 7,983 194,050 62,454 50,814 174,421 63,200 389,372 36,943 1,961,353 788,362 245,051 543,311 295,470 208,814 158,750 125,328 2.49 1,004,481 9,163 157,520 63,701 58,371 169,507 65,104 445,868 35,247 -150,334 7,930 -48,648 56,578 35,443 8,093 -14,440 -21,166 -.22 28,288 1,699 -43,842 -4,162 9,289 -4,075 -1, 123 74,830 -4,328 -7.1 1.0 -16.6 11 .6 13.6 4.0 -8.3 -14.4 -8.1 2.9 22.8 -21.8 -6.1 18.9 -2.3 -1.7 20.2 -10.9 WAYNE COUNTY REGION 2,054,980 779,392 282,341 497,051 279,136 203,668 163,473 133,115 2.64 999,638 8,233 187,026 62,324 53,024 172,476 62,334 419,445 34,776 2,020,668 778,633 266,286 512,347 282,632 204,532 161,562 129,907 2.60 1,015,018 8,482 182,143 62,781 55,747 175,120 61,917 434,122 34,706 1,992,302 779,452 253,216 526,236 286,835 205,257 159,767 127,593 2.56 1,016,234 8,734 177,010 63,538 57,895 174,702 62,972 436,524 34,859 1,973,194 783,130 247,159 535,971 291,513 206,745 158,819 126,053 2.52 1,010,198 8,983 167,812 63,992 58,419 171,930 64,490 439,313 35,259 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent Total Population 4,590,465 Total Households 1,698,819 With Children 620,885 Without Children 1,077,934 Income Quartile 1 424,684 Income Quartile 2 424,722 Income Quartile 3 424,727 Income Quartile 4 424,686 Persons Per Household 2.70 Total Employment 2,350,238 Ag, Min, Nat Res 30,424 Manufacturing 486,644 TCU 124,287 Wholesale Trade 121,200 Retail Trade 441,167 FIRE 173,122 Services 904,892 Pub Administration 68,502 4,735,738 1,773,071 629,212 1,143,859 443,267 443,268 443,268 443,268 2.67 2,477,024 31,953 482,591 117,074 128,295 464,190 183,010 1,001,823 68,088 4,804,389 1,827,384 617,469 1,209,915 456,846 456,846 456,846 456,846 2.63 2,615,187 32,633 468,709 120,105 134,033 477,155 193,443 1,119,990 69,119 4,877,433 1,882,326 594,659 1,287,667 470,575 470,580 470,586 470,585 2.59 2,724,994 33,144 467,057 124,033 143,124 500,358 201,247 1,185,160 70,871 4,962,603 1,941,257 578,201 1,363,056 485,309 485,317 485,315 485,316 2.56 2,776,724 34,110 461,633 126,836 149,071 508,203 210,743 1,213,644 72,484 5,067,093 2,005,414 580,555 1,424,859 501,354 501,357 501,348 501,355 2.53 2,775,235 34,664 439,602 127,883 149,060 502,662 217,679 1,229,673 74,012 5,162,405 2,063,547 591,492 1,472,055 515,879 515,892 515,887 515,889 2.50 2,773,688 35,079 415,321 127,147 147,775 497,383 221 ,077 1,255,608 74,298 571,940 364,728 -29,393 394,121 91,195 91,170 91,160 91,203 -.20 423,450 4,655 -71,323 2,860 26,575 56,216 47,955 350,716 5,796 12.5 21 .5 -4.7 36.6 21.5 21.5 21 .5 21.5 -7.4 18.0 15.3 -14.7 2.3 21.9 12.7 27.7 38.8 8.5 100 �Appendix D Regional Development Forecast, Full Detroit Subcommunity Report AIRPORT Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BAGLEY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BOYNTON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration ~ 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 18.418 5,771 2,885 2,886 3,525 1,193 734 319 3.19 8,502 19 3,444 1,466 1,038 680 15 1,677 163 2020 Change 15,664 5,055 2,473 2,582 3,315 927 584 229 3.10 9,089 19 3,978 1,227 1,305 649 9 1,762 140 Percent 13,691 4,480 2,182 2,298 3,053 754 486 187 3.06 9,202 22 3,836 1,111 1,472 622 6 2,007 126 12,144 4,039 1,886 2,153 2,764 678 429 168 3.01 9,047 29 3,663 1,051 1,497 600 5 2,080 122 10,875 3,728 1,616 2,112 2,556 632 388 152 2.92 8,865 29 3,550 987 1,542 572 4 2,061 120 9,948 3,505 1,446 2,059 2,415 594 357 139 2.84 8,699 30 3,391 970 1,560 551 4 2,072 121 9,365 3,381 1,346 2,035 2,341 572 338 130 2.77 8,484 31 3,194 970 1,553 534 4 2,079 119 -9,053 -2,390 -1,539 -851 -1,184 -621 -396 -189 -.42 -18 12 -250 -496 515 -146 -11 402 -44 -49.2 -41.4 -53.3 -29.5 -33.6 -52.1 -54.0 -59.2 -13.2 -.2 63.2 -7.3 -33.8 49.6 -21.5 -73.3 24.0 -27.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 21,045 7,149 2,589 4,560 1,704 1,775 2,048 1,622 2.94 5,670 9 97 30 70 381 174 4,842 67 20,380 7,150 2,281 4,869 1,793 1,736 2,205 1,416 2.85 4,997 9 106 25 85 383 156 4,176 57 19,834 7,174 2,009 5,165 1,879 1,695 2,320 1,280 2.76 4,594 11 110 24 93 377 137 3,792 50 19,411 7,172 1,780 5,392 1,969 1,671 2,303 1,229 2.71 4,169 14 132 21 100 358 121 3,377 46 19,007 7,148 1,606 5,542 2,051 1,653 2,255 1,189 2.66 3,842 15 140 19 102 349 112 3,061 44 18,650 7,130 1,501 5,629 2,122 1,644 2,217 1,147 2.62 3,601 16 141 16 101' 337 106 18,243 7,074 1,430 5,644 2,167 1,629 2,173 1,105 2.58 3,457 17 139 15 99 327 100 2,718 42 -2,802 -75 -1, 159 1,084 463 -146 125 -517 -.36 -2,213 8 42 -15 29 -54 -74 -2, 124 -25 -13.3 -1.0 -44.8 23.8 27.2 -8.2 6.1 -31.9 -12.4 -39.0 88.9 43.3 -50.0 41.4 -14.2 -42.5 -43.9 -37.3 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 8,984 3,666 1,018 2,648 2,172 926 418 150 2.45 856 2 206 155 25 153 33 255 27 8,669 3,656 907 2,749 2,278 857 382 139 2.37 856 1 203 163 25 145 39 257 23 8,420 3,654 836 2,818 2,365 808 353 128 2.30 8,273 3,682 792 2,890 2,450 -1,759 47 -501 548 784 -208 -284 -245 -.51 19 0 171 -6 -2 -21 35 -130 -28 -17.5 1.3 -38.7 23.4 47.1 -21.1 -46.0 -66.9 -18.6 2.3 .0 1,140.0 -3.4 -8.0 -13.5 250.0 -32.6 -60.9 10,032 3,635 1,293 2,342 1,666 985 618 366 2.76 831 0 15 177 25 155 14 399 46 9,437 3,595 1,190 2,405 1,863 998 519 215 2.63 839 0 173 167 22 158 23 257 39 9,274 3,664 1,132 2,532 2,061 981 463 159 2.53 842 1 200 156 23 157 29 245 31 2,841 43 887 196 170 24 139 44 262 21 m 334 121 2.25 850 0 186 171 23 134 49 269 18 101 J �BRIGHTMOOR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BROOKS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration BURBANK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 102 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 19,042 6,632 3,517 3,115 3,400 1,767 1,017 18,078 6,046 3,704 2,342 3,547 1,449 756 294 2.99 3,911 23 1,737 321 205 325 296 953 51 17,119 5,616 3,703 1,913 3,564 1,251 593 208 3.05 3,958 28 1,831 342 176 261 345 930 45 15,944 5,270 3,434 1,836 3,468 1,102 518 182 3.03 4,063 34 1,962 331 162 219 364 15,405 5,129 3,303 1,826 3,495 990 472 172 3.00 4,134 35 14,928 5,014 3,202 1,812 3,506 903 440 165 2.98 4,187 38 2,148 309 135 154 446 917 40 14,687 -4,355 4,974 -1,658 3,163 1,811 3,529 857 425 163 2.95 4,173 39 2,139 297 125 137 475 922 39 -354 -1,304 129 -910 -592 -22.9 -25.0 -10.1 -41.9 -22 12.3 95.0 60.7 -2.9 -52.3 -68.0 136.3 -16.8 -36.1 448 2.87 3,717 20 1,331 306 262 428 201 1,108 61 2,088 948 319 147 180 403 921 43 41 -285 .08 456 19 808 -9 -137 -291 274 -186 3.8 -51.5 -58.2 -63.6 2.8 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 35,643 12,351 5,943 6,408 5,495 3,445 2,152 1,259 2.89 8,045 78 2,317 381 1,143 853 184 2,927 162 35,234 12,057 6,147 5,910 5,842 3,239 1,862 1,114 2.92 8,013 79 2,785 369 1,117 1,037 173 2,313 140 33,858 11,605 6,004 5,601 5,916 3,060 1,633 996 2.92 7,871 82 2,803 376 1,058 1,155 163 2,108 126 32,776 11,249 5,812 5,437 5,880 2,935 1,530 904 2.91 7,637 89 2,714 364 961 1,191 156 2,040 122 32,174 11,049 5,733 5,316 5,899 2,840 1,464 846 2.91 7,422 93 2,653 346 876 1,253 151 1,929 121 31,624 10,910 5,696 5,214 5,905 2,780 1,422 803 2.90 7,250 98 2,551 334 803 1,308 150 1,883 123 30,730 10,689 5,592 5,097 5,811 2,722 1,388 768 2.87 7,066 103 2,417 319 745 1,345 -13.8 -13.5 -5.9 -20.5 5.8 -21.0 -35.5 -39.0 -.4 -12.2 32.1 4.3 -16.3 1,867 122 -4,913 -1 ,662 -351 -1,311 316 -723 -764 -491 -.01 -979 25 100 -62 -398 492 -36 -1,060 -40 148 -34.8 57.7 -19.6 -36.2 -24.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 27,520 9,363 4,405 4,958 3,916 2,542 1,926 979 2.94 4,619 0 58 113 168 749 429 3,070 32 28,480 8,975 5,406 3,569 4,594 2,156 1,563 662 3.17 3,753 0 52 109 167 483 439 2,476 27 27,055 8,668 5,128 3,540 4,567 2,096 1,441 564 3.12 3,394 1 49 108 169 341 413 2,289 24 25,786 8,421 4,837 3,584 4,686 1,922 1,268 545 3.06 3,085 2 57 100 169 259 370 2,105 23 24,575 8,243 4,545 3,698 4,905 1,675 1,117 546 2.98 2,848 1 56 94 168 197 355 1,954 23 23,302 8,000 4,301 3,699 4,957 1,489 1,019 535 2.91 2,675 1 53 22,495 7,861 4,173 3,688 -5,025 -1,502 -232 -1,270 1,062 -1,155 -957 -452 -18.3 -16.0 -5.3 -25.6 27.1 -45.4 88 163 156 344 1,847 23 4,978 1,387 969 527 2.86 2,564 0 50 83 157 132 332 1,788 22 -.08 -2,055 0 -8 -30 -11 -617 -97 -1,282 -10 -49.7 -46.2 -2.6 -44.5 .0 -13.8 -26.5 -6.5 -82.4 -22.6 -41.8 -31.3 �CBD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Seivices Pub Administration CENTRAL Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Seivices Pub Administration CERVENY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 6,657 3,497 241 3,256 1,480 981 409 627 1.90 103,056 465 8,155 16,550 1,804 7,625 22,472 30,806 15,179 7,477 3,800 323 3,477 1,216 999 555 1,030 1.97 85,424 462 4,482 12,978 1,357 4,944 17,204 30,100 13,897 2020 7,403 3,758 295 3,463 1,089 1,012 588 1,069 1.97 73,588 398 3,473 10,733 1,084 3,410 12,387 29,831 12,272 7,651 3,794 316 3,478 980 1,007 665 1,142 2.02 69,169 341 3,058 9,741 900 3,381 9,954 29,596 12,198 7,881 3,814 324 3,490 856 981 711 1,266 2.07 66,988 329 2,839 9,587 822 3,307 8,832 29,067 12,205 8,042 3,807 335 3,472 766 956 742 1,343 2.11 65,975 323 2,581 9,589 745 3,354 8,389 28,781 12,213 8,150 3,781 346 3,435 702 933 760 1,386 2.16 65,489 318 2,347 9,688 684 3,378 7,988 28,866 12,220 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 20,790 9,096 2,282 6,814 5,891 1,653 928 624 2 .29 25,324 89 6,761 1,224 1,002 2,024 2,518 10,163 1,543 19,203 8,549 2,072 6,477 5,746 1,396 843 564 2.25 20,605 89 4,658 1,226 561 1,858 1,794 9,398 1,021 17,641 8,121 1,804 6,317 5,628 1,221 766 506 2.17 18,319 87 3,970 1,203 350 1,692 1,276 8,994 747 15,986 7,708 1,423 6,285 5,415 1,152 701 440 2.07 16,607 14,701 7,361 1,152 6,209 5,250 1,068 644 399 2.00 15,492 94 3,389 1,132 179 1,419 868 7,760 651 13,825 7,114 984 6,130 5,138 1,008 ij01 367 1.94 14,667 101 3,124 1,110 136 1,320 810 7,402 664 13,154 6,920 872 6,048 5,049 962 566 343 1.90 14,097 107 2,871 1,084 111 1,247 763 7,222 692 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 21,042 7,181 3,271 3,910 2,531 1,902 1,685 1,063 2.93 1,789 74 116 23 71 264 136 1,071 34 20,351 7,120 3,032 4,088 2,587 1,902 1,645 986 2.86 1,794 73 151 17 72 215 132 1,102 32 19,655 7,069 2,794 4,275 2,642 1,904 1,601 922 2.78 1,788 74 171 12 70 175 134 1,122 30 19,142 7,052 2,642 4,410 2,689 1,911 1,573 879 2.71 1,783 75 182 9 66 146 136 1,141 28 18,627 7,010 2,527 4,483 2,707 1,910 1,548 845 2.66 1,783 75 186 7 62 127 135 1,165 26 21,950 7,219 3,452 3,767 TCU Wholesale Trade 2,169 2,031 1,757 1,262 3.04 1,972 70 71 49 101 Retail Trade FIRE Seivices Pub Administration 460 124 1,051 46 Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing 21,750 7,264 3,430 3,834 2,394 1,972 1,734 1,164 2.99 1,820 74 97 30 77 339 135 1,029 39 88 3,614 1,161 247 1,539 960 8,348 650 Change 1,493 284 105 179 -778 -48 351 759 .25 -37,567 -147 -5,808 -6,862 -1, 120 -4,247 ·14,484 -1,940 -2,959 Percent 22.4 8.1 43.6 5.5 -52.6 -4.9 85.8 121.1 13.2 -36.5 -31.6 -71.2 -41.5 -62.1 -55.7 -64.5 -6.3 -19.5 Change -7,636 -2,176 -1,410 -766 -842 -691 -362 -281 -.38 -11,227 18 -3,890 -140 -891 -777 -1,755 -2,941 -851 Percent -36.7 -23.9 -61.8 -11.2 -14.3 -41.8 -39.0 -45.0 -16.8 -44.3 20.2 -57.5 -11.4 -88.9 -38.4 -69.7 -28.9 -55.2 Change -3,323 -209 -925 716 538 -121 -209 -417 -.38 -189 5 115 -42 -39 -333 11 114 -20 Percent -15.1 -2.9 -26.8 19.0 24.8 -6.0 -11.9 -33.0 -12.6 -9.6 7.1 162.0 -85.7 -38.6 -72.4 8.9 10.8 -43.5 103 tt r• J �CHADSEY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CHENE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CLARK PARK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 104 1990 22,230 8,112 3,276 4,836 4,141 2,247 1,141 583 2.74 5,147 56 1,183 352 268 1,215 38 1,926 109 1995 21,570 7,750 3,468 4,282 4,338 2,112 874 426 2.78 4,568 55 1,087 383 192 917 50 1,791 93 2000 20,672 7,421 3,478 3,943 4,406 1,990 700 325 2.79 4,151 57 927 385 152 723 59 1,767 81 2005 20,172 7,139 3,498 3,641 4,376 1,815 646 302 2.83 3,756 60 763 359 132 587 66 1,714 75 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 20,190 6,991 3,661 3,330 4,438 1,673 603 277 2.89 3,448 65 639 341 116 478 76 1,661 72 20,126 6,881 3,792 3,089 4,482 1,568 570 261 2.92 3,220 69 537 325 102 401 86 1,629 71 19,773 6,738 3,834 2,904 4,456 1,489 545 248 2.93 3,059 72 460 306 91 351 93 1,617 69 -2,457 -1,374 558 -1,932 315 -758 -596 -335 .19 -2,088 16 -723 -46 -177 -864 55 -309 -40 -11.1 -16.9 17.0 -40.0 7.6 -33.7 -52.2 -57.5 7.1 -40.6 28.6 -61.1 -13.1 -66.0 -71.1 144.7 -16.0 -36.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 15,202 5,331 2,093 3,238 3,700 1,085 385 161 2.85 14,684 73 7,188 1,075 862 1,047 82 2,880 1,477 12,834 4,527 1,823 2,704 3,265 896 266 100 2.83 14,957 68 7,819 985 774 882 77 3,022 1,330 11,399 4,078 1,599 2,479 2,980 801 220 77 2.80 14,249 68 7,238 926 722 768 73 3,249 1,205 10,031 3,678 1,292 2,386 2,655 716 221 86 2.73 13,619 72 6,724 901 650 691 71 3,355 1,155 8,873 3,387 1,012 2,375 2,444 651 214 78 2.62 13,136 75 6,437 872 575 608 68 3,364 1,137 8,061 3,182 833 2,349 2,296 605 207 74 2.53 12,785 80 6,091 877 515 552 66 3,440 1,164 7,505 3,045 719 2,326 2,198 575 202 70 2.46 12,429 83 5,703 894 469 511 64 3,533 1,172 -7,697 -2,286 -1,374 -912 -1,502 -510 -183 -91 -.39 -2,255 10 -1,485 -181 -393 -536 -18 653 -305 -50.6 -42.9 -65.6 -28.2 -40.6 -47.0 -47.5 -56.5 -13.6 -15.4 13.7 -20.7 -16.8 -45.6 -51.2 -22.0 22.7 -20.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 17,673 6,101 2,419 3,682 3,419 1,516 767 399 2.90 11,936 0 3,053 857 653 1,777 197 3,375 2,024 16,572 5,790 2,327 3,463 3,452 1,410 627 301 2.86 8,639 0 768 850 563 1,895 160 2,663 1,740 15,435 5,511 2,143 3,368 3,409 1,325 534 243 2.80 8,341 1 432 805 514 1,909 127 3,027 1,526 14,631 5,342 1,941 3,401 3,325 1,273 515 229 2.74 8,224 1 425 754 520 1,851 107 3,046 1,520 13,842 5,220 1,717 3,503 3,238 1,255 507 220 2.65 8,080 1 397 708 517 1,806 100 3,028 1,523 13,198 5,132 1,557 3,575 3,179 1,243 12,639 5,048 1,433 3,615 3,123 1,229 490 206 2.50 7,878 1 334 630 -5,034 -1,053 -986 -67 -296 -287 -277 -193 -.39 -4,058 1 -2,719 -227 -164 -63 -105 -289 -492 -28.5 -17.3 -40.8 -1 .8 -8.7 -18.9 -36.1 -48.4 -13.6 -34.0 498 212 2.57 7,960 1 364 669 504 1,756 96 3,042 1,528 489 1,714 92 3,086 1,532 nla -89.1 -26.5 -25.1 -3.5 -53.3 -8.6 -24.3 �CODY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CONDON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration CONNER Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 24,545 8,999 4,068 4,931 3,118 2,846 2,052 983 2.73 9,311 47 4,682 90 250 2,199 2020 24,653 8,932 4,383 4,549 3,686 2,703 1,774 769 2.76 9,917 47 5,825 93 338 1,942 69 1,385 24,530 8,890 4,518 4,372 4,139 2,566 1,562 623 2.76 9,663 52 5,818 102 398 1,715 72 1,307 199 24,498 8,820 4,584 4,236 4,445 2,422 1,394 559 2.78 9,488 60 5,808 105 425 1,497 76 1,324 193 24,804 8,828 4,770 4,058 4,783 2,287 1,260 498 2.81 9,342 62 5,907 103 442 1,293 78 1,269 25,054 8,859 4,956 3,903 5,052 2,183 1,165 459 2.83 9,210 65 5,897 102 25,010 8,833 5,059 3,774 5,198 2,104 1,100 431 2.83 8,978 68 5,747 100 458 1,068 85 1,262 190 64 1,724 255 218 188 454 1,161 82 1,258 191 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 11,699 4,327 1,485 2,842 2,637 942 500 248 2.70 4,051 24 1,141 58 411 . 869 8,793 3,353 1,116 2,237 2,106 726 338 183 2.62 5,032 27 1,087 54 482 1,058 36 2,215 73 7,682 3,024 919 2,105 1,897 660 297 170 2.54 5,134 31 1,076 50 471 1,119 34 2,286 67 6,877 2,778 793 1,985 1,743 608 270 157 2.48 5,172 33 1,043 45 449 1,192 31 2,317 62 6,300 2,603 719 5,934 2,486 675 1,811 1,568 546 232 140 2.39 5,163 37 926 39 401 42 1,408 98 9,874 3,768 1,233 2,535 2,346 826 406 190 2.62 4,419 24 1,166 55 458 879 39 1,713 85 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 36,758 10,878 6,421 4,457 5,738 2,582 1,600 958 3.38 2,903 16 63 130 104 853 9 1,490 238 36,266 10,209 7,057 3,152 6,289 2,003 1,224 693 3.55 2,681 18 33 116 24 31,514 9,200 6,058 3,142 6,485 1,464 786 465 3.43 2,676 27 14 98 20 244 18 2,065 190 30,391 8,987 5,852 3,135 6,541 1,313 692 441 3.38 2,618 27 10 91 18 193 21 2,063 195 29,464 8,811 5,704 3,107 6,530 1,218 637 426 3.34 2,575 27 8 85 16 162 23 2,057 197 569 11 1,705 205 34,493 9,815 6,704 3,111 6,248 1,856 1,116 595 3.51 2,743 22 21 110 18 413 13 1,966 180 32,869 9,464 6,350 3,114 6,339 1,683 942 500 3.47 2,728 27 20 105 22 320 15 2,034 185 1,884 1,636 572 248 147 2.42 5,184 35 989 42 424 1,247 29 2,359 59 1,284 27 2,393 56 Change 465 -166 991 -1,157 2,080 -65 Percent 1.9 -1.8 24.4 -23.5 66.7 -26.1 -46.4 -56.2 3.8 -3.6 44.7 22.7 11.1 83.2 -51.4 32.8 -26.8 -25.5 Change -5,765 -1,841 -810 -1,031 -1,069 -396 -268 -108 -.32 1,112 13 -215 -19 -10 415 -15 985 -42 Percent -49.3 -42.5 -54.5 -36.3 -40.5 -42.0 -53.6 -43.5 -11.7 27.5 54.2 -18.8 -32.8 -2.4 47.8 -35.7 70.0 -42.9 Change -7,294 -2,067 -717 -1,350 792 -1,364 -963 -532 -.04 -328 11 -55 -45 -88 -691 14 567 -41 Percent -19.8 -19.0 -11.2 -30.3 13.8 -52.8 -60.2 -55.5 -1.0 -11.3 68.8 -87.3 -34.6 -84.6 -81.0 155.6 38.1 -17.2 -742 -952 -552 .10 -333 21 1,065 10 208 -1,131 21 -462 105 \ If ), )i ;c =1 3( ,e SI ;c .R >ir J �DAVISON Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 19,660 6,850 2,873 3,977 3,730 1,846 876 398 2.87 6,093 36 1,133 219 1,060 776 7 2,516 346 20,671 6,288 2,945 3,343 3,682 1,631 718 257 3.29 5,066 30 893 166 973 577 7 1,703 717 19,573 5,823 2,859 2,964 3,556 1,473 605 189 3.36 4,399 31 705 141 882 455 6 1,341 838 18,863 5,447 2,793 2,654 3,416 1,304 541 186 3.46 3,953 37 664 121 768 374 6 1,143 840 18,637 5,223 2,853 2,370 3,375 1,180 498 170 3.57 3,371 37 569 92 629 289 6 899 850 18,389 5,056 2,898 2,158 3,341 1,090 466 159 3.64 2,969 37 486 74 524 233 6 749 860 17,960 4,888 2,886 2,002 3,269 1,025 442 152 3.67 2,696 37 419 62 450 197 7 658 866 DELRAY/SPRINGWELL Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 28,737 10,477 4,406 6,071 6,065 2,505 1,353 554 2.74 12,580 133 2,647 2,690 1,662 1,340 510 2,827 771 26,686 9,790 4,330 5,460 6,196 2,233 1,022 339 2.73 11,688 101 1,670 2,891 1,512 1,367 537 2,948 662 24,871 9,239 4,099 5,140 6,124 2,033 841 241 2.69 11,793 91 1,215 3,108 1,446 1,365 535 3,435 598 23,339 8,752 3,777 4,975 5,921 1,831 757 243 2.67 11,527 96 1,108 3,059 1,315 1,322 517 3,535 575 22,143 8,419 3,487 4,932 5,764 1,713 712 230 2.63 11,186 100 987 3,036 1,186 1,268 508 3,540 561 21,186 8,179 3,276 4,903 5,641 1,633 684 221 2.59 10,880 105 874 3,003 1,069 1,217 506 3,544 562 20,234 7,934 3,081 4,853 5,491 1,569 661 213 2.55 10,600 108 779 2,923 979 1,176 499 3,585 551 DENBY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 22,349 8,315 3,292 5,023 2,403 2,764 1,959 1,189 2.69 2,561 66 189 14 199 602 196 1,282 13 23,627 8,279 3,949 4,330 2,660 2,863 1,765 991 2.85 2,103 71 241 20 180 356 194 1,030 24,545 8,252 4,443 3,809 2,905 2,937 1,581 829 2.97 1,903 71 266 25 169 236 181 944 11 25,624 8,208 4,913 3,295 3,249 2,811 1,423 725 3.12 1,830 70 314 27 161 172 165 911 10 25,598 8,184 4,881 3,303 3,302 2,812 1,369 701 3.13 1,777 71 347 31 154 137 158 869 10 25,361 8,136 4,845 3,291 3,323 2,801 1,325 687 3.12 1,734 72 365 34 144 113 154 843 9 25,207 8,132 4,843 3,289 3,345 2,797 1,307 683 3.10 1,700 73 369 35 136 98 149 831 9 106 11 Change -1,700 -1,962 13 -1,975 -461 -821 -434 -246 .80 -3,397 1 -714 -157 -610 -579 0 -1,858 520 Percent -8.6 -28.6 .5 -49.7 -12.4 -44.5 -49.5 -61 .8 28.0 -55.8 2.8 -63.0 -71 .7 -57.5 -74.6 .0 -73.8 150.3 Change -8,503 -2,543 -1,325 -1,218 -574 -936 -692 -341 -.19 -1,980 -25 -1,868 233 -683 -164 -11 758 -220 Percent -29.6 -24.3 -30.1, -20.1 -9.5 -37.4 -51 .1 -61.6 -7.0 -15.7 -18.8 -70.6 8.7 -41 .1 -12.2 -2.2 26.8 -28.5 Change 2,858 -183 1,551 -1,734 942 33 -652 -506 .41 -861 7 180 21 -63 -504 -47 -451 -4 Percent 12.8 -2.2 47.1 -34.5 39.2 1.2 -33.3 -42.6 15.3 -33.6 10.6 95.2 150.0 -31.7 -83.7 -24.0 -35.2 -30.8 �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 29,470 11,839 4,084 7,755 6,830 2,710 1,487 812 2.49 3,432 39 161 84 35 319 169 2,559 66 27,381 11,218 3,713 7,505 6,833 2,432 1,286 667 2.44 4,942 39 142 78 4 422 153 4,049 55 25,537 10,645 3,393 7,252 6,747 2,194 1,127 5n 2.40 4,050 41 131 23,811 10,131 2,978 7,153 6,535 2,050 1,027 519 2.35 4,163 47 148 73 6 542 126 3,178 43 22,291 9,716 2,610 7,106 6,369 1,920 949 478 2.29 4,224 50 144 66 5 593 117 3,209 40 21,133 9,416 2,384 7,032 6,265 1,825 884 442 2.24 4,270 53 136 61 5 629 110 3,238 38 20,324 9,234 2,246 6,988 6,223 1,760 836 415 2.20 4,324 56 128 56 4 655 104 3,285 36 EAST RIVERSIDE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 10,443 3,616 1,576 2,040 2,013 766 473 364 2.89 2,015 36 511 116 68 314 91 858 21 10,037 3,585 1,483 2,102 2,113 642 474 356 2.80 1,366 36 241 174 37 259 77 524 18 10,585 3,822 1,484 2,338 2,173 611 559 479 2.77 1,083 38 133 181 30 228 66 391 16 10,858 3,874 1,525 2,349 2,180 615 586 493 2.80 958 41 102 175 31 203 58 333 15 11,226 3,961 1,576 2,385 2,195 635 616 515 2.83 910 45 87 180 30 190 55 309 14 11,517 4,038 1,629 2,409 2,205 656 641 536 2.85 871 48 74 183 28 179 53 293 13 11,588 4,057 1,651 2,406 2,184 668 655 550 2.86 844 52 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 35,470 11,642 6,115 5,527 3,431 3,325 2,837 2,049 3.05 5,833 0 104 37 243 2,129 420 2,796 104 35,557 11,515 6,419 5,096 3,790 3,169 2,718 1,838 3.09 5,499 0 73 37 314 2,258 373 2,340 104 34,734 11,250 6,394 4,856 3,991 3,030 2,585 1,644 3.09 5,314 1 60 41 360 2,264 329 2,157 102 34,278 11,057 6,398 4,659 4,189 2,935 2,459 1,474 3.10 5,066 2 67 42 378 2,141 294 2,037 105 34,412 10,969 6,782 4,187 4,761 2,769 2,215 1,224 3.14 4,689 1 58 43 404 1,978 253 1,831 121 34,160 10,890 6,892 3,998 4,879 2,711 2,148 1,152 3.14 4,575 0 53 43 405 1,915 239 1,795 125 DURFEE EVERGREEN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration n 5 502 138 3,110 46 34,343 10,989 6,581 4,408 4,509 2,841 2,314 1,325 3.13 4,850 1 62 43 397 2,058 269 1,908 112 es 181 27 170 51 285 13 Change -9,146 -2,605 -1,838 -767 -607 -950 -651 -397 ·.29 892 17 -33 -28 -31 336 -65 726 -30 Percent -31.0 -22.0 -45.0 -9.9 -8.9 -35.1 -43.8 -48.9 -11.6 26.0 43.6 -20.5 -33.3 -88.6 105.3 -38.5 28.4 -45.5 Change 1,145 441 75 366 171 -98 182 186 -.03 -1, 171 16 -446 65 -41 -144 -40 -573 -8 Percent 11.0 12.2 4.8 17.9 8.5 -12.8 38.5 51.1 -1.1 -58.1 44.4 -87.3 56.0 -60.3 -45.9 -44.0 -66.8 -38.1 Change -1,310 -752 Percent -3.7 -6.5 12.7 -27.7 42.2 -18.5 -24.3 -43.8 3.0 ·21.6 .0 -49.0 16.2 66.7 -10.1 -43.1 -35.8 20.2 m -1,529 1,448 -614 -689 -897 .09 -1,258 0 -51 6 162 -214 -181 -1,001 21 107 1 r: ic 1t I~ el s :o Cc F ,e pE ss c, 2.R Dit �FINNEY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration GRANDMONT Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration GRANT Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 108 1990 31,196 11,390 4,508 6,882 3,563 3,368 2,658 1,801 2.74 11,300 213 191 220 45 2,569 310 7,752 0 1995 31,968 11,207 5,161 6,046 3,787 3,362 2,502 1,556 2.85 12,873 269 239 163 225 2,391 288 9,298 0 2000 32,332 11,070 5,579 5,491 3,998 3,348 2,356 1,368 2.92 14,195 274 253 136 381 2,223 260 10,668 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 32,652 10,931 5,880 5,051 4,182 3,287 2,227 1,235 2.99 14,399 261 277 125 489 2,001 234 11,012 0 33,313 10,842 6,345 4,497 4,491 3,163 2,077 1,111 3.07 14,389 270 268 109 562 1,760 211 11,209 0 33,625 10,745 6,718 4,027 4,726 3,046 1,954 1,019 3.13 14,349 279 252 97 610 1,563 195 11,353 0 33,752 10,683 6,990 3,693 4,869 2,976 1,878 960 3.16 14,384 285 234 87 641 1,426 182 11,529 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 24,445 7,693 4,111 3,582 2,836 2,033 1,508 1,316 3.18 3,181 0 394 15 154 922 69 1,597 30 23,779 7,550 4,053 3,497 3,065 1,911 1,343 1,231 3.15 3,406 0 332 14 250 833 78 1,873 26 22,559 7,291 3,823 3,468 3,152 1,796 1,209 1,134 3.09 3,648 1 285 14 320 747 82 2,175 24 21,489 7,094 3,529 3,565 3,144 1,767 1,167 1,016 3.03 3,704 1 294 14 356 660 84 2,272 23 20,553 6,954 3,256 3,698 3,151 1,736 1,139 928 2.96 3,720 1 279 14 393 581 86 2,344 22 19,813 6,863 3,072 3,791 3,156 1,718 1,118 871 2.89 3,719 1 257 14 415 517 88 2,406 21 19,088 6,760 2,921 3,839 3,131 1,701 1,100 828 2.82 3,721 1 236 14 426 473 88 2,462 21 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 12,427 4,342 1,889 2,453 1,561 1,341 877 563 2.86 6,886 8 2,233 83 1,050 1,937 155 1,365 55 12,913 4,292 2,227 2,065 1,785 1,255 741 511 3.01 6,146 4 1,668 81 746 1,917 186 1,497 47 13,330 4,296 2,475 1,821 1,992 1,193 649 462 3.10 5,598 5 1,234 82 552 1,820 199 1,663 43 13,248 4,283 2,445 1,838 2,035 1,188 623 437 3.09 5,142 6 1,075 79 423 1,638 198 1,682 41 13,110 4,275 2,396 1,879 2,109 1,159 583 424 3.07 4,758 6 936 74 320 1,500 205 1,677 40 12,884 4,251 2,346 1,905 2,159 1,122 553 417 3.03 4,454 7 812 70 252 1,384 213 1,676 40 12,702 4,239 2,317 1,922 2,193 1,096 537 413 3.00 4,209 7 710 65 209 1,294 216 1,669 39 Change 2,556 -707 2,482 -3,189 1,306 -392 -780 -841 .42 3,084 72 43 -133 596 -1, 143 -128 3,777 0 Percent 8.2 -6.2 55.1 -46.3 36.7 -11.6 -29.3 -46.7 15.4 27.3 33.8 22.5 -60.5 1,324.4 -44.5 -41.3 Change -5,357 -933 -1,190 257 295 -332 -408 -488 -.35 540 1 -158 -1 272 -449 19 865 -9 Percent -21.9 -12.1 -28.9 7.2 10.4 -16.3 -27.1 -37.1 -11.1 17.0 n/a -40.1 -6.7 176.6 -48.7 27.5 54.2 -30.0 Change 275 -103 428 -531 632 -245 -340 -150 .13 -2,677 -1 -1,523 -18 -841 -643 61 304 -16 Percent 2.2 -2.4 22.7 -21.6 40.5 -18.3 -38.8 -26.6 4.7 -38.9 -12.5 -68.2 -21.7 -80.1 -33.2 39.4 22.3 -29.1 48.7 .0 �GREENFIELD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration HARMONY VILLAGE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration INDIAN VILLAGE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 28,801 9,696 4,661 28,161 9,582 4,666 4,916 27,228 9,423 4,521 4,902 26,289 9,276 4,253 5,023 6,575 177 3,856 2,496 2,092 979 2.89 8,179 1 93 65 96 629 131 7,032 132 3,977 2,469 1,956 874 2.83 8,056 1 113 48 105 617 123 6,923 126 24,705 9,125 3,830 5,295 4,189 2,448 1,732 756 2.71 7,816 1 112 25 98 590 111 23,948 9,041 3,689 5,352 4,217 2,432 1,672 720 2.65 7,808 1 107 20 94 576 106 6,787 117 -4,853 -655 -972 317 3,587 2,593 2,226 1,176 2.94 7,939 0 95 99 87 613 142 6,753 150 25,420 9,175 3,996 5,179 4,097 2,454 1,819 805 2.77 7,918 1 115 33 103 607 116 6,821 122 8 -169 18 1 -45 212 -60 -16.9 -6.8 -20.9 6.3 32.3 -9.5 -29.6 -50.3 -10.8 -.4 n/a 8.1 -89.4 23.7 .2 -29.8 3.2 -33.9 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 27,062 10,408 2,852 7,556 5,172 3,246 1,268 722 2.60 5,113 35 419 428 266 1,069 90 2,532 274 25,609 10,244 2,413 7,831 5,121 3,233 1,210 680 2.50 4,982 38 390 416 226 1,062 84 2,492 274 24,622 10,174 2,134 8,040 5,125 3,231 1,169 649 2.42 4,885 39 361 400 197 1,053 79 2,487 269 -10,571 -1,367 -3,087 1,720 113 -123 -784 -573 -.63 -1,562 16 -311 -15 -505 95 -72 -647 -123 -30.0 -11.8 -59.1 27.2 2.3 -3.7 -40.1 -46.9 -20.6 -24.2 69.6 -46.3 -3.6 -71 .9 9.9 -47.7 -20.6 -31.4 2020 Change Percent 5,327 3,171 342 2,829 1,552 621 629 369 1.68 2,526 0 38 15 20 81 82 2,285 5 -112 -72 54 -126 275 -181 51 -217 .00 167 0 -9 -36 -9 -166 -140 530 -3 -2.1 -2.2 18.8 -4.3 21.5 -22.6 8.8 -37.0 .2 7.1 .0 -19.1 -70.6 -31 .0 -67.2 -63.1 30.2 -37.5 5,035 3,187 2,687 2,374 1,448 2 .97 7,842 0 99 189 76 575 151 6,759 120 31,011 10,938 4,186 6,752 5,381 3,300 1,413 958 151 3,134 392 33,132 11,250 4,737 6,513 5,275 3,334 1,642 999 2.95 5,770 23 527 430 506 1,055 127 2,769 333 2.84 5,475 26 433 452 390 1,094 110 2,672 298 28,998 10,645 3,519 7,126 5,287 3,256 1,334 768 2.72 5,293 33 441 440 320 1,066 99 2,613 281 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 5,439 3,243 288 2,955 1,277 802 578 586 1.68 2,359 0 47 51 29 247 222 1,755 8 5,453 3,235 317 2,918 1,324 734 648 529 1.69 2,502 0 47 43 25 182 190 2,008 7 5,496 3,258 335 2,923 1,390 686 698 5,519 3,250 342 2,908 1,446 669 689 446 1.70 2,594 2 48 28 25 116 128 2,242 5 5,459 3,224 336 2,888 1,491 650 668 5,405 3,205 338 2,867 1,530 636 649 390 1.69 2,526 1 41 18 22 89 93 2,257 5 35,193 11,541 5,221 6,320 5,012 3,354 1,953 1,222 3.05 6447 23 672 415 702 844 484 1.69 2,641 1 45 36 25 143 157 2,228 6 415 1.69 2,555 1 45 22 24 101 107 2,250 5 1,030 -255 -702 -728 -.32 -34 109 �JEFFRIES Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 9,183 4,305 1,153 3,152 3,043 721 401 140 2.13 6,466 0 545 488 332 706 241 4,058 96 8,405 3,953 1,039 2,914 2,757 637 450 109 2.13 5,768 0 482 406 331 589 237 3,641 82 8,136 3,815 957 2,858 2,642 577 503 93 2.13 5,358 1 506 358 305 501 182 3,431 74 7,720 3,642 812 2,830 2,485 567 485 105 2.12 5,086 2 562 340 277 451 147 3,238 69 7,385 3,497 698 2,799 2,364 553 476 104 2.11 4,847 1 604 325 252 407 122 3,069 67 7,118 3,392 625 2,767 2,277 6,879 3,306 574 2,732 2,208 536 460 102 2.08 4,544 0 617 297 209 347 96 2,914 64 KETTERING/BUTZEL Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 31,261 10,933 3,858 7,075 6,735 2,398 1,241 559 2.86 11,019 94 1,761 225 911 935 203 6,424 466 27,676 10,048 3,258 6,790 6,528 2,096 1,044 380 2.75 10,070 83 1,250 17 839 1,005 173 6,304 399 24,953 9,441 2,717 6,724 6,366 1,880 905 290 2.64 9,675 80 917 2 783 1,037 149 6,356 351 23,389 8,870 2,471 6,399 6,057 1,710 816 287 2.64 9,241 81 817 21,651 8,409 2,125 6,284 5,835 1,571 740 263 2.57 8,863 82 722 0 635 1,010 121 5,943 350 20,412 8,080 1,928 6,152 5,686 1,470 683 241 2.53 8,575 19,610 7,893 1,813 6,080 5,619 1,402 644 228 2.48 8,408 84 560 0 522 975 105 5,812 350 LAFAYETTE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 9,966 5,872 984 4,888 2,616 1,349 1,051 856 1.70 5,746 20 639 70 1,267 952 392 2,127 279 10,786 6,338 1,210 5,128 3,167 1,354 1,004 813 1.70 6,217 16 297 59 1,404 1,305 1,153 1,903 80 11,109 6,570 1,258 5,312 3,526 1,327 937 780 1.69 6,835 28 158 55 1,504 1,558 1,628 1,800 104 11,346 6,771 1,257 5,514 3,744 1,376 926 725 1.68 6,837 35 120 53 1,499 1,635 1,669 1,708 118 11,260 6,756 1,233 5,523 3,828 1,371 882 675 1.67 6,824 39 85 49 1,477 1,732 1,729 1,571 142 11,137 6,744 1,217 5,527 3,900 1,370 844 630 1.65 6,821 43 63 10,925 6,688 1,192 5,496 3,927 1,359 810 592 1.63 6,791 46 50 43 1,371 1,838 1,822 1,433 188 110 704 1,019 134 6,135 350 544 468 103 2.10 4,668 1 620 312 228 372 107 2,962 66 83 632 0 571 992 113 5,834 350 46 1,426 1,797 1,794 1,483 169 Change -2,304 -999 -579 -420 -835 -185 59 -.05 -1,922 0 72 -191 -123 -359 -145 -1,144 -32 Percent -25.1 -23.2 -50.2 -13.3 -27.4 -25.7 14.7 -27.1 -2.5 -29.7 .0 13.2 -39.1 -37.0 -50.8 -60.2 -28.2 -33.3 Change -11,651 -3,040 -2,045 -995 -1,116 -996 -597 -331 -.37 -2,611 -10 -1,201 -225 -389 40 -98 -612 -116 Percent -37.3 -27.8 -53.0 -14.1 -16.6 -41.5 -48.1 -59.2 -13.1 -23.7 -10.6 -68.2 -100.0 -42.7 4.3 -48.3 -9.5 -24.9 Change 959 816 208 608 1,311 10 -241 -264 -.06 1,045 26 -589 -27 104 886 1,430 -694 -91 Percent 9.6 13.9 21.1 12.4 50.1 .7 -22.9 -30.8 -3.8 18.2 130.0 -92.2 -38.6 8.2 93.1 364.8 -32.6 -32.6 -38 �MACK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration MACKENZIE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration McNICHOLS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 12,829 4,657 1,897 2,760 3,300 739 469 149 2.75 3,200 41 230 172 87 646 33 1,877 114 11,695 4,338 1,680 2,658 3,093 675 436 134 2.70 3,337 44 247 168 83 679 37 1,965 114 11,020 4,172 1,560 2,612 2,993 637 416 126 2.64 3,429 46 253 162 79 702 39 2,035 111 2010 2015 2020 26,938 12,071 2,715 9,356 7,646 2,406 1,427 592 2.23 5,679 1 496 380 206 543 165 3,574 314 22,603 7,653 3,676 3,9TT 5,048 1,565 718 322 2.95 1,821 32 75 132 66 338 20 1,021 137 19,022 6,582 3,091 3,491 4,589 1,199 563 231 2.89 2,195 32 117 165 75 459 24 1,194 129 16,573 5,744 2,679 3,065 4,052 942 564 186 2.89 2,795 34 151 178 83 547 27 1,654 121 14,499 5,108 2,262 2,846 3,599 829 512 168 2.84 3,027 39 201 175 90 598 30 1,778 116 1990 1995 2000 2005 41,997 14,190 6,490 7,700 6,415 3,822 2,536 1,417 2.96 8,100 0 1,254 540 739 1,108 72 3,951 436 39,042 13,663 6,006 7,657 6,953 3,350 2,260 1,100 2.86 6,730 0 869 484 489 940 91 3,487 370 36,102 13,183 5,386 7,797 7,283 2,977 2,036 887 2.74 6,182 1 658 473 367 817 105 3,435 326 33,207 12,734 4,569 8,165 7,338 2,790 1,822 784 2.61 6,030 2 638 451 308 717 117 3,485 312 30,352 12,381 3,685 8,696 7,397 2,627 1,654 703 2.45 5,873 1 595 426 266 645 135 3,493 312 28,215 12,133 3,090 9,043 7,489 2,491 1,517 636 2.33 5,755 1 544 404 231 586 152 3,521 316 1995 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 2000 12,7TT 4,719 1,909 2,810 2,374 1,255 670 420 2.71 4,850 0 1,123 323 587 503 0 2,244 70 11,848 4,423 1,806 2,617 2,321 1,200 562 340 2.68 4,435 0 914 297 531 324 0 2,308 61 10,902 4,140 1,638 2,502 2,238 1,132 482 288 2.63 4,169 1 724 273 474 228 0 2,415 54 10,092 3,906 1,431 2,475 2,121 1,066 456 263 2.58 3,944 2 669 236 413 172 0 2,402 50 9,401 3,732 1,232 2,500 2,023 1,023 438 248 2.52 3,753 1 613 205 360 129 0 2,397 48 8,879 3,607 1,097 2,510 1,952 993 425 237 2.46 3,604 1 552 182 314 101 0 2,408 46 8,456 3,505 1,000 2,505 1,895 970 413 227 2.41 3,506 0 498 163 280 85 0 2,436 44 Change -11,583 -3,481 -2, 116 -1,365 -2,055 -928 -302 -196 -.31 1,608 14 180 30 13 364 19 1,014 -26 Percent -51.2 -45.5 -57.6 -34.3 -40.7 -59.3 -42.1 -60.9 -10.6 88.3 43.8 240.0 22.7 19.7 107.7 95.0 99.3 -19.0 Change -15,059 -2, 119 -3,775 1,656 1,231 -1,416 -1, 109 -825 -.73 -2,421 1 -758 -160 -533 -565 93 -377 -122 Percent -35.9 -14.9 -58.2 21.5 19.2 -37.0 -43.7 -58.2 -24.6 -29.9 .0 -60.4 -29.6 -72.1 -51.0 129.2 -9.5 -28.0 Change -4,321 -1,214 -909 -305 -479 -285 -257 -193 -.30 -1,344 0 -625 -160 -307 -418 0 192 -26 Percent -33.8 -25.7 -47.6 -10.9 -20.2 -22.7 -38.4 -46.0 -10.9 -27.7 .0 -55.7 -49.5 -52.3 -83.1 .0 8.6 -37.1 111 r ) �MT. OLIVET Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 29,650 10,462 4,496 5,966 3,937 3,289 2,159 1,077 2.83 4,856 185 1,094 364 209 880 207 1,761 156 1995 31,471 10,378 5,616 4,762 4,742 3,157 1,723 756 3.03 4,914 221 967 326 304 696 212 2,054 134 2000 32,655 10,287 6,444 3,843 5,503 2,898 1,356 530 3.17 5,039 222 833 309 371 573 207 2,406 118 2005 32,126 10,202 6,295 3,907 5,671 2,835 1,227 469 3.15 5,090 204 837 283 404 487 198 2,564 113 2010 31,728 10,323 6,131 4,192 6,165 2,603 1,094 461 3.07 5,073 200 810 254 435 408 193 2,664 109 2015 31,300 10,411 6,020 4,391 6,522 2,419 1,018 452 3.01 5,041 198 761 230 449 351 191 2,753 108 2020 30,966 10,478 5,964 4,514 6,750 2,305 Change en -1,182 446 2.96 5,001 197 708 210 454 312 186 2,829 105 -631 .12 145 12 -386 -154 245 -568 -21 1,068 -51 .2 32.7 -24.3 71.5 -29.9 -54.7 -58.6 4.3 3.0 6.5 -35.3 -42.3 117.2 -64.5 -10.1 60.6 -32.7 NOLAN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 23,841 8,158 3,593 4,565 4,021 2,242 1,233 662 2.92 2,451 13 356 86 133 640 67 1,123 33 1995 22,475 7,760 3,516 4,244 4,233 2,019 988 520 2.90 2,544 13 360 74 167 720 75 1,107 28 2000 21,005 7,395 3,307 4,088 4,304 1,839 827 425 2.84 2,651 16 348 70 186 761 79 1,166 25 2005 19,604 7,076 2,996 4,080 4,224 1,709 762 381 2.77 2,747 20 386 65 195 754 81 1,222 24 2010 18,317 6,845 2,674 4,171 4,160 1,614 726 345 2.68 2,810 20 404 59 201 765 85 1,253 23 2015 17,286 · 6,681 2,445 4,236 4,114 1,548 698 321 2.59 2,860 20 407 55 201 2020 16,388 6,535 2,265 4,270 4,059 1,497 674 305 2.51 Change Percent 2,898 -7,453 -1,623 -1,328 -295 38 -745 -559 -357 -.41 447 89 1,295 23 21 399 51 199 n1 91 1,343 23 43 -35 66 131 24 220 -10 -31.3 -19.9 -37.0 -6.5 .9 -33.2 -45.3 -53.9 -14.2 18.2 61.5 12.1 -40.7 49.6 20.5 35.8 19.6 -30.3 PALMER PARK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 12,237 5,009 1,503 3,506 855 1,342 1,030 1,782 2.44 2,040 1 99 124 10 399 287 884 236 1995 12,170 5,005 1,480 3,525 817 1,312 1,023 1,853 2.43 1,972 0 104 140 3 335 278 911 201 2000 12,100 5,006 1,433 3,573 798 1,286 996 1,926 2.42 1,998 1 108 163 4 292 258 996 176 2005 11,975 5,008 1,316 3,692 785 1,244 1,043 1,936 2.39 2,031 1 133 166 5 258 236 1,068 164 2010 11,906 5,003 1,233 3,770 770 1,203 1,051 1,979 2.38 2,053 1 141 170 4 229 225 1,124 159 2015 11,830 4,992 1,195 3,797 758 1,174 1,061 1,999 2.37 2,073 1 142 171 4 205 218 1,175 157 2020 11,659 4,942 1,173 3,769 744 1,144 1,063 1,991 2.36 2,089 1 139 168 4 189 210 1,226 152 Change Percent -578 -67 -330 263 -111 -198 33 209 -.08 49 0 40 44 -6 -210 -77 342 -84 -4.7 -1.3 -22.0 7.5 -13.0 -14.8 3.2 11.7 -3.4 2.4 .0 40.4 35.5 -60.0 -52.6 -26.8 38.7 -35.6 112 no 1,316 16 1,468 -1,452 2,813 -984 8 Percent 4.4 �PEMBROKE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration PERSHING Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration REDFORD Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 21,870 8,123 2,789 5,334 2,278 2,323 2,014 1,508 2.69 2,756 0 141 99 162 435 171 1,573 175 2020 Change Percent 21,096 8,113 2,472 5,641 2,427 2,351 1,966 1,369 2.60 2,773 0 153 92 156 538 182 1,530 122 20,377 8,103 2,173 5,930 2,544 2,374 1,908 1,277 2.51 2,865 1 160 91 153 609 181 1,578 92 19,699 8,065 1,866 6,199 2,609 2,414 1,839 1,203 2.44 2,931 2 194 86 153 637 175 1,605 79 19,134 8,018 1,642 6,376 2,664 2,449 1,761 1,144 2.39 2,969 1 205 79 149 678 174 1,614 69 18,638 7,983 1,498 6,485 2,718 2,482 1,697 1,086 2.33 3,001 1 208 73 142 705 175 1,634 63 18,144 7,922 1,399 6,523 2,752 2,494 1,641 1,035 2.29 3,030 0 2)5 -3,726 -201 -1,390 1,189 474 171 -373 -473 -.40 274 0 64 -31 -26 289 2 -17.0 -2.5 -49.8 22.3 20.8 7.4 -18.5 -31.4 -14.9 9.9 .0 45.4 -31.3 -16.0 66.4 1.2 5.9 -66.9 68 136 724 173 1,666 58 93 -117 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 22,476 7,814 3,233 4,581 2,976 2,215 1,652 971 2.88 5,318 0 2,966 110 145 627 37 1,373 60 22,079 7,693 3,309 4,384 3,266 2,135 1,444 848 2.87 5,062 0 2,384 89 166 539 19 1,814 51 21,421 7,540 3,256 4,284 3,460 2,051 1,283 746 2.84 4,899 1 1,838 81 179 471 12 2,272 45 20,763 7,396 3,103 4,293 3,528 2,003 1,192 673 2.81 4,477 2 1,323 73 185 415 9 2,427 43 20,227 7,298 2,970 4,328 3,586 1,962 1,129 621 2.77 4,103 1 948 61 179 354 8 2,512 40 19,775 7,238 2,886 4,352 3,630 1,937 1,087 584 2.73 3,785 1 694 51 160 302 8 2,525 38 19,214 7,137 2,797 4,340 3,621 1,908 1,052 556 2.69 3,529 0 534 44 153 264 -3,262 -677 -436 -241 645 -307 -600 -415 -.18 -1,789 0 -2,432 -66 8 -363 -30 1,119 -25 -14.5 -8.7 -13.5 -5.3 21.7 -13.9 -36.3 -42.7 -6.4 -33.6 .0 -82.0 -60.0 5.5 -57.9 -81.1 81.5 -41.7 7 2,492 35 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 23,443 9,526 3,228 6,298 2,884 2,980 2,479 1,183 2.46 5,094 152 315 99 187 1,005 248 2,773 315 23,789 9,504 3,501 6,003 2,983 3,130 2,470 921 2.50 4,349 152 239 111 207 879 215 2,273 273 23,986 9,468 3,701 5,767 3,046 3,256 2,425 741 2.53 3,957 147 197 124 220 755 187 2,070 257 24,139 9,407 3,788 5,619 3,084 3,241 2,337 745 2.57 3,739 141 209 130 24,315 9,360 3,896 5,464 3,100 3,238 2,295 727 2,60 3,543 141 203 136 232 584 158 1,839 250 24,448 9,349 4,020 5,329 3,114 3,249 2,269 717 2.62 3,398 143 191 139 229 524 151 1,766 255 24,301 9,273 4,096 5,177 3,085 3,242 2,238 708 2.62 3,300 144 179 140 225 483 144 1,730 255 858 -253 868 -1, 121 201 262 -241 -475 .16 -1,794 -8 -136 41 38 -522 -104 -1,043 -60 3.7 -2.7 26.9 -17.8 7.0 8.8 -9.7 -40.2 6.5 -35.2 -5.3 -43.2 41.4 20.3 ~51.9 -41.9 -37.6 -19.0 228 661 170 1,952 248 113 �2005 24,801 10,745 3,173 7,572 7,280 2,320 799 346 2.31 11,829 2 186 415 375 1,103 625 8,856 267 2010 23,484 10,4TT 2,794 7,683 7,188 2,204 755 330 2.24 11,848 1 169 405 371 1,162 619 8,857 264 2015 22,514 10,293 2,565 7,728 7,145 2,117 718 313 2.19 11,842 1 151 392 357 1,195 617 8,859 270 2020 21,842 10,206 2,416 7,790 7,154 2,060 692 300 2.14 11,905 0 136 376 344 1,217 609 8,951 272 Change Percent -7,144 -1,477 -1,627 150 -37 -689 -509 -242 -.34 3,344 0 -179 41 76 713 -69 2,857 -95 -24.6 -12.6 -40.2 2.0 -.5 -25.1 -42.4 -44.6 -13.7 39.1 .0 -56.8 12.2 719 7,933 313 2000 26,172 11,051 3,581 7,470 7,413 2,456 831 351 2.37 11,658 1 180 418 366 982 691 8,747 273 141 .5 -10.2 46.9 -25.9 1995 20,445 6,547 3,572 2,975 928 1,350 1,967 2,302 3.12 2,475 38 128 5 9 535 248 1,416 96 2000 20,328 6,450 3,632 2,818 895 1,348 1,947 2,260 3.15 2,567 42 126 4 9 453 248 1,602 83 2005 20,182 6,398 3,583 2,815 864 1,351 1,956 2,227 3.15 2,578 2010 19,984 6,339 3,533 2,806 2015 19,950 6,341 3,570 2,n1 827 1,324 2,012 2,178 3.15 2,548 57 146 2 8 288 232 1,745 70 2020 19,837 6,325 3,614 2,711 803 1,314 2,036 2,172 3.14 2,539 60 140 2 7 258 228 1,778 66 Change Percent -148 -220 267 -487 -144 -51 511 -48 -.7 -3.4 8.0 -15.2 -15.2 -3.7 4.0 -4.5 2.7 2.1 57.9 11 .1 -71.4 -87.3 -60.2 -.9 40.3 -42.1 1995 24,774 9,560 3,591 5,969 3,345 3,279 1,909 1,027 2.59 2,082 6 72 59 105 641 123 1,076 0 2000 24,683 9,557 3,705 5,852 3,640 3,355 1,702 860 2.58 1,913 7 64 59 107 519 138 1,019 0 2005 24,496 9,509 3,663 5,846 3,798 3,321 1,603 787 2.58 Percent ROSA PARKS Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 28,986 11,683 4,043 7,640 7,191 2,749 1,201 542 2.48 8,561 0 315 335 268 504 678 6,094 367 1995 27,374 11 ,338 3,792 7,546 7,363 2,592 978 405 2.41 10,679 0 226 388 330 ROSEDALE PARK Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 19,985 6,545 3,347 3,198 947 1,365 1,958 2,275 3.05 2,486 ROUGE Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 24,731 9,582 3,352 6,230 3,002 3,149 2,181 1,250 2.58 114 38 126 7 55 649 230 1,267 114 2,491 7 87 62 112 832 97 1,294 0 no 48 146 4 11 389 236 1,667 n 1,841 9 72 56 111 435 147 1,011 0 844 1,332 1,978 2,185 3.15 2,566 52 149 3 9 332 234 1,714 73 2010 24,371 9,4n 3,647 5,830 3,923 3,287 1,530 737 2.57 1,773 10 69 54 111 369 164 996 0 78 -103 .08 53 22 14 -5 -48 -391 -2 2015 2020 Change 24,248 23,898 9,477 3,665 5,812 4,022 3,271 1,482 702 2.56 1,720 10 65 51 108 319 180 9,405 3,652 5,753 -833 -1n 300 -477 1,047 91 -737 987 988 0 0 4,049 3,240 1,444 2.54 1,689 -578 -.04 -802 11 60 4 -27 49 -13 105 285 191 -7 -547 94 -306 0 672 28.4 -3.4 -1.8 8.9 -7.7 34.9 2.9 -33.8 -46.2 -1.5 -32.2 57.1 -31.0 -21.0 -6.3 -65.7 96.9 -23.6 .0 �ST.JEAN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration STATE FAIR Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration TIREMAN Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 23,265 8,276 3,234 5,042 5,267 1,847 843 319 2.81 5,955 0 1,574 283 96 438 124 3,111 329 21,335 7,674 2,914 4,760 5,136 1,617 685 236 2.78 8,184 0 4,724 280 127 531 145 2,090 287 19,624 7,139 2,644 4,495 4,931 1,427 588 193 2.75 8,949 1 5,805 273 148 601 156 1,709 256 18,062 6,685 2,298 4,387 4,636 1,316 543 190 2.70 8,704 1 5,704 251 158 637 160 1,554 239 16,674 6,332 1,971 4,361 4,420 1,226 508 178 2.63 8,505 1 5,735 224 155 656 164 1,345 225 15,683 6,080 1,TT6 4,304 4,275 1,161 478 166 2.58 8,333 1 5,671 207 152 6TT 170 1,232 223 15,062 5,946 1,662 4,284 4,212 1,119 458 157 2.53 8,078 1 5,490 192 148 691 174 1,165 217 -8,203 -2,330 -1,572 -758 -1,055 -728 -385 -162 -.28 2,123 1 3,916 -91 52 253 50 -1,946 -112 -35.3 -28.2 -48.6 -15.0 -20.0 -39.4 -45.7 -50.8 -9.9 35.7 n/a 248.8 -32.2 54.2 57.8 40.3 -62.6 -34.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 11,812 3,855 1,935 1,920 2,533 741 320 261 3.06 3,156 0 625 49 313 781 44 1,306 38 10,132 3,231 1,786 1,445 2,403 461 190 1TT 3.14 2,811 0 489 0 222 658 66 1,344 32 8,844 2,820 1,598 1,222 2,223 321 134 142 3.14 2,603 1 386 0 169 561 78 1,380 28 7,965 2,502 1,444 1,058 1,997 273 122 110 3.18 2,473 2 365 0 139 477 84 1,381 25 7,547 2,311 1,389 922 1,866 239 109 97 3.27 2,363 1 338 0 116 408 94 1,383 23 7,185 2,169 1,343 826 1,766 215 101 87 3.31 2,281 1 307 0 98 357 104 1,392 22 6,787 2,040 1,283 757 1,667 198 94 81 3.33 2,226 0 278 0 86 321 110 1,410 21 -5,025 -1,815 -652 -1,163 -866 -42.5 -47.1 -33.7 -60.6 -34.2 -73.3 -70.6 -69.0 8.6 -29.5 .0 -55.5 -100.0 -72.5 -58.9 150.0 8.0 -44.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Change Percent 26,325 9,711 3,731 5,980 5,899 2,169 1,189 454 2.71 5,461 46 1,422 641 691 538 63 1,812 248 24,081 9,040 3,485 5,555 5,905 1,934 933 268 2.66 4,446 46 568 528 486 710 56 1,861 22,224 8,462 3,237 5,225 5,735 1,755 20,650 7,968 2,917 5,051 5,441 1,623 705 199 2.59 4,331 55 402 404 295 901 50 2,072 152 18,186 7,337 2,363 4,974 5,026 1,499 633 179 2.48 4,220 62 318 299 194 1,042 46 2,107 152 17,400 7,159 2,219 4,940 4,921 1,458 608 172 2.43 4,184 64 282 264 165 1,081 -8,925 -2,552 -1,512 -1,040 -978 -711 -581 -282 -.28 -1,2TT 18 -1,140 -3TT -526 543 -19 318 -94 -33.9 -26.3 -40.5 -17.4 -16.6 -32.8 -48.9 -62.1 -10.3 -23.4 39.1 -80.2 -58.8 -76.1 100.9 -30.2 191 n8 194 2.63 4,368 50 428 468 368 842 52 2,001 159 19,244 7,601 2,581 5,020 5,193 1,553 666 189 2.53 4,271 59 360 344 237 984 48 2,089 150 44 2,130 154 -543 -226 -180 .26 -930 0 -347 -49 -227 -460 66 104 -17 17.5 -37.9 115 Ill I �1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 17,002 9,890 1,062 8,828 7,451 1,392 701 346 1.72 39,743 95 211 164 142 3,094 407 34,944 686 17,630 10,363 1,059 9,304 7,730 1,354 824 455 1.70 40,785 88 70 151 112 3,241 343 36,177 603 19,453 11,311 1,198 10,113 8,093 1,590 1,007 621 1.72 40,667 83 66 134 100 3,249 289 36,146 600 19,596 11,250 1,215 10,035 7,762 1,703 1,090 695 1.74 40,399 85 52 114 86 3,299 271 35,884 608 19,694 11,217 1,244 9,973 7,507 1,802 1,156 752 1.76 40,221 87 42 100 74 3,286 258 35,753 621 19,662 11,146 1,265 9,881 7,290 1,869 1,197 790 1.76 40,462 88 35 89 65 3,268 246 36,051 620 UNIVERSITY Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 16,692 9,576 1,'047 8,529 7,224 1,466 603 283 1.74 40,475 99 631 182 209 2,738 468 35,367 781 WINTER-HALTER Total Population Total Households With Children Without Children Income Quartile 1 Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4 Persons Per Household Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res Manufacturing TCU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Pub Administration 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 22,045 8,901 3,338 5,563 5,188 1,965 1,134 614 2.48 3,091 0 283 114 401 493 98 1,540 162 20,452 8,479 3,103 5,376 5,385 1,700 926 468 2.41 3,335 0 213 131 354 640 111 1,740 146 19,159 8,112 2,872 5,240 5,452 1,485 789 386 2.36 3,599 1 174 147 317 741 115 1,971 133 17,900 7,766 2,541 5,225 5,332 1,379 715 340 2.30 3,679 2 179 147 283 776 114 2,052 126 16,743 7,494 2,210 5,284 5,231 1,292 659 312 2.23 3,710 1 164 145 248 827 115 2,088 122 15,405 7,296 1,841 5,455 5,333 1,137 559 267 2.11 3,732 1 148 143 218 860 117 2,124 121 15,345 7,207 1,881 5,326 5,177 1,181 580 269 2.13 3,748 0 134 138 196 882 117 2,163 118 1990 DETROIT 1,027,979 Total Population 373,998 Total Households With Children 150,332 Without Children 223,666 Income Quartile 1 174,340 96,043 Income Quartile 2 63,580 Income Quartile 3 40,035 Income Quartile 4 2.75 Persons Per Household 412,490 Total Employment Ag, Min, Nat Res 2,207 63,371 Manufacturing 31,324 TCU Wholesale Trade 20,377 Retail Trade 49,504 32,761 FIRE Services 184,965 Pub Administration 27,981 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 992,291 360,477 150,926 209,551 180,482 89,246 56,663 34,086 2.75 383,716 2,242 55,701 26,945 18,551 45,398 27,521 182,465 24,893 952,023 349,288 145,954 203,334 182,622 84,373 51,975 30,318 2.73 368,879 2,236 50,595 24,513 17,663 42,660 22,302 186,799 22,111 915,952 339,923 137,457 202,466 181,205 81,003 49,148 28,567 2.69 357,343 2,253 48,233 22,916 16,663 40,603 19,167 185,814 21,694 884,345 332,531 129,916 202,615 180,707 77,836 46,696 27,292 2.66 348,206 2,291 46,380 22,179 15,729 38,995 17,889 183,115 21,628 858,648 327,215 125,251 201,964 180,620 75,432 44,877 26,286 2.62 341,745 2,360 44,021 21,764 14,800 37,737 17,434 181,898 21,731 837,294 322,892 122,197 200,695 179,857 73,836 43,665 25,534 2.59 337,352 2,401 41,401 21,425 14,025 36,801 16,937 182,628 21,734 116 Change 2,970 1,570 218 1,352 66 403 594 507 .02 -13 -11 -596 -93 -144 530 -222 684 -161 Percent 17.8 16.4 20.8 15.9 .9 27.5 98.5 179.2 1.2 .0 -11.1 -94.5 -51.1 -68.9 19.4 -47.4 1.9 -20.6 Change -6,700 -1,694 -1,457 -237 -11 -784 -554 -345 -.35 657 0 -149 24 -205 389 19 623 -44 Percent -30.4 -19.0 -43.6 -4.3 -.2 -39.9 -48.9 -56.2 -14.0 21.3 .0 -52.7 21.1 -51.1 78.9 19.4 40.5 -27.2 Change -190,685 -51,106 -28,135 -22,971 5,517 -22,207 -19,915 -14,501 -.16 -75, 138 194 -21,970 -9,899 -6,352 -12,703 -15,824 -2,337 -6,247 Percent -18.5 -13.7 -18.7 -10.3 3.2 -23.1 -31.3 -36.2 -5.7 -18.2 8.8 -34.7 -31.6 -31.2 -25.7 -48.3 -1.3 -22.3 ~ �ANITA ASHFORD Chairperson Councilmember City of Port Huron DOUGLAS WOOLLEY First Vice Chairperson Supervisor Pittsfield Township GERALDINE HOOD Vice Chairperson Supervisor West Bloomfield Township DIANA KOLAKOWSKI Vice Chairperson Commissioner Macomb County Board of Commissioners DANTE J. LANZETTA, JR. Vice Chairperson Commissioner City of Birmingham MARJORIE THOMAS Vice Chairperson President, /SD of St. Clair County Board of Education JOHN FUNK Immediate Past Chairperson Commissioner Monroe County JOHN M. AMBERGER Executive Director 1111___ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Detroit_Regional-Development-Forecast_1996 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996-04 Title A name given to the resource 2020 Regional Development Forecast: Population, Households and Employment for Cities, Villages, Townships and Detroit Subcommunities Description An account of the resource The 2020 Regional Development Forecast: Population, Households and Employment for Cities, Villages, Townships and Detroit Subcommunities report was prepared in April 1996 by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. Subject The topic of the resource population research Detroit, Michigan Wayne County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f0d72dabe8bd81556eadabd81c9f0cbd.mp4 0665e4de7f68fe62fa53478c51fac876 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ab0c8e563bd8291b7fca14bdd15afc1b.pdf 2ff2eeb0cc705661baecd82f540f906a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Bradford Sutherland (00:32:40) (00:00:00) Background • Born on 29 June 1936 at Sparrow Hospital in Lansing, MI • Lived in a trailer in back of his grandmother’s farm o Two siblings and his parents o Land that he lived on is now owned by Michigan State University • Moved to Clemens St., across from Potter Park Zoo • Later moved back to the country, which he liked better than the city • Discovered a gift for painting • Went to Diamondale High School o Was an unruly student o Later went to Charlotte High School, to increase his chances of getting into college • Worked for the Knights of Columbus from 10th through 12th grade o Intensive labor o Prepared him for factory work • Worked for Oldsmobile after high school • 1956-1957 – attended Michigan State University as an art major o Required to do officer’s training o Decided to try a career in the Air Force � Stationed at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas • Went through tech school • Went through basic training � Later stationed outside of Spokane, WA • Fought fires • Went to church each Sunday • Made ceramics at a hobby shop that was run by a Sergeant’s wife (00:07:58) England • Chose to go to England for overseas duty o Did not want to go to a country where the language was different o “Wanted to see England.” • Stopped in Michigan, before going overseas, to get engaged • His captain flew B-52s o While the captain was on leave, his crew hit a mountain and died o Stopped flying immediately after that incident • Worked in the munitions squadron o Originally had a “dull” job on the base o Job in the munitions squadron left him isolated �Wanted to go back to college after the service, but never did o Did not do much painting while in the service • Saw a lot of Europe o Traveled during his leave time • Drove a Volkswagen that he bought for $1143 (00:12:12) Leaving the military • Came home in 1963, the same year JFK was assassinated • Stayed in bunkers during Cuban Missile Crisis • Flew on a 707 back to McGuire Air Force Base o His family went back to Michigan o Drove two men back to Grand Rapids before returning to Lansing • Lived in an apartment in Lansing o Got a job at a post office � Hurt his back on the job � Had a hard time finding a job after his injury o The government sent him to drafting school, and did some drafting jobs • Went through a period of doing temporary jobs • Moved to Grand Rapids o Always wanted to live in Grand Rapids o Lived in a trailer park o Held a job as an inspector � Held the job for thirteen years � A heart operation caused him to quit the job • Did not have much insurance • The military paid for the operation • (00:17:55) Moving into the Veterans’ home • Moved in due to health and money problems • Started painting again o Mostly with acrylics � Acrylic paint dries faster than oil-based paints � Allows him to work faster o Discusses his uncle � World War II Marine � Was a designer for General Motors, and introduced him to acrylic paints • His mother is 90 years old o In perfect health o Never smoked or drank • Describes doing portraits and other types of painting that he enjoys o Once did a portrait of a friend, who later drowned o Did not do portraits for a long time afterward (00:23:35) Marriage • Got married overseas �• • • Divorced in 1975 Has two daughters o One lives in Byron Center, MI o The other moved to Florida His ex-wife is on her fourth marriage (00:26:25) Back surgery • Was told that he could not work overtime • Had a 35 lbs. lifting limitation • Did not prosecute the Post Office o No union there to help him o Did not seek worker’s comp. • Went to a psychologist, who referred him to a lawyer o The lawyer was unwilling to help him o The injury caused him to lose all of his money, because he could not get a job • • • • • • (00:29:26) “Anything you want to mention to your daughters?” Does not know what to say to them He is grateful that he never “laid a hand” on them Is proud that they married good men o Refers to them as “good Christians” o Shows extreme fondness for the son-in-law that lives in Florida Is glad that he is in the Veterans’ home, so that he is not a burden on his children Recommends the Air Force to anyone End (00:32:40) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SoutherlandB Title A name given to the resource Southerland, Bradford (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Southerland, Bradford Description An account of the resource Bradford Sutherland is an Air Force veteran who entered the military after completing two years at Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI as an art student. His introduction to the military was through an officer's training course that was required by the university, causing him to take an interest in having a career with the Air Force. He spent his time in the US Air Force at bases in Texas, Washington, and in England. In this interview, Sutherland describes his experiences in the service, including the time that he spent traveling throughout Europe. Sutherland also describes many of the hardships that veterans endure once their time in the service has expired. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Warren, Alvin (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Air Force Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-29 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a6ea6bd471ddf35d72d9c00a3b2da105.mp4 94357a92102d0cae8364fc8a6832ae7c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2e444e6154ec41a0c9be2e3c95d3763f.pdf 44ebfafb2ac8fb69c441503ad7b8c148 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Jim Southerland Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Grace Balog Interviewer: We are talking today with Jim Southerland of Nashville, Tennessee. And the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay Jim, start us off with a little bit of background on yourself, and to begin with, where and when were you born? Veteran: Okay, I was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1946 to—my mother was a stay-at-home mother and my father was a technician with Bell Telephone. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And in ’54, ’55, he moved to a transfer in Arkansas. And that’s basically where I grew up. Interviewer: Okay. And what town in Arkansas did you go to school in? Veteran: Stuttgart. Interviewer: Okay, and where is that in the state? Veteran: It’s…The middle of the east part. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Rice end, swamp end, duck and gator country. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: Good training for Vietnam. Interviewer: Okay. And now, did you finish high school? �Veteran: I did. Interviewer: And what year did you graduate? Veteran: ’64. Interviewer: Okay, and what did you do when you got out of high school? Veteran: Well, I had—I was working as a surveyor. Was in a surveyor crew and then I worked for a timber crew there. And then I tried to go to college for a semester and that didn’t work. Then I joined the Army. Interviewer: Okay. So, when did you actually join the Army? Veteran: May 19th, ’65. Interviewer: Okay. At the time you joined, did you have any idea that things were heating up in Vietnam? Or there might be a war to get into? Veteran: That was sort of a glimmer off in the distance. You read about it every now and then and you knew things were getting ready to happen. Interviewer: Okay. And did you, when you did this, did you think hey, that would be interesting to get involved in? Veteran: That’s why I joined. Interviewer: Okay. So, you went looking for the action rather than— Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, now once you enlist, where do they send you for basic training? Veteran: Went to Fort Polk, Louisiana for basic training then Fort Gordon, Georgia, which is just outside of Augusta for U.S. infantry training. Then 3 weeks at Fort Benning for jump school. And then I went to Germany. �Interviewer: Alright. Now, we will back up here to Fort Polk. When you show up for basic training, what kind of reception do you get? Veteran: Well, it’s nothing like Full Metal Jacket. There’s a specialist with a clipboard under his arm, he says, “Okay men, get off the bus. I am going to call off your name, answer. When I call you, move over here. And then go have a seat.” That’s it. (00:02:19) Interviewer: Okay, so some relatively polite at that point— Veteran: Nothing dramatic. Yeah, oh yeah. Interviewer: Okay. And once they—now, do they have a kind—do they have a processing where they cut your hair, all that kind of stuff? Veteran: Oh yeah. And they issue—there’s a rep—if I recall, it’s called a replacement detachment, where you go spend 2 or 3 days and you are issued uniforms and they start your shots and that sort of thing. Interviewer: Okay. Now, how long was the actual training once you started it? Veteran: There was 8 weeks of basic. Interviewer: Okay, so you’re down to 8 weeks by that time. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Now, what did the basic training consist of? Because not everybody knows that. Veteran: Well, it’s…Okay, close order drill, marching, and that’s more important than we realized at the time. When you got to operate as a unit, in unison. Sanitation, military justice, physical training, riflery, rifle marksmanship, gas training, going through just the rudiments. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And everybody gets to throw 1 grenade. I got to throw 2. �Interviewer: Alright, why did you get 2? Veteran: Because I wanted 2. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, you laughed at sanitation. Were there guys who didn’t know how to bathe? Veteran: Well, it’s—there were some…Yeah. Yeah. And I, actually, when I said sanitation, I was talking perhaps in the bigger plane of field sanitation where you put the latrine over here and kitchen over here. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: You wash—yeah, so. But yeah, there were some…A couple who couldn’t read or write. And they sent them off somewhere. And some people had not been raised with the rudiments of personal hygiene and they got special attention until they learned the rudiments of personal hygiene. (00:04:12) Interviewer: Alright. How easy or hard was it for you to adjust to life in the Army? Veteran: I didn’t have a bit of problem. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I was expecting it to be more rigorous. Interviewer: Okay. Did you have people who had told you they were going to be tough on you or how it would work? Or you just kind of assumed? Veteran: They just—there’s drill instruct—drill sergeants. They don’t have drill instructors in the Army. Drill sergeants have a lesson plan every day and they present it and you do what they tell you and if you do it, they leave you alone. Interviewer: Now, were there guys who had more trouble? Veteran: Oh yeah. People who didn’t want to do it or people with poor coordination or low IQ. �Interviewer: And what would they do with people who weren’t doing it right? Veteran: Well, usually they would leave it up to members of the squad. Say okay when this guy gets it right, you get to go to chow. Interviewer: Okay. So, they are building teamwork. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. Now did you, when you enlist, were you asked to have any—express any kind of preference for what sort of training you were going to get? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Okay and so what did you ask for? Veteran: I want to be a paratrooper. Interviewer: Okay. And they were happy to oblige you? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Alright. So, let’s take us on to Fort Gordon then. What goes on there? Veteran: Fort Gordon is infantry training. You learn infantry school—tactics up through the squad and familiarization with weapons that a squad would use: rifles, automatic rifles, machine guns. And they put me in a mortar squad. So, where I trained with mortars every day. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And then there’s more close order drill. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: More marching, more PT. Interviewer: What size mortar did they train you on? Veteran: 81. That’s the only—okay, I started to say that. That was the standard infantry company level mortar. 81. It’s changed now, I understand, but we had 81 mortar. �Interviewer: Okay. Because in World War 2 they had 60 millimeter. Veteran: They now have 60s at the company now. Interviewer: And then there are heavier ones but that’s artillery stuff. Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: But light ones or whatever. Veteran: The battalion level mortars they call 107, they used to be called 4.2 inch. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And that’s what I wound up doing in Germany. (00:06:27) Interviewer: Okay. Alright, so you’ve got mortar training as well as infantry training. And is that another 8 weeks? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, and then you said from there you go on to jump school? Veteran: Go to jump school. Interviewer: Okay, and where was that? Veteran: Fort Benning, Georgia. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: 42nd student company. Interviewer: Okay. And then how does the process work? Veteran: That’s pretty rigorous. You start off with a week of intense PT and then you get a week in the harnesses towers and then you get a week jumping. Interviewer: Okay. Explain the harnesses towers part. �Veteran: Okay, there’s 2 towers. There’s a 34-foot tower and there’s this who was explaining to me the purpose of jumping out of that 20-foot—34-foot tower, is to overcome the natural human reluctance to jump into thin air. And the first time you do it, that reluctance is there. Interviewer: Alright. And now what is protecting you when you jump off? What keeps you from— Veteran: You got a harness. Interviewer: Is that kind of like— Veteran: You slide down a rope. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Is there—is there something that’s elastic that will…Like a giant bungee cord kind of thing or…? Veteran: Yeah, just a rope you slide down. Now, to put that in perspective, we had people—we had troops who couldn’t do it. They refused. They walked down. Now, some years later, I went to a reunion where they let us play with the tower. And we had 10-year old kids that jumped off the tower 22 times in 30 minutes. Interviewer: Now, it’s just great fun. Okay. Alright, so you do the towers. You have the 34foot tower and there’s a taller tower? Veteran: There’s a 250-foot tower that came from the world fair in the—somewhere in New Jersey. And they have a steel ring inside a parachute canopy to keep it extended. They pull you up to the top and they release you and you practice guiding the parachute to the ground. And that’s fun. (00:08:22) Interviewer: Okay. And then you get the real thing? �Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay, so what is the first jump like? Veteran: Okay. If an instructor got up on the platform, he said, “Okay, I need 100 men to jump without a parachute.” He’d have got 200. You’re pretty well indoctrinated by the end. You got it straight on the basics. Safety. Good exit. Good recover. Interviewer: So, do you remember your first jump out of a plane? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Okay. What was that like? Veteran: I was so busy making sure that I had proper form and could—I was going to do the execute the drop right. Really didn’t pay much attention to the drop, to the fall. I did not enjoy the—did not have a chance to enjoy the scenery. Interviewer: Alright. Well, how high up do they drop you from? Veteran: About 1000-1200 feet. Something like that. Interviewer: Okay, so there’s not a lot of time to think about it then? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. Now, is this something where the ripcord is pulled for you as you jump out of the plane or do you do that yourself? Veteran: Well, there’s really no—the ripcord is a static line that is hooked to your pack tray and I am trying to remember how…It’s 12 feet or 18 feet long. It’s a yellow nylon cord. It’s got a hook on the end of it. You hook it up over a cable. I give you the proper command. Hook up and there’s a pin that goes through to secure it. And a jump master does this and that says okay, secure the pin. And then you—jump master does this, which the command is sound off. And you sound off, make sure you inspect the man in front of you and his safety. And then the jump �master opens the door and he’s standing waiting for the red light to go green. When the green light goes, he pats you on the back and you go out the door. (00:10:18) Interviewer: Right. But then are you connected so that the parachute opens automatically. Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah, when you go out the door, that static line pulls your pack, or your chute, open. Now, you have a reserve right here on your harness. And right here is a ripcord for that. And supposedly at that altitude, 1000s or 1200 feet, if you have a malfunction, you’ve got time to react with the reserve. Interviewer: Right. Okay, now how many jumps do you make then? Veteran: 5. Interviewer: Okay. And is it always the same way? I mean, is it always the automatic opening of the chute as you go out? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: That’s just the standard way they do it? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Okay, so now you have gotten through that. Were there guys who were getting hurt doing those jumps? I mean, could you break things when you land? Veteran: We had more people get hurt in the physical training. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Plenty of PT, so…I don’t recall any injuries… Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: …In the jump week. Interviewer: Very good. Okay, you have done all of this. And now, do they send you home before you go to Germany or…? �Veteran: Yeah, I went home for a couple weeks. And then I went to Fort Dix, New Jersey. Waited around for about 2 or 3 weeks for a replacement detachment. And then we boarded a ship. Boarded a ship and went to Bremerhaven. Took 8 days. Interviewer: Alright. Now, during your time when you were sitting around in New Jersey, could you go into New York City? Or you just sit around? Veteran: You were supposed to sit there. It was pretty easy to get out the gate though. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah, I went to New York a couple of times. Interviewer: Alright. Okay, now you’re on a boat so describe that trip. Veteran: Oh, that’s the worst experience I have ever had in my life. Just 2 or 3 or, I don’t know, 3 or 4000 G.I.s on this troop ship and they are sleeping in bunks 3 or 4 high. You stand in line for hours to get any chow. The chow is nasty. People throwing up in the chow. People throwing up in the dining hall. Food is terrible. Half the people on KP, half the people on guard duty. I used to hide out in the welding shop. (00:12:31) Interviewer: Alright. How long was the trip? Veteran: 8 days. Interviewer: 8 days, okay. And what time of year was this now? Veteran: November. Interviewer: Okay, so north Atlantic, November…maybe not a great place to be? Veteran: Well, you could stand on the rail. You stand on the rail like this, and maybe—you see maybe 30-40-foot seas. And the ship would lift up and come down. And you could see those waves coming at you. And that’s all you see is waves for 1000s of miles. Feels kind of lonely and exposed out there. �Interviewer: So, just as well you didn’t pick the Navy at that point. Veteran: Yeah. The water temperature was probably 50 degrees, 40 degrees that time of year. And we—supposedly, our trip to this was 300 miles to Iceland. Interviewer: Okay. So, now you get into Bremerhaven. What happens? Veteran: You get out. They get the cattle off, cattle boat. And they pack you on trains. And they send you to the various division replacement training centers. Interviewer: Okay. So where did— Veteran: I was the 8th Division in Karlsruhe, which is, I would say, due west 30 or 40 miles from Frankfurt. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Veteran: That was headquarters, the 8th Division. Interviewer: Okay. And then once you got there, what did they do with you? Veteran: Oh, you stand in line and get—we got new kits—certain equipment and indoctrination and familiarization on Europe and KP and painted and did details. And finally, got out of there after 3 or 4 days and got to the unit. (00:14:12) Interviewer: Okay. And so, what unit now do you join? Veteran: I was in the same thing, 509th airborne in the Robert E. Lee barracks, MainzGonsenheim. Interviewer: Alright. And now that you’re there, what’s your job? Veteran: Oh, they put me in a mortar platoon. And they found out I had an IQ of 70 or 80 or above and understood the basic 4 functions of math, they made me a fire computer. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: The computer, it had an actual computer for air and elevation for the guns. �Interviewer: Alright. Now, when we’re saying computer, are we talking about what we think of as a computer now or you are doing the calculations? Veteran: No, it’s—you, you’re doing it on a piece of graph paper. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And you got a slide rule, it’s not a slide rule. I forget what it’s called. Looks like a slide rule and it’s got the charges on it. And then, you got a range—range tables to give you elevation. And so, they give you—you figure out the target and you knew where the guns are and you plot the arrows with the guns set on their sights and the charges make it go so far. Interviewer: So, you could—charges, so you X amount of powder, explosives, propels it, and you have more if you are going to shoot farther and less for less? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Same with larger artillery? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay so, were these the larger mortars you had? Veteran: These were 107s, yeah. And as a matter of fact, they—the training for the 107s was done on a standard artillery plotting kit and it was conducted by division artillery. Whereas the 81s were conducted at the company level. Interviewer: Okay. So now, what sort of reception do you get within the mortar platoon? How do they treat the new guys when they come in? Veteran: Brutal. It was brutal. “Boy, you’re going to die. You’re little. You won’t last here. You’ll be gone in 6 months.” (00:16:11) Interviewer: So, what actually happens in those first few weeks? �Veteran: Oh, you learn—you learn your spot. But now the unit was out in the field when I first got there and I was on KP every day. Finally, the 1st sergeant comes by. I had been on KP for about 8 days and it’s from sun-up until midnight. I said, “1st Sergeant, how do I get off KP?” He said, “Boy, you want to get off KP?” And I said “Uh-huh.” He said, “When you get off KP, come see me between 2 and 5 in the afternoon.” So, couple days later I go in his office and he said, “I didn’t think you’d show up but come in here.” And he reached down and he got out a stack of field manuals like this. And he said, “Read those, learn how to shine your boots, and get a haircut, and you go up to soldier of the month. You make soldier of the month, you’ll be ED— exempt from duty for 1 month.” So, I shined my boots. I had 2 pairs of jump boots. I shined them both every night. Kept my hair shaved like—almost like this. And read those—read and committed those manuals to memory. And I made soldier of the month. First time a buck private ever made soldier of the month. And I was off—I was exempt from duty for the next month. Interviewer: Okay. How did the guys in your unit feel about that? Veteran: Like chicken shit. Life were—suck ass. I made everybody look bad. And that was right off the bat. So, it was a…It was an interesting experience. I had respect for my superiors and the derision of my cohorts. Interviewer: Alright. Now, does the—how long did you wind up spending with them? Veteran: Oh, almost a year. (00:18:00) Interviewer: Okay. Now, how did your relationship—or, does your relationship with the guys change over the course of that year? Veteran: Yeah, because I got to be their boss in a couple days. Interviewer: So…So, what do you wind up—I mean, how are you spending most of your time then with them? When you’re with that unit, what are you doing day to day? �Veteran: Oh…Endless maintenance. Motor pool every day. Trying to keep that junk hanging together and operating. And there’s daily training on common subjects like nuclear warfare, chemical warfare, drills with chemical warfare and drills with biological drills. The first—you take 2 or 3 first aid classes a week. Interviewer: And would you also get field exercises? Veteran: Oh yeah, you get to go to the field for a month at a time. Interviewer: Okay. And where would you go? Veteran: We would go to, there was—it was training area that belonged to the 8th division called Baumholder. And then there was a 7th Army training area where we’d jump, Grafenberg. That was 7th Army eastern training area and I think we went to a training area called Wildefliecken a couple times. And then right across the river from us, there was a—the 8th division had an airfield, 5th Army airfield. And we would go down there and do a lot of training practice. And that’s also—now, in Germany, you got these ammunition dumps all over the place, left over from World War 2, built since then. And any given time, a 30 company is going to be on guard site. They’re going to be out guarding one of these ammo dumps or quarter master depot. They finally got smart and hired civilians to do that because we stole too much stuff. The quarter master dumped us. (00:20:05) Interviewer: Now— Veteran: At that airfield, there was also the special ammo supply point, which is an Army euphemism for nuclear weapons storage. In any infantry division at that time, you had these small nukes, SASP—we called them Davy Crocket. They had the yield on that weapon is about this big around, like this. I think it’s a tenth of a kiloton. And the ground zero was 5000 meters. And the maximum range is 4000 meters. Do the math on that one. �Interviewer: Well, the 5000 meter is a diameter as opposed to radius so you’re automatically shooting yourself. Veteran: Yeah. Yeah and then let’s see, we had artillery. We had—I think we had 155, 8-inch artillery pieces that had nuclear projectiles. And maybe some—maybe like an honest—I don’t if we had honest, I don’t know if the division had Honest John missiles or not. But anyway, we got—the parachute units got to guard that, the SASP a lot. Interviewer: Okay. Now, did they tell you what your job would be if the Soviets came over the border? Veteran: You know, they never articulated that. They never articulate—and we used to have these alerts. 3 o’clock in the morning, the alert sirens would go off and you’d turn to and get your weapons and get on the vehicle and go to the assembly area. And the assembly area would be some spot you had never gone to before. You get to the assembly area and you do some kind of Mickey Mouse and then about noon you would head back. And from the assembly area, which might be 20 kilometers, to your concern, you could almost walk back on dead vehicles. I knew the Russians were laughing their ass off every time they watched one of these alarms. (00:22:05) Interviewer: Alright. Now, I guess as a parachute unit, you might well be some kind of reaction or reserve force? Veteran: Indeed. Now, we used to have a mini reaction and quick reaction. The mini quick reaction is—they are sitting in a pair and their trailer is outside with weapons and explosives on. And the planes are sitting on the ramp. And there’s trailers with parachutes on. And I think you could be out of there in 15 minutes. The main, it was 24 hours or something like that. And we used to go up to this air force base and some time before I got there, some hooligans—I am not �sure what—I understand they took over the EM club and they had started fights and so. So, when we went on up, they locked us in the hangar. Interviewer: Alright. Now, you were still expected to function actually as a parachute unit? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: You would drop into places and parachute places. So, you’re not getting helicopters at this point? Veteran: They didn’t really have too many helicopters. 8th division probably had…I would think they would be hard put to lift a company, 200-man company. Interviewer: Okay. Of course, we are now kind of early ’66 for a lot of this and then the helicopter— Veteran: Before air mobile really got—the concept really got going and they had the equipment to do it. Interviewer: Yeah. And the helicopters were mostly in Vietnam. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: They are over there, so you don’t have that kind of thing where you are. Different kind of war expected on someone. Veteran: And we had—we walked a lot. But now on one of the walks, in March or April, I volunteered for it. Nijmegen in Holland…Make a note of this and google it up: Nijmegen March. They had marching units from all over the world. Most of them are civilians that participate in the marches. And the 8th Division made a composite platoon or company. I guess it was a couple—50 or 60 guys who would march from division headquarters to Nijmegen in uniform, full dress uniform. And that took, that was two good days. (00:24:28) Interviewer: Alright. And what was the purpose of that? Or do you not know? �Veteran: Participating in the march. Interviewer: Okay. But why were they having a march? Veteran: You know, I thought it was some kind of war—commemorative of the end of the war or the jump in Nijmegen or the defeat of the Germans or something. I need to look at that better because there were all these civilians there. And you had 100 civilians marching up and down the hill. Norway and Sweden. Yeah it—I am sure the message for it perhaps goes back further than what I imagine. Interviewer: Alright. Now, did you—what did you do when you were off duty? Did you go off base and go anywhere? Veteran: Seldom. Money was the major constraint. You go off maybe once a week and drink a couple beers and come back before you got in trouble. Now payday, payday I didn’t go anywhere on payday but that’s when all the hooligans were out. MPs would be out beating people. They’d be beating MPs and beating the whores and fighting with cab drivers. Yeah, payday was a good day to stay at home. Interviewer: Okay. And when you did go, I mean what impression did you have of the local population there? Veteran: Oh, they were great people. There was one guest house I used to go in and the owner finally confided in me that he was an executive officer on a U boat but he only sank British ships. Interviewer: Good of you. Alright, now are you getting promoted while you’re there? (00:26:04) Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Okay. �Veteran: I get my little stripe when I got—I got my little stripe about a month ahead of time because I made soldier of the month. And then…July or Sept—June or July, I made brigade soldier of the month and I got promoted to spec 4, which is about 2 years ahead of time. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And that gave reason—gave a lot of people reason to resent me even more. There’s some people, they are on their second hitch waiting to be promoted to E-4. They hadn’t made it yet. Interviewer: Alright. Now, promotions in Vietnam were pretty quick. Veteran: Oh, it’s just— Interviewer: But that’s a combat zone though, when— Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Now, did you have a lot of people who were being pulled out of Germany and sent to Vietnam while you were there? Veteran: Not at that time. Interviewer: Okay. So, at that point you’re in your unit in Germany. That’s where you’re going to be, for the most part? Veteran: Basically 3 more years of that. I hated—I just couldn’t stay in. Interviewer: Now, were they making any effort to recruit volunteers for Vietnam? Veteran: No, not in Germany. Interviewer: Okay. So, how do you wind up then eventually going on to Vietnam? Veteran: I yelled and kicked—yelling and screaming and kick and fight and finally they said, “Okay, if you re-enlist, we will send you to Vietnam.” I re-enlisted and they sent me to Vietnam. Interviewer: Alright. So, why didn’t they want you to go? �Veteran: Well, they were seriously short—they were the last ones to get replacements. And there were budgetary constraints on the manpower levels and they didn’t really give up anybody once they got them. Interviewer: And even if some of your guys didn’t like you that much, you knew what you were doing? Veteran: Yeah. I mean, I didn’t worry about them. I was worried about keeping my boss happy. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: I had nothing to gain by keeping those shitheads happy. Interviewer: Alright. Now, I mean did they—did they try to bully you or anything like that? (00:28:03) Veteran: Oh my god, yeah. They’d throw my footlocker down the stairs and fold my bunk up. Good training. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, so now when do you actually leave Germany then? Veteran: I left Germany in early September. Early September, I went home for a month. I went to Oakland. Now, at that time they had this stupid policy: I wasn’t good enough to play in the game to take advantage of this, but you had to take all of your field equipment with you. Helmet, web gear, then you didn’t have to take a sleeping bag or tent, but all of your web gear. We had an extra duffel bag and you had authorization to have two duffel bags, helmet, all that stuff. So, I dragged this stuff all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. All the way across the U.S. I get to Oakland and I go to the replacement detachment and I said, “Oh, I got my field gear.” He said, “Throw that shit over in the corner. You’re going to get a new one when you go to Vietnam.” Well, I never did. Stuff I got was hand me down that should have been exchanged a long time �ago. If I had been smart, I’d have left that duffel bag at home and opened that up in 30 years and had a nice trove for a military collector. Interviewer: Alright. So now, how do they physically get you to Vietnam? Veteran: Well, I was assigned to 1st Brigade 1st Cavalry division. And we left Travis Air Force Base on this is the expedited—this expedited trip. Left Travis Air Force Base on these 141s flying backwards and landed twice to refuel. And we landed at Pleiku Air Force Base. And when we got off, there are helicopters and Caribou transports to take us to An Khe, the division headquarters. Interviewer: Right. Okay, so you were going over with the unit at that point? (00:30:06) Veteran: The people—no, all the people that were on those 3 or 4 airplanes were going to replacements in the same place. Interviewer: Okay. You were replacements but you were all replacements heading for the same division? Veteran: Yeah. Right. Interviewer: Okay. And were you all for the same brigade or just the same division? Veteran: All through the division. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, now then the transports were military transports? Veteran: C-141s, Starlifters, which not an uncomfortable way to fly. You fly backwards. Matter of fact, I have jumped out of a couple of them. They are not a bad way to go. Interviewer: Okay. But there is some form of actual seat there? Veteran: Yeah, they are actual seats like in an airliner. Interviewer: Okay, because I guess the C-130s, some of them that people flew on didn’t always have that kind of thing. �Veteran: Oh, fold down bench seats on the side. Interviewer: Right. Okay. What’s you first impression of Vietnam? Veteran: It’s hot and humid. And we get on these planes and we fly over the mountains and we land it at the division base camp at An Khe and it’s hot and humid. And we are there about 5 minutes and it starts raining. And it rained for the next 2 or 3 weeks. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: So, we go to replacement center, they process us, I don’t know, a day and a night, and we go to our units. And of course, the units are all out—troops are all out in the field. And so…I don’t know. They did some bully rag to you back in there. You had double time and people called you a cherry. Interviewer: Did they have any kind of in country orientation or anything like that? Veteran: Well, after we got issued—at that time, it was pretty primitive. We were being issued our gear in the company battalion and then we went to this training school for 3 days. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And other than handling an M-16 for the first time and listening to some horror stories from people, I…It was pretty much useless. Interviewer: Okay. They didn’t take you out on a patrol or anything like that? Veteran: We actually went out on a patrol outside the green line. And they gave me the—I was the radio operator. And there was this staff sergeant that was patrol leader. We walked a mile out and a mile back. And there was no real training, just a walk in the woods. (00:32:19) Interviewer: Do you have any sense of what the purpose of all that was? Veteran: Busy work so somebody could check off a box on a form somewhere. �Interviewer: Right. Because I had different descriptions of that depending on when you came through. Although, I mean at some point, it had the title of First Team Academy or something like that. Veteran: That was a lot later on. Interviewer: It was ’67. I think someone went in in ’67 and talked about that. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: So, you are a year earlier. Okay. So, you get a little bit of that. But now you’re kind of rejoining, you’re going back to your unit. Veteran: Going back to the unit we get on Caribous. We go to a firebase or a landing some called in English, out in the Bong Son plain. And then from there we helicopter—we go to our company rear areas and they get us a helicopter out to the company. Interviewer: Okay. About how large was the company, in terms of man power, do you think when you joined it? Veteran: TOE of an infantry company was 152 or 154, something like that. And we were, we would be doing good to put 90 boots—90 sets of boots on the ground. Interviewer: Okay. And what sort of reception do you get when you actually join the unit in the field? Veteran: Well, when I got off the helicopter, the first person I saw was somebody I went to college with and he said, “Here, you take this.” I said, “What is this?” And it was a platoon leader’s radio. So, platoon leader calls me over. He says, “Dial me up so and so.” I said, “I don’t have a clue what you’re talking about.” So, he takes the radio, he sets the frequency. He makes a phone call. He says, “Here, put that on and follow me.” (00:34:02) Interviewer: Alright. Now did you wind up staying an RTO? Is that your job? �Veteran: Yeah, that was my job. Now, a couple months later I got promoted to sergeant and they made me a squad leader. And that was a much easier job than carrying that radio. Much less visible, much less visible target. Interviewer: Alright. Let’s talk a little about that time when you are an RTO then. What did you make of your lieutenant? Veteran: His name was—he was a good guy. He was a country boy from West Virginia. Went to Berea College in Kentucky. And he had—he was a solid guy, had both feet on the ground. Little rough around the edges. If you needed a smacking around, he might take care of that. He certainly left the impression he would. But he was very concerned about the welfare of his troops. Were they getting clean clothes and so on. But certainly, the platoon sergeant was a known brawler. He was a typical airborne soldier. Been at it 20 something years. Been in 2 wars, been in the Army, out of the Army, been busted a couple times. Drank too much. But he was good. He was good. And he gave you the right incentive to follow him, do what he told you to. He would keep you in line. He might kick your ass if you didn’t. Interviewer: Right. Now, were you basically just kind of conducting patrols outside of English and that kind of thing? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. And what’s the terrain like there? Veteran: Well, where we were it was pretty mountainous. Yeah, real mountainous. Interviewer: Alright. And was there much going on at that point? Was there much enemy activity? Veteran: We didn’t—we really didn’t get any, into anything too much until a couple of platoons would get into a little fire fight. That died down. Let me see, November we got in the big fight. �Had some casual—first time I had seen a lot of casualties. And then the end of December, when we were having a Christmas truce. One of our sister companies gets ambushed. They got all— most of them got annihilated. We had a lot of casualties there. And we lost a platoon leader there. And the platoon sergeant took over as platoon leader and the platoon sergeant got shot the next day and I became the platoon sergeant, for a day or two. (00:36:32) Interviewer: Alright. Now, let’s see, I guess for the record here, I am not sure we had mentioned this. What specific company, platoon, and so forth are you with? Veteran: I was in the mortar platoon. Oh wait. It’s the 4th platoon, which is a designated weapons platoon. And the weapons platoon is supposed to have mortars and recoilless rifles. And we had only mortars and we only had them in the base camp. And we only brought them out in the field as needed. And the platoon sergeant was an old mortarman. The old guys were all good mortarmen. The replacements we got in didn’t have any experience. And it was less and less often that we would bring mortars out in the field and actually set up and use them. Interviewer: Okay. So, but now is it then your mortar platoon leader that gets killed? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: And is— Veteran: But I mean, for all intents and purposes, it’s the 4th rifle platoon. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: From day to day operations. Interviewer: So, you would go out in the field with the other line units then? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Okay. And so, you just function—and so, they use the manpower as extra riflemen? �Veteran: Yeah. The company—yeah. The company commander would say—he would designate the lead platoon for the night and day. He would rotate them among all platoons. And we had a guy named—I forget his name, but he was a good point man. And we spent more than our fair share of time being point. But that’s okay because the point man was very good and the platoon leader and platoon sergeant were very good. (00:38:09) Interviewer: Alright. And then as the platoon leader’s RTO, what are you doing? Veteran: Well…I am trying to keep up with him. He’s 6’4’’ and got legs that come up to here on me. And I am burdened with about twice as much gear as he is. I am carrying all of my gear, all ammo and frags I can carry, and for some stupid reason I had a 45 I later got rid of, and I have got the radio, I’ve got—there’s a long antenna and a case you carry. You got to carry 3 or 4 batteries. Got to carry a lot of smoke grenades. It was a pretty good burden. So, mostly I tried to keep up with him. When the company commander would call him, I would try to get up to him so he could take the call. Interviewer: Okay. And did you sort of learn to operate the radio pretty quickly? Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah. I mean and—part of my job in the FDO in the mortar platoon in Germany, you’re on constantly, you’ve got a radio handset in your hand constantly. So yeah, that was no big deal. Just—I didn’t have the signal operation instructions which was a little booklet that you carry. It’s supposed to be a classified document. It’s got call signs and frequencies of all the sister companies, the battalion, brigade and so on. Interviewer: So, you were just supposed to know those things? Veteran: No, you’re supposed to keep it close. Yeah, you learn the call signs of the 4 companies. Each company has got its own call sign. We were pistol belt. There was pig iron and canteen cup and those change every couple months. And the battalion commander, his call sign was shiny �boots. The battalion call sign was shiny boots. Now, you have a hierarchy. The number 6 designates the commander, at whatever level. 6 could be platoon leader, could be company commander, could be division commander. 3 is operations, 2 is intelligence, 5 is communication, 4 is supply, 5 is civil affairs. Why would I still know that? (00:40:30) Interviewer: Well, good training at some level. Okay. So, you’re only really doing that kind of thing then for just a couple of months? Veteran: Yeah. And at night, you dig in. The medic—you and—okay, you got an RTO for the platoon sergeant, one for the platoon leader, and you got one for—and the medic. The 3 of you are camped together at night and take turns monitoring radios. And that usually didn’t work too well. Somebody would always fall asleep. Never had any repercussion for it. Interviewer: Alright. And now when you were out at night, I mean would you have anybody trying to probe your position? Or would they leave you alone? Veteran: Where we were at that particular time, it was rare. Much of the time it was just random shots just to keep us—they thought they’d keep us jittery or something. But you’d get jittery if they didn’t shoot at you. Interviewer: Now, when you were out in the field, do you go on the trails or off them? Or…? Veteran: We didn’t—we didn’t go on trails. We made our own. Interviewer: How dense was the under growth in these places? Veteran: It—you had to cut your way through sometimes with machetes. And I never figured…Okay, as much noise as a company makes in the bush, you got equipment rattling, you got people talking and yelling at each other and you got radios…You’re not going to—you will �not arrive unannounced. And then when you start chopping through jungle foliage and bamboo? They can hear you coming 2 miles away. (00:42:00) Interviewer: So, did you only have contact when they felt like making contact? Veteran: You know, that’s always—when there was a significant battle, it was an ambush that they set up. At a time and a place of their choosing. Now, there were random encounters like there would be a messenger coming down a trail and we would pick him off. We tried to stay off trails, though. And then at night, we would—okay, every night you set up a perimeter. And you say well, we got this hill up here and a little stream coming down here. Let’s put 3 guys up there on a listening post. And there’s a trail crossing a stream down here. Let’s put 4 or 5 guys down there and set up an ambush. And that’s where the fun usually started, with the ambush. And I think we had a psychological advantage. When they ran into one of our ambushes, they would break contact and run as hard as they could because they had no idea what they were running into. Interviewer: And when they made contact with you, would they break off once too much return fire came? Veteran: Yeah. Their job was to inflict casualties and run away. Fight another day. Interviewer: Okay. Now, do you know if you were up against Viet Cong or NVA? Veteran: Well, now. We could identify them pretty easy. There was a main force VC unit that would be like a national guard on active duty. And then there were NVA units. And you could tell by the uniforms and equipment they had. NVA were much better armed. They had uniforms. Interviewer: Okay. Did the VC have kind of Soviet type weapons? Or were they using stuff they took from us? Or...? �Veteran: They had—it was interesting. They would pick up weapons and use them as needed but someday the supply chain would bring weapons down and they would turn all the captured stuff in or all the old stuff in and they’d get better weapons down. If we found out—we got in their cache one time. We found where they had turned in all of the captured weapons they had and all the junk that the Chinese had given them. There was British, Chinese, German, everything, stacked up there. The local VC had turned back in and received bolt action Soviet rifles. And that’s what we were encountering. (00:44:38) Interviewer: Okay. The bolt action? So, like World War 2 style as opposed to the AT-47 model or something like that? Veteran: Yeah. They liked carbine—the local VC liked carbines and they were readily available from the south Vietnamese. Interviewer: Yeah, your other source of supply. Did you have many civilians in that area? Veteran: Yeah. They would be right on the edge of—okay, rice paddies would go up here and the mountains would go up here. In this little cusp between, the woodcutters would come up here and then in the rice paddy areas, there would be lots of villages. We hated—we wanted to stay as far away from the villages as possible. This one particular place where we would locate, there was a Bong Son river ran down like this. And this was a mountain chain and these were some low hills. These were the piedmont area and here was the beach. And this valley right here, we called it Bong Son plain. And it was loaded with villagers. And we thought we could pass by the area and let those villagers pursue their crafts and survive and thrive. That wasn’t the case. We ran—we kept—a lot of action over here in this piedmont. And in these big mountains over here. That’s where the Annamite chain started. And it went a 100-miles that way. That was Indian �country. And we had firebases. English is here, Geronimo is here. That’s 15 miles. And we had other firebases around. (00:46:23) Interviewer: Alright. And did you have a standard operating procedure for going through a village? Or did you just stay out of them? Veteran: Yeah, you—okay you pay particularly close attention to walking where the villagers were walking. Pay attention to what’s up over your head. When you go in a hooch, try to look up and look to the side. Because the Viet Cong were ruthless. They would—they would come in and booby trap a…innocent villagers’ hooch—house, grass hut in the middle of the night, knowing that we are going to trip it. We are going to get somebody hurt and retaliate against the village. Interviewer: And did your people trip booby traps and that kind of thing? Veteran: Yeah, yeah, yeah. A booby trap, that’s an interesting word, and it took on a life of its own. A booby trap is a—is something, is an explosive destructive device disguised as something else. A book or a door or a lid on a coffee can or something. What we call booby traps were simply improvised mines. Interviewer: Alright. Now, you were—you have your initial phase where you’re the RTO and you’re in the field a lot. Okay, and then—now does your job shift kind of right after you lose the lieutenant or do you…? Veteran: No, we lost a couple squad leaders and it was—they said, “Okay, we will make him a squad leader. He knows how to read a map.” Interviewer: Alright. Now do you stay in the same area at that point? (00:48:02) Veteran: Yeah, same area. Interviewer: Okay. So, how long were you in the Bong Son area? �Veteran: We were there the whole time. We were there for…Let’s see, we were there from early ’66 through Christmas ’67. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, and then during that time, was it pretty much just a regular routine of doing the same thing over and over again? Veteran: Yeah but we get—we got February of ’67, we got sucked into this big ambush. And I mean, they just wiped our company out. I was gone at the time. I wasn’t out there. And then a couple weeks later, I was out there and one of our platoons was set up in a blocking position. And they got ahold of one by sapper company and they got—they got all messed up. They were—became ineffective. They had 20 or 30 casualties. And then, daily, weekly, monthly, little services, sniper rounds. But that was relatively peaceful. And then after—okay, I left the field in about August or maybe early September. And they moved me into the operations—operations section. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I was a duty operations officer on the midnight shift. At one of these firebases here. Interviewer: And so, what does that job consist of? Veteran: Well, it was a—you got 2 radio operators monitoring company nets and the brigade net. And you got a battalion. And if a company makes contact, it’s my job to get resupply and med evac going. Write up the after-accident reports. Brief the commanders on them. We had some really good operations officers and some really good commanders. I can’t—there’s one I didn’t like but I can’t say we had a bad operations officer or commander. But we had one guy who was the brightest of the bright. He was a legacy. Father and grandfather were both general officers. He was a West Pointer. And he became 4-star on his own. He was brilliant. But he would insist �that I wake him up. Anything happened, he wanted to be wakened up. So, I go in at 4:30, 5 o’clock whenever I was supposed to wake him for the day and I would say—he’d say, “What happened?” And I would say, “Okay, well about 2 o’clock, Charlie company had a mortar round laying in the perimeter. Nobody got hurt. And about 3:30, somebody tried to probe around at Delta company. They beat them off and they fired some elimination rounds and they think they got a body outside.” He said, “You’re supposed to wake me up.” I said, “I’ll make a deal with you.” He said, “You don’t make deals with me.” I said, “Listen, we need you bright eyed, bushy tailed, alert as possible during the day to run the operations of this battalion.” I said, “I will make a deal with you: if anybody gets—if we have a KIA, I’ll wake you up.” He yelled at me, “I don’t have to make deals with you!” But anyway, that became the procedure. I would wake him up and brief him on what happened during the night. (00:51:42) Interviewer: Alright. Now, you have been in Vietnam a while by this time. Do you get an R and R in there somewhere? Veteran: Yeah. Okay, I had taken 2 R and Rs during my year in the field. I went to—I had an aunt and an uncle that lived in Taiwan. CC Kang Air Base in Taichung. I went and spent a week with them and I went to Australia for a week. And then, when my first year was up, I went back home for a month. Came back. Okay. I think I deferred that for a couple months. I came back and the unit had disappeared. They had left Bong Son and moved to I Corps. And I joined— rejoined them in I Corps. And then I had 6 months down on down the road, I took another— extended my tour again, took another 30-day leave. Went to Australia that time. (00:52:42) Interviewer: Okay. What’s it like to get out of Vietnam after you have been in it for a while? You get into this world where there’s not a war going on. �Veteran: Oh you, first thing you do is you marvel at running water. All the hot running water you want and a bar of soap this big. And you lay there for hours. Nobody is yelling at you to hurry up and get out. You put on clean clothes and you know you’re going to put on clean clothes the next day. And you go to a restaurant and you eat real food. Yeah, it’s great. Interviewer: Okay. When was the leave home? Back to the states? Veteran: That was that year in late ’67. I was there at Christmas time. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And when I went back, the division had moved to I Corps and was taking over from the Marines. And— Interviewer: Just before we get there and I want to get there because that is an important phase, when you go back, are you become aware of some of the anti-war stuff going on or that kind of thing? Veteran: No. You read about it. You read about it in Vietnam but there were—never personally encountered it. Interviewer: Okay. So, when you came back and when you traveled around, would you travel in uniform back in the states? Veteran: No, not once I got out of the airport. And you know, where I—when I got off the airport, got out of the airplane at Arkansas, there weren’t going to be any protesters back there. Interviewer: Yeah, yeah. No, it would be more like in transit, like when you first come into the west coast and— (00:54:11) Veteran: Oh, I was in Oakland one time and they were throwing stuff at us and I had a lay-over at Stapleton in Denver and they were throwing stuff. Yeah, it got bad. As time went by, it got worse. �Interviewer: Okay. So, you did see some of that but a lot depended on where you were? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Yeah. Okay. But anyway, so let’s go back. So, you go—so you basically get back to Vietnam, January now of ’67. Okay. And now the division as a whole has moved up to the far northern part of north Vietnam. So where are you going to be—where are you based when you join them? Veteran: Quang Tri province, which is…15 miles south of the DMZ, 40 miles, 50 miles from the Laotian border. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And it’s where—the Marines could not control it, where we—it took us a week to pass by here. Interviewer: Now where were—did you start out on the coastal area or were you— Veteran: No, we started out in the—pretty much the center of the country. But now later on— Interviewer: No, no, I mean when you went up north, did you—were you policing the coastal area first and going inland? Or…? Veteran: No and actually we went inland. And later on, we went down to highway 1 and we did in a month what the Marines couldn’t do in 5 years. ‘Course it didn’t really matter because the day you leave, they’re going to come back that night. Interviewer: Do you have a sense of what you were able to do or why you could do things differently than the Marines? Veteran: Okay, I’ll give you an example. I pointed this out to somebody the other day. Artillery forward observer, the Marines, was a lieutenant assigned to an artillery battery. Artillery battery had 4 Marine companies it supported. They had 4 lieutenants and a radio operator. Now, the FO �could only fire his battery. He didn’t even know the radio frequencies for other batteries. The only battery he could fire was his battery. Now, contrast that with—when we went on Operation Pegasus, we had finished a training. Okay, a helicopter you got a pilot, copilot. You got crew chief and gunner. Okay. Crew chief stays pretty busy. The copilot was trained to be an FO, the gunner was trained to be an FO. So, when we are peak op—at peak operation, we’ve got 800 FOs in the air. Not 24 on the ground. 800 FOs that can shoot any battery from any country from any army from any armed service, Air Force and Navy. And for the Marines to get the Air Force or Navy involved, they had these anglo teams, 2 Marine officers and 2 Navy officers. And they have to be requested to bring in any assets. We are refining World War 1. (00:57:16) Interviewer: Alright. So…Now, you’re not up there very long before the Tet Offensive starts? Veteran: Oh, no. We were—they…Night at the Tet Offensive went down. There’s this ARVN compound that’s getting overrun and the battalion commander grabs me and says, “Go get 6 cooks and clerks and get on that bird. You’re going to go relieve them and you’re going to go and meet the first platoon of Delta company out there.” These people don’t even know if they’ve got weapons that will work. Somehow, one of them didn’t even know where his weapon was. Here, take this one. Get on the board—get on the bird. The first bird in was from a platoon from Delta company. And the thing went down on the mechanical about 300 yards short of the perimeter of this ARVN unit. Crashed and landed on top of the headquarters of the NVA regiment it was assaulting. Killed the regimental commander, the political officer. (00:58:26) Interviewer: Now, were you on this helicopter? �Veteran: No, I was over here. So, we come in—we land inside the perimeter and I got this one— one of the people in my spot is a cook, this obnoxious, fat, smelly cook. He was sus—he was thought to be the cause of the spread of gamma—what do they give you? Gamma globulin…? Interviewer: Gamma globulin. (00:58:53) Veteran: Is that hepatitis? Interviewer: Something. I forget. But anyway— Veteran: He was thought—he was the genesis of this malady that we were all suffering from. And he charges through the wire. Goes out to the bird, pulls the copilot out of the bird. Drags him to safety. Pulls the pilot out of the bird, drags him to safety. And he comes up and he says, “I got to sit down, I don’t feel too good.” I said, “What’s wrong with you?” Being kind of contemptuous, I’d like to shoot this guy myself. He had a bullet hit him. He had a broken ankle. Most contemptible piece of shit in the battalion. And he’s the hero now. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Now, what happened to the North Vietnamese? Did they just leave at that point? Or…? Veteran: They evaded it. Yeah, we got enough people on the ground to get enough air support and the artillery in. air support was hard to come by that night but we got enough artillery in. they decided to break off. Interviewer: Okay. Now, before that started, was there any inkling where you were that there was something going on? (01:00:04) Veteran: Nothing. �Interviewer: Okay. So, there was a surprise. Alright. Now had—did they—were you on a firebase when that started? Veteran: Yeah, I was on LZ Sharon. Interviewer: Okay. And did that get attacked? Or was that quiet? Veteran: We didn’t get attacked there. Now, we had another firebase whose name I cannot remember…a mile north where the brigade headquarters was and there were only a small group of people who were securing that. We had a battalion here, battalion here, battalion here and then they were all turned, securing the firebase. There was some…I don’t know. They attacked with mortars and then rocket propelled grenades. And they did more damage to the air but it was insignificant compared to what had happened elsewhere. Interviewer: Alright. Now, we have gotten in your story to the point where we have made it now to the beginning of the Tet Offensive in early 1968. The first fight or whatever has happened. Your base wasn’t attacked directly but your unit was involved in rescuing some ARVN troops nearby. What happens now? Veteran: Okay, we hunker down and we started getting ready for—there’s whispers of something big happening. And our companies are getting in bigger and more frequent contacts. We are having lots of casualties. And February, we found out that we were going to Khe Sanh to relieve the Marines. And I spent about a month…We didn’t have an air operations officer, so I was doing my duty shitting operations in at night plus being the planning the battalions air movements. I don’t think I slept for about a month. And we were—they separated us from our regular brigade and they attached us to the 3rd brigade. And there was a lot of friction there. We didn’t get along too well with these people and they—we didn’t have a lot of confidence in them and our battalion commander grated on them and they grated on us. Anyway, we were second �day on Pegasus. We relocated for a couple days to this border operating base called Stud, about 215 miles—whatever—away from Khe Sanh. (01:02:43) Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And…Let me refresh my memory. We landed on a mountain top 2 miles from Khe Sanh, 2 miles southwest of Khe Sanh. And we set up a battalion support base and we were running patrols out of there. And we were getting significant contact every day. But, first day was hectic, second day was serious, third day…nobody to fight. Interviewer: Well, when you have contact, when you find the enemy, then do you have— can you bring a lot of fire power on them? Or what happens— Veteran: Well, now, the Army doctrine is you return fire, you recover your people, you pull back. Pull back a safe distance so you can get artillery in. And when you can scramble the fast movers, the jets, you keep shooting artillery until they are on station. And then you lift your fires and the Air Force and Navy comes in. Navy in this case. And then you start moving forward and their gunships are out there, working the area over. And the gunships are real close contact. They are working 100 feet away. 200 feet away. And you go up and secure the area. You pick up the bodies and the weapons and you declare a victory and you march on. Whereas Marines would stand up and charge. I would be willing to say that if the Marines had followed our doctrine, they would have killed 10,000 more enemy and had a fourth of casualties. Just obscene, the way they wasted their troops. (01:04:37) Interviewer: Did they have the same kinds of assets that the Cav had in terms of helicopters and fire power? Veteran: They really didn’t. And they didn’t have the doctrine to coordinate the fires. They would often go—the first reaction would be if…would be get their jets in. And jets are not really �a good first response. First response is observed artillery. And then gunships, where pilots can see what they are doing. Those fast movers come in, they—they really have a hard time hitting those exact targets you need hit. They’re good air suppression. And they are great when enemy is moving away from them. They are great at keeping them from going far. But… Interviewer: Alright. So now, you were talking about being air operations officer. Now was this for the battalion specifically? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Planning the air movement for Khe Sanh. Interviewer: Okay. And when you moved, did you move the entire battalion at the same time? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay, and how many helicopters does it take to move a battalion? Veteran: Well, I am going to say…80 to 90. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: In an assault like that, you’re going to go in with the little birds, Hueys. Now, normal course of events, you have 4, 3, 2. I am sorry. The order of trail would be 2, 4, 3. That’s 2 gunships, 4 Chinooks with the first platoon—first platoon end, and then hovering up here, you’ve got 3 Chinooks with 3 more platoons. And after the gunships clear the area, shoot the area up, the first platoon goes on the ground. First platoon on the ground goes on the ground. They secure a landing zone. And then the big birds come in. (01:06:37) Interviewer: Okay. Now, so you’re on the ground for a couple of days. The bad guys go away. Do you go into Khe Sanh? �Veteran: Actually, we never—we never went into Khe Sanh. We just kept moving. Kept securing our area of responsibility. Another battalion actually went into Khe Sanh, relieving the Marines. The Marines left. And we never had more than 2 or 3 companies at the—at Khe Sanh from then on. The Marines had 3 battalions—3 reinforced battalions. Interviewer: Well, that was when it was fully under siege. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: And so, it’s a little different. Veteran: And their solution was to keep digging deeper. Hunker down more. Interviewer: Okay. Now were you kind of continuing to kind of sweep south through that area? Veteran: South and west. Interviewer: So, towards the Laos ocean border and well, you know. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. And how long does that campaign continue? Veteran: I believe we were back within 10 days. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, and then after those first couple of days, did the enemy just get out of the way? Or do you start finding them again? Veteran: We…We couldn’t find them. First day we were there, I looked over the edge of the hill on the opposite side from Khe Sanh and saw a company sized patrol moving down the—moving down the little valley there. We never saw anymore troops after that. (01:08:05) Interviewer: Alright. Now at this point then—so do you go—what base do you go back to? �Veteran: We went back to Sharon and then we continued to operate just day to day infantry sweeps out of Sharon for a month or two. And then we moved down to LZ Eagle, which was…That’s not what it was called. Interviewer: It was Camp Eagle, which is—was a big base. Veteran: It was our division base camp. Interviewer: Right, right. Veteran: I am not sure. I don’t know if that was the name of it at that point, but wasn’t, when we first moved in there, Camp Eagle. Interviewer: Yeah, they called it Eagle. Yeah. Veteran: I can’t remember. Camp Evans, maybe? Interviewer: Well, Evans was another camp. That was a second one that was, I think, north of there. Veteran: Okay. Okay, we launched from there and went to A Shau. And that was—that was an experience. By that time, we had an air operations officer and an assistant air operations officer and a senior NCO do the air operations. And I had been doing the work of the 3 of them before they got there. Interviewer: Alright. So, what do you go to at this point? Veteran: I go back to my normal duty. Duty operations on the midnight shift in the operations center. And then during the day, I am out scrounging stuff and…Every unit I have ever been in, for some reason they assumed I was a natural born thief, and they sent me out to find things. I’d usually come back with… Interviewer: Okay. Well, what kinds of things did you have to go find? Veteran: Okay, tool sets, tool kits, air to ground panels, decontamination kits, radio antennas. �Interviewer: All kinds of stuff. Alright. And how do you come by these things? Veteran: Well, okay, in Germany, our motor pool backed up to this 7th Army or U.S. Army Europe armament pool. And when they would bring new vehicles to Europe, they would park them back there and they would be issued out to units as needed. Well, one day I said—told them, I said, “When they put those vehicles out there, what is inside them?” They said, “Well, everything they’re supposed to have: pair of scopes, decontamination kits, tool boxes, tool kits.” I said, “Oh.” So, while nobody was looking, I borrowed a set of bolt cutters from the supply room, went through the fence, clipped the padlocks on a couple of them, got the stuff we were short on, brought it back. And then the—I’d take care of the other squadron in my platoon. I’d fix them up. And then I gave some stuff to my platoon sergeant and said, “See if you can trade this for something we need.” And pretty soon I was getting a list: could you find… (01:11:08) Interviewer: So, in Vietnam, was it the same kind of stuff that you would need? Veteran: Oh yeah. And in Vietnam, if you left anything unattended, it would be stolen. Now at LZ Sharon, we received a bunch of C rations and the battalion commander somehow got involved and he said, “I am not feeding that crap to my troops. That’s dated 1954. Get rid of it.” They got some new C rations in. They said, “Well, how are we going to get rid of these?” You know, you can’t take forever to burn the things. So, they loaded them on a truck, kicked them off outside the main gate, and put a big sign up that says “1/8 only, do not take.” And the Marines took every one of them. Interviewer: And they had had stuff from 1937, so you know. Okay. Alright, now did you go further afield? I mean, did you, you know, look for beer or other stuff like that? (01:12:08) �Veteran: Oh, I—we never had a digression on that. I got—I fell of this rock. Went up in the bush and fell of this rock. Cracked my kneecap. Terribly painful. And I also did some—my toenail swelled up big. They sent me back to the rear for a couple days of light duty and the first sergeant had me clean—they had this container full of weapons that we picked up on the battlefield. So, I—first thing I do is make sure they are unloaded. And then I get some gasoline and scrub them clean. That’s the only thing I get. Spray the oil on them. Get them fixed up. And we get those on a bird and we take them to Cam Ranh Bay, big Air Force base couple hundred miles south. And we make a contact. We make a contact with this person we were supposed to see and he says, “Okay, first sergeant. What do you need?” First sergeant gets out his green Army issued notebook and he says, “Well, sir…” and he said, “Well first of all, tell me what you got?” “Well, we got 2 Thompson submachine guns, we got 3 carbines, we got an SKS, we got a French MAT-49 submachine gun, a German Schmeisser…” on and on and on. He says, “Okay, what do you need?” “Well, sir, we only started a minute ago. We need coats, we need 2 or 3 pallets of coats and a couple pallets of beer, and we need a bunch of tarpaulins and a 5-KW generator and supply, a couple pallets of…” on and on and on. “And we need a load boy to get this stuff down to the airfield and we need a 130 to get back to An Khê.” He said, “Come back in the morning.” So, we go in—we go to the NCO club, get all messed up. Get drunk. Wake up the next morning, show back up at the—our contacts’, about 10 o’clock. And he said, “Okay, everything is down at the flight line waiting for you.” So, we go down to the flight line and there’s not one, there is two C-130s with our loot on it. And we fly back to An Khê. And it took longer to get it from the airstrip from the company area than it did to get down and back. Okay, anyway. (01:14:18) Interviewer: Alright. �Veteran: Now, a particularly telling experience for me was when we came back from Khe Sanh, the Marines were brought back from Khe Sanh. And we were on this LZ Sharon and there was a top of a hill surrounded by all these units. I don’t know—20 or 30 feet higher than the rest of us. And they dunked 2 or 300 Marines on that hill. Just like they came off Khe Sanh: clothes they had been wearing for 3 months, ragged boots, filthy looking people. And the Marines were bringing them C rations and water. And our battalion commander, who was—he was a gruff, oftentimes theatrically gruff, sometimes sadistic, NC—kind of guy. He’d go up and he said, “Why you fucking jarheads living like god damned animals out here? Well, I tell you what: if you fucking assholes can find your way down to the mess hall tomorrow, we’ll feed you breakfast.” So, we started feeding—we started feeding them. We only cooked 2 day—we only fed breakfast and dinner. And we started feeding them breakfast and dinner, a couple 100 eggs that was more than we were normally fed. And then brigade commander got in on it and had the engineers build a shower point and we were—they were going in there, cleaning up, and we were issuing them Army uniforms. And in a week or so, the laps—no Marine brass ever came by to check on their troops. They would have been perfectly content to leave them out there looking— looking and living—like animals. (01:16:03) Interviewer: So, they eventually move out? Or do you move out? Veteran: Nope. They started doing PT in the morning, running around inside the wire. And then they loaded up a mule, 4 by 8 motorized platform, they stacked sandbags as high as they could and cans of water as high as they could, and they went marching off the firebase. And we never saw them again. So anyway, back to A Shau. Once again, we were second—second day at A Shau and we had every rotary asset that was in theater at that time. Everything the Air Force had, everything the Navy had, everything the Marines had, everything we had. And there was 5 or �600 helicopters and all that. And it was 50 or 60 miles of straight line down there, which is a pretty good haul for a helicopter. But we are sitting there the first day and we are watching these Chinooks bringing all these crashed Hueys back in. Dozens of them. This doesn’t look good. So, there was 3 areas where we occupied and 1 was—1 was an old airfield, one—and I think the other 2 were special forces camp. And our brigade objective was A Loi—A. L. O. I.—special forces camp. The NVA had run special forces out of there a decade earlier. And we landed right smack dab in the middle of one of there supply ports. We found 100s of trucks, 1000s of rifles, 1000s—enough tooth—enough writing stationary for a division for 10 years. Toothpaste. Incredible. And we were busy inventorying that stuff and destroying it. And they are reacting quite violently. They’re throwing everything they got. We are being shot at with artillery and mortars and rockets. And getting a lot of casualties on the ground. Well anyway, they decide that we are going to get—we are wearing our helicopters out, so they are going to land C-130s. So, they bring these Seabees out with a bulldozer and big stacks of perforated steel plating. And they build a runway. And this is brigade LZ, it’s the—I guess about 5-6000-foot LZ runway. So, the first day, they got a serial of C-130s cued up on the short final land. And the first one, the antiaircraft up on top of the hill opened up, chopped the first one up. He exploded in midair. Had artillery rounds in there. And the other two broke off. One of them was streaming smoke and the other one got away clean. So, they said, “Well, maybe that’s not—maybe landing those things and unloading them is not such a good idea. We’ll do low-lex: low level extraction.” Everything is on rollers. And you come down—you touch down, almost touch down and you’re still going 150-175 knots. Way too fast to land. And you throw out a drag shoot and it pulls all the pallets off the rollers and they hit the ground and bounce 3 or 4 feet. Well, they got 3 of them cued up on short vinyl. And the opening volley, they blow up 2 of them. And the 3rd one turns over and �he falls upside down and crashes. So, score is them 3, us—them 5, us nothing. So, they said, “Well, you know really…hammie drop might be in order here. We can drop these supplies by parachute. And we could be low enough to make sure they are landing inside your perimeter. And we could probably do a pretty good job of supplying you like that.” Well, I don’t know if you remember your history but Göring promised Hitler that he could resupply the 6th army at Stalingrad. Didn’t work then, didn’t work now. So, there’s a serial of 5 aircraft lined up, coming in at 5000 feet. They shot down 2 of them. 1 of them goes flying off, streaming. Other 2 break off and leave. Dropped the—dropped the ammo in the ocean because they didn’t want to land with all the several tons of artillery shells. So, they said, “Well, we’ll try—we’ll go a little higher next time.” So, the next day, the…pathfinder. Pathfinder’s got a microphone. He said, “Okay, heads up! Heavy drop! In bound. Heads up!” So, we look up. Can’t hear any airplanes. Can’t see any airplanes. And there’s—all the time, we are still taking in direct fire in the perimeter there. And all of a sudden, there’s a black dot. And then there is 6 black dots. And these parachutes start landing everywhere. So, we got to go out and secure this stuff or we’re giving—or else we are resupplying the NVA. And that was costly. That cost us a lot of casualties, a lot of time. And then the—finally, they said, “Well, the powers that be,” the brass said, “we’ve been gone about 10 days now and we haven’t fed the chickens and the cows need milking. We’d better go on back.” And that was the end of our adventures in the A Shau Valley. And the 101st should have learned that lesson. (01:21:49) Interviewer: Alright. So now, where have we gotten to, in terms of timeframe? Veteran: Okay, we are looking now at April-early in May,’68. Interviewer: Okay. �Veteran: Okay, I stayed there for another month or two, duty—duty NCO in the operations center on the midnight shift. Continued to go out during the day and forage for things we needed. And then I went back to—I extended my tour again and I went back to division base camp where I was operations sergeant in the replacement detachment. And I did that job until…Let’s see…probably November. (01:22:38) Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And then November, boy they threw me in a briar patch. Interviewer: Well, before we get you to the briar patch, what is life like at a large base at that point? Veteran: Well, you shower and comb—you shower everyday if you feel like it, with cold water. There are three meals a day in the mess hall. Never had any—no enemy action at the time I was back at the base camp. Normal politics was life in the garrison. Interviewer: Now, do you have, for this period where—on the base, do you notice anything like racial tensions or— Veteran: Yep. Okay, racial tensions were…You didn’t have those in combat units. And let’s say in our division, we did not have problems. But you get—further back in, you get in the supply and service units and there were…It was awful. We would have the occasional resistor. My job—Okay, at the replacement detachment, we get—you send a bus down to the airport and they bring us 40 people, 50 people, maybe 100 people. we would bring them to our detachment. Excuse me. Process them in, get all their medical records, personnel records, stuff like that straight and get them assigned to a unit. Third or fourth day, we take them back to the airport and send them to their unit. Drugs were starting to become a problem then. There was more drug activity. But if you went to the big logistics bases, racial issues were commonplace. And I would �characterize the same issues we had in Germany. There were no racial problems, there were black thugs causing problems. (01:24:41) Interviewer: Alright. Now, when…Did things like the assassination of Martin Luther King have any repercussions where you were? Veteran: No. Interviewer: Okay. Because you were still in the field at that point when that stuff was going on too. Veteran: Yeah. Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. And…I mean, did the tensions get to the level—I mean, were there— did people just get—were there fights? Or…? Veteran: You would have occasional fights in the EM club and the problem was if a white guy and a black guy got in a fight, 3 more blacks would jump in. I never saw the opposite, the converse, happen. But you get in a—like, Da Nang or Cam Ranh Bay or Qui Nhơn or any place where there are a lot of rear echelon troops, there’d be—after duty I was there’d be gangs and 100s of blacks, looking for trouble. Interviewer: Now, did you see any of that yourself or would you just hear— Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Yeah. Now, I was fortunate. I didn’t have to put up with too much of it. And then I moved. When I left An Khê, I was working as a personnel assignment in the MOS personnel specialist. And we had a couple situations where in the fog of battle, casualties would be put on an aircraft and flown out. And the pilot for one reason might land it this place or this place or that place or that hospital. And there was no way to really track these people. And we had two �cases where 2 guys got med evaced out of the country but were declared missing in action. That cost a general his job. So, at the time, there were two evacuation flights. One to Da Nang, one to Saigon. They sent me to Saigon. Boy, you talk about a briar patch. 300 miles away from my nearest boss. Making a maximum of per diem, which was more than my base salary at the time. Still getting jump pay. It took me 20 minutes a day to do my job. Okay, the way it worked is C130s would fly around during the night. They would pick up casualties at Army hospitals that were going to be evaced and they would bring them to the stable flight, like Cam Ranh Bay or Da Nang. They would get there 7 or 8 o’clock in the morning. They would take them off, put them in the casualty station flight ward, doing the interview and medical assessment. And most of them were all assist—stable enough to be evaced. Occasionally, you’d have to keep one or send him to a hospital. We had a couple cases where one would die. But my job: to keep any MIAs from being declared erroneously. When the plane landed, I would be on the flight line and I would get a copy—I’d get my copy of the manifest. And I would go through the manifest and identify all the people from my unit. And I would go later and interview them in the hospital. “Hi, you Sergeant Jones? Sergeant Jones, could you tell me your last 4. Very good, sir. And there was a lot of PR to that too so I got a bunch of location forms for you to fill out. Here’s a pack of cigarettes if you need them. You need any help writing a letter, I can get somebody to help you out.” You know, it was…And then the next morning, they would leave. And—but that night, I would compile a report that I would send to our personnel people; the names of all the people who were being evacuated. That solved that problem. But man, that was a tough job. The air conditioning only worked about every other day in my room. (01:28:35) Interviewer: Yeah. Well, you’re getting closer to having a first world problem at that point. Veteran: Yeah. �Interviewer: Okay. Now, was this in Saigon that you were doing this? Veteran: Tan Son— Interviewer: Tan Son— Veteran: On Tan Son Air Force Base. Interviewer: Oh, okay. Veteran: And we were at the Rue de Pasteur Gate. Interviewer: Okay. And so, this is outside of the city proper. But would you get into Saigon? I mean, or— Veteran: Oh no. Yeah, I’d go anywhere I wanted. Interviewer: Okay. Weren’t there restrictions on what Americans could do in Saigon or who could go there? Veteran: There were restrictions on units. If you saw a couple snuffies—brown mud stained uniforms walking down the street yeah MPs would stop them. But I had Air Force identification, identifying me as a member of 22nd Casualty Staging Flight. Now, once again there, I got to do some foraging. I was there when the service issued a report on smoking cigarettes. Red Cross quit giving out cigarettes. I was getting—and the Red Cross was coming into war time. I felt good about that because they really didn’t do anything to help. So, I go down Rue de Pasteur to the USO and I explained to the manager of the facility. I said, “I need cigarettes. I need cigarettes to take down to take down and give out to patients.” And I don’t know what she thought the scale of operation was but she put me on a truck with about 40 cases of cigarettes. I mean, you know, a case like this. So, I go back to the station flight and it’s basically one small building with 40 beds in it. 50 beds, maybe. So, I am stacking that stuff up in the hallway. I make a head nurse take a couple cases in her office. She’s putting them under bunks. And the Air Force stole my �cigarettes. Not a pack or two at a time, it’s cartons at a time. So, I go to the head nurse and I said, “Listen, I got to have a conex container—I got to have 2 conex containers to keep you people from stealing these cigarettes.” She said, “I’ve had, Sergeant, I’ve had a conex container on requisition since I got here.” I said, “Okay.” So, there was a Vietnamese Army signal unit about a mile away on the perimeter at Tan Son Nhut. So, I go up there. I get it—get a guy to give me a ride up there in an Air Force ambulance. And I go in and find these advisor, a black E-6, about 50 years old. Got a kindred soul here. So, I said, “Listen, I am working out at the hospital here. I need a couple conex containers. Do you think we could find something to trade to get a couple conex containers down there?” So, I showed him a case of cigarettes and he says, “I think we can do something here.” So, we go into Sergeant Major’s office. He’s a Vietnamese Sergeant Major. And his eyes light up and you see all these golden teeth when he grins. So, Sergeant Major takes the cigarettes and puts them behind, gives the advisor one carton. And we go out back and a crane lifts 2 brand new conex containers up on this 5-ton truck that appears to be brand new. And I thought man, this is terrible. We are out in the bush trying to do our best to supply our troops with junk that’s falling apart and the new stuff is sitting down here. So, I get in the cab of this 5ton. We go down to the hospital and a crane is following us. I said, “Okay, I want one right here and one right there.” So, the crane takes them up and puts them down there. The truck driver gets in the cab of the crane and they take off. So, that’s kind of strange. Maybe something is wrong with his truck here? So, a couple days go by. “Whose truck is that? We kind of need to move that truck.” So, I go up, I go find the advisor and I say, “That 5-ton that you guys brought the cigarette containers down the other—what’s the story on that?” He said, “Oh, that’s your 5-ton.” So, I find some yellow paint and by the end of the day, it’s got one of these on each door. And it’s got this on the bumper. And I’ve got a logbook. And I—everybody lived happily ever after �except me. I lived in this BEQ. I think it was called the name Wyoming. And it was down this alley. And the 5-ton wouldn’t fit down the alley. So, I went up to Bien Hoa, I think. Went up to Bien Hoa and I finally found somebody that wanted a 5-ton and they gave me a ¾ ton, which I could park in front of the BEQ. And then when I got ready to leave, I sold it for 100 bucks. (01:33:50) Interviewer: Alright. Now, you live—living in Saigon like that…I mean, would you go into town for dinner or other things at night? Veteran: No. No. No, it was—I would stay—I didn’t stray very far. Maybe PX. Now, to digress a little bit, when I was at the replacement detachment, they had a C day. Conversion day. We had this military payment certificate in lieu of dollars. And lightning struck and they said, “Tomorrow, we are going to change.” So, there is this Korean tailor. There’s Korean tailors all over the place. I don’t know who they worked for. But he was crying because he had this box full of MPC that he had legitimately earned doing tailor work. But there was no provision for him to convert it. So, I said, “Bring it over here.” So, I would do up bundles of 200. And you know, there’s a lot of 5s and a lot of 10s. And I’d give—each one of the replacements going through, I said, “Here. Get that changed.” And one of my sergeants would be at the other end when he came out of the building, take the new stuff. And so, we counted it out and we got within 10 dollars of what he gave me. And he was just in tears. So, the day I leave, I am at the airport to leave to go to Saigon. The guy that’s the Korean that’s the boss of all the tailor shops was down there. And I said—he knew who I was and what I had done for his tailor shop. And he said—I said, “I am going to Saigon. You have any of your people down there?” “Oh yes.” I said, “Could you write me a letter of introduction?” So, he takes my notebook and he writes this Korean. And I go into any tailor shop in the country and I get whatever I wanted free. Well, I had �to go to this hospital up in Bien Hoa and the Army had just changed the uniforms that the nurses wore. It was a green, slightly heavier fabric with different configuration than the jungle fatigues made for females. And there are 100s of them there. So, I remember hearing head nurse saying to me they were wearing the class B modified dress uniform in the ward: dark blue trousers, light blue blouse. And they were chafing about that because they couldn’t get white coats or scrubs— they didn’t have scrubs then. They said, “How can we get jungle fatigues? Wish we could get some jungle fatigues.” So, I thought about that and I got a truck load of them down to Saigon. So, I go in and I see her and I said—I don’t know, there was 15 or 20 nurses working. I said, “Make me a list of all of your nurses with the proper name and their rank.” So, I take the stuff to the Korean tailor. And I have 4 sets of fatigues sewn up for each nurse with nametag, U.S. Air Force, and rank. And I take those over and I have them dumped off at the back of the ward. And I said, “Ma’am, could you step out for a minute? I got something for you.” She said, “I—” she said, “I ought to call—I ought to call CID and OSI and the MPs.” I said, “Well, 4 of them got your name on it.” She said, “I don’t know how you do that but you’ve saved us more than one time.” (01:37:21) Interviewer: Alright. Now, was this your last assignment in Vietnam? Veteran: That was my last assignment in Vietnam. Interviewer: Okay. Are there other incidents or things that stand out in your mind from your time there? Veteran: Nothing I want to record on tape. Interviewer: Okay. That works. That works. Now, you’ve had kind of a varied career there. Alright now at this point, were you kind of ready to be done with the Army? Veteran: Yeah. I was ready to move on. �Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I had a lot of money saved up. I was ready to get out of the Army and find something else to do. Interviewer: Okay. So, when do you actually leave Vietnam? Veteran: I left in April…April, ’69. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I was supposed to go home and get discharged and they screwed—I had less than 60 days left on my enlistment. And they reassigned me to Fort Gordon, Georgia and more than one person said, “You better go to Fort Gordon and get this straightened out.” So, I did and I got—I got that taken care of and I got out of the Army in May, about a month later. (01:38:26) Interviewer: Alright. And now that you are out, what do you do? Veteran: Well, a friend of mine had said to me, “If you would like to be a police officer, I can get you a job.” I said, “I don’t know. I’ll go check it out.” So anyway, this guy lived in D.C. and I wanted to go back to college and I wasn’t too keen on joining the police department. But it wasn’t a real police department. It was the U.S. Capitol police. And it was a generously—I would generously describe them as a 2nd tier security organization. But they made more money than the real cops downtown. Had blue uniforms, carried guns, worked static posts. I got thinking about it. I said, “You know, that might not be too bad.” So, I go up there, I fill out an application and do the test, do all the orals and everything. They said, “Okay, it’s going to take 46 months to do a background on you. Come back—we’ll contact you when you’re ready. Come back, start the academy.” And—so somebody else had told me about an opportunity. I went across the river to the Virginia National Guard. I joined the Virginia National Guard and they were sending volunteers to fire—fight fires in Idaho. And I went out, worked Bitterroot Selway �National Forest area in Idaho for 5 months, fighting fires. And then came back and went to work. And then subsequently enrolled. I guess I worked there about a year and I enrolled at American University. And I finished that in 3 years. (01:40:10) Interviewer: Okay. So, when did you start at American University? Veteran: Well, let’s see…I guess it was ’70—about 1970…Yeah, late fall of ’70. Interviewer: Okay. So, now you’re on a—you’re a Vietnam veteran and you’re on a college campus in Washington D.C. Veteran: Yeah. The fun started. I’d get—sometimes, I’d get an arrest every day. I had one particularly outrageous incident—okay, back up a little bit. There was a demonstration in May of ’70—November of ’70. 250,000 people and they got rowdy. And I got to break two nightsticks that day. Catharsis. Interviewer: Okay. Now, were you working for the Capitol police while you were in school? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I would go to school…they would agitate the shit out of you. I would agitate them back. I would go—sometimes I would go wearing my National Guard uniform carrying a revolver, my service revolver. Sometimes I go in my police uniform. Sometimes I go wearing jeans and a sweater with police web gear. The police leather gear. And I had one really nasty incident in ’73. A protester spit on me. And I got out a can of mace and got her on the ground. And I got her up on her feet and got her handcuffed up on her feet and she spit on me again. And I lost it. I totally lost it. I beat her with a blackjack. Broke teeth, knocked out teeth. And there was a crowd. I am holding off a crowd at gunpoint. And I am dragging her by her ankles. She’s—I got her handcuffed. Right out in the middle of Nebraska Avenue. Two lanes going each �way. And people—people are stopping and screeching on their brakes from swerving around us. And I got this pig laying out in the middle of the street and I am holding the gun. “Come on, any of you step off the curb, I am going to kill you.” Finally, the police got there, dispersed the crowd. And thank God: a judge convicted her of assault and resisting arrest. And I think she— took 100 stitches to put her face back together. And to this day, if she is still alive, if she looks— anytime she looks in the mirror, she’s going to remember about spitting on me. And there was a—I got a new measure of respect on campus after that. “How you doing?” “Good to see you.” (01:42:54) Interviewer: Wow. So, that was—so people were aware that you had done that? I mean I guess you were right there in that area, so people saw that and— Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay… Veteran: Oh my god, there was a crowd of 100 watching me beat on her and drag her out in the street. And then the—there were, “Well, he’s going to go to jail over that.” “He’s going to get fired and he’s going to go to jail.” Interviewer: Did anybody talk to you about that afterward? Veteran: Oh, yeah. They called me all kinds of names. Interviewer: No, I mean the, like, the people in the police. Veteran: Oh my god, all but...I must have had investigators from metropolitan, not my department. Homicide was—crimes against a person and homicide. Talked to them endlessly. Talked to U.S. attorney. I figured I was done for. I mean I had—and it was pretty bad. If that happened today, you’d go to prison. Interviewer: Yeah. �Veteran: But when she spit on me again, I hit her in the mouth with that blackjack and it felt so good. Interviewer: So, did you get reprimanded or punished in some way? Or…? Veteran: Yeah, yeah. They wouldn’t let me carry a blackjack or a mace on campus anymore. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: But they—and they wouldn’t—and the Dean of Students told me to leave my gun at home. And I said, “You lost on that one already.” (01:44:11) Interviewer: So, did you finish the degree there then? Veteran: Got a degree in accounting. A double major in accounting and statistics. Interviewer: And then where do you go from there? Do you stay with the police? Veteran: No. My word, I got away from those people as quick as I could. I went to work for a local accounting firm in D.C. And I worked there and then I worked a couple of—went to work for the accounting firm, they said, “You’re a good guy and you’ve got a good raise here. You’re a good accountant but you ain’t us. But we will find you a job, don’t worry about it. Not many people are us.” Thank God. They—I got a job with the Washington Post. And I went down there and worked for a couple days. And they said, “Well, you know…We got just the place for you.” They got an internal warehouse across the river in Alexandria where they unloaded ships of newsprint and took them to the various printing plants. Various printing plants. And after a year down there, I was the controller/officer manager/software developer/manager of data processing/customs broker/ships agent and captain—I was the acting ensign in the Coast Guard auxiliary and the Captain of the port of Alexandria. Interviewer: Well, that’s pretty good. So, how long does all that last? �Veteran: Well, I lasted—I lasted about 3 years there and I found an opportunity that was a French company that I thought I was really going to go places. I went to work for them as director of finance and administration and I worked for them for 3 years. And they went bellyup. I had a good time working there. I was den mother for all these young Frenchmen that came over. I had a good time with them. When they would process in, I’d have paperwork for them. And about the third item down was draft registration. Well, it really wasn’t too bad because most of these guys were Cali Polytechnicians. And if you graduated from the Cali Polytechnic, you’re already a commissioned—you’ve got a degree in engineering and you’re a commissioned officer in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. So, that was a little humor. But they all—when they came over, the first thing they wanted to do—they wanted to buy the biggest car they could find. So, they would go out and scour the used car lots for ’72 Monte Carlos and Grand Prixs and Cad—what was the big Cadillac…? Interviewer: One of those Eldorados? Coupe de Ville? (01:46:47) Veteran: Coupe de Ville. Yeah, yeah, yeah. And sound equipment. They could buy it for pennies, what would cost them pounds in the French market. And they were always getting…But if they behaved themselves and were nice to me, I’d take them shooting. And at that time, I legally owned a submachine gun. And if they would buy ammunition, I’d let them shoot my submachine gun. Well…And then I would take them skeet shooting. Well, the company wound up buying a couple skeet guns and a pretty generous layout of shotgun shells. And when the people came over from France, first order of business was go skeet shooting. I think I corrupted half the company. Interviewer: There you go. Alright. So, and then they fold. So, what happens to you? �Veteran: Well, I went to work for this company called Quantum Computer Services and they went bankrupt and they re—they were reincarnated as Controlled…Something else. And then they filed and went—they changed their name to AOL and went public. And they gave me 500 shares of stock and said, “You’re not polished enough for us.” That 500 shares of stock doubled about 12 times. I said, “Cried all the way to the bank.” (01:48:19) Interviewer: So, how did you wind up in Nashville? Veteran: Well, I laid around and I had spent all my AOL money. And I got bored and I bought a restaurant and…I bought several restaurants and ran restaurants and I loved it and I did very well at it. But in the ’03, I started having some health problems. I was 55 years old. And the doctor said, “You need to find a change of venue and a new occupation.” So, I spent a year getting rid of everything and my daughter is living here in Nashville—in Nashville then. And I moved—I wanted to be closer to the family and I wanted to get out of restaurants because I had done some dumb things like done my own TV commercials and publicity stunts. Too many people knew me. And I came down here and started buying real estate. And about to get out of that business and retire fully for the last time. And now I’ve got grandkids to take care of. Interviewer: Alright. So, now you look back at the time you spent in the service. How do you think that affected you or what did you take out of it? Veteran: Well, in my case it was—okay, a whole bunch of things were going on here. There’s a warrior spirit. I don’t want to brag about it; it’s there. Every generation in my family as far back as we can trace, has been warriors. And I would not call myself a warrior on that scale but I feel the urge. We have family members who fought on both sides of the Civil War and by virtue, a couple uncles in the South Carolina Royalist. We had people who fought on both sides of the Revolution. And we certainly had people that fought against the crown in England. And France �and Scotland. And Wales. So, it comes naturally. If you research Hodgecore—Hodgespur— you’ll see I inherited some of his genes. (01:50:23) Interviewer: Alright. But in a way, that part kind of brought out something that was in you. Now do you think that you learned anything from the process? Or…? Veteran: I learned a lot about people. You have an incredible amount of control over people, total strangers, just by the way you speak. How you speak to them. Say that young lady that brought us this pitcher of water? “When you smile, you make me wish I was young and skinny and good-looking.” Interviewer: Yeah, and now you’re on tape saying that so your wife can see that. Or is she used to it? Veteran: She’s heard it 1000 times. Interviewer: Alright. (01:51:03) Veteran: Now, an interesting experience…Last extension leave I went on, before I went on leave, I got to looking at these orders and there are all these numbers down. You know, I finally asked them, I said, “What are all these numbers down here?” They said, “Well, most of them are fiscal authorizations.” And I said, “Tells me—tells somebody where I am able to go to and fly to and…?” “Yeah.” I said, “Well, if I were in Seattle and I wanted to go to Tokyo instead of Saigon, what authorization number would I have to have?” They said, “Well, it would be 0682.” Made a note. I said, “If I wanted to go from Tokyo to Manila, what authorization code would I need?” Wrote that down. Recast the orders with all the right numbers on them. Now, when you, your 30—when you extend, you get 30-days free leave that starts when you hit the U.S. and it stops when you leave the U.S. And it would be unfair to hold you to a stricter standard than that because you will probably have—be delayed a couple days getting back and you might be �getting delayed a couple days coming back. Well, I go to passenger services and I say—I circle the number and I say, “I’d like to have a ticket to Japan. Ichikawa, as a matter of fact.” So, I go there, it’s raining, it’s cold. I said, “I don’t like this place.” So, I go down to passenger services and I said, “I want to go to Taipei.” So, I go to Taipei. Now, I had learned in Taipei at the American Embassy, if you take a set of military orders, they’ll sell you 6 bottles of liquor on those orders. But they cancel out so you can’t use that set of orders again. Well, when I landed in Taipei, I had about 50 sets of orders. So, I would go there every day and I would buy 5 bottles of the cheapest, nastiest blended whiskey you could buy, for less than a dollar a bottle. And a 40ounce bottle of Jack Dan—Johnnie Walker Black Label for 3 dollars. It’s 60 now. And I would go out and I would give the cab driver a bottle—my cab driver a bottle. Go back to the hotel, give the hotel a bottle. Give the guy who managed the hotel a bottle. And then the…The compliment—the hostess staff would get a couple. And then, one of the hostesses and I would spend the rest of the day drinking that bottle of Black Label Scotch. So, about 3 weeks, I get— man, I got to get out of here. My liver is killing me. So, I get a flight to Manila. I wander around Manila for a couple days. I said, “I better be getting back. I’ve been gone 2 months.” So, I go back and I know they’re going to throw me in jail. So, I go up and see the first—I go check in with the first sergeant. New first sergeant—the old one rotated. “Hey top, how you doing? I’m back.” He said, “Who the hell are you?” Didn’t say a word. I got away being gone for 2 months. (01:54:21) Interviewer: Alright. So, it’s an educational experience on a lot of different levels. Veteran: That’s a— Interviewer: It certainly makes for a good story. Veteran: Indeed, it does. �Interviewer: So, thank you very much for taking the time to share it today. (01:54:31) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_SoutherlandJ2153V Title A name given to the resource Southerland, James (Interview transcript and video), 2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-15 Description An account of the resource Jim Southerland was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1946 and graduated high school in 1966. He joined the Army on May 19th, 1965. Southerland completed his Basic Training at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and then advanced infantry training at Fort Gordon, Georgia. At Fort Benning, Georgia, he also completed jump school. His first deployment was to Germany where he took part in the Nijmegen March in Holland. After reenlisting, Southerland was deployed to Vietnam with the 1st Brigade, 1st Calvary Division as an RTO (radiotelephone operator) for his platoon leader and eventually became a squad leader. He was involved in the Tet Offensive in early 1968 before his last assignment as an MOS personnel specialist in Saigon. Southerland left Vietnam in April, 1969, and left the service in May, 1969, but remained active in the Virginia National Guard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Southerland, James W. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, RHC-27 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ce509b1c5c2c49ae0af0b21205938602.mp4 ccaf320fa925713c765843dcd7aa0415 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/447538e620c6b8563e511917206f1c55.pdf ce650e902dc7824aa4191b82f0e902fc PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Interviewee: Tony Spaniola Date: September 24, 2021 DD: I am Dani DeVasto and today, September 24, 2021, I have the pleasure of chatting with Tony Spanoila. Hi Tony. TS: Hi, how are you? DD: I’m doing well, how are you? TS: Doing well, thanks. DD: Awesome. Can you tell me about where you’re from, Tony, and where you currently live? TS: Sure, so I currently live in southeast Michigan. Uh, I’m an attorney here, but I also have a home in Oscoda Michigan on Van Etten Lake directly across from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base. And, um, that is significant for your project, I think, because the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base is the first recorded PFAS [per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances] site in Michigan. It was discovered by the state of Michigan to have a PFAS problem in 2010. So, that would be- what is it, 11 plus years ago from when we’re talking now. It also, interestingly enough, happens to be the first reported U.S. [United States] military installation in the world at which PFAS, uh, was publicly reported. And so now there are 100s that have been identified all over the world. And so, we’re really in the forefront- and have been in the forefront in a lot of ways, both in Michigan, nationally, and worldwide on the PFAS issue. DD: How long have you had a house up in Oscoda? Or how long have you been going up to Oscoda? TS: Well so, um, we have had our place there for over 20 years. It was in the late 90’s. And my wife, however, has been going up there since the 1960’s. Her family had another home on the same lake decades ago, so she has been going there since she was a little girl with a little kind of period in between, and then back again in the late 90’s. So, long time. DD: Yeah, a long time. TS: Yeah. DD: Tony, can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? TS: I could tell you stories that would keep us here all day. [laughs] DD: [laughs] That’s what I’m here for. TS: Yeah, well so, maybe we start at the beginning, right? Um, so, in 2016 I picked up a copy of the Detroit Free Press, still delivered in the paper form- [computer beeps] [both laughing] to my house. And on the front page- the front-page headline that day, it was in March of 2016, said “the next water crisis in Michigan may be in northern Michigan,” or something like that- I- that’s not the exact headline. But the point was we were right in the throes of the Flint Water Crisis- was in the news all the time. And here was a headline saying, “looks like there might be another one of these on the horizon in northern Michigan,” 1 �and in my first- my first thought was wow, that’s too bad. And my second thought was, really mortification because there was a picture of our lake under the headline. DD: Hmm. TS: And so, initially, we were told that, uh, there was a drinking water concern that was raised in the article. We were told that our home, which is on the east side of Van Etten Lake- um, on the opposite side of the lake from the air force base, that our home probably wasn’t impacted. That it probably hadn’t made it across the water to- to the lake water to our place. Well, about what- 6 or 7 months later we got a letter from the Health Department, saying well we’re not so sure about that. In fact, you shouldn’t drink your water. And we’re having a meeting in Oscoda to talk about all of that. So, it was- it was late October, about 2016 ,that this really hit home and here we are at a public meeting talking about- you shouldn’t be drinking your water, and here’s what it means and all of that stuff that just comes raining down upon you, um, when water is called into question and you’ve been drinking it for years, and years, and your pets and your- and I mean just, question after question, after question that goes through your mind. And for me it was particularly poignant, um, and meaningful because in the 1970’s and early 80’s my father was an elected official in the Michigan house of representatives. And at that time Michigan was going through what was then called the largest contamination crisis in US history. Caught it from a chemical called polybrominated biphenyl or PBB which got into the food chain initially in cattle feed, but then tainted, um, other livestock feed, and got into the entire food chain. All of MI was poisoned with PBB [polybrominated biphenyl]. And it just so happened that I was a young man at the time, um, my father spearheaded legislate- first the investigation into it, and then legislation that regulated- set a limit on uh, on the uh- acceptable levels in food, provided, provide for the destruction of the contaminated livestock, paid the farmers for their losses, and then set up funding for a long-term health study of the impacted people in Michigan. And that study is still going on today almost 50 years later on the 3rd generation of people who are impacted. So, it just so happened that I had taken a year off between high school and college and shadowed my father- went along with him to all the meetings, met with all of the impacted people, saw what happened to them, it was just- a horrific, horrific, horrific episode, that was- made the nation news regularly. It was the subject of Hollywood movies, it was the subject of television shows, it was the subject of books, and it was an experience that I thought would be kinda a once in a lifetime thing. DD: [sighs] TS: And I- I mean, it certainly impacted me in a very big way. You don’t meet people who are suffering like the people I’ve met and not come away very moved by what went on, how terrible it was. Um, but I think afterwards I thought that this was so bad and there was- and at the time- like there was a recall effort out against the governor- it was just- it was probably the biggest political issue in Michigan I think in my lifetime. And so, I naively thought that some lessons had been learned from that. And that I would- never in my wildest dreams imagined that I would see something like that again, let alone be, um, the subject of it. So, as I’m sitting in that meeting, and fortunately my father’s still alive- my father came with me. And it was kind of a role reversal because he went- I used to go with him and he would bounce things off me and now it was- here he and I was sitting in one of these meetings again you know, 50 years later. And so, you can only imagine the thoughts that were swirling through my mind at the time. Um, and I think, I remember saying, “You know, I’ve seen this film before, and now I’m in it.” Right? [laughs] You know? DD: Yeah, I know. TS: And so, it was- a very moving situation. And in the initial phase of it, that very first meeting, I felt mostly pretty decent. There were some initial red flags, but they were- “they” meaning the air force, which was the party that caused the problem and the state of Michigan which was supposed to be the 2 �regulator- I thought they were being reasonable. They, they came to us, and they said, “Look we haven’t tested,” for example, my home. They hadn’t tested the, the well of my home. “But what we’re going to do is we’re going to give you a point of use filter for your kitchen sink- a reverse osmosis system to takethat will- that should take the stuff out.” Now that was not- that was in my mind a short term stop gap approach but something- it was needed right away. DD: [unclear] TS: To just deal with one sink in your house, think of all the places- think of all the places that you use water in your homes and the various different ways you use them. One sink doesn’t cut the mustard. And so, it was like, ok but at least they’re trying. At least they’re doing this to try to get ahead of the problem. Unfortunately, that proved to be wrong. Um, what I learned, and this is- as we’ll, I assume, discuss- I’ve become quite a PFAS activist in the time that’s transpired since. It was not my intention to do that initially. In fact, I had a discussion with my wife, and we both said we’re not going to get- we’re not going to stick our noses too far into this- believe it or not. Because we- as part-time residents there- first of all in Michigan you know when you go up north, you go to get away from problems, right? [chuckles] DD: Ah-hmm. TS: And so, the first impedisis was, “we really don’t want to bring more into our lives up here, this is a gateway for us.” But secondly, I was very respectful- and still am- but I was very mindful of the fact that I don’t live there year-round. I mean, I’m there a lot, it’s not like a place that you- you know- it’s a- house, we’re there year-round. But this was something that I felt the community really needed to be a part of and that I didn’t really initially feel that I was enough a member of the quote unquote permanent community there to be sticking my noise in. DD: Sure. TS: So all those reasons, plus you just don’t want the hassle. But as I learned, I kept asking questions. In fact, the very first red flag that came up for me occurred on the night of the meeting itself. Um, I had done some very quick research before going to the meeting, just- online, reading stories and checking into this. The one thing I knew from PBB is that in the initial phases of a contamination problem, or in certain habit of PBB there’s a tendency to downplay the problem. There’s a tendency to- set to- look at levels and make and the tendency- to be too high, to not be safe enough. And so, we were being told at the time that the environmental protection agency had set an advisory, not a, which is not- which the still a casethere’s no regulation at the Federal level in place, but they had set an advisory of 70 parts per trillion of 2 of what I’ve now learned are more than 7000 and it’s a growing number- of the class of PFAS chemicals. PFOA [Perfluorooctanoic acid] and PFOS [Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid] were the 2 that were subject to this advisory- and so, at 70 parts per trillion. Well, research that I had found, particularly a study from Harvard University, indicated that really the number should be more like 1. And so, my first question at the public meeting was, “Okay, I’m hearing 70 from you folks, but I’m reading 1. What do you make of that?” And the initial response- this was from the state health department at the time- the initial response was [computer noises], “Well you’re getting a filter. It will take your PFOA and PFOS down below 1, so you shouldn’t be worried.” And I thought to myself, well okay, but that doesn’t give me a whole lot of assurance and- I’m only using that one source. And then the official in the health department came up to me after the meeting. And he whispered in my ear so no one else would hear and he said, where did you hear about that health study, that Harvard study? And I said, I googled it. DD: [laughs] 3 �TS: For people nowadays, they may not know what that means but I searched for it on the internet, I just searched PFAS and I found it and I read it in a newspaper article. And it became very clear not only that he hadn’t read it, but that he wasn’t even aware of it. DD: [computer chimes] TS: And so, I offered to send it. I said, “Well would you like to see it?” [Computer noises] And he said, “Yeah, I’d love to see it.” And so, I did that, and the red flag that went up for me was- wait a second, they’re telling me what’s safe, but they didn’t even read the- at least one of the really important studies. So that was like red flag number 1. They agreed, however, to review it. So I thought okay, well let’s be reasonable. Let’s review it, when they said they would get back to me, they initially said it would take them 3 months. Which yes, I know you’re raising your eyebrows and that seemed a bit long to me, but I, again- wanting to give the benefit of the doubt and be as reasonable as possible. DD: Um-hmm. TS: Well, the 3 months came, and the 3 months went. And I didn’t get a-I didn’t hear from him. So I followed up, I think probably in the 4th month and said “Hey, just checking in.” And the response was that there were other matters that were more important and they were too busy and it was not a priority. As it turns out, I don’t know that they ever reviewed it. On your side of the state, Dani, you’re aware of the wolverine PFAS contamination, well, that really hit the news- my first encounter was in October of 2016. The, to put it in context, the wolverine issue really started popping in the summer- late summer of 2017so a little less than a year later. The agency still hadn’t reviewed this Harvard study, and then when they came over to talk to the folks in Kent County about the PFAS problem there, they were still citing the 70 parts per trillion number and I thought, “Wait a second.” So I emailed them again. During that time period- it was around I believe it was Aug or Sept of 2017- and said, “What’s going on you said you were going to review this, where does it stand?” They said they would check and get back with me and I never heard a word from them. And so, if that had been the only red flag, I would still not be the activist that I am today because what proceeded to happen, in that interim period that I just talked to you about, was that the air force had told the state of Michigan that if the state of Michigan adopted a standard that was below the 70 parts per trillion number, and it was applicable-and if the standard were applicable to every in the state- not just you know, singling out the military, that the military would comply with it in Oscoda. Seemed reasonable. DD: Uh-hmm TS: Except they subsequently found out in April of 2017 that Michigan had a standard for, for groundwater, surface water- groundwater, surface water standard of 12 parts per trillion for PFOS which is quite a bit below 70, right? And I also found out that in Oscoda, which is, we are on Lake Huron- the shores of Lake Huron- but my lake is within walking distance of Lake Huron- it’s to the east of the base. To the south of the base is the Au Sable River. My lake is a part of a river system, so it connects with the Au Sable and then flows into Lake Huron. So, we have my lake, we have a river, we have national forests everywhere, and the bays. That’s pretty much Oscoda. There’s a few little businesses around town, but that’s pretty much Oscoda. There’s trees, the air force base, and water. And so, I discovered that the air force was violating, or likely violating, that 12 parts per trillion standard over miles. Miles of the Au Sable River and my lake. And so, I found this out at a meeting, um, a geologist named Bob Delaney who had, people who are studying PFAS, they should know his name because he’s a really important person in that whole process. And Bob and I subsequently became friends. He is one of my heroes in life, he’s a marvelous marvelous human being. He was managing the Oscoda project at the time and at a public meeting- before the meeting you could talk with people one on one- he had a map on the desk that showed all these red dots all along the lake and all along the river and I asked him- and I could see it was4 �it said, “Exceedances of 12 parts per trillion.” And I looked at him and I said, “Why 12, where does that come from?” And he said, “Well, we have a standard.” And I said “You’ve got to be kidding me. We have a standard, why haven’t I been hearing about this? And if we have a standard, then-” And I said, “Does it apply to everybody?” And he said, “Yes it applies to everybody.” And I said, “Well then, they have to comply with it.” Well, from there, the state of Michigan act- really did not want to enforce it. Um, the air force claimed it didn’t apply. That itDD: Hmm TS: They raised this just bologna argument. And we were in this whole- then- game. State of MI was concerned in my view- remember we’re still in the- under the regime that brought us the Flint Water Crisis in 2017. Very concerned about impacts on the businesses- and the Wolverine thing hadn’t hit yet. And, so, once it became apparent that there was this issue that could impact- that would have an impact beyond Oscoda- the state melted like hot butter. Literally. There were- there were people in the state government who were telling people in Oscoda, “That standard did not apply,”- in Oscoda. And they were just dead wrong. Now I’m a lawyer okay, and so I- after hearing this for months and months and months, finally I’m saying “Alright, there’s a way to find this out.” You know- you read the law and you, you check it out. And sure enough, and the- good regulators, Bob Delaney being the prime one, was saying “Absolutely it applies. I’ve been enforcing this for years for all sorts of other chemicals. Absolutely it applies.” Well, I looked it up, had some help from a legal researcher that I worked with and pretty simple and pretty straight forward it applies. The permanent environmental quality referred the issue to the attorney general’s office- they had been enforcing this issue for all these other chemicals for decades. And all of a sudden they didn’t know if it applied here because the air force was putting pressure on them and there was clearly pressure coming from other places. And then- ok so my suspicion meter starts going way up, as you can imagine. DS: Ah hmm. TS: And as all this is then happening- 2017 was really a pretty- it was kind of a turning point yearbecause in the summer we’d learned from Bob Delaney that there were on the base- when the base closed up in 1993 I believe- and there were fire hydrants that were left to- just turned off on the base, there was a water system that was shut off. Bob being the inquisitive guy that he is, thought to himself, “There’s still water in those water hydrants from when that base closed.”And so we can get an idea of what people who lived on the base were drinking from wells on the base were consuming at the time. DD: Hmm… TS: So he did the study…. He is- he- he’s a hero in this thing, and in early 2018 it came out that they were drinking just astronomical levels of PFAS. Just off the charts, crazy. So that hit, and then in, the summer of 2017, we had been seeing this foam on [unclear name of lake] and I- it… in your project, I hope that you can- I’m happy to share you pictures of this, because when you see it, it is shocking and it is alarming, and it just- It’s bad. And so, in the summer of 2017, Bob and his crew were out doing some sampling. They took some highschool kids - it's an incredible story. They took some highschool kids with them from a - science, research, you know- project from school, and they were there was a beach on [unclear lake name] that they were doing the testing on. And the kids said to them, “Hey, have you ever tested that foam?” and they said, “No”. And they really- the mindset was- well foam, you see foam on lakes right? DD: Mhm… 5 �TS: The mindset was [unclear speaking] as an accommodation to the kids, they tested the foam. DD: Wow… TS: The foam- the first test came back at 2,200 parts per trillion of PFOA in the foam. DD: [long sigh] TS: So- and I see you sighing, but it… it gets even worse because after they did that study, after they did that test. The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services issued a public advisory saying that that foam was safe to eat, that you could ingest it, even children! And I saw that, and again I could- I have the article from the Oscoda Press and the HHS says, “Foam is not a harm to human health.” I read that article and I just started thinking, “What is going on here… we can’t enforce our laws, we have this foam on our lake and they’re telling us it’s okay and the whole PBB thing starts to come back. Because in PBB they were telling people, “Oh, no big deal, your farmers, your cattle are dropping dead but that’s not a problem, just keep eating the meat- and you just need to feed them more food”. And they would feed them more food and the cattle would get more sick, and the farmers would get sick! Then they told the farmers it was all in their heads, that it was a psychosoma- so, I’ve been down this road before, and it turns out, some… some of these things are so- almost happen [?] for a reason. About a week after that story was in the newspaper, my wife and I are out kayaking on the lake, this was in August of 2017, beautiful day on the lake and we made an agreement we weren’t gonna be talking about PFAS that day, it was our wedding anniversary, and we’re not gonna talk PFAS. So, we’re out kayaking and our lake- this lake is a big lake, it’s about 5-6 miles long and about a mile across. So we’re out kayaking and my wife said, “Hey look, there’s a bunch of guys in moon suits and stuff over on the beach, looks like they’re doing some testing.” and this was a good- probably about a half-mile away from where we were so we have a little bit of a paddle to get there and she said, “Lets go over and see what they’re doing.” And I said, “Well you said no PFAS today” and she said “Yeah well I think we should go''. So, over we went, and of course there was foam on the beach and um… I talked to one of the people who was taking the samples and I said, “Are you- are you testing the foam?” and they said, “Yes'' and I said, “Boy, the 2,200 parts per trillion- I saw that story that- it was really alarming to me.” And he looked at me in a moment of unguarded honesty and said, “We’ve got em way higher than that.” And I said, “Well how high?” And then he said, “Well look, I just take the samples, I don’t work for the state, I'm a contractor. We just give them to the state and they do with- you know whatever they do with it when we give them this stuff.” So, here I am. I know that they have way high numbers, I don’t know what they are. I know that there’s- I’m… I’m very concerned that this advisory that they’ve given is- bad, and I’m the only one who knows this part about the other test results, and I’m trying to think, “What do I do?” On the night of, Friday night of Labor day weekend, my wife was looking at her IPhone and she said, “Hey we got an advisory from the lake association that says, now they’re saying you shouldn’t eat the foam.” And what they did was very interestingly done, they sent the advisory at 8 o’clock on a Friday night of Labor day weekend, not a time where people are paying attention to the news. In the news business- I used to be a reporter in my prior life, we call this a Friday news dump. So they had issued this press release and they said, “We had more test results, but we need to do more, but out of an abundance of caution you shouldn’t eat the foam, but here’s the thing about foam” this little brochure that foam is naturally occurring and blah blah blah. So I thought, “Okay? Now what’s going on.” The health department comes up to have a meeting with our lake association, which I couldn’t attend. I had a wedding out of town that night. They come up, and they don’t even discuss the fact that they issued- that they retracted their initial statement and issued a new one. And I’m thinkin’, “Okay… there is something really strange going on here.” Like, really strange… And so I thought, “What am I gonna do.” Well, I know this guy Delaney, right? So I’ll give him a call. So I did, I called Bob, and I didn’t know- I knew him a little, I didn’t know him super well at the time and I said, “Do you have those test results?” And he said, “Yeah I have them”. And I said, 6 �“Would you give them to me? '' And he thought, from when he paused and he said, “You’re a taxpayer, you paid for these so I’ll give them to you.” So he sent me, ugh, hundreds and hundreds- Dani, I mean probably two feet- when I printed them all there was probably two feet of documents. And so, imagine, I know virtually nothing about science. DD: [Dani laughs] TS: I’m sitting in my office one night, and I have these things stacked up and I’m thinking, “Oh… I gotta go through these…” So I started fumbling through them and, um… the numbers, and I- I didn’t know if I knew how to read them correctly or- I thought I did, but I didn’t know for sure. The numbers that are popping off the pages are really alarming. Like, in the tens of thousands of parts per trillion. So, I’m thinkin I gotta make sure I get this right, exactly right. So I- I summarize- and there’s only, I don’t know maybe ten, or six, or eight, or half a dozen samples and there was a lot of junk that goes around the stuff that goes around it. So I wrote the numbers down, and I called Bob back up. I was very mindful that I did not want to get Bob in troubleDD: Mhm… TS: So I knew that the state was really really sensitive about Oscoda because of the whole Flint mess, so I said, “Look, I’m not gonna ask you to send me test results and say “Hey Tony these are the numbers” or anything, I just- I wanna tell you what I found, and I want you just to verify that I’m right or tell me that I’m wrong.” So I read him the numbers and he said, “Yeah you’re right.” And I said, “Well, those are really big numbers…” 48,000 parts per trillion, and… um… he said to me- if you were still working for the state I wouldn’t say this now but I can because he’s not working there, he said, “Yeah, it’s really scary.” And I said, “What were they thinking?” He said, “I don’t know what they’re thinking.” So my- the red- the red flags are popping up everywhere for me at this point, and I’m thinking to myself, “Okay, now what? What am I gonna do? He’s giving me this information, he’s probably going to get in trouble for giving me this information. If I take this to my neighbors, they’re gonna go, “Well who are you?” right?”. Which is what happened! They said, “Well where did you get these? And why isn’t- why are we hearing about this from you and not the health department?” And I’m saying, “Well that’s the question we need to ask here folks. This is going on right under our nose, and they’re not sharing the information with us. Right?” So… as the time goes- the timeline moves forward- this was early September when I talked- had this discussion with Bob in 2017. I learned that there were more results coming. DD: Hm… TS: And so, I said to Bob, “Will you give me the new ones when they come in?” and he said, “Well I’m not allowed to do that.” I had a hunch he was not gonna- “You need to talk to the Health Department to try to get them.” So, I did find out that they got the results back in late September, and I started emailing the Health Department- state health department, asking for them. No response… In late October of 2017, big sticky piles of foam came right up over our seawall and plopped in our backyard. Very clearly PFAS foam. My son took pictures, Bob Delaney advised me to report it to their environmental emergency hotline, which I did and it was a complete waste of time, because they didn’t- they basically told me don’t worry it’ll go away, and I said, “Well it’s gonna go into the groundwater” which we drink- um… and still no test results. I asked for the test results again, a fourth time, on the day of that and I said, “Look, this is not an academic exercise here, this is going on in my backyard right now.” Nothing. Now, fast forwardrewind back just a couple of weeks to mid October of 2017. Bob Delaney and I had begun a dialogue. He calls me one night, and he said, “You probably don’t know this but I wrote a report in 2012, a comprehensive report about Oscoda and all of Michigan, and nothing really happened with it, and I’m going on the radio tomorrow to make it public.” And I remember 7 �thinking- well the first thing I said to him was, I said, “Are you scared? Because I would be if I were in your shoes, and I just wanna thank you for sticking up for me and my family when nobody else seemedseems to care much.” So he went on the radio- a radio program in Lansing, Michigan, uh… it was Wolverine- was hitting at that point, and he disclosed that he had authored a ninety-some page report with a toxicologist from Colorado titled, “Michigan’s Contaminant Reduced Health Crisis”, and he predicted everything that has happened in Michigan and across the country on PFAS. He was a visionary all the way back in 2012, and he had documented scientifically all sorts of things. He had taken it to the director of the Department of Environmental Quality, the same director who had presided over the Flint mess. Flint hadn’t happened yet, and it basically got thrown in a pile and nothing happened. There were- there were statements by him that people in Oscoda likely had immensely high levels of PFAS in their blood, and no action was taken to find them or to help them in any way. Still haven’t to this day. When Bob’s report hits the governor’s office, Michigan goes into a panic, because now they’re potentially sitting on another water crisis cover up, and Bob’s life got really miserable, really fast. They began monitoring his phone calls, his emails, his texts, um… people would show up in his office and download everything from his phone. He was forbidden from- he was the guy who was always giving presentations at our meetings. He was forbidden from doing that, and essentially he was frozen out. They couldn’t fire him. DD: Mhm... TS: Because it would have been too politically damaging, and the state and the governor’s office went into um- they went into crisis mode. There were reports out at the time, they in respon- Bob had recommended that the state set up a multi-agency task force and do all these things, just recommendation after recommendation, but all of a sudden, within a matter of weeks, they adopted a whole bunch of his recommendations. Just… all of a sudden. But they were telling us that they couldn’t do it before then because they didn’t have authority to. DD: [Dani chuckles] TS: So nothing happened to gi- to change to give them authority. Oscoda became another Flint for them, because it was the place that brought to the fore the fact that they knew about this crisis and they didn’t act on it. So, they’re whole move in Oscoda was to try to- to sweep Oscoda under the rug. This is all going on, okay? The foam, and this, and um… In early November I really had really reached a breaking point, and so I wrote a letter to the Health Department, and I said to them, “Look, the director of your department was just arraigned in court today, on criminal charges in The Flint Water Crisis. That came because you had public health information that you guys didn’t disclose upon - didn’t disclose or or act upon. That’s happening here, now. You have test results that impact me and you’re not sharing them. I don’t think it’s you personally, I think it’s your bosses, but… remember what’s happening up in Flint. It’s every man and woman for themselves and if you’re covering this up and you’re covering up a health problem, I wouldn’t wanna be in your shoes.” DD: Mhm… TS: Bob Delaney jumps in, because I had copied him on the email, and he says, “I’m not going to be- I’m not going to have any part of this.” He sent me the test results, they came back at over 110,000 parts per trillion. DD: Wow! TS: So we’re in this kind of denial, cover up mode that’s going on there, and on top of all of it the air force is doing nothing to try to clean any of this whole mess up. We have an advisory on 9 miles of the Au Sable River that says don’t eat a single fish, because they are some of the most contaminated fish in 8 �the world. We have this foam in our backyard, we have- I mean it’s… it’s really getting bad. And so, I decided to write the governor’s office, and I asked them to come- there was a meeting in early December of 2017, and I asked them to come to the meeting, because I said this is a big problem. I outlined the issue with this- it’s called Rule 57. With that issue, with the fact that we’re having foam, the fact that we’re having all these problems and the state wasn’t doing anything about it. Well sure enough the governor’s office came. They were- they were worried. Dani, on the day that they came, it was early December of 2017, my wife and I were in Oscoda for that and she woke up before I did and she said, “Hey, it snowed last night.” I remember thinking, “I didn’t hear that it was supposed to snow.” So I looked out and said, “I don’t think that’s snow…” So I walked down to the water’s edge, and its- it is the worst looking PFAS foam, to that point in time, that I had ever seen and it was everywhere. It was for miles up and down the lake. I started taking pictures, and I remember thinking to myself, “Okay, what am I gonna do with these?” I really haven’t engaged with the community, but this has gotten to the point where I can’t just pretend and sit back and not do something. So, I took it upon myself to send the pictures to some news reporters. The Detroit Free Press and Garrett Ellison, Keith [?] at the Detroit Free Press and Garrett Ellison from MLive were two of the reporters. They saw those pictures- they were so horrible. Garrett and Keith called me within minutes. Literally within minutes, they clearly dropped whatever they were doing and said, “What’s going on?” So I’m in a position of thinking, “Okay, what am I gonna do?” I was asked to go- to meet with some other people in Oscoda, who are getting concerned. So, I went to this meeting, and I said, okay, everybody is starting to complain. They're seeing the phone. The word about the phone is starting to get out. Bob had allowed me to get the word out to people in a way that they would understand it and could believe that it was accurate. He and I basically wrote him an email and said, I think these are the numbers. I understand the state is not doing anything. Can you verify and he basically just said “yes” to everything so I could show people that, yes, this wasn't just me making this stuff up. So, I went to this meeting and there were, I don't know, a dozen or so people, some businesspeople, some folks who lived in the community. And I said, look, I've got these pictures. You guys have seen the phone today, and they said, oh, yeah, it's terrible, it's awful. I said, look, I don't want to be the out-of-town crusader here, so I want to know. I'm happy to share these, I'm happy to move forward, but I'm not going to do it by myself. And so, we went around the room and it wasn't just about the pictures as well. Are we going to get together? Are we going to do something as a group? And, it was a very poignant discussion that I really will never forget, because one by one by one, they all said, in varying forms, “we've set back and trusted our government for now seven years and look what it's gotten us. Look around, it's visible, you can't miss it. So, that hasn't worked. So, yeah, we're with you. We're in this together.” And so, I talked to the reporters. They ran stories, but more importantly, a group called Need Our Water was formed that day, at that meeting. And, it has now become the first, I don't want to say the first, but it's certainly the most organized and powerful PFAS group in Michigan. And, probably one of the most organized and powerful in the whole country. We're recognized from all over the place. It happened that day. That night, the state officials flew in from Lansing and they flew, and they had to land — the flight path was right over the lake during the day so they could see the foam from the air, that's how bad it was. So, I stood up at the meeting and basically addressed the representative from the governor's office in a very reasonable way and just said, “look, when this all came down, I really thought you guys were doing a good job. But, over the course of the last year plus, I've come to see that that's not the case. To understand that we have this foam that's everywhere, that is not safe. You'll get the pictures, you saw it this afternoon, and I find out that the state is doing nothing about it. I find out that the state has regulations on the books that it's not even enforcing.” And, this just keeps going on and on and on and on. And it was a very interesting thing to watch the reaction of the governor's office representative because you could see her face just dropped. It was probably about a five-minute presentation that I made, and she looked at me very sincerely and said, “you have raised very serious concerns.” So, from there, this group, Need Our Water was hatched, and we started to become quite active. 9 �Right around that time in December, I happened to meet a legislator introduced through a mutual friend. Her name is Winnie Brinks. Name might ring a bell with you, from the Grand Rapids area. She was a state representative at the time, and as of this recording, she's a state Senator and met with Winnie and met with my father, because my father had done the legislation on PBB, and we talked to her about legislation on PFAS and there were some others involved in the meeting as well. From that meeting, the first PFAS legislation in Michigan was introduced by then Representative Brinks to set a drinking water standard for PFOA and PFOS. The legislation got nowhere in the legislature at the time, but it was the start. It was the start of a process that has made PFAS a pretty big statewide issue today, politically and otherwise. And it's really something for me to have seen that happen, because I remember thinking, “I'm in this little, tiny town of Oscoda. We have no news media. Nobody really, really cares as much. How are we going to get this out? Because we can't do this by ourselves.” And, of course, Wolverine remains a very big issue in the Grand Rapids area. So, there's a kinship between our two communities, which you can understand. Because we were the first, Wolverine was the second, and they helped to really pop the issue on the stage with Bob Delaney and the rest. We also happen to have in Oscoda, a congressman by the name of Dan Kildee, who represents Flint. We're in the same district as Flint. I don't think that's going to last much longer than the reapportionment, but he knows all about water crises, and he became an incredible ally for us in the United States Congress. And he came up and he brainstormed with us. We had a brainstorming session in early 2018, and I remember I sat next to him, and I said, “we've got to do something there. I know that there are other communities like ours around the country. They're coming, right?” “We didn't know at the time because we didn't have the testing. “They're coming and we've got to join together because taking on the Pentagon, the armed forces is a pretty hard thing to do, and they don't want to work with us.” So, he said “yeah, it's tough because people don't like to make a big deal out of this issue sometimes because it creates negative publicity,” and yes, it does. There are people in my community who are not happy with me and others in our group because we're a tourism town, right? And, so negative publicity about the water and the fish and the deer, which there's advisories for all of those, is not a good thing for tourism. So, he left, and things went on. As it turns out, as a result of that meeting, he credits that meeting with giving him the idea to form what is now known as the Bipartisan Congressional PFAS Taskforce, a group of members of Congress who come together solely around the PFAS issue. I believe, as of today, that there are somewhere in the 80 to 90 range, 80 to 90 members of Congress, who are a part of this PFAS coalition. Which is incredibly cool when you think it all started in little old Oscoda, and now we have 90 members of Congress. I went up to Washington, D. C. in the fall of 2018 to a hearing that Senator Peters convened, Gary Peters. And, I know my way around Washington a little, because I was involved in politics with my father, and met with some members of Congress and their staffs to talk about our plate in Oscoda. And it was very interesting, most people hadn't heard of PFAS, didn't know if they had, they just heard very very little about it. So, it became apparent to me, “okay, we've got to do some education here.” I connected with the campaign of Governor Gretchen Whitmer. She wasn't the governor then, she was a state senator, a former state senator. Actually, this was earlier in the year. And I said, “hey, you really want to get to know about this issue.” So, she came to Oscoda, and she met with us. We were the first ones to tell her about PFAS. And it was a meeting where she just sat and listened, to take it all in because she didn't know about it. At the same time, somebody introduced me to a woman who was running for Attorney General. Her name is Dana Nessel, and she is now our Attorney General. And, Attorney General Nessel at the time said, “hey, you got a lot of knowledge about this. Do you mind if I pick your brain?” then I said, “absolutely.” And so, during her campaign, I advised her and worked with her in helping to kind of to formulate her positions on PFAS. It became one of her probably top three issues in her election campaign for Attorney General. And, she won. And, I can tell you an incredible story about that in a minute. But, my notion of what I had learned from PBB was that until it became a political issue, until it got moved, until the 10 �bureaucrats were forced by the political forces to take action, that nothing happened with that. And, I saw that going on here as well. So, I was like, “we’ve got to educate politicians, we’ve got to educate elected officials, we’ve got to educate candidates in this issue. I think it’s going to be a big one.” And it turns out, it was a big one, it has been a big one. So, the story about the Attorney General, so she gets elected, of course. Her first day in office she calls me, and she says, “get up here, we're going to talk about PFAS.” And, up I go to Lansing. She was so new, that her staff was just getting put in place. I show up at the building, and they won’t let me in. The security guard says, “who are you here to see?” and I said, “well I am here to see the Attorney General.” And they said, “well who in the Attorney General’s office do you have an appointment with?” And I said, “well I have an appointment with the Attorney General.” And they said “yeah, but who in the Attorney General’s office do you have an appointment with?” and I said, “the Attorney General Dana Nessel.” “Well, who is the staff person that set the appointment up?” I said “there wasn’t a staff person, it was the Attorney General. And, I said let me tell you, I can imagine you have all sort of people wandering in and out of the street here that would like to talk to the attorney general about all sorts of grievances they have. I am not crazy, I’m not a whacko, I really do have an appointment with the Attorney General. Would you please just call somebody up there? I don’t know who to tell you to call, other than the Attorney General, but call somebody in her office. And, they can verify that I’m for real.” So, sure enough, he looked at me and said, “yeah, I’ll be darn, you’re right” [chuckles]. So up I go! And we talked about different legal things that we could do. My legal background has been helpful, and I give her all the credit in the world that she followed through on the promises she made. The main one being that she’s going to sue the chemical manufacturers. 3M and others, and that was done, that’s going on, that’s in process today. People see this someday they’re going to know how it turned out. That was a real tangible result of being organized, and being engaged, and being involved, and that felt good. As you can imagine. It doesn’t feel good that my community still 12 years later, 11 years later doesn’t have a clean-up plan in place, it doesn’t feel good when people in my community who feel a sense of alienation, who feel that they’ve been abandoned by their government, who feel there’s no hope, who are suffering from various malities which we can’t even get confirmed, they won’t even be tested to see if they connected to…. It’s such a non validating, that’s a terrible word, but a non validating process to go through. To have bureaucrats continuously tell you “It’s no big deal, not a problem” and you know there is. And, it t continues to play out, all across the United States. In the course of my work, I continued getting involved with a group called the National PFAS Contamination Coalition. Which is a coalition of community groups, like ours in Oscoda, now in 40 communities and 17 states across the country. Our experiences are very, very, very similar. Their differences from community to community, you could in many many ways almost change the names and change the locations and its very similar stuff that’s going on. We’ve developed a bond, with people who have gone through this. It’s almost a brother and sisterhood kind of thing. I thought when I was involved with PBB that I was really with it, into it. I mean I was as close as you could get to what was going on. It’s not the same as when it happens to you. When it happens to you, it never goes away. It’s always there. And, particularly I see this in moms. A sense of guilt that they have, unintentionally, poisoned their children. Of course, it’s not their fault, they didn’t know. But it’s something they live with. I’ve talked to moms in particular with children who have been born with serious developmental issues and birth defects, it's just gut wrenching. And sadly, the bureaucrats who are largely in charge of this response, don’t understand that human side. I can see you do because I can see you getting upset just talking to me, but they don’t get it! For them, it’s like a big science experiment, and sadly the guinea pigs are all of us. With PFAS, it isn’t just people in Oscoda, or people in Kent County, or people in these little dots you keep seeing popping up across the map. PFAS is so prevalent that it’s everybody. Some people have different reactions than others, there are lower levels in certain places than others, but the research continues to show that low levels, quoteunquote “low levels” are bad, in lots of different ways. And we know they are bad for, particularly harmful for children, fetuses, pregnant women, people with immunological problems, older people. We’re 11 �going to learn more as we go forward, but none of it’s good. I mean, there’s nothing good that comes from any of this. And, as I look back 50 years ago to where I was with PFAS, and where I am today and Dani there have been so many very poignant and moving things that have happened to me. I haven’t even touched on a number of them, but in the process of this, I got to meet the researchers who are doing the PBB study now. We got together in Lansing, there was a PBB/PFAS gathering there. And, we got together, and they said, “hey we should talk.” My dad came, and these researchers are from Emory University in Atlanta, the state of Michigan, by the way, dropped the study in the 1990s. Emory University, for whatever reason, in Atlanta, jumped in and got funding and is continuing it. But, we started a conversation we thought would be maybe a half an hour. As we talked, I think it went for 8 hours, by the time we got done. We were like “well let’s go to dinner.” We went to dinner, and we just kept talking and talking and the stories that they told me about what they’re still seeing today, just tears your heart out. And what I know when I see that, and when I’ve seen what I’ve seen coming down with PFAS, I know that’s what’s going to be in the future for countless untold people. That is just, that’s hard to live with. And, the fact that we have no regulations at the federal level, none, zero, today? The fact that even at the federal level, we are only looking at one or two, in a class of thousands? The fact that the people who told us that PFOA and PFOS were safe are now saying “oh don’t worry, yeah, those are problematic — they still won’t acknowledge them — but all these other 7000 things are fine, because they’re different. Well, no. The good scientists are telling us otherwise. In any event, good research tells you that if you’re really following the science, that’s kind of a term people like to use. The best way to protect public health is to not have this stuff in the environment in the first place. Instead of putting it in the environment, randomly poisoning people, and then going back and trying to do the detective work after the damage is done. So, that was the lesson for me from PBB. Another interesting aside, I went off to college in the PBB thing. I went to Harvard, and I took a class on the science of public policy, on public policy of carcinogenic stuff, and my professors were like “you were involved with this world seminal thing that was going on with PBB? You know these people?” and I was like “yeah I know them.” From the class, I learned about the history of carcinogenic chemicals. There’s bad stuff in a lot of different ways. You’ve got lead out there that affects developmental issues, we’ve just got a cocktails of bad things in our environment. But, one of the things I learned was to study this, to study the impacts, one of the helpful things in epidemiology is to study where the cancers pop up. And then in the detective work go back and say, “oh geez we’ve got a cluster here of a particular type of cancer.” So, my father, at my suggestion, introduced legislation in the 1980s, which was signed into law in 1984, creating the Michigan cancer registry. So, when people die of cancers, without reviewing their private information, the information is kept in a registry. So, we have that. I don’t know that it's being used in the way it should be, for PFAS or really for anything else. But, I have a different view from a lot of people because of what I’ve seen and what I’ve been through. My view of the future, given where we are now, it’s not a particularly bright one. I am sorry to say that, but it’s a reality. And, it’s something that makes the work that I do, in one sense it motivates me in a big way, but in another way, it makes me very sad that it’s such an uphill battle. And it also motivates, I have a grandson now, he’s a year old and I have another one on the way, it’s for them. For us, in a way, it’s too late, but to bring people into the world and know that things like this are out there and we are not taking care of them is just hard to deal with. I suspect we have probably talked longer than you might’ve guessed we would have, or there's certainly more I could share with you. DD: Well, you actually started anticipating one of my questions, which was about ‘what concerns do you have about PFAS contamination going forward?’ I don’t know if you want to say any more about that or not. TS: My concerns moving forward is that they’re creating new PFAS’s at such a rapid rate. New types of PFAS, given the current structure that there’s no way we can keep up. So, if we don’t regulate them as a class, if we don’t ban them, except for the most essential uses, and then require that they prove safety before they can be used in things like cosmetics, and food packaging, and dental floss, and all sorts of 12 �crazy things. If we don’t do that, we're in a bad, bad, bad place. And so, that’s the focus of, aside from getting wordsmith air force base cleaned up, and getting my lake cleaned up, we’ve had some success. My wife says I ruin every party whenever anyone talks to me, but we have had some success. But, the future right now is not particularly bright, without change. The bright part in this —. You live a total downer, the bright side in this is I can’t tell you how many incredibly amazing, compassionate people that I have met across the country who are just as passionate and active and involved as I am. They, as I think I may have alluded to before, we are like blood brothers and sisters. Because we lived this experience and were committed to do this and the stories they have to tell are just very moving and very touching. Many of them, I know in my case, I’ve been in three film documentaries, including one that was done by a Pulitzer Prize winner. The woman who broke the jerry Sandusky sex abuse scandal at Penn State came to Oscoda and did a whole production up there. The stories, because like you, she said, “these stories are important, and we have to get them out” and so I think part of the reason I think what you’re doing is so important is we do need to get these stories out. Because they have a very personal side, a very personal impact. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0028 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spaniola, Tony Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-09-24 Title A name given to the resource Tony Spaniola, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Tony Spaniola resides in southeast Michigan, but maintains a second home in Oscoda, Michigan near the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base. The base was first recorded to have PFAS contamination in 2010, though Tony did not learn of it until reading about it in the newspaper in 2016. In this interview Spaniola discusses the impact that PFAS has had on his and his family's lives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cc9edc20a3feb7395870141a47cfe11e.mp4 4e159ae99a3d4dd502fbb785521fd490 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4c7fc194f9950a4be9221d067a391222.pdf 9c4684ea4e728af9376bd4cd0fa81f97 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW FRED SPAULDING Born: Indianapolis, Indiana April, 1940 Resides: Indianapolis, Indiana Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, July 6, 2013 Interviewer: Can you start us off with some background on yourself? To begin with, where and when were you born? I was born In Indianapolis, Indiana in April of 1940. Interviewer: Did you grow up in Indianapolis? I was born and raised her and I‘ll probably die here. Interviewer: What kind of schools did you go to? I went to grade school at PS 78, located at Sherman Drive and Vermont Street and we called it Mini Hartman High, but then I went to Tech for two and a half years, high school, and then they changed the boundary. Originally, my house sat on the boundary line, so when they changed the boundary, then I had to go to another school, which was Howe High School, and Howe was closer anyway. I went to Howe and finished up there and graduated in 1957. 1:02 Interviewer: Now while you were growing up, what did your family do for a living? My dad was a printer and worked for the Indianapolis Star and Indianapolis Times and my mother was a housewife. Interviewer: What did you do once you finished high school? I worked for about a year and then I went in the service. I went to enlist in June of 1958 and I went to the Marine Corps where my uncle was serving in WWII. I went in to see 1 �the recruiter and he was on the telephone, sitting back with his feet up on the desk. He asked me what I wanted, I told him, and he said something like, ―Get out of here, you‘re not big enough to be a Marine. You‘re nothing but a piss ass—blah, blah, blah‖, which I didn‘t think he was serious, but he was. I went down the hall, rather to catch him around the corner, and I was walking down the hallway of the Federal building there and there was this big old master sergeant, Army, and he evidently, he had enough stripes on his arm there and must had been in WWI, WWII, and Korea. 2:08 He‘d been in all of them, and he asked me what happened and I told him and he said, ―Out there you looked like a fine specimen of manhood to me. Step right in here‖. I went in and he had all these posters all over the wall, and the one poster that jumped out was these guys coming down in parachutes and on the ground they were running and they had a very determined look on their face, and knives stuck in their boot, and their Thompson sub-machine guns. The proper thing to grab an eighteen year olds attention, you see, and he asked, ―What can I do for you?‖ I said, ―I want to be that right there‖, and across the bottom it said, ―Rangers Lead the Way‖, and he said, ―That‘s pretty good‖, so he looked at the poster and he looked back at me and he said, ―This poster right here?‖ 3:02 I said, ―Yes‖, he looked me up and down again and said, ―Wow, we have our work cut out for us now, don‘t we?‖ I had no idea what he was talking about, but years later when I retired, about six months after I retired, I received all of my files. They‘d put them on microfiche and sent me all the originals. Well, my original physical was in there. I was five foot five and weighed a hundred and twenty eight pounds. I guess I was a piss ass about that time, but anyway, it was a very good life. I went Fort Knox, Kentucky for basic training and then on down to Fort Benning, Georgia for advanced individual training, infantry. Then 2 �from there, I got on a bus with a hundred and twenty six other guys and we went to Fort Bragg. I was going to be, originally, assigned in the 504 and be a replacement because they were rotating to Germany at that time. 4:03 However, we got there late and they had already gone, so I was reassigned to 325 and we went to jump school right there, and it was five weeks long in those days. Interviewer: Now, was 325, if you go back to WWII days, was that the glider regiment? It was the glider regiment for the 82nd. Interviewer: But at this point you all get jump training? Yes, because everything was parachutes. They did away with glider, I think, in the late forties; I‘m not really sure about the dates, but sometime around there. It had something to do when the air force became, instead of Air Corps, it became the United States Air Force in September of 1947, so gliders, fixed wing-- they were kind of gone. But I was with the 325, the 1st Airborne Battle Group, Echo Company of the 1/325, and my company commander was a 1st Lieutenant by the name of Fiesher, Peter J. Fisher, which I ran into years later in Vietnam and he was a Lt. Colonel. 5:02 I was a Captain, so it was ―what goes around, comes around‖, I guess, but, anyway I had three years there. Interviewer: I’d like to go back a little bit. You said when you enlisted the man said you had the work cut out for you. What was your experience like in the various training you got, boot camp, AIT, jump school, what was that like? There‘s one thing I‘ve never been able to understand with the Army. All the skinny guys gain weight and all the fat guys lose weight and we all eat the same thing, I‘ve never been able to understand that. With my bunch there were four of us or five of us, I can‘t 3 �remember now, that they would get us up at one o‘clock in the morning, down to the mess hall and we would either eat a bowl of bananas and milk or a bowl of—those old brown plastic bowls, of mashed potatoes and milk, cold. 6:03 I got this aversion to eating mashed potatoes to this day since then. But anyway, I picked up twenty or thirty pounds. I came out of basic and going to Fort Benning, at about a hundred and forty five pounds, and when I got out of Benning and going to Fort Bragg, I was about a hundred and fifty five or a hundred and sixty pounds. Interviewer: Now, did they also put you—try to give you any extra PT, or effort to build you up, or did that just come naturally? No, that just came, it just came with it. Now, it was kind of—when I got to Bragg I was still kind of the smallest one, so I got the M-19-A, air cooled, gas operated machine gun. Interviewer: So, you got the biggest weapon? I got the biggest one, so I had to tote that baby around for when we went on jump-ins and everything else. 7:00 Being in 325 was a fortunate thing, because—it was a very fortunate thing for me because when I first went in, in the 50‘s, in the late 50‘s there was all the personnel we had in the Echo Company, all the sergeants and all the officers had already been in combat, every one of them. All my squad leaders, my platoon sergeant, first sergeant, they‘d all been to WWII and Korea. Well, some of the squad leaders hadn‘t been to WWII, but they all had been to Korea. The officers we had were all WWII. The company commander was WWII and then later on the XO, I think, he was an enlisted man in WWII and got a direct commission and went to Korea and maybe got a direct commission there, I don‘t know, but they were all combat oriented, and that‘s the way they trained you. None of this, ―Don‘t worry about it, we‘ll get it tomorrow‖, you 4 �do it right the first time. 8:01 In those days, when we went on a training exercise, it was like thirty days in the field, thirty days on maintenance, and thirty days on post support, guard duty or whatever. During those thirty days training you‘d get all your gear, go down to a green ramp, get on an airplane and fly off to places like Fort Gordon, Georgia, jump in and walk back to Fort Bragg. Take every hill, cross every stream, even if there‘s a bridge right down there, you had to cross the stream here, and like Charlie Thrasher, he was the biggest complainer we had, a great guy, everybody loved him, and they said we couldn‘t use the bridge, we had to cross over here and Charlie said, ―What do you mean we can‘t use the bridge it‘s sitting right there?‖ And he‘d walk out and jump on it, ―There‘s nothing wrong with this bridge‖, and then he‘d mumble to himself about the Army and blah, blah, blah, but anyway, he kept everybody‘s morale up with this. We had pretty good training in those days. 9:02 The sergeants would call you up to the front and give you the map and say, ―We are here because of, this or that‖ , and they would point it out and they said, ―I want to go here‖, which is three or four miles up the road, they give you the map and you had to get there. The biggest thing in the military then, well, one of the biggest things, was map reading, land navigation, if you couldn‘t get from point A to point B, you‘re not going to complete your mission, so training was quite extensive in classroom. Then you‘ve got to go out on practical application phase of it and it got to the point where even the lowest PFC could read that map, just like that, no problem, which came out years later to be very advantageous for us. 10:00 But, 325 was great, 1961 I started to get out, I came home to see what the prospects were and all my high school buddies were working at Western Electric and the Ford plant. The big thing with them was getting a six pack of beer and riding around on Friday night, and I 5 �was thinking, ―We did that in high school, what‘s the big thing here?‖ So, I went back and reenlisted and went to Korea. By this time I was a staff sergeant and I was with the 1st Cav in Korea. First off, when I got off the boat, which was a long-Interviewer: What kind of a ship did they have you on? The Barrister, the USS Barrister, it was a troop ship. I think it was designed for, like four hundred and it had eighteen hundred on it, or something, I don‘t know. 11:00 But, this old master sergeant grabbed me when we were first getting g on it said, ―You‘re going to be my sergeant of the guard for the ship‖, so that got us up here rather than down on the hold with everybody else. Interviewer: Had you actually made sergeant by this time? Yeah, I was a staff sergeant. Interviewer: Okay Yeah, anyway, we got to Korea, got off the boat and everybody of a certain height and certain weight goes over here, and this one Captain came through and first sergeant and said, ―You, I‘ll have you, and you‖ and we had no idea what it was, but what it was, we got on trucks and wound up over in Seoul at Yongsan compound and we had just become part of the United Nations Honor Guard, and did that for, gosh, two or three months. 12:00 Then we were shipped up to the 1st Cav as honor guard at Camp Harold, I believe that was. They wanted to start their honor guard so they took the youngest ones we had up there. We got up to camp and started the 1st Cavalry Division Honor Guard. Interviewer: What duties did the 1st Cavalry Honor Guard have to perform in these places? 6 �Oh well, each time we had a visiting dignitary, well, in the United Nations Honor Guard, every Friday night we had to lower the flag and fire the canon, march past in review and also there, the United Nations Honor Guard, 8th Army headquarters was right across the street and they had all the dignitaries in the world coming in and out of there, and every time there was we had a big parade, and we‘d have two or three a day sometimes, but you had to change uniforms every time, every time. 13:05 With the 1st Cav we didn‘t have much to do except on Friday nights they had the ceremony for retreat and review. Every time we had the visiting 8th Army commander come out there than we had to do the same thing again, but myself and, gosh I can‘t remember his name, but one other guy, were pulled out of there and we had orders to report to the 8th Army G3. We went down there and we had orders for Vietnam, and nobody had ever heard of Vietnam then. So, this was like November or December of 1962 and then they finally found it on the map. The map they had said Indochina, it didn‘t say anything about Vietnam. 14:00 Anyway, we finally got there and were assigned to the 42nd ARVN Ranger Parachute Battalion out of Vung Tau, and we went all night on five or six little excursions toward the Cambodian border and in the Parrot's Beak area, what they call the Parrot's Beak. If you take off from Vung Tau and go just north of Saigon and you‘re heading due west, the river runs like a horseshoe right there, and that was where we always flew over and passed one way or the other, that was like a reference point to which way they‘re going to go and if we went this way we knew we were going to be in a firefight somewhere, and if we went this way we were just going to be out walking and looking. They were all down over here, but anyway we got in several pretty good firefights. 7 �Interviewer: I want to again kind of stop and fill in a little bit. The time you spent up in Korea, would you preferred to have had an assignment other than the honor guard, or were you not even thinking about that? 15:08 I wasn‘t really thinking about it at that time, because I figured if I was staying in I was going to have plenty of opportunity to be on the line. Like I told the honor guard thing, I really would prefer to be at the DMZ, because in the infantry this is what we‘re supposed to be doing. They said, ‗Well, we want you here‖, blah, blah, blah, and like a couple of these older NCO‘s would tell me, ―You‘re going to get plenty of opportunity, don‘t you worry about that, but right now we need you here‖. Just like, set the example for the young ones and all. Interviewer: Did you learn things while being with the honor guard, in terms of how the army worked, or other things worked, or political stuff, a lot of it being useful? It was very useful because we were around the headquarters. 16:00 One of our main functions, other than the honor guard routines, were the various ceremonies you had to do. We were the body guard for the commanding General and the headquarters that was our main function up there. The same way with the United Nations Honor Guard and we were the guard that sat outside the door of the commanding General, the staff and all the headquarters there. We had to take care of all that. Interviewer: So, you basically--you got to meet people and learn something about how they operated? Oh yeah, when you‘re standing out as a guard, standing outside the door, you can hear everything that‘s going on behind you. A lot of times I was thinking, ―My God, how did 8 �he get three stars?‖ But anyway, it was very enlightening for a young man to be standing there listening to all this, because they‘re discussing war policies and everything, especially there in Korea. There were a couple times when they had the various United Nations officers in from different countries. 17:07 In the war room we‘d have to be inside the war room and outside the war room, we had guards on both sides and a lot of times I got to be inside, and that was interesting watching the maps and looking at how they‘re doing all this, and it came in pretty handy later. Interviewer: Now, when you got down to Vietnam, describe a little bit, or characterize the ARVN battalion that you were serving with. It was the 42nd ARVN Ranger Parachute Battalion and they were some tough little people. They‘d already been in combat for I don‘t know how long. Some of these guys we had, they fought against the Japanese in WWII and they had been fighting against the Vietminh, which later became the Vietcong. Interviewer: So I bet some of them served alongside the French when the French were still trying to hang on. 18:00 These we tough guys, they were little, but they were tough. But, I had 1st company and we went on this one big operation. In those days you could not be really assigned there. We were TDY from Korea, okay, we still wore out 1st Cav patches, we didn‘t wear the KMAC bag, or the VMAC patch. Our orders said TDY for a hundred and seventy nine days and the reason, the way I understood it was that, if you were assigned there, like for a year, then this strength level would go up. If you‘re there TDY the strength level would not go up, so therefore, you really, in a sense, didn‘t count against the strength level, because you‘re just TDY. 9 �Interviewer: TDY was just temporary duty or detached duty? Yeah, temporary duty, but we went on this last operation, there were five or six operations we went on. 19:03 Two of them were nothing and a couple of them were pretty good firefights, which is you‘re still learning all this, this is what your job is, and then the last one we went on, it was just a full-fledged ―ball buster‖, mainly. They had everything going, the entire battalion was out and they had another battalion somewhere, a mile or two up the road, up that way, but the bulk of my battalion was here and my 1st company was out here and there was 2nd company, 3,4, and five, and the headquarters was landed out there. Well, they went to the wrong place, I think, because they were getting hit with everything and then 2nd company went to help and they were blocking this side. 1st company, we went up this way and the tree line, the way the tree line was— I was thinking that somebody should have peppered that tree line before we went in because that‘s where all the firing was coming from. 20:09 My company went this way and we got on line, a skirmish line, and started going through. The enemy, that day, must have been asleep because they had no flank security out and we just rolled them right up. Interviewer: Now the—did you, basically, recommend the maneuver to the company commander, or did he come up with that himself? Well, yes and no, I had the radio and was talking to the battalion advisor and I‘m on the frequency and I‘m listening to all the different advisors what‘s going on where. I knew where the fire was coming from; I could see it and hear it also. I‘m thinking, ―Our best bet is to go over this way and then come this way, because if we come up this way, we‘re going to be getting fire from our own people. We need to come up this way and hit them 10 �from this flank‖. 21:01 Any time you can flank somebody and hit them with enfilade fire, that‘s the best way to go. Interviewer: I’m basically asking how command process works, because, officially, you’re just there in an advisory capacity and it’s going to be the Vietnamese officers who are giving the orders? Right Interviewer: How does that dynamic actually work? Well, I recommend pfffff, over here, but at the same time you‘re recommending you‘re pointing over and blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, and then the interpreters firing it through. The captain and I, we could speak pretty good English, so we had no problem, so anyway, we got on line, swept through and I had our flanks out on the left just to make sure, and ―bang‘, we walked right up behind them, not a one of them was looking our way, and we just ―pffew‖. Interviewer: Now, what kind of troops were you fighting? Who were these people? Viet Minh, which, like I said, later became Viet Cong. 22:00 They had no, at that time, in the early 1960‘s, they had no hard core NVA units there, it was all Viet Minh, well, Viet Cong. Anyway, we rolled them up wherein, they were totally ineffective, and then the battalion advisor, after that, he recommended myself and the guy from the 2nd company, I never can remember his name for some reason, he recommended us for direct battle commission, which I turned down. In those days officers were held to very high esteem and I did not feel I had the education to be an officer, so when we went back in and did the after action report and the briefing, and blah, blah, blah and everything, and about a week later I‘m heading back to Korea. 23:00 I get back and back to my old 11 �duties and that kind of stuff, which I volunteered at that time to go up to the DMZ to get in rifle squad or a platoon. They said, ―No, right now we got this coming, blah, blah, blah, back and forth, and all this other stuff‖, so I got back in time for a commendation for noncommissioned officer of the year, and I went to that, which, being with the United Nations Honor Guard and hearing all the stuff that was going on, and then being in Vietnam with advisory staff and listening to how they planned all this stuff, when I got in front of the board for the NCO of the year, everything just kind of fell into place, and I was designated NCO of the year for the 1st Cavalry Division, 1963. 24:00 Anyway, after that I came back to the states and back to the 82nd. The offers back there--after about three or four months all this stuff starts catching up with you paperwork wise. They were pushing me to go to OCS, take a direct commission and all this kind of stuff and I didn‘t do that, so when I mentioned the education thing to-- the company commander called me in and asked me, ―What is the problem? You‘ve already demonstrated you know what you‘re doing on the battlefield‖, and I told him, ―I don‘t have the education‖, and he said, ―That‘s simple, go to night school‖, so I started going to night school. That was working pretty well, and after about two months the—I used to go in about a half hour to an hour early every night just to go over everything and make sure I had everything ready. Well, I went in early one evening and the professor was in there early and he said, ―I‘m glad you‘re here Sergeant Spaulding, I need to talk with you‖. 25:04 I said, ―Okay, what did I do?‖ He said, ―I think you‘re wasting your time‖, and I guess the look on my face was just—because I thought, ―My God am I that bad?‖ Anyway, he said, ―NO, no, it‘s quite obvious you‘re very well read. What I want to do is, I just want to test you out. We‘re going to give you this for two or three weeks and then 12 �we‘re going to test you out‖, so that‘s what we did and I got out of there in about seven or eight months and had my degree and applied to OCS, had my E7 orders in one hand and OCS orders in the other. If I take the OCS orders and not the E7 orders, than by buddy Tom Thornton gets the E7 stripe, which he was married and had kids and I wasn‘t, so he could have that I‘ll take this, and I went to OCS. 26:06 I graduated in June of 1967, class 3667. Interviewer: Where did you do the OCS? What did I do? Interviewer: Where did you do it? At Fort Benning Interviewer: Okay And very lucky, either that or I irritated a lot of people, or wanted to. They had a thing called Student Council President, you‘re like the acting company, you work in countenance with the tactical officers and the company commander, and I was elected Student council President, which I had no idea how to do it and I had enough problems just keeping up with the classes. Six months later I was still the Student Council President, which was, the regimental commander told us that was the first time he‘d ever seen the same person is the Student Council President in the beginning and in the end. 27:03 Most of the time they get fired or they drop out or they get kicked out or whatever, but anyway, that worked out pretty good. The 55th company class, today, we have reunions which started about three years ago, reunions all the time. One of the guys, gosh, Mike, he lives in Friday Harbor, Washington, it begins with an H, I can‘t think of his last name, but anyway, he got together with the rest of the guys when he 13 �found out that I was alive and they nominated me for the Infantry OC S Hall of Fame, so I went into the Infantry OCS Hall of Fame in 2007, I believe it was, and pretty exciting. 28:00 Interviewer: What did they emphasize or focus on in the OCS training? What were the main things? It was a lot different than it is now, back then it was infantry, and you were taught Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, Company Commander, which you get out of that and you go to infantry officers advanced course and that‘s when you learn how to be a Major and move from staff officer, plus you‘re learning like an S3 battalion, brigade, and you‘re learning all the maps and plans and your right flank is in Berlin and your left flank is in— what is that up there, somewhere in Holland? Amsterdam and then ―pfffff‖ you‘re going this way. You learn a lot of logistics, writing up orders, a lot of that, plus it‘s a tactics thing and then after that it‘s commanding staff and that‘s when you learn division at army level, and then you go to War College and you‘re looking at more of the world. 29:00 Interviewer: But at this point, this original Infantry OCS, this is sort of how to lead a platoon or how to lead a company. Platoon company mainly, but now, and that was twenty six weeks long, now days, I think, it‘s eight weeks long or ten weeks long and it‘s branch and material. You just learn how to be an officer, that‘s what it is and then you go to your branch training, like if you‘re going to go infantry, you go to the infantry basic course, if you‘re going to sea you go Fort Mott, New Jersey to seaman school, and armor you go to where ever, well actually, it‘s going to be at Fort Benning now, artillery you go somewhere else. Anyway, it‘s all basically there 14 �Interviewer: So, it’s really a pretty extended course at the time that you took it? At the time when I took it, it was twenty six weeks long and you go through various phases. You start off and you‘re basic, you get two thirds of the way through and you turn blue, there‘s black in there somewhere—you turn blue and then you graduate. 30:11 Interviewer: So, when did you graduate? 22 June, 1967, can‘t get away from this June, you know. Interviewer: Now, by this time things have heated up a lot in Vietnam, it’s no longer just some advisors and the ARVN now does a lot. Over the course of the time that you were kind of back in the states doing different assignments, did you feel like you wanted to go back and get into that? I wanted a rifle company. I wanted to be company commander of a rifle company, but backing up, before I got to OCS, I think in 1965, the 82nd Airborne Division went into the Dominican Republic. It was the second time the 82nd, as a division, went into combat since WWII. 31:00 We took the airfield and then we go down to the Duarte Bridge, go across the Duarte Bridge, took the city in half and link up with Marines who were guarding the embassy and I was selected to be the point man to go that night, because for the last year and a half I had been the senior instructor at the 82nd Airborne‘s Raider Detachment School. Which is a mini ranger course and that‘s what we taught, patrolling. So, when we got up there the 508 was supposed to be the first element across. The 508 had no one in their unit that had any combat experience, so the called the 325 up. Colonel McDonald was a first sergeant in Korea and got a battlefield commission, and he‘s now our battalion commander. He already had battlefield experience, WWII, Korea, so they made our battalion the lead battalion. 32:00 He was asking, he said, ―Who do 15 �we have?‖ And he said, ―Well, sir, we got Sergeant Spaulding, he‘s a ranger, ranger instructor, we got Sergeant Williams, he just got out of ranger school two weeks ago, we got Sergeant Blizzard, he‘s ranger qualified‖. Our company had four rangers, which is just unheard of; usually you‘re lucky if you get one per a company. So, he said, ―Alright, bring them forward‖, so we moved our company up, which is Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion 325. Had the Jeep on our end of the bridge, not a light on anywhere in the city, shooting going on everywhere, and anyway, he gave us a briefing on the bridge, ―This is the map, this is where I want you to go, this way, that way, if you come to this there‘s a fountain, turn right, etc.‖ I‘m thinking, ―Oh boy, this is going to be good‖, so when he finished the briefing he said, ―Are there any questions?‖ I said, ―Yes sir, I got one, are there any friendlies on the other side of that bridge?‖ 33:02 He said, ―No‖, and then he turned around and looked and then we turned around and looked to see, because he looked this way, and there was General York, General of the 82nd Airborne Division and the chief of Staff and the Deputy Commander. They kind of conferred and they said, ―No, there are no friendlies on the other side of the bridge, to which, and I‘ve always wanted to say this because it is the trademark of the Rangers, I said, ―Okay Williams, let‘s go‖. I said, ―Rangers lead the way. I‘ll be on the right, you stay thirty yards behind me on the left, and don‘t you dare fire across to my side of the bridge‖. So anyway, going across, Blizzard was the contact man and he was keeping his eye on Williams, and the rest of the platoon was another thirty or forty yards back behind him. We had radios and I was talking back and forth. I got one little historical fact. Like I said earlier, that was the first time that the 82nd Airborne Division went into combat since WWII. 34:06 I was the first man across the bridge, the first one through the city as an enlisted man, the 16 �very first officer was our platoon leader coming across there, it was Barry R. McCaffrey, four stars, that was four stars. Anyway, we got through the city, this way, that way, and we were coming up out of the warehouse area where there‘s no doors, no windows, all walls and we‘re kind of caught in a tunnel like here, and here‘s all this hollering going on, and here‘s about forty or fifty rebels marching, not marching, but coming across in a big mob and they were chanting all kinds of stuff and everything and I‘m getting ready to give my burst and five or six, eleven or twelve year old kids with them, and not all of them had weapons and none of the kids had weapons. 35:00 I‘m thinking, ―if we start spraying, it‘s dark, and the flash, you‘re going to get blinded and you‘re just going to spray everybody, and I was going to hit one of those kids‖. I don‘t mind shooting somebody that‘s got a weapon, but I‘m not going to shoot a kid, so I didn‘t fire, and they walked right on by. They kept looking at me and, hell, I wasn‘t fifteen feet from them. They just kept looking at me, I‘m standing there pointed right at them, and if they‘d have fired, I‘d have fired, but they didn‘t fire, they just kept looking back like, ―Is that somebody standing there?‖ They kept on going, but anyway, we went on down, across this way and that way and wound up where we were supposed to go and Colonel Mac was happy. Interviewer: So, this group kind of went past the rest of your unit presumably and kept going? No, no, they were going this way and we were going this way. Interviewer: They were going somewhere else, and you were crossing paths? Yeah, by that junction there, but, I radioed back, you know, and they only went down a couple blocks, then I radioed that in too. 36:04 Anyway, we went this way and 17 �everybody got to where we were supposed to go, and then four months, five months, something like that, we got—our company got on planes and flew back to fort Bragg. Interviewer: So, how did you spend your time over the next several months? On rooftops, sitting with 50 caliber machine guns on rooftops guarding different junctions, highways and stuff. We had to block off the city where—we pushed them in and we had the river behind them and we just kind of blocked them and then pushed them, now they‘re all trapped in there and can‘t come out. A General Camano, I believe was the rebel commander. Interviewer: Did they finally surrender? Yeah Interviewer: Was there much actual fighting? Yeah, we lost twelve. I think we had something like a hundred and fifteen, sixteen wounded, shot. 37:06 They had like a little tank, more like an armored thing and they came wheeling around and they blew that thing to pieces with a 106 and that was a bit of overkill. They had like a big gun boat going up and down the river out there firing at us, so we took a 106 round at that thing and it just disappeared, ―whoosh‖. They had a sniper up in the church steeple and we took him out and we had several on the street that we took out. Interviewer: Now, once you had essentially taken over, what was sort of the mood of the population as far as you could tell? Well, at first there were several of them that didn‘t particularly care to have us around, but once we were there, they found out that we weren‘t the villains they had been led to believe. 38:03 We gave candy to kids, we set up medics, we set up health clinics and 18 �stuff, and our doctors just started checking all the people. If you can win the kids, the parents will follow. We weren‘t there to hurt them. Interviewer: In the meantime you maintained discipline, so you were not acting like some other police, or military might have? Well, we had formations and strict platoon formations and people were watching, so the recognized that they were a highly trained, well disciplined group and not just a bunch of yo yo‘s running around shooting their guns off, so that went over fairly well. We got back and got back to being an instructor down at Ranger school and went in front of the E7 board and got that. 39:00 I went to OCS. Interviewer: Now, did you do your original Ranger training back in your first hitch when you were at Fort Bragg? Yeah, I went to Fort Benning, Georgia for Ranger school. Interviewer: That was before you had gone to Korea and Vietnam, or was it after you got back from those places? When I got back from Korea in 1963, I went straight to Ranger school. Interviewer: Okay, let’s put that into the sequence in the right place. Okay, so now you get out of OCS in like August of 1967. I went to Special Forces, I was assigned to Special Forces, well, I was assigned to Special Forces TDY in route to Okinawa. TDY to Monterey Peninsula language school, DLIWC, Defense Language Institute West Coast, and I went in there and took Korean. 40:00 I thought, ―This is going to be something, I‘m going to have to go to school to learn how to speak English‖, because Korean was a hundred percent grammatically correct and nobody I know speaks English that is grammatically correct. So, I had a lot 19 �of trouble with Korean, and we had tests every day, every week and every month during that period, and then quarterly, and all that. Then when it came down to the end of the year, you had a whole big thing, audio and video, you know, you read it write, sit there and listen and write it out, what it is. All through till the end of the year, all my tests were poor and failing, poor and failing, and I thought, ―I‘m never going to get through this thing‖, and it kind of hurt because every school I‘d ever been to, I‘d always been first or second, always. 41:01 Every military school that I‘d been to, but that was more of a physical knowledgeable thing, and this is sitting behind a desk and it just wasn‘t my day. I finally got through and just before, about a week—we‘re going to graduate in a week, but we‘re going to be taking the test, I think it was on a Thursday or Friday and then you had a long weekend to pack and clear post and all the other stuff, and then graduate the following week. Well, my father passed away, I had to hop on a plane, run home, attend the funeral and everything and then by the time I came back everybody‘s already gone, and then I‘ve got to sit down and take the test. That was a lot of fun, but when I come through, after I finished the test and I think I only missed like four or five questions on the audio and only like three or four questions on the video. 42:02 I told them, I said, ―That can‘t be right, I just‖, and he said, ―Well, no, this is the way of our way of thinking, it‘s in there somewhere, you just hit it bang, bang and it gets there‖, so anyway, I cleared the post, packed my stuff and went back to Fort Bragg and then went to SFOC, advanced Special Forces Officer Course, and then went back to Indianapolis, dropped my car off, got on a plane and went to Okinawa. I got to Okinawa and made Captain on the way. I had orders for a buddy that was in my OCS class, they already knew I was coming ,so when I got off the plane and here he is. 43:00 20 I got his order to Captain and he‘s still �standing there with his 1st Lieutenant bars on and I thought, ―This is going to be a lot of fun‖, so anyway, he said, ―My God, Captain orders, my god‖, and I said, ―I got served, pick up my bag‖, and we had a blast with him, Tom Rashcott, a wonderful guy, wonderful guy and a hell of a soldier too. Anyway, we get in the Jeep and go to headquarters and when we got there I gave his orders to the S1 and he said, ―Captain, there‘s a Colonel waiting to see you‖, so I walked in and gave him a copy of the orders and he said, ―I got your folder here‖, meaning I got your file, and he said, ―Very impressive, very impressive, I‘m going to be keeping you pretty busy‖. 44:02 We had a nice little conversation, about ten minutes and he said, ―Anything-- officers call Friday‖, blah, blah, blah, that might be a very good time for this‖, reads it and said, ― Oh, my God, the army, once again they committed a boo boo, they‘re promoting Rashcott?‖ I said, ―He‘s on the same orders as me and he was my OCS buddy at OCS‖, and he said, ―Oh my God, we‘ll make some hay with this‖, so at officers call on Friday night the officers and their wives are there and after a little socializing and all the colonel made a little speech about there had to be some changes made and certain things would not be tolerated any longer and he just—the Adjutant knew, and I knew, and I don‘t think anybody else did, but anyway, he called Tom Rashcott up. 45:03 Now, Tom has always been a little bit of a problem with his weight and the Colonel got to doing this and that with him and he said, ―Actually, Lieutenant Rashcott, you‘re just not the caliber of Lieutenants that I want in my organization‖, and he reached up and took his bars off and I thought Tom was going to die, he just watered up and choked up. He was a lifer, a career man; he was in there for life. He took his bars off and he turned around and the Adjutant hands him the Captain's bars and he said, ―I think these will work a little bit better‖, and 21 �when he put the Captain bars on Rashcott looked dead at me and said, ―You son of a bitch, I‘ll get even with you one of these days‖, but anyway, Tom was married to a really nice gal and she got sick. 46:05 I think she passed away about four years, maybe five years, after that, I‘m not sure, but he now, he‘s in a wheelchair in Blue Ridge, Virginia near Roanoke somewhere, in a small town, a wonderful guy and a hell of a soldier. On Okinawa I‘m running back and forth on ―Operation Snakebite‖, back and forth to Vietnam. Some of the guys I operated with are Bob Howard, Medal of Honor, and other great soldiers, just great guys. Finished up there and--Interviewer: What kind of work were you doing? You were going back and forth, are you just taking orders? No, we‘re going into Vietnam and Laos, back and forth across the border. 47:00 they had a thing in Da Nang, CCN, Command and Control North, and they would leave Da Nang and go in on mission. They would be in less than an hour or they would get hit when they landed, everybody knew when they were coming, so they had a spy somewhere, so they came to Okinawa and explained the situation. They asked for volunteers, so naturally, we all stepped forward. In those types of situation, the majority of times, not always, but the majority of the times, it was the single guys that would get the mission, so I was running back and forth. We would go in—we would go into Da Nang on a C130, hop over and get the last minute little briefing thing, the last intel going for that area, hop in a chopper and boom, we‘d be in at the crack of dawn. We‘d be in and the chopper would be out, and of course, the chopper would make half a dozen stops trying to confuse whoever. 48:05 We would get in, complete the mission, call for pick up and be out. There were several times—finally when they knew they had a spy in there 22 �was—we were sitting right here and we‘re looking right down the highway here, coming up this way, and we radioed in, ―such and such ready for extraction, grid coordinates such and such‖, and we sat back and waited, sat there waiting and in less than an hour here comes trucks, so there had to be a spy sitting there in that headquarters, and they kept narrowing it down, narrowing it down as to which section, which group and finally they nailed it down to who, and that‘s where I think Colonel Rowe got replaced, sent home and relieved. 49:03 About the double agent thing where they took him out in a chopper to the South China Sea and dropped him, they found him and they pfffff. Interviewer: So basically, the work you were doing in that territory was all in finding who the spy was, or did you have other missions? No, no, we were still running missions. Interviewer: Were those missions mostly reconnaissance, just trying to find out who was where? Right, reconnaissance missions, now one of the biggest things and the most stupid thing I‘s ever seen was, VMAC, General Westmoreland, it wasn‘t Westmoreland then though it was somebody else [presumably Creighton Abrams], a four star sitting down there, his staff—we went in drew it on a map--there‘s a highway down there underneath the trees and this is where it goes and the guys said, ―It‘s impossible, there‘s no road out there‖, and blah, blah, blah. 50:00 So, we went back out on another mission somewhere else, but we came back the long way and went down there, stood in the middle of the road and took pictures. While I was standing on the road I could see how big it was, taking pictures. This is facing north, this is facing south, and this is the road that doesn‘t exist, and we drew the line again on the map, and we—this time we went right down that thing 23 �taking pictures and x-ing the map where those pictures were taken. Came back, put it in an envelope and made sure the intel people got it and sent it to the General or the Colonel, whoever it was that said the road wasn‘t there, and I never heard another word about it. However, we also marked on there where the locations were that could be used for truck parks. An area was cleared out and it had to be for something. 51:00 They put them in there and later on is when bombs were dropped. Interviewer: So, we’re talking about what later came to be known as the Ho Chi Minh trail? Well, it was part of the trail, yeah. The Ho Chi Minh trail was a trail with a road, and was an egress from north to south to get them in. This is an extended version of it now, but what made it interesting is that it was Cubans that built that road, Cuban engineers. They had equipment setting there, pictures, Spanish, I don‘t know if the NVA speaks Spanish, so we got that in there and left there, ―Oh, god, let‘s see‖---we got back to Okinawa and myself and Bill Walsh, we were, ―Gotta get back to the states‖, and I thought, ―We do?‖. 52:04 Anyway, we cleared Okinawa, got a plane and flew back to Fort Benning, Georgia. What it was, Interviewer: How dangerous was the duty that you were doing, going in and out of Vietnam with the Special Forces? People get killed and people get captured. Interviewer: How close—did you have close calls yourself? Oh yeah, it goes with the territory though. Anyway, I got back to Bragg, horsed around for three or four weeks and went back to Benning and they gave us our certificates showing we completed the course and by that time I‘m going back to Bragg, I have no new orders cut, so I‘m going back to Bragg, JFK Center waiting for orders, and I‘m there 24 �eight or nine months and then I get orders from the Pentagon saying that I‘m going to Vietnam. 54:05 I said, ―I just got back‖, so I called Mrs. Alexander. Now Mrs. Alexander has to be a saint, I‘ve never met the lady personally, but I‘ve talked to her on the phone and I said, ―Mrs. Alexander what are you doing to me?‖ She said, ―Nothing, you need to get to your regular unit‖. I said, ―I was in Vietnam in 1962, 63‖, and she said, ―Honey, you were an enlisted man then and it didn‘t count‖, and I said, ―Didn‘t count?‖, ―Didn‘t count‖, and I said, ―Okay‖. I said, ―I just came back. I was with the 1st going in and out‖, and she said, ―That‘s Special Forces and that didn‘t count‖, ―That didn‘t count?‖ It was getting so comical with the "didn‘t count" routine, you know, and I said, ―Okay‖, and she said, ―You have to have, in order for your career, you need to get company command time‖, and I said, ―Yeah, you‘re right, I got the orders and I‘ll go‖. 55:03 Interviewer: Who was Mrs. Alexander? She handled officer‘s assignments depending on the Pentagon, a lovely lady and I‘d love to meet her someday, but anyway, went over and I went in to see General Flanagan and I said, ―Sir, I can‘t go on that mission that you wanted me to go on because I got my orders to go to Vietnam‖. He picked them up and looked at them and said, ―Big Red One?‖ I said, ―That‘s what it says‖, and he said, ―No, you‘re not going to Big Red One‖, and he twixed somebody, I don‘t know, but when I got to Vietnam two or three weeks later they had a little guy standing out there with my name on a card, you know, and I went over, we hopped in a Jeep, drove down to the end of the runway and there was this chopper. He woke the guys up; we got in the chopper and took off. I‘m beginning to think, ―This army‘s all right, and this is okay for a Captain, this isn‘t too bad‖. 56:03 So, we get 25 �down there and I knew where the 1st Division was, but we‘re still going. We‘d stop down, refuel, and get up and go again, and I thought, ―Where in the hell are we going? The next stop up, there‘s not too many more‖, so we banked in and when I looked down there‘s a big Screaming Eagle sitting out there, so down we go, he got in another Jeep and brought me over to the headquarters and we go in there and the G-1 says, ―Captain, the chief of staff wants to see you‘re to go report to him when you got in‖, and I said, ―Okay‖, so I walked in, knocked, and went in, he looked up and ―bingo‖, the Chief of Staff of the 101st Airborne Division was Colonel Hugh A. McDonald. He was the guy that kicked me in the butt back at Bragg to get me to go to OCS. 57:00 There he was, and he was an old friend with Flanagan, General Flanagan, so anyway, he said, ―I‘ve been expecting you‖, so anyway, we got assigned and he said, ―You‘re going to go down to the 1st Brigade, 327‖, and I said, ―Okay‖, and he said, ―They got problems down there and you‘ll have to beef them up because the company commander‘s coming in‖, and I said, ―Okay." Interviewer: Now, when was this in terms of date? It was 1969, the early part of 1969. Interviewer: Okay Anyway, I went in there and got a little bit of a briefing on what‘s going on in the G3 shop and the AO, hopped in a helicopter, went down to the 1st Brigade, walked in. 58:00 there were three or four officers that were going in all about the same time, so I was the last to get into the group there. One of them went in, and we had the door open and we could hear, and he‘s reporting to the battalion commander and he said, ―Sir, my major was English, I‘d be a great S1 for you‖, and the next guy went in and he said, ―Sir, you 26 �know I did a lot with stock level assignments and I could be a great S4 for you‖, and I‘m thinking, ―We‘re all in country, why aren‘t we going in the field to lead the troops?‘ So, the next guy, he did his, I don‘t know what he got out of, motor pool or something, and I walked in and, ―Sir, Captain Spaulding , company commander in Vietnam, give me the worst company you got‖. He just looked at me and said, ―A man from heaven, my god, finally we got somebody‖, and he did give me the worst company, he gave me the worst company, but I had them about four or five months, got them straightened out and we were kicking some butt out there. 59:07 Interviewer: Can you describe a little bit what made that company the worst company, or unit, and what kind of problems did they have? Lack of NCO leadership, a lot of the NCO‘s were afraid, some of the platoon leaders were afraid to bring any discipline on the troops and give them orders, or demand things be done, because of all the fragging incidents that were going on at that time. Interviewer: How common was that? Pretty common, from what I hear, didn‘t have to mind. The fellow ahead of me, I got two or three weeks of training him myself. I had him on the rifle range, I had him running this way and that way outside the wire patrolling and this and that. When they starting finding that I was sitting right over the top of the guy walking point and a couple of times I took point and said, ―You‘re doing it wrong, you‘re going to get killed‖. 00:14 Listen to what you‘re doing, and then they found out that I was nine years enlisted, that I didn‘t just get off the boat with a couple of Captain bars on, it made it a little bit different and the troop started responding, and then we went out and started kicking some butt. I found out the guys before me, they would be like on the last, or the next to the last 27 �chopper in, well, I was always on the first chopper in. The best allies, the best asset, a company commander has is his radio operator, because his radio operator is right there with him and he sees everything the Captain does, he hears everything the Captain does, and he is the best grapevine back to the troops, he‘s going to tell everybody what the Captain‘s doing, and that‘s how you win them over. 1:06 So, in a firefight you‘re not running around hiding behind trees and shit, you‘re up there kicking butt, getting them to do their job. Interviewer: Did you have a good RTO then? I had a great RTO, had a great RTO. When you want to get something done, like going on a firefight— Interviewer: Our tape is running out here, so we’ll pause for a minute while we change the tape. Interviewer: So, we’ve gotten you back into Vietnam, you’ve gotten yourself a company command, you’ve taken over a company and gotten that one into shape after several months and then what happens with you next? Well, ordinarily you had six months of command time, but in that incidence there my main purpose was to go in, according to the battalion commander, he wanted me to go in and get the company shaped up and get them out of their doldrums, or whatever it was, which I did that. 2:03 After four months he pulled me out of that and gave me another company to straighten—to work on. I had that for three or four months, that was 1st battalion, 2nd battalion was having problems, so the battalion commander requested I go over there, which I did go over there, and I had Alpha Company, I think it was Alpha Company 2nd /327, and they had, at that time they had no body count what so ever and yet, the village, the bridge they were supposed to be protecting, there was rice being 28 �taken out of the village, people being killed in the village and all kinds of stuff. So, I went out and set that up, and started sending patrols out, LPOP‘s, listening posts observation posts, and requested a motor section come down by the bridge, and put them in, and that way I got my own little artillery now if I get somebody out there that get in contact, I‘ll be able to pop them with mortar rounds. 3:09 We started doing that and started getting body counts. We tool on what they call the Phu Lac Armed Battalion, which was nothing more than about a hundred little jokers that ran around in shorts and we took care of them in short order with no problem. I had that company for, oh gosh, about six or seven months. Interviewer: Where were you operating? Was it kind of a lowland area? It was on the lowlands, all low and flat and off the highway. We were protecting the highway and the Highway Bridge and Railroad Bridge. So anyway, I got pulled out of that and got thanks for a great job and blah, blah, blah, and I got sent up to Division G3, as staff. 4:07 Me, and I don‘t know how many other Captains, it looked like a warehouse, just row after row of desks and no partitions, just wide open, there it was. I got there , I forget what day it was, but it was in the afternoon, and then the next morning Colonel McDonald had me in, chief of staff, and he said, ―I need some company grade officers, 3rd Brigade got hit last night and just about got annihilated‖, and I said, ―I‘ll go‖, and he said, ―No, you‘ve been out there too much already‖, so this other guy and it ,really, in a way it was very disheartening. We‘re officers, we‘re career oriented, and these guys every time Colonel Mac walked down—―Sir, I‘ve got these reports I just have to get these done for Colonel so and so, blah, blah, blah‖, and another guy, ―Oh sir‖, and every time Colonel Mac would turn around I wouldn‘t say anything, I just kind of waved. 29 �5:09 He was so disgusted, he came walking up, turned around and said, ―Spaulding, grab your gear, you don‘t deserve to be in here with them‖. I left, grabbed my gear, reported over, had a chopper waiting, went down to 3rd Brigade—3rd Brigade was the farthest brigade north up there and it was up to Quang Tri, Hue, Dong Ha, that I Corps area. It used to be a three division AO was now a one brigade AO. One battalion per division area, pretty bad, but anyway, I went up there and Bravo Company and I think it was Charlie Company, I‘m not sure, within contact and they were about two or three hundred yards apart, somewhere in here. 6:03 Interviewer: Which battalion? 2/506-okay, so I went in and married them up, got them squared away, had artillery all around them all night long, sort of much like baby sitting with them where the choppers come in the next day with reinforcements and we got all these guys on choppers, loaded the dead, and got out of there. I‘m thinking, ―Is this going to be my company?‖ So we get over to curry ben and the first sergeant says, ―Sir, we got a chopper for you, Colonel Bradley, the Brigade Commander wants to see you‖, so I went over to the brigade, the chopper went back to the brigade, and that‘s where I left my bags and stuff. I walked in and Major Turner says, ―Colonel‘s got something he wants to brag about‖, so we went in there and Major Turner said, ―Sir, this is Captain Spaulding‖, and he said, ―Great job, great job‖. 7:05 I said, ―Well sir‖, and we talked for a little bit and I said, ―If there‘s nothing else sir, I‘d like to get back to my company‖. He said, ―No‖, he said, ―You‘re going to be on my staff‖, and I‘m not a staff officer. So, I told him, ―Sir, I‘d rather have a company‖, and he said, ―Well, I realize that, but up here at brigade, if you‘re working in my threesome [S3?], you‘re going to have fifteen or sixteen companies out there‖. I 30 �thought, ―Hmm, that‘s a pretty good argument there‖, and he said, ―At brigade level you could make the changes, you could make things happen‖. I explained to him that I had no staff time, and no staff experience whatsoever, and he said, ―Well, this is a good place to learn‖. 8:00 Colonel Bradley was a West Point of 1950 and went straight into the Korean War, a hell of a man, really a great guy. Anyway, he had me understand the assistant S3 was under Major Turner and everything was going great, but we were losing guys rotation wise, they were going home and as they‘re leaving we‘re not getting and replacements, so I‘m taking up their slots too. Sonny Archangel, Captain Archangel, was the S3 and he got his orders, so he went home, so I took over as the S3 and I‘m still the assistant S3 and then I‘m giving briefings at night to the briefing officers and taking care of the TOC and make sure it‘s running right, and then fire support, because if I‘m moving aircraft I got to coordinate all the artillery, because helicopter pilots get just a little bit upset if there‘s no fire line in front of them, so we had to get all that done. 9:00 This was a great experience for me and I didn‘t realize it at first, but as we got to functioning I thought, ―Man, this is fantastic, this is the way to operate‖. Interviewer: Now, at what point did you go out of brigade staff, in terms of time, when was it? That was February, right around St. Valentine‘s Day. Interviewer: 1970 then? 1970, because the big firefight where they lost so many officers, that was a fluke the way that happened, and evidently a couple rockets came in and they were all standing and ―woop‖, but anyway, that was right around St. Valentine‘s Day, which somebody labeled ―St. Valentine‘s Day Massacre‖. Right after that we had several contacts and that‘s when 31 �the orders came down, ―Okay, we‘re going to go out and we‘re going put up a firebase, and we‘re going open that firebase up, so the 1st ARVN Division can come out and take on the NVA and the Coc Muen Warehouse area‖. 10:06 So we went in on March the 12th and blew the first on. A helicopter came in, flared, and blew the first one out of the sky. George Westerfeldt was on that aircraft and it blew him right out of the side. Several other guys were on there and a couple of them got killed and George got wounded. George Westerfeldt, you‘ll probably never be able to talk to him, he‘s a recluse and lives up in northern New York in a little shack, no electricity, no running water, and he walks about a mile and a half or two miles down to the general store on the highway, that‘s where he gets his mail and that‘s where you got to call, the general store, and leave a message and he‘ll get back to you in two or three days. But anyway, a wonderful guy, a hell of a soldier, a great man, but we couldn‘t get there in the 12th; we couldn‘t get on the 13th or the 14th, so we kind of pulled back a little bit. 11:04 Then we were looking around and we kept trying every now and then, but also, a lot of times we got out there and the weather was socked in and we couldn‘t get the choppers in. Interviewer: Still monsoon? Right, in and out, yeah, the weather changed so badly all the time, but finally we put troops in over here and on the ridgeline, the 902, and we walked them up the ridgeline right into it. Interviewer: Now, you were talking about—was the LZ you were trying to set up, was that going to be Ripcord, or was this a different one? No, that wasn‘t an LZ, it was a firebase. We landed over here, and landed over here, and walked the troops up to the firebase and we took it that way. Once we got troops up there 32 �and secured the area, what we did, we brought in the mini dozers and all that and started leveling it and flattening it and whatever. 12:00 Sandbags by the thousands, hundreds of thousands came in, VSP bunkers, brought the engineers in and started drilling. We got the firebase up, brought the artillery in and then here comes the 1st ARVN Division. They came out and they were out there three, four, five days, a week, right around that and they pull out and go back and we‘re still sitting down there, so then we decided, ―We‘ll just stay here, that‘s our orders, so we‘ll stay‖. Now, in order to hold Ripcord, we pretty much had to hold 1000, 805, 902, well we never did get 1000 and they were looking right down our throats and we found out later that was regimental headquarters. Interviewer: What was the elevation of Ripcord? 935 Interviewer: So, 1000, that’s a taller hill and there’s taller ones behind that too. Yeah, their looking right down your throat--with 51 Cal, they could fire right at you directly and that‘s how close it was, machine gun fire, that‘s what they fired. 13:06 That‘s when the battle started, April, May, June, July and all through April we had sporadic contact, and what I mean by sporadic is, every two day, three day, something like that. May is when all hell broke loose. May 3rd and 4th was Henderson, firebase Henderson was overrun, hill 805 on May 5th and 6th was overrun, hill 902 was in June [July 1-2] and we lost a lot of guys on that. But Henderson, we put a company on there and gave them all the wire, gave them claymores, and gave them everything else and Colonel Bradley and Major Turner had been out there, I don‘t know how many times. 14:02 They were telling this company commander, ―Put a squad on the ridge, get your wire up, put the claymores up, get an OP over there, get an LP out over there, and when 33 �the artillery comes in, help the artillery people break up the pallets and get that out and get the artillery ammunition stored‖. Well, the company commander figured well, number one, he was infantry, he wasn‘t artillery, the artillery rounds wasn‘t his problem, so when the Chinooks start coming in and putting all the pallets down and ordering artillery, then their bringing in the gasoline blivits. No place to put them, so they put them on top of the artillery ammunition pallets. Now, we gave this guy the recon platoon attached to it was there on the backside in the trenches, a good place for recon, in a trench, that‘s really great, but anyway, the enemy came through, zappers, came running through and they split the gasoline blivets. 15:08 Then thought the fighting and all that, then they ―boom‖ they ignited that sucker and the whole half of the mountain blew, ―pow‖, and there went the recon platoon. During the run through they were shooting everybody and most of the troops weren‘t fighting back or something, I don‘t really know, I wasn‘t on it at that time. But, I do know we lost a hell of a lot of troops on that hill. Colonel Bradley went out there the very next morning with Turner and Command Sergeant Major Long and they landed about 7:15 AM and the mortar rounds are still coming in. They were running up to the TOC and a mortar round landed right behind him and blew him right through the door. Sergeant Major Long took a tailfin of a mortar round in his back and he later died. 16:03 Bradley and Turner were scuffed up going through the doorway of the TOC. They grabbed Sergeant Major Long, called for his chopper and the chopper came spun right around and came right back in. They came running out, put him on and off they went. Sergeant Major Long died in route back to evac. Bradley and Turner go back into TOC, blood all over, and just mad as hornets, and he said, ―Get that individual in here‖, so I said, ―I‘ll go get him‖, and Captain Jenkins 34 �said, ―I‘ll go with you‖. Captain Jenkins was a huge black guy that played for the University of Alabama, right tackle, right guard, somebody, I mean he was big. We get out there and took a Loach, a little H-6 helicopter and we‘re flying out there. We landed, went over to the TOC and told the RTO, ―Get your company commander out here‖. 17:10 He hollered back in and I didn‘t hear what was said, but anyway, the kid turned around and said, ―He ain't coming out sir‖, and I said, ―Okay‖, so I started to go in and Jenkins said, ―Wait, I‘ll take this‖. Jenkins went in and it wasn‘t thirty seconds after and the guy came flying out of there. Jenkins was pretty upset and everybody was that knew Sergeant Major Long, a tremendous individual, just a tremendous individual. And for this guy not to have the troops out like he was told to do, have the wire up like he was told to do, that would have slowed them down anyway and they would have had time to react, and not move the artillery ammunition, which killed another thirty or forty when that blew. But anyway, we started to get back in the helicopter, the Loach, Jenkins as big as he was, that Captain, me and the pilot, that plane, there was no way in hell that helicopter was going to go anywhere. 18:09 The RTO, I told him, I says, ―Contact one of your Lieutenants and tell them they‘re now in charge‖. He looked dead at me and he said, ―Sir, we have no officers left‖, and I thought, ―Oops that aint good‖, and I said to Jenkins, ―You run him on back and tell Colonel Bradley and I‘ll stay out here‖. I went over and I started talking to the kid and I said, ―Where‘s all your—where‘s this, where‘s that—where‘s your—get the medic, where‘s the medic at?‖ the medic came out and he‘d been wounded, but he didn‘t leave, so the medic and I went around the firebase, Henderson, picking up the dead, picking up the wounded, and I could not believe that the company commander had not already evacuated these guys. 35 �Interviewer: There were still wounded there that hadn’t been taken out? Yeah, so anyway, we—the medic had patched them up, he just didn‘t call for medevac. 19:06 So anyway, we brought them up to the pad and called for medevac to get these guys out of there, brought the dead up and lined them up, and God, there were twenty or thirty of them, I forget the count, but I took pictures of it because I figured there was going to be an investigation about this later on. But anyway, I was talking with the medic and he explained to me what all transpired and all that, so I‘m calling back to brigade and I said, ―We need to get another company out here‖. I didn‘t want to set it in the clear, but they didn‘t have anybody to hold the hill. All the artillery pieces were blown, blown up. Anyway, we‘re still taking fire. Interviewer: How many men do you have left that can still fight? Thirty, somewhere around that, but anyway, the way it came around was, we‘re still taking fire, direct fire, which means they‘re pretty close, and indirect fire, mortar rounds. 20:10 So, I got on the radio, took one of the radios, changed the frequency, I knew what the frequency was so I called the FAC, the air force FAC, and I called him up, Major Brown, told him, I said, ―Skipper, I need at FAC out here‖ and he said, ―On the way‖, and bang pretty soon he‘s circling around up there. I said, ―I‘m taking mortar fire, and when we‘d hit a mortar round I‘d run out and shoot back at it, and it‘s got to be right down across that ridge out there, about the third one down‖. I said, ―There‘s three trees on that ridgeline‖, and while I‘m talking to the FAC--because the dumbest thing in the world, I flashes off of this here, and what it was, it had to be, was the NVA guy with his binoculars, the sun‘s behind me and sun‘s reflecting off those binoculars, it had to be. 21:02 And I told him, I said, ―Yeah, I see the flashing, let me go and see what I can 36 �find‖. He went out there and he had a couple of A6‘s on station, and he flew in, fired a couple of rockets, pulled out and ―Woof‖ there they went. We got, I don‘t know how many secondary explosions off of that, it was just pow, pow, pow, so we took care of that, and then I had to go to My Lac to send a chopper phone, we had the 2-501 coming and put them in the AO. So, I explained what was going on with the firebase and the AO and we went back and we put them back in and we had to put company‘s down through the stream bed, we put one company on the hill and I walked that company around the perimeter and when we got to where the troops were, I had the troops go right back down the same way to the helicopter pad, get back on the choppers and get out of there. 22:01 So, we got the new company in Colonel Livingston was the TAC battery, brought in staff and he said, ―Captain Spaulding, are you going to stay with us?‖ I said, ―Sure, I don‘t care‖, and he said, ―Fine‖, and I said, ―You‘ve got to notify brigade though and let them know I‘m here‖ and he said, ―Alright‖, so about ten minutes later he—I‘m standing there with the company commander explaining to him—I said, ―You need to get a squad on that ridge over there, that‘s where they came from‖, and I said, ―You need to get a squad on this ridge down here, that‘s where the other side came from‖. I said, ―As far as that little cut back out there, you need to put some claymores in there‖. So anyway, he and I were discussing all of this and he was getting these sergeants out to take care of it, and here come Colonel Livingston mad as a hornet. He said, ―Your chopper‘s on the way, Colonel Bradley wants you back at brigade‖. I got back to brigade and Colonel Bradley said, ―Good Job Fred ―, and I said, ―Well sir, Colonel Livingston needed me out there too‖, and he said, ―No, I need you here‖. 23:03 I never did understand what that was all about, if there was a little argument between them two or not, I don‘t know, or really 37 �care. May—yeah, that was May 3rd and 4th, May 5th and 6th, 805, Hill 805 [this was on the site of an abandoned firebase, Maureen, rather than Hill 805 near Firebase Ripcord], and we put Delta 1-506 on there and we had, gosh I forget how many casualties we had , but I know we had seventeen left at the end of the night, or the end of the battle, three days, three day battle. Then June it was Hill 902 and we had a company in there. We had 3rd platoon of Charlie Company 2-506 on that hill, and—no, we had a company on there minus one platoon. Interviewer: A Company or C Company? Charlie Company, Charlie Company 2-506 on the hill and one platoon, and I don‘t know what platoon it was. 24:07 Burkey‘s, Paul Burkey‘s platoon, sergeant, he was platoon sergeant and Jim Campbell, they were up on the rim and Doc Cafferty was the medic, but we had—anyway, we had several different people and we put them in around the thing, gave them orders, gave the company commander his orders and all and he pretty much ignored it, and he paid for it, he got killed. But Mike Mueller was down on the end and I told him, ―You‘re the fight, you‘re the end, don‘t let them past you‖, and he said, ―Okay‖. Now, Mike was from Alaska, a hell of a shot and he stuttered when he got excited, but that night the shit hit the fan. 25:04 I mean, it was pretty bad. I‘m not in the chopper— infrared—I‘m calling in airstrikes all over the place. I‘m calling In artillery all over the place, trying to keep them off of them, but they‘re already on them. But anyway, the next morning, hit there, we brought in more troops the next morning, and went up on the hill and went running up and down the line, where‘s everybody at? Who‘s what and that and here‘s Mike Mueller sitting down on the end and he‘s got holes in him all over the place. I don‘t know how many bodies he‘s got out around him, but there was a bunch, eleven, 38 �twelve, fifteen, I don‘t know, there was a bunch of them. He‘s had, maybe, only four or five rounds left and like I say he was hit up the legs, back, he was hit everywhere. He was—I came running up there and he said, ―Sir, sir, I, I didn‘t let them through‖. 26:04 I thought, ―Jesus Christ where do we find guys like this?‖ So I said, ―Okay Mike, you did a great job and we‘re getting you out of here‖, but, they had guys all over the place, grabbing them and running, but we got him out and Mike today, is living in Alaska, he‘s been in a wheelchair for about the last fifteen years, but a hell of a guy. Doc Cafferty, a wonderful guy, it was just so much for him—he was dragging wounded up to the CP, the Captain got blown in half with a RPG right next to him and scattered him with everything. But Cafferty was dragging the wounded up to the CP as best he could and then with a pistol standing there keeping the NVA off of them and he got a Silver Star. 27:00 Mike Mueller got a Silver Star, and we had one guy—gosh, years go by and you forget names—you can still see their faces, but anyway, he was Smoker, Bob Smoker, and he is now a minister and has been for many years. It was such a traumatic thing to him, that when he got out he went into the ministry as a way to save himself, I guess. A wonderful man, Doc Cafferty went to work for the post office and became somewhat of an alcoholic, but he‘s dried out now, but a hell of a man, hell of a man. That was June, and then July started and 1 to 23 was considered the siege. 28:00 Now, in between these major encounters, every day, or every other day, we people in contact regardless of where we were at out there. At one time, we not only had the 3rd, 3rd Battalion of the 187th , 2nd Battalion of the 506, 1-506, we had opcon to us 1-501, 2-501, 1-502, 2-502, there‘s only nine battalions in a division and we had seven. 39 �Interviewer: Now, those are not all operating immediately, on or right next to Ripcord? Parts of several different battalions are there along with the 506, but not all at the same time. We got 'em in the area; they‘re all in the 3rd Brigade. They‘re all there in support—what we‘re trying to do is take care of Ripcord. We had to protect Ripcord. Interviewer: There were a string of firebases around that that would provide support fire. 29:02 Yes, Granite, Gladiator, O'Reilly, Kathryn, those were the names, and we woke up Shepherd up north. This is when we were explaining to division that, ―Hey, we got more than a damn division out there‖ and of course, it reminded me so much of MacArthur and China, ―Oh, there are no more‖, and that‘s what we‘re getting from division, ―Oh, there‘s only one division out there, one NVA [formation?]‖... can‘t be, so what we found out later, years later, we had four divisions out there against us: 324-B, whose main function in life was to destroy Ripcord and everybody on it, that was their main function. The 805, I believe it was, the 325 and then we had a sixth independent regiment with nine battalions and I had never heard of nine battalions in a regiment, but they were all like ranger battalions, sapper battalions and stuff like that. 30:00 Interviewer: What kind of strength levels did you have in your own battalions at this point? You‘re supposed to have a hundred and seventy six men in a rifle company, four rifle companies per battalion. Out of the hundred and seventy six men, if you had sixty men in your rifle company, you were big. The majority of them had between thirty to forty men. 40 �Interviewer: Now at Ripcord some of them were getting down to fifteen or something like that. Fifteen, sixteen and seventeen, is what we wound up with, if you had fifteen men---but, General Berry could not understand why we can‘t take Alpha and Bravo Company and take that hill. I‘m thinking, ―Well, Alpha and Bravo Company combined won‘t even make one platoon‖. In my estimation the worst officer we could ever had in charge of that operation was General Berry. 31:02 To me he was a complete idiot, but-Interviewer: In the Keith Nolan book about Ripcord, he presents him as somebody who eventually comes to recognize that he doesn’t have the strength to do what he wants to do. He was initially giving the orders that they had to keep going and moving the units like little marks on a map and then getting down and seeing it an then changing his mind. How close is that to how you see things? Well, what happened was, General Berry was there for the briefing, General Berry had all the officers from the brigade, Colonel Harrison, they go through the briefing, this and this, this is this, and that‘s it, and General Berry, he was very theatrical. He stood up, ―Oh, that is key terrain, we must have key terrain‖. 32:02 I‘m thinking, ―Jesus Christ, somebody must be filming this or otherwise he wouldn‘t be doing this. Colonel Lucas, Lieutenant Colonel Lucas, jumps up like a little jack in the box, ―Oh sir, Currahee, my men can take that hill sir‖, and I‘m thinking, ―Jesus, these guys can‘t see‖, and I said, ―Excuse me, these are the numbers I got from your S1, right here, you don‘t have enough men to take that hill, sir‖. Anyway, they decided the next morning they were going to take the hill. 41 �Interviewer: Now, where does Colonel Harrison come into the picture? You haven’t introduced him yet in your account. Colonel Harrison came in on 20 June, okay, Colonel Bradley went home 20 June, and Colonel Harrison took over on 20 June. We had a change of command ceremony. Colonel Bradley walked off this way to get on a helicopter to go that way to division headquarters, clear and go home. 33:01 Colonel Harrison got up, went this way, got on his helicopter that way after the A Shau valley. It was just, ―Hello‖, boom, bang, boom, and that was it. His first day on the job, he didn‘t come in that evening until late, because he was out there, not only assessing the situation, but while we were doing the change of command ceremony, the flag went around faster than you could ever see, we had people in contact. We had three or four elements in contact. Every day we had two, three, four, elements in contact. Nobody else in Vietnam was having any contact, we were having it all up here, but what it was, once you started assessing it, and analyzing it, we figured it out years later what the thing was, we were sitting right on the main route for their planned attack to take Saigon, and years later, 1975, that‘s exactly the way they came. 34:07 Right through there and right down the highway, and we were sitting on their route of advance and they had to move us, and we weren‘t about to be moved. The 22nd of July, after the briefing, and were asked if there were any questions, we requested five more battalions and we could go in there and really kick some butt. General Berry said, ―No, you‘re not getting your five battalions‖, and Col. Harrison said, ―Well, that‘s it‖, and then he said, ―We‘ll pull them out. I‘m not going to sacrifice anymore of my men‖, so he said, ―That‘s it Fred, take them out‖, and I said, ―Yes sir‖, and I‘m heading out the door to put it all into play. 35:01 General Berry stops me and says, ―You mean to tell 42 �me that you‘re going to put together an operations plan‖, and he talked very exaggerated, ―That‘s going to withdraw, and under fire?‖ There were a lot of times when everything I do is not just to bust a gut and laugh right in his face. I despised the guy because he was so pompous and arrogant. Everything, the exact opposite of me, an officer is supposed to be. But anyway, ―You mean to tell me you‘re going to put together an operations plan and withdraw, under fire, from four different locations, while under fire?‖ I said, ―Yes sir‖, and he said, ―Impossible, it can‘t be done‖, and I said, ―Yes sir‖, and turned to leave. Colonel Harrison and it‘s the first time he ever did, he said, ―Fred‖, he never called me that before, and I turned around and said, ―Yes sir‖. 36:06 He said, ―Can you do it?‖ I said, ―Yes sir, we can do it, we can do it‖, because see, you always have to be planning ahead, what if, what if? So, we already had a plan to take those five battalions, choppers loaded, in, come out empty. With all the fire support, when I go empty, come out loaded, same damn thing and I still got all my fire support going. So, I cranked up all the aviators, had them down there and we had a briefing that night, this is what we‘re going to do and what guys, and blah, blah, blah. So, zero six hundred hours the next morning, I‘m in my chopper and we‘re heading west. The South China Sea‘s behind us, the sun‘s coming up and looking out there it‘s all black. The sun‘s coming up behind you and the top of the mountains are lighting up and turning purple and it‘s coming down. 37:05 It really was pretty, Vietnam could be a beautiful place if it wasn‘t shooting everybody. About this time, and I‘m about half asleep, I hadn‘t had any sleep in two, three, four days and hardly anything to eat. I had four radios down here and two on the dash and the radios start popping with our call numbers. I look south and just as far as you could see was helicopters On the outside were the little Loaches and then row after row of Cobras, 43 �gunships and then inside that was a row of ARA Cobras and inside that was two or three rows of Hughes. Now, ordinarily, this is not that great a deal, but with the sun coming up, the sun reflected off of those Plexiglases and it looked like ten thousand flash bulbs going off. 38:10 And by this time all the radios are going, everybody‘s checking in and I said, ―Rodger that, Rodger that‖, and I‘m looking down there and I‘m thinking, ―What an Armada, what an awesome spectacle, and I‘m a part of it‖. I t made you so damn proud to be a soldier, and that‘s when I gave them the order. I said, ―Roger, vector out‖, and everybody turned out to every which way they were supposed to be going. We went out there and started kicking butt. We had an entire anti-aircraft battalion of 51 caliber machine guns, which were purposely designed to blow an aircraft out of the sky, which they did pretty good. 39:00 We had about every ridge and every hilltop. We can‘t get in until we sight our c‘s—so, we bring in our ARA‘s, the pink team, Cobras, gunships, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. When these guys are all through and getting ready to head back and get some fuel, I got me twenty some jets sitting up there and a KC135 refueling. While these guys are going back were bringing in the five hundred pounders and the napalm, and we kicked some butt that day. We got Charlie Company out the day before; we got Delta Company out that morning, first thing before they knew what was going on. By this time, the enemy, they‘re not dumb, they know with all this activity that something is going on, and they‘re thinking, ―Oh my God, they‘re pulling them out, so we‘ve got to annihilate them before they pull them out‖. Well, we went in to get Alpha Company and the guy, the pilot, he set in the ground and he picked up and left without them. 40:08 He called me and he sounded like he was almost in tears, and he said, ―We can‘t get out, the company out‖, and said, ―What‘s the problem‖, and he said, ―They‘re all hit and 44 �nobody can get up to get on the chopper‖. And evidently when he set that down he just saw them laying everywhere. So, he pulls out, and I go back and I get ahold of Gabe Rollison, Captain Rollison , Delta 2-506 and one of the finest officers this country‘s ever produced. He –I told him, I said, ―We‘ve gotta find a way to get Alpha Company out. I know I just pulled you guys out, but you‘re all I got‖. Interviewer: Now, was Alpha Company on Ripcord or one of the other hills? Alpha Company‘s over here in the valley, Bravo‘s on the hill. Interviewer: Right So, he gets them out and most of these guys, you know, got bandages all over them, wounded and shit. 41:03 He said, ―Now, Alpha Company‘s trapped, we gotta go back in and get them out, who wants to go with me?‖ He said, ―Captain Spaulding and I are going to get them out, who wants to go with me?‖ Hell, they all started stepping up, now Rollison had to tell five or six, ―No, you‘re not going, you‘re already hit too bad. You guys these are your brothers out there‖, so we booked up about fifty guys, fifty or sixty guys and Freddy Gilbert, Staff Sergeant Gilbert was the point man and he was going home in two or three weeks and his wife was having a baby, and he was a hell of a guy. But anyway, he was going to be the point man, and when they started to put them in they couldn‘t get him in on account of .51 rounds, so they pulled back out and called me and I went running back in again and we blew them all out of there, them back in and Gilbert, Freddy Gilbert, you might want to talk to him. 42:04 He said when he went back in there were just pieces of machine guns and bodies everywhere. We just blew the hell out of them, so he takes off. Now, the enemy is not dumb, when we got troops going this way, they‘re trying to get in between them and block them from getting to Alpha 45 �Company and then annihilate both of them, so I‘m dropping grenades and trying to keep them separated, I‘m bringing ARA through, just having a heck of a time. We link them up, we‘re bringing the choppers in, picking Alpha Company up, throwing them on the choppers and getting them out of there, and then we get Delta Company out of there. We got that taken care of, ―bang‖, Ripcord, got that taken care of. Now, I always thought we got Ripcord last, but we might have got Ripcord first and then come back over and got these guys, I‘ve always gotten that backwards. Interviewer: That can be looked up in after action reports. I‘m not really positive which one we got out first, but anyway, I went over to get to firebase and they were already in the water, back at the firebase and we had to blow them out of there. 43:10 We started bringing in choppers to get B Company out and we got them all out and got them back and everybody was pretty happy. But them we had arc lights coming in that night and that‘s one of the reasons we had to get them all out of there. Now, these aircraft had already taken off from Guam, Okinawa, Saipan, the Philippines, wherever. They were already en route and we had to clear the area. At thirty eight thousand feet, I‘ve been told, that a one aircraft dropping two hundred and fifty pounders or whatever, one mile wide and three miles long and we had somewhere in the neighborhood of fourteen or fifteen aircraft. Interviewer: Were these B-52’s? 44:00 B-52‘s, I mean they just—it was a hell of a spectacle out there. We could get the shock wave back here, but we wrapped that one and up everything quieted down and then we went into Barnet Area in August and then I was assigned down to 3rd Battalion 187 as the assistant S3, Harrison wanted me to go down there and help them out and I came home in 46 �January, February of 1972 and I was in Special Forces, 1975 I went to the infantry officer advance course. I got riffed in 1973, I think it was. 45:00 Interviewer: Just to review, you have—you’re back to the states in 71, or 72? February of 1971 Interviewer: Then you’re back there— Back to Special Forces, and I was there for about 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, somewhere along in there, and got my orders for infantry officer advance course, which you had to have that for a career thing. Also, about that time, I got order for Korea again. There was a buildup on the DMZ and they were requesting company grade officers to Korea, and they were reactivating the 32nd Infantry or something like that out of the 2nd Infantry Division. 46:01 And my speaking Korean, company grade, combat time, so ―bingo‖. Interviewer: You’d mentioned earlier, you referred to being riffed, does that mean you’re reduced in rank? Yeah, but that‘s after, that‘s after I degraded. Interviewer: Were you a Major at this time? No, still Captain, still Captain. After the war you had some of the longest timing grade Captains in the world, so anyway-Interviewer: You go to Korea. Well, I get to the infantry officers advanced course, get my orders to Korea, and I asked General Flanagan, ―Which way should I go?‖ He said, ―You always just go to the sound of the guns. The school‘s not going to change; it will always be there, go over and get more combat time‖. So, I go over and I had Charlie Company 1st of the 32nd Infantry. 47 �47:02 And we had to literally take the boards off the Quonset huts, and then we had to get the place cleaned up, and then we had three or four buses pull up and this was my company, they got them out of the stockade, really nice. This was back when they had all these race riots and everything going on and about ninety percent of my company was black. That was a really big mess, but anyway, the M.P., when they got them off the bus, had to sign for them and they gave me this big pick ax handle and said, ―Here, you might need this‖. I thought, ―God, I hope not‖, well anyway, got them all squared away, got them bedded down, and the best way to get through to troops is to show them that you can do the same thing they can, if not better. That you‘re not going to sit behind the desk and lead from there. 48:04 So, the very next morning I had them out for PT, I gave them PT, I gave them all the calisthenics, I‘m up on the stand---and they started knowing that I knew what I was supposed to be doing here, giving various commands and all this kind of stuff. Then I took them on a run and I ran them until they dropped, and they all looked like a bunch of—it was terrible, but anyway, I got them going and for the first three or four weeks it took to get them half way in shape. Then I had T shirts made, you know, and I ordered all the army PT shorts. Back in those days it was khaki with little strip on it. I had all these shirts come out and I had on them a black cougar, and I know that C Company was supposed to be Charlie, but I called ours Cougar Company. I put a big billboard right across our street entrance and it said, ―Welcome to Cougar Country‖. 49:07 And it had a great big panther-like cougar, well it was a panther, but we told them it was a cougar. Interviewer: You couldn’t call them black panthers for obvious reasons. 48 �Well anyway, I had pocket patches made, like a jungle expert patch, round, and I‘d already been to battalion, brigade, and division and got approval, and I wrote up something like an EIB test and if they passed this test then they get this cougar patch. One of them was a PT test, they had to max it and then I went through, got permission, and explained to the commanding general and the brigade commander, that I was going to be running my troops by their quarters in the morning, shouting and carrying on and blah, blah, blah, and I would appreciate it greatly if they would come storming out and say, ―What the hell‘s going on?‖ 50:00 They went along with it and that was no problem, so I gave them all their T shirts and they looked pretty sharp with, ―Cougar Company, 3rd platoon, 2nd platoon‖, etc., and after we did our calisthenics we went for a little run around there and I had them going good and sounding good. I got them around that corner and I said, ―Alright you guys, the commanding general's quarters up ahead, I want you to sound like you got something‖. We got up there, ‗bang‖, I mean they were screaming. The commanding General kicked that screen door and said, ―What the hell‘s going on? Who in the hell are you?‖ I said, ―Who are you?‖ All these kids that ordinarily, probably, would have gotten dishonorable discharges and stuff—out of, gosh I had two hundred and thirty or forty of them, I don‘t know, I only couldn‘t get through to three. 51:01 I had to transfer them out and they went back in the stockade. The rest of them shaped up and I got them all promoted to PFC‘s, bang, right off the bat, had the brigade commander, battalion commander, division commander, come down and pin them. I had some of them step forward and made corporals out of them , I had some that had been in it long enough and gave them back their sergeant stripes and after that we could do no wrong, we could do no wrong, it was just fantastic. Then I got my KATUSA 49 �contingent in with them. Katusa is Korean Army Training United States Army and all and all total, I think we had, roughly, about two hundred and seventy or two hundred and eighty men in the company. Of course we had our own 50 caliber machine guns, mortars, we had all that. 52:00 Our section of the DMZ was to hold, to allow the other side to come through and back. We hold and then we fall back, something like that, but we had enough fire power that we could hold them. About that time is when I got my riff notice and I went to my battalion—well battalion called me and I went up there and I said, ―Yeah, what?‖ and he said, ―Well, we need to go over this, something‘s come up and we need to talk about it‖, and I said, ―Sure‖, and that‘s when he dropped this on me and I said, ―Is this some kind of a joke?‖ He said, ―No Fred, I wish it was‖, and we went through it again, and I said, ―I don‘t quite understand. Every time there‘s been the shit hitting the fan they call me, every time they need to plug the gap they call my company. Every time they want something done they call me and now I‘m not good enough to serve the army anymore?‖ 53:10 I said, ―You asked me to be an officer, I didn‘t ask to be an officer‖, and we went up to the brigade commander and up to the division commander and the division commander got on the horn and twixed back to the Pentagon, ―Have you completely lost your mind? This can‘t be, you got a mistake somewhere‖. Colonel Bradley was getting ready to retire, colonel Ellison, my battalion commander had been in and out of the Pentagon a long time and knew everybody back there. Bradley was going home, Ellison, out of his own pocket, went back to the Pentagon to find out what the hell this is and get it stopped. 54:00 he came back about two and a half or three weeks later and we sat down with the commanding General, him and the chief of staff and he said, ―Fred, I don‘t know, I couldn‘t get it stopped. I don‘t 50 �know what the hell the deal is‖, and we‘re sitting there talking back and forth and he said, ―Just nothing made sense‖, and I said, ―I don‘t know what to do‖, and he said, ―Do you know an officer by the name of Berry?‖ I said, ―Oh‖, and I came right out at that time and I said, ―Aw, shit‖, and I said, ―Yeah, that explains it all‖, and I said, ―What‘s he doing?‖ He said, ―He just went up to West Point, he‘s been the deputy chief of staff at the Pentagon Officer Branch‖, and I said, ―That explains it‖, and I told him what happened with me and Berry and all that. 55:00 One thing about Berry was, back when he was in Vietnam, when I‘m getting ready to train these Lieutenants on how to be a briefer in a brigade, Berry was sitting there and the first one out and blah, blah, blah, and Berry just chewed him alive. The next guy went out and he made a mistake and Berry ate him up, and the third guy went out and blah, blah, blah, he said, ―Get out, get out‖, and he turned to Harrison—Berry was onto Harrison, just about every day he chewed him out for anything. Berry wanted to relieve Harrison so he could put his fair haired boy, Lucas, in. Lucas was West Point, Harrison wasn‘t and anyway, the kid came out, Berry said, ―Harrison, don‘t you have anybody that can brief?‖ I took that pointer and went right back out there, and all this is Plexiglas and this is metal, like a little whipping rod. 56:00 Berry was facing them, not me and everybody could see what I was doing and ―wham‖, I hit that thing and it was just like a shot going off. Berry jumped three feet, he turned around and I said, ―Good evening sir, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah,‖, I closed the pointer and said, ―That concludes the briefing do you have any questions?‖ Berry sat there and said, ―Now, that by God was a brief, that‘s the way they do it at the Point‖, and he said, ―I can spot an academy man a mile away‖. He said, ‗What class were you, Captain?‖ I said, ―The class of ―67‖ sir‖, and he said, ―I knew it‖, and two or three days 51 �later I get off the helicopter and I‘d been picking up wounded and shit and I got bloody all over the place, and I‘m walking through and he‘s over there getting on Harrison and I said, ―Good afternoon sir‖, and he turned around, didn‘t salute back, didn‘t return the salute, Harrison did, and Berry just stared at me, just all the way, a hateful stare, so anyway, I just kept going. 57:02 But, years later, I did a little research with all the officers from Ripcord and everybody that didn‘t get out on their own, that was not West Point, was Riffed. Ben Peters got Riffed, off the hill, I got Riffed, five or six others got Riffed---Berry. Berry stood in the 3rd Brigade TOC when we had all the officers there for this briefing, briefing, or I don‘t know what it was called, and made a statement that the only really true officer was those that stood on the Plain, meaning West Point , all the others are temporary hire, and I‘m looking around and I‘m thinking, ― I can see about five, we had about five West Point while everybody else‖—we had about sixty officers in there, and I‘m thinking, ―Everybody else is ROTC, OCS, direct commission, and I only see about five or six West Points‖. 58:03 To me that‘s how much of a stupid idiot he was, but anyway, I got Riffed in 1973, Ellison tried to stop it and it couldn‘t happen, so I still, the way the orders run, now, I‘ve got something like two and a half months before I can go home. That‘s the way they cut it and why they did it that way, I don‘t know, but anyway, I got a call about two days after that to go back to the division. So, I went up to the division and in the meantime they‘re scrambling around trying to find a Captain to take over this company. So, I went up to the division and at this time is when they had all of this fire team leader, squad leader type training that they wanted to put out to everybody, small unit leadership training. 59:04 They had sent, I think it‘s 2765, data card and they run them through the machines and ―golly gee‖, mine pops out, and they 52 �wanted to know the experience I had and I said, ―Yes, I was with 82nd Airborne Division and we started the raider detachment and we built blah, blah, blah,‖, and they said, ―Well, we want the same thing here, can you do it?‖ I‘m looking at the chief of staff and I‘m thinking, ―He outranks you, there‘s not really a whole hell of a lot you can do, we‘re already Riffed, we‘re out of the army‖, and he said, ―Why don‘t you come to dinner tonight‖, so I went to dinner that night with the commanding General, my battalion commander, brigade commander was up there, and the division commander said that it‘s a very unique situation, a problem that we have. 00:08 ―Ordinarily I wouldn‘t even think about this‖, he said, ―but I need your help, Fred. You got the experience, you got this—now, I know that anybody else, anyone, would tell me to go to hell. We need to get this up and running and we need this, blah, blah, blah‖, and I said, ―Okay, I‘ll do it‖. I sat in and I wrote down I don‘t know, I guess it was two or three hundred hours of lesson plans, but hell, I could do most of it from memory from back then. I got a hold of the engineers, told them exactly what we needed, how blah, blah, blah, I said, ―You‘ll find it in FF 2150, or whatever it is in the Ranger manuals‖, and back and forth on the obstacles and stuff, and they had that thing up and running in about three weeks. 1:10 Then we got the first class in there, I‘m trying to remember what the date was, but anyway, gave them all, ―Here‘s your lesson plans‖, handpicked all the NCO‘s to be the instructors, handpicked the officers for TAC and stuff and turned it all over to CG and he wrote me a glowing letter, for all the good it did, and filed it, and that was it. I went home, I got Riffed—I had my choice of reverting back and they would give me master sergeant 8 and I said, ―No, I worked too hard for these‖, so I went home and went down to the National Guard. 2:05 At first I didn‘t want anything to do with the Army ever again. ―You 53 �screwed me, I did everything you ever asked me, I did it‖, and just brokenhearted really, but I went home and on the way home I was thinking about—so, when I got home I went down to the National Guard, gave them my papers and ―boom‖, as soon as their CO seen it they called me down when they met, staff met on Wednesday nights, and I went down there to see what the deal was and he offered me a full time job right on the spot. He said, ―I got a Ranger company up in Muncie that nobody knows what the hell to do with.‖ He said, ―Would you take them over?‖ 3:09 I said, ―What would it entail?‖ He said, ―On paper you‘d be the operations officer‖, and I said, ―That‘s no problem, I‘ve been doing that for years‖, and he said, ―And it‘s a full time job‖, and I thought, ―Well, I don‘t have to go out and look for a job‖, so I said, ―I‘ll take it‖. Well, also what that entails is with a full time position in the National Guard, or the Army Reserve, I‘m not going to lose any active federal time . Interviewer: We’ve been following your military career and now we’ve moved you all the way back to Indiana again, and you’ve been offered a position now, with the National Guard with a Ranger company. Company D-151 Ranger company was in Vietnam, but now it‘s pretty much disbanded and has fallen apart, and they asked me to go in as the operations officer , a full time position, and get it back up to strength, and all that. 4:06 So, we did, or I did, and had that and now comes due where I‘m due for a promotion to Major. Well, there was no Major slot in the National Guard for me to go to, so they worked a deal with the headquarters 123rd ARCON, Indianapolis, for me to transfer over to them in a Major slot, which I became headquarters commandant of the 123rd ARCON, and through that, they worked a deal there to make me the full time recruiting officer, which is full time duty 54 �again. A regular full time job organizing recruiting throughout the state, all the teams they had, going back again, which once again I wasn‘t losing any active duty time, which all this comes into play later, which I thought was very ironic. 5:03 But anyway, I‘m there and I‘m overdue for IAOC, Infantry Advanced Officer Course, which remember I mentioned that a few minutes before? Interviewer: Right But anyway, we worked it out and they cut orders, I went to Fort Benning, Georgia for IOAC and as it turned out it was the last nine months course of IOAC. We had guys that started after us and finished before us because they eliminated a lot of the curriculum and I‘m thinking, ―Well, what else is gonna—if I stay here long enough, nothing new, stay here long enough everybody gets dumped on‖, but anyway, I went through that and come out, honor grad, the guy who had, and this was in 1975, the guy we had as guest speaker was a Three Star general by the name of—gosh, I almost had it. 6:05 He was the Defense Intelligence Agency commanding officer, he was our guest speaker, and he was going to talk about the needs of the Army and the officers that we need for the Army of the future. So, we‘re all sitting there in Class A‘s, it‘s graduation, he went through all this stuff and everything and said, ―Fine, now we got the honor graduates, distinguished graduates‖, and all this. He said the names and called off the graduates and he said, Captain Fred Spaulding, so I get up to the stag and walk across there, and he turned and looked and looked again and said, ―Now this, ladies and gentlemen, this is exactly the officer, the type I‘m talking about‖, and I had on all my ―golly gee, nice to have been there‖ stuff on there, and I‘m walking across and he said, ―Where you going from here Captain Spaulding?‖ I said, ―I‘m going back to Indianapolis sir, Fort Harrison‖, and he 55 �said, ―Fort Harrison, that‘s finance‖, he said, ―You‘re a combat officer‖. 7:02 I said, ―No sir, I got Riffed three years, four years ago‖, I said, ―I‘m going back, I‘m in the reserves‖. He just set, kind of made a notation to his aide, I walked over that way going off the stage and the aide said, ―You‘ll have dinner with us and the General tonight at the officers club at nineteen hundred hours‖, blah, blah, blah, so I got in there and he asked me what the deal was during dinner and I told him, ―General Berry‖, and he said, ―Oh hell, I know Sid‖, and I thought, ―Uh‖, so anyway, back and forth and the gist of it was that he took my name and address and I gave him a copy of my orders so it wouldn‘t be that difficult to figure out and all that. Nothing, four, five, six months, I hear nothing and then I get a letter from the Department of The Army to go take a physical, so I‘m up there at Fort Harrison, so I go take a physical and I mail them back. 8:01 I don‘t hear nothin' for five, six, seven months and all of a sudden ―boom‖ I get orders, well by this time I‘m promoted to Major, the orders are for Captain, so I write them all out and send them back, and nothing for four, five six months. Now, we‘re looking at a couple years here already, so bang here comes another set of orders to Major, report to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. And I‘m going back to special forces, so I get back there and there‘s just no way in hell that I can keep up with eighteen, nineteen, twenty year kids anymore, I‘d been sitting behind a desk too long. I tried to stay in halfway decent shape, so anyway, the way it worked out was the special forces, at that time, was expanding and they were enlarging the National Guard and reserve special forces units and they needed guys to go out there that A. Spoke a foreign language, B. Special forces qualified, C. combat tested, or whatever. 9:15 Well, I had a couple A teams, special forces, and company commander, so they had me, Charlie Acock, and I don‘t know how many others. Charlie 56 �and I go to the 1st Battalion of the 12th Special Forces in Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Kansas, which is just south of Kansas City, and we had that battalion forever. I mean we really squared them away. Charlie was on the admin side and I was the operation training side. We had seven different locations in five states that we were responsible for. Interviewer: So, when were you doing this in terms of years? This was 1978, 79, 80, yeah, and then I sent my paperwork in and got my twenty. 10:06 I said time to get out, quoted Title X and blah, blah, blah, and about a month later I get this nasty gram back saying, ―We are well aware of what Title X says, we will tell you when you have your twenty, you do not tell us when you have your twenty‖, and I thought, ―My god has everybody gone nuts? This is ridiculous‖. ―This is 1980 and I went in in 1958, I got more than twenty, what‘s going on here?‖ But anyway, it gets better, so I get this thing, ―Your assignment is over with here, where do you want to go?‖ I said, ―Get me back as close to Indianapolis as possible, what have you got?‖ By this time I‘m already labeled into advisory capacity, so they fire me this thing and the other side of it is I‘m ready for Lieutenant Colonel, well, I‘ve got to get the advance course, I‘m sorry, I‘ve got to get the Commanding General Staff course. 11:07 I‘m sitting at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base and fort Leavenworth is thirty miles away, so I‘m driving back and forth picking up the correspondence. The three year correspondence thing I did in about eight months. Very seldom, ever, did I pick up a book and look, I just took the test. But anyway, I got all that done and got eligible promotion to Lieutenant Colonel and then there were not that many slots open, but they did have one 05 slot open in Camp Atterbury, Indiana. The Colonel called me back to tell me and I said, ―I know 57 �exactly where that is, that will be fine‖, so I go home, which my wife was very happy about that. I was the senior advisor to the 70th Division, 3rd Brigade, I believe it was and boy, they were screwed up. 12:05 But anyway, sitting down there 1981, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, retired in June of 87 about February, I believe, or March. I‘m with the brigade commander and he was in a sense, defrauding the government. He would have orders cut, if it went through me, I wouldn‘t cut them, but he was going around behind me and I didn‘t even know what was happening. So finally this one little clerk came to tell me, ―his is what‘s going on‖, because he would be putting himself on active duty days and would not be in uniform, working in the center. 13:02 He would be in his office down town in civvies drawing full pay, and then he‘s go cut orders for three weeks annual training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina where we‘re rotating troops through. We‘d had an element there every week rotating and they overlapped. But anyway, he was only there for one week, because the other two weeks he be down at Myrtle Beach, and drawing pay. Well anyway, all this came out later and I was in his stuff about it, ―The guy did this, the guy did that‖, and he brought me up on charges for something, I forget what it was, insubordination or something, probably more, but then about this time, I get this nasty gram that I was defrauding the government because I have been more than twenty years in the army. Under Title ten, you‘re only authorized twenty years active service unless you‘re a 06 or above, which I was only a 05. 14:08 I thought, ―Boy, they got some real idiots running things now days‖, but anyway, I wrote back and I said, ―Fine, no problem‖, and I picked up the phone and tried to call them and I said, ―Whatever you want to do‖, but I kept the paperwork that I notified them and I kept the paperwork of their response and then I put this one in there. Now, I get a call from the 5th 58 �Army IG, and Colonel Travis, he put all kinds of weird stuff in there. Anyway, we had to go up to the Commanding General, 5th Army, at Fort Sheridan. I refused to ride in the same car with him; I drove my own car and didn‘t care what he took. 15:00 But anyway, we got up there and Beth and I next morning went in there and he went in first and there was the JAG officer, the chief of staff, the deputy commanding General and the commanding General and one or two others in there. But anyway, he went in and he laid all of it out, you know, and all that, and then they called me in, so I went in saluted and all that and he said, ―Have a seat‖, and I sat, commanding General, four stars, and he‘s sitting there and he says, ―Hmm‖, and Colonel Travis is sitting there looking like, ―Fine, we got you now, hm‖, and I‘m thinking, ―Boy this is—how do people like this get promoted?‖ I mean, they wonder why, sometimes, the reserve units are screwed up; well this is a very good example, right there. 16:01 But anyway, General Boylan looked up and he said, ―Well Fred, it looks like you got yourself in a wringer again, doesn‘t it?‖ I said, ―Yes sir, it looks that way‖, and he says, ―What the hell am I going to do with you?‖ I said, ―I don‘t know sir, you should probably just discharge me‖, and we sat there and he kind smiled and I‘m sitting there. When General Boylan was the brigade commander in the 82nd Airborne Division, I was his S3, old home week. He got his first star in approximately a year after that he got his second star, and then, within fourteen months, fifteen months, he had his other two, he was four stars just like that, bam, bam, bam, just like that and there he was—17:05 He leaned back in his chair and by this time Travis is looking around like, ―What the hell, what was that about?‖ General Boylan, he‘s talking to his staff, he had the IG, chief of staff and others, and he said, ―Gentlemen, remember the other day at lunch we were discussing, I was telling you about this young officer that 59 �I knew that was really something, a real go getter, blah, blah, blah‖, and he went on and he said, ―This is him, he‘s one of the finest officers I‘ve ever known‖. He turned around and he looked at Travis, and he said, ―Fred, don‘t worry about this discharge thing, just when do you want to get discharged?‖ This was in April and I said, ―Well sir, I came in on twenty five, June and I‘d like to go out in June‖, and he said, ―Consider it, thirty June‖, and he looked over at whoever and he said, ―See to it‖, and he said, ―Yes sir, I got it done‖. 18:04 he looked over at Travis and he said, ―Colonel Travis, your retirement date will be thirty-one July‖, and he said, ―But sir, I hadn‘t planned on it‖, and he said, ―Plan on it, you‘re out‖. I went home and got all my paperwork done, got all that squared away, went out to Fort Harrison and took the last two weeks as terminal leave and went out to Fort Harrison to make sure all my paperwork and everything was done. They do an audit of your of your records, your finance records, to make sure everything, your pay is up to date, which I found they owed me a bunch on vacation days and a couple other things, leave time and stuff, but it was kind of like poetic justice in some ways, but in other ways---19:00 There‘s many different things in the military, a lot of things that I did that others got credit for, took credit for, but I always figured that as long as you be true to yourself, and true to the men that you‘re responsible for, things will work out. It might not always be in your favor, but eventually it will come around, and now, the way it sits, a year and a half ago staff sergeant Gilbert put in an eye witness statement, staff sergeant Esposito put in an eye witness statement, General Harrison wrote a two page letter of recommendation for the Distinguished Flying Cross that I got on twenty three, July to be upgraded to the Medal of Honor. We got paperwork back from the Pentagon and all this, stating yes they had it and were processing it under title whatever. 20:03 60 �Here about a month ago I got a letter from the Secretary of the Army stating that the recommendation had passed the Military Awards Board, had passed the Senior Military Review board and got to his desk and he, after looking at everything, he personally downgraded it to the Distinguished Service Cross. He never said, one time, as to why he downgraded it, I have no idea, I have no idea. But when you get to elements that high, second place isn‘t that bad, you know. But, since that time I‘ve been inducted into the Infantry OCS Hall of Fame, I‘ve been inducted into the distinguished member of the Regiment of the 506 Parachute Infantry Regiment, this coming April I‘m being inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame. I‘ve got the paper; I haven‘t gotten the whole thing yet. 21:00 There was something else—it really makes no difference to me about awards and shit. It‘s always a great thing to be recognized for your efforts, but the biggest thing to a professional soldier is not all the medals that you bet, because they‘re nice pretty colored ribbons, they‘re nice and all that, but they fade with age. One thing that never fades with age and the greatest award you can ever get is the accolade you receive from those that you served with. Interviewer: Now, what I’d like to do to kind of close this out and sort of turn the tables around on you a little. The American public often has a lot of misconceptions about American soldiers in Vietnam, who they were, how they acted, etc. 22:03 From your perspective, what’s your view of the men, especially the enlisted men, or the citizen soldier officer types who served under you in Vietnam? How would you characterize them as a group? Well, the majority of them that went over there were eighteen, nineteen, twenty year olds, and physically, they all looked like baby Tarzans out there. Mentally they were not 61 �prepared to see what they were going to see and that‘s why you have so much of this Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, that‘s why you have so much of the Alcoholism, because they don‘t see it anymore when they‘re drunk. Some guys can handle it, some guys don‘t and we all have to handle it in a different way. I keep explaining to them, ―You don‘t dwell on it, don‘t think about it, it‘s over with, you can‘t bring it back, you can‘t change anything, you have no say so, whatsoever, in what transpired. 23:07 The only thing you‘ve got any control over is what‘s going to happen tomorrow, and the best thing to do there is don‘t think about what happened yesterday, go this way and build your own life again‖. Interviewer: What do you thing the term is for how well or how poorly they performed when they were in the field? What now? Interviewer: What determines how well they performed when they were in the field, or how well generally do you think they did? Discipline, faith in your leaders, as a company commander, as a leader, you got to show them that you‘re not going to hide behind your Captain bars, you‘re not going to be hiding behind— you guys go out here and do this, do that, you got to go out there and show them how to do it. As long as they know you‘re there with them, taking the same crap that they‘re taking, the same danger and all, facing the same dangers, they‘ll follow you anywhere. 24:08 If they care about you, and that comes under the same thing, they know you care about them, then they will follow you anywhere. Like when you‘re going in on a combat assault and you tell them, ―Okay guys, when you get here, I‘ll be on the 62 �ground waiting for you. I will be on the first chopper in, be on the last one out, I leave no one behind‖, it‘s just that simple. Interviewer: All right, well it’s been a remarkable story and I just want to close by thanking you for telling it today. No problem what so ever. 24:44 63 �64 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SpauldingF1268V Title A name given to the resource Spaulding, Fred (Interview transcript and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spaulding, Fred Description An account of the resource Fred Spaulding was born in Indianapolis, Indiana in April 1940. After high school, Spaulding waited a year before enlisting. Initially rejected by his first choice, the Marine Corps, Spaulding enlisted in the Army and went to Fort Knox, Kentucky for basic training then to Fort Benning, Georgia for advanced training. Once his initial enlistment ended, Spaulding left the Army but soon returned and received a deployment to Korea to serve first as part of the U.N. honor guard in Seoul then as part of the newly-formed 8th Army honor guard. While with the 8th Army honor guard, Spaulding spent in brief period in Vietnam as an advisor. Following Korea, Spaulding returned to the United States and joined the 82nd Airborne Division. While with the 82nd Airborne, Spaulding participated in the invasion and occupation of the Dominican Republic. Eventually, Spaulding attended OCS at Fort Benning, graduating in 1967, after which he joined the Special Forces and attended language school in Monterey, California before joining a Special Forces group based on Okinawa. While on Okinawa, Spaulding took part in several missions to Vietnam. Following Okinawa, in order for Spaulding to advance up the career ladder, he needed a company-level command, so he received an assignment to the 101st Airborne. Once he finished his time as a company commander, Spaulding first moved to S-3 at the battalion level then S-3 at the brigade level. While at the brigade level, Spaulding participated in the operations in and around Firebase Ripcord, including oversea the evacuation of the firebase. Once his tour in Vietnam ended, Spaulding returned to the United States expecting to continue up the career ladder. However, because he a disagreement with the officer in-charge of officer personnel at the Pentagon, who happened to be the commander of the 101st Airborne, Spaulding instead received discharge papers. After spending several years in the National Guard and Army Reserves, Spaulding eventually rejoined the Regular Army, finally retiring in June 1987. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-10-07 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/36c4b9f32edbc6320bc3870edc65cde4.jpg 64cf766c6fb46a288d0601cfd16f84ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Platte, Richard Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs and a scrapbook pertaining to the 126th Infantry, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division of the U.S. Army. Sgt. Richard "Dick" Platte, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, served in the U.S. Army, 32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division, 126th 3rd Battalion, Headquarters Company. The company trained for the war in Europe at Camp Livingston, Louisiana in 1941 and conducted maneuvers near Camp Beauregard. In the spring of 1942 the 32nd Division sailed to the South Pacific and settled in Australia. The 126th Regiment was organized into a combat team and was the first of U.S. forces dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Platte Red Arrow Division collection (RHC-99) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army United States. Army. Infantry Division, 32nd United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 126th World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Text Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-99_Platte_001_1941-05-29 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spencer & Wyckoff - Detroit, Mich. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-05-29 Title A name given to the resource 32nd Division Review, May 29, 1941 Description An account of the resource 32nd Division, 126th Infantry, Regimental Headquarters Co. - Medical - Service. Camp Livingston, Louisiana. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/635">Richard Platte Red Arrow Division Collection, (RHC-99)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ac3b10f09f502d4104cec8bbab987f16.mp4 a3053111e16f8bd8e7af4f0a3a318524 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/14f0c0d5accf064fbf8a547bb075b340.pdf a688ebf9d09b426fc7d17828aabddb68 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Fred Spencer (01:18:48) (00:15) Background Information • • • • • • • Fred was born in Iowa in 1924 and then moved to Kalamazoo, MI in 1935 His father worked for Standard Oil, but lost his job during the Depression so they had to go on welfare In 1940, when he was 16, a lot of his friends joined the National Guard because they were expecting us to get into the war Fred enlisted in October of 1940 and after two weeks went to an old army camp in Louisiana When he joined the National Guard had not yet been mobilized It was a small training camp, they lived in tents, had no helmets, a limited amount of rifles, and some sparred with sticks They used old .30 caliber WW1 riffles, had limited vehicles, and the artillery was being used by another company (05:05) Training in Louisiana • • • • • • • • Fred had to get up very early in the morning and train in the fields Finally they began to build a permanent facility for their company at Camp Livingston, Louisiana He was in C company who were mostly from Kalamazoo and no one was over twenty years old Camp Livingston was much nicer with heated barracks, showers, kitchen, mess hall, beds, more weapons and more equipment They had M-1 rifles, mortars, machine guns and they practiced on a weapons range He served as a light machine gunner and was the squad leader in charge of machine guns and mortars All of the men in his platoon were National Guard from Kalamazoo The older men from the National guard were discharged when war was declared (11:40) Louisiana • • They were able to get off base and visit New Orleans Some friends of his bought motorcycles and they would take others with them to town �• • While in New Orleans they visited the capitol building and went to USO shows and dances The civilians were very nice and often bought them drinks at the bars (13:55) Pearl Harbor Attacked • • • • • • Fred was at Camp Livingston when the announcement was made that Pearl Harbor had been attacked It surprised him that the US got involved in the war so quickly One month later he was sent to Fort Devens in Massachusetts and assumed he would be leaving for Europe shortly He continued training in Massachusetts for a few more weeks The troops boarded a train for a five day trip to San Francisco They had to sleep in a barn [at the Cow Palace] but got to see the city (17:15) Overseas • • • • • • The troops boarded the ship USS Lurline, a converted luxury liner The ship was large with bunks and pretty good food There were also US navy passengers aboard They traveled in a convoy but went separate ways after a few days The ship went on a zig-zag course to avoid enemy submarines Many of the men were seasick for the majority of the trip (21:40) Australia • • • • • • They landed in Adelaide, Southern Australia He volunteered to help unload the ship and got to stay in town for two more weeks while the rest of the troops continued on to the city of Ipswich Fred thought the Australians were nice and they are his favorite foreign people The Australians were very tough fighters and were worried about a Japanese invasion He took a train to Brisbane and then continued training, learning about jungle survival, how to get along with the natives, and how to bribe them with tobacco He did not learn any new techniques for fighting the Japanese (26:50) New Guinea • • • They boarded the a liberty ship in October and headed for New Guinea They stayed in small two man tents near the airstrip at Port Moresby The troops dug foxholes and trenches to prepare for a possible Japanese invasion �• • • • • The hand digging was in rocky, clay ground At night they were bombed by the Japanese and many were injured but no one in his company was killed He volunteered to help load the plane that delivered rations to other units on the island Fred learned about some of the planes and got to ride in a DC-3, a small two engine plane They flew from Port Moresby over the mountains to a small airstrip (32:00) Buna • • • • • • • They hiked through the jungle and into the mountains The nights were cold, there was tons of mosquitoes, constant rain, and they didn’t have the right clothes for the weather They all got jungle rot in their feet and his took years to go away He ate coconut, sugarcane, rations, and mutton Fred gave all of his cigarettes to the natives and they helped him build a hut The troops arrived at Buna near the ocean where they built foxholes while under mortar fire They met the Australians in the jungle while they were lost and were given directions to help them avoid the Japanese while on their way back to camp (42:20) Shot by a Japanese Sniper • Fred was shot by a sniper in the trees and his friends shot the sniper after he was hit • The sniper was alone and tied to a tree which made it hard to tell where you shot them and hard to go through their things • He was shot near the right lung and the bullet came out near the his shoulder blade • Fred was brought to a make shift aid station made of bamboo sticks • There were many other men on stretchers that were dead and they thought he was dead also • When they realized he was alive they brought him to the hospital at Fort Moresby where they drained his lung • He was in the hospital for one year recuperating, which included physical therapy (50:20) Back to Australia • • • Fred was sent to a field hospital in Ipswich, Australia It was a nice hospital with many nurses, where he was able to play volleyball He contracted malaria and the medication made his skin turn yellow �• • The malaria caused him to have a high fever with shakes at the same point in the evening every day He spent one year at the hospital in Australia (52:15) Back to US • • • • He got shipped to Panama where he stayed at another hospital After one month in Panama he went to San Francisco’s 42nd general hospital for 2 months Fred then went to another veterans hospital in Wilmot, Texas Next he went to Fort Hood to work with a tank destroyer outfit and worked with the military police for three months (56:35) German POW Camp • • • • • • • • For one year Fred volunteered to guard German POWs in New Mexico He was a lieutenant in charge of one of the POW camps that had 150 prisoners 90 percent of the prisoners got along well with the American soldiers and only 10 percent caused trouble All of them were in their twenties and most worked well in the fields There were watchtowers and high barb wire fences, so no one ever tried to escape He had enough points at the end of the war to leave the POW camp Many of the Germans spoke English and he made friends with some of them He still speaks with some of the prisoners that remained in the US (01:10:50) Discharged • After his discharge Fred got married and took a train from Texas to Chicago and then Kalamazoo • He got a job working the night shift at Eaton Manufacturing repairing belts on machines for 75 cents an hour • He then joined the union and made more money and got more training • Fred was vice president of the union for eight years • He went to Western Michigan University for a few years and then went back to work • In Brazil, near San Paolo, he helped set up another manufacturing plant � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SpencerF Title A name given to the resource Spencer, Fred S. (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spencer, Fred S. Description An account of the resource Fred Spencer joined the Michigan National Guard in 1940, and served in Company C, 126th Infantry Regiment, 32nd (Red Arrow) Division. His unit was mobilized in October, 1940, and he went with them to train in Louisiana. From there he was shipped to Australia and then to New Guinea in 1942. Fred was wounded by a sniper at Buna, New Guinea, and spent over a year recovering first from the wound and then from malaria. He was finally sent back to the US, where he completed his service guarding German POWs in the southwest. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-10-28 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c722ea729681a3aef4d6402c0f781069.pdf becb709cedcc1ebe4a9a4705e7c17b0f PDF Text Text Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department Jerry Spencer Interview Interviewed by Walter Urick June 18, 2016 Transcript WU: My name is Walter Urick, and I am here today with Jerry Spencer at the City of Hart Community Center in Hart, Michigan on June 18th, 2016, for the purpose of attaining the oral histories of the Spencer family. The oral history is being collected as part of the Growing Community Project, which is supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Program. Jerry, thank you for taking the time to talk to me today. I am interested to learn more about your family history and your experiences living and working in Oceana County. So, let's just start out with some easy questions. State your full name, Jerry. JS: Jerry Gene Spencer. WU: And Spencer is spelled how? JS: S-p-e-n-c-e-r. WU: Now, when were you born, Jerry? 1 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: April 9th, 1932. WU: And where were you born? JS: In Hart. WU: And your father's name? JS: Eugene. WU: Spencer? JS: Spencer. WU: And your mother's name? JS: Leona McKee. WU: Alright, Leona McKee. McKee was her maiden name, is that what you’re telling me? JS: McKee was her father's name. And then her mother moved her up from Grand Rapids and she married Charley Schultz. WU: Okay. When you use the name McKee, is that part of the McKee family of Pentwater? No relation? JS: No relation to my knowledge. WU: Well, your dad at the time of your birth was about how old? JS: I would guess about twenty, twenty-two, maybe. WU: Okay, and let's talk a little bit about... well, before we talk about your parents, did you have siblings? JS: No, I was the only child. WU: Okay, well, let's back up then to your parents. Start with your dad, in terms of what he did for a living. Describe it as best you can. JS: He, my dad, farmed his whole life on our farm. That is still... not farming anymore, but it's still located just outside of Hart. WU: And that's part of the industrial park now? JS: Right. WU: When your dad was farming it, can you describe the acreage, for example? JS: The base farm only had thirty-six acres, but my grandfather - his dad - had purchased probably farms in the county that probably they had two to three hundred acres altogether. WU: Alright, well, then you're taking me back to another generation - your grandfather - and what was his name? JS: Edward. 2 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: So, we have Edward Spencer and you grew up on a thirty-six-acre farm, is that what you're telling me? JS: Yes. WU: Okay, well, let's just talk about that thirty- six acres for a little bit. What type of farm was it? What type of crops or activity was it? JS: It started out when my dad was a child - it was a dairy farm, kind of. WU: Really? JS: Back then they didn't have many, maybe ten or twelve cows that they milked and then they eventually turned into all fruit. WU: And when you say fruit, what type of fruit? JS: We had a little bit of everything. We had sweet and sour cherries, apples, plums, peaches, pears. WU: How many acres do you think were in an orchard situation? JS: The whole farm was an orchard. WU: Really? Except, obviously, for the house and the barn. JS: Except for the house and the barn and what used to be the barnyard and stuff like that. WU: So out of the thirty-six acres, would it be fair to say you probably had at least thirty-two, thirtythree? JS: I would guess, in that area. WU: Of tillable or producing land. JS: Of tillable property, producing land. WU: Now, talking about your father. I know that he died relatively... JS: At forty-nine. WU: So, when he was forty-nine, he died. What were the circumstances? JS: Heart attack. WU: That's what I thought. JS: He had one when he was forty-four, another one when he was forty-six, and one when he was fortynine. And that got him and he... back then they couldn't do anything. WU: Right. JS: He was on a blood thinner and that was all. He couldn't work, he couldn't do anything those five years. WU: Alright, so the last five years of his life he basically was disabled. 3 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: He just sat in the house. WU: Oh my. Well, it must have put a little pressure on you and the rest of the family. JS: I was going to college and just got out of college at that time. So, I never went to the service because right at the time I got a call to go for my army physical, my dad had a heart attack and I was the only breadwinner of the family at that time. So, I got a farm deferment... what they called a farm deferment at that time. WU: We’ll revisit that in a moment. Right now, trying to get a feeling for your dad, what he did. When he was healthy, basically, he was a farmer, that’s what you're telling me? JS: Yes, that’s all he did. WU: And he did the dairy farm and the yearly part? JS: Yes, and then it switched to just beef cattle. WU: To beef cattle? JS: For a while and then they eliminated all the livestock and just went strictly fruit farming. WU: Now, was he in partnership with his dad, your granddad? JS: Yes, he was in partnership with my grandfather, Edward, and they had leased - oh my gosh, I don't know - outside of our farm, they had bought a farm up a road called the Sturge Farm, and that was twenty acres, I think. And they had a farm over to Mears on Round Lake and they farmed all of them. WU: So, your dad... was Marshall Spencer a part of that or was…? JS: He was...no, he was... Marshall was my dad's brother. WU: Right. JS: Younger brother and Marshall went to New York and farmed for a few years and then came back to Michigan and bought a farm out east of Hart. WU: Okay, so that was separate… JS: Separate, yep. WU: That wasn’t part of… JS: My dad was the only… they had, my grandfather, they had four boys and three girls. And my dad was the only one that stayed at home and farmed. WU: Okay. JS: So, when my grandfather died, when my dad got the home farm and then that's still there. WU: Now, your mom, did she at least in your formative years, your early years, did she work outside the home? JS: She worked at Stokely’s [?]. 4 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: Okay, seasonal work? JS: Yeah, in Fruitland [?], that they had in Hart. WU: And if this may be a hard question to answer, but when you think of your dad, what do you think he was most proud of having done in his life? JS: I don't know, except I know he was a very generous person and trusted everybody. My dad said if there is somebody - and him and my mother, I know, used to get in big growls [?] over it because he would loan anybody anything that they wanted. And so, my mom would say, well, you're never going to get that back. And my dad would say, well, maybe not. We don't need to worry about it. And so, I would think that, you know, I looked at him as for that, that he was… WU: Very generous. JS: Very generous and very trusting. And I know he always told me, he said, “if there's somebody that don't trust people, then he can't be trusted.” My dad always went in that philosophy so… WU: That's a good line. That's a good philosophy, really. JS: So, my dad was easygoing; my mother not quite as much. WU: Well, speaking of your mom, I'll ask you the same question I asked about your dad. Is there anything special in her life that she was very proud of? JS: I can't think…. I know she did a lot of work with the church and at [?], you know, they... well, you're familiar with the congregators that they had… WU: Yes. JS: And that probably was something that she would be proud of… WU: Being a part of that women's society group in the church. JS: Yeah. WU: Well, I’m going to back up now and take you through your childhood, your education, and so on. You've already told me you were born in, what, ‘32? JS: Thirty-two in Hart Hospital. WU: Thirty-two in Hart… in the old Hart Hospital. Actually, that was the real old Hart Hospital, before the new one was built. JS: Correct. WU: And so, I am assuming your education was all through the Hart Public School system? JS: Hart Public Schools and then I went to Michigan State. WU: Well, let's back up and keep you on Hart schools for a little bit. So, you went through the Hart schools. You graduated with the class of? JS: Fifty. Nineteen fifty. 5 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: Nineteen fifty from the Hart… and at the time you were living at the home place here, just west of the fairgrounds, more or less. JS: Correct. WU: And let's talk about your childhood a little bit. Do you have any real vivid memories from your childhood concerning maybe the friends that you had or the activities that you participated in? JS: Oh, I had friends. You know, Jack Osten-Sacken, back in elementary school, was out at our place almost every weekend. And of course, he didn't… his father lived in New York, so he kind of adopted my dad as his dad. WU: Sure. JS: And he always talked about that. And in high school, I didn't go for sports because I was too small. So, I was what they called the manager then and I got to wash all the football uniforms and polish the footballs, pack them for the games and stuff like that. And so anyway, it was a lot of fun. At the time, you don't think so, but when you look back on it, it was a lot of fun and good times. WU: And made you part of the teams and the coaches. JS: Oh, yeah. WU: In those years, as I recall, as a young boy, those were some real good athletic teams for Hart. JS: It was, yeah. We went to the quarterfinals in state when my junior year and we won the conference, I think, all four years that I was in high school. WU: I think it was the semifinals, wasn't it? JS: Was it the semifinals? WU: Yeah, you got beat by Kalamazoo, St. Augustine. JS: St. Augustine, an all-boys school. WU: An all-boys school before they changed the rules. JS: Yeah. WU: So, I think that school had something like three hundred boys and... JS: We had like one hundred and fifty. WU: And you had one hundred and fifty. See, so basically what they started doing, any school that had three hundred boys would be treated as if they had six hundred kids and they would not be playing in class C. But that's an aside to this interview. [Laughter] That’s something that even upsets me as I think about… JS: Back then, yeah. WU: But you mentioned Jack Osten-Sacken. Did you have any other reasonably close friends as a kid, so to speak? 6 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: I had Don McLennon and Dick Curtis. Dick and I probably was real close; Dick lived with his grandparents and we did a lot together all through high school and after high school, even, until we both got married. WU: Yeah, unfortunately, Dick, was... JS: Yeah, got killed with a freak accident. WU: Freak accident, yeah. I'm sorry. I remember reading about that, hearing about that. JS: Working for the city and a utility pole, well, that's when they were building the new hospital. WU: Right. JS: And he had climbed up on a pole and it wasn't planted in the ground and it fell and killed him. WU: Now, as a child, I assume you have a lot of farm-type chores. Is that a correct assumption on my part or…? JS: Yes, when you grow up on a farm, you’ve got to go home after school and do some things. And back when we had cattle, I’d just feed them the grain and stuff. And then, of course, after we got rid of the cattle, it was spraying. And I had to drive for the sprayers when I could, when I was home on Saturdays. Every Saturday we were spraying and I got a nickel a tank, I can remember, for driving the tractor. And I was so little at that time, when I first started, I don't know, probably five, six years old that I couldn't turn corners. So, my dad... but I could keep it straight down the rows. So, when we would come to a corner, my dad would climb down off the sprayer, between the sprayer and tractor, and grab the wheels and turn the corner and hit it back, then jump back up on the spare. WU: So, your dad would be doing the spraying. You were basically driving the tractor that pulled the sprayers, is that what you're telling me? JS: Right. WU: And you're spraying all kinds of, what, cherries? JS: Cherries, apples, peaches, plums, pears. WU: Well, at that point, you… JS: At that time, they sprayed by hand. They didn't have power sprayers. WU: Sure, so that's why it was a two-person job, is what you’re telling me. But even taking you back into maybe junior high or maybe fifth, sixth grade, did you have cattle that you had to deal with in those early years? JS: I never had to do much with the cattle. WU: You didn't have to. You didn't have to worry about getting up and milking them? JS: Oh no, I didn't have to do that. WU: Well, you got lucky then. Alright, so your orchard experiences and the orchards came along, about what stage of life were you? Were you in junior high or…? 7 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: Let me see. I can remember, we were all in orchards in… ‘44...that would be ‘54… probably about the time I was in high school. WU: That's when you switched... JS: From cattle to fruit farming. WU: Cattle to fruit farming. Okay, and of course, that takes a while to get the trees planted and get them turning [?] and producing. But when you use the language fruit farm, you know, are we talking not only your thirty-odd acres and some of these other properties as well? JS: Yeah, most all the other properties we had were properties that had orchards on, that the people that owned them didn't have the equipment and couldn't take care of them. So, like, we would maybe take care of it, spray it and harvest it and get half or… WU: Get a percentage of the crop. JS: ...a third or a percentage of the crop. WU: Okay. JS: Yeah, that's how that worked. WU: So, you would end up helping out on these leased places. JS: Right. WU: And the farm, the other farm that you and your dad, well, your dad and his father purchased also. JS: Yeah. WU: Well, backing now into your educational background. You've obviously graduated from Hart High in 1950. Let's go forward. I know you went to college. Just indicate what was going on in your life and what... where you went on to school and what type of program you've gone into. JS: Well, I went to Michigan State the first year. First year I was there, I had picked Pomology, which is the study of fruit, because I was familiar with that. And I didn't feel it was challenging enough, so I switched to Ag. [agricultural] engineering and I don't know if that was too challenging or what. And then I switched back to Ag. mechanics. And then my last year - I went five years - my last year, I taught labs and in some of the Ag. courses for professor, as well as going to school. WU: You were a teaching assistant then? JS: Yes, just an assistant in the labs, yeah, helping out. And then I graduated in ‘55. WU: From Michigan State with a degree in? JS: A B.S. WU: A B.S. degree, a Bachelor of Science degree. In what field? Agriculture? General…? JS: My degree was in...it come from the School of Natural Science and Resources and I came home then and farmed and I farmed probably for... 8 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: I'll get to that in a little bit. JS: Okay. WU: I want to keep you sort of in the educational part because, in fact, I even want to take you back to Hart High. Was there any particular teacher that helped you, that you were really close to or had some real fond memories of? Let's do it at either the elementary or high school level, either one. JS: Oh, in elementary, I can remember Mrs. Northrup. Well, I don't know. WU: That would have been about the third grade. JS: Yeah, third or fourth grade. Fourth grade, nope, fourth grade I was in the Critic [?] Room, which was where the... back then, they taught kids to teach school. They didn't have to go to college. WU: Oh, that's right. JS: And they had a Critic Room… they had fourth and sixth graders. WU: This is called Oceana Normal or something like that in order to get country school teachers certified. JS: And so, they taught us, they took kids out of the fourth grade and the sixth grade and put them in what they called the Critic Room. And then those young people wanting to be teachers would teach us… WU: ...would practice on... JS: Yeah, would practice. WU: Well, that's interesting. I hadn't heard that before. So, I know various people who ended up being school teachers in these one room schoolhouses and part of their education was they'd have to come right down to Hart Public Schools. And so, they were practicing and they were being critiqued and they were being taught how to be teachers. Is that it? JS: Right, and that's what that room was for. WU: And you were part of that guinea pig class? JS: Yeah, I don't know how long they had that. I know I was in it in the fourth grade. I don't think they had it because I can remember where the room was. And when I was in high school, it was gone. WU: It was gone, yes. JS: It was the sixth-grade room then or something. I don't remember. WU: Well, you mentioned Mrs. Northrop. Once you go into high school, any particular teacher? JS: Mr. Sheehan [?], probably. WU: He was the math teacher. JS: He taught math. And he was very strict, but I get along really good with him. WU: He was demanding. 9 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: He was demanding, yep. But you learned a lot in his class and of course, then the coaches, because I was the manager, Mr. Swanson and Jack Epenstall [?], whose names are familiar to you I’m sure. WU: Sure. JS: And Jack, we get to see Jack almost every year in Florida. He's… of course, Swanson passed away back… I went to his funeral back probably ten years ago. WU: Yes, so those were the men in the school system that influenced your life, at least, or people you could relate with. JS: Yeah. WU: Well, from a college standpoint, were there any Oceana County kids that you either room with or got rides with or…? JS: Uh, I drove back and forth and, yeah, Gene Robinson. WU: Oh, Gene, okay. JS: Harley Hodges, Rich Hodges, Don McClennan. And we were all going to State at that time and we rode back and forth together on weekends or when we came home. WU: In terms of living arrangements, did you live with any of these folks or…? JS: No, I lived in the same dorm the first year down there. And then I moved out of a dorm into a co-op house because it was a lot cheaper. WU: That's what I did when I went to college! I ended up in a co-op house, so I guess we had a similar experience. JS: Yeah, and then we had to... in the co-op house, I know we worked… you had to put in six hours of work a week and they had certain jobs you could do. And I got to be Steward. I was Steward, for they made me be Steward for a whole year, which we had to do all the ordering of the food and stuff, which was a good experience. WU: Sure. JS: Then I worked at the campus press as a freshman for two years, two nights a week. I went to work at 1:00 in the morning and you had to work until you got the paper out, what they did was printed the State News. And I started there as a kid that sat at the end of the press and we had a counter and maybe two hundred papers would go to this dorm and two hundred would go to this dorm or something. We had to bundle them up and set them aside for delivery. And then the freshmen quit. And the woman that owned it asked if - Harley Hodges and I was working there - asked if we go in the press and Harley said yes. So, we knew nothing about it, but we soon learned. And so, then we got to be pressman, which we were in the big bucks, and we got a dollar seventy-five an hour for running the press. WU: And so, were you still in the co-op or were you out of the co-op? JS: I was in the co-op. The co-op was only a block from where the press was. WU: So, you still did the work of the co-op. You were making money on the side. 10 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: I made enough work on those two nights. I'd end up in the spring with more money than I started with in the fall. WU: One way to work your way through college. JS: It didn’t cost then, you know, tuition was only forty-seven fifty a term. WU: Yeah, was that a class or the whole thing? JS: That was for ten weeks for the whole thing. WU: So less than fifty dollars! You could… JS: ...was tuition. WU: That was your tuition. JS: Yeah. The only other expense was books and... WU: Sure, and your own living. JS: It cost us a hundred and twenty-five dollars a term for room and board in the co-op. WU: Yeah, those days have long gone, financially. JS: Yeah, so you're talking about five hundred dollars a year… WU: ...to go to school. JS: ...outside of books. WU: Right. Well what I want to do now is talk a little bit about after college and you start your life's work, so to speak. Can you just sort of take me through that? You graduate from college and I'm not sure if you're coming home to farm or if you're moving from there into other types of work? JS: I came home to farm because my dad was unable to do anything then, and so I farmed. WU: So, this would be nineteen fifty-five? Fifty-six? JS: Nineteen fifty-five, fifty-six. And let me put an age bracket with that. Let me see, my dad died when he was forty-nine, which was in fifty-nine. My dad died in fifty-nine, so then I farmed and gave my mother a share of the farm, fair share of the profits, and took care of the farms. And then in fifty-nine, 1959, I got married and, let me see, then I went to work for FMC Corporation and I think I was thirtyfour so that would have been. WU: Alright, let's just back up. Let's take the nineteen fifty-five to fifty-nine portion of your life. There's four years there. Your dad, at this point, is not able to do anything. JS: Nothing. WU: But your grandfather had passed on by then. JS: Yes. WU: Alright. 11 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: He passed on when I was in… when did he pass on? I can't exactly remember, but when I was in college. WU: Alright. So, at this point, you were basically it in terms of running the local family farm, so to speak, plus any of the leased farms. JS: Right. WU: How did you handle that? That's more than a one-man job. What did you hire people or how did that work out? JS: Basically, no, I had, once in a while, I had... well, I had to have people help trim the orchards. WU: Alright. JS: And I hired a couple of people from Walkerville. WU: Are we talking about local folks or migrant? JS: Yeah, Ed Lathrop and [?] Brumley was my main pruners. Those guys were really good, a lot better than I was. And then if I needed help in the spring, Albert [?] - you probably remember Albert used to work for me? WU: Yeah, he graduated with me. He was a little old for our class. JS: I'm sure. [Laughter] But Albert used to work for me when I needed help doing anything, spreading fertilizer, picking up brush or whatever. Albert, I could always depend on him. WU: Then in terms of harvesting these crops? JS: That's the best years of my life. And we had, back then, of course, we didn't have mechanical harvesters. WU: Right. JS: We had pickers. Our pickers come up all the way from… well, most of our pickers came from Arkansas and Missouri at that stage of my life. And nice families and I really enjoyed them. WU: Are these with Hispanic backgrounds or were these…? JS: These weren’t, these were all Southern people. WU: Caucasian folks or…? JS: Yes, and then it switched. Well, that's a little bit later, if you wanted to go into it later. WU: Yeah, let’s just talk about... JS: That was just the [?] experience. That's where the pickers came from was Arkansas and Missouri for us. WU: Arkansas. How did you find them? 12 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: You know, I don't know. They just showed up and they'd show up and say, “do you need help?” And we'd say, “yeah.” And we had buildings for them to live in. Of course, the buildings are still there and they’d stay for the harvest and go back. One family particularly back then I can still remember; Woods their name was. Johnny Woods and I, the year I graduated from college, they went on then down to southern Michigan and picked apples. And when I graduated from college that year, I went down and stayed with them in a little shack. We used to… our pastime at night was watching mice run around and picked apples with their family. And that was an experience and a half. I always wanted to make the fruit circuit and see what it was like, but I decided that it wasn't that much fun. WU: So back in those early days, you're telling me that people would migrate from the South? It probably was hot; they wanted to get into cooler climates. Their backgrounds, did they… what did these folks do back in Arkansas, any idea? JS: Yeah, well I could carry this family. Well, no, that's a family that we got a little bit later. Woods’, I don't know what they did for a living. I do know that my wife and I was married back several… oh, probably this happened about twenty years ago. Three o'clock in the morning, I got a telephone ring and I wondered who in the world would be calling me. And his daughter was five years old when they picked cherries for us. And she got thinking about us in California and might have been drinking or something and called us at three o'clock in the morning. WU: [Laugher] Midnight, there! JS: I hadn’ t seen her for... she was probably in her thirties then or something. So anyway, that was those early years that those people came. Then later on it switched, of course. WU: How many people would it take to harvest the cherry crop? JS: We had probably about forty, counting the kids. WU: About forty, counting the kids all out there picking. And did they all stay on your place or…? JS: Yeah, but we had a few local people that picked probably maybe ten. But other than that, the rest of them all stayed there. WU: Well, just for the historical aspect of it, take me through a typical cherry-picking day. What you would be doing and what time would the day start? What would you have to do to be ready to get moving that day? JS: Usually the night before you'd get cherry lugs out and scattered where they could get them without going too far from their trees. The pickers had rows and I wasn't out there when they started because my pickers used to go out and wait for it to get light enough so they could see the cherries and then they'd start picking probably five o'clock in the morning. And when I'd get out there, I'd go around and pick up the cherries that they had picked. WU: Now, you'd be driving a tractor with a trailer? JS: We had a little skid on the back, no wheels on it, just like a stone boat. And we'd pile the lugs on there. And I usually had a high school kid that helped me do that. And so about ten o’clock, eleven o’clock in the morning, we'd have a load. We’d haul all our cherries in a pickup. We'd have eighty, ninety lugs of cherries. 13 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: Okay, so let’s back up. You had to get those eighty or ninety lugs of cherries out of the orchard. You did that by driving around and picking them up from where these families were working and they would actually stack them. So, you only had to go to a certain pile. JS: They might have like four lugs - it’d depend on the number of cherries - you might have four lugs in this stack, maybe two or three down the row, they'd have six or eight lugs stacked up. WU: You’d pick them up, put them on the skid, drag them to where the pickup was. JS: Right and set them on the pickup, load them on the pickup. WU: And then where would you go with that load usually? JS: We delivered several places: Stokely’s, of course would be one, Fenton’s in Mears was another one, Hart Cherry Packers downtown at that time. And we depend and we just delivered all of them. WU: So, the first all that you took in would be about what time? JS: Probably about ten to eleven. WU: Alright. Somewhere between ten and eleven, you drive to whatever cannery you're going to that day and it would be weighed in and… JS: ...they’d dump the cherries, put your lugs back on the truck… WU: And then you’d weigh out? JS: ...take them back to the orchard and scatter those lugs out and then turn right around and gather up a load. And about two o'clock in the afternoon, we’d take in another load. WU: That would be your second load. JS: And then we’d come back, we'd scatter those out and the pickers would quit usually around four thirty or five o'clock, and we’d gather them and then take them in after supper, usually, someplace. WU: So basically, you're making three runs to the canneries? JS: That’s what I did, three trips a day. WU: Three trips a day and then that last trip that might take you a little while because everyone's coming in at the same time and you've got to get in line, as I recall. JS: You’d take those… I’d take those back out to the farm and dump the lugs off at the orchard and then come back up to where the farm buildings was and by then the pickers, most of the pickers, would be sitting around visiting. And so, I’d go out and we'd sit and visit for a half hour or an hour and go to bed. WU: In terms of paying the pickers, did you do that…? JS: On most Saturdays. WU: Every Saturday you would… that’d be payday. JS: I'd be paid cash. 14 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: Oh, you paid cash, not checks. JS: No, and most of it we gave out tickets, little tickets. For each lug, they'd get a ticket. And when it come Saturday, I'd go out Saturday afternoons after I got the cherries in from the morning and we’d pick till noon. I’d go out in the afternoon with a bundle of money and pay them what they wanted. And some of them wanted just enough money to buy groceries with. And in fact, that's what most of the families did. And so sometimes I didn't take that much money. And then when you got done picking for the year, then they'd turn in the rest of their tickets and they'd take that money and go back home usually. And with some families, I guess that's pretty much the money that they had from down there. I know they used to pay… they had what they called burial fees that they had to pay to take care of their burials, and they would use that money to bring them up to date and then live on down there. So, it was fun. I enjoyed those… I enjoyed the pickers. WU: Do you remember what you were paying per lug? JS: Back then, it was about fifty cents. WU: That’s what I thought. And so, you would have… did they get a punch card or was it just a ticket per lug? JS: Just a ticket. Yeah, it was about an inch by two inches. WU: And it was a ticket that they could not duplicate or…? JS: I never thought about it. WU: You were trusting. JS: I don't think they ever did duplicate them, to my knowledge. But I suppose in this day and age, somebody would. WU: Certainly, with the technology. JS: But back then, they didn't even think about it. WU: In terms of getting the tickets, you were telling me you picked up six lugs here and eight lugs here. When did they… did you give the tickets every day, at the end of the day? JS: I’d give them to them as you picked up the cherries. WU: Oh, so as you picked up the cherries… JS: If you had four lugs, I’d give you four tickets. WU: So, someone... you would actually hand the tickets to one of the pickers there? JS: Right. WU: So, they'd see you coming and you would be... whoever you hired might be loading them up while you're… JS: ...giving out tickets. 15 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: ...giving out tickets. So that was done simultaneously and that was your record and it was up to them to hang on to them. You didn't even keep a record. JS: I didn't keep a record, no. WU: You didn't write down, “Smith had so many and Joe had so many”? JS: No, I had no idea at the end of the week how many they had. WU: And, well, you knew how many tickets you had to start. JS: I suspect that they, you know, if somebody runs short of money and needed two or three dollars, they'd probably go to one of the other families there and say, “Do you have any money? I’ll give you these.” So, I think they probably switched tickets back and forth sometimes. WU: That didn't bother you. JS: No, that didn't bother me a bit. But that's how we paid back then. And this would have been in the sixties, probably, fifties and sixties, and then our pickers all changed after that. WU: Alright. Well, let's talk about that, the change in the type of folks that… JS: For us, the family in Arkansas and Missouri that was coming up - and once you had them, they came every year - couldn't come anymore. And I had a couple, an elderly couple, the last name was Kreals [?]; they were from Alabama. And he had a son, Johnny, with a big family, and he had a son-in-law called H.B. Holland. And so, they all came up and then I had a family from Florida - our pickers basically came from Alabama and Florida. And in Florida one year, all our pickers came from the same town in Florida. WU: And they were Caucasian? JS: Yeah, all Caucasians. We had one of the couples, he was a janitor at the hospital and his wife was a nurse. The other one was a blacksmith in the town. The other one was a district manager for the Whataburger stands in Florida. And plus, he ran the stand at Busch Gardens, Whataburger. It was like a McDonald's. And they’d come up, he took his vacation and it was nice. They all knew each other. Every Sunday they'd have a picnic at Crystal Lake. They all take a dish to pass and go over there and swim and have a picnic, all our pickers together. And it was just one big happy family. And that was… but H.B. Holland, I remember he had two daughters and two sons and him and his wife, and they had to pick him and his wife had to pick - twenty lugs a day. And one of his sons had to pick sixteen. The other one had to pick ten and his two girls, they had to pick fourteen. And when they got that amount of cherries they could quit. They were done for the day. Sometimes they were done at two thirty, three o'clock in the afternoon. I’d come back from my afternoon load and, particularly him, he'd be sitting in the shade in a chair with a beer, enjoying life. And he said, “I really like this.” He said, “I don't have a worry in the world up here.” He said, “the only worry I have is where my next row is.” He said, “I have nobody calling in that they can't show up for work today.” WU: Well, you were very fortunate then, you had people… JS: Nice families. WU: They were nice families, they were very functional, and they were basically trying to finance their own vacation, it sounds like. 16 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: This was their vacation. They got out of the heat... WU: They got out of the heat, they came up and picked cherries, and made a little money to finance it, maybe a little extra to take home. JS: A funny thing, just last week I come home and my wife said, “you got a telephone call you have to make and it'll take some time.” And I said, “who is it?” She said, “I'm not telling you.” And I said, “come on, you got to tell me before I call.” And she said, “you’ll know, when you call.” So, I called this number and my wife had written it down. And this woman answers. She said, “Well, Jerry says that this is Judy Kreal [?]. And she was thirteen and they picked cherries for us. And that was the last year they picked for us was ‘73. And she says, “whenever any members of our family get together,” she says, “all we talk about is the fun times we had at Hart, Michigan.” And she says, “I pull it up and I see the farm buildings are still there.” And she says, “we had to call you.” And she says, “I'm trying to get a couple of my brothers and sisters, we’re going to fly up and we want to visit you this summer.” So, I don't know if they'll make it or not. WU: Well, that's amazing. But that tells you the close relationship you had. JS: Well, she said, “my daddy made us work so hard when we were up there.” She said, “we’d think we hated it.” But she says, “when we look back on it,” she says, “it was the best time of our life.” She says, “on Saturday mornings, all those pickers let their kids... what they picked Saturday mornings was theirs. They got the money for that.” And she says, “my daddy,” she said, “Saturday mornings let us have the money.” She reminded me of that, which I knew. And she says, “we had our own money for the first time in our life that we could do what we wanted to with.” And she says, “we had so much fun and everybody was so nice to us. We just love you and your kids.” And I was probably on the phone with her for an hour and then she sent on Facebook a picture of her to Joany, our daughter, because I don't have Facebook or anything. And I tell you what, I certainly wouldn't recognize her. But then she was a thirteen-year-old girl in ‘73. WU: Some years have gone by. [Laughter] JS: But we still maintain communication with them. In fact, Judy and I, three years ago when we went to Florida, we met a cousin of hers and her mother who used to pick for us that laked in Florida for lunch one day. WU: Well, moving back then to your farm and your dad passed away and now you're into the ‘60s. You were married what year? JS: Fifty-nine. WU: And you married whom? JS: Judy Pangburn, my next-door neighbor. WU: So, she's a gal right from the community and you were married and your family… you had how many children, Jerry? JS: Three. Two girls and a boy. WU: And their names are? 17 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: Jennifer Purdy now and Jeff Spencer and Joany Small. WU: Okay, and Jeff, do recall what year he was born? JS: He was born in [nineteen] sixty-one. WU: Alright. JS: And Jenny was born in [nineteen] fifty-nine. Jeff was born in [nineteen] sixty-one. Joany was born in [nineteen] sixty-four. WU: Okay, so those are your three children. Then we sort of ended up with you back on the family farm. But I know for a fact you didn’t stay there. JS: Right. WU: Can you help me with that transition? What happened in your life that caused you to leave the family farm, so to speak? JS: I was contacted by fellow, John Roth, from Fremont who worked for FMC Corporation in Ag. [Agriculture] chemical business, and they were looking for salesmen for this area. And he asked me if I'd be interested. I thought about it and thought, yeah, that’d work out okay. So, I took care of the farm nights and stuff for probably three or four years or maybe longer than that. And my wife took care of the harvesting in the summer, picking up the cherry lugs and hauling them. Except at night I would take in the last load usually for years. And then moving on from there, later in life, I had an uncle who was a warehouse manager at Stokely’s and he retired. And then he came out and did the spraying and stuff on my farm, did all the work and he and I basically harvested the fruit then and then I retired, what, twenty-three years ago. Then I sold the farm to the city. WU: Sure, let's go back to your starting a new career. You're a sales person. JS: Yeah. WU: And you're selling for? JS: Ag. Chemicals. WU: Ag. Chemicals. JS: Fruit growers only; we weren't in the row crop business. WU: Alright, so you're dealing with… so you’re selling fruit chemicals. Does this require you to be visiting farms or…? JS: We were a service-oriented company. We sold directly to the growers. We sold through service. If you had a farm, I’ll use Fox’s as an example, because they were one of my biggest customers. I went through their orchards every week, and in their case, made recommendations on what they should be using. I knew the number of tanks that it took to spray each crop that they had. I ordered to spray material. They would set it right on their farms for them. And told them when they should use it. And that's how we did that. That was a lot of service. 18 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: Alright, so physically you would be there. You would look at the leaves on the trees, make a determination on… JS: What they needed. WU: What they needed, based on what you actually saw. JS: And we’d try to recommend the material. I always tried to recommend material that was the most economic for them that would still do the job. WU: So, and you’re using your background from your college days. I assume you had lab facilities that you could send stuff into? JS: Well, yeah, Extension, too; Michigan State was good, but we had... what was I going to say? I lost my train of thought here. The service part was we were the only company that really serviced orchards like that. We got a little more for our chemicals, but we could save you money during the year, too, and what you used and in products like that. So, and once you got a customer, he was yours. So, yeah, you pretty much had job security. And then I worked for them for twenty-two years. WU: Let's just leave it with them for a few moments. I'm trying to understand the regional area that you covered. So obviously, Oceana; were you beyond Oceana County? JS: Oceana, Mason, and Newaygo Counties. WU: Alright, those were the three counties that you would have picked up clients, visited their orchards, and made recommendations. JS: Right. WU: And would that be a year-round job or was this more or less a seasonal? JS: It was a year-round job. Over the summers, of course, we were busy. The winters you spent at shows, putting on meetings for growers… WU: Educational-type meetings. JS: Educational-type meetings for any new products that were out, going over them. WU: And educating yourself, I assume you had to go to conferences and so on. JS: Right. If you are in a business like that and I suppose it was the same with you, too. You learn from this grower that has a problem and you find out how it works for him. So, then you know, the next guy and you learn really from the people you’re calling on, too. WU: Sure. Well, apparently you worked twenty-three years for this company. And then what happened after that? JS: They sold our sales group; we worked for FMC Corp. and they had two divisions. Our division, which was called the direct sales - we sold directly to growers -and then they had a Fairfield division because FMC also produced a lot of chemicals. We had our own chemicals and this division sold chemicals to distributors and other dealers. And so, they decided that to get rid of the direct sales force because there was friction always between us because they would want to sell a dealer and the dealer would 19 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department say, well, you were out in the field selling growers; I’m not buying your stuff. And so, they sold us and we were purchased then by Conagra Foods, which was grower service in Michigan. And I worked for them. I told them I'd work five years and then I was going to retire and I did. And they hired me to mesh the FMC sales force in with theirs. They never really worked out that good. We were a service-oriented company with FMC, and they weren't. They were strictly sold on prices and… WU: ...pushing their product. JS: ...pushing their products. And our salespeople didn't like that. However, the five years I was there, we only lost one salesperson and the year I left everybody quit from FMC that they had. So, and now they're working for all other companies. WU: Yeah, so basically, you had a twenty-three plus five or twenty-eight-year career in sales and service to the agriculture community. Oceana, Mason, and Newaygo. Is that sort of a fair, quick summary? JS: Yeah, I had the same territory all those years. WU: Well, after you retired, did you continue on with any type of work for…? JS: Well, we still had the farm. WU: Okay, so now you're back to doing farming. JS: Yes. WU: And you continued to do that up until the time you sold it to the city? JS: Sold it to the city, right. WU: Okay, what year was that? Do you remember when the sale was made? JS: Boy, I don't. WU: And that was for the industrial park purposes. JS: Yes. WU: You retained at least the home place and the barn, is that correct? JS: I retained the frontage. WU: Okay. JS: Well, my mother, in the meantime, remarried and the house was separate. And I sold the buildings and I didn't... I sold everything to the city so they could annex it. WU: That’s right. JS: And then I had five years to buy the frontage back, which I did. And then, of course, I sold, you know, where Rennhack’s [?] is. And we still got the rest of it. WU: Alright, so you still own...what? JS: The farm buildings and, well, about four acres, probably. 20 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department WU: You still own four acres there. Well, of course, farming has changed a lot during your lifetime. What do you see are special challenges that farmers face today? JS: I think probably they're big; they, you know, they keep buying and expanding and I was never... not my way of going, I guess, or everybody that does it seems to come out doing well. But I, because of that, you know... WU: The corporate farm way is what's happening. JS: ...is what's happening. And I don't know if it's good or not. I still think, you know, I always said, “give me forty acres, something that your family could take care of. And if you could sell most of your stuff retail, you could make a really good living.” And farming’s a good way of life. I don't know, there's just something about… I used to just enjoy driving through the orchard, spraying at night and watching the fruit grow and on the trees. It's a good feeling. WU: Just being part of God's Earth, so to speak. JS: Regulations - it's changed so much. Regulations on chemicals, what you can use, what you can't use, when you can use it. And some of it’s fine and some of it is stupid. WU: It just makes it more difficult to do your life's work. JS: Yeah. WU: Well, Jerry, I know you've been very involved in the community and I think its part of your oral history. Why don't you just briefly state some of the organizations you've participated in and taken a leadership role? JS: Oh, my gosh. WU: I know, it's a long list. JS: Well, I was starting out back when I was in the business, I guess, they had a biology club - and I think they still have one, I don't know - that we got started and that was for fruit growers. And then I became a Commissioner, County Commissioner. WU: Oceana County Commissioner? JS: Oceana County Commissioner. WU: Right. JS: And I said at the time when I got it, I said, “oh, when I get to be seventy, I'm done.” And I did ten years and I resigned. WU: So, for ten years, you're a commissioner. JS: I was commissioner. I was on... in the meantime, then I was a member of the District Health Board. District Health Five and then District Health Ten and through all that turmoil. And a member of the Health Board, when we built the District Health Building out here. WU: The Malburg [?] building. 21 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: ...in the Cooney place, you know, and I was on the Workforce Development Board for Muskegon and Oceana County for years. Then after I was on as a business person, first I was on as a county... to represent the county, Oceana County. But then when I resigned from being a commissioner, Paul Roy, who was the head of it at that time, said, you’ve got to stay on our board. So, I said, “but I can't.” And he said, “yes, you can.” So, Jack Cheever [?], he said, you’ve got to have a business. So, I said, “well, I don't really have one anymore. I'm retired.” So, he said, “well, get one.” So, I went to Jack Cheever and I said, “Jack, can I be a consultant for you?” Jack said, “any day of the week,” he said, “you certainly can.” I said, “okay.” So, then they listed me as a... because the state of Michigan, if they would check, they listed me as a consultant. WU: Alright, so for what organization? JS: The Workforce Development. WU: Oh, Workforce Development. Okay, I missed that. JS: Workforce Development for Muskegon and Oceana Counties. We were together; still are, kind of. And so, but I finally got off of that. I'm still… I'm chairman of the City Planning Commission. I'm on EDC, Executive Board of Directors. I'm on the local Emergency Planning Committee Board. Yeah, so, I'm still involved enough to... WU: Well, I commend you for all your service. JS: You have to keep busy. WU: Sure, so that’s what you're doing in your retirement days: you're a volunteer, you serve on a lot of these boards. Jerry, when someone listens to this tape, which they'll be able to fifty years from now. But what would you most like them to know about your life and maybe the Hart community? Is there anything special that you would like to say? JS: Well, I was born and raised in Hart and never left. When I worked for FMC, they wanted to move me out east and give me a big territory. And I turned them down. And I know… well, you know, Fred Reilly? WU: Yes. JS: I worked with Fred, I worked under Fred when I was first hired here. And Fred said you shouldn't do that because he said they'll never, you know, it’ll really hurt you in the long run, you know. So, then it's a year after that, Fred got offered a job out east, the same job I was offered a year before, and he took it and they eliminated him a year after that. And so, I was glad I didn't do that. But no, I was born and raised in Hart and it's a good community to live in. And I think especially the last ten years, it has become more progressive. And I can see a lot of good things that's happened the last ten years. And I think there'll be a lot of good things happen in the future. WU: Any special advice you'd want to give a young person who may listen to this tape? JS: Not particularly, I think you just have to do what you think you should be doing and stick to your guns. And I don't know, other than that, things will fall in place for you if you work hard. WU: Is there anything else that you would like to share that I may not have asked you about? Something that you might want to make a record of? 22 �Growing Community: Oceana’s Agricultural History Project A project supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant Project Director: Melanie Shell-Weiss, GVSU Liberal Studies Department JS: It seems like you've covered things pretty good. WU: Well. JS: I think the most enjoyable part was - in the fruit business, anyway - it was, of course, we came up with… we had a shaker, but it was a limb shaker, which is one of the first shakers that came out, but that eliminated pickers. And I kind of miss that era; that was fun when you had families come up. And apples; I had a Spanish couple that picked my apples for a few years and, boy, they were good. They still stayed in the area. They, I think, now work for Tim Tubbs. I run into them every once in a while. They were… WU: They're not migrants anymore. They live in the… JS: They live here year-round. WU: And do you remember their names? JS: No, I don’t. WU: Okay, well, I just want to thank you, Jerry, for your time and for sharing your memories with me. And this concludes the interview. Thank you very much. JS: Thank you. You did a good job. 23 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/34173090a508e2ef3773523bb978c562.mp3 6456720df95745ed7ac0a5aa55aa1145 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Spencer_Jerry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spencer, Jerry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-06-18 Title A name given to the resource Spencer, Jerry (audio interview and transcript) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Jerry Spencer. Interviewed by Walter Urick on June 18, 2016 in Hart, Michigan. English language. Jerry Spencer was born in Hart, Michigan in 1932, as the only child of a farming family in Oceana County. He grew up on a thirty-six acre dairy and fruit farm that was passed down the generations from his grandfather. He graduated from Hart High School in 1950, studied Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Mechanics at Michigan State University, and later married and worked at FMC Corporation before serving as a County Commissioner for Oceana County. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Urick, Walter (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Farms Farmers Fruit growers Michigan State University Agricultural engineering Agricultural mechanics Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eb01bff1c2dd7f5e8a9a9966c10d8d19.mp4 6bb00fe26fd465d41f5199c03a5ff56d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dec9a43f3911119920e982358b8376fe.pdf 4435658a9892db764c8193fa7babaa56 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Bea Foster Spivey World War II-Homefront 10 minutes 11 seconds (00:00:01) Husband's Service in the South Pacific -They were married during World War II -Husband was a staff sergeant in the Army -Enjoyed being in the Army -They had an eighteen month old baby when he left -Prior to the war he had played baseball -Went to a camp, so he could learn how to join a professional team -He was a semi-professional pitcher -Pitching shoulder was injured during the war in the Philippines -When he was in the Philippines a fellow soldier was harassing a Filipino -He stepped in and stopped the harassment -Moved into an area with caves in the Philippines -He went in and encountered a Japanese soldier -He shot first, but the Japanese soldier was able to shoot back -Got shot in the ear and didn't even realize it -Later got wounded in the shoulder by artillery shrapnel -Served in New Guinea -Able to go to Australia on leave -Enjoyed going to the bars to get the local milk -He didn't drink, but enjoyed the milk because it was so thick and sweet -His name was William Hubert Foster -Took part in the liberation of the Philippines (October 20,1944-August 15, 1945) -Her brother was in the Navy during the liberation of the Philippines (00:06:22) The Homefront -She lived with William's family for a while -Then lived with her Aunt Julie -Moved up to Michigan to live with her parents -Worked in a Ford factory during the war -Started off by working a rivet gun -Moved on to spot welding aircraft wings -Enjoyed working at the factory -Everything was rationed -It was hard to feed a family off of rations, but her mother was able to do it -Near the end of the war she went to work in a nightclub as a cleaning lady (00:08:59) End of the War -Had moved back to South Carolina to live with William's family -When the war ended everyone got in their cars and drove around honking their horns -Everyone was celebrating everywhere � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_SpiveyD1751V Title A name given to the resource Spivey, Beatrice Foster (Interview outline), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-04-24 Description An account of the resource Bea Foster Spivey was on the homefront during the Second World War and worked in a Ford factory in Michigan during the war. She was married and had a baby during the war, and her husband, William Hubert Foster served in the Army as a staff sergeant and saw action on New Guinea and on the Philippines and was wounded twice on the Philippines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spivey, Beatrice Foster Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Childress, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Language A language of the resource eng Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e30158d29a3c4b79bb98208fa1c3964b.mp4 fcda23aa500e7659627cf4766cf00e22 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e7295689a2e2b3ed8ac4b4d768c51361.pdf 99cae3833528828deec412361e0f98a3 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Tanjore Splan Korean War Total Time: 1:05:00 Pre-Enlistment (0:00:40) • • • • • • • Born in September 1929 in St. Ignace, Michigan. Lived in a children’s home from age 4 until he was 11, and then went to work on a farm. Attended High School in Sault Ste Marie, Michigan. He then worked in shipping and ferries on the Great Lakes. Joined the Army at age 17. Recalls the numerous ways that the US government and Army protected the locks in Sault Ste Marie during World War II. He had his mother give her permission for him to sign up for the Army, specifically field artillery, when he was in Detroit, Michigan. Enlistment and Training (0:07:34) • • • • • • • • Was shipped from Detroit to Fort Sheridan, Illinois for induction (0:07:48) Was then sent to Fort Bragg, North Carolina for basic training for 16 weeks. During basic, he was taught the fundamentals of small field artillery. During basic training, they trained for all of the jobs on the gun. (0:12:20) After basic, he joined the 82nd Airborne and was shipped to field artillery school in field artillery mechanics. He was taking classes and learning maintenance procedures for field artillery while he was there. (0:15:30) Was then shipped back to Fort Bragg where he took more training, including jump school. They trained on gliders while they were at Fort Bragg. He stayed at Fort Bragg the whole time he was in the service. Active Duty (0:21:28) • • • • (0:21:28) He was able to participate in President Truman’s Inauguration and General Pershing’s Funeral and some other events in an official capacity. They dropped bundles packed with howitzer equipment from planes for them to use. They also carried the 105mm Howitzer in gliders. They also experimented with dropping the 105mm from an airplane. Enlisted for three years, and after these years went back to finish high school. After he graduated he moved to Detroit and worked in the Auto Industry. He re-enlisted in the Army at the start of the Korean War. �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (0:26:20) Was inducted at Fort Knox, Kentucky and then took a train to Seattle where he loaded on a truck and rode to Vancouver, British Columbia or Washington, he was not told which, and then got on an airplane to Anchorage, Alaska. After Anchorage, he stopped over at a small air base on the Aleutians named Shemya, and then went on to Tokyo, Japan where he spent 4 days. (0:28:50) In Tokyo, they were issued field equipment and a rifle. He was assigned to C Battery of the 555th Field Artillery of the 5th Regimental Combat Team. (0:31:00) He was then loaded on a ship and sent to Korea. (0:32:10) He arrived around the same time as the Marines invaded Inchon, which gave the area he was in, the Pusan Perimeter, some relief. (0:32:48) His unit was up on the line firing and fighting. He was initially assigned as a loader. (0:34:15) He was then sent by train from Pusan to Taegu right when he landed. His unit was sent diagonally across the peninsula to Seoul, the up to Pyongyang. (0:37:08) He thought the war would be over soon when the reached the Yalu River. They reached the western end of the river, and became engaged with the Chinese. After they met the Chinese they began to retreat while firing on their pursuers. They retreated back through Pyongyang to 75 miles south of Seoul where they spent the winter. Remembers the winter being very cold. (0:45:15) They began moving up and attacking the Chinese until April, when the Chinese began their spring push. Their infantry units took the heaviest losses during this timeframe. At one point, they were attacked by the Chinese while they were in a convoy and lost 11 of their 18 howitzers. Their unit of 1300 men took around 400 casualties. (0:55:30) He was in Korea a total of 13 months and was rotated out. His unit was stationed in Hawaii before the war, and thus there were many Hawaiians in the unit. (0:58:00) To go home, he was sent on an airplane to Japan, and spent 5 days there. He was then loaded on a ship for a 21 day ship with a 1 day stopover in Hawaii. He still had time on his enlistment when he got back, so he was sent to Fort Custer, Michigan and allowed to go on leave. After leave, he was sent to Fort Lewis, Washington to train new recruits on field artillery. (1:03:40) Applied to instruct ROTC but was assigned to train National Guard troops in Alameda, California instead. He spent a year there and was then discharged. Post-Service (1:04:20) • He worked with the National Guard for 2 years after he got out, and then applied for several different law enforcement agencies. Was accepted for a position at the Alameda County Sherriff’s Department. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SplanT Title A name given to the resource Splan, Tanjore (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Splan, Tanjore Description An account of the resource Tanjore Splan was born in St. Ignace, Michigan and grew up in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. He served in the Korean War. He joined the Army at age 17, and decided to specialize in filed artillery. He trained at Fort Bragg, NC where he trained for the airborne and was then shipped to Korea, where he served with the 5th Regimental Combat Team in operations against the Chinese and North Koreans throughout the Korean Peninsula from Pusan into North Korea and back in 1950 and 1951. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5c4e57a7e2f61788ee27b2360d47fd72.mp4 ba328e6c9050d0c5c7459305f5e9a967 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fca3dbcd03d82e9f8a1d61faebb3ff62.pdf 012ea5fc7242c1cf644cbde57c114a9d PDF Text Text Phillip Spoelstra (1:15:30) (00:05) Background Information • Phillip was born in Wyoming, Michigan in 1923 • His family moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1939 • Phillip’s father was a camera man in the printing trade • He graduated from high school in 1941 and went to work with his father • In 1942 Phillip went to the armory and signed up for the Air Corps (5:30) Training • He went to Detroit, MI and then to Miami Beach, FL where he received his basic training • Phillip was then sent to Union College in Alliance, Ohio • He spent half the day at school and the other half flying • Phillip went to Yukon, Oklahoma for pilot training • He flew the BT-13, which was an open cockpit mono plane • Phillip trained for about 2 months and then decided to go into bombers instead of fighters • He was sent to Frederick, Oklahoma, where he graduated and got his wings after about 6 months • While in Frederick he had weekends off and could go into town • There were some training accidents including one death by pilot error • Phillip then went to Lincoln, NE and was assigned to a B-17 • He had to be co-pilot for testing planes that had been fixed • Phillip was moved into a combat crew in the summer of 1944 • They sent him to Norfolk, Virginia and he boarded a liberty ship for Naples, Italy (19:26) Deployment • When Phillip got to Naples it was busy and didn’t have much damage �• He was sent to Bari, Italy and then Foggia, Italy with the 5th wing of the 15th Air Force with the 97th bomb group in September of 1944 • The airstrip was dirt and would get muddy, but then they brought in steel mats • The planes that took off first had to circle and wait for everyone else to get into formation, but it evened out because the planes in the back used more gas by speeding up and slowing down to stay in formation (25:47) Missions • His first mission above Vienna had a lot of anti-aircraft fire • He flew missions to Vienna, Munich, Linz, Austria, Yugoslavia, Northern Italy, and Czechoslovakia • In March of 1945 he took a couple days off and when he got back he was told that they were going to fly an unusually long mission to hit Berlin • Phillip barely made it back from Berlin and a lot of other guys didn’t make it back at all • On one mission they dropped smaller bombs on German infantry in Northern Italy • Sometimes the Germans would fix up American planes that had crashed and use them to give away the American bombers’ location to the anti-aircraft guns • Later in the war they went on night missions to buzz towns to keep them awake and annoy them • The job of the bombers was to bomb strategic places like oilfields and railways • Some of the fighters got their guns taken off and had to do photo recon to see what the bombers hit • At the base they hired people from Foggia to help them out • Phillip took his R & R in the Isle of Capri • He was in Italy about 7 or 8 months total and the missions got easier towards the end • They didn’t get heated suits until right before the end of the war (1:02:30) War Ends • Phillip spent another month in Foggia after the war ended and there wasn’t much to do • He received a distinguished flying cross for the Berlin mission �• Phillip got transferred and knew he was going home because he had enough points • They sent him to Bari and his unit was split up • He was then sent to Casablanca and then Newfoundland • After Newfoundland they flew to Bradley Airfield, Connecticut (1:09:15) Back Home • Phillip was sent to Fort Miles Standish, MA then to Fort Campbell, Illinois • He was then sent home and found out the war in Japan had ended • Phillip went back into the printing business • He received a Bachelor’s Degree in business at Aquinas College in Grand Rapids, Michigan � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SpoelstraP Title A name given to the resource Spoelstra, Phillip (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spoelstra, Phillip Description An account of the resource Phillip Spoelstra was born in Wyoming, Michigan in 1923 and moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1939. He graduated high school in 1941 and joined the Air Corps in 1942. Phillip trained mostly in Oklahoma and became part of a bombers unit. He was deployed to Foggia, Italy and assigned to the 5th wing of the 15th Air Force in the 97th bomb group in September of 1944. It was their job to strategically bomb German supplies and transportation. He was in Foggia until the end of the war and then was sent home. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army. Air Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/03ba507f9b531a71673a933703021a04.mp4 8df0a742f24e35251e1b0bc7a98ae352 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/22ecf9b1b07a10980ea098175d756a9f.pdf 7b433ce2ce90f29f543896f2ec698eea PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Norman Spring (47:05:10) Early Life • (00:18:13)Spring was born in 1932 in Ann Arbor, MI • (00:25:21)both of his parents emigrated from Germany, both were deceased by the time of this interview; they came to the United States in the late 1920s • (00:48:26)his father was a watchmaker in an Ann Arbor jewelry store; he started his own business and worked at it for a number of years • (01:13:27)he graduated from high school in 1950, at the age of seventeen • (01:26:09)the day after graduation, he hitchhiked out West and worked at "miscellaneous" jobs during that summer • (01:35:17)he returned to Michigan by hitchhiking and got a job in a factory that may not be in business anymore [as of the time of the interview] Joining The Military • (01:47:14)the Korean War had started while he was out west; people would listen on their car radios at the overnight stop where he was working, in Browning, Montana; "you could tell there was an invasion" • (02:21:09)he went into the service in February of 1951 • (02:31:26)he had really wanted to get into the Marines, but he would have had to be in for the duration of the war, perhaps five or ten years, and he did not want that; the navy and the air force required a four-year enlistment period, and the army was three years, so he joined the army • (03:11:01)he was in the 11th Airborne Division, and went through basic training at Fort Campbell in Kentucky • (03:23:26)he was almost finished with "jump school" when his father visited him and talked him out of airborne: “once you get in you can't get out of it"; Spring quit airborne and volunteered for combat duty overseas, which required "intensive" training In Japan • (04:08:16)on the way to Korea, they stopped in Japan and thirty of them were taken off the plane and put into the military police; he spent a year and a half in Tokyo as an MP • (04:32:25)but he really wanted to go to Korea, and volunteered again and his wish was granted; he asked for a seven-day furlough before leaving, and this wish was also granted, which was out of the ordinary because they were "tight for men" • (05:10:27)he arranged to live with a Japanese family in the country so he could hunt pheasants; they spoke little English and he spoke little Japanese, but they got along well and they hired a hunting guide with "a couple of bird dogs" �On To Korea • (05:40:17)after furlough he went back to camp and got transferred to a "repo depo outfit"; the next day he was shipped to Korea • at Inch’on [South Korea] he was put into the military police again, and was there for a month • 906:34:23)he then was sent to another “repo depo,” where "you change from one place to another," and they tried to talk him out of combat, as he was an only son; but Spring insisted that he wanted to go to the front line, and he was "there that night" • he was with the Seventh Infantry, the 31st Infantry Division, as a foot soldier • he became a squad leader, and they ran night patrols • he was in the "iron triangle" area, around "Old Baldy" and "Pork Chop Hill"; this was the "main line of resistance," they were "trenched in," and they had bunkers • the enemy attacked them and they attacked the enemy • (07:51:05)the Pork Chop Hill invasion during the summer of 1953 was one of "last great battles" of the war • the 32nd Infantry Division bore the brunt of it; the 31st was next to them and got some of the "residue" (they were attacked, but not as much as the 32nd Division); the battle lasted a week • between the "moon beams ( lights on from behind) shining on ridges and mountainsides and flares from airplanes being dropped, one could read the newspaper at night The War Ends • (09:10:11)Spring thinks it was on July 25th [1953] when the commander of the outfit informed them that a truce had been signed but "they" [the North Koreans] were going to fire ammunition at the Americans all day long, and they would have to take cover • shells were fired at the Americans all day and "they just emptied their guns" • he was sitting on a mountainside with another man when a shell exploded nearby, wounding the other guy in the leg • (10:02:25)Spring himself was lucky, but he nearly got shot "numerous times," and actually was hit by shrapnel a number of times • (10:16:20)at 10 p.m. everything stopped, as if water was suddenly turned off; "lights went on on both sides of the lines," and the North Koreans talked "in American" over loudspeakers, inviting the Americans over for a party; some Americans accepted the invitation but they were court-martialed for "fraternizing with the enemy" • Coming Home (11:04:24)because they had lost so many men, transfers were delayed; Spring had thought he was going to go home immediately, and he gave away his air mattress to a friend—he had to remain there another month and a half—“sleepin’ on the ground”— before he was sent back to the US by ship �the ship was named the Marine Adder; they carried 250 repatriated American war prisoners released by North Korea back to the States � it took seventeen days to reach the US; they "went through the Golden Gate Bridge in that area" � the water was very rough and it was very hot down near the Tropic of Cancer—"everybody was sick on board," but he stayed "out of the way," on the bow [of the ship] � • (12:34:26)he was flown to Chicago and was assigned to Fort Sheridan, Illinois for still another transfer, but they lost his records, and he spent the fall there; finally he went to one of the commanders, it may have been in November, and they let him out of the service Hitchhiking Around The United States • (13:41:29)when Spring was in high school he did not hear a lot of talk, or he does not “recall it,” about a conflict with the Russians that was looming: "kids are kids, "they are doing their own thing and they really don't pay much attention to what else is going on" • (13:56:10)when he was seventeen, he took a hundred dollars and a little suitcase and hitchhiked out west— "back in those days it was okay to hitchhike" � he got to Montana in three days and worked there for a while; then he hitchhiked to Yellowstone Park with another family, but the husband and wife "bickered too much" and he caught another ride back to Lake Michigan and crossed the lake on the Milwaukee Clipper ferry • (14:53:29)next, he hitchhiked in the Upper Peninsula and stayed with a friend of his whose parent's had a place on Mackinaw Island; then he went back home Basic Training • (15:44:07)he went through basic training at Fort Campbell Kentucky, not far from Nashville--he hitchhiked to Nashville in his free time and he slept on the capitol lawn because he had no money • (16:29:19)on the first day he was there [at Fort Campbell], a major took them out to the [parachute] drop zone, and they stood and watched � guys jumping out [of a plane] were a "stick": eighteen guys on one side and eighteen on the other side of the plane, each side was a “stick” � one guy got caught on the static cord that opens the parachute as the person jumps out; he “was banging on the side of the plane” and they managed to extricate him from his situation � from the next plane the chute came down in a "Roman candle," wrapped around itself ; the guy pulled his "emergency," which came “from the front,” and it broke his back and killed him the guy landed, but he was dead • (18:26:02)the trainers were veterans "from some time" � they were "hillbillies" from the South with "deep" accents � they were dumb as crap but physically fit � Spring did not want to be "living with and working for people like that" �he had not planned on going to college, but his experience with the trainers “forced” him to change his mind; he did go to college after serving in the army, getting a BA, an MA, and "just short of a doctorate" (19:49:23)after quitting "jump school" and the 11th Airborne: infantry training was "hand to hand combat", involving the use of weapons � • Sent Into Action • (20:08:02)he took a train from Fort Campbell out to California; from there they flew to Japan, stopping at Wake Island and Hawaii to refuel � at that time, they were trying to get people "over there in a hurry" so they flew them (instead of sending them by ship) • (22:27:10)he was assigned to the Eighth Army stockade in Japan; it used to be a Japanese prison, taken over by the US during the occupation; there were Japanese war criminals in there as well as American prisoners • (22:58:03)Spring was a "prison chaser": when prisoners were transferred to "some legal situation" or to the hospital, spring escorted them, handcuffed to his left hand and he also carried a 45 pistol on his right side; transfers were made by bus or car, a chauffeured car; if a prisoner needed an operation, Spring got “dressed up” and watched the operation � the American prisoners were "our guys" who had committed crimes, including murder (24:32:07)about the [Japanese] war prisoners/criminals: "in fact a lot of them spoke English"; a Japanese vice admiral did not understand why he was considered a criminal because every time he sent a ship out it got sunk [by the Allies] • (26:22:25)how Spring got along with the Japanese, in general: he made contact with a family he stayed with for a week (see the “In Japan” section, earlier) through one of the Japanese barbers on base—he asked the barber if he could “fix” him up with a place to go hunting � the husband in the family was a WWII veteran and was “real good” to Spring (28:46:22)he traveled "quite a bit" around Japan, and he saw the bombed [in World War Two] areas; he "made a point” of traveling as much as he could, and combined it with his hunting and fishing trips; "they had rebuilt quite well" since WWII (29:26:20)Mount Fujiamo, in the middle of Japan, had a golf course on its base and only the Americans could golf on it during the occupation; he himself golfed on it once, and he had a "little freckle-faced Japanese caddy" • • • From Japan To Korea • (30:38:03)he went to an NCO club on New Year's Eve and left the next day, New Year's Day of 1953, for Korea; he was there until September or October of that year • (31:17:01)[as a squad leader] Spring took patrols out, and monitored the guys guarding the physicians in the trenches—these guys had machine guns in �• • • • • • • • • • • "apertures, bunkers," and he had to check to make sure that everything was okay and that nobody was in the trenches that was not supposed to be there; he walked around with a 45 in his hand (32:01:08)on patrol: they went out on "ambush patrols, always at nighttime"; they also had "listening patrols where they carried radios, and if the enemy came at them they would throw grenades and run back up the hill toward their bunker (32:50:04)they used communication wires "to get to their phone," and they ran a new line from the main bunker to the listening post; a "regular path" was created as a result, the enemy figured this out and shelled them with mortars � they saw the Chinese and shot at them, especially when Pork Chop Hill was attacked; one couldn't tell at nighttime who was who, between the Chinese and North Koreans, according to Spring, but they were told there were many Chinese in action against them (33:57:02)the Americans had superior weapons—Spring brought home a North Korean bolt-action rifle—the Americans had automatics; the rifle he brought back had a hammer and sickle stamped into it (35:38:17)he knew they were fighting against Russian weapons, but did not believe that the Americans would have to fight the Russians themselves (36:15:21)sometimes a big container of hot coffee was brought to the men on the front line, and they "would just dip into it" (36:37:27)their food on the front line was sea rations that "came in a box"— crackers, cans of stuff like pork and beans, cigarettes—which he gave away because he did not smoke—sometimes crackers with jam; sometimes the food was stale, of course � how they heated the canned goods: the cans had small white "heat tabs" that they lighted, three heat tabs were set down and a can put on top of them, with the lid open; they ate the food cold when the cans had no heat tabs (37:48:02)sometimes they gave the soldiers R & R--rest and recuperation: they were sent to the back of the line, they could sleep and eat as much as they wanted to, they even had ice cream to eat there (38:32:21)they were interested in what was happening "collectively"; they got the Stars & Stripes newspaper "once in a while"; Spring has some articles left from Stars & Stripes about battles they were involved in (39:28:02)during the month and a half after the war ended: they cleaned up and had "normal patrols," cleaned up the trenches (40:09:11)the ship that carried them home was the Marine Adder, a merchant marine ship not designed to be a troop ship; there were 250 repatriated American prisoners of war on the ship, but "everybody was so sick" they really did not want to talk [regarding how they had been treated, the POWs in particular]; the ship docked in California, and from there Spring came back across the country, to Illinois (41:22:07)he started college at Ypsilanti Normal now Eastern Michigan University, then transferred to Michigan State and finished there � he met his wife at Michigan State �he started out majoring in veterinary medicine, and eventually ended up in education � he got his masters wherever he “could take night classes”—he was working in Oxford (Michigan); he went back to MSU in the summers � he spent thirty-three years teaching in Michigan (42:50:06)he went to a Seventh Division reunion at Fort Mitchell in Kentucky "last June," driving down with his wife; he knew no one there, but the people there had had similar experiences � • In Retrospect • (43:23:13)he is glad he “got through it all," and thinks it was "good experience" but would not recommend it to "anybody" On The Possible Reinstatement Of The Draft In The Present [Iraq] War • (43:43:07)in Spring's opinion "they're gonna have to probably because they're just running out of men" (at the time of the interview) and "I don't think you can pay people enough to do that kind of stuff"—they have to be forced • (44:01:19)he believes that the draft can be a "good thing" if people are offered a choice of the type of service, to accommodate those who do not want to fight: there are "all kinds of service jobs" and only one out of fifty "go to the front line" • (44:40:01)he thinks that everyone, out of appreciation for their country, should spend two years in the military; he brought up the fact that there are countries in Europe that do that, also Israel Korean War Movies He Likes • (45:18:11)he watched Pork Chop Hill and thinks it was a good movie and fair; he has a paperback version of the original book, and he himself went through much of what is in there • (46:14:09)he liked the original M*A*S*H movie best: "it was so close to reality that it was unbelievable"; the one-liners made the TV series, in his opinion For The Record • (47:05:10)he went to Washington DC, where he has a friend in the Secret Service, and they [Spring and his wife] stayed at his house; the friend took them sightseeing: they saw the Korean War Memorial and went to Monticello �2003 50 t h Anniversary Korean Truce Remembered Today Norm Spring, 70, is a retired teacher from the Grand Haven school system who enjoys hunting, fishing and his family. But on July 27, 1953, he was huddled on the back side of a hill in Korea waiting an agonizing 12 hours for the truce to go into effect so the shelling would stop. I'd been on the front line in Korea since January 1, 1953. On July 27, we heard from the company commander that a truce had been signed that morning at 10 a.m. I was in the 31 s t Infantry Regiment of the 7t h Division called the Bayonet Division, and we were repairing trenches in an area adjacent to Old Baldy and Pork Chop Hill in the Iron Triangle area. Our commander came and warned us that the next 12 hours would probably be dangerous since the North Koreans might throw their remaining ammunition at us befryre the truce went into effect. He told us this had happened in the last hours of World War II. Our division moved back to a blocking posit~on approximately a quarter of a mile from the front .'line trenches. We sat on the back side of a steep hill. As predicted, shelling went on all day. Someone sitting right next to me got shrapnel in his leg ;from a cannon shell. No one in our company fired back. We just sat waiting. Finally at 10 that night the firing stopped ,as if someone had turned off a water tap. Then we saw lights coming on on both sides of the front line-truck iights, flashlights, candles and lanterns. It was a strange experience because we had worked in the dark for so many months. �· . Then some of us were surprised when we looked at the North Koreans; we hadn't known the size of their army until we sawall those lights come on. It was big. North Korean loudspeakers invited our soldiers to cross the line and join in a party. A few of our men did go over. They came back, but were court martialed afterward for fraternizing with the enemy. I thought we'd be sent home right away so I gave away my air mattress. It was an unlucky choice; it was not until the end of August that I was able to leave. The loss of men just three days prior to the 27 t h had been so heavy there was a shortage of man power. 'However, I was happy to celebrate my 21 s t birthday in the United States. Now, 50 years later, a statement I made to my hometown newspaper, the Ann Arbor News, after my return to the states seems in a way prophetic. :A reporter had asked me why there wasn't more rejoicing after the truce was signed. I told him that the settlement had been expected for a long time and besides, we feared that the fighting in Korea was not over yet. For many it didn't seem as if war had ended. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SpringN Title A name given to the resource Spring, Norman A. (Interview outline, video, and papers), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spring, Norman A. Description An account of the resource Norman Spring served in the US Army during the Korean War. He enlisted in 1951, and spent much of his time as an MP, first in Japan and then in Korea, before persuading his superiors to assign him to a combat unit. In Japan, he served as a prison guard and dealt with both American servicemen who had committed crimes while overseas and with Japanese war criminals from World War II. In Korea, he eventually joined the 31st Infantry Division and was involved in fighting near Pork Chop Hill. Normans fifty anniversary speech appended to outline. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McCauslin, Kelly (Interviewer) Spring Lake District Library (Spring Lake, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-28 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d30367acc1e1accace678338ebdf45e6.mp4 21875791cd4ff69a996e7d98bcc0c32e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8b17ae8540aaddf80fe57709c690ffb9.pdf 082809c69619a007802ac8be428fbe70 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam Wayne Spruill Total Time – (01:09:55) Background • • • • • He was born in Cleveland, Mississippi on August 13, 1949 (00:28) His father worked on a farm and his mother worked in a factory (00:42) He graduated from a county high school in Mississippi After he graduated, he worked on a farm for two years (01:04) o He decided that farming is not what he wanted to do, so he joined the Army He would watch the news and decided that enlisting was the right thing to do (01:20) Enlistment/Training – (01:26) • • • • • • • • • • • • He went to basic training and AIT [advanced individual training] in Fort Polk, Louisiana (01:28) When he joined the Army, he believed it looked good on television (01:48) Before he decided to enlist, he did not know anyone that had been in the war o His knowledge was based off of the television He was unsatisfied with life before he joined (02:43) His father was a World War II veteran o His father did not want him to go to Vietnam He enlisted for two years (03:19) In Fort Polk, his first impression was that it was hell (03:48) o He was wondering why he joined (03:55) Basic training lasted eight weeks long o In basic, soldiers learned the techniques of map reading, breaking down guns, a lot of physical training, etc. (04:27) o The physical training was not much of a problem for him His platoon was from all over the country (05:11) Nearly everyone in his platoon were draftees (05:31) o They griped and complained – but they got through training None of the men in his group had to leave training He was assigned his MOS at graduation (Military Occupational Specialty) (06:11) �• • • • • • • • • • • • o He was designated to be in the 11 Bravo (Infantry) (06:18) He had wanted to be in the infantry (07:13) Many of the drill instructors in training were Vietnam veterans (07:47) o They would tell the soldiers that they need to learn all that they can very fast When he graduated from basic training, he was taken to Tigerland [the area of Fort Polk that included a simulated Vietnam environment] (08:19) In Tigerland, he received his AIT training Many of the soldiers in his AIT training were from different basic training bases (09:06) There were roughly twenty-five soldiers in every platoon o There were more in the training platoons than there were in the platoons in Vietnam AIT was more relaxed and they were given more freedom (09:49) The training was nearly the same as basic training o There was more emphasis on weapons training (10:15) o He trained on the M14, M16, and M79 (10:26) o They trained on machine guns as well o He got to throw one hand grenade in AIT (11:05) He spent nearly two weeks on field maneuvers (11:24) o There were land navigation courses as well o The soldiers spent some time training on radios (11:45) AIT training lasted from April-June of 1969 After AIT, he received his orders for Vietnam (13:03) o He was given two weeks of leave time before being sent out o His parents did not like him going off to war (13:20) He shipped out from Oakland, California (13:49) o He experienced some anti-war protests when he was there  He did not know that they were protesting the war – they did not have those kinds of things where he was from o He was at the replacement center in Oakland for two days (14:30) Active Duty – Delta Company – Firebase Jack - (15:00) • • • • He took a plane from Travis Air Force Base, California to Bien Hoa, Vietnam (15:05) o The plane stopped in Hawaii and Japan (15:20) When he landed in Bien Hoa, it was the middle of the afternoon (16:19) o The smell was extremely strong o As soon as they landed, there was a harassment shot near the air field Once he got off the plane, he was in a group of soldiers that were picked to go up north (17:46) They were given orders to go up north to the 101st Airborne Division �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o Before they left, they received more training and also received their jungle uniforms (18:25) He did not realize that the 101st was a unit that did not get many breaks when they were out in the field (19:29) He left Bien Hoa in a C130 and went to Camp Evans (20:08) At Camp Evans, the soldiers were grouped together and talked to They were then issued their weapons – he received an M16 with a grenade launcher attachment (21:02) o He was not used to walking with the bag of ammunition The first night they were sent out, they got into a firefight o After a couple of minutes, a Cobra came in and shot for nearly thirty minutes (22:44) The PT (Police Training) that he received in Bien Hoa consisted of learning booby traps, to not be a hero, etc. o He was assigned to Delta Company 2nd Battalion, 506 Regiment (24:30) When he was in the field he carried his M16 with a grenade launcher, some machine gun bullets, and ammunition rounds o He would also carry a poncho liner, toothpaste, shaving accessories, Crations, and some other personal items (26:16)  They would carry three to five days worth of C-rations o He carried roughly 80lbs. in total (27:06) He was around Camp Evans for one month in the lowlands around the camp (27:44) o His job was to patrol the area around the perimeter o He was around Camp Evans for August and September of 1969 (28:20) He redeployed into the mountains to Firebase Jack (28:50) o They stayed on Firebase Jack for roughly two weeks (29:09) The majority of troop movement came at night when they were in the lowlands In the mountains, soldiers would secure an area and do regular activities His second firefight was roughly a month after his first (30:13) When they were sent out on patrol, they would often work in platoons o They would be broken up into squads (30:41) He encountered civilians when he was in the lowland o He did not think much about them When he was in the mountains, his platoon did not make a lot of contact with the enemy (31:24) o None of the contact was very intense o The soldiers would stumble upon Vietnamese soldiers o They saw many signs of enemy activity (31:04) o They would find enemy bunker complexes (31:11) In late 1969, Delta Company found bunkers with a lot of supplies o It was a weapons cache (32:43)  The weapons would get backhauled out In the field, his squad would be resupplied once a week (33:03) �• • • o There were some days when they would have to go to one meal for the entire day o The monsoons made it difficult for helicopters to come in (33:37) o The resupplies were generally C-rations, soft drinks, toothpaste, cigarettes, soap, etc. o The soldiers would get their mail at every resupply (34:23)  He would get an average amount of mail He was with Delta Company for roughly six months The soldiers would get taken back out of the field to resupply their weapons and stand down (35:51) o The stand downs would last for one night (35:32)  Soldiers would go to get new clothes, shower, get anything fixed, etc. (35:48) When he was in the hills he did not have many experiences with the wildlife (36:33) o Leeches were a big problem for the soldiers (36:59)  The leeches would get to the size of a hotdog Active Duty – Echo Company – Firebase Ripcord – (37:43) • • • • • • • • • • After Delta Company, he was sent to Echo Company (37:52) o There were four rifle companies o Echo company consisted of heavy weapons, mortars, recon, and snipers (38:14) He made the E-5 while he was in Delta Company o When he was in Echo Company he had the same rank In order to be in Echo Company, he was sent to sniper school at Camp Evans (40:07) o Sniper school was a twenty-one day school  He did it in six days (40:19) o He shot an XM21 (41:04)  It was an experimental model of the M14 (41:09) o Sniper training was primarily marksmanship o They were also trained in camouflage and evasion (41:57) There were eleven snipers in Echo Company (42:58) o They would go out in two man teams o There was a shooter and a spotter (43:06) The pairs of men would join a company The sniper teams would work with one of the squads (44:26) When a squad would set up an ambush, the snipers would go ahead and set up The sniper teams would operate in the hills more than the lowlands (45:28) The shooting distances would be up to six hundred meters All of the soldiers would have an ammo pouch that carried two magazines for the snipers (46:38) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Snipers would sometimes have to use tracers to show air support where to fire The snipers would tote around a radio (48:45) He remembers having to shoot a Vietnamese soldier (49:56) o It was the first soldier that he had to shoot o He shot him in his lower half The majority of the time the snipers would have to participate in the firefights like every other soldier (50:55) o He was in very few firefights o He was off of Firebase Ripcord on July 12, 1970 – roughly two weeks before it was overrun (51:21) He worked with Delta and Alpha Company around the base of Firebase Ripcord (51:44) o He only remembers going to Ripcord two times o He was there in May and June (52:10)  The soldiers would go there to get resupplied He noticed signs of increasing amounts of enemy movements At one point, he was on a helicopter that put them down in the wrong area (54:40) o Army pilots were sent to pick the soldiers up  When the helicopters arrived, the first chopper hit a dead tree  He was going to jump out of the chopper (55:24)  The chopper landed on the skids o The soldiers had to walk back to the area again to be picked up o He was sent with a squad to go back and fix the chopper to take back to the base (57:20)  When he went back, he was given medical attention for his broken ribs from the helicopter crash (57:56) o A couple of days later, he was sick and medevaced to Da Nang, Vietnam (58:20) From Da Nang, he was transferred to Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam where he stayed for two weeks (58:29) o He was then sent to the [hospital ship] USS Repose (58:37)  He stayed on the USS Repose for two weeks He lost roughly forty-five lbs. while in Vietnam (59:49) After being in the hospital, he was sent back out into the field to continue his service (01:00:00) He rejoined his company for the remaining three months (01:00:59) When Ripcord began getting bad, a lot of the soldiers got sent back into the field (01:01:44) o He stayed in the rear doing duty around Camp Evans He saw a lot of drug abuse at Camp Evans (01:02:38) o There were some that used drugs in the field (01:03:00) o Some would use drugs on ambushes Camp Evans had many racial problems (01:03:54) o The whites and blacks were polarized o One of his best friends in Delta Company was a black man  He was shot and killed two months before Ripcord (01:04:55) �• • • • • o There was not a lot going on around the camp o Mortars would sometimes hit around the camp (01:05:19) He remembers being able to hear on the radio what was going on at Firebase Ripcord (01:05:48) o He cannot imagine what it was like to actually be there The aid station was overcrowded (01:07:10) He left the field and went home through Cam Ranh Bay (01:07:49) o From Cam Ranh Bay, he went through Guam, Hawaii, and Washington o He arrived in Fort Lewis, Washington o His two years were not done (01:08:15) He finished his service at Colorado Springs, Colorado After he got out of the military he went back to Mississippi and has lived there the rest of his life (01:08:37) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SpruillW1455V Title A name given to the resource Spruill, Wayne (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spruill, Wayne Description An account of the resource Wayne Spruill was born in Cleveland, Mississippi, in 1949. He finished high school, worked for a while and then decided to enlist in the Army, and wanted to be in the infantry. He trained at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and went to Vietnam in 1969. He spent his first six months of his tour with D Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division, which was operating out of Camp Evans in the northern part of South Vietnam. He then went to sniper school and was reassigned to the sniper unit in E Company of the same battalion, and spent the next several months working as a sniper attached to different companies of the battalion operating around Firebase Ripcord. He was transferred to the rear shortly before the base was abandoned and eventually rotated home and completed his enlistment in Colorado. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-10-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/10190d6feae8910cecff64eae9cfe2b7.mp4 5cd4ce39265193aa12b0d81a823f6449 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5837637979ad7c2360bfdff1950811b8.pdf aea8d81526bf151132d7e65c631e3d10 PDF Text Text 1 Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Wesley Spyke Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Grace Balog Interview length: 2:12:37 Interviewer: We are talking today with Wesley Spyke of Norton Shores, Michigan, and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay, Wes, start us off with some background on yourself. And to begin with, where and when were you born? Veteran: Well, I was born—I am a native of Muskegon, Michigan. Born in 1948 to Delores and Frank Spyke. I have two older sisters of which have been deceased now, but they too are also natives of Muskegon. Interviewer: What was your family doing for a living when you were a kid? Veteran: Well, actually, my mother was a registered nurse, and my father was a journeyman tool layout inspector for Continental Motors at the time. So, I came from a well-educated family, I guess. Interviewer: Alright. I mean, did your father have a college education or just a lot of technical training? Veteran: There was a lot of technical training in there. You know? �2 Interviewer: Okay. Alright. And did you finish high school? Veteran: Oh, absolutely. Yeah. Interviewer: What year did you— Veteran: 1966. Interviewer: Okay. And then what did you do when you graduated from high school? Veteran: Well actually, I went—I graduated when I was 17. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: So, when I turned 18 years old, the lure of money, you know, grabbed me and I went to work for Brunswick Corporation, as a matter of fact. And I got laid off of there and then I bounced from Campbell, Wyant and Cannon Foundry to, you know, and I tried going to MCC and I realized that I was not college material. Interviewer: Okay, that is Muskegon Community College. Veteran: Muskegon Community College, yes. So, I didn’t really get involved in the apprenticeship until after Vietnam. So, I was raised in the housing projects in Muskegon. My mother got cancer early on and I remember as a very young child that she couldn’t work anymore. And so, with that being said, of course my father was the main breadwinner. But we were not poor in the sense of being poor. (00:02:40) Interviewer: Yeah. You had a roof over your head, you had food to eat. Veteran: Yeah, yes, absolutely. Even in the projects. And you know what, I always had clean clothes. I always got a new set of clothes before school. New shoes and that type of thing. But �3 my sisters, my oldest sister is 13 years older than I was. And my middle sister was 9 years older than I was, so I was kind of the baby of the family, and I was spoiled rotten by them. And I mean literally rotten. So, they were very good sisters. And I love them dearly. Interviewer: Alright. So, in that period, kind of ’66, ‘7, ’68, before you go in the service, how aware were you of the Vietnam War? Veteran: Well, the media of course…In the media, I should say, Vietnam was raging at that time. ’67, ’68…Tet Offensive in ’68 was probably one of the bloodiest years in the Vietnam conflict, if you will, the Vietnam War. And I knew that my draft number was going to come up, so I started looking at all the other branches of the service. Well, I didn’t want to go in the Marine Corps because I knew where they were going. And I didn’t want to go in the Army; I knew where they were going. And the Air Force…and I don’t know why I didn’t look at them any further, but I really didn’t. I have always wanted to be in the Navy. (00:04:15) Veteran: So, I had gone down, and I talked to the recruiter. And he said, “You know, we have a reserve program that if you decide to enlist, we will keep you here for a year and allow you to get some type of rank before you go active duty, which is a 2-year stint in the regular Navy.” And I thought, well, that doesn’t sound bad. He says, “However,” he says, “if you get the greetings from the U.S. government,” he said, “do not open that envelope.” He says, “Bring it down here and we will get you enlisted in the Navy.” Well, at that point in my mind, I said, “I am not going to Vietnam. I am not going to do it. So, I am going to enlist in the Navy.” Interviewer: Right. �4 Veteran: Thinking that I was going to get onboard the USS New Jersey or something, the big battlewagon and all this business, and go to the Med. I was going to go to the Mediterranean, and we were going to go on goodwill tours and all that. Ah, no; that didn’t happen. Interviewer: Okay, so when did you sign up? Veteran: I signed up in April of ’68. And it was for a 6-year jaunt, but they said 2 years of it would be active— Interviewer: Right. Veteran: --and 1 year kind of semi-active. You’d go through your training. And then whatever time was left over, you would do that in the Reserves, should you come back. I remember going in. They said—because in the Navy, you have a rank and you have a rate, or a job what they call you. And I—my mom was an RN, so I thought I will be a hospital corpsman. You know. So, I started my studies. They sent for a book, you know, and you have to go through this book, and they would give you testing. And I remember these guys teasing me. (00:06:24) Veteran: On the drill weekends, they’d tease me, “Hey, you are going to go with the Marines,” and all this other kind of stuff. I said, “No, I am not going. No, I am going to be a corpsman.” He said, “That’s what we mean. You are going to be with the Marines.” He said, “Because that’s what the medics, for the Marines Corps, that’s where they get their medical.” I said, “No...” So, I had gone into the administration office. I told them, I said, “I…wait a minute,” I said, “a hospital corpsman,” I said, “are they—do they go to the Marine Corps?” He said, “Well, the Marines are a division of the Navy.” He says, “That’s where they get their hospital training, their medical.” And I said, “Well…” I said, “Would you go to Vietnam?” he answered, “Well, you—Wes, you probably will go to Vietnam.” And I said, “No, no I am not going there. No, you don’t �5 understand. I didn’t sign up for this. I’d have gone…” And they said, “Well, you’re allowed one change.” I said, “Okay.” I said, “Give me the form.” So, like an idiot, you know, I signed the form. And they said, “And we will give it to you—we will let you know when you finish your drill for the weekend.” I remember walking out the door and I stopped, and I turned around and I said, “What—by the way, what did I sign up for?” And he said, “Well, gunner’s mate, guns.” And I said, “Well,”—this was a shoe in gym for me. I am going to be on the USS New Jersey or a heavy cruiser or something like that. I am going to work on the big guns. Well, no; that didn’t happen either. Interviewer: Alright. Let’s—to kind of pull the story together a little bit. So, you enlist in April of ’68. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Do you go off to bootcamp right away? Or does that take a while? Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah, yeah. Interviewer: Okay. And so, where do you go for bootcamp? (00:08:09) Veteran: Great Lakes. I went to Great Lakes, Illinois. Interviewer: Alright. And what did bootcamp consist of at that point? Veteran: Well, basically it was drilling and taking care of your uniforms and basically a lot of stuff to get you to fall in line with the disciplines of the United States military, from a naval standpoint. So… Interviewer: Alright. And how easy or hard was it for you to adjust to that? �6 Veteran: It was easy for me. I mean, I liked the military life. It wasn’t as hard as the Army or the Marine Corps, I don’t think. Certainly, the Marine Corps it wasn’t as hard as. But yeah, I did well in boot camp. Interviewer: Okay because you mentioned that you were the baby of the family and spoiled rotten. I was wondering about the transition from that to being in Navy boot camp. Or had you just done enough work and things like that that you were used to doing what you were told? Veteran: Well, doing what I was told didn’t really do much but…I liked the military, and I just never had a problem with it. I could see what the disciplines were and why they were the way they were. You know? So, you know, I really didn’t have a problem with that. Interviewer: Okay. And how long did the boot camp last? Veteran: Probably about 3 months, I guess? Interviewer: Okay. Alright. And what kind of act—did you get any training in anything? Veteran: Oh yeah. You know, they bring you through the gas houses you know and all that business. But for the Navy, part of that training was on the USS Havre, which was docked at…and at some point, it was supposed to go out for a 2-week cruise and that never happened. It was being worked on and all that, so it just really didn’t happen to do the cruise. However, we did have to do the shipboard training: where the compartments were, the ladder ways, you know, and bulkheads. Of course, the armament that was on there and all that business. But a lot of it consisted of painting. Interviewer: Yeah. (00:10:20) �7 Veteran: There as a lot of painting involved. Interviewer: Alright. And what type of ship was that? Veteran: That was a PCE, a patrol craft escort. So, it was a little bit smaller than a destroyer. We put the rigging up for the flags, you know, for Memorial Day. And then we were allowed to go into Chicago. Well, we didn’t have any money. I was there with a guy from Jackson, Michigan. And he was like, “Well, let’s go into Chicago, Wes.” And well so anyway, we went into Chicago, and we stayed at a mission there because we didn’t have any money. He did; he had a little bit of money. But that was an eye-opener: being in Chicago basically all night and finally stumbling upon this mission and going in. But we were only there for probably, I don’t know, a couple nights. Spent a night there and then came back to the base. It was just easier to come back to the base. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You know, the meals were there and all that stuff. Interviewer: Right. Okay. Alright. So, when—once you finish that, what do you do next? Well, after boot camp. Veteran: Well, we came back to, you know again, civilian life. And then you’d continue your studies until you go orders to go to active duty. Interviewer: Alright. And so basically, you were now assigned to a Reserve unit in Muskegon and so you show up for the weekends or…? �8 Veteran: Yeah. Basically, that’s the way it was. And then of course when we got orders, my orders were to go to San Francisco, Treasure Island, and wait for wherever you were going to go with it. You were going to go to the fleet or whatever. Interviewer: Okay. Now so the part where you were reading your manuals and you make the switch from corpsman to gunner’s mate, was that while you were with the Reserve unit? Or— Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Alright. Now, at what point do you get to gunnery training? When does that come in? (00:12:17) Veteran: Well, that’s interesting because you don’t get gunnery training until you go to active duty. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Physical gunnery training. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And that’s a very good point, Jim, because I didn’t gunnery training on the big guns. Once I got out of or received orders to Da Nang, Vietnam, after 3—and I spent 3 months in San Francisco. While I was there, they put me in a geedunk or a sandwich area where you had to maintain the vending machines and mop the floors, all that. And I got my orders to Da Nang and my heart sank of course. I was thinking oh my gosh, you really got to be kidding me. Because �9 you don’t look at Vietnam at that time as being—any areas—being peaceful or being wellprotected. The first thing you are thinking of is I am going to be in the field, and I am going to be in fire fights all the time. And the possibility of getting killed or injured always enters your mind. Well, then we got…we got orders to go home for a 30-day leave before you went to Vietnam. And I did that. But before we left to do the 30-day leave, we said, “You’re going to come back and your orders are going to go to Coronado, California. And you will receive further training there.” And I am thinking wait a minute: Coronado, California is a UDT SEAL base. I am—they don’t get this. I am not going to be a SEAL. And I am not going to be underwater demolition. But what I didn’t know is that they were setting up training at that time for riverboats. And the majority, from what I understand, of the riverboat personnel there were Reservists. So anyway, we—I came back to Coronado. Interviewer: Okay, I want to actually back up a little bit. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: So, you spent 3 months in San Francisco. Veteran: Yes. (00:14:34) Interviewer: Did you go into town at all? Veteran: Yes, I did. And it’s funny: most of the time when I went into town, I went in alone. And I never got bothered and a lot of these guys would come back all beat up and everything. And when I told them that I would go into town, I said, “No one ever bothered me.” And I would go in full uniform. Of course, back then, it was summertime or spring, and we were in whites then. And I said—I remember going into town. I went into Chinatown and that’s where a lot of these guys were getting beat up. And never came back—I never had a conflict with anybody. But I �10 remember going into town by myself and I remember going into a bar that was an all-gay bar. And of course, coming from the Midwest, we didn’t have that here at the time. Interviewer: Yeah, yeah. Veteran: And I remember, and I thought gosh, these women look awful strange…You know? And they were dancing on the bar and all this kind of stuff. I thought…And I am looking and one of these gals had a mustache. And I am thinking I am in the wrong place…For me, I am in the wrong place. And one of them asked me for a date I recall. And I just got out and moved out and I never went into town again. I went back to the base. But I was so close to going to, again, down to southern California. Interviewer: Right. Okay. So, let’s go down now back to Coronado. You get there. Now what happens? (00:16:21) Veteran: I get there, and they tell us that we are going through—they say we are going to go through small arms training, and we are going up to Camp Pendleton and the Marine Corps is going to train you in small arms. Now, I am really getting a little bit…you know, I am starting to think something is happening here. This is not the big guns in the fleet. This is small arms and gunner’s mates in the fleet don’t mess with any of that. Well, they do but not very often. And I remember going up to Pendleton. And I had a little Snoopy pin, a little gold Snoopy pin that I wore on my cap. And these Marines were saluting me, thinking that I was an officer. And I sat down in a 6x with the rest of the crew, and they said, “Wes, you need to take that off.” He said, “If these jarheads see that that’s a Snoopy pin, they’re going to beat you senseless.” So, I did; I did take it off. I am not the sharpest knife in the drawer, but I am not going to, you know, risk a beating because of that. Anyway, we stayed out of the camp in tents and all that business and �11 then we went to the firing range, and they were training us on M-16s, Remington Wingmaster shotguns. We didn’t get too much training on the M-60. That was more of a self-taught thing later on. but you know, 45 pistol. And I remember that the DI was setting me up with this 12gauge shotgun. And I had shot this so many times that I was really getting sore in my shoulder. And I made the mistake of holding that away from my shoulder, because it was so sore, and touching that off and that the butt of the gun came up across. Blackened both of my eyes and my nose was bleeding and that’s all that DI needed. That. And he called me out in front of everybody and dressed me down as an idiot and the whole nine yards. And never forgot that. I haven’t forgotten in 40-some odd years. But with that being…and I was stuck with that weapon for the rest of the day anyway, Jim, so by the time—I mean, my whole shoulder was black and blue. (00:18:47) Veteran: But it was something that I never forgot, and I thank him for that to this day because it was part of the discipline that you received that could have very easily saved my life, in some course of my time in Vietnam. Interviewer: Alright. Okay, now…So, then—so you do that weapons training at Camp Pendleton and then how much time did you spend at Pendleton, do you think? Veteran: I think we spent probably a week; I am guessing. Now, in the course of that time, I was supposed to receive to go to what they call SERE training. Have you ever heard of that? Survival, evasion, resistance, and escape. And in my records, they have that I went to that class for 3 weeks. And they are classes. They are set up. Interviewer: Yep. �12 Veteran: And it was signed off by a lieutenant. I never went. Never went, they just signed it off. They needed bodies for Vietnam, and they weren’t going to mess with taking the time to do that. Well with that being said, we went back to Coronado. And I remember one of the last classes we had was—they said, “You’re going to get a 10-day protocol leave. Go home, make arrangements with insurance and everything and blah blah blah…” And that’s when it registered. I had talked to the fellow next to me and I said, “What is he talking…?” I said, “Don’t they have insurance?” I said, “Don’t they take care of their own here?” And he looked at me and he said, “You really don’t know what’s going on yet, do you?” I said, “Well, I know I am not the sharpest knife in the drawer,” I said, “but no, I don’t.” He said, “Dude,” he said, “we’re going to Vietnam.” He said, “You’re going to be in combat on a naval support activity base or something.” This guy was fleet, so he had been in the Navy for a while. (00:20:57) Veteran: I said, “Well, go take care of your—what do they mean?” He says, “Life insurance in case you get offed or whatever, you have insurance to help your folks or whatever, should you desire.” And my heart sank. And I have to tell you, Jim, I was afraid. I was afraid. Because with what you had seen on the media through all these years was just nothing but heavy fire fighting and villages burning and all of that. And I thought of myself, coming out of the projects, as a fairly tough kid, you know. But that didn’t appeal to me one bit. Now, I don’t mind servicing my country or anything, but I certainly didn’t want to go to Vietnam. I mean, we are halfway around the globe. You know? And it’s not as though it is today where you can pick up your cell phone and call home from a war zone. Interviewer: Yeah. (00:22:06) Veteran: That—no, you can’t do that. So… �13 Interviewer: Okay, so what was it like to go back home that last time? Veteran: Well, of course you went out and got drunk a few times with your buddies. Now, what buddies were still there because a lot of them had already gone. And I guess it really—you still don’t really realize until you’re ready to step on the plane to go. And that did happen. I boarded in Muskegon. It’s a funny thing about the Navy is that we went over one by one. We didn’t go over as a group like—not like the Army and the Marine Corps where they would go over in a group. Interviewer: To Vietnam, most of them went one by one too. Veteran: Yeah? That’s crazy. And of course, you are getting on the plane and as the plane is taxiing down and you leave your hometown, and you look out the window and you are looking down at Lake Michigan. And of course, over on the other side is Mona Lake. And you are thinking am I ever going to see that again? You know? And so, you are afraid. You know, it’s the unknown. You are going into the unknown. And this is—it’s an adventure but it’s not the kind of adventure that you want. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: You know, so…Anyway. Interviewer: So, you go up. And then, do they fly you to Vietnam? Veteran: They did us. They—some of the Marines and everything were taken over by ship and everything. But they did us; flew us over there. And I can remember landing in Da Nang. And we had made one hop too on the way over there. Now that I recall, I think it was in Guam. Refueling or whatever. �14 Interviewer: Right. (00:24:04) Veteran: And we got into Da Nang. And I remember stepping—my first stepping out of the fuselage and breathing the tropical air and there was a different scent about it as well and it was humid, and it was hot. And I remember going through and back—just kind of backing up in San Francisco, they gave us a shot called the gamma globulin shot. It was a big shot, and it was a painful shot. But when I got of that plane, I was glad that I had that shot because it supposedly was supposed to thin out your blood and get you more acclimated to tropical. And I remember getting off the plane and looking around, thinking that there was going to be a fire fight. Of course, I am in Da Nang. Da Nang is big by then, and I mean they are just occupied by tons of American soldiers and sailors and airmen and all that business. So, we were there probably in Camp Tien Sha. This is northern I Corps now. And I can remember they were sending us to detachments. They had given a lot—we were in a…I think we were probably in an area about as big as this room. It was outside and there were benches set up. And I remember myself and two other swabbies getting over in the latter corner, way over there. Why? I had absolutely no idea because, you know, where we were going and what we were going to do was already determined. And as some of these guys stayed in Da Nang. Some of them were going out to an NSA Detachment—Naval Support Activity Detachments. And I remember they had gotten down to us. We were the only 3 guys there. All the rest of the guys had gotten up and took off to their barracks. (00:26:24) Veteran: And he said, “You 3 guys,” he says, “are going up to the northernmost detachments in South Vietnam.” And I thought oh my God, you have got to be kidding me. The very last place in the world that I wanted to go. So, 2 of them got—we got our orders and got our sea bags packed and we went up by what they call a “ski lack”. It’s a YFU. And it’s a flat bottom scow. �15 And I mean, you are going along the South China Sea, up north. And you are hitting all these waves, like this, and it’s an overnight stint. And I remember we entered the Cua Viet River, Dong Ha River. Some guys call it Dong Ha River, some guys call it Cua Viet River. But I remember going inland. And Cua Viet was right on the mouth of the South China Sea and the river. Two guys got dropped off there. One was a cook; I can’t remember what the other guy was. And then for me, I am the last guy. And we are going up by YFU in the rivers. And I am looking on the sides of the rivers, of course, and expecting to be hammered at any time. And we got up to a little place called Dong Ha. Well, Dong Ha was quite a bit bigger than what I envisioned because we were going—unbeknown to me at the time—we were stationed with the Marine Corps. (00:28:07) Veteran: Well, the ramp, or where these YFUs would pull up with—they would drop the ramp and there were supplies onboard. And this area that they called the ramp was all cemented and they had rough terrain forklifts that would come in, lift off the supplies. And it was more or less a staging area for that. There—of course, it was all fenced off. Three strand barbed wire, you know, all that business, with bunkers in certain areas. And I remember getting off and throwing my sea bag on this 6x, this truck. And they proceeded to take me up to the base. And when we had gotten up there, there was no one that I could visually see in the naval part of this. And I remember them dropping off my sea bag and jumping off of this thing and looking around. And I could see the mountains in the distance of Laos. And the truck had pulled away and there was no one there. And I see these little dust devils out, these little, you know, along there. And I remember looking up and I said, “This is the very last place on your green earth that I want to be.” And so, I did happen to see someone. And of course, you had to go to the admin building to check in and all that kind of stuff. �16 Interviewer: So, when was this? Approximate date, yeah. Veteran: This would be July of ’69. Interviewer: Okay. (00:30:03) Veteran: So, the war is still going pretty— Interviewer: Oh yeah. Veteran: --pretty hot and heavy. Or the conflict. To the guys that were there, it is a war. It’s not a conflict. Interviewer: Right, right. Veteran: It’s not a conflict, it’s a war. Our duties—I was assigned to a certain section. They had sections of people that would—basically the security people, because I was a gunner’s mate striker wanting to be a, you know, a petty officer gunner’s mate, I was assigned to security. And security there was—they had like I think it was 4 sections, Jim, if I am not mistaken, where we would rotate. You’d have a day shift and a night shift and then you’d rotate to a night shift and do a day shift, all that kind of stuff. And I remember being assigned to the ramp. Security on the ramp. And you get to know the guys in your section pretty well because you are basically in the same hooch, or the same housing. Which made sense. So, you’d become very tight with these guys. But you lose your sanity when you are over there because these guys are crazy. They do crazy stuff. And I laugh at it now, but I can remember—now, Dong Ha was one of the northernmost areas in South Vietnam. And they would get rocketed pretty regularly. I think I had been there for 2 or 3 days. And they had instructed me that in the middle—well, right by where �17 my ramp assignment was, there was a trapdoor. And this trapdoor was probably…Well, it was a 4x8 sheet of plywood. (00:32:14) Veteran: And underneath the hooch, they—the Seabees had dug trenches for us to be in too. And I can recall probably the second—again, the second or third night—you hear this whoosh! Whoosh! Whoosh! And the siren would go off, which meant we got incoming. And I can remember the leading petty officer of my hooch saying, “Incoming!” And all I remember is opening up that trap door and jumping into the trench. It was water in the trench. So, that was a real eye-opener in the middle of the night. When the all-clear siren sounded, I remember getting up off of there and the LP, or the leading petty officer, turned on the light. And he said, “Who was the first one in the trench?” I said, “I don’t know. I guess it would be me.” He says, “Did you rip the door off of the floor?” I said, “I don’t know.” I said, “I guess I probably did.” He says, “Then you get your ass down there to the Seabees and have them come up here and fix it.” “Now? Right now? It is in the middle of the night.” He said, “It doesn’t have to be right now,” he said, “but…” And he was a little warm at me but…I can remember rats running across my chest. And I hate rats and I hate them to this day. But that’s what I recall about that. Jim, we—various times out on the ramp, we would get incoming down there where we got into—some of the guys exchanged fire and all this other kind of stuff. We had fire fights. That’s where we got our combat action ribbons. All of that. I do remember spending time…we had gotten a shipment of black powder on a barge. (00:34:39) Veteran: And we were coming into Tet. Kind of a stupid time to be moving black powder and not removing it off. But for whatever reason, they had me standing watch: the mid watch on this black powder. And I remember going out there, and I had 2 bandoliers of M-16 clips and all of that stuff. And I had taken tracer rounds and did a couple of full clips of tracers in there. Because �18 I had no idea, you know, if we were going to get attacked or whatever. Maybe this would scare them or something, which it probably wouldn’t have anyway. And I remember standing watch on this and I was screaming and yelling all night long and singing. And I’d take random shots, you know, with the…And we had the XO on, which was a younger guy. And morning came and I remember Lieutenant Beatty coming in. This—of course, this was secondhanded I am hearing this, but I heard it from a guy that was in the admin building there. And he said, “Beatty came on,” he says, “and he said he wanted to know who the lunatic was that was out on the barge.” So, he told the XO, he says, “Go on out and,” they told, they said, “go on out and get Spyke and bring him in.” He said, “With all due respect, sir,” he says, “you go out and get him.” He says, “Well, what do you mean by that?” He says, “Do you hear him? This man is insane.” (00:36:25) Veteran: And anyway, for whatever reason, I came back in, and they wanted to see me. And he sat down. He says, “Spyke,” he said, “come on in. Sit down.” So, I did. He says, “What are you doing?” I said, “I am protecting myself.” He said, “You’re just crazy.” He says, “You know,” he said, “there could have been a whole frickin’ army out there of NVA,” he said, “you would have stood them off.” And I said, “Well, that really wasn’t what it was about.” I said, “Here is the thing,” I said, “the Vietnamese,” I said, “are like our American Indian. If you kill somebody that is dinky dow,” I said, “or,” I said, “it is very bad for you to kill someone that is insane.” He said, “Okay.” He says, “I got you.” And I said, “So, if I went out there,” and I said, “and I am spending all this time on that black powder,” I said, “there wouldn’t have been enough of me,” I said, “to put in a thimble,” I said, “should they have gotten me.” He says, “Well that’s really…” he says, “That’s pretty smart.” I said, “I don’t know how smart it was.” I said, “But I am still here.” Interviewer: Yeah. �19 Veteran: So…That’s one of the things that I remember. That and being blown off of the, you know, by that 175 Long Tom we were talking about earlier. Interviewer: Yeah. Well, that was an off-camera story. So… Veteran: Oh! Interviewer: Why don’t you talk about that. Yeah. Veteran: Okay. Alright. Well, we had—in this—on the ramp, they had a, what they called a point bunker, which was next to the river. But it was out a ways. And because of its distance from the rest of the, you know, the sailors there, we had two people that would man that bunker just because of its logistics and all that business. (00:38:28) Veteran: So, myself and this other swabbie jockey was in there one night. And because we had a mid-watch, there were two guys out there, we decided that I’d sleep a few hours, he’d sleep a few hours, vice versa. In that bunker—it was a double bunker, so in that bunker on the top part of that bunker, there were fire ports. And the fire ports were generally I am going to say a foot by three or four feet long. And we had them—there was one on this side and one on this side. And then we had two in the middle that we could—that we had a—that we could defend from. And it was my turn to sleep, and I remember, obviously going to sleep, but when I woke up, I found myself on the floor with a bloody nose. And of course, I had no idea how I got there. I was still disoriented. After I got my bearing, I asked this guy. I said, “What in the world happened?” He said, “I probably should have woke you up.” He said, “But the Army pulled up with a 175 and I am thinking it is probably from 16 feet, maybe 20 feet away.” He says, “And when they touched it off,” he said, “you fell on the floor.” He said, “You got blown off of the sandbags.” And I am thinking: what just happened? You know? (00:40:12) �20 Veteran: Of course, you don’t report things like that. I mean, you are in a combat zone. I mean, I figured this happened probably to everybody that was too close to a cannon that went off. But later on, talking to the guys that I associate with now, some of those guys were on tracks that had Long Toms. And I asked them that, “Are they powerful? Will the percussion of that knock a man off of…?” And they said, “Oh my gosh, Wes, if you were 100 yards down from a 175,” he says, “the percussion of that would knock you over like,” he says, “and you’re a big guy.” He said, “It wouldn’t have any problem knocking you down at all.” So, he said, “You really got away kind of lucky, you know, that you got blown off the sandbag but that is all that happened.” Well, of course I lost my hearing because of that. But you don’t report that stuff. So, that was… Interviewer: So, about how long did you spend doing security there? Veteran: About 5 months. I think about 5 months. Let’s see…It was about 5 months because flatter part of January of this following year now, February, January, I went to river security. My billet had opened up. Dong Ha Naval Support Activity was being turned over to the Vietnamese. We were no longer going to be a presence there. Interviewer: Now, what was the basic purpose of the base during those first 5-6 months when you were there? What was going on? You are security, but what’s the Navy doing there? Veteran: Well, the Navy is bringing in—we are bringing in supplies to the Marine Corps, the Army, Air Force, all that business. Air Force generally flew in their own business, so we didn’t get that. I shouldn’t even include them in that because I…But we would bring in supplies. Everything from wristwatches to C-Rats, C-Rations. So, we would have everything from �21 clothing to groceries to all of that business. And they would disperse that from there, wherever they were going with it. Interviewer: Okay. Now, did you have your own landing craft or river craft that were based— Veteran: Not at that time. Interviewer: Don’t play with your microphone, please. Veteran: Oh. Sorry. Interviewer: Yeah. Okay, so it is basically just a supply base at that point, yeah. (00:42:33) Veteran: It’s a supply. Interviewer: And you are parked there as security because they are waiting to assign you to boats but then it hasn’t happened yet. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Well, it’s not only security against the Vietnamese, it is also security against our own guys, you know. I hate to say that but that, you know, there was pilfering. Interviewer: Okay, now on a base like that, I mean, did you have people using drugs or do they have a way of getting drunk or anything else like that? Veteran: Oh, absolutely. You know, it is kind of amazing when—of course, now we are dealing with a lot of that those years following Vietnam. A lot of these guys were drunks; they turned into drunks. Well, you know, they would bring it in by the pallet loads. You know? Beer and all �22 that stuff. Of course, the officers would more or less get the, you know, the goods, the liquor, as opposed to beer. But oh my goodness, yeah. Whatever you wanted. I didn’t know too much about drugs there. I never got involved in drugging there, with the exception of I had a station with a fellow from Tennessee. His name was Will Glidewell. I will never forget him. He is deceased now. But I was always having trouble because during the—staying awake—because during the day, we would fill sandbags and stuff like that. Well, then you’d go on watch at night. Well, you are tired. And I would fight that. Oh my gosh, I would fight that. And by this time, this was my section. (00:44:11) Veteran: And I remember Will telling me, “Look,” he says, “I got some people from home that I went to college with.” He dropped out of college to go to Vietnam. Go figure. And he said, “Take a couple of these,” he says, “and it will keep you awake through the night.” Well, I resisted that and resisted that and resisted that because drugs scared me. And coming from a family whose mother was an RN, you know, we knew the danger in drugs. I finally took them. They were called black widows and they were amphetamine. Boy, you want to talk about uppers. Jim, oh my gosh. I was awake for three days. But boy, when you crash, you crash big time. And I remember telling Will, I said, “Don’t you ever, ever ask me to try these again.” I said, “These scared me to death.” Well, it’s about really all I can remember, Jim, about… Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: …about that. Well, let me tell you one thing. We were going—we were coming off of a watch down there and we were on our way back in a 6x and I remember being overrun. And I can remember that—now, this is between the ramp, which was about 3 miles away from the base, and I can remember getting underneath the 6x, up over the axles. I am a tall guy now, but I am only like 206 pounds, and I was 6’4’’ then, so I am about that big around. And but I �23 remember getting up over the axle and I remember that there was fire fighting going on. I remember black pajama bottoms running by the truck. (00:46:25) Veteran: And then I hear machine gun fire, which is our machine gun fire because you can tell the difference between Chinese communist weapons and ours. And it died down. I mean, it was quiet. So, I crawled out from underneath the truck. The other guys had come who had been gone over in the brush. And there was an Army duster that was there. And a duster is a—like a 6x with a set of—some of them even had 40-millimeter guns mounted on them. But this one I think had a quad 50 on it. Interviewer: 50 caliber machine guns, which our powerful enough. Veteran: Oh, absolutely. And generally, there were 4 of them in a quad 50, so quite a bit of fire power there. And boy, you want to talk about scared then because that really could have been a casualty then, particularly when you’re ambushed because you have no idea when it is coming, you know. That’s the element of surprise. Interviewer: Okay, so basically, it was possible for—now, do you think these were North Vietnamese sappers that came in or…? Veteran: No, I don’t think sappers or North Vietnamese— Interviewer: Or is this Viet Cong? Veteran: I think it was Viet Cong. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. �24 Interviewer: And was it common for them to come into that area? Or was that kind of attack pretty rare? Veteran: It was pretty rare for us. You know, one of our biggest allies there were the kids because we would always give them food, you know, and we’d chat with them through the wire, you know, and all this business. And being in security, of course, you walk the wire all the time, you walk the fence all the time, so you would, you know, you’d talk to these kids. And oftentimes, they would tell you they couldn’t pronounce my name Spyke. They would call me Sa-byke. Sa-byke. And they’d come up and say, “Sa-byke, the VC come tonight. You watch.” Of course, they spoke broken— Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah. (00:48:23) Veteran: --English. And but they were a tremendous ally to us. Of course, we gave them food, we joked around with them, made them laugh. And they made us laugh. But they would let us know if something was going to come down. They said, “They may come, they may not.” They said, “But…” one of the things the kids would tell us is, “Wait for the dark of the sky.” No moon. You know, watch for that. Or if it is raining at night, when it is wet, because you don’t hear them, you know. And so, they were a real asset to our living through that ordeal. But to remember all the things that went on there… Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, you got us to the first half of your—in Vietnam—is kind of spent doing that kind of work. Veteran: Right. Interviewer: Okay. So, now the orders come. They are turning that Dong Ha base over to the Vietnamese. And now, where do you go and what do you do? �25 Veteran: I remember that my CO came, called me into his office. He said, “Spyke,” he says, “we are going to be leaving Vietnam.” He says, “We are going down to Da Nang,” he said, “because we are in shipping, we are in Lighter G.” And he said, “I see that in your chit,” which you can see that in my orders, that—your chit is a request. That’s what they call it in the Navy. “That you wanted to go to riverboats. You are a gunner’s mate,” he says, “however, your billet was not open at the time and we needed qualified people here. So,” he said, “that’s why we didn’t let you go.” And I said, “I read that on the chit, sir.” (00:50:20) Veteran: He said, “I am going to give you a choice.” He says, “You can—your billet is open down river at Cua Viet or why don’t you come down with us. We will party.” He said, “We are going to be in Da Nang, dude,” he says, “it’s party city. We will just party down for the rest of our tour and we will go home.” And I said, “No. No sir, I’d really rather go.” In one of my stupider moments. I know there isn’t such a thing as stupider but regardless of that, in one of my stupider moments, Jim, I said, “No sir,” I said, “this is what we trained to do. This is what I want to do.” Which, really, when I first came in the Navy, that’s the last thing that I wanted to do. So, he said, “Are you—do you know what you are doing? Are you sure you want to do this?” he said, “Do you know what those guys do?” And I said, “Well, I hear them and,” I said, “I can see them downriver when…” he said, “But they…” he said, “If that’s what you want to do then so be it. I will sign your orders.” So, he did, and I went down got assigned to an LCPL. They had taken the PBRs, the—really, the work horses for the—was a fiberglass boat. We restored one in Muskegon today, you know. And anyway, my boat was not a PBR, it was an LCPL, which was a World War 2 converted rivercraft. The first riverine people there were the Coast Guard and they had LCPLs. (00:52:19) �26 Veteran: They later came out with a fiberglass version, but we had a metal version. And we had a 50 caliber, fore and aft, 60 calibers on—you know—M-60s on the side. Plus, our small arms which consisted of 2 M-79 grenade launchers. I had an M-16, 12-gauge shotgun, and an M-14 with a night scope. Interviewer: So, that’s a conventional rifle. Veteran: It’s a conventional rifle but set up for night and sniper— Interviewer: Right. Veteran: --stuff. My job was to make sure that the guns were operational, that they were kept clean, that we had the ammunition we needed onboard, for any type of thing, whether we were going to use an M-79 grenade launcher or whether we were going to use the 50 calibers. The 50 caliber was a very, very good weapon. I mean, it’s a very old weapon but it is…Browning did his job when he designed that. But and we used that many times. Interviewer: Now, were you assigned to an individual craft or did you— Veteran: Yes, I was assigned—they went by—the PBRs were boat numbers. Ours were call numbers. The base was Big Dance and our boat, my boat, was Sierra. So, when they called us, you know, Big Dance, Sierra, and we’d call back Sierra, you know. It was a—where the PBRs were a twin water jet, double-engined rivercraft, with a draft of probably 9 inches to a foot on full power, under way, whereas the LCPLs had a draft probably about 3 feet. Single prop, single engine. Diesel. (00:54:39) Veteran: In a way, it was a better craft than PBRs. Not so much where I was, but in the delta, PBRs—the engines are hooked to huge jacuzzi pumps. Well, in order to get the jet craft like you �27 see on the kids driving them on the lakes today, there is a suction that is on the bottom of that. And these engines turn the pumps to—it sucks in the water into the impellers and the impellers shoot it out through nozzles, which are controlled. They don’t have rudders; they control them with the jet nozzles, where we had a rudder. The bad part about the PBRs is that the Vietnamese knew this, and they would cut up weed beds, send them down river, and they’d get caught up into the suction thing and they are dead in the water. Whereas, we didn’t have the speed that they did. I think top end, Jim, probably about 17 knots, about 23 miles an hour. Whereas the PBRs could hit 29, 30, 32 miles an hour; that’s cooking pretty good. Interviewer: Yeah. (00:56:07) Veteran: So, with that being said, it wouldn’t make any difference whether we had weed beds or not. The screws on our thing would just chew them up and, you know. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: So, we weren’t as fast as they were. PBRs had twin 50s, single 50 mounted aft, M-19 grenade launcher, automatic grenade launcher on theirs, and then they probably have an M-60 as well, where we had the 60s on the side and a 50fore and aft. So, fire power, they may have had a little more fire power than we did but when you are shooting 50 caliber, that’s a lot of fire power. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: So… Interviewer: Now, what kind of reception do you get when you arrive at the base? Because you are kind of the new guy coming in. Veteran: I can’t remember. It couldn’t have been traumatic because I don’t remember it. �28 Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: They just assign you a rack and boat and you are to report there at such and such a time for a briefing or debriefing or whatever. Interviewer: Yeah. And you had been in country for 6 months, so you maybe looked like it by then. Veteran: Oh yeah. You are starting to—but it—you go into a point of…you are seasoned for that job and now you are breaking into something new. Even though you are in river security, it’s a completely different environment. I mean, there are no sandbags to protect you there. You are just an absolute sitting duck in the middle of duck season, if you will. But with that being said, there were boats that got dressed down pretty good…not so much as in 1968, during Tet, which is understandable. And the PBRs were the ones that were picked on the most. Why? I don’t know. But they seemed to be picked on the most. Again, I can only remember a couple of days or weeks that I was there, Jim. And it was River Division 543, PBR. And they used to have swift boats there as well, but they were long gone before I got there. Swift boats being PCF: Patrol Craft Fast. (00:58:39) Veteran: But they too had a large draft. So, for river patrolling, that’s not a good thing. That river was controlled by tides as well. So, you had to watch what you were doing there. I remember one time at night, we got caught onto a sandbar. And we just couldn’t get off of that thing. So, I finally had to jump in the river with a line and try and pull us off of that sandbar. I remember one night we were motoring up and it—for a night patrol. And there were two times—there were 12hour patrols. We’d call it port and starboard: one was night, and one was day. And they were 4hour patrols or longer. It could be longer. If there was a boat that was down or something, it �29 could get into a 24-hour patrol or whatever. But we didn’t have a lot of river to patrol. Probably 10, maybe 11, miles. And back then, there was a curfew on the Vietnamese. (01:00:08) Veteran: When the sun set, you were not to be on the rivers. And this one night, we were motoring upriver and just kind of barely cruising. And we happened to see what they call a bumboat. A bumboat is a sampan. We’d call it a bumboat because it would come around the boats when they came in and they’d bum stuff, cigarettes, stuff, off the other guys. And we saw this bumboat coming downriver and it was dark. I mean, we could have shot them. We could have opened up on them because you have no idea. I mean, they could be loaded with the, you know, explosives to get rid of the boats or whatever. But I remember there were torches on both ends of that bumboat. And we had another boat come up with what we call traffic cop, which was—generally had an officer onboard. I was down below. And I think I was napping or whatever. And our boat captain said, “Well, go on down there, grab some Z’s and…” you know. And I remember him telling me that the traffic cop came up and tied up alongside of us. And he said, “Wake up, Spyke.” So, he woke me up and brought me up on deck. They said, “You have corpsman training.” And I said, “No, I don’t.” They said, “It says in your record that you had corpsman training.” He said—but I said, “It doesn’t matter. The boat that is coming up here right now,” he says, “Has got a pregnant woman on it.” He says, “You’re going to look at her.” I says, “And do what?” And he said, “Look, I don’t think she’s going to pop a kid yet,” or something similar to that. An officer generally wouldn’t talk like that. But I says, “So, what are you—what do you want me to do?” They said, “Well, we can’t bring her on to—” our base was next to a Vietnamese Navy—what they called a junk base. They had junk walls. (01:02:42) Veteran: They said, “We are going to put you on the bank,” he says, “and we are going to take these other two guys in with us, get them clearance,” he says, “and then we will come back to get �30 you.” And I said, “Well, but—wait, wait. Wait.” I said, “You’re going to put me where?” They said, “Get over on the bank, Spyke, with this woman. And we will come back and get you.” “What am I supposed to do with her?” They said, “Just be with her. Protect her.” I am thinking now, we are in hostile area up here, Jim. I mean, we’re—the NVA is not far away. You can see their campfires at night. So, here I am on this riverbank with this woman, and she is as big as a house. And she’s holding on to my fingers, my two fingers. These two fingers, because I had an M-16 in this. And she’s going through labor. And she’s, “Ohhh!” like that. And I am thinking oh my gosh, I said, “I am in hostile territory and she’s screaming out here.” You know? Black as pitch again. And you’re here, all you have is a sampan, a pregnant woman, and she’s going through labor pains. (01:04:10) Veteran: And I can feel for her, but I am scared to absolute death. And I am thinking—because you’re alone. They didn’t—both boats took off. So, they left me with a sampan. Of course, they doused the torches, you know, so we are black. Anyway, she didn’t deliver, thank God. And I mean literally, thank God that she didn’t deliver. They came back up, of course, and put her onboard the chug boat and brough her back down to the base. Apparently, she was breeched or something. Or she was going to have problems and… So anyway, got back onboard there and I thought well, you ought to get a Silver Star for this one. But that didn’t happen. But you remember things like that. I mean, that was one event there. There were several. Interviewer: Okay. So, now you are up at the base at Cua Viet, and you are now in these converted landing craft conducting patrols. What types of missions were you carrying out? Veteran: Basically, our job was deny the waterways to the enemy for contraband, whatever they were running. Arms generally. And/or food supplies. That was basically our mission. However, we would do extractions of troops, insertions of some troops. Basically, being in a special ops �31 unit, which we didn’t know at the time. We would insert Special Forces personnel. We would work with Green Beret. We would work with the recon Marines, SEALs. We didn’t do too many SEALs. But Army snipers, Marine Corps snipers. (01:06:34) Veteran: And then of course, after their mission, you know, we would—at such and such a time, at such and such a location, so many clicks upriver, we would pick them up at such and such a time. Sometimes that was peaceful. Sometimes it wasn’t peaceful. For the most part, I can honestly say that it was peaceful. I do remember being in—well, just a little thing that goes along with this—I can remember being in Washington D.C. and we were going through—well, with these veterans, other veterans—we were going through the Vietnam part of the American history part of Smithsonian. And I was bringing my—to go into the Vietnam era room, you have to walk through the fuselage of a plane. And when you get in there, of to the righthand side there is a Dustoff helicopter or a medical helicopter. Mannequins are putting a stretcher onboard and there are various artifacts from Vietnam in there. And I was explaining to my wife, “This was…” and, “This was a, you know, Dustoff helicopter. Chopper.” There were 4 gentlemen in there with red satin jackets on and they had such and such Ranger outfit and all that stuff. And one of them looked over at me and he says, “Sir,” he said, “were you in Vietnam?” I said, “Yes, sir. I was.” And he said, “Well,” he says, “where were you?” And I—or “What branch of the service were you in?” I say, “United States Navy.” And he said, “Oh,” he said, “So, you were in, you know, shipping and all that stuff?” I said, “Ah, no.” He said, “Well, what did you do?” (01:08:36) Veteran: I said, “I was a river rat.” He said, “What year were you there?” I said, “’69, ’70.” He says, “Oh my gosh.” He says, “We ought to get down and kiss this guy’s feet.” And of course, these guys peeking—got their attention with that. He said, “Why? Why?” I said, “Why would you say that?” and he said, “We were under a horrendous fire fight in Northern I Corps.” He �32 says, “The Dong Ha, Cua Viet area.” He says, “That’s where you were at?” and I said, “Yes.” And he said, “They were unable to come in and get us.” And this guy says, he says, “I remember this boat coming around the point,” he says, “and they were just blazing.” He says, “His guns were just blazing.” He says, “They came up onto the—they beached it, grabbed us, pulled us onboard, took off,” he says, “and that rear 50,” he says, “was just singing.” He says, “Was that you?” I said, “I don’t know.” I said, “It could have been.” He says, “Oh my gosh. Thank you so much.” And you have to think, Jim, I said, “What were these guys thinking?” In their minds, for a split second, they were going to die. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And you realize how important that was to them. We were brothers. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: You know, at that time, the joking around, being a ground pounder and you being a squid or a fly boy and a—all that, or jarhead—all that stuff stops. You’re brothers then. And it isn’t that you are fighting for the red, white, and blue: you are fighting to get your brothers out of there. (01:10:28) Interviewer: Okay. So, did you have fire fights like that occasionally? Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah, occasionally, yeah. Well, probably more than occasionally. More than I wanted. Interviewer: Okay. Now, you had mentioned off camera another incident that is worth noting. And you took one of these teams coming back and one of them having a strange aroma about it. �33 Veteran: Oh my gosh. That was…We were to meet a reconnaissance Marine. Recon Marines. Again, so many clicks upriver at such and such a point, at such and such a time. And we had gone up there and they were on time. They were waiting for us. And we pulled up and our boat wasn’t like a PBR. We couldn’t get—if we beached it way up there, we wouldn’t have been able to get it off. So, we were back a little ways. And I remember pulling these Marines onboard. And I pulled this one fellow up and sat him down. And I remember we came off the bank, headed back to Cua Viet. And I remember this sickening, putrid aroma coming from this guy sitting next to me. And I turned to him, and I said, “Dude, what is that smell?” and he said—and he had a bandolier, a necklace, of ears that they had cut off the Vietnamese. Now, if it was a fresh cut, Jim, it would have been one thing. (01:12:25) Veteran: But that rancid smell? He had to have these on for a while. And he said, “We just came on to whatever the North Vietnamese would call their patrols or whatever.” And he said, “They didn’t have anybody standing guard.” He said, “So, we killed them and cut off their ears.” And I am thinking to myself: what have we turned into? I mean seriously, what have we turned into? And it may not necessarily been right at that moment but you have a chance to process that on the way to the base or whatever. And it was the same philosophy: if they don’t have all their parts, they don’t go to Vietnamese heaven or Buddha or whatever that is. And I thought what have we turned into? And those thoughts…as you go back in time, you wonder about that. Would these guys have done anything like that if they wouldn’t have been in that situation? I mean, you have to think about that stuff, Jim, and I do to this day. You know? What did I turn into there? Because like we said before, you know, taking the lives of men, particularly those where you see their face and you have the decision of killing them or allowing them to live for �34 possibly a split second or whatever to kill you, that decision lies in a second. And sometimes not even that. And it’s a hell of a thing to take a man’s life. (01:14:33) Interviewer: Alright. Now, most of the situations when you are firing, would you even be able to see who you were firing at? Or was it usually gun flashes or…? Veteran: Well, I—the two that I did were in the river, putting in a percussion mine—a pressure mine, I mean. And what would happen is that they would sink these two below the surface of— probably a foot or so—just below the surface. And when the boats would run over them, of course, it would push that trigger down and blow the boats up. One of our mail carriers, as a matter of fact, was in one of those boats at one time and he almost died. He survived. He got thrown clear of the boat. So, I didn’t—this particular night that that incident happened, I didn’t see them. We had come around the point of the river and we were—it was like a snake. And we were going up toward Dong Ha, as a matter of fact. And it just so happens the two Vietnamese trainee gunner’s mates that I had on my boat happened to be looking in the starlight scope, which is—I don’t know if you are familiar with those or not, but they magnify the light so that you can see at night. And they happened to spot them. And they called me there and I verified that, you know, what they were doing. And I told the boat captain, and I said, “You know, we can’t let—I need to…” Well, anyway…we killed them and—I killed them. And in a sense, it is a thing that you have to do, but in another sense: what have I become? You know? So, that was another incident that you never forget. (01:16:48) Interviewer: Sure. Veteran: One day we were going—we were going to go out—water was a big thing because we’d get this water and it had so much chlorine in it because of the bugs and all that business. �35 We were going out seaside to the gunline, which we called the gunline which was our destroyers and all that stuff, 3 miles out. No big deal. But what we—we were going over the bar. Do you know what the—the bar is a sandbar— Interviewer: Sandbar at the river mouth? Veteran: --at the river mouth. And it can get pretty wild out there. If you have ever seen what the bar is like in the…I am trying to think of the name of the river. It’s what they train the Coast Guard in. It escapes me right now, but waves are huge. They are just absolutely huge, and I remember going—we were going up to go out to get fresh water and our boat captain decided to turn around. He said, “It’s too rough.” I was up in the forward mount, holding on to the butterfly, the handles of the 50, just to hold on. And he had made the turn on a wave and as we were coming down, we surfed down. And now, that boat was 32, 33 feet long. We weren’t at the bottom of that yet. And we surfed that down and I am thinking we must have mellowed out because we didn’t go under the water, but it came up over the prow. (01:18:39) Veteran: And brother, if that doesn’t make you a believer. Because in that surf, you wouldn’t survive in that surf. I mean, we didn’t have life vests on. All we had on—we didn’t even have our flak jackets on, which would have been detrimental anyway if you would have fallen in the water. So, that was another incident. But there are times—and I don’t know whether other sailors thought about this—but there are times, Jim, when you just get so tired of it, you think: if I jump in the water here, it’s only like a 7,000-mile swim. Serious. I am serious. And the South China Sea is loaded with hammerhead sharks. But you get so sick of it and tired of it. And you think: I want to go home. �36 Interviewer: Okay. Now, you were mentioning having Vietnamese trainees on the boat with you— Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: So, were you starting to—you working a lot with Vietnamese personnel? Veteran: Yeah. I had two of these guys. Phuc and Phan were their names. I don’t know if that was their first name or their last name or whatever it was. Phuc and Phan. And they were gunner’s mate trainees. And we attached ourselves very closely. And I can remember picking up these squirts because I’d have them under both arms. And they—of course, they’d tease me, and they’d laugh. And most of the time, I couldn’t understand what they were saying. But they’d say, “Sa-byke, boocoo mop,” which meant ‘big’. Very big. You know? And you know, you’d tickle these guys and all that stuff. And we became very close. And I have often wondered what happened to them when we left. (01:20:45) Veteran: But yeah, they’d—you’d train them on, you know, because they were going to inherit all of our stuff. Our boats, our armaments, everything. They were going to inherit that. So, they should know how to operate it, you know. And that’s what my job was: to train them. Interviewer: Okay. And were they learning anything? Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah. They were—the Vietnamese are quick studies. They are very smart, for the most part. And there may be a lot of GIs that don’t agree with me on that, but you know, for the…for what they had, they were fierce fighters. And justifiably so. We were in their �37 country. And I am not trying to make an un-American statement there. I am glad that I served in our military, but probably not in that event. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You know… Interviewer: Aside from the pregnant woman, did you have much contact with civilians at all? Veteran: Once in a while I’d remove a fishhook from one of the fishermen out there. They’d— and they used a tobacco to—one of them was in the lip, I remember one time, and I—we had cutters onboard because you never wanted to pull it back through with the barb. So, you know…But this one guy had one caught in his lip. And I remember removing it but I cut the line and pulled it through the other, because they are very poor. You have to understand that. They were very poor. (01:22:36) Veteran: So, to buy these kind of fishhooks—we are not talking about the little fishhooks here, we are talking about hooks like this. And I remember cutting the line and pulling that through his lip, through the other way. And then he—just without even thinking, Jim, he had tobacco there or whatever that he was—I assumed it was tobacco. And he just put it on and thanked me for it and they went about their way. Oftentimes, if we had the patrol where we were in the harbor in front of the base, we’d be checking what they would call “con cucs”, or their identifications. And we’d call them over, you know, which means ‘come over here now.’ And they’d show us their identifications. Oftentimes, they would give us fresh shrimp. And I mean, this shrimp was still swimming around. And they were—it was a funny thing about those people. They had nothing but they shared nothing. Does that make sense? �38 Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You know, it didn’t make any difference if they had—if they had one shrimp, they’d cut it in half and give you half. That’s just the way they were. I can’t say that I fell in love with them, but I fell in love with the peasants’ philosophy, if that makes sense. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. But you didn’t have them working on the baser with you or— Veteran: They did. Interviewer: Okay. (01:24:13) Veteran: They did work on the base. They would come in and they would clean the hooch and stuff like that. Not so much in river security. We didn’t have that there. In Dong Ha they would. They would have them do laundry and stuff like that. But when we were on the river patrol boat base, when it was an ATSB, they weren’t on there at all. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Okay. Now, are there other particular incidents from the time at Cua Viet that stand out for you? Either on missions or in the base or…? Veteran: Oh… Interviewer: Funny or serious. Veteran: We had a boat captain that came onboard. Came out of the fleet. He was a new guy. An FNG, what they called them, I am not—a Frickin’ New Guy. And he came onboard. He was a Bosun’s mate. And second class petty officer, I think. I can’t remember his name now, but I remember he came in out of the fleet, and he was going to—and most of us were well-seasoned by this time. I mean, we were—had been on the rivers for—I think I was in probably my 11th month maybe. And we were on a patrol, again, a night patrol. There was an island that was north �39 of the base but west. And we had—he had decided that he wanted to patrol this. The northwesternmost of the island. We were turning around, heading into—back to the main river. And we received small arm fire. (01:26:18) Veteran: And this guy being new was looking at the map at the dash of our boat. It was in red lights, so it didn’t impede your vision, your night vision. And he was calling in Army artillery. Now, you got to remember, this is a village. Civilians are in this village. He’s going to call in Army artillery. And keep in mind too, Jim, we are motoring out. We are in constant motion. And he gets on the map, and he calls our position—our position—in. And you can hear this coming in and whoosh! Right in the back of the boat. I am going to say—it was in the water, thank God, but right in the back of the boat, probably…I am going to say 50 yards. And I remember our mechanic, our engineman, getting up and he was already at a machine gun mount. And I remember him going over to him and ripping the microphone out of his hands. And I remember him saying, “Give me that!” And he called in and had them stop the firing. And of course, the boat captain wanted to know what was going on, you know, and he said, “Never ever call in our position.” He said, “The Army will put that in your back pocket.” He said, “They will calculate,” he said, “they will put it right in your back pocket.” He says, “These guys are that good.” So anyway, he was…He kind of got reprimanded from the engineman. But he wasn’t a very good boat captain. He was a guy that would assign duties to the boat, painting and stuff like that, and he’d go up to the hooch and go to sleep, where the rest of the crew would be down there turning to. (01:28:33) Veteran: And we had an ensign there that was similar to that. And he had talked to me, and he says—I had come in from the night patrol. He says, “Spyke, I want you to work with the ship fitters here. We are going to mount a new mortar on here, a 60-millimeter mortar.” I said, “On �40 the boat?” He said, “Well of course on the boat. Where else?” And I said, “The superstructure will never hold the recoil of that.” He said, “Don’t worry about it. It’s a trigger fired mortar.” He says, “No big deal.” I said, “It won’t hold it.” He says, “Spyke, if I want you to mount a field Howitzer…” I remember him to this day, “You’ll do it.” And I said, “Yes, sir.” So, I worked on it with the welder. Ship fitters are the welders and all that stuff. They mounted the transom on there. We are going to be…we are going to be enlightened before we go out on a night patrol. We are going to get training. So, they had put the round in there and of course this—I remember our ensign looked like Howdy Doody. I mean, he had freckles all over, the glasses like that, and you know, that kind of a smile, and you know, and all this stuff. And his name was Ensign Mayer. I will never forget him. And he said, “We are going to have a demonstration and all this stuff.” Well, I am in the back of the pack. I am in the back of some guys. And they put the round in there. Like I said, it was trigger fire. And they trigger fired that thing and the whole transom went like that. And I began to laugh, and I said, “I told you so! I told you so!” Well, I—as a result of that—I got EMT, which is extra military—EMI: extra military instruction, which means that I had to go out and I had to burn the crappers. Are you familiar with that term? (01:30:37) Interviewer: Yes, but you should explain it for the benefit of the audience. Veteran: Well, for the benefit of the audience, we have 2 or 3 whole outhouse that would have 55-gallon drums cut in half and slid, or in thirds, and slid underneath these holes for the outhouse. And when you did your duty in there, when it became full, we would pull this out and they were full of kerosine. And we would torch that and burn the waste. I think I got that duty for 2 months, besides the rest of all of that. And…But it was worth it. It was worth it. I got caught one time surfing behind the boat by Commander—Lieutenant Commander—Nicholson. And we were out one day, and it was horribly hot because there I think the highest we had in our hooch �41 was like 123? Something like that. Because they are Quonset huts, Jim, and they heat—they are like an oven. They heat up in the summer. And but we were out on day patrol. And I said, “Hey guys,” I said, “let’s throw in a life preserver, a life ring. I will hold onto it.” I said, “You can it and,” I says, “I’ll hold onto it.” I said, “If it gets too much, I will just let loose.” “Okay.” So, like I said, these guys are nuts anyway. And so, we did that. And of course, my idea, I was the first one to do it. And he motored out until we had the slack out of the line. (01:32:25) Veteran: And then I just—I had my arm like this. I just told him to can it. So, he did. And you are going along, you know, in the water and it formed a bubble over me so you could breathe in there and you’re doing almost like a body surfing behind this boat. Unbeknown to us at the time: Lieutenant Commander Nicholson was flying over to check the rivers on that day, and he had never did it before. Why he did it this time, I have no idea. Divine intervention or something maybe. Lord probably thinking well, this guy is really stupid. He needs to be caught or something. Whatever. Anyway, when we got back in, the person from administration came down as we were docking. And he says, “Commander Nicholson wants to see you guys.” Okay. We had no idea that—what was going to happen. We got in his office, and he said, “Close the door boys. I want to talk to you.” So, we close the door. And he said to us, he said, “Funny thing happened to me today.” He says, “I was going along the rivers,” he says, “and checking the riverboats, seeing what you guys were doing.” He says, “And I came upon this boat,” and he says, “and there was a wake behind it like a bubble.” He said, “Almost like a whale or something, or a dolphin, was following this boat.” He said, “And the funny thing was about it…” and he had to have this all set up in his mind. He says, “The funny thing about it,” he says, “is that this dolphin or whatever it was never got any further away from the boat and it never got any closer to the boat.” (01:34:31) �42 Veteran: He said, “Did you guys see anything like that?” He says, “I think it was your boat.” Well, he knew for sure it was our boat. And boat captain looked over at me and he said—he says, “Spyke,” he says—or Commander Nicholson says, “Spyke,” he says, “do you know anything about that?” I said, “I don’t remember seeing a whale or anything behind our boat.” And he said, “Well, let’s cut the crap.” He said, “Do you guys know that there is a war going on here?” And of course, I said, “Well yeah sir, I know.” He said, “If you weren’t one of my best gunner’s mate,” he said, “I’d have you’re a-s-s tacked up on the wall.” I said, “I have no excuse. It was hot.” He says, “I don’t care.” He says, “But there is a war on, guys. No more.” He said, “Do I make myself clear?” I said, “Crystal.” He says, “Okay. You are dismissed. Remember: I am going to be watching you guys.” Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: Okay. Interviewer: Okay. So, was your unit sort of small enough that somebody like that lieutenant commander knows you by name? Or did he just— Veteran: Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, there was only I think 61 guys at the time left on the base. He knew who the crews were. Remember, there was only a crew of 4 guys. Interviewer: Right. (01:36:17) Veteran: You had a boat captain, you had a seaman that would take care of most of the deck stuff, the lines, the ropes, you know, that kind of stuff. You had an engineman whose primary job was the engines. And then of course, you had a gunner’s mate. Now, when you are in combat, everyone is assigned a firearm. And the boat captain generally, you know, rocks the boat. He’s the one that is what we would call the coxswain of the boat. He drives it. And so, I think there �43 were…I am going to say maybe 8 crews that were still there. Now, also, Jim, you had minesweeps, which were MSMG. Have you seen the war movies where the front of the thing drops down and the boat drops down and the guys get off? Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Excuse me. Those are river sweeps. And they would have two of those on each side of the river and it would come back to a float which would drag the river for mines. We did have those there as well. In fact, another guy from Muskegon was on a sweep. So, you know, you had incidents like that. It wasn’t all full-time combat. It just wasn’t. So, we did have some good times there. Not—few and far between but nonetheless there were some good times there. But…Go ahead. Interviewer: I was just going to ask with good times, did you get an R and R while you were there? Did you get to leave the base? (01:38:12) Veteran: Yeah. Yeah, I went on R and R. I never went outside of Vietnam. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I could have but I didn’t. In fact, one guy even said that he’d pay my way to go with him down to Australia, which is one of the R and R places. And I said, “No. No, no, no. I don’t want to do that.” So, because I was crazy enough probably to not even come back. I would go out in the bush and stay there, you know, in the outback. But anyway, no I didn’t do that, but I went down to R and R, and I made the mistake of—this was kind of like an R and R combined with the corpsmen had sent me down there for dental. And I said, “Well, why don’t I take a few more days and just do R and R as well?” They said, “Well, if you want to do that, that’s fine.” So, I had contacted my old CO from at Dong Ha. Because he had told me, “If you ever want to �44 come down, don’t come down by ship.” He says, “I’ll send a chopper up to get you.” I am thinking well, that’s pretty cool. So, I contacted him, and he says, “Don’t get on a ‘ski lack’.” He says, “I am going to send up the coachmen to come get you. They are going to—they make runs up there and Cua Viet is just a little bit out of their way. They will do it.” So, they did. And I had—I got onboard this Huey. And these two guys, the pilot and, the copilot, were laughing back and forth. They were chatting while I was getting in and I remember the copilot looking back into the chopper and he says, “Buckle up, squid.” So, I did. (01:40:10) Veteran: You know? And then my gosh, Jim, I got to tell you: that was a ride from absolute hell. These guys took off and they are laughing. I mean, they are “Ahhh!” and all this other stuff. And they are chasing Vietnamese. Now remember we are on the South China Sea now. So, it is like being out at Pere Marquette in Muskegon. Sugar sands. And they are chasing the Vietnamese. Now remember, these guys are only about 6 or 8 feet off of the ground and they are shooting along. And now, the fastest I have been in Vietnam here for this past year has been maybe 30 miles an hour, 25 miles an hour, at best. These guys are doing 100—over 100 knots. And I mean now you got a feel for how fast you are going because you are that close to the ground. And they are laughing, and these guys can turn these things on a dime, these Hueys. And they are going up and they are making a sweep and they are turning this thing around on a dime and my stomach is up into my throat and I am sicker than a dog. And these guys are really laughing. They finally get me down to Da Nang and I am at Camp Tien Sha. I spent my time there. My CO went out and got me so drunk that I was throwing up green bile fluid. Because he knew all the speakeasies and all this stuff, you know. All the illegal places. When you are in shipping, you get to know all that stuff. Well, he had made arrangements for me to get a ride back up there. Up back up to Cua �45 Viet. Lo and behold, I get on the chopper and these two same clowns are in there, this pilot and copilot. Same guys. (01:42:09) Veteran: Same thing. They finally set me down. And I said, “You know,” I said, “With your rank and everything being considered,” I said, “I’d like to take you on a boat ride sometime.” I said, “Come on up some time,” I said, “let me give you a boat ride.” They said, “See you later, squid.” And away they went. Never saw them again. But they knew exactly what they were doing. And yeah, you have to laugh about it now but back then I was pretty warm about that. Yeah, things like that sort of as we talk, things like that surface. Interviewer: Sure. Alright. Now are there other particular things that stand out for you, before we move you back out of Vietnam? Veteran: There probably are but I am not thinking of them. Interviewer: Okay. But you think we have kind of characterized pretty well what you were doing during that year in Vietnam? Veteran: Yeah. Oh yeah. Interviewer: Okay. So, when do you leave? Veteran: I left…When did I, gosh, when did I get back…? I got back in July of 1970. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: We came back on July 3rd because I remember there was a guy that was getting off the plane. And of course, there were firecrackers and stuff going off and all that stuff. And this guy got off and he’s huddled down like he is dodging bullets. And come to find out, this guy was stationed in Cam Ranh Bay, which was an R and R place for— �46 Interviewer: Yeah, yeah. Veteran: And he was an admin. You know? Phony guy. And anyway, we got into…trying to think of… Interviewer: Did you go to San Francisco or Seattle or somewhere else? Veteran: No, I went to Long Beach. Interviewer: Okay. (01:44:11) Veteran: I flew into San Bernadino. Went from there to Long Beach to separate. They were going to separate us. So…which was cool. I was all about that. And it was a long weekend because of the 4th of July. Most of the base was going to be shut down, other than, you know, getting your food, stuff like medical and all that stuff. And I remember this guy from—he came out of the administration building. I think he was a yeoman, which was a Remington Raider. And he was—he said, “What are you doing, you know, over the weekend?” I said, “I am just waiting to get out of here.” He says, “Well, why don’t you…” he says, “You know, they got a thing like they have in New Jersey where they have the, you know, the Ferris wheels and all this other stuff.” Interviewer: An amusement park kind of thing. Veteran: Yeah, it was an amusement park, but it was…Yeah, but it was a smaller one, but they had arcades there. And he says, “If you’re not doing anything,” he says, “let’s go on in and screw around with that.” I said, “Okay. I am not doing anything else.” So, I went in with him and we went into this arcade, and I was playing pinball, which I never really play, you know, but I was playing pinball. And the next thing I knew, this guy was not there. Two other guys had come in �47 and they were watching me play, you know, pinball and stuff. And so, they kind of introduced themselves as, I don’t know, some kind of a name—Rocky or something. Blah blah blah. They said, “I understand that you might be looking for work.” And I said, “I am going back home.” I said, “I have a job secured at Brunswick Corporation, which incidentally, Jim, I forgot to mention this, that mortar that we did on the boat? Manufactured by Brunswick Corporation. I said, “Oh my gosh, I hope these guys weren’t taking a coffee break when they put this together.” (01:46:30) Veteran: But anyway, I said, “No, I am going—they are holding my job at Brunswick. I am going to go home.” And they said, “Well, we got work for you here.” And I said, “Doing what?” And they said, “Well, we know that you are a pretty fair marksman.” And basically, I am sifting through this, and I am thinking yeah, so what do you want? What does that mean? They said, “Well, you know…Would you like a job?” Without committing to what. I said, “No, I am going back home. I don’t want anything to do with this.” Well, after I began to think about this: who would know more about—and I don’t know whether these guys were government. I don’t know whether they were mob. I have no idea. But who else would be able to tell them that, other than the people that are working in the administration building and what you had in your records? If this guy is a marksman, we can use him for something. No. No, I am going home. I am going home. So, you know, that triggered while we were talking here. And I have told this to my wife, you know, and she…But I am here. I am here. You know, I didn’t want anything more to do with any of that business. So, came home. Went back to work at Brunswick and… (01:48:13) Veteran: Met my wife. And she knew I was a Vietnam vet. She didn’t know much about—some of her friends had come home in body bags. She’s a graduate of Mona Shores and some of her friends had come home in body bags. And she said, “You know Wes,” she said, “I used to be �48 cranked on, rah rah, United States, blah blah blah, at the beginning of this.” And she’s a schoolteacher. She’s college educated. Very smart gal. And she says, “As the war raged on and my friends were coming home in body bags,” she says, “it turned me so against that war. Not our soldiers but the war.” She says, “We could see…” I said, “One of the defining moments for me was Kent State. Fire upon your own people? Here are these people,” I said, “all they are there for was an education. Well, you gave them one.” And so, it kind of soured me that way. Like I explained to you before, it isn’t the war, the people that were involved in the war, it was the suits that put us there. And even though I have forgiven them, I will never forget about them. And I told my wife after we had our children, I said, “I will never ever allow my kids to go to war unless they are on our ground. If they are not a direct threat, there is no way on God’s green earth.” I said, “If I have to go to Alaska and raise potatoes and corn, you know,” I said, “no, it’s not going to happen.” (01:50:15) Interviewer: Okay. So, what kind of career did you go into? Veteran: I am a—actually, I went back to the Reserves. And my training officer was the union president at Story Chemical. And he had seen my progress and my stuff that I was studying and everything. He says, “You know,” he says, “there are some openings coming out at Story Chemical,” he says, “for a millwright and,” he said, “why don’t you come out and take a test.” I said, “What the heck is a millwright?” He says, “Well,” he says, “they are—” he says, “they are mechanics and,” he says, “but you have to go through a battery of tests to do that, to get into the program.” I said, ‘Well, I’ll tell you what…” His name was Darryl, Darryl Whitaker. I said, “I’ll tell you what Darryl,” I said, “I’ve got a couple weeks vacation coming from Brunswick.” I said, “If it is okay with them,” I said, “I’ll take a week out.” He says, “It’ll be about 3 days of a battery of exams over 3 days.” He says, “Not all day long.” He said, “But just—” I said, “Oh, okay.” I �49 said, “Like what?” he said, “Well, math.” He said, “General aptitudes, you know. Mechanical aptitude. Stuff like that.” I said, “Okay.” So, it was in—so, I took the exams and they called me up and said, “Well, we’d like to hire you to go through our apprenticeship.” And it was through the U.S. Department of Labor. The whole nine yards. And I said, “Well, I have another week.” I said, “If it is alright with you,” I said, “I’d like to come out there and work in it for a week and then make my decision based on that.” They said, “That’s fine.” So, I did, and I did and I, you know, got into the program and three and a half years later, I became a journeyman. And I worked in that probably for…as a mechanic mechanic…they closed down in 1973, I think. (01:52:35) Interviewer: So, not too long then. Veteran: Not too long but we worked a tremendous amount of overtime, and they applied our overtime hours. Because you have to put in a certain amount of hours to become a journeyman. And that consists of—I had ICS courses, I had Dupont courses, I had courses at Muskegon Community College. So anyway, you had to take these courses. And I completed all that before my time anyway. And the U.S. Department of Labor waived that time. They said whether its overtime or whether it isn’t, it’s OJT: it’s on the job training. You know, so I got my card. And I worked in that trade for probably 40-some odd years, Jim, but not always as a millwright. I went back to school, went back into advanced MIG and TIG welding, metallurgy, machine shop, stuff like that, because these were the fun courses. These were. And I realized that I wasn’t college material, but I wanted a higher education in technology. But I am going to say probably for the last 30 years, before I retired, I was into supervision. (01:54:11) Veteran: And some of these—and I was in supervision at—I became the maintenance manager at Brunswick. I worked at various jobs. And I was kind of—I can see where my PTSD came into it. �50 I was an angry guy. And I mean if that supervisor—if I didn’t like his tie that day, I’d just quit, go on to something else. In that day and age, you could because skilled trades were just—you could go anywhere. Walk across a street and get a job there. Well, my wife and I were figuring this out here a while back and I had—over that course—I had 54 jobs. And part of the…When you have PTSD, a lot of that accompanies that. Being very, very restless. And I didn’t need an excuse to quit or anything. Sometimes I just quit. Got fired from a couple of jobs. In fact, one of them was Story Chemical. A guy was trying my patience for probably 3 months and I finally…I mean, I busted him up pretty good. And I am sorry for that now. I didn’t get fired because he had just gotten into on the golf course with the personnel manager the night before. So, I got out easy. Well, my punishment was I couldn’t drill anybody for 6 months, but this guy couldn’t shoot his mouth off to anybody for 6 months. So, I don’t know which one was worse. I think he got the worst of the deal. Interviewer: Alright. Now, you mentioned the PTSD. At what point did you recognize that you had that? (01:56:15) Veteran: I didn’t. Didn’t recognize it until—because back then it wasn’t a buzzword. Interviewer: Sure. Veteran: We had no idea, you know, that that was a—one of the common characteristics of post traumatic stress disorder. Gotten into fights…And I mean at one time, before my wife and I were married, before I met her, I mean, my big deal was pizza, beer, and fight night. You know? And that’s kind of a sad thing to say, you know. Again, what did I turn into? You know? And you go through this elf analysis over the years, you know, of why did I become what I became? What prompted that? And but after—of course, after we had met and, you know, we had our kids and �51 all that stuff and—I think I was very nice to my kids. I was very tolerant of them. My wife and I had a very rocky first seven years. Very rocky. But the Lord bless. And I knew that I loved her. I wasn’t so sure at that time whether she liked me a whole lot, but we held it together and we are extremely happy now. Both of us are involved in ministry right now, one of them being in the Veterans Treatment Court from Muskegon County. She works with the veterans’ wives of us crazy guys that, you know…And quite frankly, Jim, they are suffering from secondary PTSD. Interviewer: Oh yes. (01:58:08) Veteran: You know, for the most part a lot of the times in self defense of the guy that—or person—that they married. We were fortunate that our marriage worked out. What breaks my heart is there are a lot of them that don’t. Sometimes you can get to them in time, sometimes you can’t get to them in time. But when I made the move—I was ordained in 2007. And at the time, the church that I was—I was a pastor of visitation in evangelism. And we had decided to start a campground ministry. And we did that. We bought a trailer and a truck, and all that jazz and we went out to the campgrounds. And I made a little display of all the flags, you know, the United States flag and the flag of Israel, and the Vietnam flag and the POW flag. And these guys would always come by, and they’d ask me about some of these flags and all that stuff. The majority of them were veterans. And of course, they’re—a lot of them were baby boomer veterans, same age as me or within a couple years one way or the other. And I told my wife, I said, “You know, I am wondering if the Lord is really directing us to minister to combat vets?” And my wife in her infinite wisdom, she said, “Well, Wes,” she said, “what a shoe in.” She says, “You are a combat vet. Who can they relate to better than someone who’d been there, done that?” Interviewer: Yeah. �52 Veteran: And the majority of them—she was right. The majority of these guys will not talk to people unless you are a combat vet because then their whole thing is, if I can quote, “You ain’t been there, you ain’t done it.” Well, okay. Interviewer: Yeah. (02:00:20) Veteran: You know? And so, a boyhood friend of mine at the time was the director of the Veterans Affairs for Muskegon County. A fellow by the name of Dave Ealing. Very good friend of mine. We were raised together. And he said, “Wes,” he said, “you have been a pastor for a while now and,” he says, “I know that you are not pastoring in that position in that church anymore.” I said, “No.” I said, “You know,” I said, “I feel my—that the Lord is directing me outside of the church.” I said, “Because you know Dave,” I said, “a majority of these guys don’t go to church.” And I says, “And I am not saying that the answer,” I said, “is in religion, but it— for me—it is in the relationship with Christ, not the church.” And I said, “I see the downfall in manmade rules, manmade things,” I said, “that aren’t really Biblical.” And I said, “And I can’t do that.” I said, “When I deal with these guys,” I said, “I am constantly reminded these are my brothers. These are souls. And I can’t help them if I don’t believe in what I am doing.” I said, “If that makes sense.” He says, “It makes perfect sense. When are you coming down?” Well, we went through that for about 3 years, Jim. I finally relented and I said, “Well, Dave,” I said, “if you got a place for me down—” he says, “I got a room for you.” And he says, “And we can set you up.” And he did. (02:02:16) Veteran: And we started ministering on a counseling basis with other vets. Then we had a new wave that was sweeping in the judicial system, dealing with vets. It was called Treatment Courts. Dave had gotten some people together to go down to—or over to—Washington D.C. It was their first boot camp. And we went and we got our prosecutor to go. We had the sheriff go. The judge �53 went. Myself, my wife went. Of course, David. And what an eye opener that was because you’re rubbing shoulders with people that want to make the difference in a veteran’s life and give them a second chance for those that are dealing with post traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injuries, or closed head injuries. And it just made perfect sense to us, and we did that. We had a group of people that would come in—before we went to Washington D.C.—we had a group of people that was doing this out in Oklahoma, you know, places like that. Which made a tremendous amount of sense to all of us. And we did that. And we were getting veterans in there and, Jim, it was making a difference in their lives. What we found over the years that—what’s happening with these guys—first of all, they go in for care to the VA. And thank God there is a VA, by the way. I have never gotten poor care from them. And I am 100% disabled through them. But what would happen is that a lot of these guys would be put on psychotropics. (02:04:30) Veteran: And they would get out and they would mix these psychotropics with alcohol or drugs or both. And that turns into a very toxic cocktail. And they run in, and they have brushes with the law. And it’s usually DUIs and all of that. Some of them are domestic disputes. We generally don’t take cases that are violent cases. Murder, rape, that type of thing. But we have taken some that have gotten into domestic violence. And we found that it made a big difference. One of our key, star guys tried to commit suicide twice by bullet. He was so drunk he said, and Dan will laugh at this time about, you know, when he talks about this. He said, “I was so drunk.” He said, “I had it in right at my head,” he says, “and I was so drunk,” he said, “I passed out. The gun fired. The bullet went into the wall.” And he said, “What I am here for is that a discharge of firearm inside the village limits.” And he turned out to be a world class guy because he is a �54 mentor now in our court. And we are getting more and more people that have gone through that court to become mentors in helping these people. (02:06:16) Interviewer: Are you dealing mostly with sort of your generation? Are you getting younger veterans now? Veteran: We are getting—oh yeah, we are getting young vets. Because now, the Iraqi vets are the older vets. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You know? And the Afghan vets not—they are coming in but not like the Iraqi vets did. Interviewer: Yeah. Well, we sent rather larger numbers of people to Iraq than Afghanistan. Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: I mean, we were in Afghanistan first but— Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: But in relatively small numbers to start with but yeah, but it is still ongoing. Yeah. Veteran: And but at first it was Vietnam vets. You know, that’s what got around. Of course, we are baby boomers and that seemed to get around. But when we came to the Iraqi vets, boy, what a treasure trove of guys that was. Lots of them. Lots of them, Jim. And a lot of them are dealing with moral injury. A lot of them. One of the guys was telling me, he said he was involved in armor. And he said and we would go by, you know of course, they had this Republican guard and all this and blah blah blah. He says they didn’t stand a chance, he says, against our �55 firepower. Not a chance. He says our tanks were so much more advanced than theirs. Laser lockon and all that business. And he said, “You know, you’d go by on your way to Baghdad, and you’d go by these tanks that were just burned-out cinders. And,” he said, “sometimes the bodies were still on there and…” And I say, “You know, the sad part about that is is that that’s somebody’s brother.” Interviewer: Right. Veteran: Or…That’s the thing that I always come back to, Jim. And I know dealing with moral injury…I know how that feels. So, I can relate to these guys, how that feels. And how to approach them about that because you know a lot of these guys, they harbor that. They hold that in, and they harbor that, thinking that if I—same way I felt. If I tell that to my wife, is she going to think differently of me than when she first met me, even though I am the same guy? (02:08:28) Veteran: You know? And so, they harbor that, and they continue to live with it. And so, that’s the point of that ministry is to help. Not to beat them up with the Bible. You know, they don’t need that. They already know who they are and what they are, you know. They need to know that there is something outside of that. And the only way…And we used to hear all this business about psychology and this and that and the other thing. And I say, “And that’s okay to a certain level.” I said, “But sometimes, you’ve got to get to the inner level and that is the spirit. You can’t get there psychologically. You can only get there through faith.” And some of them disagree with me, and that’s okay. But I have seen in with my own eyes. I have seen what works. That coupled with psychology? Now you are doing something. You know? You are dealing with forgiveness; you are dealing with why you did what you did. You know, and when psychology comes into it, now we can help you from here. Now that you have recognized you have this �56 problem, now we can help you with this. And I thank the VA for doing that. And of course, the medical issues that they are dealing with. I am dealing a lot with the Agent Orange thing, which is concentrated in the rivers because of storm water runoff. Interviewer: Right. Right. (02:10:04) Veteran: So, we are dealing with that. We host a—several veterans events where they can just come and let their hair down. We were facilitators of a PTSD group for probably 7 years. And now, one of my best friends is now doing that with his wife. We just became so busy that…I attend this thing every once in a while, but, you know, and I should probably attend it more. Interviewer: Well, it’s a pretty long way from enlisting in the Navy to stay out of Vietnam and go on a battleship. Veteran: It’s a long ways. Interviewer: But you have kind of brought it around full circle and put yourself back into a good place and you can do positive things from where you are. Veteran: Well, it’s a good place for me. And I hope it is a good place for them. We try to. I am a cross between a pacifist and a patriot. I know that there is going to wars, and I know that there is going to be rumors of wars, Jim, I already know that. But where do we go from here? Where do we go with—in the wake of that? Where do we go? Do we become staunch and say we will just live with it, guys? And that’s just the way it is? Or…Are we going to be compassionate? And understand okay, I know why we went here is to protect our families and our grandkids and our freedoms, and all this business. But what about the wake of that? Because there—even though there is collateral damage, a lot of that is with our own troops. A lot of it is with our own troops. �57 Interviewer: Yeah, very much so. Alright. Veteran: But anyway, I…We are where we are, and I am where I am. And I am comfortable in that. We—I would like to see more veterans comfortable with that. And my wife and I are both working toward that. And sometimes, that’s a long struggle, Jim. That isn’t something you get over overnight, particularly when you have been dealing with it for the last 47, 48, years. 50 years for some. Interviewer: Alright. Alright. Well, thank you very much for coming in and sharing tour story today. Veteran: You are welcome. You are welcome. Thank you for having me. (02:12:37) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SpykeW2350V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spyke, Wesley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-02 Title A name given to the resource Spyke, Wesley (Interview transcript and video), 2019 Description An account of the resource Wesley Spyke was born in 1948 in Muskegon, Michigan. He graduated from high school in 1966. He enlisted in the Navy Reserve in April of 1968. Wesley completed bootcamp at Naval Station Great Lakes, Illinois. He became a gunner’s mate in the Navy. He received additional gunnery training in Coronado, California. Wesley did small arms training at Camp Pendleton, California. He received orders to Vietnam in July of 1969. He was initially stationed at Dong Ha, Vietnam. Wesley did river security on riverboats for about 5 months. He then was moved to a base at Cua Viet, Vietnam, where he continued to do river patrols and aided in extractions and insertions of Special Forces personnel at various points along the riverways. While in Vietnam, Wesley was involved in various skirmishes. He returned from Vietnam in July of 1970. He is now actively involved in ministry. Wesley and his wife currently work with the Veterans Treatment Court of Muskegon County. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/105bc1359f01497ad0184b86ce6f8227.jpg 7af834bf3ae4cfa233e781333eee201e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Believing and Belonging on Campus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Interfaith Photovoice Description An account of the resource During the 2024 Winter semester at GVSU, the Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Interfaith Photovoice hosted nine students from different religious, spiritual, and secular backgrounds for a semester-long cohort centered on storytelling. By using predominantly mobile-phone photography, these students explored what it meant to believe and belong on campus and in the greater West Michigan community. This project was designed to help capture their experiences and stories, to enable them to find their voice through photography. The cohort culminated in an exhibition displayed on multiple GVSU campuses and curated by the students around three self-selected themes: Religious & Spiritual Practices, Barriers to Belonging, and Creating Welcoming Spaces. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource College students Belonging Hinduism Islam Judaism Students, Foreign LGBTQ+ people Orthodox Eastern Church Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2024-Kaufman-Exhibit-5 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Title A name given to the resource Religious & Spiritual Practices 5 Description An account of the resource Puja is a religious ritual practiced in many Indian homes, including mine as an Indian living in America. In this ritual, lamps are lit as an offering to the divine. The light from the lamp symbolizes knowledge and the power of the sacred, while the wick represents the ego, and the oil signifies our negative tendencies. When lit by spiritual knowledge, these negative tendencies are gradually eliminated, and the ego eventually perishes. There are various ways of performing puja: light lamps in front of a deity, some in front of the Tulasi plant, and some light lamps at dawn and dusk. The type of oil and wick used also holds significance. For instance, cow's ghee ensures radiance, prosperity, health, and happiness. Similarly, a cotton wick brings prosperity and all good fortune. The chanting of slokas or hymns also accompanies the lighting of the lamp. The shloka "Subham Karoti Kalyanam, Arogyam Dhana Sampadah, Shatru Buddhi Vinashaya, Deepa Jyotir Namostute" is commonly chanted while lighting the lamp, seeking the divine's blessings for prosperity, good health, and the destruction of opposing forces. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute (exhibitor) Subject The topic of the resource Hinduism College students Belonging Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Kaufman Interfaith Institute Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1648a9b8ae62dd562a64d6a88460d132.jpg e339aee0202f095d68404b34077ff93f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Believing and Belonging on Campus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Interfaith Photovoice Description An account of the resource During the 2024 Winter semester at GVSU, the Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Interfaith Photovoice hosted nine students from different religious, spiritual, and secular backgrounds for a semester-long cohort centered on storytelling. By using predominantly mobile-phone photography, these students explored what it meant to believe and belong on campus and in the greater West Michigan community. This project was designed to help capture their experiences and stories, to enable them to find their voice through photography. The cohort culminated in an exhibition displayed on multiple GVSU campuses and curated by the students around three self-selected themes: Religious & Spiritual Practices, Barriers to Belonging, and Creating Welcoming Spaces. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource College students Belonging Hinduism Islam Judaism Students, Foreign LGBTQ+ people Orthodox Eastern Church Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2024-Kaufman-Exhibit-4 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Title A name given to the resource Religious & Spiritual Practices 4 Description An account of the resource This picture captures a moment of profound personal significance as I pray to Lord Shiva during Mahashivaratri after fasting for the entire day. It symbolizes the essence of devotion and austerity that define this sacred occasion, resonating deeply with the spiritual journey it represents. Mahashivaratri holds immense importance in Hindu culture, signifying the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment and the triumph of light over darkness. Through fasting and prayer, devotees seek divine blessings and inner purification, evoking deep emotions of devotion, humility, and spiritual longing. In a world often consumed by material pursuits, this image offers an alternative perspective, reminding us of the importance of connecting with the divine and seeking spiritual fulfillment amidst the chaos of daily life. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute (exhibitor) Subject The topic of the resource Hinduism College students Belonging Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Kaufman Interfaith Institute Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/48da5b3a5bd35edcf0f73bd35994362b.jpg 8bcafceb6e9a9c33e6471c451eb764ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Believing and Belonging on Campus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Interfaith Photovoice Description An account of the resource During the 2024 Winter semester at GVSU, the Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Interfaith Photovoice hosted nine students from different religious, spiritual, and secular backgrounds for a semester-long cohort centered on storytelling. By using predominantly mobile-phone photography, these students explored what it meant to believe and belong on campus and in the greater West Michigan community. This project was designed to help capture their experiences and stories, to enable them to find their voice through photography. The cohort culminated in an exhibition displayed on multiple GVSU campuses and curated by the students around three self-selected themes: Religious & Spiritual Practices, Barriers to Belonging, and Creating Welcoming Spaces. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource College students Belonging Hinduism Islam Judaism Students, Foreign LGBTQ+ people Orthodox Eastern Church Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2024-Kaufman-Exhibit-3 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Title A name given to the resource Religious & Spiritual Practices 3 Description An account of the resource Lord Ganesha welcoming customers at the entrance of an Indian restaurant in Grand Rapids, Michigan, is a beautiful representation of the cultural significance of this deity in Hinduism. Lord Ganesha, also known as Ganapati or Vinayaka, is the elephant-headed god revered as the remover of obstacles and the god of wisdom. The restaurant has displayed a stunning image of Lord Ganesha, which instantly catches the eye of anyone who enters. The intricate details of the statue, the vibrant colors, and the serene expression on his face create an aura of positivity and auspiciousness. The elephant head represents wisdom, strength, and the ability to overcome obstacles, while the large ears symbolize the importance of listening and understanding. The broken tusk represents sacrifice and the ability to use knowledge for the greater good. It reminds me of the warmth and love of my family in India. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute (exhibitor) Subject The topic of the resource Hinduism College students Belonging Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Kaufman Interfaith Institute Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/411a5c25210eee06366b3964e755c287.jpg 99954ac860f17b146f9a4482e7e65497 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Believing and Belonging on Campus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Interfaith Photovoice Description An account of the resource During the 2024 Winter semester at GVSU, the Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Interfaith Photovoice hosted nine students from different religious, spiritual, and secular backgrounds for a semester-long cohort centered on storytelling. By using predominantly mobile-phone photography, these students explored what it meant to believe and belong on campus and in the greater West Michigan community. This project was designed to help capture their experiences and stories, to enable them to find their voice through photography. The cohort culminated in an exhibition displayed on multiple GVSU campuses and curated by the students around three self-selected themes: Religious & Spiritual Practices, Barriers to Belonging, and Creating Welcoming Spaces. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource College students Belonging Hinduism Islam Judaism Students, Foreign LGBTQ+ people Orthodox Eastern Church Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2024-Kaufman-Exhibit-1 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Title A name given to the resource Religious & Spiritual Practices 1 Description An account of the resource The Bhagavad Gita is a sacred book for Hindus. I remember participating in the Bhagavad Gita sloka recitation competitions in my childhood. The Bhagavad Gita offers profound insights into personal transformation. It is part of the larger epic, the Mahabharata, and is often called the "Song of the Lord." The Gita is a dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, who grapple with life's complexities and the morality of war. The Bhagavad Gita is a historical document and a philosophical and spiritual guidebook. It offers a systematic elucidation of life's terrain, addressing the quintessential queries that plague human existence. The text assumes the persona of a personal mentor, effectively addressing challenges and change. Personally, I find the Bhagavad Gita to be a valuable source of inspiration, guidance, and solace. Its teachings, particularly on duty, selfless action, and the pursuit of inner peace, have been instrumental in shaping my worldview and providing me with a framework to approach life's challenges. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute (exhibitor) Subject The topic of the resource Hinduism College students Belonging Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Kaufman Interfaith Institute Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cd1152bc7b0118eafa9318d2a483e353.pdf 5cfe425cd7eaf3feddc578dc1fc3bf40 PDF Text Text MASTER Pl.AN lor tile �1003 N. Saginaw St. St. Charles, Michigan 48655 517-865-9010 WIiiiam Davis-Supervisor Ray Cornford - Clerk Vlvl&n Vogelaar - Treasurer Robert Gilmour - Trustee Lawrence Mahoney - Trustee June 4, 1985 Dear Township Citizens and Board of Supervisors We are pl eased to present this first Master Plan for the Township of St. Charles. In our studies of the township we have learned a great deal, most of which is reflected in this document. These presented facts wll I help provide a sound framework for control I ing development in a systematic manner. This plan is the framework upon which zoning ordinance revision should be based. Al I should be aware of the fact that the community planning effort does not end by the adoption of this Master Plan. Community planning is a process that requires continuous update and review since conditions do change from year to year. We are proud of our efforts and this Master Plan, and hope that you have time to read this document and make comments to the Board. Respectfully submitted St. Charles Township Zoning and Planning Board �II II II Ackno.vledgements This first Master Plan for St. Charles To.vnship was developed by dooicated To.vnship residents that serve on the Planning am Zoning Board arrl the staff of the East Central Michigan Planning am Development Region. The following is a list of those who ma.de this a valid arrl credible document: St. Charles To.vnship Planning! Zoning Board Ernest Kemall - Chairman Jane Burgess - Secretary Robert Searron Kathleen Canfield Joseph Devota Tom Burr - Building Inspector Staff guidance provided by Chief Planner, Donald Platt; also printing, word processing, binding am graphics done at the: EAST CENTRAL 500 Federal Ave. Saginaw, Michigan 48606 Telephone: 517+752-0100 WATS Line: 1 +800-322-0207 Cover art work was done by Laura Higgins and is a reproduction of the official Township logo. �TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction Purpose of Plan------------ --------- ---------------------Enabling Legislation------ ---------- ---------------------St. Charles Township History------------------------------ 5 Physical Features Land Use Inventory---------------------------------------Transportation-------------------------------------------Population-----------------------------------------------Local Economy--------------------------------------------Downtown Development-------------------------------------- 8 9 10 13 15 Environmental Features Geology and Ground Water Availability--------------------Soils----------------------------------------------------Climate--------------------------------------------------- 18 19 19 Public Facilities Schools--------------------------------------------------Public Buildings-----------------------------------------Police, Fire, and Medical Services-----------------------Utilities------------------------------------------------Recreation------------------------------------------------ 23 23 24 25 26 V. Planning Realization-------------------------------------- 28 VI. Goals, Objectives, and Policies--------------------------- 31 VII. Plan Summary---------------------------------------------Conclusions----------------------------------------------Appendix-------------------------------------------------A. St. Charles Township Zoning Map--------------------B. St. Charles Township Future Land Use Map-----------c. Public Hearing Minutes-----------------------------0. Letter to Township Board of Supervisors------------- 40 42 44 II. III. IV. 2 3 �• Lis t of TABLES & FIGURES Page Table 1 2 3 4 Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 St. Charles Township Land Use--- ----------------Population Trends- ------------- -----------------Housing Trends----- ------------ -----------------Age Distribution-------------- - - ----------------- 12 12 Agricultural Land Use---------------------------Residential Land Use and Ownership--------------Soil Areas--------------------------------------Coal Mine Location- ----------- ------------------Present Zoning Map- ---------- -------------------Future Land Use Map ---------- -------------------- 14 16 21 22 46 47 8 13 �•" . .. z -w 0 CJ .. • a: I I 0 :• •0 i C 0 u ~ I ls Q .J .:"z 18 ~• D 0 0 • II II C .J L .. i ► I • •• .• 0 I •., . 0 •• " i! • �CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION �J PURPOSE OF THE PLAN ---------- -I I - When planning and developing a new town, the planner and the developer can let their imagination run, be creative and start fresh with only a few given parameters and sound planning principles. In developing a plan for an already existing community, however, the process becomes much more difficult as the planners must then rectify problems that have developed throughout the years, and at the same time attempt to shape the future growth of the community. Local government has a tremendous amount of influence over the way in which a community develops. Regardless of whether the community is a city, village, towship, or county, the buildings, facilities, and improvements provided by local government affect the daily lives of most citizens. The political bodies which govern the various communities are inescapably involving further development of their community. To assist in making the decisions, the community must have a set of guidelines and policies to which both private citizens and governmental officials can refer in an effort to secure and maintain a consistent and logical growth pattern. development plan is this set of guidelines. A comprehensive It is a plan, in that it sets forth in document form the thought processes involved in deriving future developmental policies and the policies themselves. It is comprehensive because it encompasses all geographic parts of a community and all functional elements which bear upon physical development. American communities have generally grown in a haphazard manner, and this chaotic growth has been accompanied by a host of problems. Today, no private corporation would consider building a plant or developing a shopping center without carefully assessing its needs, resources, and potential. 2 It has just �J I I I I -~ been within the past few decades that communities have begun to recognize that they, too, should chart a course for the future with the goal of providing adequate utilities, 'sewer and water sys terns, and wise land use. St. Charles Township Planning Commission, recognizing the necessity for such a planning program, contracted with the East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region in March, 1984, for assistance in preparing a comprehensive plan and setting forth developmental policies for the Township. The work program involved essentially three major elements: 1) inventory and analysis of environmental and natural system, physical, and community features; 2) the plan summary and, 3) a section concerned with implementation of the plan. ENABLING LEGISLATIONS The Municipal Planning Act, 285, became effective in 1931 by State Legislation. Section 2 (amended in 1943) states: "Any municipality is hereby authorized and empowered to make, adopt, amend, extend, add to, or carry out a municipal plan as provided in this act and create by ordinance a planning commission with the powers and duties herein set forth ........................ " Section 6 (amended in 1943 and 1962) state: "The commission shall make and adopt a master plan for the physical development of the municipality .......... The plan, with accompanying maps, plats, charts, and descriptive matter shall show the commission's recommendations for the development of the territory, including, among other things, the general location, character, ......... The commission from time to time may amend, extend, or add to the plan. 11 Section 8 (amended in 1941) states: "The commission may adopt the plan as a whole by a single resolution or may by successive resolution adopt 3 �-I I I I I I - successive parts of the plan.......... Before the adoption of the plan or a1 y such part, amerximent, extension, or addition the corrrnission shall hold at least 1 public hearing thereon, notice of the time and place of which shall be given, not less than 15 days prior to such hearing, ••••••••• " The Comprehensive Master Plan should thus serve as a general guide for both µ1blic and private development. According to Michigan Planning Laws, a to.vnship can develop a Master Plan under the Municipal Planning Act 285 (as previoosly defined) or it can operate under the To.vnship Planning Act 168, effective March 19, 1960. develoµnent. Planning Act. Sections six throogh ten defines the Haster Plan The wording is very similar to the sections in the Hunicipal St. Charles To.vnship is operating under the To.vnship Planning Act for its Master Plan Development. In terms of legal tools for effectuating the Plan, two important instruments are the Zoning Ordinance and Sul:xiivision Regulations. The ability of a competent plan to 1:1aterialize as envisioned cannot be assured, ho.vever, even with the aforementioned legal tools, unless there is widespread understanding and support of the planning process by elected officials, department heads and the cor:munity in general. In the last analysis, this intangible factor may well be the key; hence, it is essential that planning be considered a continuing process, with all proposei development referred to the Planning Commission to insure conformance with the To.vnship's long-range goals. It is, ho.vever, vitally essential that the Plan be recognized as a flexible instrument subject to changing conditions and unforeseen technological and social changes which may occur, especially in this age of pollution concern. In order to obtain optirrum effectiveness in the planning program, it is, therefore, essential that the Plan be periodically revie.ved a rrl r eevaluated. 4 �-I I I I I I I -II II ST. CHARLES TOWNSHIP HISTORY In the early years the St. Charles area was know as "The Forks" because of the triangle that was formed by the Bad River and the Beaver Creek. The rivers were the only transportation route into the area until a road was cut through to Chesaning around 1867. The railroad followed shortly after this. Hiram Davis from New York was the first white man to settle in the area. He came in by boat in 1849 bringing his family with him. Years later men met at Mr. Davis' house to organize our township and name it "St. Charles" in honor of Charles Kimberly who had big business interests here and had done a great deal to help develop the area. the Davis house on April 1, 1853. The first township election was held at David Gould was elected the first township supervisor. The first industry to the township was a tannery established by the American Fur Company and it was located on the east bank of the Beaver Creek. This industry was followed by many saw mills and the village of St. Charles began to develop with hotels and general stores. The village of St. Charles did not bec011e incorporated until 1869. In the late 1880's the lumber industry, which was our townships largest industry was steadily declining. Adams, a well-driller. Coal was discovered in the 1890's by Alonza One of the fin t large mining companies was the Somers Coal Company of Cleveland. After fifteen years the Somers Mines were sold to the Robert Gage Coal Company. At one time the Robert Gage Coal Company had four mines which were producing three thousand tons of coal per day. mine close~ in 1952. The last (See Map on page 22) The northeast corner of St. Charles towns hip holds some of the fertile soils of the Big Prairie Farm. Of the 7,400 acres of rich land, which was 5 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I -II - wrestled fran the blinds of nature, only part is in the tcNlnship, the rest in Spaulding, Jlµres, and Albee tcNlnship. i.E; The low point in this once nuck land of over 550,000,000 years in the making is only three feet above the Saginaw Bay. 1880 bra.ight Harlan P. Smith's idea to make this nuck land a fann. Many years of work prcduced 36 miles of dikes and ditches that made the land farmable. The Owosso Sugar Company bought the land fran Saginaw Realty in 1903 am is responsible for the "birth" of the Big Prairie Farm. The village of Clausedale was established in the tcNlnship in the early lOO0's and contained Prairie Farm worker's shanties, barns, etc. workers were required even in the winter to maintain the fann. Seventy five An agriculturalist am stockman fran Holland nama:i Jacob De Geus was the general manager of the Prairie Farm Project from 1905 to 1924. After De Geus' leadership, the farm experienced exasperating years and several changes in ownerships. On March, 1945 the Big Prairie was sold to the Saginaw Valley Cooperative Farmers who bra.ight things back to normal profit years. In 1948, the original 13 farmers began to a.ct all independently and today we find 21 farm families making gocd profits as independents while still acting cooperatively on ventures such as dike maintenance, rich land no.vis worth over $20,000,000. 6 :p.lITlp station, etc. The �I I I I I I I CHAPTER II I PHYSICAL FEATURES I I I I I - 7 �I I I I I I I I I LAND USE INVEN'IDRY' St. Charles 'no,vnship is locatoo near the center of Saginaw Crunty am is in the agricultural rich Saginaw Valley. (see Figure 1 pg. 14) The To.vnship is locatoo sooth and west of Saginaw with its centroid approximately 20 miles fran the Saginaw City Limits. This places it nearly 60 miles north and east of Lansing and sorrewhat less than 40 miles west and north of Flint. It is about 90 miles north and west of Detroit. The presence of the Shiawassee and Bad River with their flcxxlplains did pose serirus land use limitations at one time but diking projects have controlled rrost flocxiing. The farming comrrunity is served by the Villages of St. Charles and Chesaning. The Shiawassee River State Game Area attracts many spring fishennen and fall hunters to the area to harvest some of the abundant waterfo.vl am deer. (See Map on page 16) The To.vnship is comprised of almost all farm lan:i ( see Table 1 belo.v). The 827 square miles (529,395.7 acres) of this large coonty of Saginaw consists of 64% agricultural lanct. Past, present, and future land projections Table 1. St. Charles To.vnship Land Use Category Residential Corrroorcial Industrial Parks/Rec. Transportation Public Agriculture Undeveloped Water & Rivers 1969* Acres 515.3 3.2 21.0 0 641.2 2,666.6 14,548.2 3,777.5 868.1 % of 1980° 1990 2000 2.3% 1.1% .1% 0% 2.8% 11.6% 63.1% 15.0% 4.0% 2.4% 1.1% .1 o.; .1% 2.8% 2.5% 1.2% .1% Total 2.24% 1.01% .09% 0 2.78% 11.57% 63.14% 15.39% 3.77% IDTAL 23,041.1 99.99% 100% *Soorce Saginaw Coonty Metropolitan Planning Cormri.ssion Saginaw Coonty-Land Use Analysis, Nov. 1969 0 U.S.G.S Quad Maps with 1975 LANDSAT information. 8 .?.% 63.0% 14.9% 4.0% 2.8% 11.6% 63.0% 14.6% 4.0% 100% 100% 11.6% �I I I The most basic and one of the most essential studies made for any planning program is 'the Existing Land Use Inventory. This study (to be completed by end of 1985, by the County Planning Dept.) I I I I I I I I I provides the key to understanding existing conditions and relationships be tween various land uses, and reveals predominant uses as well as desirable and undesirable situatJons. Futhermore, land use data provides basic information upon which logical and practical decisions can be made concerning proposals for future residential, commercial, industrial and public uses of land. It will be important that proper density standards are incorporated into 1 the Township s future zoning considerations so as to adequately accommodate future growth without the problem common to many urban developments on small lots having no public utility systems. Through large lot zoning, agricultural districts and the provision of public utilities in the urbanizing areas, problems of this nature can be avoided or minimized. TRANSPORTATION The transportation and facilities system of an area are important in the terms of type and extent of growth that can be reasonably accomoda ted. Both residential and commercial-industrial land uses require a good road system to I I I accompanying map (Figure No. 2, page 16) shows the existing road system and ~ for maintenance; Federal, State, County or Township. ~ that serves the Village and the West half of the Township and handles handle traffic, and intensive growth requires an adequate supply of public utilities such as water, sanitary sewage collection and treatment. thf! present Township facilities. The roads are classified according to levels of government, responsible is the responsibility of the land owners. North-South traffic. ' The Private road maintenance There is one state highway, M-52 Fergus Road handles the main East-West traffic. Both of these are two-lane blacktop, of which M-52 is the most traveled, especially 9 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' during peak recreational periods. Both of these are major arteries exterrlinr traffic arrum the, West and Saith em of the Shiawassee River State Grune Aren. There are approximately 3 percent of the total miles of highways thrrughait the county that are locatErl in the TONnship. The majority of the roads are pavoo surfaced used for intra-county travel. Gasper Road, a primary two-lane blacktop road, was recently resurfaced. The TONnship is currently served by the Tuscola and Saginaw Railroad service system. The other line passing thraigh the cainty is the Chesapeake am Ohio which travel fran Alma to Saginaw am passes thraigh Vassar in Tuscola Crunty am, continues saith to St. Clair Cainty am eventually ems in Port Huron. The other line is the extension of a line originating in Ann Arbor, traveling north thraigh Chesaning and St. Charles. It serves the industrial neErls of SoHigro Fertilizer and can't go further north of the Bad River because of an unsafe bridge and is a state subsidizErl fran Owosso to St. Charles. There are no general avaiation airports locatoo araind the St. Charles area. Chesaning's airport is the closest, about 10 miles fran St. Charles. Weight restrictions are in effect on all Class A all-weather roads, seasonal am all county primary am local roads. In addition, to the general weight restrictions winter/spring seasonal weight restrictions are employoo on crunty primary and local roads. Seasonal weight restrictions in general can pose a problem for solid waste haulers possibly leading towards receiving overweight violations. roPULATION Anticipation of the To.vnships future neoos are directly relatoo to population projections throogh the year 2000. trems in population. Table 2. (pg. 12) shONs the 1bst of t he grcwth in the last fifteen years in the 10 �I I I I I I I I I I I I Ccunty has occurred primarily in the to.vnships close to Saginaw City. Table 3 (pg. 12) irxlicates hoosing changes fran 1970-1980. two hurxlred arxl seventy one of the 1 , 287 hrusing uni ts were occupia:i year rcurxl arxl hoosed the 1,229 hooseholds and the 1,0CY7 families with 3.00 persons per hoosehold. Forty one point eight percent of the total hares in the To.vnship were 1:nilt before 1939 and no.v have a median value of $31,200. The To.vnship has 1,555 persons 16 years of age or over that are in the labor force. The median incorre, according to the 1980 census, was $16,774 per hrusehold arxl $19,292 per family. Fifty-fcur percent of the people in the Ccunty who are working, work at non-rnarrufacturing jobs. 10.2 percent of the employable people in the To.vnship were unemploya:i over 15 weeks in 1979 and 1983 gave an anrrual average of 14.0 percent unemployment for the coonty. The school districts of St. Charles and Chesaning provide for the educational nea:is of the To.vnship's students. Given the relative small number of school age children in rn80, ( see table 4 pg. 13) , and the trerxl to.vards smaller family size, all would point to.vard the lack of need for school facilities expansion. I I I I ,' One thoost crxl 11 �TABLE 2 POPULATION TRENDS 1950 6,371,766 1960 7,823,194 1970 8,875,083 1980 9,262,070 153,515 190,752 219,752 228,059 *St. Charles Township 2,869 3,325 3,619 3,689 St. Charles Village 1,469 1,959 2,046 2,276 Michigan Saginaw County I I I I I I I I I I I Projections** 1990 9,644,814 2000 9,800,000 236,630 242,575 *St. Charles Township 3,700 3,700 st. Charles Village 2,350 2,400 Michigan Saginaw County TABLE 3 HOUSING TRENDS Total Housing Units Michigan Saginaw County *St. Charles Township 1970 2,957,303 1980 3,589,912 79,437 79,543 l, 27 7 1,287 752 814 st. Charles Village *Includes Village **Not offical; produced by Spicer Engineering Company, and found in the 1982 Draft Solid Waste Plan for Saginaw County 12 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE 4 £ Total Population 3,689 Median Urxier £ 5 yrs. old 27.8 7.8% Distrirution 18 yrs. old+ over 65 yrs. old+ over ol.5% 8.5% Race 102 Spanish Origin 21 Amer. In1, Eskimo am Aleut 2 Asian and Pacific Islarrler 1.0CAL FXX)OOM'{ In addition to being a service comrmnity for the surrrurrling agricultural areas, St. Charles can also be considered a tourist cormunity. SUl'IIOOr The spring and season attracks boaters anct fishennen and the fall season brings deer and waterfowl hunters fran a nulti-state area. The manufacturing side of the local econany, is representa:l by St. Charles Lumber Prcx:iucts, and Saginaw Prcx:iucts locata:l just to the north of the Township. Thompson Boat Company, to the Village's sooth side, Thompson Prcx:iucts on the west side, adds to manufacturing in the St. Charles vicinity and adds significantly to the local employment base. In terms of estimata:l per capita incor,e, St. Charles Township experience<l an overall increase of 43 percent between 1969 and 1979: respectively. $2,769 and W ,498 Althoogh these figures are slightly less than those for the county, the percentage increase was only one percentage point less than the county-wide increase. $19,726. The median hoosehold income is $16,774 with all of Saginaw County at There are 9.5 percent of the people below the poverty level in the Township. 13 �I SAGINAW COUNTY I I I I I I AGRICULTURAL LANO USE Figure l D ---~-----.. : ,,. I .i z w . --- ..... ""' . i, Ill .J C i I I I I I I I -•... -------- ;. I St. Charles Township From Saginaw Cormty Land Use Inventory Study. County Planning Dept. 1969 14 �I I I I I I I DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT The downtown area, of St. Charles offers a wide variety of shopping alternatives for area residents and visitors. available, but could be improved. A broad span of products and services are offered so that most shopping can be done in the Village. the downtown area is typically mixed. detail, the direction regarding historic preservation and continuity of design. In March of 1983 the Village completed its Master Plan which addresses various problems to be specifically addressed. I I I ~ Architecture of St. Charles needs to identify in I I I I I I - Business parking is 15 �I I I I TI0N-R.3 E. ST. CHA RL ES L /fO Wala,' Fann, z,-u: I I I I Her,na,, Kuthanot,. , t.o Rober,'E / ,n~~ 40 1-----=...:....--J/ "<'u l honeA', N~"7A- e r ~-u/ 1--------"--1 / ,~o I I I I I I I I II /I OOOW 9U)O W ,oooow 1983 Residential Land Use and Ownership 16 8000W �I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTER III ENVIRONMENTAL FEATUR~ I I I I I I - 17 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - BEDIDCK GIDI.ffiY In the past, layers of deep sediments were deposita:i in shallc,;v seas as portions of the North American continent were ercxia:i. The type of sa:iiments deposita:i reflecta:i the heights of surrrunding lands, the depth of water in which they were deposita:i, climate conditions, and vegetation. Ultimately, the sediments were compacta:i and lithifia:i, thereby forming rocks. One of the yrungest system of bedrock geological formations is the Pennsylvanian system of rocks which extends across all of Saginaw County. Depth of these bedrock formations ranges up to 535 feet. Contained within the Pennsylvanian system are the Saginaw Formation (Pama Sandstones, and the upper and lower Saginaw Verne liMestones), and the Grand River formation (Wocxiville Sandstone). All of St. Charles To.vnship is of this system of bedrock, the Pennsylvania age. GLACIAL SEDIHENTS Distrirution of the surficial deposits fran the "Ice Age" have detennined the topography, drainage, soil type, agriculture, and land use in St . Charles To.vnship. Lakeba:i deposits cover rrost all of the north eastern part of the to;vnship which left little variation in sediments and undulating slopes. Clay forms the dominant soil of the old lakebed in this area. GIDUND AND SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY Undergrrund water availability is important in deterr1ining what type of future development may occur. A public supply of water is installed in the village and comes fran the Saginaw water supply. Well yield can be expected to be less than 10 gallons per minute with a six inch diameter well locatei 18 �r l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - in glacial deposits and well yield of 100 to 500 G.P.M. can be expected in the bedrock with a eight inch well am will have dissolved solids greater than 1000 g.p.m. St. Charles To.vnship surface water is drained by the Saginaw River basin. MAJOR 3::>IL ASS'.)CIATION The physical features of soils is an essential component in any master plan. The type of soil rmy detennine tuilding frundation strength, plant fertility, erosion hazards, drainage conditions, and effectiveness of septic tank am sewage disposal. All of these factors are crucial in detennining the nature arxi extent of development that shruld occur within the area. Major Soil Associations were obtained fran the Soils Survey of Saginaw Crunty, Michigan, by the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. The St. Charles To.vnship area contains the follo.ving rmjor soil associations: Nearly level imperfectly to very poorly drained, dark grayish bro.vn to black, medium acid to mildly alkaline loamy sands and clay loams; Sims clayloam, and Park Hill Loams to the loamy fine sands of the Corunna-Belleville-Park Hill soils. CLIMATE The chief climatic features are a mean annual temperature of about 47°F, an average precipitation (including melted sno.v) of about 31.1 inches; including an average annual sno.vfall of 41.6 inches. Prevailing winds are westerly arxi cause no damage except when a strong storm is present, arxi this may cause some flocxiing conditions along the Bad River and Beaver Creek. 19 �The winters are long, as temperatures below freezing prevail from November to March, inclusive, and occasional freezes may be expected in September and May. The summers are characterized by a high percentage of sunshine and by moderate temperature, which averages 82.l degrees F. The climate is healthful, and the pleasant summer compensates for the length ard rigor of winter. Sunshine averages from 67 percent to 70 percent of the possible amount in the summer and only 25 percent during the winter. The frost free season in the county is about 151 days, and extends from May 3 to October 7. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, but it is slightly greater for the 6-month period from March to September l than for the other half of the year. I I I I I I I I I I I The amount of precipitation, though apparently small, is sufficient for the production of staple farm crops. Considerable variation in the annual amount of rainfall and short periods of drought may occur, but crop failures are rarely attributed to moisture deficiency, except on the more porous soils. Most of the precipitation occurs as slow rains, destructive downpours being rare. Snow ordinarily accumulates less than a foot and a continuous cover of snow in winter is rare. Weather data compiled from records of the Michigan Dept. of Agri, climate of Michigan,£r.Stations, 1971. 20 �Figure 3 I I I I I I I I I St . Charles Township SAGINAW COUNTY SOil AREAS Aft[A 1: □ AiltU6: A co•itl•• "i•tur• or C11rlc color,CI wit ,1,.d1 ,,.o Ugllt color11S lon9 n1uo1.1 r1og11 or 1.1111 drained 10•11.1hat paorlr dral.,,d ••"'"'· ,,,.c1, •r• 1c1 tt1r10 Uon ■ for l i no thr1,1 the 1r11. l11clv1tor,1 1r1 , . . 11 1r111 of 11oorl1 or , 11, 1 :: 10, .., ■ 1'10 101 •• ... ,th I ah1llou CO\llr11'19 o, lll'ICI, llr11 hi • 1li9ht 1, .. 1ut10,., fo r agrtcu:tural u11 but 11v1r1 U•tU• UIII II IOC1 ■ l l d ,,utn uro,,, C1111elop•11'1l. .OICA 2: n,, oo•ln• t • IOll• lfl poorh d r ■ ln1d lo••· ch,01d trl ·•• ll ., ••• or 10•1r,lh.1 t ooorl-, cov1r10 Wlth ,,,.o. u1 1 Out 1 1ver ■ 1 1'10 ell)' dr ■ l"•d lo••·· . 0 ->. Thi CIOai,,_ U "I: IIIIU I: lo••· and lo••· lr11 h11 1Ught l11U1Uon1 for 19ricultural u11 1l1iut10111 for urb11n C1 ■ 111Jopa1nt, 101}1 11'1 the 1oa1wh1t ooor~'f -,Ulfltd 101"1 1r,C1 ch)' lo• • • • Jncludad au araa, or poorly drun,o Jo••• and clay lo••• a Jao 1ticluda0 a r, au•• 1o1lt.l'I ,t-aU01,1 co.,•rill9 or ••rd, Ara• •llgl'lt. H•tUUoti• ror agru:ultural u•••; and ■oo,rat.a halt.atlO"I for urt1a t1 o, .,alopaant, t-•• AR(I 4: lh1a •r•• la tha poorly o.runad cl•y• atid ,.,, • .,y c1a, Io,,.,. ,,,_ cl.,O• d ar• n.-1,0.1• •u•• 1.11th • ahallow cov1rtn9 or lll'lO. !'lodar1t1 J1 ■ 1t. a tlon1 ror a;ucult.ural ua, 1o11tn ••var• l1 ■ 1ut10<11 for urb•" hndu1a1, U[A5: "'''f l"loat. or t.nh •r•• u fuac:011 fll\1 aand, lo••• It h • .oo•nt•IJ' uaU-or,1n1d 1011 u1apo,10 or u l u •"d .,,,y " " ' .. ,.d,. Jn~l1.1d,o are •r••• of poorly dral..,,d u l u and ulta o,..,, lo•••· SUght. to .aoaratt u•• ll•ltat.1on1 for t1ot<1 ur:ian al'ld 1gn t..,lte1r a l landu•••• NCTC: uu 1n- UCA3: V t,., "att or tr•U aru u Tuacol• 11lt lo••• ,,,. 1 r a1 u n•• rly •••• •• lr•• I, out "'•• • tllt lo•• aurr a c• a no oanu,u., -.or• allll •l'ICI lau fin• 11nC11 ln tht protlh, ll h 1••• aubjact to wind arotlon tl\ll'I •r•• 5, 5l19t1t Ua1t.•t101>1 to r botf' urban • l'IG 1ortcult11r1l i.no .. 1••· HU 91 An lfl t ot w1U-dt1lt1ad 9ra v1 l a olla, lnclud• d 1r1 10•111h1 t poor1'1 dr a ln• d 9r1 v1 l aoU , . 5U9ht llelta tior> 1 t or urb• " l 1 11d 11 •••• 1\ad1r 1 t1 Ualt1 t1ona ror • Qrlcult11 r1 l 11 nC1 u••• • .OIC_., 1D: llhar flooCI phlr>I. Th ■ 10111 l f a . . t 1 rl 1 l d1 p011t ad b'!' U11 tlood l , Th• • • Jor 10111 a r t t1tl!-Or1 lr,1d, b1,1t. tr,cli,O t d t r • a r tat •t poorl, d11Jn1CI 1011,, Sll9ht ll•lt1 tior, a for 1 9rtcultur 11 lino "'•••· S•J• r • 11•tt.• t1on• tor 11rt11 r, ! e nd 1,11 11 . I/he "! .cir, d1 t 1 l. a d tnror•• Uon for • u•• c , tt;ory on ,urr,rant pa rc e l • o r hncl , u n,,d,o, th • toil • ot1 tl'l a t p,rc:11 u tndlo a t , o on th • 19ll 1011• • • P or th ■ Count, 1houJO tla u, , o. n11 u •• r • Uni;, for tl\1 1 011 a r ••• 1• r a t11'19 for HC:l'I t.,, w•• ::it :~~::1 ~~c!::0~0~;!{;. ~~!. e~;;x~· :~=~ ~~~~~::.~:ti::. a r e • • O• ror th e 1'll 11nd1r u, a pra1ant lt1Urprattt1on ■ olh , ,at• •• tnar• h • pou1:i111t, of , uora o•e 1 u•• or olftar,..,ea In c h• •H1c a t1,:,f'I 11nc1 19ll, it •u•t. a;,o ti• no:111 tl\lt th a u11 11 ■ 1tat1on "or aa cn ao1l • r•••c•" 01 raouc•d tl'lroui;., • • " aa da l•provaa 1 r,t1 to Jr,cr t•• • ntturtl dr•t"•G • • or 11aar!"'il c ap.a cu., or UH 101:1 throuQl'I .. c , .,, tton • "Cl 01llr,q1, From Saginaw County Land Use Inventory Study , County Planning Dept o 1969 21 �- --I- - - - - - I ' - LEGEND 14 ~ . \ ~,,\\1I 1 .. r•l 23 6•· • ,. . .. ...: -.i1,: .·_:-_~: ...-: {-...:_ ... .. .: :... -.. ] •.:.: ---· -.; . ·--:.- •·... ~ -~..; . : ... .-~ - •· -:-.. ·:,.. ,.-. .. • -.r • - ?',.. I ........ .!b \ 1r·.r. ; ), -. A BT. CHARLES -GARFIELD B AURORA C SWAN CREEK D ROBERT GAGE Nu. a E ROBERT GAGE NO. B F ROBERT GAGE ND. 1 G ROBERT GAGE NO. 3 H ROBERT GAGE ND. Ii! I J MDBtilUITD N0.1 ROBERT GAGE ND. 4 J~ N 4 ..!.j o _, _20_0 0 _4000 - ~~~~~,o~ooo 1000 3000 '5000 SCALE JN-FEET ·r From St. Charles Village Master Plan.1983 !l ' ~ - r -~. COAL MINE LOCATION MAP Figure 4 ~~~~ Planning Action �CHAPTER IV PUBLIC FACILITIES I I I I I I I I �Schools St. Charles To.vnship is served by the St. Charles arx:l the Chesaning Union School Districts. The sooth half of the To.vnship is served by the Chesaning Union School District. The District includes all or part of ten ta.vnships (approx. 200 sq. mi.) arx:l has decreased fran an enrollment of 3,733 in 1977, to 3,385 in 1980, arx:l 3,027 in 1983. This average yearly change since 1977 is a negative 118 (3.5 percent) and 1986 enrollment is estimated at 2,875. School l:llildings consist of foor elementary schools and a Middle am High School which are located in Chesaning. The St. Charles School District consist of 75 sq. miles and touches five adjoining Ta.vnships. Analysis of the official enrollments sho.v 1,756 in 1977, 1,593 in 1980, arx:l 1,548 in 1983. This average loss is 35 or 2.1 percent. The physical plant consists of two elementary buildings, a middle school, and a high school. The Immaculate Conception School, located in the Village has an enrollment of 75 in grades 1 thru 8. several years. The combined classroom space education for 135 students on Sun::iay. I I I Enrollment has increased in the last len::is itself to religious Most enrollment comes fran the St. Charles School district because the public school ruses are used for transportation. Educational support by the residents of the district is evident by the facility an::I faculty quality in the Educational system. The enrollments dictate that the present school facilities shall rl be adequate to meet future I I I I needs and could accom:xiate an additional 200 to 300 s tudents. �r r r r r r r I I I I I I I I I I I I Public Buildings local Goverrurent Public 1::uildings do play a significant role in the lives of the local citizens. Police and fire protection are perhaps the most obvious, in that quality arrl locational consideration are extremely important. The quality of l!llnicipal administrative offices, meeting places, libraries, etc. are also very important. The St. Charles Municipal Building is an excellent facility that was 1::uilt by remodeling a restaurant in 1866, and replaced the use of the VFW Hall. It more than adequately provides space for administrative offices and council chambers. Police and fire protection equipment (onned by the Tri-To.vnships of Brant, Swan Creek, and St. Charles) storage is separate and is shared by St. Charles Village as well; therefore, this merged facility has kept construction cost do.vn and offers other obvioos advantages. Public Library Library services in St. Charles actually started in 1945 when the Tonnship Board alloted rroney for books. The Hartley Public Library was built in 1959, and is in very gcxxi structural conditions. footage of the library is approximately 3181 The square an:i has over 14,700 books available. Police, Fire and Medical Services Police Service The Village of St. Charles maintains a Police Department comprised of five to six officers. Police functions are maintained by the use of two radio-equipped patrol cars. Law enforcement activities are coordinated with 24 �r r r I I r I I I I I I I I I I I I I the Village, the S~inaw Coonty Sheriff, and the Michigan StE>te Police thrcugh a central dispatch unit in the City of Saginaw. Fire Service A Volunteer Fire Department consisting of 41 men and 10 pieces of major equipr1ent provides an excellent protection against fire loss. The combined Tri-To.vnships and Village efforts lead to the 1964 completion of an excellent facility and related equipment. The Department offers aid to other cormunities during emergencies. Medical Service Emergency amrulance service is available fran the Village Emergency Medical Services. Two fully equipped amrulances are on call 24 hoors a day. The service is staffed by eleven volunteers. The closest general hospital is located in Saginaw which is approximately 15 miles way. The Saginaw ~runty Healtn Department provides field staff to address p.ihlic health issues in the Village and To.vnship. Utilities Water Syster.1 Water supply for consumption, fire protection, and gro.vth has been a long te:rm concern of the St. Charles Village. In August, 1971, a Cor.iprehensive Plan called, Capital NeeJs in Saginrov ~aunty, including seNer an:i water facilities, was completed for Saginaw Cmnty. The basic proposals, presented hy the Coonty Metropolitan Planning conmission, were mtlined for all runicipalities to provide public service up to the year 1990. 25 �I I I r I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l The Village's water system consists of srurce water frrxn the Saginaw City Water System. The water main fran Saginaw is 12 inches in diameter and • is metered at the north em of the Village limits. If the srurce of grrumwater continues to increase in concentrations of salt then it may be necessary for many to.vnship residents to "tap" into this system. Sanitary Se.ver System The Village of St. Charles has a nearly complete network of sanitary se.ver lines to service most of the residential, cOl'l"IOOrcial, and industrial needs. Private septic tank systems comprise the balance of the waste.vater treatment systems. The predominant soil types of St. Charles are clay, clay loar.s, loams and sandy loams over clay. therefore poorly drained. Host of these soils are irnpermeahle and While fairly well suited for agriculture, they are not generally suited for septic tank and drainage field waste.vater disposal irethods . sizes Therefore, further subdivision rtevelopment, into lot of one (1) acre or less within the tcMlnship, shruld not be approved, unless sanitary savers, storm water drainage and wastavater treatl"'lent or disposal systems or methods are a planned part of the development. The miniillllTl starrlards for waste.vater disposal as enforced by the Saginaw Crunty Health Department shruld be adopted. Convenient Services Solid waste refuse collection is available to all residents of the to.vnship. Each hrusehold is responsible to have its o.vn payment agreement with the hauler. Electrical, bottle and natural gas lines, and phone service are available to all to.vnship resirtents. available asset for those wishing to subscribe. 26 Cable TV hook up is a nice �I I I I i I I I I I I I I I ~reation Open space, close metropolitan markets, and miles of river and streams • shorelines all add to the opportunities for recreational activities. Trurist oriented activities and recreation go hand-in-hand and infact it is us.ially tourist dollars spent in St. Charles that indirectly help finance recreational opportunities. recreation facilities. Property millage is what directly finances Regional scale recreation rescurces are available along with local recreation facilities and prcgrams for use by residents and trurists. Available Village facilities include a 30 acre rrunicipal park, which includes ball diaroonds, basketball and tennis courts, picnic area, swimming pool. Boat launching facilities are available at two locations on the Bad River and none on the Shiawasse River. Recreation prcgrar,s and activities are operated by several grrups, including the Park Colilllission, Little League, rrens and womens softball league and the St. Charles Cormunity &iucation Department. Annual celebrations and events include the July Sportmen's and Coal Miners Festival anrl Parade, fishing and golf tournaments, and river boat tour trips. The Shiawassee River State Game Area is a real asset that draws an abundance of wildlife and consequently draws sportsmen to the area fran other cities, counties, and states. The St. Charles Area River Management Society, LTD. is doing a wonderful job of pranoting boating by cleaning up the Bad and Shiawassee Rivers. Just to the Northeast of the to.vnship is the Hartley OUtdoor Education Center that brings many special grrups to the area to study arx:l enjoy nature. 27 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r CHAPTER V PLANNING REALIZATION 28 �The pattern of physical environments in St. Charles Township will be determined by the multitude of private decisions by investors, producers, and consumers. The long and short range goals, objectives, and policies, as evolved out of this Master Planning Process, will form the basis for planning decisions. The next Chapter (VI) will pin point these goals after considering the following material analysis: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Topics Assets Deficiencies Alternatives Transportation M-52 Hwy Poor gravel rds. in Twp. Use main paved rd. Residential & Housing Development Appleway Apt More houses to rent Oaks Apts. Summer Ridge Apts. Community Facilities Schools Hartley Nature Center Vil & Twp office Facilities Park Senior Citizens Center New museum Hartley Coal Mines Museum & Log Cabin Historic Preservation More duplexes Drive 12 miles to Saginaw Youth Development More private recreation Band School Activities facilities Church Youth Group Summer Park activities Ecology Club Environmental Beau tif ica tion actvi ties in Vil. Shiawassee State Game Area (S.S.G.A.) Recreation Use boat "drag- in More winter activities Good navigation Boat launching facilities spots" on Fergus & on the Bad River Ryan Rds. on Shia. River Sch. Comm. Ed Programs More park development Golf Course Park w/pool, ball fields Hunting access on s.s.G.A. 29 �Deficiencies Topics Assets Public Services Fire/Police depts. More coordinated efforts Ambulance Service be tween ambulances Health Center Library Veterinarian Downtown Resources Shopping District More parking No appliance type stores I I I I I I I I I f 30 Alternatives Good shopping about 12 mi. away. �~ -I I I I I I I I I CHAPTER VI GOALS, OBJECTIVES,~ POLICIES I I I I r I I I · 31 �-I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Goals, Objectives, and Policies Introduction As we move from goals through objectives to policies, the idea is that statements become more definitive relative to carrying out the most general goal statement. The goal formulation sequence, will therefore, begin with broad general development goals by functional activity areas, followed by objectives and policies. All of the goals, objectives and policies evolved through planning meetings and the public input process. The goals attest to broad statements about the way one would like to see growth and development take place in the St. Charles Township. Their very generality evades specific guidance for bringing about the goal statement, and in a sense, are not more than a state of mind or attitude about future conditions. What now remains is to narrow these statements to a more definitive pattern that can be pursued by the various areas of the township. Objectives and policies will be formulated for specific kinds of activities, such as land use, housing, recreation, etc., and their relationship to the overall goals of the plan will be identified. Statements of objectives are intended to bring about more definitive guidelines than are inherent in the goals statement, while the statement of policies represents a more finely tuned expression of intentions. The policies should identify what kinds of actions decision makers are capable of dealing with on a day to day basis. these in mind the following are formulated: 32 With �I I I I I I I I. BEAUTIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Goal To preserve and protect St. Charles Township's natural resources and open land wherever possible, including the acquisition of land when it becomes available and the coordination of land development in order to preserve its natural beauty. river and state game area, marshes, and wooded areas, should be preserved in a manner which best serves the citizens of the Township. Objectives 1. Strengthen and improve our program of litter control throughout the township. 2. Give careful attention to land development around the Shiawassee and Bad Rivers for the purpose of protecting them as desirable residential areas: a. - establish a regular procedure for implementing cooperation with St. Charles Village; I I I I I I I I Outstanding resources of the area such as the b. - establish the high water mark on these rivers and to locate an accessible benchmark; c. - require that all new buildings around these rivers be located above the high water mark; d. - make a study of the need for sanitary sewer services in these two areas. 3. Preserve and encourage the agricultural use of land within the township. This is especially important in view of the possibility of excessive development of non-agricultural land uses. II. PARKS AND RECREATION Goal To develop a recreation program to serve all the people of the township 33 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I during all seasons of the year. More areas should be provided for the public to make use of the Bad and Shiawassee Rivers. The aesthetic and recreational value of the rivers should be improved. Objectives 1. Consider acquiring and utilizing land for both township governmental facilities and for parks and recreation both in one location. 2. Acquire land for future park development. 3. Require the developers of housing, and sub-divisions to provide land for neighborhood parks in their developments. 4. Consider contracting with the Village's Parks Department for maintenance services in township parks. 5. In cooperation with the County or Regional Planning Commission, develop a township recreational plan. III. PUBLIC SAFETY Goal To provide a safe and pleasant environment for the people who live in St. Charles Township. Objectives 1. Develop 911 emergency phone service. 2. Give increased attention to the control of dams, lake levels, and to the construction, repair and maintenance of dams throughout the county. 3. Seek outside financing for dam and river controls. 4. The need for ordinances to lessen danger at intersections should be investigated. 5. The need for 6. Improve police and fire protection to keep pace with population growth. 7. Encourage stricter judicial enforcement especially for juveniles. 8. Encourage barrier-free access to exisi ting commercial and public buildings. 9. Encourage an evacuation program and warning system for all natural disasters. speed signs in residential areas should be investigated. 34 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV. HEAL TH SERVICES Goal To ensure adequate health care and services for all residents of St. Charles Township. Objectives 1. Continue to support efforts of the County Board of Commissioners and non-profit organizations to improve health services in the County and Township. 2. Continue to support efforts to recruit physicians, medical and ancillary personnel for the Township. 3. Work toward the expansion of medical clinics which should be located throughout the county. This applies both to existing and to new facilities. 4. Work toward obtaining a twenty-four hour emergency facility to serve the township residents. 5. Work toward increasing the number of custodial or semi-skilled nursing care facilities. 6. Continue to support and improve the provision of ambulance service throughout the county. 7. Continue to support drug abuse control programs. 8. Continue to support resident medical personnel already established within the towns hip. v. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Goal Farm land should be preserved for farming without placing an unreasonable burden on growth. Adequate zoning should be implemented and enforced. 35 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I VI. HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Goal To encourage the development of adequate housing for all the people of the towns hip. Objectives 1. Develop senior citizen housing that is either public or private. 2. Develop housing for low income residents. 3. Encourage the rehabilitation of existing housing units. 4. Encourage the development of density controls in residential areas. 5. Proper protective restrictions for all residential dwellings should be developed. 6. Uniform procedures for residential development which spell out exactly what is required should be provided and be made available for prospective developers, contractors, and home owners. 7. An adequate sub-division control ordinance should be provided. VII. COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT Goal Commercial development should be planned and orderly. Objectives 1. Major commercial zoning should be limited to areas along the major highways. A 50 to 80 foot set-back should be considered for this development. 2. The development of limited neighborhood commercial areas should be considered • VIII. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Goal Industrial growth in the Township should be encouraged and restricted to 36 �I I I certain areas. 1. Within the township, encourage only high quality development by developers of good reputation. 2. The Township Pladning Commission should consider requiring construction of curbs and gutters by developers along all streets in commercially and industrial zoned areas, stressing limited access wherever possible. 3. Encourage innovative land use. 4. Provide an emergency and public safety plan by all industries. I I ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT I I I I I I I I I I I I -I Goal To strengthen and diversify the economic base of St. Charles Township by encouraging the growth of businesses and industries which are compatible with the Township's and county's general developmental goals. Objectives 1. Develop a program to establish industrial development areas in order to encourage private enterprise and industry which will balance with our environment. Careful consideration should be given to providing parking, highway access and power sources together with other vital services. 2. Attract financing for commercial, .industrial, and business expansion. 3. Encourage the commercial development of the county's recreational resources. x. UTILITIES Goal To ensure that all citizens will have access to the most modern, safe, and healthful utility services that are feasible everywhere within Saginaw County. Objectives 1. Explore the need for public water sys terns to serve various areas of the township. 37 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2. Develop additional facilities and locations for solid waste pick-up and disposal with strict enforcement standards. 3. Develop controls over disposal of toxic wastes • 4. • Encourage the underground placement of utilities. 5. Encourage the development of a workable county-wide telephone exchange. 6. Encourage the development and construction of additional sanitary sewers throughout the Township. 7. Urban development should not be allowed without provision for utilities. If there is no sewer service in an area, the population density in that area should be predicated on soil conditions so that pollution will never be a problem. 8. The conservation of energy should be considered when utilities are provided. 9. The Township should establish regulations concerning who must pay for sewers and other utilities, who is allowed to hook up to sewer lines, who must pay for sewer lines passing vacant property, and other related circumstances. In the future, developers or developments will bear the cost of water and sewer services, including the extension of existing lines to their development. XI. TOWNSHIP GOVERNMENT Goal Township governments should continue to improve and serve the needs of the people. St. Charles Township and the Village of St. Charles should cooperate politically and otherwise for the mutual benefit of both. The goal is to have growth of the entire community, city, and township. Objectives 1. The zoning ordinance should be updated and enforced. 2. The populace should be urged to be involved in the Township government. 3. The Township government officials should communicate with the citizens in all feasible ways. 4. There should be mutual planning between the Township and the Village for coordination of public services such as fire protection, sewer and water services. 38 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5. Cooperation with neighboring townships should be increased in order to give special attention to land developments along or near township boundaries. XII. PLANNING Goal Future planning for St. Charles Township should be done in harmony with the township goals. Objectives 1. The land use plans which are available in the Township, the Village, adjacent townships, and Saginaw County prior to the development of the master growth plan, should be inventoried and studied. 2. Extensive development should be restricted to areas near the Village. In other areas building should be limited to a density that will not require special services such as sewers. 3. The projected population growth of the Township should be considered. 4. Planning should provide for an orderly growth pattern which deals with the demands for both the amount and variety of land. 5. The expertise of professional planners should be secured. 6. Consideration should be given to the population density required to support urban facilities. 7. Consideration should be given to the economy necessary to deal with population growth. 8. Consideration should be given to participation in the Federal Flood Insurance program. 9. There should be mutual planning between the Township and the Village to assure that the zoning ordinances, regulations, and related units are as uniform as possible. I J J 39 �'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Chapter VII PLAN SUMMARY Implementation Conclusion I I I I • 40 �'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 'I PLAN SUMMARY AND IMPLEMENTATION Before the adoption of the Township Master Plan or any such part; amendment, extension, or addition the Planning Commission shall hold at least one (1) public hearing theron and properly post such notice theron as outlined by the State Township Planning Act, No. 168, of 1960. Once the Comprehensive Plan is completed and formally adopted in text form, the real work comes to force: Implementation. In too many instances, the advisory document is shelved once the initial planning work is completed and becomes a dust collector for time immemorial. It is essential the Planning Commission thoroughly understand the Master Plan and impart it to officials in a position to implement them. The preparation and adoption of this Master Plan puts the Township of St. Charles in a good position to control and direct future growth and development. The text is as important as any of the Land Use maps in this document and therefore should be consulted any time a land use issue has to be resolved. It is important that members of the Planning Commission, the Township Board, the Zoning Board of Appeals and the citizens understand the broad objectives of the Master Plan. However, simply having a Plan is not enough; it must be put into effect. Implementation of the Plan requires the continuous efforts of elected officials, Zoning and Planning Commission, and Zoning Board of Appeals whose primary legal tool is the Zoning Ordinance. The Township Zoning Ordinance, that became effective in 1970, is now often inappropriate and it must be reviewed and modernized. This is especially critical now that this Master Plan has been prepared. The first step toward implementation of this Plan is evaluating the existing Zoning Ordinance. The soon to be revised Ordinances will be based on and incorporate the proposals and recommendations contained in this plan. 41 Once zoning is put into effect, �J it must be properly administered. Building, health, special use, occupancy, and zoning permits should be issued in keeping with the terms of the Zoning Plan and Ordinance regulations. CONCLUSIONS l I I I I I I Based on soil conditions and the current economy, St. Charles Township should remain an agriculturally based community. Few development pressures are currently being felt from commercial and industrial interests. Preserving farmland is a priority according to local officials and the primary tools to achieve this goal are through zoning or the Farmland Preservation Act, which are already available in St. Charles Township. A commitment to sound policies controlling and guiding future growth will assist in correction of present problems and help ensure that future problems related to unguided development do not occur. Considering the information provided in this document, the Township Planning Commission recommends to the Township Board that it enforce the goals and policies as summarized below: I 1. To preserve and protect the agricultural land by encouraging only that growth which would not be detrimental to the agricultural economy. I I I 2. To preserve and protect consummable and recreational water resources from contamination by discouraging intensive development of either commercial, residential or recreational areas. 3. To encourage growth only at a level which will not become a burden on the Township's ability to provide services. 4. To encourage private enterprise for commercial, industrial, or recreational development, but only to the extent that the natural environment and community life styles are not threatened or damaged. 5. To develop the physical form of the Township according to the adopted zoning ordinance which provides for a variety of opportunities; is responsive to Township needs; and reflects constraints necessary to provide for a quality life for the residents of St. Charles. I I I I 42 �I I I I I I I The Township Board of Supervisors and the Planning Commission must constantly keep abreast of new developments in municipal, township, and county planning elsewh~re. From the body of such experience, and on the basis of precedents established, the Planning Commission can bring to bear the results of others for the benefit of its own jurisdiction. - I I I I I I I ' 43 �'I I I I I I APPENDIX I I I I • 44 �-I S1~ CH A RLE S T OVV N S HIP OF I I I I I T IO~l. -F\. 3 E. SA.6INAW C..OONTY GAME I I I I I I I ..:·:..•..'•.•••• .' . .... ...... '• ....''...... ...'...... ........ ,••• t• • I • • ~ L] rresent Or dinanc e Map f0 r mu ■ A/ RURAL A<,!UC UL TURAL A ~GRICULTURAI . ,,,, " H1 '1.TT fA~ rJ Y ~ . . , , _ RESIDENTIAL l!li f;/ ...... ~ , •'.•'., ~ ~ COMMERCIAL l'.'IDUSTRIAL ,, IAREc; IDF.NTT :\1. fl'. DEVELOPMENT �I I Figure il::NvNSI-\IP tJ OF ST CHARLES SAGINA.W C.OUNTV T(ON.-R. 3 E o .0 O 0 ~ 17 0 0 • 0 .-· - e • 0 0 0 0 t O C 0 •••• ::::~·• .. ..... . :,.... ,:, .. .. ...... .......' ....... , •It If ,••· □ RURAL AGRICULTURAL mu AGRICULTURAL a11d ~ ■ a MULTI FAMILY RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL I • f • ... ... INDUSTRIAL ~ RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT • t ,: m FOREST AND RECREATION � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context St-Charles-Twp_Master-Plan_1985 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource St. Charles Township Zoning and Planning Board, St. Charles Township, Saginaw County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-06 Title A name given to the resource Master Plan for the Township of St. Charles Description An account of the resource The Master Plan for the Township of St. Charles was prepared by the St. Charles Township Zoning and Planning Board in June 1985. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports St. Charles Township (Mich.) Saginaw County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/68c4861aface91c1e6ce2bcc92baf1a8.pdf d0bd1a813e743f5c9ab2b42fab7c122c PDF Text Text St. Joseph Charter Township, MI 2017 MASTER PLAN Approved by the Planning Commission June 6, 2017 Adopted by the Township Board July 10, 2017 BE R RI EN COUNTY ':-1 Full Service Community" �TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction .................................... 4 • What is a Master Plan? • Previous Planning Efforts • Creating the Master Plan Chapter2.CommunityProfile .......................... 8 • Setting and History • Physical Characteristics • Transportation and Mobility • Community Facilities • Demographics Chapter3.Goals,Objectives,andActions ..... 24 • Community Vision • Goals, Objectives, and Actions Chapter4.FutureLandUse............................. 28 • Future Land Use Designations • Future Land Use Map Chapter5.Implementation .............................. 34 • Use the Plan on a Regular Basis • Implementation Matrix • Review of Development Regulations • Potential Funding Sources Appendix A: Resources.............................................................41 Appendix B: Maps.................................................................... 41 Appendix C: Expenditures per Person Actual and Projected.........................................56 Appendix D: Illustrative Plan Example.................................58 Appendix E: Community Vision Document .......................60 St. Joseph Charter Township 2017 Master Plan Berrien County, Michigan Adopted July 10, 2017 Planning Commission Master Plan Steering Committee Jonathan Fisk , Chairman Michelle Alger , Vice-Chairman Ben Baker , Secretary James Hahn , Commissioner John Helsley , Commissioner Ray Matejczyk , Commissioner Cathy Matthews , Recording Secretary Tom Milnikel , Commissioner, Ex Michelle Alger, Denise Cook, Bruce Chapman, Mark Curtis, Tim Fenderbosch, Jonathan Fisk, James Hahn, Melissa Hahn, Jerr y Jones, Alissa McManus, Randy Reimers, Roger Seely, Bill Thomas Officio (Township Board Liason) Board of Trustees Roger Seely , Supervisor Denise Cook , Manager Patrice Rose , Clerk Dave Vonk , Treasurer Ed Meny , Trustee Ron Griffin , Trustee Melissa Hahn , Trustee Tom Milnikel , Trustee Prepared with assistance from: Wightman & Associates, Inc. 2303 Pipestone Road Benton Harbor, MI 49022 (269) 927-0100 www.wightman-assoc.com BE R RI - EN COUN T Y 'II Full Service Community" I I lliiil WIGHTMAN & ASSOCIATES, INC. ENGINEERING . SURVEYING . ARCHITECTURE 2 Table of Contents/ Acknowledgments St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Transmittal Letter 3000 Washington Avenue / P.O. Box 147 / St. Joseph, MI 49085 / Phone: (269) 429-7703 / Web: www.sjct.org BE R R I EN CO UN TY 'ii Full Service Community" To the Citizens of St. Joseph Charter Township, The process of updating the Master Plan began with listening to you, the citizens of the Township. During the community engagement effort, several themes emerged. We heard what many believe: St. Joseph Charter Township is “a community of great beauty, service, and convenience”. We are justifiably proud of our community as a great place to live. The engagement process also revealed we believe our Township has some shortcomings. The physical features of the community, both natural and man-made, create barriers which separate the Township into sections. By addressing those barriers, the identity of the Township can be strengthened and greater social connections established, which will allow a community that is already a great place to live to become even better. Michigan law requires every municipality that provides zoning have a comprehensive land use plan, referred to as a Master Plan. That plan should be updated every five years to address changes and needs in the municipality. When it is finalized, this document will become the new St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan. The plan provides justification for the Township Zoning Ordinance while addressing the needs identified through the community engagement efforts. The Implementation Matrix in the Master Plan contains steps which, when achieved, will lead to continued improvements in the outstanding quality of life already afforded our residents. Our sincere thanks go to everyone who contributed to this effort. This document will serve as a guide to future development. The Master Plan contains reasonable and attainable goals. While some goals will require more time and effort than others, once they are achieved the Township will be on the path to more fully realizing, “a community of healthy living opportunity connected to nature”. Sincerely, Denise Cook, Manager St. Joseph Charter Township Roger Seely, Supervisor St. Joseph Charter Township St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Jonathan Fisk, Chair Planning Commission St. Joseph Charter Township Patrice Rose, Clerk St. Joseph Charter Township Transmittal Letter 3 �CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION WHAT IS A MASTER PLAN? Purposes of the Master Plan A common question is, what is a Master Plan? And even more specifically, what is the role of the Township’s Master Plan? This Plan serves many functions and can be used in a variety of ways, but its usefulness is determined by the willingness of the Township and others to actively support and implement its vision and goals. In general, the Master Plan sets a course for future development, reinvestment, and growth within St. Joseph Charter Township. It represents a shared vision about what the community is, what its residents value, and what the community desires it to become. The Master Plan is an “umbrella document,” and brings together plans and studies from other agencies, highlights goals and objectives based on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses, presents a coordinated long-range approach, and provides the framework and basis for sound decision making. • The Master Plan is a general statement of the Township’s vision, goals, and policies. It provides a comprehensive view of the community’s desires for the future. • The Plan aids in daily land use decision making. The vision and goals outlined in the Plan are intended to guide the Planning Commission and the Township Board in their deliberations on zoning, capital improvements, and other related matters. • This Master Plan establishes the basis for the zoning ordinance, parks and recreation, capital improvements, land use policies, and other implementation tools. • The Plan provides continuity across time, and allows successive leadership a common framework for addressing land-use issues. In turn, the community and others will have advance knowledge of its intentions. • The Master Plan provides a framework to coordinate public improvements and private developments by creating development patterns that are orderly, rational, and provide the greatest benefit for all while avoiding conflicts between land uses. Overall, the St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan intends to establish clear direction and expectations for the Township and meet the requirements established by the Michigan Planning Enabling Act of 2008. Right: St. Joseph Charter Township Hall located at 3000 Washington Avenue 4 Chapter 1. Introduction St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Relationship to Zoning Keeping the Plan Current The Master Plan is the long range planning document upon which planning and zoning decisions are based, including creating and amending the Township Zoning Ordinance. Although the Master Plan is a policy document and does not have the force of law, it is the basis of the Zoning Ordinance and Zoning Map. Fulfilling the vision outlined in the Plan will not occur overnight. The Master Plan provides a sense of direction for the present and is a guide for the future. Understanding this, the Plan should not be rigidly administered; changing conditions that can affect its original intentions should be acknowledged and addressed. The Master Plan is the document that lays out the Township’s future, while the Zoning Ordinance provides the day-to-day regulations for land use. Therefore, the land use designations on the Future Land Use Map may not directly correlate with the zoning districts or existing uses. However, the Master Plan reflects the community’s long range desires for land development, so as land uses and market demands change, it is expected future re-zonings will be made to conform to the Master Plan. A plan that is not referenced on a continual basis, or one that is outdated, can weaken decisions. Over time, goals may be achieved and new ones needed, or individual zoning decisions may change the direction of development in a certain part of the Township. Where decisions lead to land use approvals contrary to the Plan, it should be amended to reflect these changes. The areas delineated on the Future Land Use Map are called “land use designations” and are different from zoning districts on the Zoning Map. It is important to note their differences: the land use designation is the desired long range land use, whereas the zoning district dictates what can happen now. Chapter 4 includes descriptions of the proposed future land uses and how they correlate with current zoning districts. This can be used to determine how the Zoning Ordinance can be amended to implement the recommendations of this Master Plan. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan The Michigan Planning Enabling Act requires the Planning Commission to prepare an annual report to the Township Board concerning its operations and the status of planning activities. As a part of this report, a meeting should be held to review the Master Plan ensuring changes are taken into consideration and amendments are made to keep it current and consistent with Township philosophies. Furthermore, the Planning Commission should periodically solicit public opinion about the Master Plan using surveys, public meetings, or other means to engage the community. The Planning Act also requires review of the Master Plan at least every five years to determine whether amendments are needed, or if the process for a new Master Plan should be started. An annual review will not only fulfill this requirement but also ensure the Master Plan remains a relevant and useful document. PREVIOUS PLANNING EFFORTS Community Planning History St. Joseph Charter Township has engaged in land use planning and policymaking for over 40 years. The first Comprehensive Plan was completed in cooperation with the Village of Shoreham in 1973. It was revised and updated in 1982, 1993, and 2007. The Comprehensive Plan was updated as changes occurred in the demographics, economy, and as the Township entered different phases of growth and evolution. Historically, the Township has sought to preserve its rural and residential character. Previous master plan policies focused on promoting open space, single family residences, expanding thoroughfare capacity, and insulating residential land uses from conflicting commercial developments. Today, the community is experiencing pressure from social and economic changes including limited population growth, an aging population, and rising costs to provide existing or new services. Few developable parcels remain with many constrained by their size, shape, and location. Changing preferences include the demand from both young and old for more compact, connected, and amenity-focused environments. The desire for these types of environments are driving the relocation of people, jobs, and ultimately prosperity. Chapter 1. Introduction 5 �Local and Regional Plans In addition to the previous Comprehensive Plan, this planning effort reviewed and builds upon a number of other documents such as: Berrien County Master Plan (2015) This plan provides overall guidance in managing the growth, preservation, and development of the County, much of which is carried out by local governments. St. Joseph Charter Township Parks and Recreation Plan (2014) This plan provides a guide for future park and recreation planning in the Township through 2018. It includes an inventory of all recreational assets along with goals, objectives, and actions for the future. Southwest Michigan Non-Motorized Transportation Plan (2011) This plan provides a non-motorized transportation vision for southwest Michigan advocating collobaration, coordinated funding, and connectivity between communities. Others Plans Include: • What Moves You, TwinCATS? 2013-2040 Long Range Transportation Plan • Development Program for Hollywood Road: St. Joseph Charter & Royalton Townships (2008) • Moving Forward: A Plan for Public Transit in Berrien County (2014) • Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan • Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (2013) • • City of St. Joseph Master Plan (2015) City of Benton Harbor Master Plan (2011) • Village of Shoreham Master Plan (2009) CREATING THE MASTER PLAN A collaborative effort, the Master Plan process began in 2014 and was developed with the input and support of many citizens as well as members of the Township Board, Planning Commission, staff, and advisors. The planning process included the following general steps: Right: Information Gathering at Riverview Park. Far Right: Public Workshop at the Township Hall. 6 Chapter 1. Introduction St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Phase1–ProjectStart-Upand Community Engagement • Initiate Master Planning process and develop a scheduled work plan • Establish a steering committee with a mix of Township staff, residents, and consultants • Discuss issues, opportunities, trends, and community values via community workshop and various steering committee meetings Phase2–StudyandAnalysis • Conduct data gathering and research • Continue to meet with the steering committee members to refine the community’s vision and goals • Gather input and feedback from the community via publicized information gathering booths as well as a graphic preference survey • Present the culminating St. Joseph Charter Township Community Vision document and make it available on the Township website Common Themes Throughout the planning process several overriding themes emerged: 1. Predominantly a bedroom community, the Township is an established, stable, and attractive place to live. The neighborhood character will be preserved and enhanced; and the natural environment protected and better integrated into the community. 2. Township land is nearly 100% occupied. Future growth will be within infill and redevelopment opportunities and in certain areas with increased density where appropriate. 3. Projected population within the Township and County predict minimal growth. An aging population will desire to age in place with appropriate housing options, convenient access to goods, services, and entertainment. Places with a mix of uses that are distinctive and contribute to the community’s overall vitality are preferred. Phase 3 – Master Plan Documentation4. A wider range of housing options, both existing and new construction, will be andAdoption encouraged. Places will be better connected; • Work with the Planning Commission and streets will create an attractive public realm, Township Board to refine goals, objectives, and more opportunities will be created to data gathering, and implementation strategies walk and bike. • Prepare and distribute a draft of the Plan 5. Future population growth is needed for sustainability. New household growth will • Hold a Public Hearing, leading to formal bring additional consumer spending and adoption and endorsement of the Master Plan improve economic sustainability for local government services and private business. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan 6. Cooperation with other communities, agencies, and regional job growth will aid in future economic sustainability. Job growth within easy commuting distances will provide opportunities for increased household incomes for existing and future residents. Plan Organization This Plan is organized by subject area. Each chapter, or “plan element”, contains relevant data (gathered from the census, other agencies, plans and documents), public input results, discussion of future trends, analysis, and recommendations. The Township’s vision and guiding statement are included along with goals, objectives, and actions to achieve and support the Future Land Use Plan. An implementation matrix provides project priority, timing, potential funding sources, and entities capable or responsible for implementation. With this understanding, Township officials seek the help and cooperation of its citizens and those interested in participating in realizing the vision set forth in this Plan. Chapter 1. Introduction 7 �CHAPTER 2. COMMUNITY PROFILE SETTING AND HISTORY Settlement and Early Days St. Joseph Charter Township is a community of approximately 10,000 people located on the east shore of Lake Michigan, almost directly across the lake, some sixty miles from Chicago. Situated in the northwest portion of Berrien County, it enjoys a high level of regional and national access due to the area’s airport, rail, and highway network. In 1675, Jacques Marquette, the first pioneer to set foot in Berrien County discovered the St. Joseph River during his expeditions to map the northern Mississippi River. As settlers located further inland, the river became their link to the outside world. The strategic importance of Southwestern Michigan to the early pioneers is emphasized by the struggle for its control. The old Fort St. Joseph at Niles was owned at various times by France, Spain, and England before it finally became a territory after the Revolutionary War. Besides Lake Michigan, its most significant natural features include the St. Joseph River and Hickory Creek which trisect the Township. The Township is neighbored to the north by the Cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, to the east by Benton Township, to the southeast by Royalton Township, and to the south by Lincoln Township. Michigan Wisconsin The area serves as a hub for the rural districts and smaller adjacent communities. Nearby cities include Michigan City, Indiana; South Bend, Indiana; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Holland, Michigan. The Township’s first permanent settler arrived in 1780 but it was another 50 years before true settlement began and the Township incorporated in 1832. In 1836, opening of the Territorial Road and improvements to the harbor increased travel between Detroit and Chicago. Beginning in 1885, the area began to develop its industrial potential which included primarily Foundry, Machinery, and Food Processing industries. St. Joseph Charter Township 50 Miles Right: Regional Setting and Location Map Berrien County Illinois 8 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 100 Miles 150 Miles Ohio Indiana St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Mid-Century Growth Organized in 1832, land in the Township was predominantly agricultural until the middle to late 20th century brought more growth as the automobile spurred construction of suburban and highway commercial development. Fair Plain, located in the northeast portion of the Township, followed a more “traditional” pattern of development with a gridded street network and identifiable center at the intersections of Napier and Colfax Avenues. Across the St. Joseph River, several natural and man-made corridors resulted in a more fragmented street network and predominantly residential land use. Commercial and industrial uses were located and spread out along Niles Avenue, Hilltop Road, and Lakeshore Drive (currently within the Village of Shoreham). Recent History Recent decades have continued to bring new development to the Township with many businesses and services locating closer to highways and the interstate. And while Township land is nearly built out there are some remaining developable areas. A number of industries are located in its Palladium Drive Business Park, and it seeks to attract more to increase the community’s tax base. Property is still available for residential growth but it is anticipated that redevelopment in certain areas aimed at providing a growing need for a variety of housing types will occur. Meanwhile, maintaining the Township’s reputation as a quality, upper-class bedroom community is important. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Land Use St. Joseph Charter Township has an area of nearly 7 square miles with a mix of land use and development types. Existing land use within the Township includes residential, commercial, industrial, recreation and open space, waterfront, community facilities (public/ semi-public), and some agricultural. The community enjoys several parks and natural spaces that provide residents with access to local amenities and a quiet, attractive quality of life. The existing land use pattern and future land use plan are to a great extent defined by major transportation and natural corridors. The St. Joseph River bisects the community into two halves - each predominantly residential but with the western half host to much of the Township’s industry and businesses. Interstate 94, Hickory Creek, and the railroad further separate areas in the western half of the Township. Natural Environment The area owes its existence, evolution, and present physical structure to the geological forces which shaped Michigan during the Ice Age. As the glaciers advanced and retreated, they left rolling topography and deposited an assortment of soils. Melting ice drenched the land with water which eroded the hills, filled depressions with silt, and cut new ravines as it ran off. The St. Joseph River became the main draining channel in the area emptying into Lake Michigan and establishing the site of the community. Most of Berrien County is in the St. Joseph River drainage basin. One of the larger drainage basins in Michigan, major tributaries to the St. Joseph River include Coldwater River, Prairie River, Pigeon River, Little Elkhart River, Elkhart River, Dowagiac River, and the Paw Paw River. The Township is near the 42nd parallel north, which is the circle of latitude 42 degrees north of the equatorial plane. At this latitude, the sun is visible for 15 hours, 15 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 7 minutes during the winter solstice. The climate of the area is influenced by the prevailing winds from the west which are cooled in summer and warmed in winter as they pass over Lake Michigan. The mean annual temperature for the county is fifty (50) degrees and the mean annual rainfall is thirty-nine (39) inches. This moderate climate contributes to its agricultural diversity and is ideal for fruit cultivation. It is also well known for attracting visitors to the extent that it has been a tourism destination since the late 1800s. The primary soil types identified in the Township can be found on the Soils Map (page 43). Soils within the Township are predominantly welldrained with moderately well-drained soils in the northwest and southwest corners. The poorly drained soils are mostly located in the flood plain areas of various creeks and the St. Joseph River. These areas are illustrated in the Flood Potential Map located in this chapter (page 11) and the Wetlands Map (page 44). Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 9 �I Legend Woodw ff Blu ard Parker May l I U ti c a eca Carrie Maple Locust Kevin Napier Broadmoor Lombard Russell Krolow Commonwealth Fairplain Lu Al Roncy Marral od Bluffwo Lincoln McLin Kim Marvin Dozer E I 94/Nile M an i t o u s dium Palla 4 Royal Crest Lonesome Pine 4 Cambridge Cambridge Maiden Arlington Kedzie K nox Celina EI9 Nash Meade Valley Estates E s ta t e s Ravine ey v ie w Tennis Lattimer WI9 y Eas Bluffwood Ansley Miller Vineland Ventnor Bluffwood Sheridan Clemens Old Hickory Commonwealth Elm Samuel il Tr a Washington Tanbark H ic C ko Hi re ry llv ek ie w a Marilyn Sa nd r Cleveland k on Garden Va ll ol i a gn r re es ho La k Wissing Maiden Grant Dozer Austin Meadow Wadena Carley Estates George Anthony Field Trebor n sei La w Valley Vie Churchill ga s Tucker Westwood C ir c l e Tra f al r ve Briarcliff le Ni Shoreham ey View Vall Acorn tview es Cr Chapter 2. CommunityProfile Trail Aurilla Nelson Lake Bluff Woodgate WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Oakridge Jean Ann Hickory Heights Ma Data Sources: Wedgewood Fairlawn Aurilla Lake Michigan Ri Brown School Willow Vinewood Susan Shoreham N:RTV SELUM A. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Karen Ri ve rb en d h ep os Yu Downey Jakway tJ in Sa Hanley M anor Delaware Brownway Jamesway Brenda a Bri stol Existing Land Use Map Cedar Cam elo t August a Ea Lo r r e st H ill s Lo r Hoover Hunter Brownway Spencer Fisk Lormar Harry Dell A r bor State Lynn An n Fo int Po gle Essex Viking Chippewa Lyola ca Point rside t Rive Poin Pi ne Hawthorne Gary Lynwood Lydia Brunn Railroad Dale Wagner Hilltop Village of Shoreham 10 Montezuma n Napier Township Boundary Roads Bradford Pontiac oc si Western Ottawa Blac k M /. I Parcels 131028 haw k Limited Industrial Shawnee Miami Onondaga Cayuga Royalton Heights 1111 1111 Community Facilities 1111 Recreation/Open Space 1111 Water Oriented i n Se - I. Automotive Oriented Commercial D r dso Win 1111 Low Density Residential 1111 High/Medium Residential 1111 Commercial ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Legend Parker Ill Homes vulnerable to Flooding M ay ds Win 100 Year Floodplain or ( Lombard Commonwealth Elm il Tr a Washingto n Maple Celina Ked zie Kevin Napier Fricke Gerald Krolow Russ ell Marral Roncy Bluffw o Royalton Heights Lincoln McLin Meade Marvin WI9 y E as od Doze 4 EI9 M an i t o u P 4 EI9 r 4/N i le s i um all ad Cambridge M ai den Dell A r bor Ca mb ridge Arlington Royal Crest Lone some Pine Nash Knox Lattimer Ki m Estates E st a t e s Old Hickory Bluff wood Bluff wood Ansley Miller Clemens Locust r y vi e w Va l le Tenn is Carrie Tanbark H ic k Hi re ory llv ek ie w C ra M ar ily n Sa nd Cleveland k on G a rd en Wissing or e sh ke La Grant Sheridan Vineland Ventnor e D o ze r o lia s gn r ve ile Maiden Carley Estates George Anthony estview Cr Woo Heights C ir c le Austin Lake Bluff dgat e M e adow L w Valley Vi e O a kr i d g Tu cke r Westwood Field Trebor e in as N Trail Va lley C h u r ch i l l View ga Tr a f a l Ri H i cko r y Aurilla Wadena Briarcliff ve rb en d h ep Fairlawn Nelson O u te r Downey Brenda Jean Ann Valley Ma St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Wedgewood Aurilla Acorn Willow Vine wood Susan Brownway Jamesway os Karen J nt M anor August Jakway Ri Shoreham Shoreham Hoover Brownway ra Bri Brown School Lake Michigan Fairplain Samuel ra Ea Lo i Sa Yu e lo t Gary Spencer Lo H i ll s r e st P oi nt t Poin Fo rsi de L yn n An n Rive int Po e gl stol H a nl ey Viking C am Dale Lynwood Ly dia Lu Al State Wagner Hilltop Essex Cedar Harry Hunter Hawthorne 131028 Fisk Lormar ! Pine WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Chippewa Napier Brunn Township Assessor Database Download 11/2/2016 FEMA Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Bra dfo rd Broadmoor Mont ezum a n ( Flood Potential Map Data Sources: Ottawa Lyola si Western Pontiac oc a c Railroad M Roads aw k ) Village of Shoreham Seneca Cayuga S haw n ee Miam i CJ Township Boundary U ti c a Onondaga ckh Parcels Bla ~ ~ uff Bl liv e O ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 11 �TRANSPORTATION AND MOBILITY Street and Highway Network A balanced, efficient, and well-connected transportation system provides access to goods, services, and community resources, and supports land use development through a variety of modes. The primary mode of transportation within the Township is the automobile but residents, visitors, and businesses are also served by a network of developing bicycle and pedestrian facilities, waterways, air, rail, and bus service. Roads within Michigan and across the country are categorized by the National Function Classification (NFC) System. The functional classification determines the type of traffic a street will carry and the level of access it requires to serve adjacent land uses. This hierarchy is related to the number of vehicles (traffic volume) a street is designed to accommodate. The NFC system classifies roads into the following categories: Transportation Planning and TwinCATS A metropolitan planning organization (MPO) is a transportation policy-making organization made up of representatives from local government and transportation authorities. The Southwest Michigan Planning Commission (SWMPC) is the designated MPO for the Benton Harbor/ St. Joseph urbanized area, also known as the Twin Cities Area Transportation Study (TwinCATS). TwinCATS develops and maintains the Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) for the area and develops a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) based on the goals of the LRTP. What Moves You, TwinCATS, 2040 Long Range Transportation Plan, approved in 2013, provides inventories of existing transportation systems, goals for improvement of these systems, and specific project recommendations. For more information about transportation-related issues, please refer to the aforementioned TwinCATS 2040 Long Range Transportation Plan. 12 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile RoadClassification PrincipalArterials These roads generally carry long distance, through-travel trips. They also provide access to important traffic generators, such as major airports or regional shopping centers. Examples include interstates, freeways, state routes between and within large cities. An example within the Township is Interstate 94. Minor Arterials These roads are similar in function to principal arterials, but shorter in length and serve lesser traffic generators. Minor arterials focus on regional connectivity and place more emphasis on land access. Examples within the Township include M-63/ Niles Road and Red Arrow Highway/ Lakeshore Drive (Business Loop 94). Collectors These roads provide more access to property than arterials and funnel traffic from residential and rural areas to arterial roads. Collectors in the Township include, among others, Napier Avenue, Colfax Avenue, Hilltop Road, and Cleveland Avenue. Local These roads provide access to property and homes and are not designed to accommodate high volumes of traffic. Examples include residential streets and lightly-traveled county roads. Local streets in the Township include, among others, Maiden Lane, Fair PlainAvenue, and Vineland Road. Among the roads in St. Joseph Charter Township, state routes such as Interstate 94 and M-63 are under the jurisdiction of the Michigan Department of Transportation. Primary and local roads are maintained by the Berrien County Road Commission with the State Motor Vehicle Highway Fund matched by Township funds. Access Management An effective way to improve the character and function of thoroughfares is through Access Management. Many of the existing driveways and parking areas serving commercial and office developments are not interconnected and serve only one parcel. By consolidating driveways and connecting destinations with shared access, the Township could improve safety, traffic flow, and aesthetics. The greatest benefit would come from implementing access management along major routes such as Niles Road, near major intersections, and as new construction or redevelopment site plans are reviewed. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Legend Road Classification . Interstate Highway County Road - Primary County Road - Local Paved County Road - Local Unpaved Napier I Village of Shoreham Local Roads Fairplain D Township Boundary Wester n Colfax Parcels Miam i /I State Highway D May Hoover Hilltop Railroad Jakway Washington Hawthorne N ile s tJ in Sa Thoroughfare Classification Map h ep os Ri H ic C ko re ry ek r ve Brown School 94 I .•• I I L 1 '--" Lincoln l BR ¦ ¨ § I -L ..- ~ Nelson I I J I ~1._ I I I I I r1 __JI Maiden A 131028 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan r ze Do 94 Data Sources: WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. 63 ¦ ¨ § jr~ Berrien County Road Commission Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library L---1_ 9 : r-•-,-.--••" _,,4 i j I Vineland I Hollywood Cleveland Lake Michigan I Royalton Heights _,.,. Shoreham ' ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 13 �Pavement Conditions Non-Motorized Infrastructure Pavement Surface Evaluation Rating, or PASER, is a visual test of the surface condition of the road focused on pavement conditions prepared each year by the Southwest Michigan Planning Commission, Berrien County Representatives, and the Michigan Department of Transportation. PASER uses 10 separate ratings to evaluate the distress of pavement and groups the 10 ratings into three categories based upon the type of work that is required for each rating: Routine Maintenance (Good), Capital Preventative Maintenance (Fair), and Structural Improvement (Poor). The Transportation Asset Management Council (TAMC) utilizes the most current data available as of 2016. Where data was not available, the previous year’s data was used. As such, some improvements have been made and accuracy of the map is not guaranteed. The Township is committed to providing a variety of non-motorized transportation options to residents and visitors; and is well positioned to benefit from and support regional efforts to enhance pedestrian and bicycle facilities. Regional initiatives aimed at expanding and connecting non-motorized pathways include efforts by The Strategic Leadership Council Taxpayer Group, SWMPC, TwinCATS, and MDOT. Other Transportation Types Rail freight service, provided by CSX, runs north and south through the Township with Amtrak offering passenger service in the Cities of St. Joseph, New Buffalo, and Niles. The nearest commercial airports are located in South Bend, Indiana and Kalamazoo, Michigan with smaller general aviation airports in Benton Harbor, Watervliet, Berrien Springs, and Niles, Michigan. The Twin Cities area is also served by both commercial and recreational harbor facilities. Bus service is available through four separate public transit agencies within the County. Several transit focused studies have called for improved coordination and service. The Township should support these efforts and others as public transportation becomes increasingly important. 14 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile The Non-Motorized Infrastructure Map, shown right, includes existing and proposed routes within the Township. Locations for potential trail head and pedestrian crossings are illustrated to ensure improvements are coordinated. Within the Township, better pedestrian and bicycle facilities for recreation are very desirable and should be pursued in future planning efforts. Legend PASER - Road Condition 0 Most Current: - Poor Elvern ::::a: Fair N.:. ie.- Ave :::a:Good Ho<1'1<tAv Eloise Dr BRIDGE CONDITION - NBI: Q Fair e Good • Poor St.Joseph CharterTownship Source: Michigan TAMC, www.mcgi.state.mi.us/MITRP/Data/paserMap.aspx St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �I LEGEND E X ISTING BI K E FUTURE BI K E L A NE ✓ /I I I l L A NE E X ISTING NON-MOTO R I Z ED TR A IL f I FUTURE NON-MOTORIZED TR A IL I PROPOSED TR A IL 1111 I I I PA RKS ' . P A RCELS D TO W NSHIP BOUND A R Y V ILLAGE OF SHOREH AM RO A DS I ---+------+---- R A ILRO A D I I I Non-Motorized Infrastructure Map P¡PC 0 P¡TH 0 ~1MD) (20 I I I I I I Cedar I - . ,__ Hanl~ Vik1~ 1 Lake Michigan N:M ¡S. JCT. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .. .----""!••\ ST • ..JCJIIEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP NATURE TRAIL MAP 2003 SOUTHWEST MICHIGAN PLANNING CCJMMIBBCJCJN St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan \ Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 15 ~ �COMMUNITY FACILITIES Recreational Facilities Public Works Department St. Joseph Charter Township offers a wide variety of services and facilities to its residents and businesses. Additionally, community facilities provided by entities other than the Township, such as schools, utilities, and healthcare facilities, play an important role in the lives of citizens. The quality, availability, and cost of these services impact growth and redevelopment in the Township as well as quality of life. A map showing the locations of community services and critical facilities in the Township can be found in this chapter. In January, 2014, the St. Joseph Charter Township Parks and Recreation Committee updated the Park and Recreation Master Plan for the Township. An inventory of these existing facilities can be found within the document available at the Township Hall; their locations are illustrated on the Community Facilities Map. The Township’s public works department is located at Eaton Park. This department’s primary areas of responsibility consist of sewer maintenance, parks maintenance and construction, and upkeep on the Township’s buildings and grounds. Road maintenance is provided by the Berrien County Road Commission, except for the state highways, which are maintained by the State Highway Commission. Township Hall All Township governmental and business functions take place at the six thousand (6,000) square foot facility located on approximately ten (10) acres at 3000 Washington Avenue. This building includes a meeting room complex, presently meets all requirements, and is anticipated to do so for the foreseeable future. Schools The educational facilities and school systems which serve the residents are vital factors in the growth and development of the Township. The community is served by the St. Joseph Public Schools, Benton Harbor Area Schools, Berrien County Intermediate School District, Lakeshore Public Schools, and various Parochial Schools. 16 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile Fire Protection The Township has two fire stations with one located on each side of the river. Built in 1989, Fire Station No. 1 was constructed on the premises of the Township Hall. In 2009, Fire Station No. 2 was constructed in Fair Plain near the Napier and Colfax Avenue intersection. At the time this document was prepared, the St. Joseph Charter Township Fire Department consists of twenty (20) volunteer firemen, including two chiefs. The high quality of their training, equipment, a municipal water supply, and four (4) fire trucks, allows the Township to maintain a good fire insurance rating. Solid Waste Curb side refuse service is provided for residences by the Township through a contractual arrangement with a private hauler. Commercial and industrial customers have to contract individually for waste collection. St. Joseph Charter Township is a member of the Northwest Berrien County Sanitary Authority. Police Protection The Township Police Department is located on the premises of the Township Hall. At the time this document was prepared, it was staffed by eleven (11) full-time officers, including the chief, three (3) part-time officers, with five (5) squad cars being used on a regular basis. These officers and support staff provide around the clock service and protection for the Township. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Legend Township Hall & Police Department * # Fire Station Q Department of Public Works Tr ail Carrie Kevin McLin Maiden Shawnee Napier Lombard Krolow Russell Marral Roncy Lu Al Bluffwo 4 Royal Crest Lonesome Pine Dell Arbor Cambridge Do Lincoln Kim Cambridge r ze dium Palla Arlington Maple E Nash I 94 od E I 94/N iles M an it ou WI9 y Eas Meade ra Celina Kedzie K nox Locust r Estates E s ta te s ie w e yv Va ll Tennis Ravine Wissing re es ho La k o li a gn Ventnor Marvin Dozer Maiden Vineland Old Hickory Trebor Meadow Lattimer Clemens Royalton Heights Washington Tanbark H ic C ko Hi re ry llv ek ie w Sa nd Cleveland Ma rilyn s k on r ve le Ni Austin a Carley Estates Bluffwood Bluffwood Ansley Miller Wadena George Anthony Field Grant Sheridan C ir c l e Tra f al g ein Las w Valley Vie tview es Cr St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Tucker Westwood Valley ey View Vall Acorn Churchill Lake Bluff Woodgate WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Trail Aurilla Nelson Ma I_ _ I Oakridge Jean Ann Heights Lake Michigan Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Southwest Michigan Planning Commission Township Assessor Database Download 11/2/2016 Wedgewood Fairlawn Aurilla Briarcliff Jakway Ri Brown School Shoreham Data Sources: Willow Hickory Downey Ri ve rb en d Vinewood Susan Delaware Brownway Jamesway h ep os Garden M anor Dale a tJ in Sa stol Karen Fairplain Samuel Lo r Bri Cam elo t Yu Shoreham Hoover Brenda a Ea t oin eP gl Essex Hawthorne Hanley Fisk Lormar Gary August Spencer Lo r Fo r e s t Hi l l s Lynn An n Pi ne Railroad Point rside t Rive Poin Roads Commonwealth Lynwood Lydia Brunn Cedar Commonwealth Elm Wagner Hilltop Village of Shoreham Viking Harry Hunter Township Boundary Community Facilities Map Chippewa Lyola Montezuma n Bradford Napier State Parcels Western Pontiac Miami Blac k si Cayuga Ottawa ( Recreation/Open Space 131028 haw k ) Cemetery or eca Senior Living Community n Se i ï ca Church oc î (, U ti c a Onondaga M School May ds Win * ) k ff Woodw ard Blu Parker ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 17 �Sanitary Sewers Municipal Water The Township collection system began service in 1975 and consists of approximately fifty-two (52) miles of 8”-12” internal diameter clay, steel, or PVC pipe and twelve (12) lift stations. The lift stations are all factory-built, steel drywell, concrete well-type with capacities ranging from 100 GPM to 1000 GPM. Maintenance on the system is provided by the Township. The collection system is owned by the Township. Municipal water service for the Township is contracted from the City of St. Joseph for District 1 and 2. The majority of the distribution system was constructed in 1971 and is the property of the Township, with operation, maintenance and water treatment/ supply provided by the City of St. Joseph. In 2012, the Hickory Creek Interceptor Sewer repair project lined approximately six (6) miles of deteriorating corrugated metal sewer. The interceptor includes sixteen (16) metering stations and was completed in conjunction with Royalton and Lincoln Townships. The Township is one of three member communities of the Southwest Michigan Regional Sanitary Sewer and Water Authority, which owns, and manages the Interceptor and Lift Station that pumps to the Treatment Plant. The service area includes the entire Township, with the area north and east of the St. Joseph River designated as District 1, and the area south and west of the river designated as District 2. All of this wastewater is treated and disposed of by the Benton Harbor/ St. Joseph Joint Sewage Treatment Plant. The Benton Harbor/ St. Joseph Joint Sewage Treatment Plant is owned by the two cities, with St. Joseph Charter Township and other area municipalities contracted for treatment services. The plant is an activated sludge type with separate anaerobic sludge digestion, chemical treatment for phosphorous removal, and sludge dewatering by vacuum filtration. 18 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile Municipal water is available throughout the entire Township, with adequate pressure being supplied by pumping stations and two elevated storage tanks. It is anticipated that some maintenance to the distribution system will be necessary given its age. The distribution system is owned by the Township and the pumping stations/elevated tanks owned by the Authority. Stormwater Infrastructure Stormwater infrastructure within Michigan Townships is not commonly owned or operated by the Township but rather under the jurisdiction of the County Drain Commissioner, County Road Commission, or private entity with regulatory oversight at the State or Federal level. The Township’s need or desire to alter this common arrangement will depend on its growth strategies or desire to accommodate development as it would likely result in assuming responsibility for the stormwater infrastructure. Instead, the Township should continue to actively dialogue and engage within the existing framework as much as possible to realize its goals and objectives. Electrical and Natural Gas Services Indiana-Michigan Power provides electricity services to the Township and its residents. With Cook Nuclear Plant in Lake Charter Township, electrical energy continues to be in good supply in the foreseeable future. Michigan Gas Utilities provides natural gas services virtually throughout the Township and supply is considered adequate to meet demands. SAW Grant Commonly known as the SAW grant, the Stormwater, Asset Management, Wastewater Grant is a program for the Township to inventory and assess their sanitary and stormwater sewer systems. Asset management plans will evaluate the system, analyze funding and costs and establish a framework for the Township to regularly maintain and repair infrastructure. A Geographic Information System (GIS) will be established, using the inventory and assessment data, for the Township. This will provide a tool to sustain, reference, and manage utility information in the future. The State grant was awarded in conjunction with the Southwest Michigan Regional Sanitary Sewer & Water Authority. Members include St. Joseph Charter Township, Lincoln Charter Township, and Royalton Township. Awarded in fiscal year 2017, it is to be completed within three years. Next steps include a full inventory of the sanitary sewer assets and assessment of those assets including manhole structures, sewer pipes, and lift stations. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �DEMOGRAPHICS The following section describes the population and socioeconomic statistics, housing, and travel trends of St. Joseph Charter Township. Population Based on data published by the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 10,028 people living in the Township in 2010; a decrease of 14 people from the population recording in 2000. Table 1 presents the population trends from 1970 to 2010, and includes projections through 2050 for St. Joseph Charter Township, Berrien County, and the State of Michigan. Table1-PopulationTrendsandProjections 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 St. Joseph Charter Township Berrien County State of Michigan 9,613 9,961 9,613 10,042 10,028 10,125 10,216 10,307 10,398 164,191 171,276 161,415 162,453 156,813 158,489 158,922 160,184 161,238 8,881,826 9,262,078 9,295,297 9,938,444 9,883,640 10,695,993 10,694,172 11,077,809 11,395,423 Berrien County’s population declined sharply by almost 10,000 people between 1980 and 1990. While the population rose slightly in the 1990’s, the number of people dipped again by 2010. A very slight increase is projected moving forward. According to the 2015 Berrien County Master Plan, when population trends are analyzed at the municipal level, the data shows population swings throughout the county with hot spots of population explosions, areas of slight increases, and others in decline. Most significantly, the village and urban landscapes in the northern portion St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan of the county decreased in population while the surrounding rural areas increased, indicating a sprawling pattern of population growth. Similarly, the City of St. Joseph Master Plan, completed in 2015, indicated a declining population projection for the urbanized area which includes St. Joseph Charter Township and the cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. Although there is no way to predict the population growth with certainty, it is important to consider these forecasts while developing public policy and land use regulations. Because St. Joseph Charter Township is nearly builtout, its best hope is a slight increase in population if current land use and development patterns continue. Much will depend on other factors such as the economy, enhancements that build on the community’s character and its assets, and the demand for infill and redevelopment. Age Distribution The age distribution of a community can be an important factor in identifying the social and economic trends as well as publics service needs. In St. Joseph Charter Township, the median age was 46.2 in 2010; an increase in 4.1 years from the recording in 2000. As shown in Table 2, the Township’s median age is higher than both the State of Michigan and Berrien County. Table2-MedianAge Median Age - 2000 Median Age - 2010 Change in Median Age St. Joseph Charter Township 42.1 46.2 4.1 Berrien County State of Michigan 37.4 41 3.6 35.5 38.9 3.4 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 19 �While St. Joseph Charter Township is aging, between 2000 and 2010 the group with the highest growth rate was 85 years and older, followed closely by those 55-59 and 60-64 respectively. Table 3 describes the change in the percentage of the total population for each age group during that period. TableAge 3Distribution Age Range (Years) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60-64 65-74 75-84 85+ 2000 2010 534 638 804 618 279 983 1,645 1,601 588 518 953 705 176 510 540 691 639 358 939 1,158 1,681 819 699 987 697 310 Percent Change 2000-2010 -0.1% -4.5% -15.4% 3.4% 28.3% -4.5% -29.6% 5.0% 39.3% 34.9% 3.6% -1.1% 76.1% Source: US Census Bureau 2000, 2010 In addition to the Township, population trends for Berrien County and the US indicate an increasing senior population. Access to appropriate housing, goods and services, particularly health care, and transportation will be a growing concern. Another concern facing the Township is the loss of residents aged 20-44. This age group is typically comprised of young, educated professionals, and working families with children that support local districts. While all age groups are important to a community, the 20-44 age group can be seen as an indicator for vitality and overall health. Its loss is significant because it represents the prime years for family formation, which, in concert may translate into a decline of school-aged children. 20 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile Table4-HouseholdCharacteristics 2000 2010 Percent Change 2000-2010 Family households Households with individuals under 18 Households with individuals over 65 Households with householder living alone Total number of households 2,949 2,913 -1.2% 1,284 1,162 -9.5% 1,314 1,410 7.3% 1,013 1,050 3.7% 4,094 4,140 1.1% Average Household Size 2.45 2.42 -1.2% Source: US Census Bureau 2000, 2010 Table5-EconomicandEducationCharacteristics Median Household Income (In Dollars) Per Capita Income (In Dollars) % of Families in Poverty % with High School diploma or higher % with Bachelor’s degree or higher St. Joseph Charter Township 61,082 Berrien County State of Michigan 44,701 49,087 34,427 24,304 26,143 4.9% 17.7% 15.8% 95.6% 88.3% 89.3% 37.3% 24.8% 26.4% Source: American Community Survey, 2010-2015 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Household Characteristics The median value of an owner-occupied home according to the 2010-2015 American Community Survey estimates was $151,300. This is higher when compared to the median values for the County and State, which are $131,600 and $122,400 respectively. Between 2000 and 2010, the total number of households in St. Joseph Charter Township increased by about 1% while the average household size decreased (Table 4). This is consistent with trends as more people are remaining single and families tend to have fewer children. Approximately two thirds of the housing was built prior to 1969 (Table 7). Further related information can be found on the Residential Property Age Map (Page 46) and Residential Property Value Map (Page 47) The median household income in St. Joseph Charter Township is more than that of the State and Berrien County (Table 5). Educational attainment is greater in the Township while the percentage of the population that falls below the poverty level is lower when compared to the County and State. Housing in the Township is generally well maintained and the predominant housing type is detached single-family structures. As shown in Table 6, 3,642 units, or 88%, are owner-occupied housing with only 498, or 12%, being renter-occupied. TableAge 7ofHousingStock Table6-HousingUnitSummary St. Joseph Charter Township Number Total Housing Units Occupied Housing Units Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied Vacant Housing Units For Rent Rented, Not Occupied For Sale Only Sold, Not Occupied For Seasonal Use All Other Vacant 4,434 4,140 3,642 498 294 39 5 69 11 96 74 Berrien County % Number 93.4% 88.0% 12.0% 6.6% 13.3% 1.7% 23.5% 3.7% 32.7% 25.2% 76,922 63,054 45,063 17,991 13,868 2,334 111 1,379 282 7,204 2,558 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan St. Joseph Charter Township State of Michigan % Number 82.0% 71.5% 28.5% 18.0% 16.8% 0.8% 9.9% 2.0% 51.9% 18.4% 4,532,233 3,872,508 2,793,342 1,079,166 659,725 141,687 6,684 77,080 17,978 263,071 153,225 % 85.4% 72.1% 27.9% 14.6% 21.5% 1.0% 11.7% 2.7% 39.9% 23.2% Year Built 1939 or earlier 1940 to 1949 1950 to 1959 1960 to1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2009 2010 or later Berrien County State of Michigan Number % Number % Number % 395 209 1,149 1,039 647 279 458 279 18 8.8% 4.7% 25.7% 23.2% 15.5% 6.2% 10.2% 6.2% 0.4% 13,752 6,591 12,899 11,173 10,204 6,724 7,922 7,259 286 17.9% 8.6% 16.8% 14.5% 13.3% 8.8% 10.3% 9.5% 0.4% 692,147 367,451 698,088 552,261 701,671 450,502 584,962 466,547 19,090 15.3 8.1% 15.4% 12.2% 15.5% 9.9% 12.9% 10.3% 0.4% Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 21 �Employment Conclusion A key driver affecting demographics is employment. People follow jobs. The Township like most parts of the country felt the economic impact of the Great Recession. The demographics of St. Joseph Charter Township follow the cyclical pattern of all communities. As a community develops younger people and their families move in to take advantage of housing and employment opportunities. Eventually, growth slows and the population ages. Older people then begin to “downsize” and relocate to alternative housing and younger people move into the homes being sold by empty nesters and seniors and the cycle begins again. An indicator of that impact is shown by considering data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau through the County Business Patterns report. The report shows the number of companies and employees in total and by employment sector. The following table provides information for three years. Shown are 2003 from the Pre-Recession period; 2010 at the generally agreed “bottom” of the Great Recession; and, 2014 during the Recovery period and the latest year for which data are available. The columns to the right illustrate the changes in employment that occurred between 2003 and 2010 as the economy slid into the Recession. The changes between 2010 and 2014 as the economy recovered and the latest year are shown. Also, the changes between 2003 and 2014 are listed to show the overall shift in the economy. While overall Berrien County had 475 fewer employers and 5,789 less employees in 2014 than in 2003 the recovery has been significant. Despite a continued loss of companies between 2010 and 2014, there were 3,849 more persons employed during that period. Looking at the individual employment sectors shows that not unlike most of the country, many of the jobs that were lost were in the manufacturing sector. Over eighty percent of the jobs lost were in that sector. However, manufacturing jobs account for one-third of all jobs restored since 2010. Three other employment sectors; administrative, educational services, and health care combine to restore another one-third of the jobs. The recovery, while not complete, does show a positive trend in creating jobs lost during the recession in Berrien County. 22 Chapter 2. CommunityProfile There is nothing in the demographics to suggest that the cyclical pattern will change. The Township is currently in a “transition” period. After growing during the post-World War II period the population “peaked” in 1980 and declined until 2010. The several decades will see modest growth as younger residents move in. Overall, during the coming years the Township will experience the following: • Very modest increase in population • More households but with slightly fewer persons per household reflecting a nation-wide trend • A population that is wealthier than average with fewer families in poverty • A better educated population with a greater percentage having completed a Bachelor’s degree or higher These trends will be driven by a continued growth of employment opportunities in the region and the achievement of the goals outlined in the Master Plan. As those goals are reached the overall quality of life in the Township will be maintained and improved resulting in a community that continues to be a great place to live. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Companies Employees 2003 to 2014 Employees 2003 to 2014 Companies 2003 to 2010 Employees 2003 to 2010 Companies 2014 Employees 2014 Companies 2010 Employees 2010 Change 2010 to 2010 to 2014 2014 Companies Total for all sectors Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and warehousing Information Finance and insurance Real estate and rental and leasing Professional, scientific, and technical services Management of companies and enterprises Administrative/Support/Waste management/ Remediation services Educational services Health care and social assistance Arts, entertainment, and recreation Accommodation and food services Other services (except public administration) Industries not classified 2003 Recovery Employees Employment Sectors 2003 Recession Companies Table 8 - Berrien County Business Patterns Pre-Recession 4,018 7 59,155 3,675 2 49,517 3,543 3 53,366 -343 -5 -9,638 -132 1 3,849 -475 -4 -5,789 9 75 7 86 6 -2 -1 -3 13 406 351 177 621 87 47 226 165 2,079 13,529 2,034 7,358 1,354 894 1,465 652 13 355 296 147 572 92 47 210 145 1,254 7,493 1,579 6,687 1,291 578 1,248 627 11 311 280 151 560 76 46 218 140 1,413 8,773 1,828 6,966 1,240 526 1,262 641 0 -51 -55 -30 -49 5 0 -16 -20 -825 -6,036 -455 -671 -63 -316 -217 -25 -2 -44 -16 4 -12 -16 -1 8 -5 159 1,280 249 279 -51 -52 14 14 -2 -95 -71 -26 -61 -11 -1 -8 -25 -666 -4,756 -206 -392 -114 -368 -203 -11 313 2,759 282 2,163 272 1,932 -31 -596 -10 -231 -41 -827 24 21 35 -3 14 11 173 2,880 165 2,660 185 3,009 -8 -220 20 349 12 129 28 393 73 392 2,227 8,409 919 5,384 31 391 70 391 2,379 8,816 852 5,470 27 389 66 370 2,720 9,144 853 5,348 3 -2 -3 -1 152 407 -67 86 -4 -2 -4 -21 341 328 1 -122 -1 -4 -7 -22 493 735 -66 -36 482 2,770 430 2,386 393 2,390 -52 -384 -37 4 -89 -380 31 8 4 -23 -4 -27 Source: US Census 2000, 2010, Berrien County Business Patterns St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Chapter 2. CommunityProfile 23 �CHAPTER 3. GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND ACTIONS The goals, objectives, and actions in this chapter were created with citizen and stakeholder input collected throughout the master plan process. St. Joseph River, there is a natural beauty to be nurtured and cherished. However, while some commercial or retail services and amenities are within convenient proximity to residential areas, not all have the same level of access nor is that the intent. It was identified in the community engagement process that not all desire the same level of access or lifestyle. The St. Joseph Charter Township Community Vision document, completed in December 2015 and included in the appendix of this Master Plan, articulates a future vision for the Township. The emerging guiding statement is as follows: “A community of healthy living opportunity connected to nature.” What does “A community of healthy living opportunity connected to nature” mean? To the participants in the Township visioning effort, it means taking advantage of opportunities and overcoming obstacles. The opportunities and obstacles that currently exist are summarized as: • St. Joseph Charter Township is a community of great beauty, service and convenience. Predomintantly a bedroom community, the Township is as an attractive, stable, and desirable place to live offering a range of services and amenities; and with a location relative to Lake Michigan and featuring two natural waterways in Hickory Creek and the 24 Chapter 3. Goals, Objectives, & Actions • Effectively, recreational opportunities become identifiers and destinations within different areas and neighborhoods of the Township. Opportunity exists to further enhance and link these recreational assets to residential, commercial, and retail environments. As much as possible, pedestrian-friendly environments should be encouraged. It is a community with physical barriers that lacks a strong identity. Although defined by its connection to nature, healthy living, and relaxed and family-friendly lifestyle, the Township still lacks a consistent and identifiable environment. I-94, the St. Joseph River, and Hickory Creek represent both physical barriers and assets that, if breached and or enhanced, will help unify the comunity and establish a more cohesive identity and environment. Opportunities include creating or enhancing edges, gateways, and destinations, which celebrate the Township’s unique character and spirit with signage, landscape, lighting, and architectural features. The Township is a great place to live that could thrive with stronger social connections. Recreational opportunities within the Township are key amenities for residents and visitors. They help overcome barriers that exist within the Township, strengthen social connections, and reinforce the Township’s commitment to “a community of healthy living opportunity connected to nature.” Opportunities include identifying areas within the Township for increased choices regarding access or connectivity along with appropriate corresponding housing solutions. - Guiding Statement of the St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan This statement represents the overarching goal to be realized throughout implementation of the Master Plan. • Considering each proceeding point yields goals which, when achieved, will result in taking advantage of opportunities and overcoming obstacles. The goals are in four categories: 1. 2. 3. 4. Community and Place Transportation and Connectivity Natural Areas Economic Development Each goal has associated with it an objective(s) detailing what is to be accomplished and the action(s) needed to be completed in order to achieve the stated objective. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �COMMUNITY AND PLACE current and future residents expect. A key category is to promote and develop the sense of Community and Place in the Township. This would focus on the experience of the Township rather than its structure. This is sometimes dismissed as being solely esoteric. However, there are substantive positive impacts associated with the concept of Community and Place. The following goals and associated objectives and actions are designed to encourage a sense of Community and Place in St. Joseph Charter Township. Action 1.4: Maintain and rehabilitate the existing housing stock. This can include amending ordinances, enhanced code enforcement, adopting design guidelines for additions and renovations, and providing educational opportunities or resources. Goal 1: Encourage a variety of housing choices Goal 2: Preserve and enhance the identity of the Township. Younger people, while not fully rejecting the traditional American dream of a home in the suburbs with good schools and space for their children to play, do want “more”. Essentially, they want increased access to cultural, athletic, dining, and educational venues. Those are factors that directly influence their locational decisions in addition to more traditional factors. This is particularly true for those persons referred to as “Generation X” especially those at end of the cohort who are in their mid-thirties or earlyforties and some “Millennials” who are in their early thirties or late twenties. As the Township population ages, the natural migration is for older residents to seek alternative housing with the bulk of the existing housing stock being purchased by younger individuals. This is a population cycle that has repeated itself countless times. By promoting and developing the sense of Community and Place, St. Joseph Charter Township will maintain and enhance its attractiveness to the next generation of home buyers. This will ensure property values are supported resulting in tax revenues that allow the Township to continue to provide services that St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Objective: Maintain the core of single-family detached homes which forms the basis of the Township housing stock while encouraging the development of some other housing types. Referred to as the Missing Middle, these represent a range of multi-unit or clustered housing types compatible in scale with existing single-family homes that help meet the growing demand for walkable living. This will broaden the mix of housing stock and enhance the attractiveness of the Township to future home buyers. Action 1.1: Develop a new Zoning Map reflecting the areas where mixed-use development is permitted. This can be done as an overlay district in defined or “floating” areas. Action 1.2: Review the Zoning Ordinance to determine if any existing regulations inhibit implementation and amend as necessary. Action 1.3: Promote housing types often referred to as Missing Middle Housing in advantageous locations within the Township and in particular to improve transitions between residential, commercial, and other development areas. Objective: Promote the character of the Township in a consistent and coherent manner. When entering or within the Township, a person should know they are in St. Joseph Charter Township. Action 2.1: Enhance gateways to the Township at I-94, Niles Road, Napier Avenue, Hilltop Road, and Cleveland Avenue which may include unique signage, landscape, and architectural features. Action 2.2: Provide activities and destinations unique to the Township for residents and visitors. Action 2.3: Inventory and document the unique elements of each neighborhood and ensure Zoning Ordinance requirements are appropriate to the desired characteristics. Action 2.4: Coordinate transportation and land use planning to ensure road improvements are done in a strategic way benefiting both users of the thoroughfare and adjacent development. Chapter 3. Goals, Objectives, & Actions 25 �TRANSPORTATION AND CONNECTIVITY Transportation should provide both internal and external connections. It should not be limited solely to motorized transportation. Goal 1: Provide safe, efficient, and connected transportation that serves multiple modes. Objective: Improve the network of trails, sidewalks, and streets that link Township neighborhoods, parks, and commercial areas. Goal 2: Preserve and enhance the identity of the Township Objective: Provide increased opportunities to extend the walkability between the Township and other areas. Action 2.1: Prioritize and implement projects identified in the Non-Motorized Infrastructure Map and continue to work with other agencies and local units of government to link nonmotorized infrastructure. Action 2.2: Complete, fund, and implement a wayfinding and signage plan. Objective: Improve east and west internal mobility within the Township. Action 2.3: Establish and/ or improve trail heads throughout the Township. Action 1.1: Develop a Capital Improvements Plan to prioritize projects and funding. Action 2.4: Reference the Sidewalk Inventory Map to prioritize and implement targeted sidewalk improvements, i.e. Maiden Lane, Napier Avenue, Hilltop Road, etc. Action 1.2: Integrate Complete Streets policies and or guidelines and coordinate with transportation planning agencies. Action 1.3: Improve intersections to promote walkability, bikeability, and aesthetics. Action 1.4: Coordinate with Berrien County Public Transportation and develop a bus rapid transit link along the Hollywood Road Corridor and the Niles Road Corridor. Action 2.5: Construct a pedestrian and/ or multi-modal bridge over the St. Joseph River. Action 2.6: Incorporate requirements for pedestrian, bicycle, and other low-speed vehicles pathways in neighborhoods and developments. NATURAL AREAS Key features in the Township such as Hickory Creek and the St. Joseph River represent an opportunity to achieve “a community of healthy living opportunity connected to nature.” Goal 1: Maintain, expand, and protect public access and connectivity to the natural features of the Township. Objective: Increase awareness, appreciation, and protection of natural features by improving access and providing additional activities that encourage use and where appropriate a healthy lifestyle through physical activities. Action 1.1: Continue to develop a Hickory Creek Trail with corresponding trail heads and crossings that inter-connect with others such as the Village of Stevensville, City of St. Joseph, and City of Benton Harbor Action 1.5: Establish a Park-and-Ride at I-94. Right: Walgreens Pharmacy located near the corner of Hilltop Road and Niles Road. Far Right: Knauf Park Entry Sign along Vineland Road. 26 Chapter 3. Goals, Objectives, & Actions St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Action 1.2: Consider a Trail Feasibility Study to determine existing conditions, access and connections, type of trails, property acquisition and/or easement, community engagement and education, cost estimation, and inter-agency coordination. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Action 1.3: Improve wayfinding and access to existing park and recreational areas. Goal 1: Provide additional access to goods and services at key locations within the Township. Action 1.4: Launch an initiative to ensure that residents live within the desired 20-minute walk to natural areas. Action 1.5: Consider amending the Zoning Map (zoned residential today) for conservation, preservation, and enhancement of natural areas, wetlands, etc. Action 1.6: Promote green infrastructure and storm water management in conjunction with the Berrien County Master Plan and Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan. While the Township is nearing build-out, there are some limited sites available for development. In addition, there is the potential to in-fill in existing areas. Objective: Make opportunities available for residents to have access within a 20-minute walkable distance. Action 1.1: Identify locations for additional commercial/ retail, office, and mixed use development. Ensure alignment with the Township Zoning Ordinance. Action 1.2: Explore opportunities to provide wireless internet at public and semi-public locations and community-wide expanded internet capabilities or services. Goal 2: Enhance the development of the Niles Road corridor. Objective: Build upon the trend of a variety of land uses along the Niles Road corridor. Action 2.1: Identity locations for additional commercial/retail, office, and mixed use development. Left: D&M Supermarket located near the corner of Colfax Avenue and Napier Avenue. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Action 2.2: Examine the efficacy of establishing a Niles Road Corridor Improvement Association. Action 2.3: Acquire further education and understanding of place-based design and the advantages of form-based codes or similar design guidelines. Goal 3: Continue to attract additional users to the industrial sites in the Township. Objective: Provide additional employment opportunities and enhance the overall tax base of the community. Action 3.1: Collaborate with others to develop a strategic marketing plan to promote the existing industrial sites. Action 3.2: Work to become recognized as a Michigan Redevelopment Ready Community (RRC). Goal 4: Strengthen intergovernmental and interagency ties to enhance development. Objective: Work cooperatively with surrounding communities to improve success at retaining and attracting new investment opportunities. Action 4.1: Explore opportunities and develop procedures to further influence communitywide planning and development. Examples may include current efforts such as the Twin City Harbor Study, TwinCATS Long Range Plan, Southwest Michigan Non-Motorized Transportation Plan, and yet to be identified future efforts such as the Napier Avenue corridor plan. Chapter 3. Goals, Objectives, & Actions 27 �CHAPTER 4. FUTURE LAND USE The characteristics of the land in St. Joseph Charter Township and the ways people use the land change over time. Vacant or underutilized land develops and uses on specific properties shift as economic, social, environmental, and cultural trends change. Changes in zoning regulation, infrastructure, and transportation can also lead to changes in land use patterns over time. In order to make sound decisions regarding future land use, it is important to have an understanding of existing land uses and the relationships between them. The Future Land Use Plan and Future Land Use Map describe a generalized framework intended to guide land use and policy decisions within the Township over the next 20 years. The Future Land Use Map in this chapter shows general locations for the primary land uses described in this chapter. It is important to note that it is not intended to be used as a tool for identifying land use on a parcel by parcel basis, but rather to identify appropriate areas or districts that can accommodate certain land uses within the Township. Future Land Use Areas: Low Density Residential • Low Density Residential • Medium Density Residential • Multi-Family Residential • Commercial • Neighborhood Mixed Use • Industrial/ Business Park • Community Facilities • Water Oriented • Recreation and Open Space Single-family dwellings comprise the majority of the Township’s residential areas and should continue to do so. Low Density Residential areas provide for freestanding dwellings or homes on a single residential lot, organized into neighborhoods or subdivisions. Detached single-family homes in St. Joseph Charter Township include a variety of housing styles, sizes, and price points, and should be largely owner-occupied. Low Density Residential neighborhoods should be well-served by parks, schools, and Township infrastructure and services. • Corresponding Zoning District: R-1, R-2 Right: View of the Hilltop Road and Cleveland Road intersection. 28 Chapter 4. Future Land Use St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Medium Density Residential Multi-Family Residential Commercial Consists of single and two-family dwellings on smaller lots. Two-family or attached residential units are single-family homes that share a common wall such as duplexes, townhomes, and rowhomes. Single-family attached uses assist in diversifying the Township’s housing stock, providing opportunities for first-time home-buyers and empty nesters. Medium Density Residential areas identified in the Future Land Use Map consist primarily of existing areas scattered throughout the community. However, the Township should remain flexible in considering Medium Density Residential development in appropriate transition areas near commercial uses or main corridors. Multi-Family Residential areas consist of structures with multiple housing units that utilize common entrances, hallways, and shared amenities. Examples include apartments, condominiums, and senior housing. Multifamily development is currently limited to a small number of properties scattered throughout the community. In addition to areas designated Multi-Family Residential, the Township should consider multi-family units within the Neighborhood Mixed-Use and Commercial land use designations. Commercial uses provide for the general retail and service needs of St. Joseph Charter Township’s residents as well as the needs of visitors and those passing through the community. Commercial areas include a range of uses such as restaurants, retail shops, entertainment venues, offices, grocery stores, service uses, and more. Many of the commercial areas within the Township are along main corridors adjacent to residential properties and should be developed accordingly by accommodating auto-oriented yet pedestrianfriendly development with some opportunities for residential above ground floor retail. • • Corresponding Zoning District: R-3, R-4 Corresponding Zoning District: R-5 • Corresponding Zoning District: B-1, B-2, B-3 Right: View of the Interstate94o--ramp, NilesAvenue,andthe NyesAppleBarn. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Chapter 4. Future Land Use 29 �May (. Bra dfo rd Maple Locust Vineland R-4 Meade Napier Broadmoor Lombard Fricke er Doz B-3 Marvin 4 EI9 P 4 Royal Crest Lone some Pine M ai den Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library od B-2 M an i t o u WI9 y E as Bluff wood Bluffwo Kevin Lincoln McLi n Kim Estates Marral Lo Carrie Sa E s t at e s Celina Washington r Cambridge Lattimer Clemens B-2 R-2 Ca mb ridge Ansley Miller Bluff wood B-2 Arlington Tenn is stview Cre Maiden Nash Ventnor K e d zi e i ew ll e y v Va I-1 Knox Austin Anthony Lake Bluff at e Woodg M e adow Roncy E Tr a il Hi l Tanbark H ic k re ory ek C Cleveland M a r i l yn nd ra k on G ar den Wissing or e sh ke La o lia gn a Trebor in se La w Valley Vi e C h u r ch i l l Old Hickory Grant Sheridan C i r cl e M ga Tr a f a l George R-5 Briarcliff Carley Estates R-1 B-2 R-5 D o ze r Va lley R-1 View Shoreham Wadena O u te r e Tu cke r Heights Field Valley Acorn O a kr i d g R-3 Westwood Nelson N:RTV SZM A. s Aurilla Lake Michigan ile Aurilla R-2 r ve Fairlawn Jean Ann Trail ve rb en d N Wedgewood H i cko r y Downey Brenda Ri Brown School Shoreham Willow Vine wood Susan Brownway Jamesway h ep Karen Hoover os R-4 Yu ew lvi J nt H a nl ey R-4 B-2 R-1 B-2 Hunter Brownway ra i Sa Current Zoning Map B-2 August Ri Manor stol I-1 Cedar Bri R-5 I-1 Railroad Viking t B-1 Hawthorne B-2 Spencer Lo Essex . Gary Fisk Lormar B-3 Jakway nt Po i le ag Lynwood Lu Al Fo Pine Roads Samuel H ills B-4 re s t Township Boundary Poin CJ D Village of Shoreham Brunn Ly nn An n I-1 R-4 I-1 Ly dia ra B-2 Dale Wagner B-2 Hilltop Dell A r bo r State B-2 Harry Gerald R-2 ! Royalton Heights 1111 B-4 Commercial Recreation 1111 I-1 Limited Industrial CJ Parcels Elm B-3 Automotive Oriented Business R-4 Commonwealth Fairplain Commonwealth Napier B-2 Retail and Service Businesses R-5 Chippewa Krolow Mont ezum a n Lyola Bla oc a c si Western Ottawa ckh M B-1 Retail Business Seneca Cayuga Rus sell aw k R-5 Multiple Family Residence Data Sources: R-2 U ti c a Onondaga Pontiac Two Family Residence R-1 S ha w nee One Family Residence Miam i One Family Residence // or D R-2 1111 R-3 1111 R-4 uff live O B-2 ds Win One Family Residence D I B-4 CJ R-1 - •" I ... ~~~ Bl , Legend R-4 EI9 4/N il i um all ad es B-3 B-2 I-1 /, WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. 131028 30 Chapter 4. Future Land Use ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �LEGEND Low Density Residential High/Medium Residential Recreation/Open Space Industrial/Business Park Water Oriented Community Facilities 1111 Commercial 1111 Neighborhood Mixed Use PARCELS D TOW NSHIP BOUNDARY ROADS R A ILROAD Future Land Use Map ti Lake Michigan N:RTV SFLUM A. I Raya, Cn>~ ~~f~ ne.~ I ou.-ou•en ~ T . JD1"E,-H C HAlt'TE" TDWN S H I ,- MA'ST EOI P L AN I ~10..,~ -,L E ---1...._; r Malden ~ )i - l"IEtl,.IEN COUNTY C.I~ , . .n o, MOOMOOAN ••o••'""'" om v L ,.... St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Chapter 4. Future Land Use 31 �Neighborhood Mixed-Use Industrial/ Business Park Community Facilities Neighborhood Mixed-Use areas provide a mix of residential and commercial uses. Developments may include a mix of housing types, including multi-family units, and a variety of retail, service, and office uses. These neighborhood mixeduse areas would occur primarily along busier corridors that already have some commercial uses adjacent to residential uses. Mixed-use areas should be characterized by development patterns that provide a vibrant, safe, attractive, and walkable pedestrian environment. Industrial and Business Park areas should consist of a range of business uses, including service and consumer-oriented business and light manufacturing. The uses in these areas provide many employment opportunities and generally require large lots, buildings, parking lots, loading areas, and transportation to and from the site. These areas are concentrated in the northwest, southwest, and southeast portions of the Township currently zoned Light Industrial. This category includes public and semi-public uses such as institutions and community facilities that contribute to the Township’s overall quality of life. This includes both a number of public facilities such as schools, fire stations, and the Township Hall, as well as private facilities such as religious institutions. Throughout the Township, these uses provide necessary community services and amenities for residents and visitors. • Corresponding Zoning District: There is no corresponding zoning district. • Corresponding Zoning District: I-1, I-2 • Corresponding Zoning District: None, however, they are permitted land uses. Right: View of the Niles Avenue and Hilltop Road intersection. 32 Chapter 4. Future Land Use St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Water Oriented Recreation and Open Space Next Steps This category includes uses related to the St. Joseph River currently zoned Commercial Recreation. Water Oriented uses includes private marinas, boat slips and docks, as well as a mix of some residential, commercial, service, lodging, and limited industrial uses compatible in a waterfront setting. Development and reinvestment in this area should strive to leverage the waterfront as a community amenity by improving public access to the waterfront and enhancing views. This category includes parks, open spaces, conservation areas, and important natural features such as the river, creek area, wooded areas, and wetlands. Recreation and open space is a valued asset in the community and can be either public or private. It is recommended that the Township continue to work with appropriate agencies and property owners to ensure the community remains well served by these areas. Over time, it is envisioned these recreation and open space areas allow for a series of connected spaces throughout the community, linking key recreational amenities to residences and services. Once these areas or districts have been established by the community, the next step is to begin implementing the changes to land use described in this chapter. As such, the Future Land Use Plan and Future Land Use Map should serve as the basis for development review as well as revisions and amendments to the Township’s Zoning Regulations. • Corresponding Zoning District: B-4 • Corresponding Zoning District: None, however, they are permitted land uses. Left: View of the Berrien Hills Golf Club and the Napier Avenue bridge across the St. Joseph River. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Chapter 4. Future Land Use 33 �CHAPTER 5. IMPLEMENTATION The St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan provides guidance and recommendations for actions the Township should undertake in the coming years. A master plan is only useful as long as it is implemented and consulted when making decisions. For the vision to be realized, the Township must be proactive and garner the support and participation of local leaders, other public agencies, the local business community, property owners, developers, and residents alike. The Implementation Matrix builds on Chapter 3. Goals, Objectives, and Actions with a more detailed description of strategies the Township can use to initiate and undertake key recommendations included in the Master Plan. The actions and strategies identified in this chapter represent the “next steps” to be taken in continuing the process of community planning and investment. 34 Chapter 5. Implementation Use The Plan on a Regular Basis The Master Plan should become the Township’s official policy guide for land use, development, and community improvement. Once adopted, it is essential the Plan be used on a regular and day-to-day basis by Township staff, boards, commissions, and departments to review and evaluate proposals for improvement and development. Implementation Matrix Because resources are limited, it is helpful to identify the relative priority of each project with the understanding that the Master Plan includes some ambitious projects and initiatives. Actions are listed with a “priority number” as follows: • Priority 1 actions are those that should be given immediate and concentrated effort. Any preliminary steps that must be taken to implement the action (such as seeking funding, changes in local ordinances, etc.) should also occur as required. Projects having a longer time frame should be revisited on an as-needed basis and be incorporated into other applicable longterm planning programs, such as a capital improvements plan or recreation plan. • Priority 2 actions are those that are important to implement the Plan, but either depend on commencement and completion of Priority 1 actions, or do not have the same immediacy. • Priority 3 actions are not as urgent and can be delayed for a longer period of time. These projects are more susceptible to budgetary constraints. • In addition to a time frame, each action includes potential funding source(s) along with the entities with capacity or responsibility for implementation. To provide further education about the Plan, the Township should: • Make copies of the Plan available online and provide hardcopies at the Township Hall for review or purchase. • Provide a Master Plan orientation for newly elected or appointed officials and Township staff. • Provide assistance to the public in explaining the Plan and its relationship to private and public development projects and other proposals. • Maintain a list of current possible amendments, issues, or needs which may be a subject of change, addition, or deletion from and as a result of the Master Plan. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �COMMUNITY AND PLACE Priority Time Frame ResponsibilityPotential Funding Source Goal1:Encourageavarietyofhousingchoices Objective: Maintain the core of single family detached homes which form the basis of the Township housing stock while encouraging the development of some other housing types. Action 1.1: Develop a new Zoning Map reflecting the areas where mixed-use development is permitted. This can be done as an overlay district in defined or “floating” areas. 2 0-2 Years Action 1.2: Review the Zoning Ordinance to determine if any existing regulations inhibit implementation of the Master Plan and amend as necessary. 1 0-2 Years Planning Commission, Township Board, Ordinance Dept. Planning Commission, Township Board, Ordinance Dept. Township Township Action 1.3: Promote housing types often referred to as Missing Middle Housing in advantageous locations within the Township and in particular to improve transitions between residential, commercial, and other development areas. 2 Ongoing Township, Others Public, Private, Grants Action 1.4: Maintain and rehabilitate the existing housing stock. This can include amending ordinances, enhanced code enforcement, adopting design guidelines for additions and renovations, and providing educational opportunities. 1 Ongoing Planning Commission, Ordinance Dept. Property Owners Public, Private, Grants Action 2.1: Enhance gateways to the Township at I-94, Niles Road, Napier Avenue, Hilltop Road, and Cleveland Avenue which may include unique signage, landscape, and architectural features. 1 3-5 Years Township Public Action 2.2: Provide activities and destinations unique to the Township for residents and visitors. 2 Ongoing Township, Others Public, Private, Grants 3 0-2 Years Township, Others Public 1 Ongoing Township, County, Public, Grants State Goal2:PreserveandenhancetheidentityoftheTownship Objective: Promote the character of the Township in a consistent, coherent manner. When entering or within the Township, a person should know that they are in St. Joseph Charter Township. Action 2.3: Inventory and document the unique elements of each neighborhood and ensure Zoning Ordinance requirements are appropriate to the desired characteristics. Action 2.4: Coordinate transportation and land use planning to ensure road improvements are done in a strategic way benefiting both users of the thoroughfare and adjacent development. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Chapter 5. Implementation 35 �TRANSPORTATION AND CONNECTIVITY Priority Time Frame ResponsibilityPotential Funding Source Goal 1: Provide safe, efficient, and connected transportation that serves multiple modes. Objective: Improve the network of trails, sidewalks, and streets that link Township neighborhoods, parks, and commercial areas. Objective: Improve east and west internal mobility with the Township. Action 1.1: Develop a Capital Improvements Plan to prioritize projects and funding. 1 0-2 Years Township Township Action 1.2: Explore and integrate Complete Streets guidelines and or policies and coordinate with transportation planning agencies to identify potential projects. 1 0-2 Years Township Public, Grants Action 1.3: Improve intersections to promote walkability, bikeability, and aesthetics. 2 Ongoing Township, Others Public, Private, Grants Action 1.4: Coordinate with Berrien County Public Transportation and develop a bus rapid transit link along the Hollywood Road Corridor and the Niles Road Corridor. 3 +5 Years Township Others Public, Grants Action 1.5: Establish a Park-and-Ride at I-94. 3 +5 Years Township, Others County, State & Grants 1 Ongoing Township, Others 2 3-5 Years Township Action 2.3: Establish and/ or improve trail heads throughout the Township. 1 Ongoing Township, Others Public, Grants Action 2.4: Reference the Sidewalk Inventory Map to prioritize and implement targeted sidewalk improvements, i.e. Maiden Lane, Napier Avenue, Hilltop Road, etc. 1 Ongoing Township, Others Action 2.5: Construct a pedestrian and/ or multi-modal bridge over the St. Joseph River. 3 +5 Years Township, Others Public, Grants Action 2.6: Incorporate requirements for pedestrian, bicycle, and other low-speed vehicle pathways in neighborhoods and developments. 2 0-2 Years Goal 2: Preserve and enhance the identity of the Township. Objective: Provide increased opportunities to extend the walkability and connectivity between the Township and other areas. Action 2.1: Prioritize and implement projects identified in the Non-Motorized Infrastructure Map and continue to work with other agencies and local units of government to link-non motorized infrastructure. Action 2.2: Complete, fund, and implement a wayfinding and signage plan. 36 Chapter 5. Implementation Township Public, Private, Grants Public, Private, Grants Public, Private, Grants Township St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �NATURAL AREAS AND RECREATION Priority Time Frame ResponsibilityPotential Funding Source Goal 1: Maintain, expand, and protect public access and connectivity to the natural features of the Township. Objective: Increase awareness, appreciation, and protection of natural features. Objective: Encourage a healthy lifestyle through greater access, use, and associated amenities. Action 1.1: Continue to develop a Hickory Creek Trail with corresponding trail heads and crossings that inter-connect with others such as the Village of Stevensville, City of St. Joseph, and City of Benton Harbor. 1 3-5 Years Township, Others Public, Grants Action 1.2: Consider conducting a Trail Feasibility Study to determine existing conditions, access and connections, type of trails, property acquisition and or easements, community engagement and education, cost estimation, and inter-agency coordination. 1 0-2 Years Township Public, Grants Action 1.3: Improve wayfinding and access to existing park and recreational areas 1 3-5 Years Township, Others Public, Action 1.4: Launch an initiative to ensure that residents live within the desired 20-minute walk to recreation and open space areas. 3 3-5 Years Township Public, Private, Grants Action 1.5: Consider amending the Zoning Map to avoid ambiguity of public versus private property regarding recreation, open space, and conservation areas. 2 0-2 Years Township Township Action 1.6: Promote green infrastructure and storm water management in conjunction with the Berrien County Master Plan and Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan. 2 Ongoing Township, County, Others Public, Private, Grants St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Chapter 5. Implementation 37 �ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Priority Time Frame ResponsibilityPotential Funding Source Goal 1: Provide additional access to goods and services at key locations within the Township. Objective: Make opportunities available for residents to have access within a 20-minute walkable distance. Action 1.1: Identify locations for additional commercial, retail, office, and mixed-use development. Ensure alignment with the Zoning Ordinance. Action 1.2: Explore opportunities to provide wireless internet at public and semi-public locations and community-wide expanded internet capabilities or services. 2 0-2 Years Township Township 2 0-2 Years Township, Others Public, Private, Grants Goal 2: Enhance the development and character of the Niles Road Corridor and other significant transportation corridors. Objective: Build upon the trend of a variety of land uses along main thoroughfares Action 2.1: Identity locations for additional residential, commercial, office, and mixed-use development. Action 2.2: Examine the efficacy of establishing a Corridor Improvement Authority. Action 2.3: Acquire further education and understanding of place-based design and the advantages of form-based codes or similar design guidelines. 2 0-2 Years 2 3-5 Years 2 3-5 Years 1 0-2 Years 1 0-2 Years Township, County, State Ongoing Township, Others Township Township, County Planning Commission Public, Private, Grants Township Public Goal 3: Continue to attract additional users to the industrial and business park sites. Objective: Provide additional employment opportunities and enhance the overall tax base of the community. Action 3.1: Collaborate with others to develop a strategic marketing plan. Action 3.2: Work to become recognized as a Michigan Redevelopment Ready Community (RRC). Township, Others Public, Private, Township Goal 4: Strengthen intergovernmental and interagency ties to enhance economic development. Objective: Work cooperatively with surrounding communities to improve success at retaining and attracting residents and investment opportunities. Action 4.1: Explore opportunities and develop procedures to further influence community-wide planning and development. Examples may include current efforts such as the Twin Cities Harbor Study, TwinCATS Long Range Plan, Southwest Michigan NonMotorized Transportation Plan, and yet to be identified future efforts such as a Napier Avenue corridor plan. 38 Chapter 5. Implementation 1 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Review of Development Regulations A zoning ordinance establishes the types of uses allowed on specific properties and prescribes the overall character and intensity of development to be permitted. Zoning is one of the most powerful tools in implementing planning policy. Adoption of the new Master Plan should be followed by a review and update to the zoning ordinance, subdivision regulations, and various related codes, ordinances, and other development controls. Specific recommendations of the Master Plan that development regulations can address include: • Managed growth in specific areas of the Township. • The appropriate scale, character, and configuration of development. • Enhancements to sidewalks, landscaping, and screening as redevelopment and reinvestment occurs in commercial areas. • Protect and enhance recreation areas and natural features. • Improving the Township’s image as a development-friendly community through a simple and predictable review and permitting process. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Potential Funding Sources The following is a list of possible funding sources the Township could pursue to fund implementation of the Master Plan. It is not a complete list and while information was deemed accurate at the time, the long-term availability of these funding sources cannot be guaranteed. As needed, Township should revise, update, and expand this list of potential funding sources. And while it is likely that many projects and improvements could be implemented through typical administrative or policy decisions and funded through conventional municipal programs, others may require special technical and/ or financial assistance. Tax Increment Financing (TIF): TIF funds utilize future property tax revenues generated within a designated area or district to pay for improvements and incentivize further reinvestment. As the Equalized Assessed Value (EAV) of properties increases, the incremental growth in property tax over the base year that the TIF was established is reinvested in the area. Funds can typically be used for infrastructure, public improvements, land acquisition, and in offsetting the costs of development. The typical life of a TIF district in the State of Michigan is 10 years and it can be extended if approved by the county and state. Community Development Block Grants (CDBG): The Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) on behalf of the Michigan Strategic Fund (MSF), administers the CDBG program. CDBG is a federal grant program from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Funds can be used by municipalities to help private businesses locate or expand in their community. They can also be used for infrastructure and enhance sense of place in low-and moderate-income communities. CDBG require matching funds by the municipality or benefiting business. Brownfield Tax Incentive: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers the Brownfield Tax Incentive to assist clean up of former industrial or commercial areas that were abandoned due to environmental contamination concerns. Chapter 5. Implementation 39 �Recreation and Open Space Funding Michigan Natural Resource Trust Fund (MNRTF): Grants are available for both acquistion and development projects. $15,000 - $300,000 can be available for development projects such as playgrounds, nature intepretive areas, park roads and paths, and waterfront improvements. The required local match varies and grants are scored competitevely across the State. There is an April application deadline and grants are issued Spring of the following year. Land and Water Conservation Funds (LWCF): $30,000 - $100,000 available for outdoor recreation projects. Projects require a 50% local match. There is an April application deadline and award recommendations are submitted to the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) in November. Transportation Related Funding MDOT - Michigan Department of Transportation - Transportation Alternatives Program: 40% local match recommended, 20% required. Funds projects such as multi-use paths, streetscapes, historic preservation, and other safe alternative transportation options. Applications accepted year-round. MDOT - Transportation Economic Development Fund: 20% local match required. Funds available to state, county, and city road agencies for highway needs relating to a variety of econonic development issues. Applications accepted year-round. Loan Infrastructure Opportunities USDA - United States Department of Agriculture - Rural Development SRF/ DWRF/ USDA: (State Revolving Fund/ Drinking Water Revolving Fund/ United States Department of Agriculture) Funding available for water and sewer projects. (State Revolving Fund, Drinking Water Revolving Fund, and US Department of Agriculture respectively) MDOT - Rural Funds: 20% match required. Must get on the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP). MDNR - Michigan Department of Natural Resources Recreation Passport Grant: $30,000 - 100,000$ available for Development projects only. 25% local match required. April application deadline, grants issued at the beginning of the year. (This type of grant is a reimbursement for project expenses.) 40 Chapter 5. Implementation St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �APPENDIX A. RESOURCES D esigningWalkableUrbanThoroughfares:AContext SensitiveApproach,AnITERecommendedPractice byInstituteofTransportationEngineers ITE,201 F orm-Based Codes in 7 Steps: The Michigan Guide to Livability byLeslieKettrenetal CNUMichigan,201 NewUrbanism:BestPracticesGuide,FourthEdition byRobertSteuteville,PhilipLangdonandSpecial Contributors NewUrbanNewsPublications,209 SprawlRepairManual by Galina Tachieva et al Island Press, 2010 PlacemakingasanEconomicDevelopmentTool A Placemaking Guidebook byMarkA.Wycko-etal LandInstituteandthePlanning&ZoningCenter MichiganStateUniversity,2015 L owImpactDevelopmentManualforMichigan ADesignGuideforImplementorsandReviewers bySoutheastMichiganCouncilofGovernments SEMCOG,208 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan APPENDIX B. MAPS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. RegionalSettingandLocation .................................8 Map ExistingLandUseMap ....................................................10 FloodPotential .........................................................11 Map RoadClassification ..................................................13 Map PASERRatingandBridgeRatingMap ...........................14 Non-MotorizedInfrastructure ...................................15 Map CommunityFacilities ...............................................17 Map CurrentZoning..Map .......................................................30 FutureLandUseMap ......................................................31 Sidewalk Inventory Map..................................................42 Soils Map.........................................................................43 Wetlands Map..................................................................44 Township-Owned Properties Map....................................45 ResidentialPropertyAge .........................................46 Map ResidentialPropertyValues ....................................47 Map Commercial and Industrial Property Age Map.................48 CommercialandIndustrialPropertyValues ............49 Map SchoolDistrict ..........................................................50 Map TAMCTra-cVolumeMap ...............................................51 BCRCTra-cVolumeMap ...............................................52 ShorehamVillageExistingLandUse......................53 Map ShorehamVillageZoningMap ........................................54 ShorehamVillageFutureLandUse........................55 Map Appendix 41 �EA. L S.JCT ES PS FSO¡ AC¡ NA. ES HR. FA. Sidewalk Inventory Map N:SI¡ ¡ ¡. CA. PS NR . LA. I94 ■ ...........................•............ ..............•............................• ■ ~ ■ ■ H¡R. LR. WA. CA. BSR. ML GR. 42 Appendix St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Legend Woodw Soil Types May ds Win Sandy Gravel Loam n Se eca U ti c a Aquents and Histosols Onondaga Shawnee Napier Broadmoor Lombard Commonwealth Elm Hoover Fairplain Maple Nash Cambridge Marvin Roncy Gerald Russell Bluffwo od Do r ze E I 94/N iles M an it ou dium Palla 4 Royal Crest Lonesome Pine Cambridge Maiden __JI Royalton Heights Clemens Kim 4 EI9 Meade Lattimer WI9 y Eas Marral Samuel Kevin McLin Lincoln Estates Ventnor Locust r Kedzie K nox Ansley Miller Vineland Old Hickory Trebor Meadow Carley Estates Bluffwood Bluffwood Arlington Maiden E s ta te s i ew e yv Va ll view est Cr Tennis Austin Lake Bluff Woodgate a Celina Wissing re es ho La k o li a gn Anthony Outer Grant Sheridan C ir c l e Churchill Field George Ma Heights Wadena Tra f al g ein Las w Valley Vie Carrie Valley ey View Vall Acorn Briarcliff Tucker Westwood Nelson Shoreham Lu Al Ea il Tr a Washington Tanbark H ic C ko Hi re ry llv ek ie w ra Marilyn Sa nd Cleveland k on Garden Trail Aurilla Aurilla Lake Michigan Oakridge Jean Ann Hickory Dozer Shoreham s Wedgewood Fairlawn Susan Brown School Willow Vinew ood r ve Soils Map Karen Ri ve rb en d le Ni Viking Yu Downey Brenda Ri Hanley M anor Brownway Jamesway August h ep os Cedar Railroad tJ in Sa Roads stol Village of Shoreham Delaware Jakway Bri Cam elo t Dale Gary a a Fo Lo r Lo r re s t H ill s Lynn An n Point rside t Rive Poin Pi t oin eP gl Spencer Commonwealth Lynwood Lydia Essex St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Fisk Lormar Harry Dell Arbor State Wagner Hilltop Brunn Hawthorne WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Chippewa Hunter Township Boundary Data Sources: Bradford Napier ne USA Soil Types- ESRI Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Pontiac Montezuma n Western Lyola oc a c si Ottawa Blac k M Mucks Parcels 131028 haw k Silty Loam Soils Udipsammerts and Udorthents ._____I_ Cayuga Miami Sandy Silty Loam 1111 Loam 1111 Fine Sand 1111 Sand, Primarily Sandy Soils 1111 Sandy Clayey Loam D ff or --- ard Blu Parker ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Appendix 43 �Legend Parker Wetlands U tic a I Bri il Tr a Washingto n Hil l Ki m M eade Fricke Gerald Krolow Russ ell Marral Roncy Lu Al ffw oo Blu d zer Do Marvin E I 94 / N il adiu P all I 94 es m Royal Crest Lone some Pine Cam bridg e Cambridge M ai de n Arlington Maple Royalton Heights Kevin Lincoln ra Estates Bluff wood Bluffw ood M a ni t o u W y E as 4 EI9 Nash Knox Carrie H ic k re ory ek C E st a t e s Celina Ke dzie Ventnor Locust r ew e y vi Va ll Tenn is McLin Tanbark M ar ily n Sa nd Cleveland kon G ard en Wissing or e sh ke La o lia Vineland Old Hickory D o ze r gn s Appendix ile 44 r ve 131028 Ri M eado w Lattimer C lemens Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Ansley C i r cl e ga Grant Sheridan Miller Carley Estates George estview Cr Maiden Heights Field Trebor Anthony Austin Lake Bluff e O u t er T ra fal Valle y V i e w T u ck e r Westwood Va lley Briarcliff ein N Trail Aurilla Wadena View s La e Oa kridg Jean Ann H icko ry Nelson Ma Data Sources: Wedgewood Valley A co r n Willow Fairlawn Aurilla Shoreham rb en d h ep Brown School Lake Michigan at Woodg Jakway Ri ve Vin ewood Susan Downey Brenda os Karen Jamesway August ra J nt Yu w vie Shoreham C hu rch ill Fairplain Samuel Manor Brownway Brownway ra Ea Lo i Sa ! Gary Spencer Lo re s t H i ll s Fo int Po oi nt t Poin e gl P rsi de L yn n An n R ive elo t stol C am Dale Lynwood Ly dia Essex Hawthorne H anl ey Hoover Dell A r bo r State Wagner Hilltop Pine Cedar Fisk Lormar Harry Hunter Brunn Viking Lombard Elm I Commonwealth Napier Wetlands Map Napier Chippewa Broadmoor oc a c Mont ezum a n B r adf or d Lyola Ottawa ckh M si Railroad Western Pontiac aw k Roads Seneca Cayuga S haw nee Village of Shoreham Onondaga Miam i Township Boundary Bla D I or D I M ay ds Win Parcels uff Bl live O n ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Legend ff Blue iv Ol Parker Township-Owned Property M ay ds Win or Parcels U tic a Township Boundary Tr a il Washingto n Maple Celina Ked zie Ventnor Kevin Fairplain Fricke Gerald Krolow Russ ell Marral Roncy Bluff wood Bluff wood Marvin ffw oo zer Do 4 EI9 M an i to u WI9 d Blu Royalton Heights Meade Lincoln Ki m y E as EI9 4/N iles di um Pal la 4 Cambridge M ai den Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Dell A r bor Cam b ridge Arlington Royal Crest Lone some Pine Nash Knox Clemens Vineland Old Hickory Locust r E st a t e s E st a t e s ie w Va l le y v Tenn is Carrie Tanbark H ic k Hi re ory llv ek ie w C ra M ar ily n Sa nd Cleveland k on G a rd en Wissing or e sh ke La o lia gn Lattimer D o ze r Miller C ir c le Maiden Grant Sheridan Ansley M cLin Anthony Carley Estates Trebor M ea dow tview es Cr Austin Lake Bluff at e Woodg a e in as L w Va lley V i e Ma Heights Field George C hur chill g Tr a f a l O akr idg e Tu cke r Westwood Va lley Briarcliff s Trail Wadena View Shoreham ile H ic kor y Aurilla Nelson O u te r r ve Fairlawn Jean Ann Valley Ac orn N Wedgewood Aurilla Lake Michigan Ri Willow Vinewo od Susan Brown School h ep Karen ve rb en d os Yu J nt Han le y Ri M a nor Downey Brenda Jakway Bri lot Brownway Jamesway August ra i Sa Cam e Shoreham St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Lombard Elm Samuel Lo stol Cedar Viking 131028 Hoover Brownway ra Ea int Gary Spencer Lo H i ll s r e st Fo Po P oi nt t Poin e rsi de L yn n An n Rive gl Essex Hawthorne Dale Lynwood Ly dia Lu Al State Wagner Hilltop Pine WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Fisk Lormar Harry Hunter Brunn Data Sources: Commonwealth Napier Township-Owned Properties Map Napier Chippewa Broadmoor Mont ezum a n Brad fo rd Lyola ca Bla oc si Railroad Ottawa ckh M Roads Western Pontiac aw k Village of Shoreham Seneca Cayuga S haw n ee Miam i Onondaga ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Appendix 45 TOWNS �ff Blu ard Parker Woodw Legend Residential Property By Year Built May ds Win (. eca U t ic a il Meade Napier Broadmoor Lombard Roncy Lu Al Kevin Lincoln McLin Krolow Russell Bluffwo I 94 s Royal Crest Lonesome Pine 4 Cambridge Cambridge Maiden Dell Arbor Maple Locust Celina Kedzie Knox Kim Estates E s t a te s r EI9 Nash E I 94/Nile dium Palla Arlington Maiden Ravine eyv ie w Va ll Tennis tview es Cr Austin Lake Bluff Woodgate od Dozer M an it ou W y Eas Royalton Heights Tr a Washington Tanbark H ic C ko re ry Hillv ek ie w ra Sa nd Marilyn Wissing re es ho La k o lia gn Anthony Ventnor Marvin Dozer Ma Meadow Lattimer Clemens Vineland Old Hickory George Churchill a Carley Estates Bluffwood Bluffwood Ansley Miller Wadena Trebor ein Las w Valley Vie Field Grant Sheridan C ir c le Tra f a lg Fairplain Samuel a Ea Lo r Fo re st H ill s Lynn An n Cleveland k on Garden Carrie Tucker Westwood Valley ey View Vall Briarcliff s Trail Aurilla Nelson Acorn r ve Oakridge Jean Ann Hickory Heights Shoreham WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Wedgewood Fairlawn Aurilla Lake Michigan le Ni Brown School Willow Vinewood Susan ve rb en d Ri Karen Downey Brenda h ep os Yu tJ in Sa Hanley Delaware Brownway Jamesway Jakway Ri Shoreham Data Sources: Point rside t Rive Poin Pi Cedar Viking August a Bri M anor Hoover Hunter Brownway Spencer Lo r stol Residential Property Age Map Township Assessor Database Download 11/2/2016 Southwest Michigan Planning Commission Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library int Po gle Essex Cam elo t Gary Lynwood Lydia Brunn Hawthorne Dale Wagner Hilltop ne Appendix Lyola Commonwealth ! Fisk Lormar Harry Marral Village of Shoreham Railroad 46 Chippewa Commonwealth Elm Township Boundary Roads 131028 Pontiac Montezuma n Napier State D Bradford Shawnee oc a c si Western Ottawa Blac k M haw k Miami Onondaga Cayuga Parcels D or n Se 1111 1800 - 1936 1111 1936 - 1956 1111 1956 - 1976 1111 1976 - 1996 1111 1996 - 2016 ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan RESIDENTI �,Legend Residential Property Values May ds Win 0 - $65,000 U ti c a eca Onondaga Elm Township Boundary Napier Fisk Lormar Harry Hoover Fairlawn Carrie Maiden Maple Celina Locust Kevin McLin Cambridge Krolow Bluffwo Do Lincoln Estates Kim r Kedzie K nox E Nash I 94 od r ze E I 94/N iles M an it ou WI9 y Eas Marvin dium Palla 4 Royal Crest Lonesome Pine Cambridge Maiden Arlington Tennis tview es Cr Austin Lake Bluff Woodgate E s ta te s ie w e yv Va ll o li a gn Anthony Ventnor George Ma Meadow Lattimer Clemens Vineland Old Hickory Trebor ein Las w Valley Vie Churchill a Bluffwood Ansley C ir c l e Tra f al g Carley Estates Bluffwood Sheridan Miller Wadena Ravine Wissing re es ho La k ey View Vall Acorn Briarcliff Field Grant Dozer Valley Heights Nelson Marral Tucker Westwood Meade Trail Aurilla Roncy Oakridge Jean Ann Hickory Aurilla Shoreham Fairplain Samuel Tr ail Washington Tanbark H ic C ko Hi re ry llv ek ie w ra Ma rilyn Sa nd Cleveland k on Wedgewood s Garden r ve le Ni Brown School Lake Michigan St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Vinewood Susan Shoreham WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Willow Ri Karen Ri ve rb en d h ep os Yu Downey Jakway tJ in Sa Hanley M anor Delaware Brownway Jamesway Brenda a Bri Cam elo t stol Cedar Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Southwest Michigan Planning Commission Township Assessor Database Download 11/2/2016 Lo r Essex Hawthorne Viking Data Sources: t oin eP gl August Royalton Heights Residential Property Values Map Ea ne a Pi Fo _J Spencer Lo r r e s t Hi l l s I Point rside t Rive Poin Lynn An n Brunn Railroad Lu Al Roads Dale Gary Russell Lynwood Lydia Dell Arbor State Wagner Hilltop Commonwealth Hunter Village of Shoreham 131028 Lombard Commonwealth Napier $450,001 - $925,000 Parcels D Chippewa Broadmoor Montezuma n Bradford Shawnee ca si Ottawa Blac k oc $225,001 - $450,000 Western Lyola haw k $165,001 - $225,000 Cayuga Pontiac Miami $105,001 - $165,000 or n Se ( $65,001 - $105,000 M 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 ff Woodw ard Blu Parker ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Appendix 47 RESIDEN �ff Blu ard Parker Woodw Legend Commercial & Industrial Properties May ds Win n Se or Most Recent Development 1111 1800 - 1936 1111 1936 - 1956 1111 1956 - 1976 1111 1976 - 1996 1111 1996 - 2016 eca U t ic a Pontiac Bradford Shawnee Kevin Napier Broadmoor Lombard Marral Roncy Bluffwo Royalton Heights Meade Lincoln McLin Kim E I 94/Nile s dium Palla I 94 Royal Crest Lonesome Pine 4 Cambridge Cambridge Maiden Dell Arbor EI9 Nash W y Eas od Dozer M an it ou Arlington Maple Celina Kedzie Knox Locust r Estates E s t a te s Ravine eyv ie w Va ll Tennis Fairplain Samuel a Ea il Tr a Washington Tanbark H ic C ko re ry Hillv ek ie w ra Marilyn Sa nd Cleveland k on Garden Wissing re es ho La k o lia gn Ventnor Marvin Dozer Maiden s Austin Meadow Lattimer Clemens Vineland Old Hickory George Anthony a Carley Estates Bluffwood Bluffwood Ansley Miller Wadena Trebor ein Las w Valley Vie Field Grant Sheridan C ir c le Tra f a lg r ve Briarcliff Churchill Lake Bluff Woodgate Appendix Valley ey View Vall Acorn tview es Cr 48 Tucker Westwood Nelson Ma 131028 Trail Aurilla Heights Shoreham WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Oakridge Jean Ann Aurilla Lake Michigan I_ _I Wedgewood Fairlawn Hickory ve rb en d le Ni Brown School Willow Vinewood Susan Downey Brenda Ri Karen Delaware Brownway Jamesway h ep os Yu tJ in Sa Hanley Hoover Jakway Ri M anor August a Bri stol Cedar Cam elo t Shoreham Data Sources: Lo r Essex Hawthorne Viking Township Assessor Database Download 11/2/2016 Southwest Michigan Planning Commission Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library int Po gle Harry Hunter Brownway Spencer Lo r re st H ill s Fo Pi ne Point rside t Rive Poin Lynn An n Brunn Commercial and Industrial Property Age Map Gary Lynwood Lydia Lu Al Hilltop Roads Railroad Dale Wagner State Village of Shoreham Carrie D Commonwealth Elm Township Boundary Fisk Lormar Krolow Commonwealth Napier Parcels D Chippewa Russell Montezuma n Lyola oc a c si Western Ottawa Blac k M haw k Miami Onondaga Cayuga ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL P St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �Legend Commercial & Industrial Property Values _I May ds Win $4,600 - $100,000 eca U ti c a Onondaga Elm Township Boundary Napier Lombard Commonwealth Napier $800,001 - $2,400,000 Fisk Lormar Harry Hoover Carrie E Nash Kevin McLin Cambridge Krolow Marral Bluffwo Do Royalton Heights Lincoln Kim I 94 od r ze E I 94/N iles M an it ou WI9 y Eas Marvin dium Palla 4 Royal Crest Lonesome Pine Cambridge Maiden Arlington Maple Celina Kedzie K nox Locust r Estates E s ta te s ie w e yv Va ll o li a gn Tennis Maiden Ravine re es ho La k Wissing tview es Cr Austin Lake Bluff Woodgate Ventnor George Anthony Meadow Lattimer Clemens Vineland Old Hickory Trebor ein Las w Valley Vie Churchill a Bluffwood Ansley C ir c l e Tra f al g Carley Bluffwood Sheridan Miller Wadena Estates Grant Dozer Valley ey View Vall Acorn Field Roncy a Tucker Westwood Meade Trail Aurilla Nelson Briarcliff Fairplain Samuel Tr ail Washington Tanbark H ic C ko Hi re ry llv ek ie w ra Ma rilyn Sa nd Cleveland k on s Garden r ve le Ni Brown School Oakridge Jean Ann Hickory Heights Ma St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Wedgewood Fairlawn Susan Lake Michigan WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. Willow Vinewood Aurilla Shoreham Ri ve rb en d Ri Karen Downey Brenda h ep os Yu Delaware Brownway Jamesway Jakway tJ in Sa Hanley stol Cedar M anor August a Bri Cam elo t Shoreham Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Southwest Michigan Planning Commission Township Assessor Database Download 11/2/2016 Lo r Essex Hawthorne Viking Data Sources: Ea Commercial and Industrial Property Values Map t oin eP gl Spencer Lo r r e s t Hi l l s Fo Pi ne Point rside t Rive Poin Lynn An n Brunn Railroad Lu Al Roads Dale Gary Russell Lynwood Lydia Dell Arbor State Wagner Hilltop Commonwealth Hunter Village of Shoreham 131028 Chippewa Broadmoor Montezuma n Bradford Shawnee ca si Ottawa Blac k oc $600,001 - $800,000 Western Lyola haw k $400,001 - $600,000 Cayuga Pontiac Miami $250,001 - $400,000 Parcels D or n Se $100,001 - $250,000 M 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 ff Woodw ard Blu Parker ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Appendix COMMERCIAL& INDUST 49 �Legend k School 1111 Benton Harbor Area School District 1111 Lakeshore School District May ds Win or i (, i U tic a Onondaga a il Tr Hill H ic k re ory ek C Ki m Vineland Napier Broadmoor Lyola Roncy y ffw oo Blu k zer Do E I 94/ Nil e M an i t o u s di um P al l a 4 WI9 E as d Marvin Royal Crest Lone some Pine 4 EI9 M ai den Arlington Maple M eade Lattimer Bluff wood Royalton Heights Kevin Lincoln McLin Ansley Miller Cl em ens Locust Estates Carley Bluff wood Sheridan Wadena Knox C r e s t v i ew Washington r y vi e w Va l le E st a t e s Celina Ventnor Lakeshore Anthony Nash School Ca mb ridge District Cambridge Maiden Carrie ra M ar ily n G a rd en Sa nd Cleveland k on Ked zie Wissing or e sh ke La o lia gn Appendix Old Hickory k Grant D o ze r 50 M ea dow s 131028 L w Va lley Vi e Heights Field Trebor e in as r ve WIGHTMAN& A SSOCIATES, INC. ga ile Berrien County GIS State of Michigan Geographic Data Library Google Maps Tr a f a l N Data Sources: Nelson Estates e Tu cke r Westwood C ir c l e Lake Bluff at e Woodg Briarcliff Trail Aurilla Aurilla O u te r O akr id g Jean Ann George Austin Susan H ic kor y Va lley Ac orn View Ma Wedgewood Fairlawn Valley Shoreham C h u r ch i l l Vinew ood Brown School St Joseph Public School District Willow Ri k Karen h ep Shoreham Lake Michigan Yu ve rb en d os Tanbark J nt Viking Ha nle y Marral Samuel i Sa Cedar w vie Lombard Jakway Ri Manor Downey Brenda Dell A r bor Bri stol lot Jamesway ra Lo E Essex Cam e Spencer Lo Brownway Brownway August ra r e st Fo nt Po i oi nt t Poin le ag P rsi de H il l s L yn n An n Rive Pine Gary Fairplain Ly dia Hoover Hunter Fricke Lynwood Lu Al Hilltop Brunn Hawthorne Dale Wagner State School District Map k Fisk Lormar Harry Gerald Elm Railroad Commonwealth Benton Harbor Area School District Roads Commonwealth Napier Village of Shoreham ---t--t--t Chippewa Krolow ca Mont ezum a n Russ ell ckh oc si Bra dfo rd Ottawa Bla M Township Boundary k Seneca k Western Pontiac aw k CJ Parcels Cayuga S haw n ee Miam i St Joseph Public School District D D ff Blu live O Parker dmL ST. JOSEPH CHARTER TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �LEGEND ===~of::.==== INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ~ ~~ STATE HIGHWAY PAVED PRIMARY ROAD - ----- -- ----- PAVED LOCAL ROAD GRAVEL LOCAL ROAD ADJACENT COUNTY ROAD RAILROAD 1 TO 500 VEHICLES 501 TO 1,000 VEHICLES 1,001 TO 5,000VEHICLES 5,001 TO 10,000 VEHICLES 10,001 TO 20,000 VEHICLES > 20,000 VEHICLES Berrien County Road Commission Traffic Volume Map . GRANOIEIIE ..,.,,_ .. -- ROCKEY WEED RO ~-..- Source: Berrien County Road Commission: August, 2011 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Appendix 51 �i' " '\r ( ' Legend ,..,_ St Jose E mp ire }Wol cott Av Traffic - NTF A 0 Traffic - AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic (2015): - 0- 2000 - 2001 - 5000 - 5001 - 10000 10001 · 20000 - 20001 - 50000 - 50001 - 100000 - Over 100000 Michigan TAMC Traffic Volume Map St.Joseph CharterTownship g Royall a, "' 115 198 ,t ( r ' 'i' :,; Mix Path l-- -,-"- Source: Michigan TAMC, www.mcgi.state.mi.us/MITRP/Data/paserMap.aspx 52 Appendix ~ _ - cottdale • -'c - , ; 1 gr ~~ ,c:P~ '- l "::. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan THANDLEWANE PATH I I ,/ / / / / / I I I I r// / / I I I I I I / I I I I I I I I ( I I I I GENERALIZED EXISTING LAND USE RESIDENTIAL MULTI-FAMILY COMMERCIAL VILLAGE OWNED PROPERTIES VACANT LAND f/ //// /7//J NOT PART OF VILLAGE ~3883™ DNR OWNED PROPERTIES PRIVATE ROADS 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN HICKORY CREEK FLOODWAY Appendix MAP 4 . VILLA GE OF SHOR EHAM EXIS TING LAND USE MAP IIABONMA!£~! ~ · ARCttJ£CT\lt£·,-..ARt.:AJWATWlON'I SlJMY1.'«:; ·LA.NOSCAPEA.l'CHITEOV2E· PlA,'ffNC 53 �54 Appendix I 1- ~ -1 OFFICIAL ZONING MAP R-1 • CJENTRY COURT HIGHLANDS REnAM __J '--- 7 R-3 = MULTI-FAM ILY RESIDENTIAL C = LIMITED LOCAL COMMERCIAL ED St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan /' I I OPEN SPACE (FLOOD PLAIN) EROSION HAZARD DISTRICT NOT PART OF VILLAGE PRIVATE ROADS I~ I I ---I ESTATE RESIDENTIAL SUBURBAN RES IDENTIAL R-2 ________! OS(RP) f/ d//J'.1/1//41 = I 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN HICKORY CREEK FLOODWAY ~~ii~~ ~~~a~~st 0th~eiiffici:a~; ~/~g isM~~~ ZJo,tg, t,af9jgp~~e:;rt ~~dthe Zoning Ordinance of 1991, U.S. amended Village of Shoreham, Michigan. President Clerk Date of Adoption Amended: 01-06-81 12-03-91 07-07-92 On May 10, 1995, by official action of the Village Council, the following change was made of the Official Zoning Mop: Approximately 27 acres of section 9 from C to R-1. 1-12-01 MAP 6 VILL AGE OF SHO REH AM OFFI CIAL ZON ING MAP N.W. corner of Maiden Lane and Lakeshore Drive changed to R-3. t I I ABONMA~~! B<iMDING· AIOfl~ · MA!IN,\/WATBJIONT SUCM"fl<; • w.csc:»EAR":'fCiCl'..A( • PI..AAltlNG �St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan FUTURE LAND USE PLAN RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL OPEN SPACE VILLAGE OWNED PROPERTY HIGH RISK EROSION AREA r;@;& Y :?d POTENTIAL VILLAGE AREA MULTI-FAMILY PRIVATE ROADS ❖=a:❖;•;❖j 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN HICKORY CREEK FLOODWAY I LOW IMPACT COMMERCIAL Appendix MAP 5 VILL AGE OF SHO REH AM FUT URE LAN D USE PLAN IIABONMA!f.~! ENQ~•.-..o; ir~'f • MAP.lf,V,,IW'AfERfRONT SLIRVEYING• L,U,OSCA.1>£ARCMtiCI Ll!E ·PLAN.....0 f 55 �APPENDIX C. EXPENDITURES PER PERSON ACTUAL & PROJECTED The overarching goal of the St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan is to have “A community of healthy living opportunity connected to nature.” The individual goals in Chapter 3, detail paths to achieving the overarching goal by taking advantage of opportunities and overcoming obstacles. Accomplishing those individual goals represents a degree of change in the community. What is the driving factor behind that change? It is the need to have sufficient revenues to support the operation of the Township in terms of facilities and personnel to provide services to the residents. Consider the following table. It shows actual expenditures expressed as dollars per person. During the six-year period from 2010 to 2016 annual General Fund expenditures increased from $1.13 million to $1.39 million. This $256,000 increase represents a 22.6% change in annual expenditures. With a very stable population the expenditures per person increased from $113.26 to $140.90. This is not an unexpected or excessive change. Munetrix, an independent private sector firm, evaluates critical financial metrics from Township and Michigan Department of Treasury data and provides a rating of the municipal fiscal health. St. Joseph Charter Township received an “excellent” rating. Quite simply while the Township manages its resources well, the cost of operating government does increase. 56 Appendix The following graph illustrates what the projected expenditure in dollars per person is likely to be under three scenarios. 1. Stable – the population remains virtually unchanged during this period 2. 2% Growth – the overall population grows 2% annually 3. 3% Growth – the overall population grows 3% annually An assumption is the cost of Township government is independent of growth in population. In a township that is almost built-out this is a supportable assumption. The area to be maintained is not going to change. Municipal services do not have to be extended. Therefore, a built-out municipality can provide services more efficiently through a higher density of population than a more rural, developing municipality. Year 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Population Expenditures 9,879 9,879 9,923 9,934 9,970 10,011 10,027 $1,391,980 $1,244,958 $1,095,171 $1,198,540 $1,212,442 $1,058,117 $1,135,648 Expenditure per Person $140.90 $126.02 $110.37 $120.65 $121.61 $105.70 $113.26 While the “burden” of operating government is spread out over more persons, the underlying driving factor is the increase in taxable revenue that an expanded population represents. To fund the increasing cost of government, the three options for enhancing revenue are to increase the tax rate, increase the number of taxable entities, or increase the taxable value. The latter two options are inherently more supportable. In an established area, supporting a larger population is best accomplished through “infilling” where possible. Since multiple large tracts of land for traditional single-family homes are not available, what land remains needs to have a higher density and associated higher valuation to generate additional revenues. This supports the concept of providing “missing middle housing” in selected areas of the Township. It will provide for a larger population and increase the tax base while also affording alternative housing types that many in the next generation are seeking. This will keep St. Joseph Charter Township an attractive and desirable community. In summary: • The costs of operating government is increasing and the Township, despite its “excellent” rating and efficient use of resources, is not immune to the aforementioned fiscal pressures. • Increasing the number of taxable entities and taxable value is more supportable than raising the tax rate. • High quality and compact development is key because it leverages and aligns the economic and demographic opportunities. St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan �$180 Expenditures per Person Based on a Stable, 2% Growing and 3% Growing Population $170 Stable Population $160 2% Growth in Population $150 $140 $130 3% Growth in Population $120 $110 $100 $90 Projected $/Person Actual $/Person $80 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ....... St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Actual 2015 ....... 2016 Stable 2017 □ 2018 2% Increase 2019 ....... 2020 2021 2022 2024 2026 3% Increase Appendix 57 �Lo Esse x C Carley Kevin example could be implemented. Grant Ansley Miller Lattimer Clemens Vineland Maple 07 E asy Kim PARKING B-2 B-2 Sherid an Me ade Waden1a 3 R-3 Lincoln Carrie Field McLi n PARKING Locust Celina Ventnor Lincoln Tr a il Tanbark Hi l Est ates Estate s r Nash K e d zi e Chapter 4. Future Land Use Anthony 4 2 Va 58 M e adow Westwo od 5 Nelson e B-2 A Planned Unit Development Overlay R-5 Tu cke r District is one scenario in which this Height s E s t at e s i ew ll e y v Aurilla O a kr i d g Jean Ann Aurilla Old Hick ory Tr a f a Family Homes in a connected, amenity-rich environment are desired by young and old Trebor alike. in se La Valley Vi e w D Trail George 0 05 Fairlawn C i r cl e R-1 smaller Single 4 Cottage Courts, Duplexes, land ga H i cko r y Washing ton Cleveland M a r i l yn ic LINCOLN ROAD C ko Sa re ry nd ek ra k on G ar den View Attractive Mansion Apartments, Rowhouses AcoMissing rn and similar Middle Housing types O u te r can respect and better transition into existing Briarcliff residential neighborhoods. 03 Susa n OA r ve Mixed-use building(s) with active storefront frontages can include commercial or office alleresidential space belowVand above. y SR Ri 02 LE s R-2 Wedgewood Va lley A pedestrian-oriented streetscape and high quality mixed-use environment can be desirable both for existing neighborhoods and new development. Streetscape may include bike lanes, on-street parking, street trees, landscaping, sidewalks, seating, etc. NI R-2 ile 01 Brow n School Vine wood h ep R-4 Yu Willow N It does not represent an exact plan to be implemented nor is it site specific. Rather, its purpose is to promote conversation, Karen understanding, and identification of opportunities that may be appropriate or exist elsewhere in the Township. ew lvi 6 ExistingZoning ve rb en os R-4 R-1 J nt B-2 B-2 Ri i Sa I-1 Manor stol R-5 I-1 The Illustrative Plan is a conceptual example to support Chapter 3. Goals, Objectives, and Actions, Chapter 4. Future Land Use, and more specifically, the types of land use development and character proposed in the areas designated as Neighborhood MixedUse (page 32). Bri H Hawth orne Lu Al ra E nt APPENDIX D. ILLUSTRATIVE PLAN EXAMPLE B-1 ra Royalton Heights re Fo Lo P oi Pin e nt Po i le ag Marvin M an i t o u OAKRIDGE ROAD WI9 4 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan Lo Royal Crest �1 2 6 6 The existing is provided an additional building to hold the corner, sidewalks, landscape improvements, and crosswalks. 3 7 The existing frontage includes a large setback dominated by a driveway and a parking garage. 7 The existing garage is converted into additional living space as a two-story structure built over the existing driveway. 7 A new wing is added, creating an entry courtyard and preventing the garage and driveway from dominating the street view. 4 5 7 4 5 St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan 7 A detached outbuilding is built in the The garage is removed altogether, front yard, creating a private interior in its place sits a one-story addition delineating the street. A garden is in courtyard. the backyard. Source: Sprawl Repair Manual, Galina Tachieva et al, Island Press, 2010 Appendix 59 �APPENDIX D. COMMUNITY VISION DOCUMENT Reserved for St. Joseph Charter Township Community Vision 60 Appendix St. Joseph Charter Township Master Plan ��I I - WIGHTMAN & ASSOCIATES, INC. lliiil ENGINEERING ♦ SURVEYING ♦ 230PipestoneRoad BentonHarbor,MI4902 (269) 927-0100 www.wightman-assoc.com ARCHITECTURE � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context St-Joseph-Charter-Twp_Master-Plan_2017 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource St. Joseph Charter Township Planning Commission, St. Joseph Charter Township, Berrien County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-07-10 Title A name given to the resource Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Master Plan for St. Joseph Charter Township was prepared by the Planning Commission with assistance from Wightman & Associates, Inc. and was adopted on July 10, 2017. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wightman & Associates, Inc. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports St. Joseph Charter Township (Mich.) Berrien County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9518059e71007077fbcfeec350c3a9de.pdf d060e4bf653ff378b700c05ab88a3b40 PDF Text Text St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance Recommended by Planning Commission November 10, 2020 Revisions as Requested by Planning Commission and Township Board April 16, 2021 ADOPTED: July 12, 2021 EFFECTIVE: July 19, 2021 AS AMENDED: April 16, 2021 �This page is left blank intentionally. �Summary Table of Amendments Ordinance Number Effective Date Amended Section(s) St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance Description i Recommended by Planning Commission �This page is left blank intentionally. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance ii Recommended by Planning Commission �Table of Contents ARTICLE 1: GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1.01 Intent and purpose of chapter. ........................................................................................................... 1 Section 1.02 Definitions .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Section 1.03 Interpretation of Chapter ................................................................................................................... 14 Section 1.04 Violations Declared Nuisance; Abatement of Violations ............................................................. 15 ARTICLE 2: ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT ................................................................... 17 Section 2.01 Generally .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Section 2.02 Nonconforming Use, Structures, and Parcels ............................................................................... 19 Section 2.03 Zoning Ordinance Text Amendment and Map Revision Procedures ........................................ 20 Section 2.04 Special Uses ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Section 2.05 Site Plans ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Section 2.06 Planning Commission ........................................................................................................................ 28 Section 2.07 Zoning Board of Appeals; Appeals and Variances ....................................................................... 29 ARTICLE 3: ZONING DISTRICTS ESTABLISHED .............................................................................. 33 Section 3.01 Districts Established .......................................................................................................................... 33 Section 3.02 Official Zoning Map ............................................................................................................................ 33 Section 3.03 Interpretation of District Boundaries ............................................................................................... 34 Section 3.04 Zoning of Streets, Waterways, and Railroad Right of Ways ....................................................... 34 ARTICLE 4: PERMITTED AND SPECIAL USES .................................................................................. 35 Section 4.01 Table of Permitted Uses .................................................................................................................... 35 Section 4.02 Bed and Breakfast .............................................................................................................................. 36 Section 4.03 Cemetery .............................................................................................................................................. 37 Section 4.04 Drive-Thru or Drive-In ........................................................................................................................ 37 Section 4.05 Drive-In Movie Theater ....................................................................................................................... 37 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance iii Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 4.06 Dwelling Unit........................................................................................................................................ 37 Section 4.07 Essential Services .............................................................................................................................. 38 Section 4.08 Event Space ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Section 4.09 Funeral Home ...................................................................................................................................... 38 Section 4.10 Automotive Fueling Station (Gas Station): .................................................................................... 38 Section 4.11 Home Occupations ............................................................................................................................. 39 Section 4.12 Hospital ................................................................................................................................................. 39 Section 4.13 Hotel or Motel ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Section 4.14 Kennels ................................................................................................................................................. 39 Section 4.15 Manufacturing ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Section 4.16 Marina ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Section 4.17 Medical or Dental Clinic ..................................................................................................................... 39 Section 4.18 Mobile Home ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Section 4.19 Municipal / Public Uses: .................................................................................................................... 40 Section 4.20 Nursing or Convalescent Home ....................................................................................................... 40 Section 4.21 Office ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 Section 4.22 Personal Services ............................................................................................................................... 41 Section 4.23 Private School and/or Child Care ..................................................................................................... 41 Section 4.24 Recreation – Indoor ............................................................................................................................ 41 Section 4.25 Recreation – Outdoor ......................................................................................................................... 42 Section 4.26 Religious Institution ........................................................................................................................... 42 Section 4.27 Research and Development .............................................................................................................. 42 Section 4.28 Restaurant ............................................................................................................................................ 42 Section 4.29 Retail ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 Section 4.30 Self-Storage Facilities ........................................................................................................................ 43 Section 4.31 Solar Energy Facility .......................................................................................................................... 43 Section 4.32 Trucking & Logistics .......................................................................................................................... 43 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance iv Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 4.33 Vehicle Repair ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Section 4.34 Vehicle Sales and/or Rental .............................................................................................................. 43 Section 4.35 Vehicle Wash ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Section 4.36 Warehousing ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Section 4.37 Wholesale ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Section 4.38 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) ..................................................................................... 44 Section 4.39 Wireless Telecommunication Facility ............................................................................................. 44 ARTICLE 5: SCHEDULE OF REGULATIONS....................................................................................... 45 Section 5.01 Schedule of Regulations for Principal Structures ........................................................................ 45 ARTICLE 6: ZONING DISTRICT REGULATIONS................................................................................ 47 Section 6.01 R-1 Single Family – Low Density District ....................................................................................... 47 Section 6.02 R-2 Single Family – Medium Density District ................................................................................. 47 Section 6.03 R-3 Mixed Density Residential District ............................................................................................ 48 Section 6.04 R-4 Multi-Family Residential District ............................................................................................... 49 Section 6.05 B-1 Limited Business District ........................................................................................................... 51 Section 6.06 B-2 General Business District .......................................................................................................... 52 Section 6.07 I-1 Limited Industrial District ............................................................................................................ 52 Section 6.08 I-2 General Industrial District ............................................................................................................ 53 Section 6.09 Floodplain Regulations ...................................................................................................................... 54 ARTICLE 7: PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................... 57 Section 7.01 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 57 Section 7.02 Basic Provisions and Requirements ............................................................................................... 57 Section 7.03 Procedure for Approval ..................................................................................................................... 57 Section 7.04 Contents of Petition ............................................................................................................................ 59 Section 7.05 Construction of Improvements ........................................................................................................ 60 Section 7.06 Street Classifications and Specifications....................................................................................... 60 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance v Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 7.07 Compliance .......................................................................................................................................... 60 Section 7.08 General Standards .............................................................................................................................. 60 Section 7.09 Residential Uses ................................................................................................................................. 61 Section 7.10 Business Uses ..................................................................................................................................... 62 Section 7.11 Industrial Uses .................................................................................................................................... 63 ARTICLE 8: SUPPLEMENTAL DISTRICT REGULATIONS ............................................................. 67 Section 8.01 Scope of District Regulations ........................................................................................................... 67 Section 8.02 Use and Bulk Regulations ................................................................................................................. 67 Section 8.03 Lot Coverage ....................................................................................................................................... 67 Section 8.04 Access to Public Streets ................................................................................................................... 68 Section 8.05 Number of Buildings on Lot .............................................................................................................. 69 Section 8.06 Rezoning of Public and Semipublic Areas ..................................................................................... 69 Section 8.07 Accessory Buildings .......................................................................................................................... 69 Section 8.08 Temporary Buildings for Construction Purposes ......................................................................... 69 Section 8.09 Home Occupations ............................................................................................................................. 69 Section 8.10 Existing Special Uses ........................................................................................................................ 71 Section 8.11 Uses Not Specifically Permitted ....................................................................................................... 72 Section 8.12 Sidewalks ............................................................................................................................................. 72 Section 8.13 Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 73 ARTICLE 9: OFF-STREET PARKING AND LOADING ...................................................................... 75 Section 9.01 Purpose of Article ............................................................................................................................... 75 Section 9.02 General Provisions ............................................................................................................................. 75 Section 9.03 Design, Maintenance, and Use of Parking Facilities .................................................................... 76 Section 9.04 Location of Parking Facilities ........................................................................................................... 77 Section 9.05 Schedule of Parking Requirements ................................................................................................. 78 Section 9.06 Off-Street Loading Facilities ............................................................................................................. 81 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance vi Recommended by Planning Commission �ARTICLE 10: SIGNS ....................................................................................................................................... 83 Section 10.01 Purpose and Intent ............................................................................................................................. 83 Section 10.02 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................ 83 Section 10.03 Permits .................................................................................................................................................. 86 Section 10.04 Prohibited Signs ................................................................................................................................. 87 Section 10.05 Temporary Commercial Signs .......................................................................................................... 88 Section 10.06 Electronic Message Centers ............................................................................................................. 88 Section 10.07 Clear Corner Vision ............................................................................................................................ 90 Section 10.08 Permitted Permanent Signs .............................................................................................................. 90 Section 10.09 Non-Conforming Signs ...................................................................................................................... 93 Section 10.10 Waiver Process ................................................................................................................................... 93 ARTICLE 11: MISSING MIDDLE OVERLAY .......................................................................................... 95 Section 11.01 Statement of Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 95 Section 11.02 Applicability ......................................................................................................................................... 95 Section 11.03 Eligibility ............................................................................................................................................... 96 Section 11.04 Missing Middle Residential Buildings ............................................................................................. 97 Section 11.05 Mixed Use Buildings........................................................................................................................... 99 ARTICLE 12: TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS ............................................................................. 101 Section 12.01 New Facilities..................................................................................................................................... 101 Section 12.02 Co-Locations and Modifications to Existing Facilities. ............................................................. 101 Section 12.03 Small Cell Zoning Exemption. ........................................................................................................ 102 Section 12.04 Abandonment .................................................................................................................................... 102 ARTICLE 13: LIGHTING .............................................................................................................................. 103 Section 13.01 Intent. .................................................................................................................................................. 103 Section 13.02 Applicability ....................................................................................................................................... 103 Section 13.03 Examples of Fixtures. ...................................................................................................................... 103 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance vii Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 13.04 Foot-candles Standards .................................................................................................................. 104 Section 13.05 General Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 106 Section 13.06 Prohibited Lighting ........................................................................................................................... 106 Section 13.07 Exempt Lighting ................................................................................................................................ 106 Section 13.08 Special Use Lighting ........................................................................................................................ 107 ARTICLE 14: LANDSCAPING ................................................................................................................... 109 Section 14.01 Intent ................................................................................................................................................... 109 Section 14.02 Maintenance of Existing Landscape Material .............................................................................. 109 Section 14.03 Applicability of Requirements. ....................................................................................................... 109 Section 14.04 Submittal Requirements. ................................................................................................................. 109 Section 14.05 Soil and Planting Requirements..................................................................................................... 111 Section 14.06 Required Landscaping ..................................................................................................................... 113 Section 14.07 Landscape Design Requirements .................................................................................................. 114 Section 14.08 General Regulations ......................................................................................................................... 116 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance viii Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 1: General Section 1.01 Intent and purpose of chapter. (A) This chapter is adopted to implement one or more of the following purposes: (1) Promote and protect the public health, safety, morals, comfort and general welfare of the people of St. Joseph Charter Township. (2) Divide the Township into zones or districts, restricting and regulating therein the location, erection, construction, reconstruction, alteration, and use of buildings, structures and land for residence, business, manufacturing and other specified uses. (3) Protect the character and stability of the residential, business, and manufacturing areas within the Township and promote the orderly and beneficiail development of such areas. (4) Provide adequate light, air, privacy, and convenience of access to property. (5) Regulate the intensity of lot areas and determine the area of open spaces surrounding buildings necessary to provide adequate light and air, and to protect the public health. (6) Establish building lines and the locations of buildings designed for residential, business and manufacturing or other uses within such areas. (7) Fix reasonable standards to which buildings or structures shall conform therein. (8) Prohibit uses, buildings or structures incompatible with the character of development or intended uses within specified zoning districts. (9) Prevent additions to or alteration or remodeling of existing buildings or structures in such a way as to avoid the restrictions and limitations imposed under this chapter. (10) Limit congestion in the public streets and protect the public health, safety, convenience and general welfare by providing for the off-street parking of motor vehicles and the loading and unloading of commercial vehicles. (11) Facilitate adequate provision for a system of transportation, sewage disposal, safe and adequate water supply, education, recreation and other public requirements. (12) Protect against fire, explosion, noxious fumes, and other hazards in the interest of public health, safety, comfort, and general welfare. (13) Prevent the overcrowding of land and undue concentration of structures, so far as is possible and appropriate in each district, by regulating the use and bulk of buildings in relation to the land surrounding them. (14) Conserve the taxable value of land and buildings throughout the Township. (15) Conserve the natural resources and character of land throughout the Township. (16) Provide for the gradual elimination of nonconforming uses of land, buildings, and structures which are adversely affecting the character and value of desirable development in each district. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 1 Recommended by Planning Commission �(17) Define and limit the powers and duties of the administrative officers and bodies as provided in this Chapter. (18) Prescribe the penalties for the violation of the provisions of this chapter or any amendments thereto. Section 1.02 Definitions The following words, terms, and phrases, when used in this Chapter, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this Section, except where context clearly indicates a different meaning. The phrase “used for” includes the phrases “arranged for,” “designed for,” “intended for,” “maintained for,” and “occupied for.” Uses of land are defined in Article 4. Signage terms are defined in Article 10. Any term not defined in this Ordinance shall be have the meaning listed in the most recent edition of Webster’s Dictionary. Abandonment means any action or inaction indicating an intent to give up one's right or interest in property or intention to give up a particular use of such property. Accessory structure or use. (1) An accessory structure or use is one which: (a) Is subordinate to and serves a principal use; (b) Is subordinate in area, extent or purpose to the principal use served; (c) Contributes to the comfort, convenience or necessity of occupants of the principal building or principal use served; and (d) Is located on the same zoning lot as the principal building or principal use served, with the single exception of such accessory off-street parking facilities as are permitted to locate elsewhere than on the same zoning lot with the building or use served. (2) An accessory use includes but is not limited to the following: (a) A children's playhouse, garden house and private greenhouse. (b) A shed, garage or building for domestic storage. (c) Incinerators incidental to residential use. (d) Storage of merchandise normally carried in stock on the same lot with any retail service or business use, unless such storage is excluded by the district regulations. (e) Storage of goods used in or produced by manufacturing activities on the same lot or parcel of ground with such activities, unless such storage is excluded by the district regulations. (f) Swimming pool, private, for use by the occupant and guests. Swimming pools, either in-ground or aboveground, shall be considered accessory structures, and must meet accessory structure regulations. (g) Off-street vehicle parking areas, and loading facilities. (h) Signs as permitted and regulated in each Zoning District. (i) Carports. (j) Public utility facilities, telephone, electric, gas, water and sewer lines, their supports and incidental equipment, unless such use is excluded by the district regulations. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 2 Recommended by Planning Commission �Agriculture means all the processes of planting, growing, harvesting of crops in the open and the raising and feeding of livestock and poultry, including farming. Alteration, structural, means any change which would tend to prolong or to alter the life of or alter or change or remove the supporting members of a building or structure, such as bearing walls, columns, beams or girders. Apartment means a room or suite of rooms in a multiple-family structure which is arranged, designed, used or intended to be used as a single housekeeping unit. Complete kitchen facilities (sink, stove, refrigerator and storage facilities) and necessary sanitary facilities must always be included for each apartment. Apartment hotel. See Hotel, apartment. Auditorium means a room, hall or building, made a part of a church, theater, school, recreation building or other building, assigned to the gathering of people as an audience to hear lectures, plays and other presentations. Awning means a roof-like cover, temporary in nature, which projects from the wall of a building or overhangs the public way. Basement means a story partly or wholly underground. Where more than one-half of its height is above the established curb level, or above the average level of the adjoining ground where the curb level has not been established, a basement shall be counted as a story for the purpose of height measurement. Bedroom. Any room other than a living room, family room, dining room, kitchen, bathroom, or utility room shall be considered a bedroom. Block means a tract of land bounded by streets, or in lieu of streets, by public parks, cemeteries, railroad rightsof-way, bulkhead lines or shorelines of waterways or corporate boundary lines of municipalities. Boardinghouse means a building other than a hotel or restaurant where meals are provided for compensation to three but not more than 12 persons who are not members of the keeper's family. Buildable area means the space remaining on a zoning lot after the minimum open space requirements have been complied with. Building means any covered structure built for the support, shelter or enclosure of persons, animals, or movable property of any kind, and which is permanently affixed to the land. Building, detached, means a building surrounded by open space on the same building lot. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 3 Recommended by Planning Commission �Building Height means the vertical distance measured from the sidewalk level or its equivalent established grade opposite the middle of the front of the building to the highest elevation of the roof in the case of a slant or flat roof and to the mean height level between eaves and ridge of a gable, hip, mansard, or gambrel roof; provided that, where buildings are set back from the right-of-way line, the height of the building may be measured from the average elevation of the finished lot grade at the front of the building. Building line means the line nearest the front of and across a zoning lot, establishing the minimum open space to be provided between the front line of a building or structure and the street right-of-way line. Building, nonconforming, means any building which does not conform to the regulations in this Chapter prescribing the required yards, coverage, height and setbacks and minimum required usable open space for the district in which the building is located. Building permit means a permit issued by the Township Building Official for the construction, alteration, removal or demolition of a building or structure within the Township. Building, principal, means a non-accessory building in which the principal use of the zoning lot on which it is located is conducted. Building setback line means a line parallel to the lot line at a distance from it regulated by the yard requirements set up in this chapter. Building, temporary, means any building not designated to be permanently located in the place where it is or where it is intended to be placed or affixed. Bulk is a term used to indicate the size and setbacks of buildings or structures and location of buildings or structures with respect to one another, and includes the following: (1) Size and height of buildings. (2) Location of exterior walls at all levels in relation to lot lines, streets, or other buildings. (3) All open spaces allocated to the building. (4) Amount of lot area per dwelling unit. (5) Required parking areas. Carport means a roofed-over area, attached to and/or detached from the principal building, for vehicle storage, which may be open on three sides if attached or four sides if detached. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 4 Recommended by Planning Commission �Cluster subdivision means a land subdivision with a majority of the individual building sites abutting directly on parks or other common open space. Curb level means the level of the established curb in front of the building measured at the center of such front. Where a building faces on more than one street, the curb level shall be the average of the levels of the curbs at the center of the front of each street. Where no curb elevation has been established, the mean of the street grade shall be considered the curb level. Districts means the areas into which the Township has been divided for which uniform regulations governing the use, size and intensity of land and buildings and open space around buildings are established. Dwelling means a building or portion thereof, not including a house trailer or mobile home, designed or used exclusively for residential occupancy, including one-family dwelling units and two-family dwelling units, but not including hotels, motels, boardinghouses or lodginghouses. Dwelling, detached, means a dwelling which is entirely surrounded by open space and is not connected to any other dwelling unit by roof, walls or porches on the same lot. Dwelling, group, means two or more one-family, two-family, or multiple-family dwellings or boardinghouses or lodginghouses located on one zoning lot, but not including tourist courts or motels. Dwelling, modular, means a detached residential dwelling composed of two or more units containing an assembly of materials or products intended to compose part of a building or structure, which are assembled at other than the final location of the unit under circumstances intended to ensure conformity of quality and material content. Dwelling, multiple-family, means a residential building, other than a mobile home, designed for or occupied by three or more families, with the number of families in residence not exceeding the number of dwelling units provided. Dwelling, row (party wall), means a row of two to eight attached one-family party wall dwellings, not more than 2 1/2 stories in height, and not more than two rooms in depth, measured from the building line. Dwelling, single-family, means a detached residential dwelling unit, other than a mobile home, designed for and occupied by one family only. Dwelling, two-family, means a detached residential building, other than a mobile home, containing two dwelling units and designed for occupancy by not more than two families. Dwelling unit means a room or rooms connected together constituting a separate, independent housekeeping establishment for one-family occupancy, and physically separated from any other rooms or dwelling units which may be in the same structure, and containing independent cooking, bathroom and sleeping facilities. Efficiency unit means a dwelling unit consisting of one principal room for living, sleeping, and eating plus facilities for cooking and a complete bath and toilet facilities. Family means one or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoption, or a group of persons (including live-in assistance), who need not be related by blood, marriage or adoption, living together and maintaining a common household, but not including sororities, fraternities, or other similar organizations. Fence means a structure which is a barrier and is used as a boundary or means of protection or confinement. Fence, solid, means a fence, including gates, which conceals from view of the adjoining properties, streets or alleys activities conducted behind it. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 5 Recommended by Planning Commission �Flood insurance rate map (FIRM) means the official map on which the Federal Emergency Management Agency has delineated both the areas of special flood hazards and the risk premium zones applicable to the community. Flood insurance study means the official report provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency that includes flood profiles, the flood boundary-floodway map and the water surface elevation of the base flood. Floodplain means the area defined by the most current 100-year flood hazard elevation (one percent chance of flooding in any given year) as described within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance study for the Township. Floodway means the channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than 0.01 foot. Frontage means all the property fronting on one side of a street between the nearest intersecting streets or between a street and a right-of-way, waterway or other similar barrier. Garage, means any accessory building or an accessory portion of the principal building which is intended for and used to store the private passenger vehicles of the families resident on the premises, and in which no business, service or industry connected directly or indirectly with the automotive vehicles is carried on; provided that not more than one-half of the space may be rented for the private vehicles of persons not resident on the premises, except that all the space in a garage of one- or two-car capacity may be so rented. Such a garage shall not be used for more than two commercial vehicles and the load capacity of such vehicles shall not exceed 2 ½ tons. Golf Course means public, semipublic, or private grounds over which the game of golf is played, including accessory buildings and land uses incidental thereto. Grade, street, means the elevation of the established street in front of the building measured at the center of such front. Where no street grade has been established, the county or authorized engineer shall establish such street grade or its equivalent for the purpose of this Chapter. Gross floor area. For the purpose of determining requirements for off-street parking and off-street loading, the floor area shall mean the sum of the gross horizontal area of the several floors of the building or portion thereof devoted to such use, including accessory storage areas located within selling or working space, such as counters, racks or closets, and any basement floor area devoted to retailing activities, to the production of goods or to business or professional offices. However, floor area for the purpose of measurement of off-street parking spaces shall not include floor area devoted primarily to storage purposes. The following areas shall not be included for the purpose of measurement of off-street parking spaces: (1) Floor area devoted to off-street parking or loading facilities, including aisles, ramps, and maneuvering space. (2) Basement floor area other than area devoted to retailing or service activities or the production or processing of goods, or to business or professional offices. Ground floor area, means the lot area covered by a principal building measured at grade from the exterior walls, excluding open porches or terraces, garages, or carports. Home occupation means an occupation or profession carried on by an occupant of a dwelling unit as a secondary use which is incidental to the use of the dwelling unit for residential purposes. Hotel, apartment, means a hotel in which at least 90 percent of the hotel accommodations are for occupancy by permanent guests. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 6 Recommended by Planning Commission �Laboratory, means a place devoted to experimental study such as testing and analyzing. Loading and unloading space or area, off-street, means an open, hard-surfaced area, other than a street or a public way, the principal use of which is for standing, loading and unloading of motor vehicles, tractors and trailers, to avoid undue interference with public streets and alleys. Such space shall not be less than ten feet in width, 50 feet in length, and 14 feet in height, exclusive of access aisles and maneuvering space. Lodginghouse and roominghouse mean a building with the owner in residence with not more than five guestrooms where lodging is provided for compensation pursuant to previous arrangement, but not open on a daily, overnight or per-meal basis to transient guests. Lot means a parcel of land of at least sufficient size, exclusive of areas under water, to meet minimum zoning requirements for use, coverage and area, and to provide such yards and other open spaces as are required in this Chapter. The word "lot" includes the words "plot" and "parcel." A lot shall have frontage on a recorded public or private street. In no case of division or combination shall any new or residual lot or parcel be created which does not meet the requirements of this chapter. Lot coverage means the area of a zoning lot occupied by the principal building or buildings and accessory structures. These structures include, but are not limited to, swimming pools, decks and driveways and other habitable and non habitable dwelling areas. Lot frontage. The front of a lot shall be construed to be the portion nearest the street. For the purpose of determining yard requirements on corner lots and through lots, all sides of a lot adjacent to streets shall be considered frontage, and yards shall be provided as indicated under the yard definitions in this section. Lot line means a property boundary line of any lot held in single or separate ownership, except that, where any portion of the lot extends to the abutting street or alley, the lot line shall be deemed to be the street or alley line. Lot measurement. (1) Depth of a lot shall be considered to be the distance between the midpoints of straight lines connecting the foremost points of the side lot lines in the front and the rearmost points of the side lot lines in the rear. (2) Width of a lot shall be considered to be the distance between straight lines connecting the front and rear lot lines at each side of the lot. In determining lot frontage on odd-shaped lots, if the lot abuts on the outside curve boundary of a curving street and as a result the side lot lines diverge toward the rear, the measurement of width may be taken at the front building line of the principal building. In determining lot frontage on odd-shaped lots, if the lot abuts on an inside curve boundary of a curved street wherein the lot lines converge toward the rear line of the principal building, the measurement shall be taken at the front building line or 30 feet behind the front setback line, parallel to the street or street chord. Every corner lot in a residential district having on its side street an abutting interior lot shall have minimum setbacks from both streets equal to the minimum required front setback of the district in which it is located; provided, however, that this does not reduce the buildable width of any lot of record to less than 25 feet. On corner lots where a rear lot line abuts on a side lot line on the adjoining lot, accessory buildings on the corner lot shall have a rear yard setback from the rear lot line a distance equal to the side yard setback required for the district. (3) Depth of required front yards shall generally be measured from the innermost point of the street line (right-of-way) inward for a distance of the required front yard depth, as in diagrams A, B, C, and D. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 7 Recommended by Planning Commission �In the case of rounded property corners at street intersections, reference points for measurements shall be placed as though the side lot lines would have met the street line if the corner were not rounded, as in diagram E. The front and rear lot lines of the front yard shall be parallel. Lot of record. (1) Lot of record means a lot which is a part of a subdivision recorded in the office of the county register of deeds, or a lot or parcel described by metes and bounds, the description of which has been recorded. (2) Every single-family, two-family, and multiple-family dwelling structure shall be located upon a lot of record, and no more than one such structure or unit shall be erected upon such lot of record. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 8 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) The creation of a lot of record on any premises or parcel of land by the proprietor thereof, or by his heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives, successors or assigns, where the act of creating a lot of record creates five or more lots of record each of which is ten acres or less in area created by successive acts within a period of ten years, shall be deemed subdividing as defined in Public Act No. 288 of 1967 (MCL 560.101 et seq.), even if such lots ofrecord are surveyed and a plat thereof submitted, approved and recorded as required by such act and the ordinances of the Township. Lot types. The following diagram illustrates terminology used in this chapter with reference to corner lots, interior lots, and through lots and reverse corner lots: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 9 Recommended by Planning Commission �In the diagram: A Through lot, defined as a lot other than a corner lot with frontage on more than one street. Through lots abutting two streets may be referred to as double frontage lots. B Interior lot, defined as a lot other than a corner lot with only one frontage on a street. C Corner lot, defined as a lot located at the intersection of two or more streets. A lot abutting on a curved street shall be considered a corner lot if straight lines drawn from the foremost points of the side lot lines to the foremost point of the lot meet on an interior angle of less than 130 degrees. See lots marked A in the diagram. D Reverse corner lot, defined as a lot of which at least two adjacent sides abut for their full length upon a street, provided that such two sides intersect at an angle of not more than 135 degrees. Where a lot is on a curve, if tangents through the extreme point of the street line of su ch lot make an interior angle of not more than 135 degrees, it is a corner lot. In the case of a corner lot with curved street line, the corner is that point on the street lot line nearest to the point of intersection of the tangents described above. Manufacture means the production, making or processing of products or commodities for general consumption of the public or for sale to specialized institutions or organizations. Also included is the subassembly, fabrication, or processing of parts or components for use in other products or commodities. Net site area means the area of a zoning lot, parcel or tract, excluding boundary rights-of-way. Nonconforming use means any building, structure or land lawfully occupied by a use or lawfully established at the time of adoption of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived or the time of adoption of amendments to this Chapter, which does not conform, after the passage of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived or amendments thereto, with the use regulations of this chapter. Occupancy certificate means a certificate issued by the Building Official stating that the occupancy and use of land or a building or structure referred to therein complies with the provisions of this chapter. Parking area means an open, hard-surfaced area (macadam base and bituminous top), other than a street or public way, intended to be used for the storage of passenger automobiles and commercial vehicles under 1-1/2 tons capacity, and available to the public, whether for compensation, free or as an accommodation to clients or customers. Parking space, off-street, means a space adequate for parking an automobile with room for opening doors on both sides, together with properly related access to a public street or alley and maneuvering room. Required offstreet parking areas for three or more automobiles shall have individual spaces marked and shall be so designed, maintained and regulated that no parking or maneuvering incidental to parking shall be on any street, walk, or alley and so that any automobile may be parked and unparked without moving another. Each parking space shall comprise a net area of at least ten feet by 20 feet. For purposes of rough computation, an off-street parking space and necessary access and maneuvering room may be estimated at 300 square feet, but off-street parking requirements will be considered to be met only when actual spaces meeting the requirements in this definition are provided and maintained, improved in manner appropriate to the circumstances of the case, and in accordance with all ordinances and regulations of the Township. Passenger vehicle means a vehicle used primarily for the transportation of people, and does not include any vehicle in excess of one ton capacity, and specifically excludes a truck-tractor, whether attached to a trailer or not. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 10 Recommended by Planning Commission �Planned development means a tract of land which is planned as a whole for development under single ownership or control and which, by virtue of such unified planning and development, provides greater amenities, convenience or other benefits than normally would be had through the development. Adequate provision shall be made for basic community facilities such as schools, parks, playgrounds and churches, among others. Porch means a roofed-over building, projecting out from the wall of a main structure and commonly open to the weather in part. Principal use means the main use of land or buildings as distinguished from a subordinate or accessory use. Public open space means any publicly owned open area, including but not limited to parks, playgrounds, forest preserves, beaches, waterways, parkways and streets. Public utility means any organization duly authorized to furnish, under public regulation, to the public, electricity, gas, steam, communications service, transportation or water. Railroad right-of-way means a strip of land with tracks and auxiliary facilities for track operation, but not including depot loading platforms, stations, train sheds, warehouses, car shops, car yards, locomotive shops, water towers, etc. Roadside stand means a structure used or intended to be used solely by the owner or tenant of the parcel on which such structure is located for the sale of the farm products raised on such parcel. Sign. Please see Section 10.02 for the definition of Sign and other definitions related to signage. Special use means a use that would not be appropriate generally or without restriction throughout the zoning district, but which, if controlled as to number, area, location or relation to the neighborhood, would promote the public health, safety, morals, order, comfort, convenience, appearance, prosperity, or general welfare. Such uses may be permitted upon the issuance of a special use permit by the Township Board in such zoning district as a special use, if specific provision for such special use is made in this chapter. Stable, private, means any building which is located on a lot on which a dwelling is located and which is designed, arranged, used or intended to be used for housing horses for the private use of occupants of the dwelling. Stacking requirements means the number of cars that must be accommodated in a reservoir space while awaiting ingress or egress to or from a specified business or service establishment. Story means that portion of a building included between the surface of any floor and the surface of the floor above it, or, if there is no floor above, then the space between the floor and the ceiling above it to it. Any portion of a story exceeding 14 feet in height shall be considered as an additional story for each 14 feet or fraction thereof. Story, half, means that portion of a building under a gable or hip roof, the wall plates of which on at least two opposite exterior walls are not more than 4 1/2 feet above the finished floor of such story. In the case of one-family dwellings, two-family dwellings and multiple-family dwellings less than three stories in height, a half story in a sloping room shall not be counted as a story. Street means a public way other than an alley which affords a primary means of access to abutting property. Street line means a line separating a lot, piece or parcel of land from a street. Structural alterations. See Alterations, structural. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 11 Recommended by Planning Commission �Structure means anything constructed or erected which requires location on the ground or is attached to something having location on the ground, including a fence or freestanding wall. A sign or other advertising medium, detached or projecting, shall be construed to be a structure. Swimming Pool: Any permanent, non-portable structure or container located either above or below grade designed to hold water to a depth of greater than 24 inches, intended for swimming or bathing. Township: St. Joseph Charter Township. Trailer means a vehicle with or without motive power used or adaptable for living, sleeping, business or storage purposes, having no foundation other than wheels, blocks, skids, jacks, horses or skirting, which does not meet the building code requirements and has been or reasonably may be equipped with wheels or other devices for transporting the structure from place to place. A permanent foundation shall not change its character, nor shall the erecting of additions to the trailer, unless the trailer itself and any additions thereto conform to all Township laws. Trailer sales area means an open area, other than a street, used for the display or sale of new or used trailers, and where no repair work is done except for minor incidental repair of trailers to be displayed and sold on the premises. Trailer, sports or camping, means a vehicle designed to be used primarily for recreational purposes, including temporary sleeping quarters and/or cooking facilities, or a unit designed to be attached to a vehicle and used for such purposes, including self-propelled motor homes, pickup campers, travel trailers and tent trailers. Trailer, utility. See Utility vehicles and trailers. Truck parking area or yard means any land used or intended to be used for the storage or parking of trucks, trailers, and tractors, including commercial vehicles, while not loading or unloading, which exceed 1 1/2 tons capacity. Use means the purpose for which land or buildings is designed, arranged or intended or for which it is occupied or maintained, let or leased. Use, principal means the main use of the land or structures as distinguished from a subordinate or accessory use. Utility vehicles and trailers means trucks and trailers available on a rental basis. Variance is a dispensation permitted for individual parcels of property to alleviate practical difficulty by allowing a reasonable construction or alteration of a building, structure, or property denied by the terms of this Zoning Ordinance because of unusual or unique practical difficulties and not by actions of the property owner. The Zoning Board of Appeals may grant variance dispensation from dimensional regulations of the Zoning Ordinance if such action will not be contrary to the public interest, literal interpretation of the provisions of this ordinance would deprive the applicant of rights commonly enjoyed by other properties in the same zoning district under the terms of this ordinance, and that the variance is the minimum necessary. Vehicle sales lot (with or without motor power) means a zoning lot on which used or new cars, trailers or trucks are displayed in the open for sale or trade. Yard means a required open space between a lot line and a structure or group of structures, other than a court, unoccupied and unobstructed by any structure or portion of a structure except as provided in this Chapter; provided, however, that fences, walls, poles and other customary yard accessories, ornaments, and furniture may be permitted in any yard subject to height limitations and requirements limiting obstruction of visibility. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 12 Recommended by Planning Commission �St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 13 Recommended by Planning Commission �Yard, front, means a front yard extending between side lot lines across the front of a lot adjoining a public street; or, in the case of waterfront lots, which shall be considered as through lots, a public street on one frontage and the waterfront on the other frontage. In the case of through lots, unless the prevailing front yard pattern on adjoining lots indicates otherwise, front yards shall be provided on all frontages. Where one of the front yards that would normally be required on a through lot is not in keeping with the prevailing yard pattern, the Zoning Administrator may waive the requirement for the normal front yard and substitute therefor a special yard requirement, which shall not exceed the average of the yards provided on adjacent lots. In the case of corner lots, unless the prevailing front yard pattern on adjoining lots indicates otherwise, the narrowest street frontage shall be considered the front lot line. Any other street frontages shall be considered side lot lines. Yard, rear, means the yard extending across the rear of a lot between side lot lines. The depth of a required rear yard shall be measured in such a manner that the yard established is a strip of the minimum width required by the district regulations with the inner edge parallel with the rear lot line. Yard, side, means a yard extending from the rear line of the required front yard to the front line of the required rear yard. In the case of through lots, side yards shall extend between the rear lines of the required front yards. The width of a required side yard shall be measured in such a manner that the yard established is a strip of the minimum width required by the district regulations with the inner edge parallel with the side lot line. Zoning Administrator means the Zoning Administrator, usually the Building Official, appointed by the Township Board, and such deputies or assistants as have been or shall be duly appointed. That officer is hereby authorized and it is his or her duty to administer and enforce the provisions of this Chapter, making such determinations, interpretations and orders as are necessary therefor and with applications for permits as are necessary for him or her to judge compliance with this Chapter. Zoning lot means a single tract of land within a single block which, at the time of filing for a building permit, is designated by its owner or developer as a tract to be used, developed or built upon as a unit under single ownership or control. Therefore, a zoning lot may or may not coincide with a lot of record. Zoning Map means the map incorporated in this Chapter as a part of this Chapter, designating zoning districts. Section 1.03 Interpretation of Chapter (A) Minimum Requirements. The provisions of this chapter shall be held to the minimum requirements for the promotion of public health, morals, and welfare or as set by law. (B) Relationship with other laws. Except as otherwise provided in the Township Zoning Act (MCL 125.271 et seq.), insofar as the provisions of this chapter are inconsistent with the provisions of other ordinances, the provisions of this chapter shall be controlling. State law reference – Similar provisions, MCL 125.298 (C) Effect on existing agreements. This Chapter is not intended to abrogate any easement, covenant, or another private agreement, provided that, where the regulations of this chpater are more restrictive or impose higher standards or requirements than such easements, covenants, or other private agreements, the requirements of this Chapter shall govern. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 14 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 1.04 Violations Declared Nuisance; Abatement of Violations Any use of land, dwellings, buildings, or structures, including tents and trailer coaches, used, erected, altered, razed, or converted in violation of any provision of this chapter, or regulations lawfully adopted under this Chapter, is hereby declared to be a nuisance, and the Township Board, after resolution duly adopted, or any private citizen, may take action in any court of competent jurisdiction to cause the abatement of such nuisance, and such remedy shall be in addition to the imposition of penalty for violation of the terms of this Chapter. State law reference – Similar provisions, MCL 125.294 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 15 Recommended by Planning Commission �This page left intentionally blank. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 16 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 2: Administration and Enforcement Section 2.01 Generally (A) Administrative Officer (1) Designated. The Building Official, as the Zoning Administrator, is designated to administer and enforce this chapter. (2) Duties. The Building Official shall: (a) Receive applications required, issue permits and furnish certificates, all in their judgment and discretion as authorized. (b) Examine premises for which permits have been issued and make necessary inspections to determine compliance. (c) When requested by the Township Board or when the interest of the Township so requires, make investigations and write reports. (d) Issue such notices or orders as may be necessary. (e) Keep careful and comprehensive records of applicants, permits, certificates, inspections, reports, notices, orders, and all localized actions of the Township Board and file such records permanently by street address. (f) Keep all such records open to public inspection at reasonable hours but not for removal from their office. (g) Report to the Township Board at least once each month as to permits and certificates issued and orders promulgated. (h) Request and receive the assistance and cooperation of the police department, the legal department, and other Township officials. (i) Inform the Township Board of all violations and all other matters requiring prosecution or legal action. (j) Be entitled to rely upon any opinion of the legal department as to the interpretation of this Chapter or the legal application of this chapter to any factual situation. (k) Discharge such other duties as may be placed upon him or her by this Chapter. (B) Building Permits and Zoning Certificates (1) No permit as required by the Township Building Official shall be issued by the Building Official for the construction of a building, structure or land improvement or an alteration or enlargement of an existing building, structure or land improvement and the uses thereof until the Building Official has certified in such permit that the application for a permit with accompanying plans and specifications conforms with the regulations of this Chapter. (2) When a permit is not required by the Zoning Ordinance of the Township for an improvement and the use thereof requiring conformance with the regulations of this Chapter, an application for a zoning certificate shall be filed with the Building Official. A zoning certificate shall be issued only when the application shows conformance with the regulations of this Chapter. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 17 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) All applications for building permits or zoning certificates shall be accompanied by a plat in duplicate, drawn to scale, showing the actual dimensions of the lot to be built upon, the size of the building or structure to be erected or structurally altered, its location on the lot, and such other information as may be necessary to provide for the enforcement of this chapter. A careful record of such applications and plats shall be kept in the office of the Building Official. The Building Official shall, in writing, approve or disapprove all building permits in whole or in part, or deny same within 10 business days, except that in case of an unusually complicated building or structure, action shall be taken within 15 business days. Failure to grant, in whole or in part, or deny an application within these periods of time shall be deemed a denial of the application for purposes of authorizing the institution of an appeal to the Board of Appeals. The Building Official shall, in writing, approve or disapprove all zoning certificates within five business days after submission thereof; failure to act shall be deemed approval thereof. (C) Certificate of Occupancy for New Construction and Uses (1) No structure or addition thereto constructed after the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived, and no addition to a previous existing building, shall be occupied, and no land vacant on the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived shall be used for any purpose, until an occupancy certificate has been issued by the Building Official. No change in a use in any district shall be made until an occupancy certificate has been issued by the Building Official, except that a use or occupancy in an already existing building or structure that was not discontinued during its alteration may be continued for 30 days after completion of the alteration without issuance of an occupancy certificate. Every occupancy certificate shall state that the use or occupancy complies with all the provisions of this Chapter. (2) Every application for a building permit shall also be deemed to be an application for an occupancy certificate. Every application for an occupancy certificate for a new or changed use of land or building where no building permit is required shall be made to the Building Official. (3) No occupancy certificate for a building or addition thereto constructed after the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived shall be issued until construction has been completed and the premises have been inspected and certified by the Building Official to be in full and complete compliance with the plans and specifications upon which the zoning certificate was based. No addition to a previously existing building shall be occupied, and no new use of a building in any district shall be established, until the premises have been inspected and certified by the Building Official to be in full compliance with all the applicable standards of the zoning district in which it is located. Pending the issuance of a regular certificate, a temporary certificate may be issued and valid for a period not to exceed six (6) months from its date during the completion of any addition or during partial occupancy of the premises (4) An occupancy certificate shall be issued, or written notice shall be given to the applicant stating the reasons why a certificate cannot be issued, not later than five (5) business days after receipt by the Building Official of a written application therefore on a form to be prescribed by the Township and payment of the required fee. (D) Certificate of Occupancy for Nonconforming Uses. Certificates for the continued occupancy of nonconforming uses existing at the time of passage of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived, or made nonconforming by this chapter shall indicate the use is a nonconforming with the provisions of this Chapter. The Building Official shall notify the owner of the property being used as a nonconforming use and shall furnish the owner with a certificate of occupancy for such nonconforming use. (E) Fees. The Township Board shall establish fees for certificates, occupancy certificates, appeals, applications for amendments or special uses, and other matters pertaining to this Chapter. The schedule of fees shall be posted in the office of the Township Clerk and may be altered or amended only by the Township Board. Until all applicable fees, charges and expenses have been paid in full, no action shall be taken on any application or appeal. State Law References: Fees authorized, MCL 125.3406. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 18 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 2.02 Nonconforming Use, Structures, and Parcels (A) Intent; work under existing permits. Within the districts established by this Chapter or any amendments thereto, there exist lots, structures, uses of land and structures and characteristics of use which were lawful before the ordinance codified in this Chapter was passed or amended but which would be prohibited, regulated, or restricted under the terms of this Chapter or amendments. It is the intent of this Chapter to permit these nonconformities to continue until they are removed, but not to encourage their continuation. It is further the intent of this chapter that nonconformities shall not be enlarged upon, expanded or extended, or be used as grounds for adding other structures or uses prohibited elsewhere in the same district. (1) Nonconforming uses are declared by this chapter to be incompatible with permitted uses in the district involved. A nonconforming use of land or a nonconforming use of a structure and land in combination shall not be extended or enlarged after passage of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived by attachment on a building or premises, or by the addition of other uses of a nature which would be prohibited generally in the district involved. (2) Where a building permit for a building or structure has been issued in accordance with law prior to the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived, and provided that construction is begun within ninety (90) days of such effective date and diligently prosecuted to completion, the building or structure may be completed in accordance with the approved plans on the basis of which the building permit was issued, and further may, upon completion, be occupied under a certificate of occupancy by the use for which it was originally designated, subject thereafter to the provisions of this division. (B) Non-Conforming Uses. (1) Any use of land or structure, which use was lawful at the time of the effective date of this Ordinance, may be continued; provided, however, such use shall have continued in operation, does not constitute a nuisance, and shall not be enlarged, altered, or changed in area, activity or content during its continuance, except as provided otherwise by proper authority. (2) Any non-conforming use which has ceased its usual conduct of such business for a period of one (1) year or more shall be considered to have terminated and may not thereafter commence operation. (C) Non-Conforming Structure. (1) The use of or occupancy of a non-conforming structure, which was a lawful structure at the time of the effective date of this Ordinance, may be continued; provided however, no enlargement, change, or alteration shall be permitted upon such non-conforming structure, except upon a finding by the Building Official that such enlargement, change or alteration will bring such structure into conformance with this Ordinance, and that the use within such structure is in conformity with the requirements of this Ordinance; and further provided, that no enlargement, change, or alteration of a non-conforming structure housing a non-conforming use shall be permitted, except upon a finding by the Zoning Board of Appeals that such enlargement, change, or alteration will permit greater compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance and that adequate provisions, as required by the Zoning Board of Appeals, are installed or instituted to minimize the detrimental effects on the non-conforming use upon adjoining conforming use. (2) Nothing in this Ordinance shall be deemed to prevent the strengthening or restoring to a safe condition of any structure, or part thereof, declared to be unsafe by any official charged with providing for the public safety, and which strengthening or restoration is ordered by such official. (D) Non-Conforming Properties (Lots, Parcels, and Condominium Units) (1) Any properties, including all lots, parcels, and condominium units that was lawful at the time of the effective date of this Ordinance, but does not comply with all the provisions of this Ordinance may be continued in use; provided, however, the change in use of, or the location, modification, or construction of any structure on such property shall not be permitted, except upon a variance approved by the Zoning Board of Appeals based upon a finding that such a variance is warranted, and subject to such conditions as the Board may find necessary to provide for the public health, safety, and general welfare. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 19 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) No building permit shall be issued for the construction of any structure upon any property within any zoning district that cannot meet the dimensional standards and requirements of such district and which lot was created after the enactment of this Zoning Ordinance, or after the enactment of any amendment which affects such standards or requirements, except as provided above. (E) Destruction of Structure. Nothing in this Ordinance shall prevent the restoration, rebuilding, or repairing of any non-conforming structure, or a structure housing a non-conforming use, which structure has been damaged by fire, acts of God, or any act of a public enemy, subsequent to the effective date of this Ordinance, in an amount up to and including fifty (50%) percent of the replacement value of the structure as determined by an assessment board consisting of a qualified appraiser appointed by the Township Board, another by the owner of the structure, and a third appointed by the first two appointees, with the cost of such appraisers shared equally by the Township and the owner, and provided that the restoration or repairing shall have commenced and is diligently prosecuted within one (1) year after the date of destruction. (F) Maintenance. Nothing in this Ordinance shall prevent the renovation or repair of non-structural members, or the maintenance of a non-conforming structure made necessary by ordinary wear and tear, provided the cost of such repair or maintenance does not exceed fifty (50) percent of the state equalized value of the structure. (G) Uses Under Special Use Provisions are Not Nonconforming Uses. Any use which is approved by the Township Board after the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived as a special use in a district under the terms of this Chapter in accordance with Article 2, Section 4 of this Chapter shall not be deemed a nonconforming use in such district but shall without further action be considered a conforming use. The Township Board may approve as a special use a use existing prior to the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived, subject to the limitations and conditions of this Chapter, as though such existing use were a newly initiated use, in which case the use would thereafter have the status of a conforming use as provided for in this Section. (H) Change of Tenancy, Ownership or Management. There may be a change of tenancy, ownership or management of any existing nonconforming uses of land, structures and premises, provided there is no change in the nature or character of such nonconforming uses. Section 2.03 Procedures Zoning Ordinance Text Amendment and Map Revision (A) Generally. The regulations imposed and the districts created under the authority of this chapter may be amended from time to time, by ordinance, in accordance with applicable statutes of the state. An amendment shall be granted or denied by the Township Board only after a public hearing has been held before the Planning Commission and a report of its findings and recommendations has been submitted to the Township Board. (B) Contents. All petitions for amendments to this chapter, without limiting the right to file additional material, shall contain the following: (1) The petitioner's name, address and interest in the petition, as well as the name, address and interest of every person having a legal or equitable interest in the land. (2) The nature and effect of the proposed amendment. (3) If the proposed amendment would require a change in the Zoning Map, a site plan prepared in accordance with Article 2, Section 5 of this Chapter, a legal description of such land, the present zoning classification of the land, the zoning classification of all abutting districts, and all public and private rightsof-way and easements bounding and intersecting the land under consideration. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 20 Recommended by Planning Commission �(4) If the proposed amendment would require a change in the Zoning Map, the names and addresses of the owners, according to the current tax roll, of all land within 300 feet of the perimeter of the area to be changed by the proposed amendment. (5) The alleged error in this chapter which would be corrected by the proposed amendment, with a detailed explanation of such alleged error and detailed reasons why the proposed amendment will correct the error. (6) The changed or changing conditions in the area or in the Township which make the proposed amendment reasonable and necessary to the promotion of the public health, safety and general welfare. (7) Optional: Conditional Rezoning Agreement. If the applicant wishes to present a Conditional Rezoning Agreement, as permitted by the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act, it should be submitted with the application, for approval or rejection by the Planning Commission and Township Board. (8) All other circumstances, factors and reasons which the applicant offers in support of the proposed amendment. (C) Filing and Processing of Application. An application for an amendment to this chapter shall be filed with the Township Clerk and thereafter reviewed by the Township Board. Such an application shall be forwarded from the Township Board to the Planning Commission, with a request to hold a public hearing. (D) Public Hearing: Procedure for Adoption. Before submitting its recommendations on a petition to amend this chapter, the Planning Commission shall hold at least one public hearing, notice of which shall be given by two publications in a newspaper of general circulation in the Township. The notice shall be given not less than fifteen (15) days before the date the application will be considered for approval. In addition, the following procedures shall be required: (1) Not less than fifteen (15) days' notice of the time and place of such hearing shall be given by mail to each electric, gas, and pipeline public utility company, each telecommunication service provider, each railroad operating within the district or zone affected, and the airport manager of each airport, that registers its name and mailing address with the Township Clerk for the purpose of receiving such notice, and to each railroad operating within the district or zone affected. An affidavit of mailing shall be maintained. (2) If an individual property or ten or fewer adjacent properties are proposed for rezoning, the Planning Commission shall give a notice of the proposed rezoning to all property owners individually. If eleven (11) or more adjacent properties are proposed for rezoning, the Planning Commission shall not be required to give notice to all property owners individually, but must meet all other notice requirements in this Section. (3) Notice shall also be sent by mail or personal delivery to the owners of property for which approval is being considered. (a) Notice shall also be sent to all persons to whom real property is assessed within three hundred (300) feet of the property and to the occupants of all structures within three hundred (300) feet of the property regardless of whether the property or occupant is located in the Township. (b) The notice shall be given not less than fifteen (15) days before the date the application will be considered for approval. If the name of the occupant is not known, the term "occupant" may be used in making notification under this subsection. The notice shall do all of the following: (i) Describe the nature of the request. (ii) Indicate the property that is the subject of the request. The notice shall include a listing of all existing street addresses within the property. Street addresses do not need to be created and listed if no such addresses currently exist within the property. If there are no street addresses, other means of identification may be used. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 21 Recommended by Planning Commission �(iii) State when and where the request will be considered. (iv) Indicate when and where written comments will be received concerning the request. (c) All notices required by this section shall include the places and times at which the proposed text and maps may be examined. (4) Following the public hearing, the Planning Commission shall submit the proposed amendment to the county Planning Commission for approval. The approval of the county Planning Commission shall be conclusively presumed unless the county Planning Commission, within thirty (30) days of receipt, notifies the Township Clerk of its disapproval. (5) The Township Planning Commission shall then refer the proposed amendment to the Township Board along with its summary of the public hearing and written recommendations for approval or disapproval and reasons therefor. (6) A public hearing conducted by the Township Board shall not be necessary unless a request is made by a property owner by certified mail, addressed to the Township Clerk. If a hearing is requested, notice must be given as provided in this section for hearings before the Planning Commission. An amendment for the purpose of conforming a provision of this Chapter to the decree of a court of competent jurisdiction as to any specific lands may be adopted by the Township Board and the notice of the adopted amendment published without referring the amendment to any other board or agency. Thereafter, at any regular meeting or any special meeting called therefor, the Township Board may adopt and enact the proposed amendment, in accordance with the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act (MCL 125.3101 et seq.) (E) Notice of Adoption. Upon enactment of an ordinance under this division, the ordinance, as well as subsequent amendments or supplements, shall be filed with the Township Clerk, and one notice of ordinance adoption shall be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the Township within fifteen (15) days after adoption. A copy of the notice shall be mailed to the airport manager of an airport entitled to notice under Section 2.03.D. The notice shall include the following information: (1) In the case of a newly adopted zoning ordinance, the following statement: "A Zoning Ordinance regulating the development and use of land has been adopted by the Township Board of St. Joseph Charter Township." (2) In the case of an amendment to an existing ordinance, either a summary of the regulatory effect of the amendment, including the geographic area affected or the text of the amendment. (3) The effective date of the ordinance or amendment. (4) The place and time where a copy of the ordinance or amendment may be purchased or inspected. (F) Filling in Ordinance Book: Change in Zoning Map. Within seven (7) days after publication, the amendment to this chapter shall be filed in the official ordinance book of the Township with a certification of the Township Clerk stating the vote on passage and when published and filed. If the amendment requires a change on the official Zoning Map, such change shall be made on the map in accordance with provisions of this chapter within ten (10) days after enactment of the amendment. Section 2.04 Special Uses (A) Authorized. The development and execution of this Chapter is based upon the division of the Township into districts, within any one of which the use of land and buildings and the bulk and location of buildings or structures, as related to the land, are essentially uniform. It is recognized, however, that there are special uses/variances which, because of their unique character, cannot be properly classified in any particular district without consideration, in each case, of the impact of those uses upon neighboring lands and upon the public need for the particular use of the particular location. Such special uses/variances fall into three categories: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 22 Recommended by Planning Commission �(1) Uses operated by a public agency or publicly regulated utilities, or uses traditionally associated with a public interest. (2) Uses entirely private in character, but of such a nature that the operation may give rise to unique problems with respect to their impact upon neighboring property or public facilities. (3) Variations. The Township Board shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the Zoning Board of Appeals in deciding on variations. The standards for allowing variations shall be the same as set forth in Section 2.07 for allowing variances by the Zoning Board of Appeals. (B) General Procedures and Prerequisites for Approval. Special uses shall be authorized or denied by the Township Board in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter applicable to amendments of this Chapter and the regulations and conditions set forth in this Chapter for special uses. No application for a special use shall be acted upon by the Township Board until after: (1) Minutes or a written report is prepared and forwarded to the Township Board by the Planning Commission. (2) A public hearing has been held by the Planning Commission after due notice by publication as prescribed in Section 2.03 (D) and the findings and recommendations of the Planning Commission have been reported to the Township Board. (C) Initiation of Application. An application for a special use permit may be made by any person or by any office, department, board, bureau or commission requesting or intending to request a building permit or occupancy certificate. (D) Contents and Processing of Application (1) Submission; fee. Applications for special use permits shall be submitted through the Township Clerk to the Township Board. Each application shall be accompanied by the payment of a fee in accordance with the schedule of fees adopted by the Township Board to cover the costs of processing the application. No part of any fee shall be refundable. (2) Required information. Three (3) copies of an application for a special use permit shall be presented to the Township Clerk, accompanied by the following documents and information: (a) A special use permit application form supplied by the Township Clerk which has been completed in full by the applicant. (b) A site plan in conformance with Article 2, Section 5 of this Chapter. (c) A statement and other evidence or proof by the applicant of present and future compliance with the standards required for approval in Section 2.04 (I) and other standards imposed by this Chapter affecting the special use under consideration. (3) Incomplete applications. An application which is incomplete or otherwise not in compliance with this Chapter shall be returned to the applicant. No application shall be processed until properly prepared and submitted and all required fees paid in full. (4) Review and recommendations by Planning Commission. The Township Clerk shall forward a copy of the application for the special use request to the Township Planning Commission within seven days of receiving the request. The Planning Commission may review the application and make recommendations within thirty (30) days following the date of the public hearing on each application, unless it is withdrawn by the petitioner. All comments or recommendations shall be advisory and submitted in writing to the Township Board. A summary of the public hearing shall also be included in the report to the Township Board. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 23 Recommended by Planning Commission �(E) Public Hearing. After a preliminary review of the site plan and an application for a special use permit, the Township Planning Commission shall hold a hearing on the site plan and the special use request. Notice of the hearing shall be given by mail or personal delivery to the owners of property for which special use permit approval is being considered, to all persons to whom real property is assessed within three hundred (300) feet of the boundary of the property in question, and to the occupants of all structures within three hundred (300) feet regardless of whether the property or occupant is located within the Township. Notice of the public hearing shall also be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the Township. Public notice shall be given not less than fifteen (15) days before the date of the public hearing on the application. If the name of the occupant is not known, the term "occupant" may be used in making notification. Notification need not be given to more than one occupant of a structure, except that, if a structure contains more than one dwelling unit or spatial area owned or leased by different individuals, partnerships, businesses, or organizations, one occupant of each unit or spatial area shall receive notice. In the case of a single structure containing more than four dwelling units or other distinct spatial areas owned or leased by different individuals, partnerships, businesses or organizations, notice may be given to the manager or owner of the structure, who shall be requested to post the notice at the primary entrance to the structure. Each notice given under this section shall: (1) Describe the nature of the special use request; (2) Indicate the property which is the subject of the special use request. The notice shall include a listing of all existing street addresses within the property. Street addresses do not need to be created and listed if no such addresses currently exist within the property. If there are no street addresses, other means of identification may be used; (3) State when, where, and at what time the public hearing on the special use request will be considered and indicate when and where written comments will be received concerning the request. (F) Review and Approval of Application and Site Plan. The review of an application and site plan requesting a special use permit shall be made by the Township Board in accord with the procedures and standards specified in this Chapter. If a submitted application and site plan do not meet the requirements of this chapter, they may not be approved. However, if the applicant agrees to make changes to the site plan and application in order to bring them into compliance with this Chapter, such changes shall be allowed and shall be either noted on the application or site plan itself, or attached to it, or these documents shall be resubmitted incorporating the changes. A site plan and application for a special use permit shall be approved if they comply in all respects with the requirements of this chapter and other applicable county, state or federal laws, rules or regulations. Approval and issuance of a special use permit shall signify prior approval of the application and site plan therefore, including any modification and any conditions imposed where necessary to comply with this Chapter. The site plan, as approved, and any statements of conditions and modifications, shall become part of the special use permit and shall be enforceable as such. The decision to approve or deny a request for a special use permit shall be retained as a part of the record of action on the request and shall incorporate a statement of conclusions which specify the basis for the decision, any changes to the originally submitted application and site plan necessary to ensure compliance with this Chapter, and any conditions imposed with approval. Once a special use permit is issued, all site development and use of land on the property affected shall be consistent with the approved special use permit, unless a change conforming to the requirements of this chapter receives the mutual agreement of the landowner and the Township Board and is documented as such. (G) Issuance of Permit; Monitoring of Compliance. Upon approval by the Township Board, the Zoning Administrator shall issue a special use permit to the applicant. It shall be the responsibility of the Zoning Administrator to monitor compliance with the terms, conditions and restrictions of any special use permit and take any enforcement action necessary in the event of a violation of the special use permit. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 24 Recommended by Planning Commission �(H) Appeals; Records. Appeal of a decision on a special use request may be taken to the Zoning Board of Appeals in accord with Section 2.07. All decisions of the Township Board and board of appeals relating to special use applications, including the findings supporting any decision, shall be recorded in written form and retained as permanent records on file with the Zoning Administrator, with a copy in the office of the Township Clerk. (I) Standards for Approval; Conditions; Performance Guarantee. Prior to approval of a special use permit application and required site plan, the Township Board shall ensure that the following standards, as well as applicable standards established elsewhere in this Chapter, shall be satisfied by the completion and operation of the special use under consideration: (1) General standards. The Township Board shall review the particular circumstances of the special use request under consideration in terms of the following standards, and shall approve a special use request only upon a finding of compliance with each of the following standards, as well as applicable standards established elsewhere in this chapter: (a) The special use shall be designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner harmonious with the character of adjacent property and the surrounding area. (b) The special use shall not inappropriately change the essential character of the surrounding area. (c) The special use shall not interfere with the general enjoyment of adjacent property. (d) The special use shall represent an improvement to the use or character of the property under consideration and the surrounding area in general, yet also be in keeping with the natural environment of the site. (e) The special use shall not be hazardous to adjacent property, or involve uses, activities, materials or equipment which will be detrimental to the health, safety, or welfare or persons or property through the excessive production of traffic, noise, smoke, odor, fumes or glare. (f) The special use shall be adequately served by essential public facilities and services, or it shall be demonstrated that the person responsible for the proposed special use shall be able to continually provide adequately for the services and facilities deemed essential to the special use under consideration. (g) The special use shall not place demands on public services and facilities in excess of current capacity. (h) The special use shall be consistent with the intent and purpose of this Chapter and the objectives of any currently adopted Township development plan. (2) Conditions. The Township Board may impose conditions with the approval of a special use application and site plan which are necessary to ensure compliance with the standards for approval stated in this section and any other applicable standards contained in this chapter or other applicable Township ordinances and regulations. Such conditions shall be considered an integral part of the special use permit and approved site plan and shall be enforced by the Zoning Administrator. The conditions may include conditions necessary to ensure that public services and facilities affected by a proposed land use or activity will be capable of accommodating increased service and facility loads caused by the land use or activity, to protect the natural environment and conserve natural resources and energy, to ensure compatibility with adjacent uses of land, and to promote the use of land in a socially and economically desirable manner. Conditions imposed shall meet all of the following requirements: (a) Be designed to protect natural resources, the health, safety, and welfare, as well as the social and economic well-being, of those who will use the land use or activity under consideration, residents and landowners immediately adjacent to the proposed land use or activity, and the community as a whole. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 25 Recommended by Planning Commission �(b) Be related to the valid exercise of the police power and purposes which are affected by the proposed use or activity. (c) Be necessary to meet the intent and purpose of the zoning requirements, be related to the standards established in this chapter for the land use or activity under consideration, and be necessary to insure compliance with those standards. (3) Performance guarantee. In authorizing a special use permit, the Township Board may require that a cash deposit, certified check, or irrevocable bank letter of credit be furnished by the developer to ensure compliance with an approved site plan and the special use permit requirements. Such guarantee shall be deposited with the Township Clerk at the time of the issuance of the special use permit. In fixing the amount of such performance guarantee, the Township Board shall limit it to reasonable improvements required to meet the standards of this chapter and to protect the natural resources of the Township and future users or inhabitants of the proposed project or project area, including but not limited to roadways, lighting, utilities, sidewalks, screening and drainage. For purposes of this subsection, the term "improvements" does not include the entire project which is the subject of zoning approval or improvements for which a performance guarantee has been deposited pursuant to Public Act No. 288 of 1967 (MCL 560.101 et seq.). The Township Board and the project developer shall establish an agreeable procedure for the rebate of any cash deposits required under this section, in reasonable proportion to the ratio of the work completed on the required improvements as work progresses. The agreement shall be written as an element of the conditions surrounding the approval of the special use permit. (J) Effective Date of Permit; Use of Permit (1) The special use permit shall become effective when the application has been approved by the Township Board. (2) A building permit shall not be issued until approval of such special use permit by the Township Board. (3) Until a building permit has been granted pursuant to the special use permit, there shall be no construction or excavation of the land, nor shall use of the land be made toward the intended purposes of such special use permit. (4) Land subject to a special use permit may not be used or occupied for the purpose of such special use until after a certificate of occupancy for the use has been issued pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. (K) Effective Change of Ownership; Periodic Review of Permit (1) Approval of a special use permit shall be valid regardless of change of ownership, provided that all terms and conditions of the permit are met by any subsequent owner. (2) In instances where development authorized by a special use permit has not commenced within one (1) year from the date of issuance or the last date of review authorized by this subsection, the Township Board shall review the permit in relation to the applicable standards and requirements of this Chapter. Upon a finding that there has been a change in conditions on the property or the surrounding area or in provisions of this Chapter applicable to the special use permit under review, such that the permit is no longer in conformance with the requirements of this Chapter, the permit shall become null and void. Where it is determined that such permits are in conformance with the provisions of this Chapter and there has not been a change in conditions affecting the validity of the permit, the special use permit shall remain valid, subject to periodic review in accord with the provisions of this subsection. (L) Compliance with Use Requirements. It shall be the duty and obligation of the owner and occupant of land and uses subject to a special use permit and approved site plan therefor that the continued use of such land shall at all times be in compliance with the use requirements of this Chapter. Failure thereof shall be a violation of this chapter and subject to the penalties and remedies provided in this Chapter, and the continuance thereof is declared to be a nuisance per se. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 26 Recommended by Planning Commission �(M) Uses Under Special Use Permit Deemed Permitted Use. Any use for which a special use permit has been granted shall be deemed a conforming use permitted in the district in which such use is located provided: (1) Such permit was issued in conformity with the provisions of this Chapter; (2) Such permit shall be deemed to affect only the lot or portion thereof and uses thereupon for which the special use permit shall have been explicitly granted; and (3) Such permit authorizes a use which is subsequently built, operated and maintained in compliance with this Chapter, the special use permit, and all conditions established with its approval. Section 2.05 Site Plans (A) Intent and Purpose of Section. The intent of requiring site plan submittal and review in certain instances specified in this Section is to facilitate determination of whether certain development proposals meet all applicable requirements and are in harmony with the purpose, intent and spirit of this Chapter. It is further the intent to assist Township Officials in encouraging and assisting proposals of land development to design and implement land use proposals which foster orderly, efficient, compatible and aesthetic uses of land in the Township. (B) Applicability of Site Plan Requirements. A site plan shall be prepared and submitted in accordance with this Section for all new construction, expansion, or exterior improvements on any lot other than single family or two-family permitted use. A site plan shall also be submitted for approval with any application for a special use permit or variance not involving a single-family or two-family permitted principal use, other than for a special use permit for a home occupation, and with any application for rezoning, other than rezoning for the sole purpose of constructing a single-family or two-family permitted principal use. (C) Adminstrative Approval vs Planning Commission Approval. The Planning Commission shall review all site plans for the construction of a new principal building on a site, other than a single family or two-family permitted use. The Planning Commission shall also review all site plans for which a waiver from parking, landscaping, or lighting regulations is requested. The Planning Commission shall have the option of reviewing the Site Plan when a Special Use approval is requested, but may, by majority vote at a public meeting, refer the Site Plan approval to the Zoning Administrator instead. In all other circumstances, the Zoning Administrator shall approve the Site Plan. (D) Contents. A required site plan shall be drawn at a minimum scale of one inch equals 50 feet and shall contain the following information: (1) The boundary lines of the area included in the site plan, including angles, dimensions and reference to a section corner, quarter corner or point on a recorded plat, an arrow pointing north, and the individual lot areas and dimensions of the land included in the site plan. (2) Existing and proposed topography, drainage systems and structures, with topographic contour intervals of not more than two feet. (3) The shape, size and location of all structures that will remain on the lot, including yard dimensions, height, floor area and ground coverage ratios and the finished ground and basement floor grades. (4) Natural features such as wooded lots, trees of more than one foot in diameter, streams and lakes or ponds, and manmade features which are to be retained, and those which are to be removed or altered. Adjacent properties and their uses shall be identified. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 27 Recommended by Planning Commission �(5) Proposed streets, driveways, parking spaces, curb cuts, loading spaces and sidewalks, with an indication of the direction of travel for one-way streets and drives and the inside radius of all curves. The width of streets, driveways and sidewalks, and the total number and layout of parking spaces, shall be shown. (6) The size and location of all existing and proposed public and private utilities and required landscaping. (7) A vicinity sketch showing the location of the site in relation to the surrounding street system. (8) A legal description of the land and lots included in the site plan. (9) Any other information necessary to establish compliance with this chapter and any other ordinances and the availability of adequate utility capacity. (E) Review and Approval (1) Ten copies of the site plan with ten copies of a cover letter signed by the owner of the land and/or prospective developer giving a general explanation of and background information on the proposed development shall be filed with the Township Clerk, along with all necessary fees and documents required by this chapter. All applicants are encouraged to confer informally with the Planning Commission before any documents for application are prepared. (2) The site plan and any accompanying documents shall be forwarded to the Planning Commission for its consideration at its next regular meeting, provided such application has been received by the Township Clerk at least 15 days prior to the regular meeting of the Planning Commission. If not received within this time schedule, the site plan will be considered at the next following meeting. (3) The Planning Commission shall examine the site plan as to proper form and content and particularly as to compliance with all applicable requirements of this Chapter. (4) If the proposed development requires the issuance of a special use permit, the Planning Commission shall transmit its findings to the Township Board along with one copy of the site plan and covering letter. The Township Board shall follow the special use procedure as provided in Article 2, Section 4 of this chapter. The proposer of the development shall be notified of the status of his requested site plan approval. (5) If the proposed development requires a rezoning of land, the Planning Commission shall transmit its findings to the Township Board along with one copy of the site plan and covering letter. The Township Board shall follow the amendment procedure as provided in Article 2, Section 3 of this Chapter. The proposer of the development shall be notified of the status of the requested site plan approval. (6) If the proposed development requires the issuance of a variance, the Planning Commission shall transmit its findings to the board of appeals along with one copy of the site plan and covering letter. The Board of Appeals shall follow the variance procedure as provided in Section 2.07. The proposer of the development shall be notified of the status of the requested site plan approval. Section 2.06 Planning Commission (A) Jurisdiction. The Planning Commission of the Township, which has been duly established, is the Planning Commission referred to in this Chapter, and shall have the following duties under this Chapter: (1) Hear all applications for amendments and special uses and thereafter submit reports of findings and recommendations thereon to the Township Board in the manner prescribed in this Chapter for amendments and special uses; St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 28 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) Initiate, direct and review, from time to time, studies of the provisions of this chapter and make reports of its recommendations to the Township Board, not less frequently than once each year; (3) Hear and decide all matters upon which it is required to pass under this Chapter or by law; and (4) Review site plans for major industrial, commercial and residential projects. (B) Meetings; Records; Rules of Procedure. All meetings of the Planning Commission shall be held monthly or at the call of the chair, and at such times as the Planning Commission may determine. All hearings conducted by the Planning Commission under this chapter shall be in accordance with state statutes. The Planning Commission shall keep minutes of its proceedings, and shall also keep records of its hearings and other official actions. A copy of every rule or regulation, every amendment and special use, and every recommendation, order, requirement, decision or determination of the Planning Commission under this chapter shall be filed in the office of the Township Clerk and shall be a public record. The Planning Commission shall adopt its own rules and procedures, not in conflict with this chapter or with applicable state statutes. Section 2.07 Zoning Board of Appeals; Appeals and Variances (A) Established; Membership; Meetings (1) Established. There is established a Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA), the membership, powers, duties of which are prescribed in Public Act No. 110 of 2006 The Zoning Board of Appeals in addition to the general powers and duties conferred upon it, by Act No. 110, in specific cases and subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards, shall interpret and determine the application of the regulations established under this chapter in harmony with their purpose and intent as set forth in this Chapter. (2) Membership. The term of each ZBA member shall be for three (3) years, except that, of the members first appointed, two (2) shall serve for two (2) years and the remaining members for three (3) years. A successor shall be appointed not more than one (1) month after the term of the preceding member has expired. All vacancies for unexpired terms shall be filled for the remainder of the term. (3) Meetings. Decisions and deliberations. The ZBA shall state the grounds of any determination made by the Board. All decisions of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall be made at a meeting open to the public. All deliberations of the Zoning Board of Appeals constituting a quorum of its member shall take place at a meeting open to the public except as provided in compliance with the open meetings act, Public Act No. 267 of 1976 (MCL 15.261 et seq.). (a) Quorum; one vote per member. A majority of the ZBA members of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall constitute a quorum for purposes of transacting the business of the Board and the open meetings act, Public Act No. 267 of 1976 (MCL 15.261 et seq.). Each member of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall have one vote. (b) Regular meetings; notice; record of proceedings. Regular ZBA meetings shall be called as needed in response to the Township’s receipt of a completed ZBA appeal applications and all associated fees. The meeting can be called by the Township Clerk, the chairperson of the Zoning Board of Appeals, or, in their absence, the Vice-Chairperson. The ZBA shall maintain a record of its proceedings filed in the Township Clerk’s office. (c) Rules of Procedure. The ZBA must conduct business in accordance with its adopted rules of procedure. State Law References: Zoning Board of Appeals membership, MCL 125.3601; meetings of Zoning Board of Appeals, MCL 125.3602 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 29 Recommended by Planning Commission �(B) Powers and Duties (1) General. The ZBA has the power to act on matters as provided in this chapter and Public Act No. 110 of 2006. The Zoning Board of Appeals shall not have the power to alter or change zoning district boundaries, land use classifications of any property, or text of this chapter. The specific powers of the Zoning Board of Appeals are enumerated in this section. (2) Administrative review. The ZBA shall hear and decide appeals where it is alleged by the appellant that there is error in any order, requirement, permit, decision, or refusal made by the Zoning Administrator or other duly authorized enforcing agent, in enforcing any provision of this chapter. (3) Interpretation. The ZBA shall hear and decide requests for interpretation of this chapter or the Zoning Map taking into consideration the intent and purpose of this chapter and the Township Master Plan. The ZBA must keep a record of all decisions for interpretation of this chapter or Zoning Map and land uses which are approved under the terms of this section. The ZBA shall request the Planning Commission and Township Board to review any ordinance amendment it deems necessary. (4) Variances. The ZBA has the power to hear and decide specific appeals and authorize such variances from the provisions of this chapter which will not be contrary to the public interest. A variance may be granted by the ZBA where, due to special conditions, a literal enforcement of the provisions of this chapter would result in practical difficulty. A variance shall not be granted by the ZBA unless all of the following conditions are met: (a) Special conditions and circumstances exist which are peculiar to the land, structure, or building involved and which are not applicable to other lands, structures, or buildings in the same zoning district. (b) Literal interpretation of the provisions of this chapter would deprive the applicant of rights commonly enjoyed by other properties in the same zoning district under the terms of this Chapter. (c) The special conditions and circumstances that create the practical difficulty do not result from the actions of the applicant (d) The variance is the minimum variance that will make possible the reasonable use of the land, building, or structure. (e) The granting of the variance will be in harmony with the general purpose and intent of this chapter and master plan, and will not be injurious to the neighborhood, or otherwise detrimen tal to the public welfare. (f) In granting any variance, the ZBA may prescribe appropriate conditions and safeguards pursuant to Section 2.07. (C) Procedure for Appeal. (1) Request for action. An applicant requesting any action by the Zoning Board of Appeals shall commence such request by filing a notice of appeal, on the form supplied by the Township, accompanied by such appeal fee as determined by the Township Board, the entire record and all plans, including the staff report and any supporting documents all of which shall be made a part of the record. All application materials shall be copied to the Zoning Board of Appeals. (2) Time limit for appeal. Every appeal from a determination of the Zoning Administrator or other duly authorized enforcing agent shall be made by the applicant within 30 days of the date of the order issuance or refusal to issue permit, requirement, or refusal. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 30 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) Notice of hearing. Upon receipt of the application seeking an interpretation of the Zoning Ordinance or an appeal of an administrative decision, the Zoning Board of Appeals shall hold a public hearing in accordance with the notification requirements of Act 110, Public Acts of 2006, as may be amended or superseded from time to time in the future. A notice of the public hearing shall be published in at least one newspaper of general circulation in St. Joseph Charter Township and sent by first class mail or personal delivery to the person requesting the interpretation or owner(s) of the property if different. In addition, if the request for an interpretation or appeal of an administrative decision involves a specific parcel, written notice stating the nature of the interpretation request shall be sent to by first class mail or personal delivery to all persons to whom real property is assessed within 300 feet of the boundary of the property in question, and to the occupants of all structures within 300 feet of the boundary of the property in question, regardless of whether the property or occupant is located in the Township, disclosed from the assessment roll of the Township. If the name of the occupant is not known, the term "occupant" may be used in making notification. Notification need not be given to more than one occupant of a structure, except that if a structure contains more than one dwelling unit or spatial area owned or leased by different individuals, partnerships, businesses, or organizations, one occupant of each unit or spatial area shall receive notice. In the case of a single structure containing more than four dwelling units or other distinct spatial areas owned or leased by different individuals, partnerships, businesses, or organizations, notice may be given to the manager or owner of the structure who shall be requested to post the notice at the primary entrance to the structure. The notice shall be given not less than 15 days before the public hearing. The notice shall state the nature of the interpretation request or the appeal of an administrative decision; the time, date, and location of the public hearing; indicate when and where written comments relative to the application shall be directed prior to the hearing; the location where the application and documents may be viewed or copied prior to the hearing; and shall include a listing of all existing street addresses within the property(ies) which is(are) subject to the appeal. Street addresses do not need to be created and listed if no such addresses currently exist within the property(ies). If there are no street addresses, another means of identification may be used. A list of those owners mailed notices shall be a part of the record of the Zoning Board of Appeals. (4) Presentation of evidence. Any person may appear in person at the public hearing, or be represented by an agent or attorney, and present any evidence in support of their appeal. The Zoning Board of Appeals shall have the power to require the attendance of witness, administer oaths, compel testimony, and otherwise cause the production of books, papers, files, and other evidence pertaining to matters properly coming before the Zoning Board of Appeals. (5) Decision on appeal. The Zoning Board of Appeals shall not decide an appeal until after a public hearing. The concurring vote of a majority of the members of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall be necessary to reverse any order, requirement, decision, or determination of the Building Official or other duly authorized enforcing agent, or to decide in favor of the applicant any matter upon which they are required to pass under this chapter, or to effect any variance from the terms of this chapter. A member of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall disqualify himself from a vote in which he or she has a conflict of interest. Failure of a member of the Zoning Board of Appeals to disqualify himself or herself from a vote in which he or she has a conflict of interest shall constitute misconduct in office. (6) Reversal or modification of order or requirement. The Zoning Board of Appeals may reverse, affirm, vary, or modify, any order, requirement, or determination, as to which it has the power to consider, and have all the powers of the officer or body from whom the appeal was taken and may issue or direct the issuance of a permit. (7) Conditions. The Zoning Board of Appeals may impose conditions with any decision. Such conditions imposed shall meet all of the following requirements: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 31 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) Be designed to protect natural resources, the health, safety, and welfare and the social and economic well being of those who will use the land use or activity under consideration, residents and landowners immediately adjacent to the proposed land use or activity, and the community as a whole. (b) Be related to the valid exercise of the police power, and purposes which are affected by the proposed use or activity. (c) Be necessary to meet the intent and purpose of this chapter, be related to the standards established in this chapter for the land use or activity under consideration, and be necessary to ensure compliance with those standards. Violations of any of these conditions shall be deemed a violation of this chapter, enforceable as such, and/or may be grounds for revocation or reversal of such decision. (8) Form of decision; notification of applicant. All decisions of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall be in writing and so far as it is practicable, in the form of a general statement or resolution reciting the conditions, facts, and findings of the Zoning Board of Appeals. The applicant shall be advised of the decision after the public hearing unless the Zoning Board of Appeals moves for a continuation of such hearing. (9) Validity of decision. Any decision of the Zoning Board of Appeals favorable to the applicant shall remain valid only as long as the information or data relating thereto are found to be correct, and the conditions upon which the decision was based are maintained. (10) Reconsideration. The Zoning Board of Appeals may reconsider an earlier decision, if, in the opinion of the Board, circumstances justify taking such action. (11) Duration of orders. No order of the Zoning Board of Appeals permitting the erection or alteration of a building shall be valid for a period of longer than one year, unless a building permit for such erection or alteration is obtained within such period, and such erection or alteration is started and proceeds to completion in accordance with the terms of such permit. No order of the Zoning Board of Appeals permitting a use of a building or premises shall be valid for a period longer than one year, unless such use is established within such period; provided, however, that such order shall continue in force and effect if a building permit for such erection or alteration is obtained within such period, and such erection or alteration is started and proceeds to completion in accordance with such permit. (12) Appeal to circuit court. Any party aggrieved by a decision of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall have the right to appeal to the circuit court for the county in which the property is located on questions of law and fact. Such appeal must be taken within 30 days after the date the Zoning Board of Appeals certifies its decision in writing or approves the minutes of its decision. A request for reconsideration under subsection (10) of this section shall not toll the time for taking such appeal. If a request for reconsideration is granted, the time period for appeal shall commence from the date the Zoning Board of Appeals certifies its decision or approves the minutes of the meeting where the appeal was reconsidered. In any event, only one request for reconsideration on each appeal shall be allowed. An appeal may be had from the decision of the circuit court to the court of appeals. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 32 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 3: Zoning Districts Established Section 3.01 Districts Established In order to accomplish the purpose of this Chapter as stated in Section 1.01, the Township is hereby divided into the following districts: R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 B-1 B-2 I-1 I-2 Section 3.02 Single Family – Low Density District Single Family – Medium Density District Mixed Density Residential District Multiple Family Residential District Limited Business District General Business District Limited Industrial District General Industrial District Official Zoning Map (A) The boundaries of the zoning districts are established as shown on the map entitled "Official Zoning Map of St. Joseph Charter Township, Berrien County, Michigan." This map is made a part of this Chapter, and shall have the same force and effect as if the Zoning Map, together with all notations, references and other information shown thereon, were fully set forth and described in this Chapter. (B) The official Zoning Map shall be identified by the signature of the Township supervisor, attested by the Township Clerk, and shall bear the seal of the Township under the following words: "This is to certify that this is the Official Zoning Map referred to in Section 3.02.B of Zoning Ordinance Chapter 46 of St. Joseph Charter Township, Berrien County, Michigan," together with the date of the adoption of the zoning ordinance. (C) If, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter changes are made in district boundaries or other matter portrayed on the official Zoning Map, such changes shall be entered on the official Zoning Map by the Township Clerk within ten days after the amendment has been approved by the Township Board, with an entry on the official Zoning Map as follows: "On (date), by official action of the Township Board, the following (change) changes were made in the Official Zoning Map: (brief description of nature of change)," which entry shall be signed by the Township supervisor and attested by the Township Clerk. No amendment to this Chapter which involves matter portrayed on the official Zoning Map shall become effective until after such change and entry have been made on the map. (D) No changes of any nature shall be made in the official Zoning Map or matter shown thereon except in conformity with the procedures set forth in this chapter. Any unauthorized change of whatever kind by any person shall be considered a violation of this Chapter. (E) Regardless of the existence of purported copies of the official Zoning Map which may from time to time be made or published, the official Zoning Map which shall be located in the Township hall shall be the final authority as to the current zoning status of land and water areas, buildings, and other structures in the Township. (F) If the official Zoning Map becomes damaged, destroyed, lost, or difficult to interpret because of the nature or number of changes and additions, the Township Board may by resolution adopt a new official Zoning Map. The new official Zoning Map may correct drafting or other errors or omissions in the prior official Zoning Map, but no such correction shall have the effect of amending the original official Zoning Map or any subsequent amendment thereof. The new official Zoning Map shall be identified by the signature of the Township supervisor, attested by the Township Clerk, and shall bear the seal of the Township under the following words: "This is to certify that this Official Zoning Map supersedes and replaces the Official Zoning Map adopted (date of adoption of map being replaced) as part of Zoning Ordinance Chapter 46 of St. Joseph Charter Township." St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 33 Recommended by Planning Commission �(G) Unless the prior official Zoning Map has been lost or has been totally destroyed, the prior map, or any significiant parts thereof remaining, shall be preserved, together with all available records pertaining to its adoption or amendment. Section 3.03 Interpretation of District Boundaries When uncertainty exists with respect to the boundaries of the various districts as shown in the Zoning Map, the following rules shall apply: (A) Boundaries indicated as approximately following the centerlines of streets, highways, or alleys shall be construed as following such centerlines. (B) Boundaries indicated as approximately following property, parcel, or lot lines shall be construed as following such lines. (C) Boundaries indicated as approximately following municipal boundaries shall be construed as following such muncipal boundaries. (D) Boundaries indicated as following Township section lines shall be construed as following such section lines. (E) Boundaries indicated as following railroad lines shall be construed to be midway between the main tracks. (F) Boundaries indicated as following shorelines shall be construed to follow such shorelines, and in the event of change in the shoreline shall be construed as moving with the actual shoreline. Boundaries indicated as approximately following the centerlines of streams, rivers, canals, lakes, or other bodies of water shall be construed to follow such centerlines. (G) Boundaries indicated as parallel to or extensions of features indicated in subsections (1) through (6) of this section shall be so construed. Distances not specifically indicated on the official Zoning Map shall be determined by the scale of the map. (H) Where physical features existing on the ground are at variances with those shown on the official Zoning Map, or in other circumstances not covered by subsections (1) through (7) of this section, the Zoning Board of Appeals shall interpret the district boundaries. (I) Where a district boundary line divides a lot which was in single ownership at the time of passage of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived, the entire lot shall be construed to be within the more restricted district Section 3.04 Ways Zoning of Streets, Waterways, and Railroad Right of All streets, alleys, public ways, waterways and railroad rights-of-way, if not otherwise specifically designated, shall be deemed to be in the same zone as the property immediately abutting on such streets, alleys, public ways and railroad rights-of-way or waterways. Where the centerline of a street, alley, public way, waterway or railroad rightof-way serves as a district boundary, the zoning of such areas, unless otherwise specifically designated, shall be deemed to be the same as that of the abutting property up to such centerline. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 34 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 4: Permitted and Special Uses Table of Permitted Uses One Dwelling Unit Two-Family Dwelling Units Multiple Family Dwelling Units Row Dwelling (One Dwelling Unit) Upper Floor Dwellings Above Commercial Mobile Home Parks Home Occupations Retail Personal Services Automotive Fueling Station (Gas Station) Vehicle Wash Vehicle Sales and/or Rental Vehicle Repair Self-Storage Facility Drive-Thru or Drive-In Drive-In Movie Theater Restaurant Funeral Home Bed and Breakfast Hotels and Motels Marinas Event Space Office Medical or Dental Clinic S S S S S S S S S S S S Residential Uses P P P P P P P P S P S S S S S S S P S S S S S S I-2 I-1 B-1 Community Uses S S S S S P P P P P S S S S S S S S S S S Blank = Prohibited B-2 Cemeteries Essential Services Municipal or Public Buildings Indoor Recreation Private Outdoor Recreation Hospital Religious Institution Private Schools or Child Cares Nursing or Convalescent Home R-4 Use R-3 S=Permitted by Special Use Permit R-2 P= Permitted By Right R-1 Section 4.01 S P S S S S S S S 4.06 4.06 P P 4.06 4.18 4.11 S P S S S 4.03 4.07 4.19 4.24 4.25 4.12 4.26 4.23 4.20 4.06 4.06 S P P P P Commercial Uses S Definition and Examples S S P P P P 4.29 4.22 S 4.10 S S S S S S P P S P S P P P 4.35 4.34 4.33 4.30 4.04 4.05 4.28 4.09 4.02 4.13 4.16 4.08 4.21 4.17 S S S S P P P P P P Industrial Uses Warehouse Wholesale Kennels St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 35 4.36 4.37 4.14 Recommended by Planning Commission �S P S P S P S S S S S P S P S S I-2 S P B-2 B-1 R-4 R-3 S P I-1 Manufacturing Trucking and Logistics Research and Development Wind Energy Facilities Small Scale Solar Facilities Large Scale Solar Facilities Wireless Telecommunications R-2 R-1 Use Definition and Examples P P P P S P S S 4.15 4.32 4.27 4.38 4.31 4.31 4.39 P S P S S (A) The Township Board shall have the authority to determine that a use not listed above is similar in character and intensity to the uses permitted in a given district, and therefore permit that use by Special Use Approval. (B) Within the R-2/B-2 Residential Business Overlay District, the permitted and special uses of both the R-2 and B-2 district shall apply. Two or more principal uses, allowed in either district, may be permitted on a given lot, to achieve a mixed-use character. (C) Within the I-2/R-2 Industrial Residential Overlay District, the permitted and special uses of both the R-2 and I2 districts shall apply. However, if a use is only permitted in one of those two districts, once that use is in place on a lot, no use from the other district shall be permitted. For instance, if a lot contains a dwelling unit, manufacturing shall be not be permitted, and if a lot contains manufacturing, dwelling units shall not be permitted. Section 4.02 Bed and Breakfast (A) Definition: A use which is subordinate to the principal use of a dwelling unit as a one-family dwelling unit and a use in which transient guests are provided a sleeping room and board in return for payment. (B) Standards: (1) Each premise must have been originally designed and constructed as a single-family residence and must be occupied and operated by its owner. The structure shall remain a residential structure; i.e. the kitchen shall not be remodeled into a commercial kitchen. (2) Not more than thirty-five (35) percent of the total floor area of the dwelling unit shall be used for bed and breakfast sleeping rooms. (3) No bed and breakfast sleeping rooms shall be located in a basement or attic. (4) There shall be no separate cooking facilities in the rented rooms for bed and breakfast stay. (5) Bed and breakfast bedrooms shall contain a minimum of one hundred twenty (120) square feet for the first two (2) occupants, with an additional thirty (30) square feet for each additional occupant. (6) Bed and breakfast occupants shall be limited to four (4) in one (1) room at any one time. (7) The stay of bed and breakfast guests shall be no more than fourteen (14) consecutive days and not more than thirty (30) days in any one (1) calendar year. (8) A maximum of six (6) persons per each restroom will be permitted. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 36 Recommended by Planning Commission �(9) Every bed and breakfast bedroom shall contain a functional smoke detector. A fire extinguisher rated five (5) pounds ABC shall be located on each floor. Each bed and breakfast bedroom shall contain a diagram showing all exists with an arrow indicating “YOU ARE HERE.” (10) Bed and breakfast facilities shall be licensed by the Township. The initial licensing fees shall be set by the Township Board for each bed and breakfast bedroom which sum shall be paid annually. In addition, there shall be an inspection fee to be set by Township Board for every inspection after the initial inspection prior to licensure. The license will be renewed annually, subject to inspection and payment of fees. (11) A two feet square sign, affixed flat against the dwelling and not illuminated, will be permitted. (12) All parking shall be off the street, in the side or back (not front) yard. Two (2) parking spaces plus one (1) additional space per room to be rented must be provided. All parking spaces shall be paved or graded to Township standards. Natural buffers by use of plant materials or other screening may be required to screen parking areas from adjoining residential properties. (13) Bed and breakfast facilities will comply with all rules, regulations and ordinances of all applicable State and County regulatory agencies. (14) No bed and breakfast facilities shall be located within three hundred (300) feet of any other bed and breakfast building, as measured along the centerline of the road upon which such bed and breakfast facilities front. Section 4.03 Cemetery (A) Definition. Land used for the burial of the dead, including columbarium, crematory, and mausoleum. (B) Standards. All structures other than gravestones must meet the required setbacks and building heights for a principal structure in the district the cemetery is located within. Section 4.04 Drive-Thru or Drive-In (A) Definition. The provision of goods and services provided by a business directly to people in motor vehicles. This shall be considered an accessory use to an indoor restaurant, bank, or other principal use. Drive-in movie theaters are regulated separately, in Section 4.05 Section 4.05 Drive-In Movie Theater (A) Definition. An entertainment venue consisting of a large screen and a parking area, where customers watch movies or other video entertainment while in their parked vehicles. A refreshment stand serving food may also be included. Section 4.06 Dwelling Unit (A) Definition. A building or portion thereof, which is occupied wholly as the permanent, day-to-day home, residence, or sleeping place by one (1) or more human beings, containing at least a bedroom, bathroom, and cooking facilities. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 37 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 4.07 Essential Services (A) Definition: The erection, construction, alteration or maintenance, by public utilities or municipal departments, of underground, surface, or overhead gas, electrical, steam, fuel or water transmission or distribution systems, or collection, communication, supply or disposal systems therewith that are reasonably necessary for the furnishing of adequate service for the general health, safety and welfare. Poles, wires, mains, drains, sewers, pipes, conduits, transformers, splice boxes, cables, towers, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, traffic signals, hydrants or similar equipment and accessories associated with an essential service shall be considered essential services under this Ordinance. Wireless communication towers or antennas, utility buildings and storage yards shall not be considered essential services under this Ordinance. Examples include, but are not limited to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Electric Utilties Public Water Utiltities Public Sewer Systems Natural Gas Pipelines Wired Telecommunications Section 4.08 Event Space (A) Definition. Non-residential space designed to be used for temporary gatherings of people for entertainment, collaboration, celebration, or other reasons. Examples include, but are not limited to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Banquet Facilities Theaters for Live Performance Sports Arenas primarily used for viewing sports, rather than indoor recreation by the public Community Centers Meeting Facilities (B) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (1) Movie theaters, which shall be considered “Recreation – Indoor” (2) Religious institutions, which shall be considered “Religious Institutions” Section 4.09 Funeral Home (A) Definition. A building or part thereof used for human funeral services. Such building may contain space and facilities for: a) embalming and the performance of other services used in preparation of the dead for burial; b) the performance of autopsies and other surgical procedures; c) the storage of caskets, funeral urns, and other related vehicles, but shall not include facilities for cremation. Where a funeral home is permitted, a funeral chapel shall also be permitted. Section 4.10 Automotive Fueling Station (Gas Station): (A) Definition. A facility designed or used for the retail sale of fuel (including, but not limited to, gasoline, hydrogen, or biofuels), to be dispensed directly into automobiles or approved containers. (B) Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. Electric vehicle charging stations shall not be considered automotive fueling stations, and shall be permitted accessory to any use in any zoning district (including automotive fueling stations). Up to three electric vehicle charging stations may be located within a parking lot, provided that the parking lot retains compliance with all dimensional requirements. If any additional electric vehicle charging stations are proposed after the first three, then the parking spaces containing the additional electric vehicle charging stations shall not count towards the minimum parking space requirement on the lot, and additional parking spaces shall be required if the site falls below the required minimum. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 38 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 4.11 Home Occupations (A) Definition. Any business, occupation, or activity undertaken for compensation within a dwelling unit that is incidental and secondary to the use of the structure as a dwelling unit. Section 4.12 Hospital (A) Definition. An institution which is licensed by the Michigan Department of Health to provide in-patient and outpatient medical and surgical services for the sick and injured, and which may include such related facilities as laboratories, medical testing services, central service facilities, and staff offices. Section 4.13 Hotel or Motel (A) Definition. A facility offering transient lodging accommodations on a daily rate to the general public and providing additional services, such as restaurants, meeting rooms, and recreational facilities. Examples include, but are not limited to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Motels Hotels Boutique Hotels Hostels Extended-Stay Hotels (that do not meet the definition of dwelling unit) Section 4.14 Kennels (A) Definition: Any structure, lot or premises where four or more dogs or cats (at least eight weeks of age) are kept. This shall not include residentially zoned premises or premises which are used for residential purposes, at which the occupant is keeping his or her own dogs or cats. Section 4.15 Manufacturing (A) Definition. The mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or substances into new products, including the assembling of component parts, the manufacturing of products, and the blending of materials. Section 4.16 Marina (A) Definition. A facility for storing, servicing, fueling, berthing, and securing and launching of private pleasure craft that may include the sale of fuel and incidental supplies for the boat owner, crews, and guests. May also include restroom and shower facilities. Section 4.17 Medical or Dental Clinic (A) Definition. Non-residential space that is designed to be used to provide medical or therapeutic care to patients. Examples include, but are not limited to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Doctor’s Offices Medical Treatment Facilities Medical Testing Facilities Medical Counseling Facilities Dentist’s Offices Outpatient Surgery Centers St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 39 Recommended by Planning Commission �(7) Ophthalmologists Clinics (8) Massage Clinics (9) Day Spas (10) Medical Administration Offices (11) Veterinary Clinics Section 4.18 Mobile Home (A) Definition. A dwelling unit which is substantially built, constructed, assembled, and finished off the premises in which is intended to be located. Section 4.19 Municipal / Public Uses: (A) Definition. Land used primarily and specifically by public entities. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Government Administration Buildings (Village Hall, etc) Libraries Museums Public Safety Facilities (Police, Fire, etc) County, State, or Federal Office Buildings School Administration Buildings Public Works Yards Post Offices (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (a) (b) (c) (d) Parks, which shall be considered “Recreation – Outdoor” K-12 Schools, which shall be considered “K-12 Schools” Institutions of Higher Education, which shall be considered “Institutions of Higher Education” Any other use that is not listed above and fits a use category in this Ordinance, even if it is owned and/or operated by a public entity. Section 4.20 Nursing or Convalescent Home (A) Definition. A facility, including a county medical care facility, but excluding a hospital or a facility created by Act No. 152 of the Public Acts of 1885, as amended, being Sections 36.1 to 36.12 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, that provides organized nursing care and medical treatment to unrelated individuals suffering or recovering from illness, injury, or infirmity. Nursing home does not include a unit in a correctional facility that is operated by the department of mental health. Section 4.21 Office (A) Definition. Non-residential space that is designed to be used for the provision of services to customers who are not generally on the premises, or for administrative duties relating to an organization such as a business or public entity. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) (b) (c) (d) Professionals Offices (Lawyers, Accountants, Financial Services, etc) Real Estate Brokerages Administrative Offices of Businesses Offices accessory to a retail or manufacturing business (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 40 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) Bank branches, which shall be considered “Retail” (b) Public Administrative Offices (for Village, County, State, Federal, School District, etc), which shall be considered “Government/Public Uses” (c) Buildings dedicated solely to offices of Institutions of Higher Education, which shall be considered “Institutions of Higher Education” (d) Medical offices, which shall be considered “Medical of Dental Clinics” (e) Uses requiring large fabrication or testing facilities, which shall be considered “Research and Development” Section 4.22 Personal Services (A) Definition. A commercial use dedicated to providing services to customers on the premises of the business. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) (b) (c) (d) Barber Shops/Beauty Salons Nail Salons Animal Grooming Electronics/Small Appliance Repair (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (a) Professionals Offices (Lawyers, Accountants, Financial Services, Real Estate etc), which shall be considered “Office”) (b) Bank branches, which shall be considered “Retail” (c) Public Administrative Offices (for Village, County, State, Federal, School District, etc), which shall be considered “Government/Public Uses” (d) Buildings dedicated solely to offices of Institutions of Higher Education, which shall be considered “Institutions of Higher Education” (e) Medical offices, which shall be considered “Medical or Dental Clinics” (f) Massage clinics, which shall be considered “Medical or Dental Clinics” (g) Uses requiring large fabrication or testing facilities, which shall be considered “Research and Development” Section 4.23 Private School and/or Child Care (A) Definition. A facility that provides child day care and/or a curriculum of elementary and/or secondary academic instruction, including preschools, kindergartens, elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools. Section 4.24 Recreation – Indoor (A) Definition. An indoor facility for leisure, exercise, and/or entertainment. Examples include, but are not limited to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Bowling Alleys Video Game Arcades Laser Tag Indoor Playgrounds Fitness Centers Dance Schools Gymnastics Centers St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 41 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 4.25 Recreation – Outdoor (A) Definition. An outdoor facility for leisure, exercise, and/or entertainment. Examples include, but are not limited to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Public Parks Golf Courses Nature Preserves Mini-Golf Go-Carts Batting Cages Sports Facilities Section 4.26 Religious Institution (A) Definition. Any structure wherein persons regularly assemble for religious activity, including a church, synagogue, temple, mosque, or similar religious facility. Accessory uses such as K-12 schools, event space, offices, or recreation may shall not be considered part of the religious institution for the purposes of zoning regulations, and shall be subject to all requirements for each given use. Section 4.27 Research and Development (A) Definition. Engineering and testing laboratory that does not involve the mass manufacture, fabrication, processing, or sale of products. Section 4.28 Restaurant (A) Definition. Any establishment whose principal business is the sale of food and beverages to the customer in a ready-to-consume state. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) (b) (c) (d) Full Service Restaurants Fast Food Restaurants Bars Microbreweries/Distilleries/Wineries, although the Township may determine that the manufacturing portion of the use is sufficiently large to be considered a separate use. (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (a) Tasting counters at grocery stores, which shall be considered “Retail.” (b) Tasting counters at manufacturing facilities, which shall be considered “Manufacturing” Section 4.29 Retail (A) Definition. The selling of goods or merchandise directly to the public. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) Grocery/Convenience/Beverage Stores (b) Clothing/Shoe/Accessory Stores (c) Book/Music/Video/Electronics Stores St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 42 Recommended by Planning Commission �(d) Hardware Stores (e) Art Galleries (f) Bank Branches (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (a) Gas Stations, which shall be considered “Automotive Fueling Stations” (b) Real Estate Brokerages, which shall be considered “Office” Section 4.30 Self-Storage Facilities (A) Definition. Enclosed space for rent to the general public for use to store non-perishable goods. Section 4.31 Solar Energy Facility (A) Definition. Solar energy system whose purpose is to provide for the collection, storage, and/or distribution of solar energy for space heating, cooling, or power generation, including both the solar panels and all accessory structures. Section 4.32 Trucking & Logistics (A) Definition. A use primarily dedicated to storing and moving products, including in trucks and other vehicles utiltizing more than two axles. Section 4.33 Vehicle Repair (A) Definition. An enclosed building where the following services may be carried out: general repairs, engine re-building, reconditioning of motor vehicles; collision services, such as frame or fender straightening and repair; painting and undercoating of automobiles; and, similar vehicle repair activity. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Body Shops General automobile repair facilities Oil change facilities Boat repair Recreational vehicle repair Motorcycle/Powersport repair (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (a) Bicycle repair or lawnmower repair, which shall be considered “Personal Services.” Section 4.34 Vehicle Sales and/or Rental (A) Definition. A structure or premises used primarily for the sale of new or used automobiles and other motor vehicles. (1) Examples include, but are not limited to: (a) New car sales (b) Used car sales (c) Recreational vehicle sales St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 43 Recommended by Planning Commission �(d) Motorcycle/Powersport sales (e) Construction equipment sales (f) Boat sales (2) The following uses shall not fall under this definition: (a) Lawnmower sales, which shall be considered “Retail.” (b) Bicycle sales, which shall be considered “Retail.” Section 4.35 Vehicle Wash (A) Definition. A building or portion thereof or an area of land where automobiles or trucks are washed. Section 4.36 Warehousing (A) Definition. A use engaged in storage, wholesale, and distribution of manufactured products, supplies, and equipment, but excluding bulk storage of materials that are inflammable or explosive or that create hazardous or commonly recognized offensive conditions. Section 4.37 Wholesale (A) Definition. On-premise sales of goods primarily to customers engaged in the business of reselling the goods. Section 4.38 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) (A) Definition. A system which converts wind energy into electricity through the use of a wind turbine generator and includes the turbine, blades, and tower as well as related equipment. Section 4.39 Wireless Telecommunication Facility (A) Definition. A freestanding facility, building, pole, tower, or structure used to provide commercial cellular telecommunication services, and which consists of antennae, equipment and storage, and other accessory structures. (B) Standards. See Article 12. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 44 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 5: Schedule of Regulations Section 5.01 Schedule of Regulations for Principal Structures Minimum Lot Dimensions Maximum Structure Height (c) Minimum Required Setback (in feet) Maximum Coverage of Lot (%) Minimum Dwelling Unit Size (Sq. ft) Area (Sq. ft.) (a) Width (Feet) Stories Feet Front Yard Each Side Yard (b) Rear Yard R-1 20,000 100 2.5 30 42 10(d) 25-35 25% 950 R-2 10,000 75 2.5 30 42 10(d) 25-35 30% 950 R-3 8,700 70 2.5 30 42 7(d) 30 35% See Footnote R-4 8,700 70 4 40 42 10 30 45% B-1 None None None 55 10 5 20 None None B-2 None None None 55 10 5 20 None None I-1 None None None None 50 10 30 75% None I-2 None None None None 50 10 30 None None FOOTNOTES TO THE SCHEDULE OF REGULATIONS (a) Lot Area. Net Lot Area shall be used to determine compliance with lot area requirements. No new parcel shall be created unless the parcel has adequate usable lot area, such that the parcel can be built upon in compliance with Zoning Ordinance standards. (b) Setback on Side Yards Facing a Street. On corner lots the required front setback shall be maintained along each street frontage. (c) Maximum Height to the Peak: The maximum heights listed in the table shall be measured from grade to the halfway point between the peak and the eaves. (d) A side yard may not be less than specified except where it adjoins a street or residential uses, where the minimum width of such shall no be less than 25 feet. (e) For Multiple Family Structures, the following dwelling unit sizes shall apply: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Efficiency: 400 Square Feet 1 Bedroom: 600 Square Feet 2 Bedroom: 800 Square Feet 3 Bedroom: 1000 Square Feet Each Additional Bedroom shall require an additional 200 Square Feet of habitable space St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 45 Recommended by Planning Commission �This page left blank intentially. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 46 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 6: Zoning District Regulations Section 6.01 R-1 Single Family – Low Density District (A) Purpose. The R-1 district is established to encourage the orderly transition of land from agricultural to low density residential use, to provide areas well suited as to location and topography to meet the market demand for large lots, and to prohibit any uses which are incompatible. The principal use of land is for single-family dwellings on large lots where minimum community services may be appropriate. (B) Minimum lot size. (1) One-family dwellings. Every one-family detached dwelling hereafter erected shall be located on a lot having an area of not less than 20,000 square feet, a width at the established building line of not less than 100 feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet and a depth of not less than 120 feet. The street and/or highway right-of-way line bordering the front of the lot or parcel of land shall be the point of beginning for the depth measurement required in this subsection. (2) Nonresidential uses. All nonresidential principal uses of buildings, as permitted in this Section, shall be located on a tract of land having an area of not less than 20,000 square feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet and a width at the established building line of not less than 100 feet. (3) Special uses. Minimum lot sizes for special uses shall be prescribed and conditions stipulated at the time a special use permit is authorized, but in no case shall any such lot have an area of less than 20,000 square feet, frontage ofless than 50 feet or a width at the established building line of less than 100 feet. (C) Yard areas. No building shall be erected or enlarged unless the following yards are provided and maintained in connection with such building structure or enlargement: (1) Front yard. A front yard of not less than 42 feet (2) Side yard. A side yard on each side of the main building of not less than ten feet; except, where a side yard adjoins a street, the minimum width of such yard shall be not less than 25 feet. (3) Rear yard. A rear yard of not less than 20 percent of the depth of the lot; provided, however, that such rear yard shall not be less than 25 feet but need not exceed 35 feet. (D) Maximum lot coverage. No more than 25 percent of the lot area may be occupied by buildings and structures, including accessory buildings. (E) Building height. No building shall exceed a height of 30 feet or 2 1/2 stories, whichever is lower. Section 6.02 R-2 Single Family – Medium Density District (A) Purpose. The R-2 district is established to provide low density areas in which the principal use of land is for single-family dwellings on medium sized lots. (B) Minimum lot size. (1) One-family dwellings. Every one-family detached dwelling hereafter erected shall be located on a lot having an area of not less than 10,000 square feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet and a width at the established building line of not less than 75 feet. The street and/or highway right-of-way line bordering the front of the lot or parcel of land shall be the beginning for the depth measurement required by this subsection. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 47 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) Nonresidential uses. All nonresidential principal uses of buildings as permitted in this Section shall be located on a tract of land having an area of not less than 10,000 square feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet, and a width at the established building line of not less than 75 feet. (3) Special uses. Minimum lot sizes for special uses shall be prescribed and conditions imposed at the time a special use permit is authorized, but in no case shall any such lot have an area of less than 10,000 square feet or frontage ofless than 50 feet. (C) Yard areas. No building shall be erected or enlarged unless the following yards are provided and maintained: (1) Front yard. A front yard of not less than 42 feet; measured from the front lot line to the house. (2) Side yards. A side yard on each side of the main building of not less than ten feet; except, where a side yard adjoins a street, the minimum width of such yard shall be not less than 25 feet. (3) Rear yard. A rear yard of not less than 20 percent of the depth of the lot; provided, however, that such rear yard shall not be less than 25 feet but need not exceed 35 feet. (D) Maximum lot coverage. Not more than 30 percent of the lot area may be occupied by buildings and structures, including accessory buildings. (E) Building height. No building shall exceed a height of 30 feet or 2 1/2 stories, whichever is lower. Section 6.03 R-3 Mixed Density Residential District (A) Purpose. The R-3 district is established as a general residence district to provide for a wider variety of dwelling accommodations with a medium density of dwelling units, to provide for two-family dwellings with adequate open space for family living, to provide for and encourage the redevelopment of older residential districts in the Township, and to provide for a transition between nonresidential areas and single-family areas of lower density. (B) Minimum lot sizes. (1) One-family and two-family dwellings. Every one-family detached dwelling or two-family dwelling hereafter erected or structurally altered shall be located on a lot having an area of not less than 8,700 square feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet and a width at the established building line of not less than 70 feet. (2) Alteration of existing residential buildings. Existing residential buildings in the R-3 district may be altered to provide for not more than two dwelling units, provided that no existing residential building is altered in such a way as to conflict with or further conflict with the requirements in subsection (B)(1) of this section. (3) Special uses. Minimum lot sizes for special uses shall be prescribed at the time a special use permit is authorized, but in no case shall any such lot be less than 8,700 square feet, have a frontage of less than 50 feet, or have a width at the established building line of less than 70 feet. (C) Yard areas. No building shall be erected or enlarged unless the following yards are provided and maintained: (1) Front yard. A front yard not less than 42 feet deep shall be provided. (2) Side yards. In the R-3 district, the minimum side yard requirements for permitted uses shall not be less than the following: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 48 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) One-family and two-family dwellings. For one-family and two-family buildings, the same regulations apply as permitted or required in the R-2 one-family residence district. (b) Nonresidential buildings. For each permitted nonresidential building, interior side yards on each side of the building shall not be less than 15 feet plus one foot for each two feet by which the building height exceeds 15 feet. (c) Special uses. For special uses, the interior side yards shall be as specified in the special use permit, but in no case shall the interior side yards be less than those specified for nonresidential buildings in subsection (d)(iii) of this Section. (d) Minimum corner side yards. In an R-3 district, the minimum corner side yard requirements for permitted uses shall be not less than the following: (i) One-family and two-family dwellings. For one-family and two-family dwellings, the same regulations shall apply as permitted or required in the R-2 district. (ii) Reverse corner lots. For reverse corner lots, there shall be maintained a setback from the side street of not less than 50 percent of the front yard required on the lots in the rear of such corner lots, but such setbacks need not exceed 25 feet. No accessory building on the reversed corner lot shall project beyond the front yard required on the adjacent lot to the rear, or be located nearer than ten feet to the side lot line of the adjacent lot. (iii) Nonresidential uses. For permitted nonresidential uses, the minimum corner side yards shall be not less than 25 feet plus one foot for each two feet by which the building height exceeds 15 feet. (iv) Special uses. For special uses, corner side yards shall be as specified in the special use permit, but in no case shall such side yards be less than that specified for nonresidential buildings in subsection (d)(iii) of this Section. (3) Rear yard. There shall be a rear yard of not less than 30 feet. (D) Maximum lot coverage. Not more than 35 percent of the lot area may be occupied by buildings and structures, including accessory buildings. (E) Building height. No building shall exceed a height of 30 feet or 2 1/2 stories, whichever is lower. Section 6.04 R-4 Multi-Family Residential District (A) Purpose. The R-4 district is established as a general residence district to provide for a wider variety of dwelling accommodations with a higher density of dwelling units for multiple-family dwellings with adequate open space for family living, to provide for and encourage the redevelopment of older residential districts in the Township, and to provide for a transition between nonresidential areas and single-family areas of lower density. (B) Minimum lot sizes. (1) One-family detached dwellings. Every one-family detached dwelling hereafter erected shall be located on a lot having an area of not less than 8,700 square feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet and a width at the established building line of not less than 70 feet. (2) Multiple-family dwellings. All structures or buildings containing four or more dwelling units shall be located on a lot which provides a minimum lot area per dwelling unit as follows: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 49 Recommended by Planning Commission �Type of Dwelling Unit Land Area per Dwelling Unit (square feet) More than 4 bedrooms 4,000 4 bedrooms 3,000 3 bedrooms 2,700 2 bedrooms 2,400 1 bedroom and efficiency 2,100 However, in no case shall there be a lot area of less than 8,700 square feet, frontage of less than 50 feet or a width at the established building line of less than 70 feet. Existing residential buildings in the R-4 district may be altered to provide for not more than four dwelling units, provided that no existing residential building is altered in such a way as to conflict with or further conflict with the requirements of this subsection. (3) Nonresidential uses. All nonresidential principal uses permitted in this district shall be located on a lot having an area of not less than 8,700 square feet, frontage of not less than 50 feet and a width at the established building line of not less than 70 feet. (4) Special uses. Minimum lot sizes for special uses shall be prescribed at the time a special use permit is authorized, but in no case shall any such lot be less than 8,700 square feet, have frontage of less than 50 feet or have a width at the established building line of less than 70 feet. (C) Yard areas. No building shall be erected or enlarged unless the following yards are provided and maintained: (1) Front yard. A front yard shall be provided of not less than 42 feet plus one additional foot of front yard for each two feet over 30 feet in building height. (2) Side yards. In the R-4 district, the minimum side yard requirements for permitted uses shall be not less than the following: (a) Multifamily dwellings. For buildings containing three or more dwelling units, there shall be a side yard on each side of each building of ten feet plus five additional feet for each additional story above two stories in height. (b) Nonresidential buildings. For permitted nonresidential buildings, side yards on each side of the building shall not be less than 15 feet plus one foot for each two feet by which the building height exceeds 15 feet. (c) Special uses. For special uses, side yards shall be as specified in the special use permit, but in no case shall the side yards be less than those specified for nonresidential buildings in subsection (e)(iii) of this section. (d) Minimum corner side yard. In an R-4 district, the minimum corner side yard requirements for permitted uses shall be not less than the following: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 50 Recommended by Planning Commission �(i) Multifamily dwellings. For buildings containing three or more dwelling units, the minimum corner side yard shall be ten feet, except that buildings 50 feet or more in overall width, as projected upon the front lot line, shall have corner side yards not less than 15 percent of the building width or 30 percent of the building height, whichever is greater. (ii) Reversed corner lots. For reversed corner lots, there shall be maintained a setback from the side street of not less than 50 percent of the front yard required on the lots in the rear of such corner lots, but such setbacks need not exceed 25 feet. No accessory building on such reversed corner lot shall project beyond the front yard required on the adjacent lot to the rear, or be located nearer than ten feet to the side lot line of the adjacent lot. (iii) Nonresidential uses. For permitted nonresidential uses, the minimum corner side yard shall be 25 feet plus one additional foot for each two feet by which the building height exceeds 15 feet. (iv) Special uses. For special uses, corner side yards shall be as specified in the special use permit, but in no case shall such side yards be less than that specified for nonresidential buildings in subsection (C)(2)(e)(iii) of this section. (3) Rear yard. There shall be a rear yard of not less than 30 feet. (D) Maximum lot coverage. The principal building shall not cover more than 45 percent of the lot area; provided, however, that a one-story attached garage shall be considered an accessory building and not part of the principal building. (E) Building height. No building shall exceed a height of 40 feet or four stories, whichever is lower. Section 6.05 B-1 Limited Business District (A) Purpose. The B-1 district is established to provide areas for a limited range of retail stores and personal service establishments which are desirable to provide for both day-to-day and occasional shopping needs for the immediate neighborhood. (B) Yard area. (1) Transitional yards. Where a B-1 District adjoins a residence district, transitional yards shall be provided in accordance with the following regulations: (a) Where lots in a B-1 District front on the street and at least 80 percent of the frontage directly across the street between two consecutive intersecting streets is in a residence district, the front yard regulations for the residence district shall apply to the lots in the business district. (b) In a B-1 District, where a side lot line coincides with a side or rear lot line of property in an adjacent residential district, a yard shall be provided along such side lot line. Such yard shall be equal in dimension to the minimum side yard which would be required under this Chapter for a residential use on the adjacent property in residence district. (c) In a B-1 District, where a side lot line coincides with a side or rear lot line of property in an adjacent residential district, a yard shall be provided along such rear lot line. Such yard shall be equal in dimension to the minimum side yard which would be required under this Chapter for a residential use on the adjacent property in the residence district. (d) In a B-1 District, where a rear lot line coincides with a side lot line of property in an adjacent residential district, a yard shall be provided along such rear lot line. Such yard shall be 20 feet in depth. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 51 Recommended by Planning Commission �(e) In a B-1 District, where the extension of a front or side lot line coincides with the front line of an adjacent lot located in a residence district, a yard of not less than ten feet shall be provided. (f) Transitional yards shall be unobstructed from lowest level to sky except as allowed in Section 8.03 (e). (2) Side yards. If an interior side yard is provided, it shall be not less than five feet wide. (3) Rear yard. A rear yard of not less than 20 feet in depth shall be provided. (C) Signs. Signs shall be permitted as allowed in Article 10 of this chapter. (D) Off-street parking and loading. Parking and loading facilities shall be provided as required or permitted in Article VII of this Chapter. (E) Building height. The height of any structure shall not exceed 55 feet, except as provided in this Chapter. (F) Conditions of use. All permitted uses in this district, except residence district uses, shall be retail and shall be subject to the following conditions: (1) There shall be no manufacture, processing or treatment of products other than those which are clearly indicated and essential to the retail business conducted on the same premises. (2) Such uses, operations or products shall not be objectionable due to odor, dust, smoke, noise, or vibrations or other similar causes. (3) All outside storage of refuse material shall be containerized. Section 6.06 B-2 General Business District (A) Purpose. The B-2 District is established to provide additional business and commercial uses and limited service uses not permitted in the B-1 District, and to provide for a greater bulk and intensity of use of land and buildings. (B) Yard areas. All yard regulations shall be the same as required in the B-1 Retail Business District. (C) Signs. Signs shall be as permitted in Article 10 of this Chapter. (D) Off-street parking and loading. Parking and loading facilities shall be provided as required or permitted in Article 9 of this Chapter. (E) Building Height. Height regulations shall be the same as required in the B-1 Retail Business District. Section 6.07 I-1 Limited Industrial District (A) Purpose. The I-1 Limited Industrial District is established to provide areas for industrial concerns whose operations are of a high performance standard, to ensure that operations will be conducted without substantial annoyance or inconvenience to the owners of surrounding property or the users of surrounding highways or streets, and to prevent adverse effects upon surrounding public or private property. (B) Off-street parking and loading. Off-street parking and loading shall be as permitted or required in Article 9 of this Chapter. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 52 Recommended by Planning Commission �(C) Conditions of use. All permitted uses are subject to the following conditions: (1) All local, county, state and federal laws, rules and regulations must be strictly adhered to as to the emission of odor, dust, smoke, gas, noise, vibration and the like. (2) All business, production, servicing, processing shall take place within completely enclosed buildings unless otherwise specified. Within 150 feet of a residence district, all storage shall be in completely enclosed buildings or structures. Storage located elsewhere in this district may be open to the sky but shall be enclosed by solid walls or fences (including solid doors or gates thereto) at least six feet high, and suitably landscaped. However, open off-street loading facilities and open off-street parking of motor vehicles may be not enclosed throughout the district, except for such screening of parking and loading facilities as may be required under the provisions of Article 9 of this Chapter. (D) Yard areas. No building or structure shall hereafter be erected or structurally altered unless the following yards are provided and maintained in connection with such building: (1) Front yard. On every zoning lot, a front yard of not less than 50 feet in depth shall be provided. However, where lots within the same block and composing 40 percent of the frontage on the same street are already developed on the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived with front yards with an average depth shall be the required front yard depth for such frontage in such block. No industrial building or a portion thereof, or any accessory building in connection therewith, shall be hereafter erected in front of a building or setback line. (2) Side yards. A side yard ten feet deep is required, except on the side of a lot adjoining a residence district, in which case there shall be a side yard of not less than 40 feet. (3) Rear yard. On every zoning lot there shall be a rear yard of not less than 30 feet, except, where a use in the I-1 limited industrial district is adjacent to a residence district, a rear yard shall be provided and maintained of not less than 50 feet. (E) Maximum lot coverage. No building with its accessory buildings and accessory uses, including parking facilities, driveways and roadways, outside storage areas, railroad sidings, outside truck berths and other accessory uses, shall occupy in excess of 75 percent of any lot or tract. Section 6.08 I-2 General Industrial District (A) Purpose. The I-2 General Industrial District is established to provide areas in which a wide variety of intensive industrial concerns may be located, to provide performance standards that will adequately protect the community, and to provide regulations to ensure adequate open space between uses and between the boundaries of the I-2 General Industrial District and other established uses. (B) Off-street parking and loading. Off-street parking and loading shall be as permitted or required in Article 9 of this Chapter. (C) Conditions of use. Permitted uses are subject to the following conditions: (1) All local, county, state and federal laws, rules and regulations must be strictly adhered to as to the emission of odor, dust, smoke, gas, noise, vibration and the like. (2) Within 150 feet of a residence district, production, processing, servicing and fabrication shall take place or be within completely enclosed buildings or structures unless otherwise specified. All exterior storage within 150 feet of a residence district shall be enclosed with a solid wall or fence to a height of such stored materials. Off-street parking and off-street loading facilities may be not enclosed except for such screening and improvements as may be required under the provisions of Article 9 of this Chapter. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 53 Recommended by Planning Commission �(D) Yard areas. All yard areas shall be the same as required in the I-1 Limited Industrial District. Section 6.09 Floodplain Regulations (A) Purpose. To designate an enforcing agency to discharge the responsibility of the Charter Township of St. Joseph located in Berrien County, under the provisions of the State Construction Code Act, Act No. 230 of the Public Acts of 1972, as amended. The Charter Township of St Joseph ordains: (1) Agency designated. Pursuant to the provisions of the state construction code, in accordance with Section 8b(6) of Act 230, of the Public Acts of 1972, as amended, the Building Official of the Charter Township of St. Joseph is hereby designated as the enforcing agency to discharge the responsibility of the Charter Township of St. Joseph under Act 230, of the Public Acts of 1972, as amended, State of Michigan. The Charter Township of St. Joseph assumes responsibility for the administration and enforcement of said Act throughout its corporation limits. (2) Code appendix enforced. Pursuant to the provisions of the state construction code, in accordance with Section 8b(6) of Act 230, of the Public Acts of 1972, as amended, Appendix G of the Michigan Building Code shall be enforced by the enforcing agency within the Charter Township of St. Joseph. (3) Designation of regulated flood prone hazard areas. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Study (FIS) Entitled "Berrien County, Michigan And Incorporated Areas" and dated April 17, 2006, and the Flood Insurance Rate Map(s) (FIRMS) panel number(s) of: St. Joseph Charter Township: 260210084C 260210092C 26021010IC 260210102C 260210103C 260210104C 260210112C 260210115C and dated April 17, 2006 are adopted by reference and declared to be a part of Section 1612.3 of the Michigan Building Code and part of section 46-263 of the F-1 Floodplain Overlay District. (B) Delineation of district. (1) The Floodplain District shall overlay existing zoning districts delineated on the official Township Zoning Map. The boundaries of the floodplain overlay district shall coincide with the boundaries of the areas indicated as within the limits of the 100-year flood boundary in the report entitled "The Flood Insurance Study, St. Joseph Charter Township," dated June 18, 1980, with accompanying flood insurance rate, flood boundary and floodway maps. The boundaries designate a regulatory floodplain and shall coincide with the 100-year flood boundary indicated on the flood boundary and floodway map. The study and accompanying maps are adopted by reference, appended and declared to be a part of this Chapter. The term "Floodplain District," as used in this Chapter, shall mean the floodplain overlay district and shall be the designated regulatory floodplain. (2) Where there are disputes as to the location of a floodplain overlay district boundary or the limits of the floodway, the Zoning Board of Appeals shall resolve the dispute in accord with the following rules: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 54 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) Where disputes arise as to the location of the floodplain overlay district boundary or the limits of the floodway, the decision of the Zoning Board of Appeals shall be based upon the most current floodplain studies issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Where Federal Emergency Management Agency information is not available, the best available floodplain information shall be utilized. (b) Where a dispute involves an allegation that the boundary is incorrect as mapped and Federal Emergency Management Agency floodplain studies are being questioned, the Zoning Board of Appeals shall modify the boundary of the flood hazard area or the floodway only upon receipt of an official letter of map amendment issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (c) All parties to a map dispute may submit technical evidence to the Zoning Board of Appeals. (3) In addition to other requirements of this chapter applicable to the development on the underlying zoning district, compliance with the requirements of this section shall be necessary for all development occurring within the Floodplain Overlay Zone. Conflicts between the requirements of this section and other requirements of this chapter or any other ordinance shall be resolved in favor of this section, except where the conflicting requirement is more stringent and would further the objectives of this section. In such cases, the more stringent requirement shall be applied. (C) Permitted uses. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this chapter, no building or structure shall be erected, converted or structurally altered and no land and/or structure shall be used in the Foodplain District except for one or more of the following uses: (1) Gardening, horticulture, and open recreational uses such as parks, playgrounds, playfields, athletic fields, golf courses, bridle paths and nature paths are permitted. (2) In the area outside the 100-year floodplain, uses permitted by the Zoning District otherwise established for the lot are permitted, subject to the regulations of such district: provided, however, the elevation of the lowest floor designed or intended for human use or habitation, including basements, shall be at least three feet above the elevation of the nearest point of the 100-year floodplain designated in subsection (b) of this Section. (3) In the area within the 100-year floodplain, land may be used to supply open space or lot area requirements of a lot partially located outside; provided, however, no building or structure shall be located within the 100-year floodplain. (D) Accessory uses. Within the 100-year floodplain area, off-street parking is permitted as a use accessory to a principal use outside the 100-year floodplain on the same lot. However, no building, structure, or equipment other than boundary monuments are permitted within the 100-year floodplain as an accessory use. (E) Special uses. (1) In the area within the 100-year floodplain, dumping or backfilling with any material in any manner is prohibited unless, through compensating excavation and shaping of the floodplain, the flow and impoundment capacity of the floodplain will be maintained or improved, and unless all applicable state regulations are met. (2) In the area within the 100-year floodplain, the construction or location of bridges, outdoor play equipment, bleachers and similar outdoor equipment and appurtenances is prohibited unless such elements would not cause an increase in water surface elevation, obstruct flow or reduce the impoundment capacity of the floodplain. In addition, all equipment shall be anchored to prevent flotation and lateral movement. Approval of a special use permit for any of such uses shall be subject to an engineering finding by a registered engineer that the requirements of this subsection are satisfied, subject to approval by the Township engineer. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 55 Recommended by Planning Commission �(F) Construction. No building or structure shall be erected, converted or structurally altered or placed and no land filled or structure used in a floodplain district unless a permit therefor shall have first been obtained from the Zoning Administrator after due compliance is shown with all Township ordinances, state statutes and federal regulations. (G) Utilities. All on-site new and replacement water and sewer systems and appurtenances in the floodplain shall be designed to minimize infiltration of floodwater and so constructed so as to avoid impairment that might otherwise result from flooding. (H) Alteration of watercourses. No alteration of any watercourse in the floodplain district shall be undertaken unless and until neighboring communities and the state department of natural resources shall have first been notified and provided with detailed plans and specifications prepared by a registered engineer. Such plans shall show full compliance with local ordinances, state statutes, state regulatory agencies and federal regulations and shall make provisions for maintaining the full carrying capacity of the altered watercourse. (I) Violations; enforcement. Any building or structure which is erected, altered, maintained or changed in violation of any provision of this section is hereby declared to be a nuisance, per se. The Township Board and the duly authorized attorney for the Township and the prosecuting attorney for the county may institute injunction, mandamus, abatement or any other appropriate action or proceedings to prevent, enjoin, abate or remove any unlawful erection, alteration, maintenance or use of lands in the floodplain district. (J) Disclaimer of liability. The degree of flood protection required by this section is considered reasonable for regulatory purposes and is based upon engineering and scientific methods of study. Larger floods may occur on rare occasions. Flood heights may be increased by manmade or natural causes, such as ice jams and bridge openings restricted by debris. Approval of the use of land under this section shall not be considered a guarantee or warranty or safety from flood damage. This section does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard area will be free from flood damage. This section does not create liability on the part of the Township or any officer or employees thereof for any flood damages that result from reliance on this section or any administrative decision lawfully made thereunder. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 56 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 7: Planned Unit Development Section 7.01 Purpose The purpose of Planned Unit Development is to encourage the most orderly development of properties through advance planning and thus ensure adequate standards for the development of residential neighborhoods, provide regulations to encourage a variety of dwelling types, ensure adequate open space, protect residential areas from undue traffic congestion, and protect residential areas from the intrusion of business, industrial and other land uses that may create an adverse effect upon the living environment, and thus promote the general welfare of the community. Section 7.02 Basic Provisions and Requirements (A) The basic provisions and requirements concerning planned unit development are as follows: The subdivision, development and use of land containing three or more acres as an integral unit, combining more than one primary land use and which may provide for single-family residential, multifamily residential, education, business, commercial, industrial, recreation, park and common use areas may be described as a planned unit development. (B) In its establishment and authorization as a special use, in addition to the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, the procedures, requirements, restrictions, standards and conditions in this Article shall be observed. (C) The planned unit development may be excluded from the provisions of the subdivision regulations of the Township (Chapter 34) and of this Chapter, to the extent specified in the final authorization of the planned unit development. Section 7.03 Procedure for Approval (A) Preliminary discussion with Planning Commission. The applicant for approval of a planned unit development shall request the Township Board, by letter addressed to the Township Clerk with the appropriate fee, to call a meeting of the Planning Commission for a preliminary discussion of the proposed planned unit development, and the Planning Commission shall call such meeting, which may be continued from time to time. The applicant shall present such exhibits and written information as may be necessary to fully acquaint the Planning Commission with the proposed development, which shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following: (1) A tentative sketch plan, which may be in freehand sketch form, showing the location and extent of the types of land uses proposed. (2) The existing topography at five-foot contour intervals, which may be taken from USGS information. (3) Existing streets surrounding the subject property. (4) Existing utilities, including storm drainage facilities. (5) The following, which shall be provided by either graphic exhibits or written statements: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 57 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) The density of residential uses and the number of dwelling units by type. (b) The ancillary and nonresidential uses to be provided in a residential planned unit development. (c) The off-street parking and other service facilities proposed. (d) The exceptions or variations to the Township zoning or subdivision requirements being requested as part of the planned unit development application. (B) Recommendation by Planning Commission. Within 30 days after final adjournment of the meeting, the Planning Commission shall submit to the Township Board its report in writing containing recommendations. (C) Submission of formal petition. The formal petition for a planned unit development shall be addressed to the Township Board and shall be filed with the Township Clerk. Ten copies of the petition shall be filed with the Township Clerk. Attached to each copy shall be copies of the supporting documents and exhibits provided for in Section 7.04. (D) Filing fee. A filing fee as determined by resolution of the Township Board from time to time shall be paid to the Township Clerk at the time of such filing. (E) Setting of hearing date; notice of hearing. The Township Board shall refer the petition to the Planning Commission, which shall set a public hearing date which shall be not less than 30 and not more than 60 days after the filing of the petition. The petitioner shall cause notice of the public hearing: (1) To be published at least once not less than 15 days before the hearing date in one or more newspapers of general circulation in the Township. (2) To be sent by mail or personal delivery to the owners of property for which approval is being considered, to all persons to whom real property is assessed within 300 feet of the boundary of the property in question, and to the occupants of all structures within 300 feet regardless of whether the property or occupant is located in the Township. The notice shall be given not less than 15 days before the date the application will be considered for approval. If the name of the occupant is not known, the term "occupant" may be used in making notification. Notification need not be given to more than one occupant of a structure, except that, if a structure contains more than one dwelling unit or spatial area owned or leased by different individuals, partnerships, businesses, or organizations, one occupant of each unit or spatial area shall receive notice. In the case of a single structure containing more than four dwelling units or other distinct spatial areas owned or leased by different individuals, partnerships, businesses, or organizations, notice may be given to the manager or owner of the structure, who shall be requested to post the notice at the primary entrance to the structure. (F) Distribution of copies of petition. The Township Clerk shall forward a copy of the petition to the supervisor and each member of the Township Board and members of the Planning Commission. (G) Report by Planning Commission. The petition shall be heard by the Planning Commission and its report to the Township Board of its findings and recommendations shall be accompanied by such plats, exhibits and agreements as shall have been presented by the petitioner, each identified for reference by letter or number, together with any suggested changes therein. (H) Granting of special use permit. The Township Board may grant a special use permit for a planned unit development, which shall be by specific ordinance and which shall contain or to which shall be appended all terms and conditions of the grant, including covenants and agreements, guarantees, performance bonds, plats and the like. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 58 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 7.04 Contents of Petition The formal petition for approval of a planned unit development shall contain, in addition to all other requirements, the following: (A) An outline plan of the planned unit development. This plan will be at a scale of not less than one inch equals 100 feet, and shall show all proposed streets (public and private), street classifications, rights-of-way, all principal and accessory buildings and their use, lot size, building lines, easements for utility services, offstreet parking, service areas, open space, recreation facilities and any other information necessary to clearly show the proposed elements of the planned unit development. (B) Preliminary architectural plans for all residential buildings, in sufficient detail to show the basic planning, the number of units per building and the number of bedrooms per dwelling unit. Preliminary architectural plans are not required for business or other nonresidential buildings at the time of this application but must be submitted to the Planning Commission for its approval prior to filing an application for a building permit. (C) A topographic survey and boundary survey of the subject area, prepared and certified by a registered Michigan surveyor or including a legal description. (D) A rendered plan of the planned unit development area, showing in contrasting colors, or by other means, the respective location of all categories of land use. (E) A map of the Township, showing the planned unit development area and its relation to existing roads and streets and use districts within and immediately adjacent to the Township. (F) Preliminary plans and outline specifications of the following improvements: (1) Roads, streets and alleys, including classifications, width of right-of-way, widths of paved surfaces and construction details. (2) Sidewalks, including widths of paved surfaces and construction details. (3) Sanitary and storm sewer systems (private). (4) Water supply system (private). (5) Street lighting and public area lighting system. (6) Recommended installation for electric, gas and communications facilities and distribution. (a) Sequence of phases or stages of development of the planned unit development. (b) A general landscape planting plan, which shall be prepared by a landscape architect and shall meet the approval of the Planning Commission. (7) Estimates of cost of installation of all proposed improvements confirmed by a registered Michigan engineer. (8) The petitioner's proposed covenants, restrictions and conditions to be established as a part of the planned unit development. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 59 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 7.05 Construction of Improvements The petitioner for approval of a planned unit development shall construct and install the required improvements and must post with the Township a sum in cash or negotiable securities, or a surety bond running to the Township, in an amount sufficient to cover the full cost, including engineering and inspection fees and costs, plus ten percent of such total, to ensure the satisfactory installation of such improvements. The amount of such deposit or bond shall be based upon the confirmed estimate of cost provided for in Section 7.04. If a surety bond is submitted, it shall have good and sufficient surety thereupon and shall not be accepted until approved by the supervisor and Township Board. If the planned unit development is to be constructed and developed in stages or phases, the deposit of cash or securities or the bond posted shall be in an amount based upon the confirmed estimated cost of installation of improvements in the respective stage or phase as approved by the Township Board. This section shall not be applicable to improvements for which a cash deposit, certified check, irrevocable bank letter of credit, or surety bond has been deposited under the Land Division Act (MCL 560.101 et seq.). Section 7.06 Street Classifications and Specifications Street classifications, definitions and specifications for planned unit developments shall be as established by the county road commission or as provided for by the Township private road specification. Section 7.07 Compliance No planned unit development shall be authorized unless the Planning Commission shall find and recommend, in addition to those standards established in this chapter for special uses, that the provisions of this division will be met. Section 7.08 General Standards (A) Permitted uses. The uses permitted by such exceptions as may be requested or recommended shall be necessary or desirable and appropriate to the purpose of the development. (B) Prohibited uses. The uses permitted in such development shall not be of such nature or so located as to exercise an undue detrimental influence or effect upon the surrounding neighborhood. (C) Industrial park areas. Any industrial park areas established in the planned unit development shall conform to all requirements therefor as set forth in this chapter. (D) Compliance with use requirements. All minimum requirements pertaining to commercial, residential, institutional or other uses established in planned unit development shall be subject to the requirements for each individual classification as established in this chapter, except as may be specifically varied in the ordinance granting and establishing a planned unit development use. (E) Operation and maintenance of private facilities. When private streets and common driveways are made a part of the planned unit development or private common open space or recreation facilities are provided, the applicant shall submit as part of the application the method and arrangement whereby these private facilities shall be operated and maintained. Such arrangements for operating and maintaining private facilities shall be subject to the approval of the Township Board. (F) Underground installation of utility wires. (1) The Township Board hereby finds that overhead wires for electric, communication, or similar or associated services are hazardous to the public health and safety, adversely affect the value of property in the Township, contribute to conditions of urban blight, are incompatible with major land use planning objectives and mar the natural beauty of the Township. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 60 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) It is the intention of the Township Board over a period of years to eliminate overhead utility wires through police power and other appropriate means. (3) Within the area of a plat or site plan, all distribution lines for electric, communication or similar associated services shall be placed underground in accordance with land development regulations adopted by the Planning Commission. Such regulations shall contain, among other things, reasonable exceptions for the authorized overhead main supply lines and overhead perimeter feed lines and necessary surface facilities. Those electric and communication facilities placed in dedicated public ways shall be planned so as not to conflict with other underground utilities. All communication and electrical facilities shall be constructed in accordance with standards of construction approved by the state public service commission. All underground utility installations which traverse privately owned property shall be protected by easements granted by the owner of such property. (4) Subsection (f)(3) of this section shall not apply to any plat or site plan which has received preliminary approval as of the effective date of the ordinance from which this section is derived. (5) The Township Board may, by resolution, waive or modify any of the requirements of this subsection for underground line installations with respect to a particular plat or site plan when the strict application of such requirements would result in practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship. Prior to any such waiver or modification, all interested parties shall be notified and given an opportunity to be heard. Section 7.09 Residential Uses (A) Density. Residential density for a planned unit development shall not be greater than the recommended density as shown on the land use plan for the Township, nor shall any lot to be used for residential purposes be less in area or dimension than that required by the district regulations applicable to the district in which the planned development is located, except that the Planning Commission may recommend and the Township Board may grant a reduction in such lot area and dimension, but not more than 15 percent, when the planned unit development provides common open space equal to not less than ten percent of the gross area of the planned unit development. (B) Business uses in residential development. Business uses may be included as part of a planned residential development when the Planning Commission finds that such business uses are beneficial to the overall planned unit development and will not be injurious to adjacent or neighboring properties. Such business uses shall not be greater in area than ten percent of the planned unit development. (C) Open space. The open areas provided in the part of a planned development containing only residential structures shall be preserved over the life of the planned unit development for use only by the residents of the planned development or dedicated to the Township for school, playground or other public uses by an instrument or guarantee acceptable to the Township trustees. (D) Access. For that part of a planned unit development devoted to residential uses, the Planning Commission may recommend and the Township Board may approve access to a dwelling by a driveway or pedestrian walk easement, and spacing between buildings of lesser width or depth than required by district regulations for the district in which the planned development is located, provided that: (1) Adequate provisions are made which perpetuate, during the period of the special use, access easements and off-street parking spaces for use by the residents of the dwellings served; (2) The spacing between buildings shall be approved by the Planning Commission and shall be consistent with the application of recognized site planning principles for securing a unified development, and due consideration is given to the openness normally afforded by intervening streets and alleys. The minimum side yards between principal buildings within a part of a planned development where subsequent transfer of ownership is contemplated shall be equivalent to side yards as would be required between buildings by district regulations for the district in which the planned unit development is located; and St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 61 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) The yards for principal buildings along the periphery of the development shall be not less in width or depth than required for permitted uses in the district regulations applicable to the districts in which the planned unit development is located, and the plan shall be developed to afford adequate protection to neighboring properties as recommended by the Planning Commission and approved by the Township Board. (E) Variations of minimum requirements. Wherever the applicant proposes to provide and set out, by platting, deed, dedication, restriction or covenant, any land or space separate from single-family or multi-family residential districts to be used for parks, playgrounds, commons, greenways or open areas, the Planning Commission may consider and recommend to the Township Board and the Township Board may vary the applicable minimum requirements of the subdivision regulations (Chapter 34) and this chapter, which may include but shall not necessarily be limited to the following: (1) Rear yard. (2) Side yard. (3) Lot area. (4) Bulk. (5) Off-street parking. (6) Intensity of use. (7) Street width. (8) Sidewalks. (9) Public utilities. Section 7.10 Business Uses (A) Permitted uses. Business uses shall be as prescribed by the Planning Commission. (B) Business and storage to be enclosed. All business and storage of materials shall be conducted or stored within a completely enclosed building. (C) Maximum lot coverage. Not more than 30 percent of the lot area shall be covered by buildings or structures. (D) Landscaping and open space. At least ten percent of the lot shall be provided for landscape and open space purposes. (E) Building height. No building more than 35 feet in height shall be approved by the Planning Commission. (F) Dwellings. No dwellings shall be permitted in a planned business development unless a special use permit is obtained. (G) Off-street parking. Off-street parking shall be provided and maintained on the same lot based upon three square feet of parking space for each square foot of gross floor area, unless the Planning Commission recommends and the Township Board requires additional off-street parking space. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 62 Recommended by Planning Commission �(H) Service and loading facilities. Service and loading and unloading facilities shall be provided as recommended and approved by the Planning Commission. (I) Setbacks. No building shall be located nearer than 50 feet to any front lot line or other lot line abutting a street. (J) Screening. Business developments shall be adequately screened by fencing or landscaping, or both, along the boundaries of adjacent residential uses, public open space, schools, churches or other similar uses. The screen planting shall be prepared by a landscape architect and shall meet the approval of the Planning Commission. (K) Lighting. Outside lighting shall be designed and placed so as to not be disturbing to adjacent residential areas. (L) Signs. Signs shall comply with the regulations of the B-1 business uses permitted in this Chapter. Section 7.11Industrial Uses (A) Minimum area. The owner of a tract of undeveloped land or land cleared for ten acres or more which is designated for industrial development on the land use plan may submit to the Township Planning Commission, for its review, a preliminary plan for the use and development thereof for a planned industrial district, regardless of the zoning district in which such tract is located at the time the plan is filed. (B) Permitted uses. The following uses may be permitted in a planned industrial district: any use permitted in the I-1 Limited Industrial District, except retail and service business use, and except that there may be permitted the following attendant and accessory uses: (1) Offices accessory or attendant to the principal use on a zoning lot. (2) Accessory service uses which are necessary to conduct of the principal manufacturing use. (3) Research facilities. (4) Medical clinics. (5) Any other attendant or accessory use approved by the Planning Commission as part of the planned industrial development which the commission finds to be compatible with the plan and which will have no undue adverse effect upon surrounding properties. (C) Conditions of use. All permitted uses are subject to the following conditions: (1) Any production, processing, cleaning, servicing, testing, repair or storage of goods, materials or products shall conform with the standards set forth in this Chapter. (2) All business, production, servicing and processing shall take place within completely enclosed buildings unless otherwise specified. (3) Within 150 feet of a residence district, all storage shall be in completely enclosed buildings or structures. When located elsewhere in this district, storage may be open to the sky but shall be enclosed by a solid wall or fence (including solid doors or gates) at least six feet high, but in no case lower than the enclosed storage, and suitably landscaped. However, open off-street loading facilities and open off-street parking of motor vehicles under 1-1/2 tons capacity may be unenclosed throughout the district, except for such screening of parking and loading facilities as may be required. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 63 Recommended by Planning Commission �(4) Uses established on the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived and by its provisions rendered nonconforming shall be permitted to continue, subject to the regulations of Article 2, Section 2 of this chapter. (D) Required findings by Planning Commission. It shall be the duty of the Planning Commission to ascertain that the proposed project will comply with the following conditions: (1) Integrated design. The plan provides for an industrial district consisting of several buildings or groups of buildings of efficient and harmonious design, together with properly arranged trafficways, parking and loading facilities and landscaping, so arranged as to create an attractive project readily integrated with and having no undue adverse effect on adjoining or surrounding areas and development. (2) Thoroughfare access. The industrial district will abut a street on the major street plan which is a part of the official land use plan as a highway, primary or secondary thoroughfare, or direct access to such street is provided by means of an acceptable industrial service street. (E) General design standards and improvement requirements. The following minimum design standards shall be observed, and the owner or developer shall post with the Township an adequate surety bond or furnish other kind of guarantee satisfactory to the commission ensuring the installation at the expense of the owner or developer of the following improvements: (1) Right-of-way width; pavement. All interior streets shall have a right-of-way width of not less than 66 feet, and all culs-de-sac shall have a minimum radius of 70 feet. Such streets shall be provided with pavement and concrete curb and gutter. Pavement shall be concrete or asphalt equal to the state division of highways specifications. (2) Utilities. All necessary utilities shall be installed, meeting Township specifications and the subdivision regulations of the Township (Chapter 34), to include underground utilities in new construction. (3) Off-street parking. Off-street parking shall be installed as required in Article 9 of this Chapter, except that, for employee parking, one space shall be provided for each two employees on the maximum shift. For customer or visitor parking, at least ten spaces shall be provided per plant. (4) Loading facilities. Loading facilities shall be installed in accordance with Article 9 of this Chapter. Loading docks shall not be placed along building fronts. (5) Plant vehicle storage. Plant vehicle storage shall be sufficient to accommodate all plant vehicles off the street. (6) Lot area. The minimum lot area shall be one acre. (7) Maximum lot coverage. The maximum area occupied by all buildings on any lot shall not exceed 45 percent of the total area of the lot. (8) Yard requirements. Yard requirements shall be the same as permitted in the I-1 Limited Industrial District. (9) Building height limit. The building height limit shall be the same as permitted in the I-1 Limited Industrial District. (10) Distance between buildings. The minimum distance between buildings shall be as follows: (a) Principal buildings: 50 feet. (b) Accessory structures: 20 feet. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 64 Recommended by Planning Commission �(11) Distance of buildings from project or tract boundary. The minimum distance of buildings from a project or tract boundary shall be as follows: (a) If adjoining a residence district: 100 feet. (b) If adjoining a B-1 district: 50 feet. (c) In all other cases: 35 feet. (12) Landscaping. All unpaved areas shall be landscaped subject to commission approval. (13) Greenbelts. The project area shall be enclosed on all sides adjacent to a residential district by a planted strip at least 50 feet wide. The plant material, subject to commission approval, shall have initially a height and compactness of not less than 50 percent of the ultimately required height and compactness. (14) Signs. Each industry may have one suitable identifying sign not to exceed 250 square feet in area. One sign may be erected designating the name of the industrial park and a directory to access. No sign shall be erected to exceed a height of 25 feet. (15) Lighting. Exterior lighting fixtures shall be so installed as to reflect the light away from adjacent properties. (F) Final development plan. Upon determination by the Planning Commission that the proposed planned industrial district, as shown in the preliminary plan, appears to conform to the requirements of this Chapter, the proponents shall submit a final development plan, which plan shall incorporate any changes or modifications required by the commission, together with an application for the necessary appropriate changes in district classification of the site of the proposed planned industrial district. (G) Recommendation to Township Board. If the final plan is found to be in compliance with the requirements in this section, the commission shall hold a public hearing on both the plan and the proposed change in zoning district classification and submit the plan with its report and recommendation to the Township Board. (H) Rezoning. The Township Board may modify the plan, consistent with the intent of this Chapter, and may change the zoning of the site to the appropriate Zoning District classification. (I) Adjustments to final plan. After the final development plan has been approved by the Township Board and in the course of carrying out the plan, minor adjustments and rearrangements of buildings, service areas and other features requested by the developers may be authorized by the Planning Commission. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 65 Recommended by Planning Commission �This page is left blank intentionally. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 66 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 8: Supplemental District Regulations Section 8.01 Scope of District Regulations Except as may otherwise be provided, all buildings erected hereafter, all uses of land or buildings established hereafter, all structural alterations or relocation of existing buildings occurring thereafter, and all enlargements of or additions to exisiting uses occurring hereafter shall be subject to all regulations in this chapter which are applicable to the zoning district in which such buildings, uses, or land shall be located. Section 8.02 Use and Bulk Regulations (A) Use regulations. No building, structure or land shall hereafter be used or occupied and no building or part thereof or other structure shall be erected, raised, moved, reconstructed, extended, enlarged or altered except in conformity with regulations specified in this chapter for the district in which it is located. (B) Bulk regulations. All new buildings and structures shall conform to the building regulations established in this chapter for the district in which each building shall be located, except that parapet walls, chimneys, cooling towers, elevator bulkheads, fire towers, stacks and necessary mechanical appurtenances shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height provisions when erected in accordance with all other ordinances of the Township. Section 8.03 Lot Coverage (A) Preservation of yards, courts and other open space. The maintenance of yards, courts and other open spaces and minimum lot area required for a building shall be a continuing obligation of the owner of such building or of the property on which it is located, as long as the building is in existence. No legally required yards, courts, or other open space or minimum lot area allocated to any building shall by virtue of change of ownership or for any reason be used to satisfy yard, court or other open space or minimum lot area requirements for any other building. (B) Division of zoning lots. No improved zoning lot shall hereafter be divided into two or more zoning lots unless all improved zoning lots resulting from each division shall conform with all the applicable bulk regulations of the zoning district in which the property is located. (See the Township Clerk for procedures for land splits.) (C) Location of required open space. All yards, courts and other open spaces allocated to a building or dwelling group shall be located on the same zoning lot as such building or dwelling group. (D) Required yards for existing buildings. No yards now or hereafter provided for a building existing on the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived shall subsequently be reduced below or further reduced below if already less than the minimum yard requirements of this chapter for equivalent new construction. (E) Permitted obstructions in required yards. The following shall not be considered to be obstructions when located in the required yards as specified: (1) All yards. In all yards: Open terraces or decks not over two feet above the average level of the adjoining ground, but not including a permanently roofed-over terrace or porch. The two foot threshold shall be measured from grade to the floor of the deck. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 67 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) Awnings and canopies not projecting more than ten feet, and at least seven feet above the average level of the adjoining ground. (b) Steps four feet or less above grade which are necessary for access to a permitted building or for access to a zoning lot from a street or alley. (c) Chimneys projecting 18 inches or less into the yard. (d) Arbors, trellises, flagpoles, fountains, sculptures, plant boxes and other similar ornamental objects. (e) Fences and walls. Fences and walls shall not exceed six feet in height in any location, and shall not exceed four feet in height when located in the front yard. (2) Front yards. In front yards, one-story suspended bay windows projecting three feet or less into the yard, and overhanging eaves and gutters projecting three feet or less into the yard. (3) Rear yards. In rear yards, enclosed, attached or detached off-street parking spaces, open off-street parking spaces, accessory sheds, tool rooms and similar buildings or structures for domestic or agricultural storage, balconies, breezeways and open porches, and one-story bay windows projecting three feet or less into the yard. In any residential district, no accessory building shall be nearer than five feet to the side lot line, or nearer than five feet to the rear lot line, or nearer than ten feet to any principal building unattached to the accessory building. (4) Side yards. In side yards, overhanging eaves and gutters projecting into the yard for a distance not exceeding 40 percent of the required yard width, but in no case exceeding four feet. (5) Vision clearance on corner lots. No building or structure hereafter erected and no planting or other obstruction to the vision of persons lawfully using the public streets shall be located: (a) In any residential district exceeding a height of three feet above the street grade within 25 feet of the intersecting right-of-way lines bordering corner lots; and (b) In any manufacturing district within 25 feet of the intersecting right-of-way lines bordering a corner lot, provided that this regulation shall not apply to that part of a building above the first floor. Section 8.04 Access to Public Streets Except as otherwise provided for in this Chapter, every building shall be constructed or erected upon a lot or parcel of land which abuts upon a public street, unless a permanent easement of access to a public street was of record prior to the adoption of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 68 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 8.05 Number of Buildings on Lot Except in the case of a planned development, not more than one principal detached residential building shall be located on a residential lot, nor shall a principal detached building be located on the same zoning lot with any other principal building. For regulations pertaining to accessory buildings, see Section 8.07. Section 8.06 Rezoning of Public and Semipublic Areas An area indicated on the Zoning Map as a public park, recreation area, public school site, cemetery or other similar open space shall not be used for any other purpose than that designated, and when the use of the area is discontinued it shall automatically be zoned to the most restricted adjoining district until appropriate zoning is authorized by the Township Board within three months after the day the application is filed for rezoning. Section 8.07 Accessory Buildings (A) Location. When a side yard is required, no part of an accessory building shall be located closer than five feet to the side lot line along such side yard. When a rear yard is required, no part of an accessory building shall be located closer than five feet to the rear lot line or to those portions of the side lot lines abutting such required rear yard. In a residential district, no detached accessory building shall be closer than ten feet to the principal building. Except on a through lot as described in Subsection B, no accessory building shall be located in a front yard (in front of the front building line of the principal building on any zoning lot). (B) Corner or Through Lots. Accessory buildings must meet the same required setback from the secondary street frontage line as principal buildings in the zoning district they are located within. See Article 5. (C) Swimming Pools. All swimming pools, including in-ground swimming pools, shall meet all setback requirements for accessory buildings. (D) Number. On lots which are one acre or less in size, one accessory building is allowed. On lots that are greater than one acre in size, two accessory structures are allowed. (E) Time of construction. No accessory building or structure shall be constructed on any lot prior to the start of construction of the principal building to which it is accessory. (F) Percentage of rear yard occupied. No accessory building shall occupy more than 40 percent of the area of a required yard. (G) Height of buildings in rear yard. No accessory building or portion thereof located in a required rear yard shall exceed 15 feet in height. Section 8.08 Temporary Buildings for Construction Purposes Temporary buildings for construction purposes may be allowed in any district for a period not to exceed the completion date of such construction. Section 8.09 Home Occupations (A) Compliance. Home occupations complying with the criteria established herein, may be allowed after receipt of a home occupation permit issued by the Building Official. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter to the contrary, home occupations shall include the use of a single-family residence by an occupant of that residence for a home occupation to give instruction in a craft or fine art within the residence; provided, however, that this provision does not prohibit the regulation of noise, advertising, traffic, hours of operation, or other conditions that may accompany the use of such a residence for such a home occupation. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 69 Recommended by Planning Commission �(1) Procedures. (a) Applications must be filed by the home owner requesting the home occupation permit; the fee is received by St. Joseph Charter Township. (b) The Building Official must do an on site inspection to ensure all applicable safety and building codes that would affect home occupations are adhered to. (c) The Building Official shall make recommendations for approval and/or denial of home occupation based on the findings of the inspections and/or required credentials. (d) The Building Official's recommendation will be heard by the Township Board for approval or denial (if denied the decision may be appealed to the Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA). (i) Home occupations that impact or affect surrounding properties will be recommended to the Planning Commission and will require a public hearing as determined by the Building Official. (ii) Home occupations that do not impact or affect surrounding properties but meet criteria, state licensing requirements, etc. will be inspected by the Building Official. (iii) The Building Official's recommendations for these types of home occupations will go directly to the Township Board for approval or denial. (e) Final decision of all recommendations of the Building Official and/or Planning Commission will be made by the Township Board. (f) Existing home occupations or special use for home occupation must be renewed annually by application and pay a renewal fee as set by action of the SJCT board. Providing there are no changes to the home occupation or special use for home occupation request the Building Official can renew without Planning Commission or Township Board approval. (g) Notification must be given to the Township in writing to cancel a home occupation permit. (h) Home occupation permits are non-transferable. (2) Application. Application for a home occupation permit shall be made to the Building Official on a form provided by St. Joseph Charter Township and shall be accompanied by the prevailing non-refundable filing fee as established by resolution of the Township Board. The Building Official shall make a decision and notify the applicant of same in writing, within five calendar days. (3) Time limit. All home occupation permits shall be valid to the original applicant for a period of one year from initial date of approval. (4) Voiding of permit. The Building Official may void any home occupation or special use for home occupation permit for noncompliance with the criteria set forth in this Chapter. Revocation may take place at any time prior to the expiration date of the permit. If the permit is revoked or is not renewed, it becomes null and void, and said use shall be terminated. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 70 Recommended by Planning Commission �(5) Appeal to Zoning Board of Appeals. The decision of the Building Official concerning approval or revocation shall be final unless a written appeal is filed with the Zoning Board of Appeals within ten calendar days after the decision is made and written notice is given to the applicant. An appeal may only be filed by the applicant, property owners within 1,000 feet of the subject property, or the Township Board,. (6) Inspection. Home occupation applicants shall permit a reasonable inspection of the premises by the Building Official to determine compliance with this chapter. (7) Renewal. A home occupation permit or special use for home occupation permit shall be renewed annually by the original applicant, provided there has not been any violation of the provisions of the chapter. Requests for renewal shall be submitted to the Zoning Administrator in writing, 30 days prior to the expiration of the home occupation permit and shall be accompanied by the prevailing renewal fee as set by action of the SJCT board, as established by the Township Board resolution. (B) Criteria for home occupations. Home occupations shall be allowed by permit if in conformance with all of the following regulations: (1) No person other than the occupants residing on the premises shall work on the premises in such home occupation. (2) The use of the dwelling unit for the home occupation shall be clearly incidental and subordinate to its use for residential purpose by its occupants, and not more than 25 percent of the habitable space of the dwelling unit shall be used in the conduct of the home occupation. (3) There shall be no change in the outside appearance of the building or premises or other visible evidence of the conduct of such home occupation. There shall be no advertising, display, or other indications of a home occupation on the premises. (4) No traffic shall be generated by such home occupation in greater volume than would be normally expected in a residential neighborhood, and any need for parking generated by the conduct of such home occupation shall be met off the street and other than in a required front yard. (5) No equipment or process shall be used in such home occupation, which requires hazardous materials or creates noise, vibration, glare, fumes, odors or electrical interference detectable to the normal senses off the lot. In the case of electrical interference, no equipment or process shall be used which creates visual or audible interference in any radio or television receivers off the premises or causes fluctuations in line voltage off the premises. (6) Hazardous material shall include but not be limited to (1) any material listed in the list of toxic pollutants found in 40 CRF § 401.15 as amended; (2) any material designated as hazardous material by applicable state law; (3) any compressed gas, explosive, flammable liquid, flammable solid oxidizer, poison or radioactive material. (7) No storage or display of goods shall be visible from outside the structure. (C) Penalty. Any person, firm, or corporation who violates, disobeys, omits, neglects, or refuses to comply with or who resists the enforcement of any of the provisions of the section shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $500.00 or 30 days in jail, or both, plus court costs for each offense. Each day that a violation shall exist shall constitute a separate offense. Section 8.10 Existing Special Uses Where a use is classified as a special use and exists as a permitted use at the date of the adoption of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived, it shall be considered a legal use, without further action of the St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 71 Recommended by Planning Commission �Township Board, the Zoning Administrator, the board of appeals or the Planning Commission. Section 8.11 Uses Not Specifically Permitted When a use is not specifically listed in the sections of this chapter devoted to permitted uses or special uses, it shall be assumed that such uses are expressly prohibited by this chapter unless by a written decision of the Board of Appeals. If it is determined that the use is similar to and not more objectionable than uses listed, then such uses may be permitted. Notwithstanding any provisions in this chapter to the contrary and to the extent mandated by Section 206 of the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act (MCL 125.3206): (1) A state licensed residential facility as defined in Section I 02 of the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act (MCL 125.3102) is a permitted use in all residential zones and is not subject to a special use or permit or procedure different from those required for other dwellings of similar density in the same zone. (2) A family day-care home is considered a residential use of property for the purposes of zoning and a permitted use in all residential zones and is not subject to a special use permit or procedure different from those required for other dwellings of similar density in the same zone. (3) A group day-care home shall be issued a special use permit if the group day-care home meets all of the following standards provided for in Section 206(4) of the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act (MCL 125.3206(4)). Section 8.12 Sidewalks (A) Requirements. Sidewalks shall be required in the following circumstances: (1) In conjunction with the construction of any new public or private road, along the entire length of the road, on both sides. (2) In conjunction with the construction of a new principal structure on any lot, except for single family homes. (3) In conjunction with any improvements to a site that trigger site plan approval under this Ordinance. (B) Location and Width. Required sidewalks shall be a minimum of five (5) feet in width. Sidewalks shall generally be located one (1) foot off the property line inside the road right-of-way. The Planning Commission may modify these requirements in consideration of the location of utilities, landscaping, or other site improvements. (C) Pavement. Sidewalks must be paved, although pervious pavement is permitted and encouraged. (D) Curb and Gutter. All new public or private roads in the Township must be designed with curbs and gutters. (E) Alignment with Adjacent Sidewalks. New sidewalks shall be aligned horizontally and vertically with existing pathways on adjacent properties. (F) Signage. The Planning Commission may require installation of signs for the purpose of safety where it is necessary to separate vehicular traffic from pedestrian traffic, or where it is necessary to alert vehicular traffic of the presence of the pathways. (G) Maintenance. The owner of the property which fronts on the sidwalk shall be responsible for maintenance of the sidewalks including patching cracked or deteriorated pavement, snow removal, and removal of debris. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 72 Recommended by Planning Commission �(H) Permits. It shall be the responsibility of the owner or developer to secure any required permits from the Berrien County Road Department (BCRD) or Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) to allow sidewalk construction in a road right-of-way. If the construction of a sidewalks is not permitted by the BCRD or MDOT, then the sidewalks requirement shall be waived. Section 8.13 Solar Energy (A) Rooftop Solar Panel Arrays. Solar Panel Arrays attached to the roof of a building must comply with the Building Code, and shall not cause the building to exceed the maximum height in the zoning district. (B) Accessory Freestanding Solar Panel Arrays. Freestanding Solar Panel Arrays that are located on the same lot as another principal use shall be considered permitted accessory structures in all Zoning Districts, and shall be subject to the following standards: (1) Freestanding solar panel arrays shall not be located in the front yard. (2) Lot coverage standards for the district the solar panels are located within may not be exceeded. (3) The solar panel array must meet the setback requirements for accessory structures in the district they are located within. (4) Freestanding solar panel arrays shall not exceed 15 feet in height. (5) Freestanding solar panel arrays shall not count towards the maximum number of accessory structures on a lot. (C) Principal Freestanding Solar Panel Arrays. Freestanding Solar Panel Arrays that are the principal use of the site shall be permitted by Special Use Approval in the B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts and shall be subject to the following standards: (1) Solar panel arrays must meet all required setbacks for an accessory structure in the district they are located within. (2) The Planning Commission may permit lot coverage standards to be exceeded, provided that adequate land is provided for setbacks, maneuvering, and any non-solar panel uses. (3) The solar panels must be screened from all adjacent property by a fence, landscaping, or a landscaped berm. (4) Freestanding solar panel arrays may not exceed 25 feet in height. (5) Energy storage facilities must be set back at least 100 feet from the nearest lot line and from the nearest residential dwelling. (6) The applicant must submit a plan for connecting the solar panel arrays to the electrical transmission grid, including the design and routing of electrical transmission lines and on off the site and permission from the impacted transmission company. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 73 Recommended by Planning Commission �This page left intentionally blank. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 74 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 9: Off-Street Parking and Loading Section 9.01 Purpose of Article The purpose of this Article is to alleviate or prevent the congestion of the public streets, and so promote the safety and welfare of the public, by establishing minimum requirements for the off-street parking and loading and unloading of motor vehicles in accordance with the use to which property is put. Section 9.02 General Provisions (A) Applicability of parking and loading requirements. The off-street parking and loading provisions of this chapter shall apply as follows: (1) For all buildings and structures erected and all uses of land established after the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived, accessory parking and loading facilities shall be provided as required by the regulations of the district in which such buildings or uses are located. However, where a building permit has been issued prior to the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived and provided that construction is begun within one year of such effective date and diligently prosecuted to completion, parking and loading facilities as required in this Chapter need not be provided. (2) When the intensity of use of any building, structure or premises shall be increased through addition of dwelling units, gross floor area, seating capacity or other unit of measurement specified in this chapter for required parking or loading facilities, parking and loading facilities as required in this chapter shall be provided for such increase in intensity of use. However, no building or structure lawfully erected or used or lawfully established prior to the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived shall be required to provide such additional parking or loading facilities unless and until the aggregate increase in units of measurement existing upon the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived, in which event parking or loading facilities as required in this chapter shall be provided for the total increase. (3) Whenever the existing use of a building or structure shall hereafter be changed to a new use, parking or loading facilities shall be provided as required for such new use. However, if the building or structure was erected prior to the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived, additional parking or loading facilities are mandatory only in the amount by which the requirements for the new use would exceed those for the existing use if the latter were subject to the parking and loading provisions in this Chapter. (B) Reduction of existing parking and loading facilities. Accessory off-street parking or loading facilities which are located on the same lot as the building or use served which were in existence on the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter is derived or were provided voluntarily after such effective date shall not hereafter be reduced below, or, if already less than, shall not further be reduced below, the requirements of this chapter for a similar new building or use. (C) Inadequate Existing Parking. In instances involving long term existing parking that has become inadequate due to size or location, the following would be acceptable upon inspection and approval of the Building Official. (1) Off street parking spaces may be added to existing parking spaces, provided all current parking setback requirements are met. These spaces will be allowed only as accessory to an existing building or dwelling. All new construction must have a new hard dustless surface of concrete or asphalt installed prior to occupancy. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 75 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) Alternative surfacing for off-street parking areas to existing buildings and dwellings must be limited to 10 feet in width and 20 feet in length. The surface must be of crushed stone, crushed concrete, crushed asphalt, or paving bricks. The entire surface area under the vehicle or trailer must be improved. The newly installed surface material must be a minimum of two inches in thickness. (3) A Zoning Permit must be obtained prior to installation of any supplemental off-street parking. No permit fee will be required. The Zoning Permit application must list the owner and address with a description of location, size, and material planned for the proposed parking area. (D) Voluntary establishment of parking and loading facilities. Nothing in this Chapter shall be deemed to prevent the voluntary establishment of off-street parking and loading facilities to serve any existing use of land or buildings, provided that all regulations in this chapter governing the location, design, improvement and operation of such facilities are adhered to. (E) Restoration after damage or destruction. For any conforming or legally nonconforming building or use which is in existence on the effective date of the ordinance from which this Chapter is derived, which subsequent thereto is damaged or destroyed by fire, collapse, explosion or other cause and which reconstructed, reestablished or repaired, off-street parking or loading facilities equivalent to any maintained at the time of such damage or destruction shall be restored or continued in operation. However, in no case shall it be necessary to restore or maintain parking or loading facilities in excess of those required by this chapter for equivalent new uses or construction. (F) Ownership and control of off-site parking facilities. When required parking facilities are provided on land other than the zoning lot on which the building or use served by such facilities is located, they shall be and remain in the same possession or ownership as the zoning lot occupied by the building or use to which the parking facilities are accessory. No such off-site parking facilities shall be authorized and no occupancy permit shall be issued where the plans call for parking facilities other than on the same zoning lot until and unless the Zoning Board of Appeals has reviewed the plans and heard the applicant and made findings that the common ownership or possession of the zoning lot and the site of the parking facilities is reasonably certain to continue and that the off-site parking facilities will be maintained at all times during the life of the proposed use or building. (G) Plot plan. Any application for a building permit, or for a certificate of occupancy where no building permit is required, shall include therewith a plot plan drawn to scale and fully dimensioned showing any parking or loading facilities to be provided in compliance with this chapter. Section 9.03 Design, Maintenance, and Use of Parking Facilities (A) Use of residential parking facilities. Off-street parking facilities accessory to residential use and developed in any residential district in accordance with the requirements of this article shall be used for the parking of passenger automobiles owned by occupants of the dwelling structures to which such facilities are accessory or by guests of the occupants. Under no circumstances shall required parking facilities accessory to residential structures be used for the parking of automobiles belonging to the employees, owners, tenants, visitors or customers of business or manufacturing establishments. (B) Joint parking facilities. Off-street parking facilities for different buildings, structures or uses, or for mixed uses, may be provided collectively in any zoning district in which separate parking facilities for each constituent use would be permitted, provided that the total number of spaces so located together shall not be less than the sum of the separate requirements for each use. (C) Computations resulting in fractional number of spaces. When determination of the number of off-street parking spaces required by this chapter results in a requirement of a fractional space, any fraction of one-half shall be counted as one parking space. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 76 Recommended by Planning Commission �(D) Size and clearance of parking spaces. A required off-street parking space shall be at least ten feet in width and at least 20 feet in length, exclusive of access drives or aisles, ramps, columns or office or work areas. Such space shall have a vertical clearance of at least seven feet. (E) Access to parking facilities. Each required off-street parking space shall open directly upon an aisle or driveway of such width and design as to provide safe and efficient means of vehicular access to such parking space. All off-street parking facilities shall be designed with appropriate means of vehicular access to a street or alley in a manner which will least interfere with traffic movements. No driveway across public property or curb cut shall exceed a width of 30 feet. (F) Distance of parking areas from lot lines. Off-street parking spaces may be located in any yard, but shall not be closer than five feet to the lot line. Off-street parking spaces shall not be less than 25 feet from the lot line in an industrial district where it abuts a residential district. (G) Parking or storage in right-of-way. No person shall park, deposit, leave or store any motor vehicle or tangible personal property of any type or description at any time within the right-of-way of any street within the Township. (H) Overnight parking on streets. No vehicle shall be parked on public streets between the hours of 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. (I) Design and maintenance standards. (1) Open and enclosed parking spaces. Accessory parking spaces located on the same lot as occupied by the use served may be open to the sky or enclosed in a building. Accessory parking spaces located in a residence district elsewhere than on the same lot occupied by the use served shall be open to the sky except when otherwise allowed as a special use. (2) Surfacing. All open off-street parking areas and driveways shall be improved with a compacted macadam base, not less than four inches thick, surfaced with asphaltic concrete or some comparable all-weather dustless material. (3) Screening and landscaping. All open automobile parking areas containing more than five parking spaces shall be effectively screened on each side adjoining or fronting on any property situated in a residence district or any institutional premises by a wall, fence or densely planted compact hedge not less than four feet and not more than six feet in height. Such required screening shall conform with the front and side yard setback requirements of the district in which the parking is located. (4) Lighting. Any lighting used to illuminate off-street parking areas shall be directed away from residential properties in such a way as not to create a nuisance. (5) Signs. Accessory signs are permitted on parking areas. (6) Repair and servicing of vehicles. No motor vehicle repair work of any kind shall be permitted in conjunction with accessory off-street parking facilities provided in a residence district. In addition, the sale of gasoline and motor oil in conjunction with accessory off-street parking facilities is not permitted in any residential district. Section 9.04 Location of Parking Facilities The location of off-street parking spaces in relation to the use served shall be as prescribed in this section. All distances specified shall be walking distances between such parking spaces and a main entrance to the use served. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 77 Recommended by Planning Commission �(A) Uses in residence district. Parking spaces accessory to dwellings shall be located on the same zoning lot as the use served. Spaces accessory to uses other than dwellings may be located on a lot adjacent to or directly across a street or alley from the lot occupied by the use served, but in no case at a distance in excess of 300 feet from such use. (B) Uses in business and industrial districts. All required parking spaces shall be within 1,000 feet of the use served, except for spaces accessory to dwelling units, which shall be within 300 feet of the use served. However, no parking spaces accessory to a use in a business or manufacturing district shall be located in a residence district, except that private, free, off-street parking accessory to such uses and municipal parking lots may be allowed by special use permit in accordance with Article 2 of this chapter within 200 feet of and adjacent to any business or industrial district. Section 9.05 Schedule of Parking Requirements For the following uses, accessory off-street parking spaces shall be provided as required in this section. Parking spaces required on an employee basis shall be based on the maximum number of employees on duty or residing or both on the premises at any one time. (A) Residential uses. Parking spaces shall be provided as follows: (1) One-family dwellings and two-family dwellings. Two parking spaces shall be provided for each dwelling unit. (2) Multiple-family dwellings, including apartment hotels. Two parking spaces shall be provided for every dwelling unit. For lodging rooms located in an apartment hotel, one parking space shall be provided for each two lodging rooms. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. (3) Motels, inns and auto courts. One parking space shall be provided for each guest or sleeping room or suite, plus one additional space for the owner or manager and each employee. (4) Hotel. One parking space for each dwelling unit and one parking space for each lodging room shall be provided. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. (5) Lodginghouses, roominghouses and boardinghouses. One parking space shall be provided for each lodging room plus one space for the owner or manager and each employee. (6) Private clubs and lodges with sleeping facilities for guests. One parking space shall be provided for each lodging room plus parking spaces equal in number to ten percent of the capacity in persons (exclusive of lodging room capacity) of such club or lodge. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. (7) Mobile home park. Two parking spaces shall be provided for each mobile home space and for each employee. (B) Retail and service uses. Parking spaces shall be provided asfollows: (1) Retail storage and banks. One parking space shall be provided for each 200 square feet of floor area in excess of 2,000 square feet. Drive-in banks or other similar drive-in establishments shall provide three stacking spaces per teller or customer service window; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (2) Automobile service stations. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 78 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) Vehicle Wash. 2 spaces for each self-service bay, plus 10 stacking spaces for the automated car wash line. (4) Bowling alleys. Five parking spaces shall be provided for each alley, plus such additional spaces as may be required in this section for affiliated uses such as bars, restaurants and the like. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. (5) Establishments dispensing food or beverages for consumption on the premises. One parking space shall be provided for each 200 square feet of floor area. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. (6) Furniture and appliance stores and household equipment or furniture repair shops. One parking space shall be provided for each 600 square feet of floor area in excess of 2,000 square feet plus one parking space for each employee. (7) Motor vehicle sales and machinery sales. One parking space shall be provided for each 300 square feet of floor area, in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (8) Theaters (indoor). One parking space shall be provided for each four seats; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (9) Offices; business, professional and governmental. One parking space shall be provided for each 200 square feet of floor area; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (10) Medical or dental clinics. Eight parking spaces shall be provided for each doctor or professional person; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (11) Wholesale establishments (but not including warehouses and storage buildings other than accessory). One parking space shall be provided for each 600 square feet of floor area in excess of 4,000 square feet; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (12) Manufacturing uses or any establishments engaged in production, processing, cleaning, servicing, testing or repair of materials, goods or products. One parking space shall be provided for each employee, plus one parking space for each vehicle used in the conduct of the enterprise. (13) Warehouses and storage buildings. One parking space shall be provided for each employee plus one space for each vehicle used in the conduct of the enterprise. (C) Community service uses. Parking spaces shall be provided as follows: (1) Auditoriums. One parking space shall be provided for each three auditorium seats. Adequate space shall also be provided for buses used in connection with the activities of the institution, and all loading and unloading of passengers shall take place upon the premises. (2) Colleges, universities, and business, professional and trade schools. One parking space shall be provided for each three employees and one parking space shall be provided for each four students based on the maximum number of students attending classes on the premises at any one time during any 24hour period. (3) Health centers, government operated. Eight parking spaces shall be provided for each doctor or professional person; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (4) Hospitals. One parking space shall be provided for each two hospital beds, plus one parking space for each employee (other than staff doctors), plus one parking space for each doctor assigned to the staff. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 79 Recommended by Planning Commission �(5) Libraries, art galleries and museums, public. One parking space shall be provided for each 1,000 square feet of gross floor area. (6) Schools, nursery and elementary. One parking space shall be provided for each employee. (7) Schools, high, public or private. One parking space for each seven students based on the maximum number of students that can be accommodated with such design capacity of the building. (8) Places of assembly. For stadiums, arenas, auditoriums (other than church, college or institutional schools), undertaking establishments, funeral parlors, convention halls, exhibition halls, skating rinks and other similar places of assembly, parking spaces equal in number to 40 percent of the capacity in persons shall be provided; in addition, one parking space shall be provided for each employee. (D) Miscellaneous uses. Parking spaces shall be provided as follows: (1) Private clubs and lodges without sleeping for guests. Parking spaces equal to 25 percent of the capacity in persons shall be provided. (2) Rest homes and nursing homes. One parking space shall be provided for each four beds, plus one parking space for each two employees, (other than staff doctors), plus one parking space for each doctor assigned to the staff (3) Sanitariums, convalescent homes or institutions for the aged or for children. One parking space shall be provided for each four beds plus one parking space for each employee (other than staff doctors), plus one parking space for each doctor assigned to the staff (4) Theatres, automobile drive-in. Reservoir parking space equal to ten percent of the vehicle capacity of such theatres shall be provided. (E) Other uses. For the following uses, parking spaces shall be provided in adequate number as determined by the Planning Commission, to serve persons employed or residing on the premises as well as the visiting public: (1) Airports or aircraft landing fields and heliports (2) Convents and monasteries. (3) Crematories or mausoleums. (4) Fraternal or religious institutions. (5) Municipal or privately owned recreation buildings or community center. (6) Outdoor amusement establishments; fairgrounds, permanent carnivals, kiddie parks, and other similar amusement centers. (7) Rectories and parish houses (F) Maximum Number of Parking Spaces. The maximum number of parking spaces shall be 150% of the minimum. Lots including joint parking as described in Section 9.03.B shall be exempt from the maximum parking requirement. (G) Planning Commission Alteration of Parking Requirement. The Planning Commission, upon determining that the minimum number of parking spaces for a given use is higher than is practically necessary for that use, may reduce the minimum number of required spaces as part of Site Plan Approval. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 80 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 9.06 Off-Street Loading Facilities (A) For every building or addition to an existing building hereafter erected to be occupied by manufacturing, storage, display of goods, retail stores or blocks of stores of over 10,000 square feet, wholesale stores, markets, hotels, hospitals, funeral homes, laundromats, dry cleaners, restaurants or other similar uses requiring the receipt or distribution in vehicles of materials or merchandise, there shall be provided off-street loading spaces as follows: (1) Location. All required loading spaces shall be located on the same zoning lot as the use served. No loading space for vehicles over two tons capacity shall be closer than 50 feet to any property in a residence district unless completely enclosed by a building, wall or a uniformly painted solid fence or wall or any combination thereof, not less than six feet in height. No permitted or required loading space shall be located within 25 feet of the nearest point of intersection of any two streets. (2) Required number of loading spaces. Off-street loading spaces shall be required in relation to floor area as follows: (a) Floor area up to 20,000 square feet: one space. (b) Floor area of 20,000 to 50,000 square feet: two spaces. (c) Floor area of 50,000 to 100,000 square feet: three spaces. (d) Each additional 100,000 square feet or fraction thereof of floor area: one additional space. (3) Size and clearance of loading spaces. Unless otherwise specified, a required loading space shall be at least ten feet in width by at least 60 feet in length, exclusive of aisles and maneuvering space, and shall have a vertical clearance of at least 14 feet. (4) Access. Each required off-street loading space shall be designed with appropriate means of vehicular access to a street or alley in a manner which will least interfere with traffic movement. (5) Surfacing. All open off-street loading spaces shall be improved with a compacted macadam base, not less than eight inches thick, surfaced with not less than three inches of asphaltic concrete or some comparable all-weather dustless material. (6) Repair and servicing of vehicles. No motor vehicle repair work or service of any kind shall be permitted in conjunction with loading facilities provided in any residential or business districts. (7) Use of loading spaces as parking area. Space allocated to any off-street loading space shall not, while so allocated, be used to satisfy the space requirements for any off-street parking facilities or portions thereof. (8) Uses not specifically listed. For special uses other than those provided for in this section, loading spaces adequate in number and size to serve such uses, as determined by the Planning Commission, shall be provided. (9) Adequate receiving facilities required for all uses. Uses for which off-street loading spaces are required in this section but which are located in buildings of less floor area than the minimum prescribed for such required facilities shall be provided with adequate receiving facilities off any adjacent alley, service drive, or open space on the same lot which is accessible by motor vehicle. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 81 Recommended by Planning Commission �This page left intentionally blank. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 82 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 10: Section 10.01 Signs Purpose and Intent This section is intended to protect and promote the health, safety, and welfare of the residents of St. Joseph Charter Township; to maintain and improve the appearance of the Township; to conserve community character; to prevent traffic hazards; to provide safer conditions for pedestrians; and to promote economic development by regulating the construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, size, location, and number of signs in the community. These regulations are further intended to provide reasonable identification for businesses and other uses within the community, while protecting the First Amendment right to Freedom of Speech. Section 10.02 Definitions (A) For the purposes of this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings. For all terms not defined in this section, the definitions in Section 1.02 shall apply. For all terms not defined in Section 1.02, the definition in the most recently published version of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary shall apply. (1) Architectural Feature. An integral element of a building that does not contain any discernable message. (2) Architectural Gateway Element. A structure constructed at the entrance to a neighborhood, multi-family residential complex, business park, public park, or other similar complex that contains architectural features designed to attract attention to the entranceway. (3) Artwork. Any decorative element that is not integral to a building and does not contain an immediately discernable message. (4) Awning. A roof-like cover intended to shade a window or door opening or provide protection from the weather which is constructed of canvas or other opaque material stretched over a supporting frame attached directly to a building. Awnings may or may not be constructed so as to be raised or retracted to a position against the building when not in use. No structure that extends beyond a roofline shall be considered an awning for the purposes of this Ordinance. (5) Building Frontage. Any side of a building that either has a public entrance to the building or is visible from a public road or public parking lot. For the purposes of this section, “frontage” shall mean “building frontage.” (6) Business. Any non-residential use occupying physical space on a lot, regardless of whether the use operates for a profit or not, regardless of whether the use is in the public or private sector, and regardless of whether the use is open to the general public. This definition shall only apply within this section. (7) Canopy. A structure with a roof and support posts, but no walls. A canopy shall not be attached to a building. This definition shall apply only within this section. (8) Commercial Signs. Signs that contain advertising for a product, service, or a business that offers products and services. The logos of educational institutions, units of government, and/or sports teams shall not be considered advertisements. (9) Directional Signs. Signs located on a site in such a way as to direct pedestrian and/or automobile traffic through the site. (10) Drive-Thru Service Window. A window used for serving a product directly from a building to customers in a car. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 83 Recommended by Planning Commission �(11) Electronic Messaging. The use of changing lights or video screen(s) to form a sign message or messages in text or graphic or video display form wherein the messages and the rate of change can be modified by electronic process. (12) External Illumination. Lights designed to illuminate a sign that are not located within the sign itself. (13) Flag. A piece of non-rigid cloth that is not used as a commercial sign. This definition shall only apply within this Section. (14) Frame means a complete static display screen on an electronic message display. (15) Footcandles. A unit of illuminance on a surface equal to one lumen per square foot. (16) Freestanding Sign. A sign supported by a base placed in or upon the ground and not attached to any building or other structure. (17) Garage Sale Sign. A temporary sign placed on residential property during a short-term sale of secondhand goods on the residential property. (18) Government Sign. Signs erected by or on behalf of or pursuant to the authorization of a government body. (19) Internal Illumination. Lights designed to illuminate a sign from within the sign itself. (20) Main Pedestrian Entrance. An entrance to a building where the general public is welcome to enter. If a building has multiple entrances where the general public is welcome, then the applicant shall designate a Main Pedestrian Entrance on the application for a sign permit. (21) Marquee Sign. A projecting sign that is taller, wider, or otherwise larger than the permitted maximum size for a projecting sign in this Ordinance. (22) Mural. See “Artwork.” (23) NIT. A unit of luminance equivalent to one candela per square meter. (24) Non-Commercial Signs. Signs that do not contain advertising for a product, service, or a business that offers products and services. The logos of educational institutions, units of government, and/or sports teams shall not be considered advertising. Political messaging shall also not be considered advertising. Garage Sale Signs and Real Estate Signs, as defined in this Ordinance, shall be considered NonCommercial Signs. (25) Non-Conforming Sign. A sign that was legally installed and was existing prior to the adoption of this section that does not comply with the provisions of this section. (26) Off-Premises Signs. Commercial signs that are not located on the same lot as the product, service, or business that they are related to. Non-Commercial signs shall never be considered off-premises. (27) On-Premises Signs. Commercial signs that are located on the same lot as the product, service, or business that they are related to. (28) Permanent Sign. Any sign constructed and intended to be displayed for an indefinite, long-term period of time. Any sign, regardless of construction and intention, that is in place for more than six months shall be considered a permanent sign. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 84 Recommended by Planning Commission �(29) Permit. A sign permit issued by the Building Department that must be obtained prior to the installation of a sign. (30) Portable Ground Sign. A temporary commercial freestanding sign that is not permanently affixed to the ground. (31) Projecting Signs. A sign constructed as to be attached at one end to a building and to extend out from the building. (32) Pylon or Pole Mounted Signs. A sign supported by a single base that is less than 75% of the width of the sign. (33) Real Estate Sign. A temporary sign of any type placed on a property while that property, or a portion of that property, is for sale or for lease. (34) Sign. A device, structure, fixture, or placard using graphics, symbols, and/or written copy designed specifically for the purpose of conveying an explicit message. Architectural features, architectural gateway elements, and artwork that do not contain an explicit message shall not be considered signs. (35) Sign Area. The allowable area for signs shall be measured by calculating the square footage of the sign face and any frame of other material or color forming an integral part of the display, or used to differentiate it from the background against which it is placed, as measured by enclosing the most protruding points or edges of a sign within a parallelogram or rectangle. A supporting base that does not include any message shall not be considered part of the sign area, but shall be considered part of the sign height. Back-to-back sign faces shall be counted as one sign face for the purposes of measurement. (36) Sign Height. The distance from the grade at the bottom of a sign to the upper-most point of the sign. If the sign is located on a berm, the height of the berm shall be included in the height of the sign. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 85 Recommended by Planning Commission �(37) Storefront. An entrance open to the general public that allows direct access to a single ground floor business. This definition shall only apply to this section. (38) Temporary Signs. Any sign not constructed and intended to be displayed for an indefinite, long-term period of time. (39) Tube Lights. Any light fixture that has the appearance of a “tube” of light, including neon, LED, or other lighting types. (40) Wall Signs. Any sign attached to, painted on, inscribed, or otherwise set upon the exterior wall or surface of any building. (41) Window Signs. Any sign, located within a building or affixed upon a window, which is intended to be visible from the exterior of the building. Section 10.03 Permits (A) Permit Process. (1) Permits. It shall be unlawful for any person to erect, alter, or structurally change a sign or other advertising structure, unless the type of sign is specifically listed in Section 10.03 (B), without first obtaining a permit in accordance with the processes set forth by the Township Board and Building Department. A permit shall require payment of a fee, which shall be established by the Township Board. Sign permits must be requested by the owner of the building, not individual tenants. (2) Removal agreement. In the event that an active use or business ceases to operate, the message portion of all signage associated with the business must be removed and replaced with a blank sign face. The blank sign face may be replaced with a new sign once an active use or business begins operation on the lot. If the message is not replaced by a blank sign face within 90 days of the use or business ceasing, the sign shall be considered illegal and must be removed. The Township may remove the sign and invoice the property owner for the cost of removal. (3) Exceptions. A new permit shall not be required for changing the message of a previously-approved sign without altering the size, shape or backing material of the sign and without adding electronic capability. Permits shall also not be required for the cleaning or maintenance of a sign, nor for the types of signs listed in Section 10.03 (B). (B) Signs Exempt from Permitting Requirements. The following signs shall not require a permit to be installed: (1) Government Signs. (2) Flags, as defined in this Article. (3) All signs under one square foot in area. (4) All signs required to be erected by law. (5) Architectural Features/Artwork. Integral decorative or architectural features of buildings or works of art, including murals, so long as such features or works do not contain an explicit message, words in any language, moving parts, or illumination. Murals must be painted with the permission of the property owner. (6) Temporary Non-Commercial Signs. Temporary non-commercial signs shall not require a permit in any zoning district provided that the following standards are met. Signs that do not meet these requirements shall require a permit and shall only be permitted if they meet the applicable standards of this Ordinance. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 86 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) All signs must be freestanding signs or window signs. (b) The total area of temporary non-commercial signs on a single lot shall not exceed thirty-six (36) square feet. No individual sign may exceed sixteen (16) square feet. (c) The maximum sign height of each freestanding temporary non-commercial sign shall be four (4) feet. (d) Temporary non-commercial signs shall be located solely on private property outside of any street right-of-way or corner clearance area. (e) Any temporary non-commercial sign in place for more than six months shall be considered a permanent sign and shall be subject to all relevant provisions of this Ordinance. The sign must be taken down for at least 30 days for the six month period to re-start. The six month period may be waived by the Zoning Administrator if there is space on the site where the sign is located that is for sale or for lease. Section 10.04 Prohibited Signs (A) The following shall be prohibited throughout the Township: (1) Signs which incorporate in any manner or are illuminated by any flashing or moving lights, or where any illumination can shine directly into the eyes of any occupant of any vehicle traveling upon any highway, driveway or parking area, or into any window of any residence within 200 feet, or where the illumination interferes with the visibility or readability of any traffic sign or device. (2) Exterior pennant strings, feather flags, spinners, and streamers. (3) Any sign or object which has any visible motion, moving or animated parts or image, whether movement is caused by machinery, wind, or otherwise, except for electronic message signs and flags. (4) Any sign which is structurally or electrically unsafe, in the opinion of the Building Official, or which obstructs any fire escape. (5) Any sign erected on a tree or utility pole. (6) Any sign structure or frame that no longer contains a sign. (7) Roof signs or any sign which projects above the roof line or top of a canopy. (8) Any sign projecting into the public right-of-way. (9) Any sign erected on any property, public or private, without the consent of the property owner. (10) Any sign which simulates or imitates in size, color, lettering, or design, any traffic sign or signal or other word, phrase, symbol, or character in such a manner as to interfere with, mislead, or confuse the drivers or motorized vehicles. (11) Any sign which incorporates any open spark or flame. (12) Pylon or pole-mounted signs. (13) Off-premises commercial signage, except where the regulations of another jurisdiction (for example MDOT) take precedence over this Ordinance. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 87 Recommended by Planning Commission �(14) Tube lights, whether LED, neon, or any other type of light. (15) Temporary Commercial Signs in Residential Zoning Districts (R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4) (16) Any sign which, in the opinion of the Building Official, has deteriorated to the point where it has become a blight on surrounding properties. (17) Township Building Official shall have the authority to immediately remove or cause to be removed any sign which has been placed or located within the public right-of-way contrary to the provisions of the Ordinance or not authorized by the Berrien County Road Department. The Township or its agents shall not incur any obligation to retain, store, or maintain any materials or salvage resulting from the removal of such signs. (18) In the event that an active use or business ceases to operate, the message portion of all signage associated with the business must be removed and replaced with a blank sign face. The blank sign face may be replaced with a new sign once an active use or business begins operation on the lot. If the message is not replaced by a blank sign face within 90 days of the use or business ceasing, the sign shall be considered illegal and must be removed. The Township may remove the sign and invoice the property owner for the cost of removal. Section 10.05 Temporary Commercial Signs (A) Property owners must receive a permit as described in this Article prior to the erection of any temporary commercial signs and must follow all applicable requirements as described below. Portable ground signs shall be considered temporary commercial signs under this section. (1) Temporary commercial signs shall be permitted in the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts, and non-residential PUDs. (2) Each sign shall be placed outside only during the hours when the entrance is open to the general public and shall be stored indoors at all other times. (3) Temporary signs shall be limited to a total of sixteen (16) square feet. (4) Only one temporary sign is permitted per business at any given time. (5) The sign must be within ten feet of a public entrance to a building. (6) Signs must be kept indoors if more than two inches of snow are covering the sidewalk in front of the business. (7) Each sign shall be placed in a manner which provides five feet of free passage for pedestrians, and does not interfere with normal pedestrian or automobile traffic, including maintaining required clear corner vision. (8) All sign frames shall be constructed of a weatherproof material and shall be kept in good repair. Section 10.06 Electronic Message Centers (A) An on-premises sign permitted in the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Zoning Districts may include an EMC subject to the following requirements: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 88 Recommended by Planning Commission �(1) Such display shall contain static or still frame messages only which may otherwise not have movement, or the appearance or optical illusion of movement, of any part of the sign structure, design, or pictorial segment of the sign, including the movement of any illumination or the flashing, scintillating or varying of light intensity. "Transitions" between frame messages may utilize effects such as dissolve, fade, traveling, or scrolling text and /or images, provided such transitions occur over a period of time not exceeding one second, and such effects do not include text and/or images that expand or contract, rotate, twist, bounce, flash, undulate, pulse, imitate emergency vehicles or lighting, or utilize other similar movements or optical illusions. (2) The maximum size of an EMC on an on-premises sign or off-premises wall sign shall not exceed the sign measurements specified in the Code for the zoning district in which the zoning lot or use is located. (3) Each message on the EMC is changed not more than once every six seconds. (4) When the EMC is 200 feet or less from a property line of a zoning lot that is located in a residential zoning district and such EMC is visible from any portion of a dwelling located within the residential zoning district, the EMC shall only: (a) Operate between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.; and (b) Display only one "frame" between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. (B) An on-premises sign for a permitted use in a public or semi-public institution in a R-1, R-2, R- 3 and R-4 Zoning District may include an EMC subject to the following requirements: (1) One property line of the zoning lot must be abutting a major thoroughfare, defined as a(n) Other Principal Arterial, Minor Arterial or Major Collector road as indicated on the MDOT National Functional Classification (NSF) Map and the freestanding sign incorporating an EMC must be situated along the property line abutting the major thoroughfare. (2) Such display shall contain static or still frame messages only which may otherwise not have movement, or the appearance or optical illusion of movement, of any part of the sign structure, design, or pictorial segment of the sign, including the movement of any illumination or the flashing, scintillating or varying of light intensity. (3) The maximum size of an EMC on an on-premises freestanding sign or accessory wall sign shall not exceed the sign measurements specified in this Code for the zoning district in which the zoning lot or use is located. (4) Each message on such display is changed not more often than once every six seconds (5) When the EMC is visible from any portion of a dwelling unit located within a residential zoning district, the EMC shall only: (a) Operate between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.; and (b) Display only one "frame" as defined in Section 10.02. (C) Electronic Message Center (EMC) Criteria: The nighttime illumination of an EMC shall conform with the criteria set forth in this section. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 89 Recommended by Planning Commission �(1) EMC Illumination Measurement Criteria: The illuminance of an EMC shall be measured with an illuminance meter set to measure foot-candles accurate to at least two decimals. llluminance shall be measured with the EMC off, and again with the EMC displaying a white image for a full color capable EMC, or a solid message for a single-color EMC. All measurements shall be taken perpendicular to the face of the EMC at the distance determined by the total square footage of the EMC as set forth in the accompanying Sign Area Versus Measurement Distance table. (2) EMC Illumination limits: The difference between the off and solid-message measurements using the EMC Measurement Criteria shall not exceed 0.3 foot-candles at night, as measured a distance of ten feet from the sign. (3) Dimming Capabilities: All permitted EMCs shall be equipped with a sensor or other device that automatically determines the ambient illumination and programmed to automatically dim according to ambient light conditions, or that can be adjusted to comply with the 0.3 foot-candle measurements. Section 10.07 Clear Corner Vision All freestanding signs in all zoning districts must allow clear corner vision for all street intersections and driveway entrances. Freestanding signs must be under three feet tall within a triangle formed by two points, each 10 feet away from the intersection of the right-of-way line and the driveway, and the line connecting them, as displayed below: Section 10.08 Permitted Permanent Signs (A) Signs Permitted in the R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Districts (1) Non-Residential Uses. Non-Residential Uses in R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Districts, including but not limited to churches and private schools, shall be permitted to have one freestanding sign of up to 32 square feet in area. For all other signs, they shall be subject to the standards for the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts, in Section 10.08.B. (2) Wall Signs. Wall signs are only permitted in R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Districts under the following circumstances: (a) Signs not requiring a permit, as described in Section 10.03.B, and temporary signs as described in Section 10.05. (b) Signs on the exterior of buildings that front on a public road and contain more than two residential units shall be permitted under the following circumstances: (i) Maximum of one wall sign per building frontage facing a public road. (ii) Maximum one square foot of signage for every linear foot of building frontage, up to 32 square feet, regardless of the setback from the road center line. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 90 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) Freestanding Signs. Freestanding signs are only permitted in R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Districts under the following circumstances: (a) One sign per vehicle entrance of residential subdivisions, neighborhoods, mobile home parks, and condominium/apartment complexes subject to the following standards: (i) Maximum height of six feet, except if the sign is integrally designed as part of an ornamental wall or architectural gateway element and the wall or element meets all applicable standards of this Ordinance. (ii) Signage shall not exceed 16 square feet in area. The signage may be a freestanding sign or may be wall signage affixed to an architectural gateway element. Architectural gateway elements are not considered signage and must receive approval from the Township in the same manner as any other structure. (iii) All signs must have at least two legs or a continuous base at least 75% of the width of the sign. Pole signs are prohibited. (b) All freestanding signs in the R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Districts must comply with the following standards: (i) All signs on lots containing single family homes must be temporary. No permanent signs shall be permitted on lots containing single family homes. (ii) All freestanding signs must be set back at least four feet from all side and rear lot lines, and must be set back from the curb or, if there is no curb, the edge of the road pavement (not the right-ofway line or the sidewalk) by a distance equal to its height. (iii) All freestanding signs shall have a maximum height of 8 feet. (iv) The base of the sign shall not exceed double the width of the sign itself. (4) All signs not specifically listed in this Ordinance are prohibited in R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Districts. (B) Signs Permitted In The B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts (1) Wall Signs. Wall signs in the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 districts are subject to the following standards: (a) The maximum area of wall signage on any given wall shall be 10% of the area of the wall. Wall signs may be placed on any wall of a building. (b) Businesses that are set back more than 200 feet from the center line of an adjacent roadway shall be permitted additional square footage of wall signage on the building frontage facing the roadway, based on the following: 200-299 feet: 25% additional square footage 300-399 feet: 50% additional square footage 400-499 feet: 75% additional square footage 500 feet or greater: Double square footage (c) The width of any wall sign may not exceed 90% of the width of the building frontage it is attached to. (d) There shall be no limit on the number of wall signs permitted, provided that all other standards are met. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 91 Recommended by Planning Commission �(e) Canopy structures, such as those used for gas stations, shall not be subject to Sections a-d, and shall instead be permitted up to 20 square feet of signage on each face of the canopy. (2) Awning Signs. An awning sign may be used in place of a wall sign for any ground-floor business, provided that the following standards are met. (a) The awning shall not extend more than six feet over the sidewalk in front of the business, regardless of whether the sidewalk is private or in the public right-of-way. (b) The awning shall have a minimum ground clearance of eight feet. (c) Signage may not exceed 70% of the face area of the awning. (d) Awnings may be externally illuminated, but back-lit or internally illuminated awnings are prohibited. Awning signs may not contain electronic messaging. (3) Freestanding Signs. Freestanding signs in the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts are subject to the following standards: (a) Only one freestanding sign is permitted per street frontage of the lot. (b) The maximum height shall be 25 feet. (c) All freestanding signs must be set back at least four feet from all side and rear lot lines, and must be set back from the curb or, if there is no curb, the edge of the road pavement (not the right-of-way line or the sidewalk) by a distance equal to its height. (d) The base of the sign shall not exceed double the width of the sign itself. (e) The maximum area shall be 100 square feet. (f) Lots immediately abutting the right-of-way of a ramp to or from I-94 to or from Niles Road shall be permitted a second freestanding sign and shall be permitted to exceed the height and area standards listed above, provided they do not exceed 100 feet in height. The design of the sign shall be reviewed by the Planning Commission prior to the issuance of a sign permit. (4) Directional Signs. One directional sign shall be permitted per approved driveway from a public road, subject to the following: (a) A maximum sign area of four square feet per sign. (b) A maximum height of three feet. (c) Directional signs may be internally or externally illuminated, but may not contain electronic messaging. (d) Additional signage shall be permitted adjacent to the drive aisles for a drive-thru service window, with the following standards: (i) No more than six signs shall be permitted. (ii) The maximum area of any sign shall be 48 square feet. (iii) No more than two signs shall exceed 32 square feet in area. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 92 Recommended by Planning Commission �(iv) The maximum height of any sign shall be 10 feet. (v) No more than two signs shall exceed 8 feet in height. (e) The Planning Commission may approve additional directional signs during the Site Plan Approval Process if the Commission determines they are necessary for efficient flow of traffic and pedestrians through a site. (5) Projecting Signs. Projecting signs are permitted in the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts, subject to the following: (a) Maximum sign area of 16 square feet. (b) The faces of the sign must be parallel to each other and no more than six inches apart. (c) The bottom of the sign must be at least nine feet from grade. (d) The sign shall not extend above the roof line of the building. (e) Electronic messaging is prohibited on projecting signs. (6) Window Signs. Window signs are permitted in the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts, subject to the following standards. (a) Signage may not cover more than 50% of any window. (b) Window signs may be internally illuminated, but may not contain any electronic messaging, flashing, or appearance of movement. (7) Entrance Sign For Industrial Parks. Multi-tenant industiral parks may have, in addition to the signs listed in this chapter, one suitable identifying sign not to exceed 250 square feet in area. One sign may be erected designating the name of the industrial park and a directory to access. No such sign shall be erected to exceed a height of 25 feet. Section 10.09 Non-Conforming Signs A non-conforming sign may be continued and shall be maintained in good condition as described elsewhere in this Section, except that a non-conforming sign shall not be structurally altered or repaired so as to prolong its life or as to change its shape, size, type or design unless such change shall make the sign conforming; nor shall a non-conforming sign be replaced by another non-conforming sign. Notwithstanding anything else in this Ordinance, any sign structure that is without a sign for more than 90 days must be removed. Section 10.10 Waiver Process (A) The Planning Commission shall have the ability to waive or modify any of the standards in this Chapter, provided that the following criteria are met. A waiver granted under this section shall apply for only the lifespan of the sign in question and shall not be transferable to any other sign or lot. (1) The applicant provides all requested information and pays all applicable application and review fees, to be determined by the Township Board. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 93 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) The proposed sign does not endanger the public health, safety, and welfare by virtue of being distracting to drivers, obscuring vision, being unnecessarily bright, being designed or constructed poorly, or in any other way. (3) The design of the sign is consistent with character of the surrounding area. (4) The sign does not block the view of other nearby signs to the extent that it would harm the ability of neighboring businesses to operate. (5) The sign will not be a nuisance to any residential uses. (6) A sign designed to meet the standards of the Ordinance would not adequately serve the purpose desired by the applicant. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 94 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 11: Missing Middle Overlay Section 11.01 Statement of Purpose St. Joseph Charter Township’s Master Plan identifies a need for zoning regulations for a portion of the Township to allow seamless and vibrant infill development. The purpose of this Overlay achieves the following desirable outcomes: (A) Allow for more housing at a wider variety of price points to be constructed in the Township. (B) Improve the economic vibrancy of the Overlay area by reducing barriers to development and promoting a highly desirable character. (C) Preserve the natural environment and farmland in the Township, by incentivizing density in appropriate areas. (D) Attain population growth and stability. (E) Reduce new infrastructure needs. (F) Promote walking and bicycling to reduce air pollution and improve public health. (G) Encourage investment in built-out neighborhoods of the Township, increasing property values and vibrancy. (H) Ensure that individuals and families can meet their housing needs within St. Joseph Charter Township throughout their lives. (I) Provide missing middle housing types consistent with the existing surrounding neighborhood character. This image reproduced from missingmiddlehousing.com. All images in this section are meant to be illustrative of concepts, not specific requirements. In the event of a conflict between and image and the Ordinance text, the texts shall govern. Section 11.02 Applicability The provisions of this Overlay supersede all other provisions in this Zoning Ordinance. Any provision in the Ordinance that is not explicitly contradicted and superseded by this Overlay shall be considered in force for all applicable properties. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 95 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 11.03 Eligibility (A) MM-1 Neighborhood Node. The Intent of the MM-1 Sub-District is to allow the construction of mixed-use commercial-residential buildings, as well as missing middle housing types such as quadplexes, duplexes, and garden courts, where appropriate. A lot shall be considered to be eligible for MM-1 development if it: (1) Is zoned R-2 OR is zoned R-1 and is adjacent to Niles Road. (2) Is at least 15,000 square feet in area. (3) Is adjacent to one of the following roads: (a) Cleveland Avenue (b) Washington Avenue (c) Lincoln Avenue (d) Niles Road (e) Napier Avenue (f) Colfax Avenue (B) MM-2 Quadplex. The Intent of the MM-2 Sub-District is to allow up to four dwelling units on a lot, provided that the lot is adequately sized and that the building and site have appropriate designs for the surrounding area. A lot shall be considered to be eligible for MM-2 development if it: (1) Is zoned R-1 or R-2. (2) Is at least 12,000 square feet in area. (C) MM-3 Garden Court. The Intent of the MM-3 Sub-District is to allow the construction of “Garden Courts”, i.e. clusters of one-and-two family dwellings sharing common open space and sometimes parking, on appropriately sized lots and with appropriate design for the surrounding area. A lot shall be considered to be eligible for MM-3 development if it: (1) Is zoned R-1 or R-2. (2) Is at least 12,000 square feet in area. (D) MM-4 Bonus Housing Unit. The Intent of the MM-4 Sub-District is to allow an additional housing unit on otherwise single-family lots, in the form of a duplex, provided that the design and function of the additional housing unit is compatible with the surrounding area. A lot shall be considered to be eligible for MM-4 development if it: (1) Is zoned R-1 or R-2. (2) Is at least 6,000 square feet in area. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 96 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 11.04 Missing Middle Residential Buildings (A) Density. For all lots that are zoned R-1 or R-2 and comply with the dimensional requirements in Section 11.03, a single dwelling unit shall be permitted by right. The Township Board may approve additional dwelling units, up to the following maximum densities in each sub-district, provided that the lot meets the geographic criteria in Section 11.03, meet the criteria of Subsection C below, and meet the Special Use approval criteria in Section 2.04 (except in the case of MM-4 developments, which shall not be required to obtain Special Use Approval). In calculating density, all fractional units shall be rounded DOWN. Example: if the allowable density of a parcel is 3.9 units, then 3 units shall be permitted. (1) MM-4: (a) Allowable Density: One dwelling unit per 3,000 square feet of lot area. (b) Maximum Units Per Lot: Two units. (2) MM-3: (a) Allowable Density: One dwelling unit per 3,000 square feet of lot area. (b) Maximum Units Per Lot: Ten units, but no single building may contain more than two units. (3) MM-2: (a) Allowable Density: One dwelling unit per 3,000 square feet of lot area. Example 2-unit building (b) Maximum Units Per Lot: Twelve Units, but no single building may contain more than four units. (4) MM-1: 2 dwelling units per lot, for all lots eligible for MM-1. All dwelling units must be located within the principal building. Example Garden Court (B) Development Standards. In order to be approved, the Missing Middle Residential Building must meet the following standards, in the opinion of the Township Board: (1) Building Design Regulations. The following requirements must be met in the design of all Missing Middle Residential Developments within the Overlay: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 97 Recommended by Planning Commission �(a) In the MM-2 and MM-3 Sub-Districts, all units must have a separate exterior entrance. These are encouraged to all face a public street, in the form of rowhouses or townhomes. However, the Township Board may allow entrances to face the side or rear if the dimensions of the lot and the layout of the building necessitate that design. (b) All setback, lot coverage, and building height standards must be met. Variances from those standards may only be granted by the ZBA. The Township Board may not grant height or setback waivers through the Special Use process. (2) Infill Design Toolkit. The design and form of the Missing Middle Residential Building must be compatible with the surrounding residential properties. The residential streets of the Overlay’s neighborhoods often include a diversity of architectural styles yet present a sense of cohesion due to recurring patterns—such as street-oriented buildings, fine-grain “rhythms” of development, and green street edges created by front yards and gardens. The focus of the design of infill housing within the Overlay should be continuing these and other fundamental neighborhood patterns, while allowing for increased unit density. The Township Board shall consider the following when determining compatibility: (a) The roofline should be like a single-family design, including a peaked roof. Dormers and other roofline enhancements are encouraged. (b) Residential-style siding materials such as brick, vinyl, stone, or wood should be used. EIFS, metal panels, and concrete panels shall not be considered compatible. Buildings should be designed to respond to prevalent architectural features of the surrounding neighborhood context, especially in areas where patterns established by recurring architectural features are well-established and valued. (c) Along street frontages, windows, main entrances, and other primary building façade elements should be oriented toward the street. Care should be taken to avoid the appearance of buildings turning their backs or sides toward the street. Courtyard buildings can contribute to this by orienting main entrances toward courtyards that serve as a semi-public extension of the public realm of adjacent streets. Front porches are encouraged. (d) Neighborhood block frontages are often characterized by a consistent rhythm of development created by recurring building patterns. Projects on sites larger than nearby houses should continue such patterns by dividing buildings into volumes reflective of the established building rhythm. Corner sites provide opportunities for attached houses to reflect neighborhood patterns, by enabling units to be oriented to different street frontages, providing the appearance of distinct houses. (e) For “Garden Court”-style developments, the units closest to the street must have similar massing and design to adjacent and nearby single-family homes. The divided massing of courtyard housing, especially when street-fronting units have house-like forms, provide opportunities to integrate higherdensity housing into neighborhood patterns where detached houses predominate. (f) Enough green space and landscaping must be provided on all sites for adequate recreation, absorption of rainwater, and protection of the quiet residential character of the neighborhood. Most neighborhood residential streets in the Overlay are characterized by landscaped setbacks between the fronts of buildings and sidewalks. This “green edge” provides residential streets with a clearly identifiable character that serves as a counterpoint to the “hardscape” of commercial corridors. In many areas, this green edge is reinforced by planting strips and street trees. Driveway widths and curb cuts should be minimized to maximize opportunities for street trees. Careful consideration should be given to selecting tree species appropriate for the planting strip width, site conditions, and surrounding context. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 98 Recommended by Planning Commission �(g) The Overlay’s residential areas have established patterns of backyards, which create a much-valued “private realm” of outdoor spaces that contrast functionally with the “public realm” of street frontages. Infill development which intrudes significantly into the backyard realm can have substantial privacy impacts and is often a key concern of neighbors. Site designs must respect the backyard realm by minimizing intrusions by larger structures (h) Existing structures may be subdivided or expanded to accommodate the permitted density, provided that all expansions are compatible with both the existing structure and the surrounding neighborhood, in the opinion of the Township Board, and that all other standards of this Overlay are met. (i) Attached single family homes, sometimes known as townhouses or rowhouses, are encouraged. Townhouses or rowhouses should be aligned along the street, all facing the same direction, and should either be connected directly together, or in groups of at least three units, with no more than 20 feet between a group of three (unless needed for a driveway). (3) Parking. Enough parking must be provided for all dwelling units. The prominence and extent of parking and other vehicle areas along the frontages of residential infill projects should be minimized. Not only is this important for continuing neighborhood patterns of landscaped front setbacks and street-oriented buildings, but this helps contribute toward quiet, safe, and pedestrian-friendly streets. (4) Dwelling Unit Design. The dwelling units are designed to be functional, safe, and high quality, with an appropriate minimum floor area determined by the Township Board. All dwelling units must meet the minimum unit size requirements listed in Section 5.01. Section 11.05 Mixed Use Buildings (A) Neighborhood Commercial Uses. The Township Board may approve, by Special Use, non-residential uses upon determining they meet the criteria in Section 2.04 for approval of Special Uses, as well as the criteria in subsection E below. Existing residential structures may be modified to contain non-residential uses, provided they meet the criteria of this overlay and are approved by the Township Board for a Special Use Permit. Non-residential neighborhood commercial uses that may be approved include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Barber Shops/Beauty Shops (2) Professional Offices (3) Retail Stores, including art galleries (4) Low intensity restaurants, such as ice cream parlors and hot dog stands. (5) Animal Day Care Centers that do not provide overnight boarding. (6) Child Day Care Centers. (B) Residential Uses. The Township Board may approve up to one dwelling unit per 3,000 square feet of lot area. (C) Development Standards. In order to be approved, the Mixed-Use Building must meet the following standards, in the opinion of the Township Board: (1) Site Design Requirements. All setback and building height standards must be met. Variances from those standards may only be granted by the ZBA. (2) Infill Design Toolkit. The design and form of the Mixed-Use Building must be compatible with the St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 99 Recommended by Planning Commission �surrounding residential properties. Mixed use buildings integrated into residential communities should serve and enhance the neighborhood, and not create a burden. Designs should be carefully crafted to protect the quiet and safe character of the Overlay, while providing additional amenities, services, jobs, and housing options. The Township Board shall consider the following when determining compatibility: (a) The roofline should emulate a single-family design, including a peaked roof. Dormers and other roofline enhancements are encouraged. (b) Residential-style siding materials such as brick, vinyl, stone, or wood should be used. EIFS, metal panels, and concrete panels shall not be considered compatible. Buildings should be designed to respond to prevalent architectural features of the surrounding neighborhood context, especially in areas where patterns established by recurring architectural features are well-established and valued. (c) Along street frontages, windows, main entrances, and other primary building façade elements should be oriented toward the street. Care should be taken to avoid the appearance of buildings turning their backs or sides toward the street. (d) Neighborhood block frontages are often characterized by a consistent rhythm of development created by recurring building patterns. Projects on sites larger than nearby houses should continue such patterns by dividing buildings into volumes reflective of the established building rhythm. (e) Driveway widths and curb cuts should be minimized to maximize opportunities for street trees. Careful consideration should be given to selecting tree species appropriate for the planting strip width, site conditions, and surrounding context. (3) Landscaping. The landscaping requirements of the B-2 District shall apply to all sites containing mixed use buildings, regardless of the underlying zoning district. (4) Signage. The signage standards of the B-2 District shall apply to all sites containing mixed use buildings, except that pylon signs and the internal illumination of signage shall be prohibited. All Ground Signs shall provide architectural features, details, or ornaments inspired by the building. (5) Parking. Enough parking must be provided for all uses. Parking must be screened from all neighboring residential uses and shall not be in the front yard. The Township Board may require landscaping above and beyond the Ordinance requirements in order to ensure compatibility. (6) Dwelling Unit Design. The dwelling units are designed to be functional, safe, and high quality, with an appropriate minimum floor area determined by the Township Board. All dwelling units must meet the minimum unit size requirements listed in Section 5.01. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 100 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 12: Telecommunication Towers Section 12.01 New Facilities (A) New wireless telecommunications facilities shall be prohibited on private property in the R-1 and R-2 Districts, permitted by Special Use Permit on public property (including right-of-way) in the R-1 and R-2 Districts, and on all lots and/or rights-of-way in all other Zoning Districts. The Special Use requirement shall apply regardless of whether a new support structure (tower) will be constructed or not, and shall be subject to the following standards, as well as the standards in Section 2.04: (1) Information must be submitted showing that the facility is in compliance with all applicable FCC regulations regarding radio frequency emissions. (2) Information must be submitted showing that the facility will not cause interference with any nearby existing telecommunications facilities. (3) If a new tower is to be constructed for the facility, it shall meet the following standards: (a) Lighting on the tower shall be prohibited unless required by the Federal Aviation Administration. (b) The tower must be a monopole design. Guyed and lattice towers are prohibited. (c) No signage shall be placed upon the tower structure. (4) The tower must be the shortest possible height required to provide the service desired by the applicant. The applicant must submit coverage and/or capacity information, including propagation maps and other information requested by the Township, to demonstrate the needed service improvement and why the requested height is necessary. The Township may request further information, including propagation maps, demonstrating the service at lower heights, in order to determine for itself whether the requested height is necessary. Section 12.02 Co-Locations and Modifications to Existing Facilities. (A) Co-locations and modifications to existing facilities shall not require Special Use or Site Plan Approval. The Zoning Administrator shall have the authority to approve all co-locations and modifications that meet the standards of this Section. (1) The applicant must submit a structural analysis, signed and sealed by a licensed engineer, demonstrating that the tower, in its present condition, has the structural capacity to support any proposed new antennae or other tower-mounted equipment. (2) The applicant must submit the results of an inspection of the condition of the tower and equipment compound, noting any potential problems with the facility that could impact the health, safety, and welfare of the surrounding area, or the effective provision of service from the facility. Any concerns raised by the inspection must be corrected during construction of the modification of the co-location. (3) Information must be submitted showing that the facility is in compliance with all applicable Federal Communications Commission regulations regarding radio frequency emissions. (4) Information must be submitted showing that the facility will not cause interference with any nearby existing telecommunications facilities. (5) No lighting may be added to the tower unless required by the Federal Aviation Administration. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 101 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 12.03 Small Cell Zoning Exemption. (A) Small Cell Wireless Facilities, as defined by Subsection B, shall be exempt from all requirements of Sections 12.01 and 12.02, and shall not require zoning approval, in the following circumstances. If a facility does not meet the definition in Subsection B, then the relevant standards of Sections 12.01 and 12.02 shall apply. (1) Located in the public right-of-way (2) The replacement of a Small Cell Wireless facility with a Small Cell Wireless facility that is not larger or heavier, in compliance with applicable codes. (3) Routine maintenance of a Small Cell Wireless facility, utility pole, or wireless support structure (4) The installation, placement, maintenance, operation, or replacement of a micro wireless facility that is suspended on cables strung between utility poles or wireless support structures in compliance with applicable codes. (5) Small Cell Wireless Facilities not exempt under this sub-section shall be reviewed in the same manner as Towers and based on the standards set forth in MCL 460.1317 (2) and (3) and those standards in this Ordinance that are not incompatible with State Law. (6) Review under Subsection 5 shall be completed within the time limits imposed by MCL 460.1317 (2). The Zoning Administrator shall determine when the application is complete under MCL 460.1317. (B) The definition of a Small Cell Wireless Facility shall be as follows. This definition is consistent with State Law at the time of adoption of this Ordinance. If a term used in this seciton is defined in Public Act 365 of 2018, then the term shall have the meaning described in that Act. A Small Cell Wireless Facility shall mean a wireless facility that meets both of the following requirements: (1) Each antenna is located inside an enclosure of not more than 6 cubic feet in volume or, in the case of an antenna that has exposed elements, the antenna and all of its exposed elements would fit within an imaginary enclosure of not more than 6 cubic feet. (2) All other wireless equipment with the facility is cumulatively not more than 25 cubic feet in volume. The following types of associated ancillary equipment are not included in the calculation of equipment volume: electric meters, concealment elements, telecommunications demarcation boxes, grounding equipment, power transfer switches, cut-off switches, and vertical cable runs for the connection of power and other services. Section 12.04 Abandonment A telecommunication tower shall be removed by the property owner within six months of being abandoned. If the present-day owner and applicant fail to do so within six months of abandonment, the special use permit shall be considered revoked. The Township may, at its sole discretion, enter the property and cause the demolition of the tower, antennas, and any necessary structures. Prior to demolition, the Township shall provide written notice of demolition via first class mail to the present-day owner and applicant not less than 30 days prior to demolition. All costs, including attorneys' fees, associated with demolition shall be placed on the tax bill of the property as a special assessment. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 102 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 13: Lighting Section 13.01 Intent. A. These regulations will require sufficient lighting for parking areas, walkways, driveways, building entrances, loading areas, and common areas to ensure the security of property and safety of persons. These regulations are also intended to promote dark skies in rural parts of the Township and to prevent the adverse effects of inappropriate lighting, including glare, light trespass onto adjoining properties, light pollution and sky glow, and energy waste. These regulations are also intended to permit and encourage the use of lighting that promotes energy efficiency and conservation in the Township. Section 13.02 Applicability The provisions of this Section regarding the design of newly installed light fixtures shall apply to all parcels or lots on which an improvement or development is proposed requiring Site Plan Approval. Section 13.03 Examples of Fixtures. A. The following chart shows examples of those fixtures that are acceptable and those that are prohibited. The chart is merely to demonstrate options, and is not regulatory in and of itself. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 103 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 13.04 Foot-candles Standards The following table lists the required minimum and maximum foot-candles at grade, during the hours of operation for the site, for the various outdoor site areas. A photometric topography map of the lot and all areas within 25 feet of the lot boundaries shall be submitted with all Site Plan applications where outdoor lighting is proposed. Lighting shall not be required in any area not listed below. The Zoning Administrator, using a light meter, shall determine the official as-built light levels, as well as compliance with this Ordinance. There shall be no minimum light level requirement on sites where the principal use is a single-family home. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 104 Recommended by Planning Commission �Lighting Application Minimum Footcandles Maximum Footcandles Parking lots, plazas, hardscape lighting, driveways, on site private roads, and outdoors sales areas (average must be between minimum and maximum). 2.5 10.0 Sidewalks, walkways, and bikeways (all areas must be between minimum and maximum). 2.0 10.0 Building entrances (without canopy) (light level must be between minimum and maximum within 5 feet of door). 2.5 10.0 Building entry, drive-up sales, and areas underneath canopies (such as hotel entrances and gas pumps) (average must be between minimum and maximum). 2.5 10.0 At any side or rear property line. 0.0 0.5 Any other location. 0.0 10.0 St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 105 Recommended by Planning Commission �Section 13.05 General Requirements (A) Light emanating from any lot that unnecessarily illuminates or interferes with the use or enjoyment of any other lot shall be prohibited. (B) All outdoor lighting shall be downward facing at a 90 degree angle and shielded so as to conceal the source of the light, except as otherwise described in this Ordinance. The Township Board may waive this provision upon determining that a light is not is not a nuisance to any residential property, and will not cause any potential dangers to traffic on a nearby road. (C) Lighting poles shall be located in a manner that will not interfere with pedestrian or automobile circulation. Light fixtures shall not exceed 20 feet in height, measured from grade to the bottom of the fixture. (D) Ornamental lighting is defined as lighting which is intended to set a mood, create a play of shadows, highlight a given area or element, but is not signage or advertising. This type of lighting is not intended to address the general lighting needs of the Site and shall in no case spill over or intrude onto an adjacent Site. Ornamental lighting must be a hidden source, and designed to directly illuminate a building, landscaping, or structure (such as public art or a flagpole). Ornamental lighting shall not have any movement or simulation of movement, nor shall it change color. (E) Lighting of Signs: See Article 10. Section 13.06 Prohibited Lighting (A) The operation of searchlights for advertising purposes is prohibited. (B) Flashing, pulsating, moving, chasing, or strobing lights, or any other lights that move or simulate movement, are prohibited. (C) Any light that creates glare (as defined in this Ordinance) outside of the site the fixture is located on, including lights shining from inside a building, must be removed or otherwise mitigated. Section 13.07 Exempt Lighting (A) The following light fixtures shall be exempt from this section, including exempt from the list of “prohibited lighting”: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 106 Recommended by Planning Commission �(1) Lighting necessary for construction or emergencies is exempt from the provisions of this article provided that said lighting is temporary and is discontinued immediately upon completion of the construction work or abatement of the emergency. Light fixtures may remain in place, but may not be activated except for emergencies. (2) Lighting that is required by the County, State, or Federal government, including, but not limited to, airport lighting and lighting of wireless telecommunications facilities, shall be exempt from this section. (3) Underwater lighting for fountains, swimming pools, and other man-made bodies of water shall be exempt from the lamp type and shielding provisions of this section, but shall comply with all other regulations. (4) Lighting of the U.S. flag, as recommended by the Flag Code, is exempt from this Section, provided that the spotlights must illuminate only the flag, and shall not be greater than 7000 lumens. (5) Special Temporary Non-Commercial Lighting for Christmas, Halloween, etc, provided it is not in place for more than 90 days. (6) Lighting of Roadways. Lighting of roads shall be designed in accordance with the Township Subdivision Ordinance and/or the regulations of the the County Road Department, as applicable to a given roadway. (7) Freestanding light fixtures (i.e. not attached to any structure) that are less than 18 inches tall and not upward-directed. (8) In-ground lighting designed to promote pedestrian safety. Section 13.08 Special Use Lighting (A) Upon approval of a special use permit by the Township Board, lighting systems not complying with the technical requirements of this Section but consistent with its intent may be installed for the following applications: (1) Sport fields and stadiums. (2) Industrial lighting for hazardous areas where the heat of the lighting fixture may cause a dangerous situation. (3) Bridges. (4) Specialized Theme Park lighting. (5) Public monuments, public buildings and Houses of Worship. (6) Industrial areas where higher pole heights are required to avoid interference of vehicle with the pole assembly. (7) Outdoor sales and display areas. (8) Other special lighting needs as determined by the Township Board. (B) To obtain such a permit, applicants shall demonstrate that the proposed lighting installation: (1) Utilizes fully shielded luminaires, unless the applicant demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Township Board, that such shielding is impractical. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 107 Recommended by Planning Commission �(2) Has received every reasonable effort to mitigate obtrusive light and artificial sky glow, supported by a signed statement from a registered engineer or by a certified lighting professional describing the mitigation measures. (3) The proposed lighting will not create unwarranted glare, sky glow, or light trespass. (4) Meets all requirements of this Ordinance to be approved for a Special Use Permit. (C) The Township Board may impose conditions on the Special Use related to the lighting, such as hours of operation, automatic dimmers, etc. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 108 Recommended by Planning Commission �Article 14: Landscaping Section 14.01 Intent (A) General. The Intent of this Article is to ensure the long-term environmental sustainability of the Township, as well as the Township’s natural beauty and pleasant aesthetic, by requiring robust and well-maintained landscaping and permeable ground cover at development sites throughout the Township. (B) Tree Coverage preserves and protects the Township’s urban tree canopy to prevent heat island effect, and ensures long-term environmental sustainability. The urban tree canopy includes trees in yards, parks, open spaces, along streets, and in other places where trees are appropriate. Section 14.02 Maintenance of Existing Landscape Material (A) Property owners shall take all reasonable measures to keep all landscaping alive and thriving. (B) All aspects of the approved landscape maintenance plan (See Section 14.04.B) must be carried out as described and/or mantained in working order, at all times. (C) All landscape materials, plant materials, manufactured materials shall be kept in a neat and orderly manner, free from debris and refuse. (D) All diseased, unhealthy, and dead plant material shall be removed immediately and replaced, unless it is determined weather conditions may jeopardize the health of the materials. (E) Replacement material, i.e. trees or shrubs, shall be installed at or as close as possible to the size of the material at the time of their removal. Section 14.03 Applicability of Requirements. Any project subject to a Site Plan Review shall be evaluated per the Landscape standards of this Article and shall be required to meet all applicable requirements. Section 14.04 Submittal Requirements. These elements must be included in all submitted landscape plans, unless explicitly determined by the Zoning Administrator to be unnecessary. (A) Existing and Proposed Landscape Features and Green Infrastructure. (1) Identification and placement of existing trees, vegetation, and other landscape elements. (2) Existing and proposed site contours on the project site and 100 feet beyond the lot lines at intervals not to exceed two feet. (3) Delineation of natural rivers, all wetlands, streams, water bodies, woodlands, wildlife areas, and steep slopes, and other sensitive environmental areas that may influence water quality and/or stormwater discharge rates. (4) Location, height, and type of any berms, fences, or walls, measuring 30 inches or higher. (5) Location of all overhead utilities and underground utility easements. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 109 Recommended by Planning Commission �(6) A tree inventory displayed as a map or plan with a list and description of the species, condition, and size for all trees six (6) inches Diameter Breast Height (DBH) or larger on the property. (7) For all trees to be retained, a root protection plan, showing tree and root protection zones and the method of protecting vegetation during construction. (8) Identification of existing trees, vegetation, and other landscape elements to be removed, and the reasons for removal. When tree replacement is required, include a table that lists the trees to be replaced, and the proposed replacement trees. (9) Location, size, spacing, and species of proposed plant and green infrastructure material. (10) Calculations showing the proposed landscape and green infrastructure plan meets the requirements of this section. (11) Specifications on soil depth, type/mix (including pH), open soil surface area, and planting methods. (12) Spacing between all trees and shrubs. (13) Installation method information for all lawn grass areas. (14) A table, demonstrating compliance with all numerical requirements, including the following information to allow determination of requirements by the approving authority: (a) Linear feet of frontage along all streets (b) Number of trees along the street frontage, as described in Section 14.07 (A) (c) Square footage of pavement (pervious and impervious) (d) Number of Parking Spaces (e) Number of Parking Lot Islands (f) Square Footage of Parking Lot Islands (g) Proposed Plantings on Each Parking Lot Island (h) Square footage of Parking Lot Perimeter Landscaping, as described in Section 14.07 (B) (i) Number of Trees and Shrubs in the Parking Lot Perimeter Landscaping, as described in Section 14.07 (B) (j) Designation of the choice of residential buffer, from the options in Section 14.07 (C) (k) Dimensions of the proposed residential buffer. (l) Proposed plantings in the residential buffer. (B) Maintenance Plan Requirements. The applicant, at the time of the submission of the Site Plan Approval, shall demonstrate that adequate provisions have been made, and adequate maintenance processes will be followed, in order to ensure that the landscaping is kept alive, thriving, attractive, and effective at meeting the requirements of this Article. Following are acceptable methods for ensuring the long-term maintenance of landscaping. The applicant must demonstrate which of these options, or others as may be deemed accepetable by the approving authority, will be used on a given site. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 110 Recommended by Planning Commission �(1) The installation of an irrigation system or outside hose bibs of sufficient quantity and location to provide water for the landscape areas where specified. (2) Integrating the landscape design into the stormwater system, through rain gardens or bioswales, or other methods to use stormwater to provide water to plantings. If this option is chosen, the proposed species must thrive in high water situations, and be resistant to salts and other pollutants that may enter stormwater. (3) A robust program of hands on maintenance, through dedicated staff or contractors, to be continued indefinitely to keep the landscaping alive and thriving. (C) Reasons and justifications for any proposed deviation from the standards of this Article. Section 14.05 Soil and Planting Requirements (A) Soil Requirements. (1) Minimum Soil Volume. The following minimum volumes of soil must be provided for each planting, in order to ensure sufficient space for root growth and long-term vitality of the planting. Plant Material Soil Volume (cu. ft.) Canopy/Shade Trees 500 Ornamental Trees 200 Evergreen Trees 200 Shrubs No Minimum (2) Topsoil shall be installed with a minimum depth of four (4) inches for lawn areas, and eight (8) to twelve (12) inches within planting beds.. For the purposes of this calculation, the maximum soil depth is three (3) feet. (3) Topsoil for landscaping shall be clean, good quality loam topsoil, dark in color with visible organic content and neutral pH. Topsoil must not contain underlying soils, debris, or stones greater than one-half (½) inch. Topsoil shall be of uniform quality and free from hard clods, stiff clay, sod, or other undesirable materials. (B) Species Requirements. (1) Must Thrive in St. Joseph Charter Township. All plant material shall be species that thrive in the St. Joseph Charter Township area (generally Plant Hardiness Zone 6), be free of disease and insects, and conform to the American Standard for Nursery Stock of the American Nurserymen. (2) Must Provide A Variety of Species. The landscape plan shall not contain more than thirty-three (33) percent of any single plant species. Landscape plans including fewer than 15 required plantings shall be exempt from this requirement. (3) Prohibited Invasive Species. The following species are considered invasive in Western Michigan and shall be prohibited, and shall not count towards landscape requirements if they are existing on a property: St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 111 Recommended by Planning Commission �Botanical Name Common Name Acer Ginnala Amur Maple Elaeagnus Umbellata Autumn Olive Robinia Spp. Black Locust Acer Negundo Box Elder Pyrus Calleryana Bradford/Callery Pear Rhamnus Cathartica Common Buckthorn Phragmites australis Common Reed Butomus umbellatus Flowering Rush Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Polygonum sahalinensis (Fallopia sachalinensis) Giant Knotweed Rhamnus Frangula Glossy Buckthorn Berberis Thunbergii Japanese Barberry Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed Populus nigra var. italica Lombardy Poplar Rosa Multiflora Multiflora Rose Acer platanoides Norway Maple Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Elaeagnus Angustifolia Russian Olive Centaurea Biebersteinii Spotted Knapweed Ailanthus Altissima Tree of Heaven (C) Minimum Plant Requirements. (1) Minimum Size at Planting. All plantings must be the following minimum sizes at installation, to maximize the chances of long-term health and vitality. Minimum Plant Size Where Measured Canopy/Shade Trees 2.5 in. caliper 6 inches above grade Ornamental Trees 2.0 in. caliper 6 inches above grade 5.0 ft. height Highest Point, including Leaves or Flowers 3.0 ft. height Highest Point, including Leaves or Flowers Plant Material Evergreen Trees Shrubs (2) Minimum Spacing. All plantings must be spaced the following distances apart at planting, in order to ensure sufficient space for long-term growth. The approving authority may permit reduced spacing in order to achieve required screening, provided the viability of the plant is not compromised. Plant Material Spacing on Center (ft.) Canopy/Shade Trees 35 ft. Ornamental Trees 15 ft. Evergreen Trees 15 ft. Shrubs 3 ft. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 112 Recommended by Planning Commission �(D) Lawn Grass Requirements. Lawn grasses shall be planted in species normally grown as permanent lawns in the St. Joseph Charter Township area. (1) Generally, grasses may be plugged, sprigged, seeded or sodded. When complete sodding or seeding is not used, nursery grass seed shall be sown and mulched for immediate protection until permanent coverage is achieved. Grass sod and seed shall be free of weeds and noxious pests or disease. (2) In swales and other areas susceptible to erosion, rolled sod, erosion reducing net or suitable mulch shall be used, and shall be staked where necessary for stabilization. Section 14.06 Required Landscaping The table below shows the required landscape installations by Zoning District. Additional standards for each type of landscaping are included in Section 14.07. R-1, R-2, R-3, (A) R-4 B-1, B-2, I-1, I-2 Design Requirements 1 per 40 feet of street frontage (C) 1 per 40 feet of street frontage 1 per 40 feet of street frontage Section 14.07.A Number of Trees No Requirement 1 per 1800 sf of pavement 1 per 1800 sf of pavement Minimum Area Per Island No Requirement 150 sf 150 sf Minimum Area of Perimeter Landscaping No Requirement 1 sf of landscaping per 20 sf of pavement 1 sf of landscaping per 20 sf of pavement At least 40% of required trees must be planted in islands, with a maximum of 2 trees per island. At least 40% of required trees must be planted in islands, with a maximum of 2 trees per island. Street Trees Parking Lot (B) Trees N/A 1 shade tree and 1 ornamental tree are required per 100 feet of parking lot perimeter, and must be planted within 25 feet of the parking lot, in a configuration that shades the parking lot effectively. Any additional required trees must be planted within 50 feet of the parking lot St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 113 1 shade tree and 1 ornamental tree are required per 100 feet of parking lot perimeter, and must be planted within 25 feet of the parking lot, in a configuration that shades the parking lot effectively. Section 14.07.B Any additional required trees must be planted within 50 feet of the parking lot Recommended by Planning Commission �Shrubs Residential Buffer No Requirement 10 per 100 feet of parking lot perimeter, planted within 25 feet of the parking lot. 10 per 100 feet of parking lot perimeter, planted within 25 feet of the parking lot. Required for NonResidential Uses adjacent to Residential Uses Required adjacent to all Residential Uses Required adjacent to all Residential Uses Section 14.07.C Footnotes to Table 14.06: (A) Non-residential uses in the R-1, R-2, or R-3 Districts shall be subject to the requirements for the B-1, B-2, I-1, and I-2 Districts. (B) Landscaping requirements shall be based on the square footage of all parking lot pavement, including pervious pavement. (C) The construction of an individual single family home shall not trigger the street tree requirement. However, constructing a neighborhood of single family homes (such as a plat, site condominium, or planned unit development) shall trigger the requirement. Additionally, any use requiring site plan approval in the R-1, R-2, or R-3 districts must meet the street tree requirement. Section 14.07 Landscape Design Requirements (A) Street Trees. (1) Location. If approved by the Berrien County Road Department, street trees shall be located within the public right-of-way. If not approved by the Road Department, street trees shall be located within 15 feet of the front lot line, on private property. (2) When Power Lines are Present. If power lines are present within the required street tree area described in Subsection 1, the trees must be ornamental trees with a maximum height of 24 feet. (B) Parking Lot Lansdscaping. (1) Islands. Landscape islands shall be provided to reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade, grant visual relief to expanses of parking, and contribute to the orderly circulation of motor vehicle and pedestrian traffic. (a) Dimensions: (i) Minimum Area: 150 square feet (ii) Minimum Width: At least 7 feet wide. (2) Curbs: Parking lots shall not be required to have curbs. However, if a lot does not have curbs, it shall meet the following requirements: (a) Bumper blocks must be provided at the ends of any parking spaces. (b) The ground cover and plantings adjacent to the pavement must be designed to thrive, given the anticipated sheet draining from the adjacent parking lot. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 114 Recommended by Planning Commission �(3) Ground Cover: Landscape islands may be covered with the following. However, some options will trigger additional requirements, as described below. (a) Grass/Lawn: If this option is chosen, at least 10 percent of the island must be a mulch planting bed featuring flowers or flowering shrubs. (b) Mulch: If this option is chosen, at least 1 shrub per 50 square feet must be planted on the island. The applicant may instead propose an arrangement of flowers, which may be substituted for the shrubs if approved by the approvign authority. (4) Between Parking Lot and Right-of-Way. If there is no building between the parking lot and a public right-of-way, the area between the right-of-way line and the parking lot must contain landscaping. Street trees placed in this area shall count towards both the street treet requirement and the parking lot perimeter requirement. (C) Residential Buffer Options. When buffering is required under Section 14.06, one of the following options must be chosen to meet the buffering requirement. (1) Wall. Screening walls must be at least 6 feet in height and solid/opaque in design. They must be constructed of masonry, brick, wood, or vinyl. (2) Berm. Berms used as residential buffering must include plantings designed to screen the residential use from the non-residential use or parking lot as a buffer area and shall meet the following requirements: (a) Berm slopes shall not exceed a four to one (4:1) horizontal to vertical ratio, with a top width of at least one-half (½) the berm height, and a maximum height of three (3) feet above the base of the berm. (b) Berm slopes shall be stabilized with a ground cover or suitable vegetation and properly located outside of clear vision areas. (c) When constructed, berms shall be maintained in good condition existing healthy vegetation designated for preservation. (D) Evergreen Screen. An evergreen screen shall consist of a staggered double-row of evergreen trees, forming a complete screen as viewed from the residential property, up to a height of 6 feet at planting. (E) Landscape Buffer Area. Berms used as residential buffering must include plantings designed to screen the residential use from the non-residential use or parking lot, and shall meet the following: (a) The buffer area must be at least 40 feet wide and must extend along the entire lot line. (b) The buffer area must include at least one tree per 500 square feet of landscape area. (c) The buffer area must include at least four shrubs per 500 square feet of landscape area. (d) The buffer area must be designed to replicate a natural arrangement of plantings, and must be designed so that the plantings will thrive. (F) Preserved Woodlands. A “Preserved Woodlands” shall be defined as an area with the following characteristics: (a) A minimum 50 feet wide extending along the entire property line abutting the residential property. (b) Fully screen the non-residential use or parking lot from the residential use to the top of the second story. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 115 Recommended by Planning Commission �(c) At least 90% of existing trees over 6 inches in Diameter Breast Height (DBH) must be retained within the Preserved Woodlands areas. Section 14.08 General Regulations (A) Setback from Right-of-Way. All landscaping, on all lots, must be set back at least three feet from right-ofway lines. No private entity shall plant landscaping within a public right-of-way. Required street trees shall be exempt from this requirement. (B) Required Vegetation. All areas not covered by buildings, parking areas, driveways, walkways, pedestrian plazas or other pedestrian-oriented impervious surfaces or water surfaces shall be planted with living vegetation, including canopy trees, shrubbery and ground covers. (C) Stabilization. All landscape planting areas shall be stabilized and maintained with seed, sod, ground covers, mulches or other approved materials to prevent soil erosion and allow rainwater infiltration. (D) Planting Beds. Bark used as mulch shall be maintained at a minimum depth of 2 inches. Mulch shall be spread in a manner that avoids soil compaction. (E) Edging: Planting beds shall be edged with plastic, metal, brick or stone in residential Zoning Districts and metal edging in all other Zoning Districts. (F) Timing of Planting. All required plant material shall be planted prior to issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. In the event that the project is completed during a time of year when planting is impractical, a temporary Certifcate of Occupancy may be issued with a deadline for installing the required landscaping and obtaining a permanent Certificate of Occupancy. a performance guarantee in the amount of the remaining improvements may be required. (G) Completion of Improvements. Tree stakes, tree ties and tree wrap shall be removed after completion of the initial growing season. (H) Minimum Height of Branches Over Sidewalks: No branch hanging over a public sidewalk shall extend lower than 12 feet from grade. (I) Protections During Construction. During construction of any building or structure, appropriate guards shall be maintained around all existing trees that will be retained on the site following construction. (J) Use of Existing Vegetation in Lieu of Required Plantings. The Township may determine that existing vegetation is sufficient to meet the spirit of this Ordinance. even if it does not meet the letter of the specific regulations. In order for existing vegetation to be approved in lieu of landscaping requirements, the applicant must comply with the following: (1) The applicant must submit a tree survey, completed by a professional landscape architect or arborist, identifying trees over 6 inch caliper on the site. (2) Existing trees must have sufficient room for their root structures maintained both during construction and in the final design. Sufficient room shall be defined as the extent of the tree’s canopy (its “dripline”), or another area proposed by a registered landscape architect and approved by the Planning Commission. (3) When the site contains existing woodlots or groups of trees, this survey may indicate the general species of trees and break down the woodlot by general size of material within the woodlot, rather than inventorying every tree St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 116 Recommended by Planning Commission �(4) Existing vegetation used to comply with the requirements of this section must be kept in good condition. In the event that the plants die, they must be replaced by conforming plantings. (K) Clear Corner Vision. All landscaping in all zoning districts must allow clear corner vision for all street intersections and driveway entrances. landscaping must be less than three feet tall within a triangle formed by two points, each 20 feet away from the intersection of the right-of-way line and the driveway, and the line connecting them. St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance 117 Recommended by Planning Commission � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context St-Joseph-Charter-Twp_Zoning-Ordinance_2021 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource St. Joseph Charter Township Planning Commission, St. Joseph Charter Township, Berrien County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-07-19 Title A name given to the resource St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance Description An account of the resource The St. Joseph Charter Township Zoning Ordinance was prepared by the St. Joseph Charter Township Planning Commission and made effective on July 19, 2021. Subject The topic of the resource Zoning--Michigan St. Joseph Charter Township (Mich.) Berrien County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a2e3f95bbbd7821871f4c78f00670cc4.mp4 300287ef860bea19361a1d22fdac4202 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a52bff953f5a09f84822fcf2a6694698.pdf 4900c2c72133c5d084f4cf589b8fab32 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Notes Length: 1:07:20 Darwin “Gabby” Stafford WWII Veteran United States Army; January 1945 to June 1946 Mechanized Calvary (0:00) Early years • Born in Bridgeport (by Saginaw, MI) on Oct. 1, 1917 • 7 kids in the family; 2 older, 4 younger • Mom died when Gabby was 8 years old (1:19) Before grade school • Had a Model T Ford Coupe. • Dad had vegetable stand where sold tomatoes, cucumbers, etc. (2:47) Grade school • Went to Hess school (about 1.5 miles from home) then went to Oriole, which was 2 miles away • Hess school o 1 room school house, K-8 o Stayed only 1 year and then went to Oriole school (started Oriole in 2nd grade) • Oriole school o 2 room school house • One time for Christmas, Gabby and his brothers got BB guns. While one of the neighbor girls (whom they were good friends with) was using the outhouse, Gabby and his brothers tried to hit her by aiming through the cracks in the outhouse walls. Gabby’s dad found out and broke the BB guns. (6:55) First job • When 10 years old, Dad got him a job on Frank James’ farm • Often was kept out of school to do farm work • Only went through 7th grade (9:30) Second job • At 16 years old, ran away • Got job on Gordon Reid’s farm (Farmer Frank James’ father-in-law) • Farms operated on horse power, not tractors • Worked at Reid’s for 2 years for $15/month (10:50) How got the name Gabby • At 18, went to work in Saginaw in a factory called Lufkin Rule • During his first few days while working on the press, Gabby and his co-workers got to talking • The boss chewed him out for talking but the boss didn’t know Gabby’s name (since Gabby was a new worker) and so boss called him “Gabby.” The name has stuck ever since �• Worked at Lufkin Rule for 5 years (15:54) Model A Ford Coupe • Brother backed up into ditch right in front of the house • Gabby learned to drive at 17 • Never had a tractor when growing up; all horse power (17:39) Marriage • Got married to Luella May Ward in June 1940 • Luella was one of 7 siblings • Met her in church; wife was quite religious (18:46) The pig • Shares a story about butchering a pig • Used a big black kettle, 3 feet in diameter. Would lay pig on a platform and slide the pig into the kettle (20:27) More about marriage • Luella and Gabby dated for 7 months and then got married • Had first baby May 1941 (21:40) News stories • Didn’t read too much about the current events • Remembers when Social Security began o Took money from paycheck ƒ Didn’t take much from him though because was working at Lufkin Rule for 32 cents/hour • Began working for Eaton Manufacturing in Saginaw (for 90 cents/hour) o A defense plant o Worked there for 3 years o Because worked at this plant, Gabby was deferred from the Army for a little while o Worked on a punch press, which made a valve for right airplane motors ƒ Discusses the process of making the parts (27:11) Family • In 1941 had a baby girl, in 1943 had a boy(27:24) Pearl Harbor • Working at Lufkin Rule at the time • Drafted in 1945, wife was pregnant with 3rd child • Could have gotten out of draft but duty to join army because all 5 brothers were in the service o Lost 1 brother in the war (30:40) Drafted • Drafted in 1945 • Went to Detroit and then sent to Fort Sheridan, IL • Then went to Fort Riley, KN (31:50) Fort Riley • Arrived on a troop train in uniform and began basic training • Used to go to church while at camp; one day when leaving church, saw a billfold on the sidewalk with $2 in it. Called the phone number found in the billfold and the man who answered the phone said it was his daughters who had lost it when �leaving Sunday school. When arrived at the church to retrieve the billfold, saw that Gabby was a soldier and the man invited Gabby for dinner. The man was a chicken farmer and Gabby had the best dinner: chicken with strawberry shortcake for dessert. (33:54) Basic training and the train ride to Fort Riley • Had friend (David Ross) from Birch Run; tried to stick together but Ross ended up in the Horse Calvary and Gabby ended up in Mechanized Calvary o Mechanized Calvary ƒ Did a lot of marching, drove armored cars, practiced shooting, etc. • On way to Fort Riley from Fort Sheridan, Gabby and 3 buddies were playing euchre on the train. A Sergeant came in and asked for 4 volunteers. No one in the car volunteered and so the Sergeant volunteered Gabby and his 3 buddies. Ended up being was one of the best situations because got to work in the kitchen. • Trains were from WWI ; steam powered o Tunnels were very dirty to ride through (39:23) California • Sent to Fort Ord for 2 days then sent to Camp Cook o His outfit was preparing to go to Japan • In between the Fort Ord and Camp Cook, got a 10 day leave o On Gabby’s way home, Japan surrendered o Very glad to see wife and family (40:58) Service • When drafted, Gabby’s dad died and so used up emergency leave to go to the funeral; because of this, was unable to make it home for his third child’s birth o All kids are 2 years apart (41:29) The end of WWII • Had to go back to CA for discharge papers o Told a fib; said that had transportation to get home from CA because the US government would pay 5 cents/mile to get back home if the soldier had his own transportation; Gabby actually hitchhiked home • When in the service, Gabby’s wife moved in with her sister; his wife bought the groceries and her sister furnished the house • Grocery bill totaled $300 o Gabby told the grocery man that if his wife needed anything to let her have it; Gabby said that he would pay the bill when he got out of the service; Gabby used his pay from the service and his travel pay to pay for the grocery bill • Went back to work for Eaton for 3 months and then was laid off • Went back for another year, then laid off again • Swept the streets of Birch Run for a dollar a day, put siding on houses • 1946 was a hard time because the factories were all switching back to civilian production • Worked for Buick on and off • Bought a John Deere tractor and used it for his 5 acres of land • Lived in Birch Run for 45 years �(47:20) Buick • All together he worked there for 30 years • Started at $1.25/hour and when retired made $12/ hour • Became a millwright o Responsible for working/ moving equipment after production hours (53:31) Fishing story • Built a pond on property; stocked it with fish • One time when fishing with his son, caught an 18 inch catfish • Put him in the cooler with water because Gabby wanted to put the fish in his pond. Ended up driving pretty fast; police pulled him over for speeding. Gabby showed the officer his live catfish in the cooler and explained that he was trying to get home to put it in his pond. The officer let him go. (55:40) Masonry • Was deer hunting with a bunch of guys who were Masons o Asked how to become a Mason and he was given an application • Became a Mason in January 1953; became a master in 1963 • In 2003, he was a Mason for 50 years o Can still do all 3 degrees o He is also a Shriner • One of his sons is also a Mason (1:03:45) Reflection on life • Very blessed • Had a good wife who raised 5 sons and 1 daughter • Has 17 grandchildren, 32 great-grandchildren, and 1 great-great grandchild • Lives in Masonic Lodge • Still goes to church every Sunday � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context StaffordD Title A name given to the resource Stafford, Darwin F. (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stafford, Darwin F. Description An account of the resource Darwin "Gabby" Stafford served in the United States Army during WW II in the Mechanized Calvary from January 1945 to June 1946 in Kansas and California. In this interview, Gabby discusses life on a farm during the Depression and the first time Social Security was introduced. He shares stories of his time in the Army including one about being treated to dinner at a chicken farm as a reward for returning a wallet, and being "volunteered" for kitchen duty while on the train to Fort Riles, Kansas. Gabby was a Mason for over 50 years. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-15 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/95a914b4908079138d815fe8df22c4af.mp4 aa27d4f0a2534cbe4e542bc768acab44 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc54fae39aafc19b066a803026de8447.pdf 1f1ecece6b17dd9416478001cb58e703 PDF Text Text Raymond Stafford (1:41:38) (00:01) Background Information • Raymond was born in Sault Ste Marie, Michigan in 1937 • His father worked at the Sault Locks and for a dredge company • Raymond is about one third Chippewa Indian and they were discriminated against where they lived • He spent a year in a hospital in Marquette, Michigan with polio when he was young • They moved to Hart, MI and his father worked at Norge in Muskegon, Michigan • Raymond had two older brothers that were in the Navy • He enlisted in the Navy in 1954 and was sent to Great Lakes Naval Academy (07: 50) Training • Raymond did a lot of marching and took classes during basic training • It was easy for him to adjust to the Navy • The majority of his company had enlisted • He got sent to Charleston, SC and was assigned to do experimental mine sweeping • Raymond was on a mine craft boat that was 30 feet long with a crew of 3 • It was very cold and the salt water was frozen on the piers • They lived on a different ship and just trained on the mine sweeper • It was too cold for him, so he put in a transfer to go to the Panama Canal Zone (18:07) Panama • Raymond got assigned to the 15th Naval HQ base • On the way down to Panama in 1955 he went to Havana, Cuba • His job on the base was on the security force and he would escort visitors • President Eisenhower came down to tour the base and Donald was a honor guard for him • Before he got down there the president of Panama was assassinated �• When he didn’t have anything to do he did maintenance and cleaned • He stayed here for a year and then moved to a base across the canal called Coco Solo • At Coco Solo he was assigned to water security • He had to check the boats going through the canal and if they were foreign, the marines had to board them • He was here for about a year and then reenlisted (26:30) SS Iowa • Raymond got sent to Norfolk, Virginia and was put on the battleship USS Iowa • A hurricane came and they had to move, but they still got hit • They didn’t lose any ships in the hurricane, but water was coming up onto the battleship • Raymond was assigned to a Personnel Officer • They went to San Juan, Puerto Rico to fire their 16 inch guns at an island • He had to help unload the ship of all its ammo in Norfolk so that it could be sent to Philadelphia to get decommissioned • While the ship was being closed down they sealed the compartments, but they did not know that Raymond and others were sleeping, so they spent half a day banging on the hatch until someone heard them (34:08) SS Galveston • Raymond was then assigned to the SS Galveston that was being built a couple piers down • The Galveston was a guided missile light cruiser built for the Talus missile • They took the ship back down to Puerto Rico for training • The crew was able to watch from the deck while the Talus missile was being fired • After the missile was fired it started to come back towards the ship, so they had to detonate it and pieces hit the deck • Raymond spent a year and a half on the Galveston (36:40) Base Duty �• He was assigned to a base in Little Creek, Virginia, where his brother was also stationed • Raymond ran a carpenter shop • When he was aboard the Galveston he went to school and made petty officer 3rd class • At Little Creek he made petty officer 2nd class (41:07) Repair Ships • Raymond was sent to be on the USS Sierra, a destroyer repair ship • He went to Guantanamo Bay in 1962 and ended up having to be on the line of ships for the Cuban Missile Crisis • Castro turned off the water to Guantanamo Bay but he did not realize they had their own water • He was then put on the USS Holland, a sub repair ship • JFK visited to watch a missile demonstration • They went to Spain on the Holland and hit a storm that lasted for 5 days • During the storm the crane cables stretched and they almost had to blow the crane off the ship with explosives to save the ship from sinking • He was in charge of the forward anchors • Raymond spent two and a half years on the Holland (52:22) Plane Guard • He was then sent to a guided missile destroyer • They did plane guard duty on the shores of Florida • One of their jobs was to help the pilots that crashed into the water while learning to take off from an air craft carrier • On their way back down to Florida they got a call to use top speed to get to New York because one of the people that was on the ship had Tuberculosis • When they got to New York they were quarantined and spent a month getting checked out • Raymond reenlisted on the Richard E. Berg and made 1st class petty officer �• He then requested to be on shore duty (58:07) Shore Duty • Raymond got transferred to the USS Orion repair ship • In 1968 he was sent to Columbus, Ohio and made Chief petty officer • It was his job to move the training center in Columbus to a new location • They trained recruits for active duty • Raymond had received a test that he had to take from DC and wasn’t told what it was, then he got news he passed and was going to be transferred (1:06:06) Training for Vietnam • He was sent to Monterey, California for a 15 week course at the Defense Language Institutes to learn Vietnamese • Raymond said the language was very hard to learn because the pitch changes in their voice • He was then sent to Camp Pendleton for survival school • Raymond was assigned with 55 other people to Survival, Evasion, and Resistance Escape school or SERE • They trained on the beach, in the mountains and in a fake POW camp • He then went to San Diego, CA to finish up his classes (1:15:14) Vietnam • Raymond was sent to Hawaii, Guam and then Saigon • He was put in charge of 35 Vietnamese and 15 Americans on a Patrol River Boat (PBR) unit • It was their job to maintain and repair the PBRs • They were put on full alert when a Vietnamese cargo boat came down the river on fire • Raymond was there in 1971 and 1972 • His father had cancer and Raymond was sent home �• He was then sent to Norfolk, Virginia for Commander of Amphibious operations Training Command (1:29:43) Retirement • Raymond had taken the test to become a chief warrant officer a couple times and passed it, but they wouldn’t accept him • He put in for his retirement from the Navy and then heard he was being considered for the chief warrant officer • Raymond tried to cancel his retirement but they said it was final; he retired in July of 73 • Raymond then started a painting repair business in Virginia where he worked until 1975 • He then moved to the Grand Rapids, Michigan area with his wife and four children • In Byron Center, Michigan he opened a rental store and continued working there for 20 years • Raymond loved the Navy and felt that it made him a stronger person � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context StaffordR Title A name given to the resource Stafford, Raymond (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stafford, Raymond Description An account of the resource Raymond Stafford was born in Sault Ste Marie, Michigan in 1937. He enlisted in the Navy and was assigned to a mine sweep boat, but later moved down to the Panama Canal Zone to be on the security force. After that he went on the SS Iowa, the SS Galveston and the USS Sierra battleships and trained on the east coast. While he was on the USS Sierra he took part in the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1968 Raymond was sent to Columbus, Ohio and made chief petty officer. He went through the survival, evasion, resistance, and escape program and was sent to Vietnam to be in charge of a patrol boat river unit. Raymond spent 2 years in Vietnam and was sent back to the US. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-22 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/55d30aa673e2e6f555681959012b2756.pdf 58c6a5551df801e2ceae5faf434a3238 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Vietnam Era Christal Stanton (17:45) Background Information (00:30) • • • • • Born in Battle Creek, Michigan, on October 2nd 1954. (00:33) She was raised on a farm and had a little brother. (00:40) Christal was enrolled in community college before going to service. (00:55) She was interested in serving in the military because she wished to make the world a better place. (1:13) She enlisted in the Army. (1:40) Overview of Service (1:50) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • She enlisted in October of 1974. She was then sent to Alabama for 2 months of basic training. (1:53) Christal worked as a typist under a first Sergeant. (2:47) Additional training to work with mail was also given to Christal. She worked at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. (3:21) Basic training consisted of waking up at 4 AM and emphasis on following orders and discipline. (4:00) At AIT (Advanced Individual Training) the women were allowed weekend passes. (5:00) The men and the women on base were thoroughly separated. (5:45) She was assigned to Colorado Springs where she worked as a typist. She enjoyed working with officers more than the standard enlisted men. (6:41) Christal did not like the Vietnam War. (7:50) She failed to make and retain close friends in the service. (8:40) Pay phones and writing letters were the two primary forms of communication. Occasionally members of her family would visit Christal. (10:12) Te amount of communication with friends and family during basic was limited in order to sever the dependency members had on their family and friends. (11:27) Sightseeing and hiking was a common free time activity. (12:07) When the war ended there was not a lot of respect for the returning veterans. (12:56) Because she wasn’t in combat, she was received well by her family and friends. (13:28) Life after Service (15:00) • • • After her service Christal did receive her college degree. (15:04) It was evident that Christal was changed as result of her service. This made it difficult to assimilate back to her former life. (15:40) She highly valued seeing the world and the effects this had on her. (17:34) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context StantonC1398V Title A name given to the resource Stanton, Christal Gayle (Interview outline), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stanton, Christal Description An account of the resource Christal Stanton served in the U.S. Army from approximately 1974-1976 as a typist. She attended basic training in Alabama and served most of her time in the army as a typist on a base in Colorado. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cardwell, Bailey (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-25 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives