817 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/afaeedd957f9fcb481be8d8d913dcd61.pdf fd5fa122a243c65569ddf8dca4fb5edd PDF Text Text RATIONAL REINDUSTRIALIZATION - - an economic development agenda for detroit dan luria jack russell $3.00 �--------------------• RATIONAL REINDUSTRIALIZATION Copyright © 1981 Rational Reindustrialization is an agenda for the creation of 100,000 secure, well-paid industrial jobs in Detroit. It consists of the phased implementation of a program that includes converting idle, mainly automotive, productive capacity to the manufacture of energy hardware for the oil, gas, and coal gasification industries. Because private capital cannot be counted on to assume the risks associated with such a conversion program, Rational Reindustrialization will be at least partially based on public/worker enterprises. Dan Luria is principal energy and automotive regulatory analyst in the Research Department of the United Auto Workers Union (UAW). He has been politically active in Detroit since moving there in 1976. Jack Russell has lived and worked politically in Detroit for the past decade. Since 1978, he has served as economic development policy analyst on the staff of Detroit City Councilman Kenneth V. Cockrel. Orders Widgetripper Press c/o Russell, 19660 Stratford, Detroit, MI 48221 Make checks payable to authors Bulk Rates Available First Printing Text preparation: Cover photo: Beverly Bydlos Russ Marshall �0 T E: LIB Preface As we enter the 1980s, is there any compelling reason to believe that the cities of America's midwestern industrial crescent will survive as productive human settlements? Detroit and Cleveland, Akron and Youngstown, Buffalo, Gary and the rest have suffered massive economic dislocations; the specter of regional disaster looms. Accelerating ind us trial dis investment may destroy the American Foundry, wasting productive lives and capital, as the once-thriving workshop cities become austere reservations containing a surplus, unemployable population. In benighted homage to "market forces," some observers baldly court such a future, holding that frostbel t cities are beyond help, and that pouring resources into their redevelopment is a bad investment. we reject this prospect as morally indefensible, politically destructive, and economically wasteful and irrational. we believe that reasonable human beings with different stations in the economy and with distinct needs and interests can nevertheless find a rational common ground from which to advocate and plan the regeneration of our region, even as our political contests continue. In this essay, we seek such a common ground by offering an agenda for the revitalization of Detroit, one which in generic form applies to other northern cities as well. We argue that frostbelt reindustrialization requires moving beyond past exercises in wishful thinking, right and left alike, about how to plan an economy. Some readers may find our �2 Rational Reindustrialization contribution too pragmatic and apolitical, while others may judge it hopelessly left-utopian. We yield to both er i tic isms, asking only that they be made as forcefully as possible. Rational Reindustrialization was written to help advance the level of debate in Detroit and the United States over questions of industrial policy and urban revitalization. we openly seek the attention of investment bankers and UAW local education committees, of frostbelt politicians and corporate leaders, of urban planners and the urban unemployed, of Detroit's Economic Growth Corporation and Detroit's community organizations, of Felix Rohatyn and the thinking left, of Doug Fraser, Roger B. Smith and the hundreds of thousands of workers who depend on the organizations they lead. We do not pretend equal solidarity with all of these groups and representatives. We are unabashedly opposed to most aspects of laissez-faire and state capitalism alike. We are not impressed with what orthodox economic development policy has to offer the working majority of America's Detroi ts. We see scant evidence that either the free market ideologues of the Reagan right or the stunned liberals groping for poli tical survival have a program to reindustrialize Detroit and other frostbelt centers. We speak with conviction from the left, but reject as irrelevant the vagaries of those sectarian "leftists" who seem incapable of understanding the strategic politics of reform. Amid the chatter, however, we hear increas~ng interest from a number of quarters in the planned restructuring of the urban economy and the innovations that might enable such an undertaking. . ~ational Reindustrialization is the product of two Detroiters without formal training in the field of economic development. We have been schooled in such matters by the J?ressures of. t1:ade union and local government politics in Ameri~a's most d1sinvested city. This essay is our modest contribution toward the program around which a coalition to rebuild Ame~ica's cities and industrial base must someday unite if a rational economy is to be constructed. Detroit August 1981 �Table of Contents 5 INTRODUCTION THINKING RATIONALLY ABOUT REINDUSTRIALIZATION 12 OUR PRODUCTION LINE: ENERGY HARDWARE 15 Deep Gas and Heavy Oil Equipment 16 Cogenerators and Industrial Process Engines 17 Minemouth Gasifiers 18 ON THE PUBLIC ACCOUNT 28 TOWARD THE RATIONAL REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF DETROIT 35 Pilot Project Phase 38 "Mixed Enterprise Zone• Phase 44 Mature Plan Phase 51 NATIONA~ POLICY AND RATIONAL REINDUSTRIALIZATION 52 Policy for the Auto Transition 52 Policy for the Energy Transition 55 Policy for Capital Targeting 56 OUR AGENDA CAN WORK 60 �Introduction Detroit is wounded. For thirty years, we have bled jobs and capital to the suburbs, to the South, and overseas. During the past five years, Detroit's condition has become critical. New wounds have been opened. We have hemorrhaged economic life as never before. In the 1980s, a city once the vital hub of America's Great Lakes industrial heartland is becoming a grim monument to the waste of an unplanned economy. While the Mayor exhorts the taxpayers to save our City, a Presidential Commission has concluded that America's Detroits are disposable containers of economic activity which, now nearly empty, may be cast aside. Detroit's economy is being killed by industrial disinvestment. Detroit's major manufacturers have not returned to the city the weal th we have created. On the contrary, the profits produced by Detroit labor have built new factories elsewhere, or been distributed to stockholders, or funded often ill-advised corporate adventures. In 1947, the city held over 280,000 manufacturing jobs in some 3,300 firms. Today, Detroit hosts less than 100,000 such jobs in fewer than 1,700 firms. This industrial disinvestment has eroded our tax base and distorted our expenditure priori ties. It is the fundamental cause of the municipal fiscal crisis we now confront and with which we will continue to struggle for years. Proclamation of Detroit's Renaissance will not end the trauma of industrial disinvestment. Downtown recommercialization can replace neither the number nor the quality of the jobs lost as our industry dies. The family of the unemployed auto worker is not saved by employing one daughter as a file clerk at the Renaissance Center or one son as a security guard at Riverfront West. Indeed, the past four years have shown the fragility of the downtown Renaissance and how clearly its full development is endangered by the continuing destruction of Detroit's industrial base. We believe that the 1980s will determine Detroit's fate: either industrial Detroit will be rebuilt and recover an important position in the national economy, or disinvestment will destroy the life chances of our youth, our capacity for local self-government, and much of the useful wealth created by three generations of Detroi ters. By the 1990s, Detroit will either be a diversified manufacturing center of~ new kind, or it will be a discarded city of vacant factories and �6 Rational Reindustrialization abandoned homes from which the remaining affluent shield themselves in residential enclaves and a well-fortified downtown. If Detroit is to survive as a city in which working people can prosper, we must ~edefine and reord~r our develo?ment priorities. we believe that a rational economic development strategy for Detroit must be a least-cost program to retain and create tens of thousands of high-wage, cyclically insensitive industrial jobs. This essay is a first sketch of such a program. Before we present our arguments, however, we should enter three caveats. First, we are not opposed to the relocation of investment capital within cities of a metropolis, regions of a nation, or even the nations of the world. We oppose only its unplanned, socially wasteful, and privately con trolled movement. Once the relatively high wages enjoyed by Detroit auto workers had filled up the city's available space with single family homes, it was inevitable and desirable that those forms of auto production requiring extensive space would subsequently be built in suburban and rural greenfields. But it was neither inevitable nor desirable that metropolitan Detroit be politically balkanized into hostile municipalities differentiated by class and race; that metropolitan tax base sharing would thus become impossible; that a powerful auto/oil/construction/consumer durables lobby would decree the federal highway and mortgage policies that replicated the suburban phenomenom section by section to 26 Mile Road and beyond; that Detroit would be gutted by freeway trenches rather than served by mass transit; nor that the city's commerce would be mauled by the placement of major shopping centers just beyond its borders. The spatial catastrophe of metropolitan Detroit is a sufficient argument for greater social control of investment. Similarly, the siting of some new auto plants in the We~t and the South has been a logical and desirable response ~o regional growth and the development of new markets. But it is hardly in the interests of society as a whole that some firms leave Michigan because unionized workers can claim a greater share of the wealth they produce and because our citizens have organized politically for better protections from unsafe work and the vagaries of the capitalist business cycle. . We w~ll not a~vocate the socially irrational imP71s~nment of private capital within Detroit or southeastern Michig~n. _we will argue for radically increased government au~hority 1n. the economy; for new structures that allow barga~ned planning beween private capital labor and government; an for an overall economic developme~t pla; that will eventua!ly allow the City and its agencies to appropriate and reinves locally some of the weal th the planned semi-public economy creates. ' �Introduction 7 Second, we are not opposed to Detroit's Renaissance. We do believe it should be demystified. The much-celebrated rebirth is in essence an attempt to protect the value of existing investments and future profit opportunities in the downtown hub. The banks, retailers, utilities, and other businesses downtown have been threatened by the disinvestment of Detroit, especially since 1967. The Renaissance was their self-interested redevelopment strategy long before it became the keystone policy of the Administration of Mayor Coleman Young. By logic and law, many of the down town businesses are less mobile than industry. They must stay and protect their futures. We hope they build and succeed. We do challenge, however, the terms they offer for development, the logic of their strategy, and the absurd conceit that somehow their success will be the salvation of a city ravaged by industrial disinvestment. This is not the place for an exhaustive review of the terms that business has demanded and won for the investments that have moved downtown Detroit forward, fitfully, since the mid-1970s. When and if just the beachhead projects (Trolley Plaza, Riverfront West, the Millender Center, and the Cadillac Mall) are completed, hundreds of millions of federal and local public revenues will have facilitated these private developments. Even with this huge taxpayers' subsidy, the downtown commercial renaissance is risky business. Unlike, say, Chicago, Detroit is a post-automobile city. Detroit grew up between 1910 and 1930 as a low-density, spread-out city with development determined primarily by industrial locations. The financial/commercial/cultural/administrative functions associated with the downtown hub were less substantial than in other cities, and never generated a significant nearby residential community. Depression and War caused a 20-year hiatus in any further hub development, and by the 1950s the freeway network converging on the central business district insured that the vast majority of the region's affluent households would locate in the suburbs even if the primary breadwinner worked down town. The grand designs for the future development of downtown Detroit are based upon the questionable belief that many thousands of salaried professionals and managers can be induced to settle there with their families. Some will surely be attracted to the amenities of the river and the hub, but with Detroit's extraordinary upper-middle-class home bargains and the comfortable, secure suburbs just minutes away by freeway, we believe the downtown Renaissance may well abort. Given the high risk, the developers' current terms, the narrow strata of the population served, and the limited impact on the local economy, we do not believe that the downtown strategy should �8 Rational Reindustrialization have priority claims on the City's precious economic development resources. Even if our skepticism is unfounded, and downtown Detroit is recommercialized on the foundation of a substantial newmarket-rate residential community, it is not at all obvious what that offers most Detroiters. To what extent, we ask would the huge economic damage wrought by ind us trial disinvestment be repaired by a flourishing service economy in the hub? Unfortunately, even a booming commercial Renaissance on the riverfront and downtown would not meet the needs of working class Detroit. It would not deliver the jobs. When built, the Riverfront west luxury apartments will employ fewer than 15 people; the Trolley Plaza building will provide no more; nor will the other contemplated residential developments. The proposed Detroit Hilton might contribute 1,000. The Cadillac Center, if ever built, would add at most 2,000 new jobs to the Detroit economy. Each job is welcome, but it is fantasy to hope that hotels, a shopping center, some office buildings, and the service needs of wealthy condominium owners will be able to employ the workers, and the children of workers, who have been discharged from our closed factories. Moreover, the jobs that the commercial Renaissance may provide will contribute far less to the families of the employed and to the economy of the city than have the high-wage, national market, industrial jobs they "replace." During the past 30 years, Detroit has lost 27% of its population but nearly 70% of its jobs in manufacturing. In 1981, over 400,000 Detroiters -- one in every three -- receives some form of public assistance. No rebirth of downtown, ,, even if it succeeds against heavy odds, will provide the resources to heal our community. A different conception of economic development must address the needs of the majority. . Third, we acknowledge the important efforts at community develop~ent in Detroit, but argue that these efforts at best only partially balm the wounds of disinvestment; they do not c~nst1tute a cure for the disease. Detroit needs all the housing dollars a~d programs we can get, but we should understand ~hat the neighborhoods created by a high-wage, high employment industrial economy between 1910 and the 1950s will not be renewed, especially at today• s cos ts in an economy based on trans!er payments from the federal g~vernment and on low-w~ge service employment. The best housing program for Detroit would be one that reopens our plants and employs our homeowners. . . Similarly, most neighborhood commerce cannot survive drained by the suburban malls and dependent on the Detroit Ir �Introduction 9 poor. If Detroit can reindustrialize and employ our people, then neighborhood merchants will have a chance. If industrial disinvestment continues unchecked, we will have boutiques for the downtowners and party stores for the people. The small manufacturers and job shops, portant element in most Detroit neighborhoods, are gered by disinvestment. As the big plants close, up; family owners are forced to consider relocation long an imalso endanorders dry or closing. Efforts to regenerate our housing stock, stabilize some neighborhood commerce, and assist our small manufacturers are essential. During the Reagan years, we will have fewer resources for this work. But even if we had twice the funds, this work would only slow our decline rather than rebuild our economy. What will rebuild it? This essay argues the outlines of an answer. Let us begin with a paradox: the very severity of Detroit's industrial disinvestment may create an opportunity. While we have been losing industrial jobs for many years, the exodus has become particularly acute since the mid-1970s. Two rounds of OPEC price increases; the failure of the federal government to adopt a rational gasoline pricing policy; the loss of market to fuel-ef f ic ien t, inexpensive, quality imports from Japan; two deep national recessions; the shift to smaller engines, front-wheel-drive, lighter materials, and smaller cars; and the downsizing of the Chrysler Corporation have all contributed to a sudden, severe, and traumatic decline in automobile industry activity in the city of Detroit. Tens of thousands of workers have been permanently dismissed. Sever al rnaj or plan ts have closed; more will follow. Smaller plants that built components for obsolete technologies or products have been abandoned. Orders from smaller parts suppliers have ceased. Tool and die shops are without work. In less than 30 months, multiple shocks have broken many of the crucial links that had held together Detroit's ailing but still viable automotive industry. Are these links permanently broken, or can they be reforged? In some quarters, optimism about Michigan's future in the automotive economy runs high. Transport economies and attempts to emulate Japanese-style inventory management may recentralize in our State some of the previously lost major elements of the industry. Southeastern Michigan still has important comparative advantages in labor skills, transport infrastructure, abundant water, and the substantial remaining share of auto production. But Detroit cannot hope to win back much of what we have lost; our built environment is a huge barrier to major new industrial construction. The staggering public costs borne to prepare the new Cadillac Plant site indicate the price extracted for merely retaining 6,000 of the �10 Rational Reindustrialization 14 000 Cadillac jobs we had less than a decade ago. Detroit wiil do well to retain just the auto jobs we still have in 1981. Much of our auto industry, then, is gone or going. But in the wake of its passing there remain crucial resources which we argue, constitute the opportunity to rationally reindustrialize the city. Capital leaves, but labor skills remain. Plants are closed, but not razed. Railways and freeways still tie the factories together and connect them to the nation. The links between the hundreds of small- and medium-sized vendors and the major facilities are damaged, but not broken beyond repair. The engine of production that was built over the span of a half-century has not yet been scrapped, nor should it be. Detroit can still bend metal. We believe that Detroit can and must take a bold step forward during the 1980s. To survive as a city where working people can prosper, Detroit must forge a new role for local government in planning the redevelopment of industry in a frostbelt city. There are industrial products that the American economy and the world must have. If we are bold, we can build them, and as we do so rebuild our city. To have any hope of success in such an undertaking, it is first necessary to shed the constricting assumptions of orthodox economic development thinking. Specifically, we must leave behind four axioms: 1. Only the private sector can produce goods and services aimed at more than the local market and hence the overriding goal of public policy is to create~ context conducive to private sector growth; 2. The realms of work and residence are inexorably split, with the former ceded to private interests but the latter subject to intense parochial struggle; . 3. Pu?lic policy operates at the margins of a basically sound priv~te economy, seeking to solve only those problems that the private sector can't or won't; and . 4 •. Local government is the mediator of conflicting con st ituency interests and, as such cannot plan the local economy bu~ merely facilitate the prdcess of compromise among th e competing groups' claims and interests. f th We begin from a perspective that rejects all four . tese assumptions. First, we believe that currently there ex1s s · -d no workable prog ram f or 1nduc1ng • . • d econo privately-finance proce:~cb evel?pment. Th~r~ is, moreover, no self-correcting Y which urban d1s1nvestment creates the conditions necessary for expanded reinvestment of the kind and on the 0 11111----------- ~ ~ v �Introduction 11 scale required. From this outlook flows the need to project our own concept of "rational economic development," one which transcends wishful thinking about an orderly transition from an industrial economy to a service economy and seeks to build upon the actual history of Detroit as a producer of durable goods for the national and international economies. Others before us have, to be sure, seen the need to preserve and revitalize Detroit's aging industrial base through planned conversion to the production of socially useful goods needed by America and the world. Walter Reuther, for example, popularized demands for reorienting facilities supplying the 1941-45 war effort to making building supplies for low-cost housing. Our effort seeks to apply this legacy of intent to the now very much more difficult circumstances of Detroit in the 1980s. Second, we reject the inevitability of a public sector role limited to creating a context in which private business, if it wants to, may invest. Put another way, we dispute the value of using government as a tool to "improve the business climate" in pursuit of chancy rewards, and project the possibility that we, the citizenry, through government, can actually choose the rewards we want and use increasingly public resources to achieve them. Third, we refuse to cede to the private sector complete control over the realm of work, where workers produce their standards of living. We reject the option of simply making ourselves cheaper to house, clothe, and transport without any guarantee in return that we will have increasing control over what we produce and how we produce it. The cost of reproducing our labor-power, our ability to work, will be reduced only to the extent that what may be lost in earnings is more than made up by gains in income security, service quality, and the other non-wage aspects of our living standard. Fourth, we in Detroit are uniquely situated to see the absurdity of a public policy that assumes a healthy private economy. The problems left unsolved by private development history are not merely "rough edges" in an otherwise successful game plan. This is not a case of a boom town that must figure out how to house the small number of families whose property is needed for a mine, a railroad spur, a freeway, or a convention center. Rather, Detroit's plight is that of a city whose basic industry is being abandoned because the assumptions on which it was bu i 1 t - - an ever-growing mar k et for 1 a r g e cars and trucks, cheap energy, and unconstrained private decisionmaking -- have been rendered historically obsolete. Despite a few downtown residential projects and one new auto plant, the game plan of the private sector is to leave. �12 Rational Reindustrialization Fifth and last, we find it bizarre that, with the ship quickly sinking, intelligent people continue to see the government ' s role as limited to the resolution of disputes over who gets a porthole seat for the drowning. At this point, most community efforts amount to little more than annoying nuisances to the basic, uncontested job of the City's governance: funneling public money into questionably effective induc ements for slower disinvestment. There is, that is to say, no re a l public development plan, only a random bag of ad hoc inducements to a few private developers. What is called the "Overall Economic Development Plan" of the City is a dreamwork fiction constantly subverted by unilaterally private decisions . Therefore, a different and more rational plan is imperative . What follows is a sketch of the parameters of a qualitatively new role for workers and local government in the realm of production . Thinking Rationally About Reindustrialization A rati_onal economic development agenda must be c~ntered on replacing the declining private activities of the c~ ty -- auto assembly, parts, and machining -- with new acti vit:es th at take maximum advantage of the existing industrial linkages. The~e are many activities that produce desirable i~odsfa~d services for a national as well as a local market at ail to exploit these linkages. For example a bakery ~~Y ~ro~uce dbre~d for the Midwest market, but it does~' t salvage up~ ~fmif~rl die shops whose _au_to_ industry orders are drying . t· . Y, th ere are activities that require inputs from e xis ing intermediat d . . and subwa ca b e goo s_suppliers, such as buses and rail pates no p~edi~~, btt for which existing public policy anticinational demand~ e unmet local, regional, national, or inter- 1 �Thinking Rationally 13 What process, then, can be followed to identify workable production activities? A rational response to this question begins with the identification of a set of key criteria across which potential economic development ventures may be compared. These include: 1. Scale of Job Creation. would the ventures provide substantial employment to residents of Detroit? 2. Conservation of Capital. Would the firms producing the proposed outputs be able to reuse a significant portion of Detroit's existing stock of industrial facilities and idle or underused machinery and equipment? Could they take advantage of the city's in-place ind us trial infrastructure (see also #5 and #9, below)? 3. Local Economic Impact. Would the new activities, at full scale, play a role in the local economy similar to that of auto in the past? Would they constitute a set of major "exports" from Detroit to the national and even international market, bringing resources in from faster-growing regions and from abroad? 4. Characteristics of Markets. Are the demands for the proposed product lines suf f ic ien tly strong and enduring to justify large capital investments? Are the markets located properly? 5. Use of Detroit's Comparative Advantage. Would the contemplated ventures take full advantage of the city's existing skilled metal-working labor, industrial infrastructure, and of the key linkages among cognate metals industry activities spawned by the region's legacy of auto dependence? 6. Market Countercyclicality. Is demand for the ventures' outputs stable or highly cyclical? If it is cyclical, does its cycle counteract or reinforce the shocks to the local economy that come from dependence on auto? 7. Labor Cost Barriers. Do the private sector firms producing similar or identical products pay wages as high as those to which Detroit workers are accustomed as a result of auto's past high profitability? And are they as high as those they could expect in light of the decline of U.S. auto companies' market power? 8. Transport Cost Barriers. Is the cost of moving the p ro posed products from Detroit to market destinations prohibitively high? Or are there classes of products whose size, price, and existing production sites allow Detroit manufacture more readily than others? �Ill 14 Rational Reindustrialization 9. Advantages of Publicness. Do some products make more sense than others as candidates for public or public/private production? Are there produ~ts who~e.cost of production could be especially reduced by City policies? 10. Profitability for En try. Are the private firms now producing similar outputs characterized by aboveaverage, and less cyclical than average, profitabili~y?_ Does selection of the product lines we propose move Detroit into a national sector growing fast enough to allow new entrants? Translating these er i ter ia into an answerable question about new production in Detroit, we can ask: What projects can re-employ a large number of skilled and semi-skilled workers, at or near their accustomed wage, taking maximum advantage of the area's concentration of metalworking capital stock and labor force training and of the city's northern deep waterway location, producing products for a growing, under supplied, long-lived national and international market for which the business cycle is either absent or opposite to the auto/auto parts demand cycle? Others have asked the "diversify into what?" question. In a study for the Detroit Metropolitan Industrial Development Corporation by John Mattila and Wilbur Thompson, the answers were meat packing, industrial inorganic chemicals, farm machinery, and electronic instruments. Unfortunately, Mattila and Thompson used our criteria 5, 6, and especially 7 only, being innocent of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10. Moreover, having. i de_n ti f ied the new product 1 ines, they ended their · analysis without offering any ideas on how to move into their production. . . Chamber of Commerce commentator George Moffett tried to fill the gap, saying that "if it can be proved that there are large-scale [presumably local or regional] demands [th~t] _cannot be filled by local producers, we would have :·· an ~ndisputable selling point for involving ••• prospects rn_mee~ing those demands." To the contrary, we will show that cri~eria ~, 2, 3, and 4 require proof that unmet demands be nat~onal rn . scope• Even if in some cases they are, many rationa~ P: 1vate firms would still hesitate to initiate produ~tion in Detroit on anything close to the required scale. ~he_C~t~ 0 ~ Detroit and its people however have an interest what many ra t·1onal private ' • •' · din 1nit1ating . investors will no t o on th eir own. We believe that in the 1980s and beyond only l ocal government 1't · · k ' s agencies, and its close associates in :~~ er-co~trolled organizations can create the new productive tor which can arrest the destruction of Detroit's industrial base. To be sure the · . • 1 d Prof i· t a bl e role for p' · tre 1s · an .important ' essent1a an1 t 0 th e extent that 1· t riva e capital 1n such a sector ' but on Y . conforms to the rational mandates of the pu bl 1c development plan. �Energy Hardware 15 Let us return to our ten criteria and the question we generated from them. It is our view that the industries into which Detroit can move must be high-wage, metals-based, and national market-oriented ones. The new activities should take advantage of Detroit's superb rail and Great Lakes transport advantages, and should be characterized by a pattern of demand that counters the roller-coaster ups and downs of the automotive sector. These criteria favor production of physically large, heavy products not all of which are purctased by individual consumers whose incomes are subject to the cyclical swings that are quickly mirrored in auto and other consumer durables sales figures. Finally, because the start-up costs for the production of capital goods are substantial, the period between investment decisions and payoffs may be relatively long. Thus our precious venture capital must be targeted only on those producer goods for which a rapidly growing and long-lasting market can be conclusively demonstrated. Our Production Line: Energy Hardware Has this set of criteria, and the exclusions it dictates, exhausted the stock of viable projects? Hardly. There are at least four that meet all of the criteria: (1) deep natural gas and heavy oil production and upgrading equipment; (2) residential and industrial steam/electric cogeneration units; (3) large coal- and diesel fuel-fired industrial process engines; and (4) mine-mouth coal gasifiers. A rational economic development plan for Detroit would invest in the conversion of abandoned or underutilized industrial capacity to production of deep gas and heavy oil equipment -- steam injectors, compressors, pumps, and the like -- and make a serious effort to capture significant shares in �16 Rational Reindustrialization the developing regional, national, and even internatfonal m~rkets for mine-mouth gasifiers, congenerators, and 1ndustr1al engines.I Deep Gas and Heavy Oil Equipment As easy-to-tap reservoirs of natural gas and crude oil are exhausted more and more energy industry resources are being invested in 'prospecting for deep deposits of natural gas and "completing" known fields Of heavier crude oils. The stock of structures and machinery that require gas and oil products will not be junked despite waning supplies of cheap, easy-toextract hydrocarbon fuels. Thus a massive market in the hardware associated with drilling deeper, faster, and in more If one assumes a different set of national energy, transportation, and tax policies, a number of other product lines meet the ten criteria. For example, if a set of tax and regulatory changes transferred all or most nuclear power and/or synthetic fuel subsidies to manufacturers and consumers of solar equipment, Detroit could capture a significant share of what would be a burgeoning midwest market for flat-plate solar collectors for space and water heating and cooling in new structures. Similarly, a shift in policy toward more rational urban commuter and national freight transportation systems would swell demand for product lines -- buses, light and heavy rail cars, and rail electrification equipment -- for which major componen try could be manufactured in oetroi t for the national market. 1. It would not be sound local-level economic development planning, however, to base a reindustrialization agenda on outputs for which existing national policy, however mistakenly, promises no predictable mass market. on the other hand, while this paper is confined to product lines realistic under current national policy~ a more speculative and generic application of our perspective would study which cities could expect to capture significant shares of the bus rail car and rail elect~ification markets, should they :volve in t'he future. Detroit woul? appear t.o ?ave the means to stake a major claim in a. fu~ure ~ail electr1f1cation hardware industry; Cleveland, C1ncin~ati, Dayton, and Philadelphia appear to enjoy advantages that might earn them a large part of the rail car market; and Youngstown, _Pit~sburgh, Seattle, and Memphis seem suited to st rong entries in the bus manufacturing business. Finally, th e:e.are markets that, while currently speculative, can be anticipated . . For_ example, it is a good bet that there will ~o~n be" a maJo~ international market for $200-300 receiver dishe~ th at will process transmissions from direct broadcaS t sate~lites (DBS)· Any city with a substantial stamping/metal~orking sector should prepare for entries into that market as it develops. �Energy Hardware 17 locations is assured. In addition to the traditional equipment required -- pipe, rigs, bits, derricks, masts, wellheads, etc. -- the depth, viscosity {thickness), impurity, and pressure conditions of oil and gas below about 8,000 feet promise a growing market in pumps, steam injection engines, steam compressors, and oxygenators. Simply put, to ta~e full advantage of reserves of "sour" oil and gas, horsepower must be available to force the fuels out and upgrade them to pipeline {gas) and refinery {oil) quality. Orthodox industrial location thinking would not immediately link the need for oil and gas field equipment with the underused capacity of Detroit; but in the new energy world of the 1980s and 1990s we may well have a major comparative advantage for the production of the pumps, engines, compressors, tubular goods and other componentry now demanded in the field. Cogenerators and Industrial Process Engines A legacy of cheap, accessible, domestic hydrocarbon fuels has not only produced an economy that runs on oil and gas; it has also stimulated a pattern of use that, at today's pr ices, is unaffordably wasteful of them. The best case in point is the structural divorce between the use of heat and the use of electricity. When oil or gas products are burned, the energy embodied in them is released in the form of heat. In both structures {homes, office buildings, and factories) and processes {steelmaking, smelting, etc.), however, individuals and corporations purchase fuels for heat and electricity for light, for appliances, and to power non-oil/gas machinery. The heat lost in burning oil and gas -- from 30% in most residential burners to over 55% in some industrial processes -- is simply wasted: it does no work. Meanwhile, electric utilities purchase oil, gas, coal, and uranium, burn {or, in the nuclear case, bombard) them to make the steam that drives electrical turbines. On average, they lose over 60% of the available heat content in the fossil fuels they burn. An increasingly attractive alternative, and one assured a growing market, is to cogenerate heat and electricity from the same fuel input. Engines or burners that do this are called cogenerators. Markets exist, and are expanding rapidly, for cogenerators that heat houses and halve electricity bills all the way to massive cogenerators that provide virtually all of the heat and power needs of multi-plant industrial complexes. The smallest units look, weigh, and are built much like relatively low-compression small car engines; those that wo uld suit a small factory, like truck engines; and the largest types, like industrial process engines. Two Detroitsuited product lines thus emerge; small, medium, and large cogenerators; and, as a spinoff as well as a lease on the life �18 Rational Reindustrialization of existing investments, industrial process machine-driving engines. Minemouth Gasifiers Finally, the U.S. is unquestionably on_the verge of a major new industry geared to reconcile the existence.of a 400-year supply of coal with a capital stock that was bui~t to run on what appears now to be a 40- to 70-year supply of <;Hl and gas. For all the talk of making Colorado's shale deposits into a 500-year supply of diesel fuel or of producing m~ssi~e volumes of heating oil from West Virginia and Kentucky bituminous coal, the only proven technologies that resolve the mismatch between the form in which u. S. hydrocarbons exist in nature and the forms in which they are consumed involve the conversion of coal into gaseous fuels embodying between oneseventh and two-fifths of the heat content of natural gas. A full discussion of the "energy path" that diverts natural gas to replace heating oil, replaces it with coal-derived gaseous fuels, and upgrades oil refineries to make less heating oil and boiler fuel appears later in this paper. For now, the important fact is that, in the face of uncertain policy, the investment community is voting in the marketplace for the machinery that turns coal into "synthesis gas" at the coal-mining site. There are at least three attractions for Detroit in the production of such gasifiers. First, unlike the equipment used to liquefy shale or coal, gasifiers need not be huge to be commercial scale. There are today at least three companies straining to meet the demand for gasifiers that cost just $830,000 and that convert as little as 25 tons of coal per day into "syngas"; 92 percent of u.s. coal mines it should be noted, have daily output exceeding 50 tons. 'second, unlike coal liquefaction equipment, which must be custom-built and optimized to process a particular type of coal, syngasifiers can /r~n~form coals of widely differing heat, water, and sulfur con en 1n~o ?lean gaseous fuels. This greatly increases the range and siting of their application. Third where commercial scale liquefaction equipment must be built n~ar, and partially assembled on, the process site, minemouth gasifiers are small enough to be transportable fully-built, allowing their producers t~ capture most of the value-added they embody. In fact, Detroit may ~ell be the one place in the u.s. that could hoS t all_ of the Jobs required to produce gasifiers from steelmaking from scrap all the way to final product ~ssembly. There is an important overlap between the equipmen~, ,labor and technical skills, and structures used for Detroi~ s current Product lines (cars, trucks, buses, and th e machinery needed to transform the metals from which their components are made) and the factors of production necessary to �Energy Hardware 19 make the equipment used in deep natural gas, heavy oil, and coal gas production, and to fabricate cogenerators and engines. Table 1 lists components used in exploratory and . developmental oil and natural gas drilling. Among the product lines that are both compatible with Detroit's current "metal-bending" infrastructure and in short national supply are pumps, engines, blowout preventers, wellheads, and storage tanks. Many items on Table 2 's list of production hardware, among which are tanks, platform parts, pumps, compressors, and cogeneration power packs, also meet our complementarity/shortage test. TA 8 LE EXPLOAATIO:l AND DEVELOPMENT DRILLING I EQUIPMENT TRI\NSPORTATIOO TRUCKS BOATS HELICOPTE H/\TERIAL/SUPPLIES I DRILLING FLUIDS DRIL1.ING DRILLING RIG DRILL PIPE'. ORI LL COLLARS O?.ILL BITS PUMPS ENGINES T/\NKS Sfl/\KERS DIESEL Proi'ANE GASOLINE NAT. GAS I WELL EQUIP. . WEIGHTING MAT'L. WELL CASING, CHEMICALS CARBON ANO CLAYS IDST RETUIIN MAT'L ALLOY STEEL WELLHEADS FORM/\TJON EVALU/\TION CORING ELEC. LOGGING NUCLEAR LOGGING SONIC LOGGING DRILL !lTEH TEST <mlCR OVEHSllOT MI LI. W/\SIIOVER Pil'E , OTHER FISIIING DIR£CTIIJNl'.L SURVEYS DIRECTIONAL DRILLING CEMENTING TOOLS , SERVICE BLOWOUT PREVENTERS T A B L E DERRICKS r. 2 HASTS LIVING QTRS. I PIPE FLOWLWES SALT WATER LINES GAS LIFT LINES INSTRUMENT PIPHIG FIELD GATHER SYSTEMS WELL MANIFOLD TANK BATTERY PIPING I STRUCTURES OIL TANKS WATER TANKS FOUNDATIONS OFFSHOFE PLATFORMS I OIL PRODUCTION FACILITIES HARDWARE & ACCESSORIES VESSELS GAS-OIL SEPARATORS OIL-WATER FLOW TREATERS FREE WATER SEPARATORS PRODUCED WATER CLARI FIERS SURGE VESSELS CONTROLLERS ACTUATORS FLOAT CONTROLS SENSORS OIL METERS GAS METERS WATER METERS CORROSION PUMPS POWER SUPPLY FLANGES FITTINGS NIPPLES HEADERS PLUS VALVES BLOCK VALVES GATE VALVES CONTROL VALVES ASSOCIATED GAS FACILITIES FIELD GAS GATHERING SYSTEM SCRUBBERS FIELD COMPRESSORS METERS INSTRUMENTATION VALVES & FITTINGS - �20 Rational Reindustrialization Some may object that, despite Detroit's apparently hospitable climate for such production, the locations in which such products are used are largely extra-regional. Why would anyone choose to make oilfield equipment in Detroit when much of the demand for it is in Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana? wouldn't transportation costs be prohibitive? Our work indicates that these seemingly reasonable objections are not factually based. First, while rising oil and gas prices will not lead to increased aggregate domestic supply, they will -- and already do -- mean greatly increased effort. A well not worth drilling when oil sold for $5 a barrel and gas for $1 per mmBTU2, as they did as recently as 1973, is often a potential gold mine when oil goes for $40 a barrel and gas for $7 per mmBTU. Already, Michigan drilling -- mostly for natural gas -- is exploding, with both Devonian and Silurian zones producing commercial finds. In addition, there is no strict relationship between the location of drilling and refining and where energy hardware is manufactured. U.S. Steel, for example, chose its Lorain, Ohio mill as the one to which it is adding tubular capacity, and Algoma Steel is in the process of building a 200,000-ton seamless tube addition in Ontario. With the number of wells drilled rising from 28,000 per year in 1972 to 62,000 in 1981, and slated to rise to 135,000 in 1990, oil industry sources see continuing shortages of all sorts of energy hardware, especially such devices as pump jacks and related equipment needed to bring exploratory operations up to full production. The increase in the number of wells drilled, in fact, understates the expected rise in ~rill in~ effort. With wells going ever deeper, footage drilled is predicted to rise from 288 million feet in 1980 to 700 million i~ 1990. Moreover, there's an equally grave, and even more predictably long-lived, shortage of storage and refining equipment. With its geology, Michigan is already a major natural gas storage area; that means that the pumps, compressors, valves, tanks, and upgrading equipment used in gas ~torage, "sweetening" (of impure, or "sour," gas) and retrieval are a natural market for Michigan producers. But do our four proposed product lines meet all ten of th~ criteria with which we began? First, our work to date convinces us that they satisfy criterion #2 by conserving the. value of the existing capital stock. All are manufactured of iron, steel, and.aluminum; many are made using machine tools of th e ~ype used 1n the auto industry (certainly, the tool conversion problem is far smaller than that posed by the autoto-warplane transition of the 1940s). some -- notably the 2(m.cfT)herfe are one million BTUs (mmBTU) in each 1000 cubic feet . o natural gas • one b arrel (42 gallons) of crude 01·1 contains 5.8 mmBTU. �Energy Hardware 21 smaller cogenerators and pumps -- can be made using idle capacity in engine plants, whether now open or closed down. Others -- valves, gasifier chambers, and the castings used in their production -- are typically not assembly-line outputs; hence, many existing multi-story plants are suitable for their manufacture. In fact, the use of multi-story plants may not be as inefficient relative to single-story, land-intensive ones as most planners assume. Important new innovations in high ·-rise storage and counterweight inter-floor stock movement, co~pled with rising land and site prepa·ration costs, are making refurbishing of existing multi-story structures an increasingly attractive alternative to single-story, greenfield construction. The transition from auto to energy hardware manufacture requires planning. Some of Detroit's advantages will be lost if the area's remaining large car and light truck assembly, engine, and casting plants are allowed to put their equipment up for auction in the international machinery market. A serious effort at rational diversification would include the immediate inventorying of the capital stock of the city and the region. We contend that past efforts by government to attract new enterprises would have fared better had Detroit and Michigan assumed an activist role in the capital goods market; after all, a cheaper lathe can make the same contribution to the "business climate" as a cheaper worker compensation program. Second, the product line descriptions above should suggest why we are satisfied that all four product areas meet criteria #3-6. They can replace auto's "export" role; they supply strong, growing, and long-lived ind us trial markets; they take advantage of Detroit's human and physical capital base; and they are relatively immune to major demand variation. The energy hardware market is fully national, universally agreed to be a major growth center, and -- to the extent it exhibits any cyclicality -- reacts favorably to precisely the energy price and supply shocks that devastate auto production levels. But what about criterion #1, the contribution they could make to large-scale Detroit employment? And what about our four product lines' relevance to criterion #7, the labor costs of firms producing them? To study employment impacts of different product line investments, we have used Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) employment requirements tables published in May 1980 and based on input-output relationships that existed in 1977. These tables show the number of full-time jobs, direct and indirect, created or maintained by each $1 billion (in 1972 dollars) of sales. We have examined the jobs per billion dollars in sales �22 Rational Reindustrialization in a number of industries that produce outputs similar or identical to the four we are proposing for Detroit's new sector. To illuminate the method, imagine an industrial park, a set of buildings and rail spurs surrounding a onceabandoned truck assembly plant. Imagine further that this industrial park, this complex, produces minemouth coal gasifiers; in fact, the finished gasifiers exit from the old truck plant. Many of the inputs that go into the gasifiers are made within the complex; others are trucked in from other Detroit shops; and still others have to be brought in from outside the city. Using the BLS input-output tables for the industry group that produces "construction, mining and oilfield equipment," Table 3 below presents the number of jobs that each billion dollars in gasifier sales could be expected to generate. It also shows, under the "Jobs Detroit Could Capture" heading, the maximum number of jobs producing inputs to gasifiers that could be created or retained in Detroit if the City were to aggressively exploit potential linkages, both on and off the complex site. To the extent that the planners of a new sector failed to assemble land and pursue procurement targeting as effectively as they might, the gasifier plant would be less well linkaged to the local metalworking economy; the number of non-gasifier jobs would thus be lower. �23 Energy Hardware Table 3 Employment Impact Per$ Billion of Sales in Construction, Mining and Oilfield Equipment Industry in which Jobs Created or Maintained Construction, Mining and Oilfield Equipment (e.g., Gasifier} Itself Number of Such Jobs Number of Such Jobs Detroit Could Capture 21,429 21,429 634 924 2,145 619 331 215 4,424 216 488 325 183 220 376 248 634 924 2,145 619 331 215 4,424 5-108 30-488 20-163 3- 45 220 0 0 Assorted other industries, from zinc mining to rivet making to intercity trucking 18,355 1,240-9,200 Engines, turbines and generators Metalworking machines Industrial machinery Machine shop products Motor vehicles and equip. Ferrous stampings Steel furnaces & foundries Scientific instruments Material handling equipment Screw machine products Railroad equipment Tire and rubber Metal and coal mining Aluminum production Total 51,522 a b a C d C 31,839-40,545 a First figure based on Detroit share as of latest Census of Manufactures; second figure based on a potential share ceiling of 50 percent. b Same as "a" except that, given sufficient lead-time, all material handling equipment procurement could be done locally. c Sarne as "a" except that the potential share ceiling is only 25 percent. d In theory, but sadly not in fact, at least a part of the Uniroyal plant could be reopened to serve not just the gasifier complex but other tire users (e.g., the police) as well. It won't happen: the land on which the plant sits is slated for a riverfront commercial venture. �111111 Rational Reindustrialization 24 Table 3 should be read to mean that the development of a gasifier-producing capacity that generates one billion dollars in annual sales could provide local employment for between 32 and 40 thousand workers, depending on the extent to which Detroit's metalworking industry could be mobilized as part of the effort. Repeating the process embodied in Table 3 for cogenerators, pumps, and industrial process engines ("Engines, turbines and generators") and for steam injectors, compressors, and oxygen a tors (various "Standard Industrial Classifications," or "SICs"), we conclude that a new energy hardware sector generating about $6 billion in annual sales (in 1980 dollars) could employ 100,000 Detroiters. 3 The capital base that produces that level of sales obviously presupposes a large-scale infusion of capital. Sources of such capital are discussed in the "National Policy" chapter. But will Detroit's infamous high wage barrier disqualify it from taking advantage of this major opportunity for reindustrialization? Can the product lines we propose replace the disappearing auto sector jobs at similar wage and benefit levels? The answers appear to be "no" and "yes," respectively. Using another BLS source for data on hourly wage rates, and using Bureau of National Affairs conference surveys on fringe Table 4 Hourly Labor Costsi January 1981 SIC No. 371 351 354 356 355 336 344 Industry Title Base Hourly Ratet incl. COLA Motor veh. & equip. $10.69 GM, Ford Masters 10.87 Chrysler Master (U.S.) 9.48 Engines & turbines 10.50 Metalworking machinery 8.68 Gen. indus. machinery 8.42 Spec. indus. machinery 7.91 Non-ferrous foundries 7.79 Fabricated metal prod. 7.61 U.S. manufacturing avg. 7.73 Hourly Cost of Fringes $7.04 7.59 6.35 6.23 5.92 5.66 5.32 4.66 4.44 4.08 Total Hourly Compensation $17.73 18.46 15.83 16.73 14.60 14.08 13.23 12.ss 12.os 11.81 3 · For purposes of comparison the Big Three auto compani:s ~!~:~at$ ~bi~t B_oo,ooo u.s. jobs on annual sales of approx1Thr Y 9 . ill ion· About $40 billion is spent by the Big ~~ on inputs from suppliers; that $40 billion generates ~~o _er 7 oo,ooo jobs. All told, car and truck sales of $90 y~~!~~n T~~~ as~<;>ciated with about 1. 5 million domestic jobthe same as ra ;o 0 ~ about $60,000 per job is, interesting~y, per 100 000 ~eb o~n$ for our product lines (i.e., $6 billion ' JO s - 60,000 per job). �Energy Hardware 25 benefits as a share of total hourly compensation, we can determine hourly labor costs for the SI Cs now important to Detroit's economy as well as for the SICs covering the product lines we have proposed for the future. It appears that Detroit's blue collar, primary labor market workforce is accustomed to highly-paid, if insecure and seldom year-round, employment. Certainly, most of our proposed product lines fall in SICs -- 344, 351, and 354-56 -- that do not offer average remuneration at the GM and Ford Master Agreement level. It is not obvious, however, that the core Big Two hourly compensation figure is the relevant standard of comparison. First, Chrysler is the largest auto employer in Detroit; its hourly compensation averages only $0.42 per hour more than the average of SICs 351, 354, and 356. Moreover, without cost-of-living protection, by mid-1982 Chrysler workers will make less than the 351/354/356 average. Second, there is severe downward pressure facing auto industry wages in this period. The U.S. policy of protecting low-wage, low-productivity industries while not protecting high-wage, high-productivity ones such as auto has undermined the oligopoly power of the Big Three; when oligopoly power wanes, super-profits dry up, and when that happens labor rates tend to fall relative to those prevailing in other industries. It seems obvious to us that, in the long run, Detroit's working class is better off taking part in a transition into industries producing for g r owth markets than crossing its f~ngers that both wages and employment levels in auto hold up. In the short-term, however, no new public or public/private production sector can guarantee to provide employment at Big Two labor rates. What can be fought for, and eventually won, is secure employment at adequate wages. A city government not tied to a redevelopment strategy wholly dependent on luring private capital, along with organized workers who can realistically assess the future of an unprotected, unplanned, and dis invested auto sector, could choose to bargain a wage/security trade-off, provided that policy and planning were able to keep fringe benefits and the "social wage" relatively high. workers value job security highly; thus, when one conceives of security as a "fringe benefit," it becomes possible to think of workers in a new publicly-managed energy hardware sector receiving a social wage superior to that of today's autoworkers, but at a direct hourly wage rate as low as $8 an hour. We will return later to the role of other public sector 4. We oppose wage-cutting. Later in this paper, we argue that go vernment policy should protect both living standards and employment levels in auto by legislating requirements that vehicles sold in the U.S. contain significant North American value-added. Opposing reduced real earnings is one thing; predicting that auto workers' living standards will not fall is quite another. As planners, we find it wiser to argue on the basis of what we fear rather than what we hope will happen. �26 Rational Reindustrialization activities in reducing the wage cost of a given ~iving standa~d; for now, we stress that job and income sec~r1ty, along w~th the potential benefits of the new and less alienated produ<?tion relations that might be possible in such a sector, constitute major parts of our living standard. 5 Moving on to determine whether Detroit's distance ' demands represents a market-constrain. from non-local equipment ing force {criterion #8), one must find out how much of our proposed product lines' delivered cost would be accounted for by transportation. Examination of rail and truck freight rate charts makes clear that transport costs are dependent on a constellation of nine factors: weight of products being shipped number shipped per order dimensions of products shipped extent to which one-way movements are matched by return trips degree of product containerization speed with which delivery must be made whether destination is on or off main rail lines or highways whether products require special handling level of carrier insurance coverage required To see how these nine factors impinge on the product line choice calculus, we compare Matilla and Thompson's top choice, packaged meats, with a 35-ton engine representative of many of the outputs suggested in our agenda. Converting our findings into shares of delivered cost, we conclude that 5. The social wage is composed of three additive elements. First, and dominant, is the direct base wage. Second, and much more important than most people are aware, is direct nonwage compensation, i.e., fringe benefits. In organized, highwage industries such as auto and steel form of . amounts to close to 40 percent' ofthis compensation total hourly labor costs. Thus an auto worker who receives a wage of $11 per hour actually costs the company in excess of $18. Third, there ~s what m~ght be called the "political wage," composed of Soci~l Security (actual or prospective), the value of laws pro~ect1ng ?urrent or future pension income, the value of social services that contribute to the quality of life, the value of certain principles such as statutorily limited overtime,. programs such as unemployment insurance, worker compe~sation '. TRA,. etc. What business mainly means, in fact, whe~ _1 t deer 1es Michigan's "business climate" is that this political wage -- which it partly pays for __ is too high: too mu~h U~, too m~ch _Comp, too many services to pay for. our point 1s that. 1t is cheaper, in the long run, to reduce the need for services than to reduce the quality of services. �Energy Hardware 27 production of low-volume, high unit price goods is the best way to obviate any comparative locational disadvantage that Detroit may suffer. Product Dimensions Weight(lb) Industrial cogenerating engine 40'xl4'xl0' Packaged meats 70,000 Full truck: 48'x9'xl3' 30,000 Mode/Destination 1-Rail/Los Angeles 2-Rail-barge/Gulf Coast 3-Barge/Chicago 1-Truck/Los Angeles 2-Truck/Gulf Coast 3-Truck/Chicago ~3,400 2,800 1,100 4,700 1,900 800 The critical variable, of course, is not the absolute dollar cost of shipping the two sample outputs being compared, but rather shipping cost as a share of value-added. Assuming conservatively (see Table 3) that Detroit could capture 60% of the value-added in the cogenerator, and assuming very liberally that city producers could capture 50% of the value-added in packaged meats, we can compare the ratio of shipping cost to local value-added for the two product lines. Price at Delivery X Local "Local value-added = Pr ice• Shipping Cost As Pct. of Local Price Industrial cogenerating engine $1,800,000 0.60 $1,080,000 123- Packaged Meats 0.50 32,000 123- 64,000 0.32% 0.26 0.16 14.69 5.94 2.50 Packaged meats, we infer from the above, could at most compose part of a Detroit industry that sought to capture slightly more of the value-added in the meat products sold in Southeastern Michigan. As a national "export" product line, it is d istinctly inferior to large capital goods. The best way to minimize the disadvantages of Detroit's distance from major markets is to strive to supply those markets with high unit cost products. our proposed product lines qualify. �On the Public Account Having dealt with the extent to which our age~da's six proposed product areas satisfy our first eight criteria, we recognize an additional responsibility to reade~s who may be justifiably skeptical about our agenda because it seems to fly in the face of past events. Why, one might well ask, hasn't Detroit's economy already begun the transition from auto dependence to industrial diversification? If the linkages indeed exist, if the existing captial stock is to some significant extent reuseable, and if labor costs are not an insuperable barrier, why hasn't private investment in energy hardware already occurred? ✓ The answer, to which we have already alluded several times, is that the full potential of the linkages is unrealized because real planning exists now only at the firm level. The private sector employs a restrictively narrow accounting method that foregoes the full value of the efficiencies provided by a sound industrial infrastructure, while overvaluing the quick achievement of returns that allow high dividend payouts. In the next several pages, we contrast this narrow, socially irrational method of allocating resources with the method David Smith has labeled "public balance sheet accounting" or "social cost-benefit analysis." To assess whether and in which activities a public sector or joint public/private sector set of enterprise might succeed where purely private ones would not even venture �29 Public Account (criterion #9), we present a matrix constructed from work done by Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison in their Capital and Communities. It shows that there are at least two "cases" in which a public or public/private mode might produce where in a private mode production would not occur. The reader will quickly see that the energy hardware products described above fit into case #4; this genre of analysis also suggests that more product lines are feasible, those that fall into cases #2 and #3. Case 1 2 3 4 5 Profitable? No No No Yes Yes Socially Cheaper Open than Closed? No Yes Either Yes No Productively Linkaqed? No Either Yes Either No In Case 1, the firm in question is unprofitable, so much so that it would be cheaper to close it and pay unemployment insurance and even welfare to its workforce than to keep operating it, particularly since it's not importantly hooked up to the rest of the local economy. Both "full cost enumerators" and "private accounters" would, and should, shut such a plant. In case 2, the firm is losing money, but not so much that a rational social cost-conscious accountant would shut it, whether or not it was significant to the economy. Full cost enumerators would keep the plant open; private accounters would shut it. In case 3, the firm isn't profitable, and the losses may be so great that it would appear cheaper to shut it down and pay workers off; but it's central enough to the local economy that the economy-wide social costs of closing it might exceed the total costs of operating it. Full cost enumerators, if the planning mechanism valued its linkages, would keep such a plant open, while private accounters would unambiguously close it. In case 4, the firm is profitable and may be welllinkaged. Full cost enumerators would let it close only if there existed full employment and better uses for the resources invested in it. Private accounters, however, might well choose to clos e it, if its profitability were below some target rate of return believed to be available elsewhere. Finally, in case 5, the firm is profitable, but for the community in which it operates its costs exceed its �Rational Reindustrialization 30 benefits. For example, it may be a heavy polluter. Full cost enumerators would want such a plant closed. Its private owners, however, would keep it open unless they could make more profit investing elsewhere. A survey of the new business school literature on corporate strategies backs up our analysis that private capitalists make decisions on a fundamentally conservative basis, one that renders potentially and even some actually profitable ventures victims of a self-fulfilling prophecy of failure. Reproduced below is a 4-quadrant graph taken from the curriculum of the Harvard Business School, a graph that tells private managers what to invest in and disinvest from. Annual Market (Sales) Growth 20% - QUESTION STAR 15% 10% - --------------------,----------------------8% I I I 5% DOG : cow 1 - - - - , - - - - - - - - -_ 0.5 l _:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.0 2.0 ~ Ratio of market share to that of nearest competitor . Note that in any case in which the annual growth ~n dema nd for the product line exceeds 8-10 percent -- as it _oes_for all of the projects we have proposed -- the venture 1s e 1 th? r a " star " or a "quest ion • 11 s inc e Detro i t ' s pub 1 i c prfoduct7on sector begins from a O percent market share all o our ideas are "qu es t ions. · " The essential . ' · 1 venture capita for . 0 urb st artup enterprises will be more available -- and more ava1 1 a 1. e from privat e as we 1 1 as public · sources -- 1f · these en t erpr 1ses can capt · the' f' ld ure enough of the strong market growth 1n b ~r ie s to approach the B-School's "star" category. we e 1 ieve our proposals can meet this standard of performance. �Public Account 31 If they can, even skeptical private capital will be made available. But what if they fall a little short? Are there social benefits of job-creating investment that are overlooked in private sector accounting but explicitly enumerated in our approach? Might a city deem an enterprise requiring an ongoing subsidy "socially profitable" and hence worthy of support? Yes. There are three such benefits which, if large enough, justify investment where the private sector might instead withdraw: 1. direct and indirect local employment; 2. retention of a reinvestible surplus; and 3. the effect on the "business climate" of supplying low cost goods and services consumed by Detroit workers. We will treat each of the three in turn. First, by creating or retaining jobs, a social cost-benefit approach results in capturing the gains of not having to provide as much unemployment insurance, general relief, and crime control; to settle as many insurance claims; to incur such exorbitant health costs; and to levy such high tax rates. Many jobs are sacrificed today because the costs enumerated above are borne by the public sector, rather than by the private investors whose decisions are responsible for them. Imagine a Detroit enterprise that employs 250 workers earning $15,000 each per year, of whom two-thirds own homes and half live in Detroit. The enterprise, let us say, is losing $500,000 per year. Assuming that closing the facility makes private accounting sense to its owners, let us ask whether closing the facility is also rational for the total society. On the negative side, operating the plant costs society $500,000, the private loss. On the positive side, keeping the enterprise open garners the society about $172,000 in property taxes, $57,000 in worker-paid city income taxes, $138,000 in state income taxes, and $~87,000 in federal income taxes. It also saves $920,000 in unemployment insurance (a one-time cost), welfare, and food stamp transfer payments. Adding these social benefits, one gets about $1,770,000 in year one and $850,000 each year thereafter. Netting out the annual $500,000 loss, over a decade society is better off to the tune of $4.4 million by keeping the plant open. Second, this sort of calculation understates society's saving: by keeping the plant open, the city may be preserving other jobs in enterprises supplying the plant. While the degree of "linkagedness" of a firm to the rest of the local economy is difficult to quantify, it is important to understand that it can be increased by rational planning. In fact, planning an ever-more-interconnected sector is the l ' I .l I �32 Rational Reindustrialization essence of the reindustrialization task in Detroit. In return for a subsidy, for example, the City can require _that a f~rm increase its ties with other local firms. By making the firm do so, the City (a) earns a return on its subsidy, (b) captures tax revenues and their future stability, and (c) foregoes the costs associated with continued disinvestment. The savings can then be used to seed new enterprises in the sector, to invest in cost-cutting infrastructure projects, or even to reduce local tax rates. Third, to the extent that keeping the plant open constitutes part of a broader plan to integrate salvaged labor and capital resources into a new, planned public or public/private sector, the city's new sector planning authority can reduce its subsidy liability by offering workers in the enterprises the income-job security trade-off described earlier. Success in doing so can be a powerful tool in convincing private captial that, if it is willing to play by the rules -- secure employment, accountability to a citywide enterprise linkage plan, etc. -- it too can enjoy the benefits of what a private accountant would consider lower labor costs. These aspects of publicness are difficult to cost out. When and if Detroit goes shopping for investors in its emerging new sector, its pitch will have to include quantitative estimates of what publicness promises the venturesome lender or partner. It would not do merely to argue that inter-firm sectoral planning is more efficient; investors will want to know how much more efficient. Again, a precise estimate of the cost advantage accruing to public/worker production is not feasible; but a lower limit -- a minimum -- figure can be derived. Basically and over-simply, it is composed of~at part of our private sector counterparts' after-tax profits that leak out of the investment stream as dividends. Based on a financial analysis of the firms appearing in the table on the next page, we calculate that approximately 39% of those companies' net income is lost to these uses. Thus, 39% of a 7.4% after-tax return on sales, ~r 2.9%, constitutes the quantifiable minimum advantage of public/worker enterprise for our product lines. . We maintain, of course, that the true "public edge" 1s far greater than that. In addition to non-quantifiable factors such as planning to maximize linkagedness there may be ways _to exploit two other programs to swell the' advantages of public/worker production. First, to the extent that the sma~ler sc~le of our start-up enterprises allows them access to ~ndustr1al revenue bond financing, they might realize a capital cos~ edge of as much as 5-6% over other, larger producers, depending on Prevailing interest rates. Preferential use of tax abatement policy -- an altogether appropriate use of �Public Account 33 this oft-misused tool -- might assist in lowering the interest rate the bonds would have to pay to attract buyers. I Second, as we will discuss in describing the second of three phases of Rational Reindustrialization, another piece of flawed free market tax bribe policy, the "enterprise zones" of Kemp-Garcia, could be stood on its head to target tax advantages toward firms in the new, publicly-managed sector. Based on a minimum, quantifiable public edge of 2.9%, and convinced that intelligent use of bonding, abatement, and zoning tools can add at least another 4-5% to that, we will proceed on the still-conservative assumption of a net total advantage to publicness of 7.5%. l I Finally, we turn to criterion #10. Is our nascent sector's private counterpart profitable and countercyclical? This, of course, has important bearing on its appeal to the City, to private financiers, and to potential bond purchasers. If the new sector's activities can pass this set of tests, their 7.5% estimated cost edge will make possible the steady generation of a significant reinvestible surplus with which to finance further sectoral expansion. Despite the fact that most of the corporations now producing our proposed outputs also produce other, more cyclically-sensitive products, Table 5 makes clear what a strong, stable sector we are seeking to enter. 'I �Rational Reindustrialization 34 Table 5 Profitability and its Cyclicality for Selected Candidate Product Lines Profitability 1975-80 Average Resistance to Recession Pct. Gap between recession qtrs. (1975-I and 1980-I) and 1975-80 Average Rate of Return on: Sales Net worth Product Line Manufacturers Studied Rate of Return a/ on: Sales Net worth Oil and gas p::oduction and upgrading equipment and/or industrial process engines Hughes Tool Ideco (Dresser) Halliburton Struthers Wells McMaster-Carr NL Industries Cameron Iron Crawford Ent. Reading & Bates Schlumberger 9.85% 24.06% Coal gasif ication hardwa.:-e Westinghousec,d Wilputtec McDermott Dresser NL Industries 6.02 14.87 16.6 12.9 Cogenerating engines (gas- and dieselfueled) Gen. Electricd Westinghoused McGraw Edisond S & C Electric 5.96 14. 39 18.0 15.1 Average, manufacturers listed abovee 7.40 20.83 12.9 10.2 Average, all U.S. manufacturing 5.14 14.98 32.3 24.4 5.8% 5.2% SOURCE: Quarterly and annual corporate reports; FTC-SEC. Notes: a - Defined as after-tax profits as a percenc of sales or net worth. b - Net Worth defined as beginning-of-year stockholder equity. c - Currently produce minemouth gasifiers. tord - 1975-80 earnings adversely affected by collapse in light water reac t st rel~t~d electric power plant supplies. In addition, earnings under a e gasifier and cogenerator profitability: all but Wilpucte are large, diversified companies. e - Sales used as weights for determination of average. a �Toward The Rational Reindustrialization of Detroit We have called for the redeployment of Detroit's idled industrial resources in the production of an initial group of products particularly suited to our city's existing capacities. Believing that the challenges of industrial disinvestment must be met with a bold political departure, we have looked to local government to take the lead in initiating a continually bargained economic development plan in which workers and government join private enterprise as co-planners in the realm of production. Such bargained planning is not business as usual in America. We therefore face a tangle of problems which would encumber such a departure. Before we can claim that our economic development agenda is a pragmatic possibility, we must address several current legal, financial, structural, spatial, and political obstacles. Legal: At present, Michigan law narrowly constrains the public role in economic development. The Michigan Constitution clearly limits the types of money-generating enterprises in which a city may be engaged. Cities may own and operate hospitals, cemeteries, and all works involving the public health and safety; public service facilities providing water, light, heat, power, sewage disposal, and transportation; and, with the approval of the State legislature, airports. But the Constitution prevents the State or any of its subdivisions from owning stock in a privately-operated enterprise, or from establishing a State- or municipally-owned bank. In �36 Rational Reindustrialization Section 26, the Constitution also limits the role of public credit: "Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, no city or village shall have the power to loan its credit for any private purpose or, except as provided_ by law, fo~ ~ny public purpose." While the pressure of regional competition for investment has led to increased flexibility in the definition of "public purpose," the difficult-to-amend Mich~gan Constitution still intensely regulates all forms of public enterprise. State law also regulates permissible investment of public employee retirement funds. Only 1% or less of a given fund's assets may be in the common or preferred stock of a given corporation, and that stock must have paid a dividend in five of the past seven years. No fund may own more than 5% of a given corporation's stock. In Michigan, start-up enterprises seeking capital through equity offerings to public employee pension funds clearly face severe limitations. The strict limits imposed by the Michigan Cons ti tut ion are reiterated in state development finance legislation. Section 15 of the Michigan Industrial Development Revenue Bond Act of 1963 begins, "Nothing herein contained shall be interpreted to grant to any municipality the authority to operate an industrial building or any industrial machinery or equivalent for its own use." Similarly, the Economic Development Corporation Act of 1974 provides in Section 8 (7), "The corporation shall not operate a project or an enterprise in a project, other than as lessor." This proscription does not appear, as such, in Michigan's Tax Increment Finance Authority Act of 1980, but nothing in the sections defining the powers of authorities suggests that they may operate an enterprise. The portals of Factory Michigan are fiercely guarded by the legal lions of free enterprise. Financial: To fully implement the rational reindustrialization of Detroit will require, over time, billions of dollars of both private and public investment. But the Reagan supply-siders are currently eviscerating the existing federal progr~ms that could provide some of the public capital. The Small Business Administration and the crucial Economic Development Administration are slated to be destroyed. Budget cuts and the new federalism will damage the economic development capacity of the Housing and Urban Development Department. The huge d_evelopment potential represented in the Carter-era Energy Securit~ ~rust Fund may be compromised by the emerging energy non-policies of the Reagan Administration • . E_ve_n if these federal programs were to remain in pla~e, mobi~izing capital for the start-up enterprises of rational reindustr iali zation would be challenging. Private C �Toward Rationality 37 providers of debt or equity capital will look carefully at new f ~rms with unusual owner.ship and management structures, especially when they have neither a track record nor the investment tax advantages of established, profitable corporations. Existing Michigan economic development programs such as industrial revenue bonds, tax abatement, or modest and targeted loan guaranees could cheapen the price of capital or reduce the cost of enterprise, but by themselves could only facilitate, rather than assure, .access to development capital. While public and private employee pension funds represent the single largest potential source of development capital -- and their resources are growing at the rate of $100 million each day -- major legal and political battles must be won before this pool could be tapped to reindustrialize Detroit. Structural: Rational reindustrialization as we conceive it would involve new firm structures in which workers (and eventually perhaps the City) with equity would join private owners in the governance of the shop floor, the plant manager's office, and the corporate board room. Further, we envision the emergence of a general planning mechanism in which the needs and interests of participating firms, major financiers, unions, and the City would be bargained and temporarily composed in a binding, time-limited contract. At both the level of the worker-owned or joint venture firm and that of the general planning mechanism, implementation of our agenda will require that these abstractions be made concrete. Spatial: Most of the Detroit plants that have been or will be idled by disinvestment are multi-story buildings constructed between 1910 and the 1940s. Although many of the product groups discussed earlier as the core of rational reindustrialization can be produced efficiently in such facilities, this is not so in all cases at all scales. Some potential private investors in a reindustrializing Detroit may require new facilities; this poses the costly and politically painful task of land assemblage in an intensely built environmen~. The continuing agony of providing the 465 cleared acres said to be necessary for the new G.M.A.D. plant in the Central Industrial Park is well known: a $200 million public expenditure (excluding the cost of financing debt), the complete destruction of a community, and abject capitulation by governm~nt to the dictates of a potential private investor. The City of Detroit controls but one 60-acre site with industrial potential, and has identified only a handful of privately-held sit~s in even t he 15-40 acre range. Industrial land assemblage in Detroit wi 11 require a new relation ship with pr.i vate in ves to:s, s~per ior replacement housing for relocated reside?t~, a con tinuing public presence in the developments facilitated, and �38 Rational Reindustrialization access to public development capital at the federal level on a scale unlikely under Reagan. Political: Negotiating the legal, financial, structural and spatial obstacles discussed above will require great political dexterity from adroit leadership. Moreover, there is an additional, more truly political task. Advocates of rational reindustrialization can expect some degree of purely ideological hostility from business leadership, especially as public and worker authority increases and the proponents of the downtown Renaissance strategy feel the pinch of their now-subordinate status in the City's redevelopment effort. This hostility must be contained. Building broad support for the bargained social wage we have discussed, developing understanding of the tradeoffs involved, and protecting the social wage from erosion will be major challenges. We look to the government of the City of Detroit as the key source of the initiative and coordination necessary to rational reindustrialization. However, since many of the valuable industrial linkages we seek to protect from dis in vestment exist in a metropolitan web of agglomerated interdependence, a higher level of working class cooperation on a metropolitan scale eventually will be necessary. The workers of Warren and Detroit will have to join forces to protect their futures if their respective local governments are to help coordinate what should ultimately be a regional development plan. It is not possible to take up all the problems and tasks we can anticipate. We possess neither the space, the necessary special knowledge, nor the bravado. we will, however, engage some of the major obstacles defined above by imagining the specific forms they might assume in three distinct phases in the long march of rationally reindustrializing Detroit. For the sake of orderly exposition we will discuss an early P 1· 1 ot ProJect . ' Phase; an intermediate "Mixed Enterprise Zone " Phase; and a more distant Mature Plan Phase. Pilot Project Phase The event that creates the P?ssibility of implementing this initial phase has becom~ a bitter commonplace in contemporary Detroit: a major industrial facility is closing and hundreds, perhaps thousands, of workers f<;1ce permanent unemployment. We assume a year or more of le~dti~e between announcement and closing; the presence of a maJor ~nion i a _plant W<?rkforce with strong leadership; and s?me intere~t 1n averting disaster on the part of the surrounding community, the vendo 7s to the facility, and local and state gov7r~men t • The obJ ecti ve in this phase is to reopen the facility as an enterprise in which the workers and community �Toward Rationality 39 hold equity and thus can participate in bargained planning of the new company's development. The product line of the new venture would be based on the criteria, and probably selected from among the examples, we have described. Hence 1 as the firm eventually prospers, the legitimacy of the Rational Reindustrialization agenda will be reinforced: local government, other endangered workers and manufacturers, and potential investors will be emboldened to attempt similar ventures. Feasibility: The first step must be a campaign to mandate and properly conduct a feasibility study for reopening the closing plant. The initiative of the threatened workers and the affected union will be crucial. They will have to gather the support and generate the momentum to enlist local and state government, vendors, community organizations, and perhaps even the existing corporation.6 The key participants in the study would be the workers and the union; local and state governments and their economic development agencies; representatives of community organizations whose memberships include many plant workers; and, at some point, one or more Detroit-based financial institutions interested in investing in the proposed venture. The participants would retain necessary consultants for special studies on the proposed product line's current and future market; on current prouction technology, costs, and anticipated improvements; on financing options; on the forms of corporate governance and management structure suited to the purposes of the participants; and on how best to accomodate existing or pending state law and regulations. The feasibility study should be conducted so as to maximize the educational impact of the inquiry and public support for the proposed undertaking. The feasibility study process would be consummated in a final report that could also function as the initial business plan of the new enterprise. In the pilot project phase, legal a1:d spatial I?roblems would be minimal; the political and especially the financial obstacles would not. Supporting even a single-factory new venture would require political boldness of local government and the union. Fashioning a corporate structure that facilitates worker and community equity would require 6. The costs of a full feasibility study could be distributed among the City (Community Development En ti tlemen t Grant funds) , the Detroit Economic Development Corporatio~ (hereaf~er, _the EDC), the State Department of Commerce_ (in-kind_ contributions of personnel from the Office of Economic Expansion), the State Department of Labor (personnel from the Job Development Division) , the federal government {planning grants from HUD or EDA, should funding survive), and the union. Ill J �40 Rational Reindustrialization ingenuity. For the initial projects of Rational Reindustrialization, however, the major challenge will be to secure adequate financing. Governance: The new enterprise should be structured to max1m1ze access to potential capital while insuring a strong worker and community voice. We propose a model with five components. 7 An operating company with a management including elected union representatives would organize production, marketing, planning and the other traditional aspects of enterprise as a for-profit business. An Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) with a committee, under union control, would provide the vehicle for worker equity, facilitate access to certain sources of capital, and confer significant tax advantages. A non-profit, tax-exempt community corporation would provide a locally-accountable entity that could accept contributions from local and national charitable organizations to provide capital for and assume equity in the new enterprise. The community corporation might also prove useful as a passthrough mechanism for donated buildings and equipment. Individual investors would be offered stock, though care must be taken not to unnecessarily dilute worker and community equity and influence in corporate governance. Finally, the Detroit EDC would function as a conduit for government grants, as a lessor of equipment and/or plant if industrial revenue bonds are used, as a continuing source of technical assistance, and as an indirect voice of local government in corporate affairs. How would such a complex structure be governed, and how would bargained planning occur at the level of the firm? The common stockholders would be sovereign, electing a board of directors that would make policy for management. To max1m1ze the policy impact of worker equity and to strengthen the hand of the union, both the allocated and unallocated shares in the ESOP would be voted by the workers (or by their elected representatives in the ESOP Cammi ttee which might overlap with the union lea~ership or be a special ~nion off ice)• ~he_s~ock held by the ESOP, the community corporation, and by ind1v1dual local residents would be voting common stock. If 7. During the late 1970s, a team of consultants coordinated by the National Center for Economic Alternatives did extensive work on behalf of the Ecumenical Coalition of the Mahoning Valley in their campaign to reopen the Campbell Works of the Young s to~ Sheet & Tube Company as a community-con trolled corporation. The N.C.E.A. team did imnortant work on the st ruc~ure of worker and community ownership. We have benefitted especial~y from the insights of Brad Dewan and Karl Frieden. See their Recommendations of Worker/Community OwnershiE S t ruct~re for Reopened Campbell Works, National Center for Economic Alternatives, Washington, 1978. �1111 Toward Rationality 41 it would not compromise the general appeal of firm offerings, the by-laws of the operating company might require that both the ESOP- and community corporation-held shares elect a certain minimum number of di rectors. Addition al capital would be sought through non-voting preferred stock available to all. The procurement of high quality -- but controlled -:-- management personnel would be essential. To attract private investors and government support, to navigate the dangers of the launch, and to build the operating company's standing in the marketplace will require experienced and aggressive managers. But these managers must also understand the unusual character of the company. They must be prepared to accept policy direction from a board in which the voice of the workers and the community is strong, even dominant. They must conduct relations with a union strengthened by the equity position of its members. And they must willingly participate in both the formal and informal processes of bargained planning, often yielding to the voice of the shop floor on the organization of production, heeding the union or the ESOP Committee's recommendations on local procurement targeted to union shops and accepting the dictates of the City on hiring. Such unusual individuals may well find work in such new enterprises highly attractive: a workforce inspired to exceptional productivity by its equity position and policy role; a plant equipped with state-of-the-art technology; the special support of local government; and high visibility in a nationally-known innovation are all benefits to be expected. To recruit the best available talent, however, substantial material incentives may also be necessary. Direct salaries above the norm in the industry, cash bonuses for top-flight performance, and advantageous options on non-voting preferred stock should be considered. The union would function both as the traditional collective representative of the workers in daily and contractual relations with the operating company and, through the ESOP, as a voice in corporate governance. The precise relations between the ESOP and the union would be defined in practice, and would be influenced by such considerations as the interaction between the union local and the international or bargaining tactics at contract time. This sort of enterprise structure clearly contains elements of political contest as well as common interest: It would, in the embryonic form of an individual pilot proJect, embody the dynamic class tensions that w?uld pla? thems~lv~s out in a fully-implemented, mature Rational Re1ndustr1al1zation plan. Financing: The financing of ~he enterprise should be designed to realize substantial capital for startup, to maximize equity in relation to debt, to reap the maximum tax / �-42 Rational Reindustrialization advantages available to its unusual structure, and -- for pol~tical as well as business and tax reasons -- to allow a rapid rise to profitability. Money will be necessary at the_l~u~ch for the acquisition of building and equipment, for initial operating capital, and to fund the ESOP trust. In the best possible case, the plant that will house the new enterprise would be donated by the former corporate owner to the tax-exempt community corporation, which would then bestow it upon the operating company. The former owner would realize tax advantages, and might be particularly amenable to this course of action if also engaged in bargaining with the City Council over permission to receive tax abatement and/or industrial revenue bonds for new investments elsewhere in Michigan. Element3 of the acquisition and alteration of the facility might also be accomplished with the proceeds of an Urban Development Action Grant to Detroit passed through to the Detroit EDC. This would involve a lease-purchase arrangement between the EDC and the operating company. The dedication of a UDAG to the project would increase private lender confidence, and also raise the limits on the size of an industrial bond issue for the project, should that device be selected. The plant might also be purchased with the proceeds of an industrial revenue bond, also involving a lease-purchase agreement with the EDC. The operating company would be required to conform to the limits on industrial revenue bond size and total company investment in the locale imposed by the Internal Revenue Service, and would, of course, need a purchaser for the bonds. A local commercial bank might be convinced to purchase them in return for the company promising its future banking business, including the ESOP trust. Finally, the plant could also simply be purchased with the proceeds of stock sales• Essentially the same options exist for the purchase of equipment for the new enterprise. Securing financing for the Employee Stock ownership Plan (ESOP) is essential. The typical elements of an ESOP are the company, the ESOP trust and trustee, the initial lender, and the employees and their ESOP committee. The operating company would establish the plan and the trust and designate the trustee. A lender would make a loan to the trust, which would use the proceeds to purchase common stock in the operating company. The company would at the same time agree ~o pay the trust the equivalent of the trust's principal anrl interest payments to the initial lender. The shares would be held by the ~ender as security for its loan to the trust; as the plan_begins to operate and payments are made on the loan, progressively more stock would be released to the ESOP trustee < �Toward Rationality 43 and then distributed to the accounts of the employees on the terms of the plan. The benefits to the operating company are substantial. _If an_init~al le~der can be found, the new enterprise can enJoy an immediate, interested market for its common stock. Although the company is required to make payments to the trust in the manner of a loan, the entire payment (both that dedicated to interest and the principal on the trust's obligation to the lender) is tax-deductible. The most desirable lender for our pilot project's ESOP would be an agency of government such as the U.S. Departrnen t of Commerce's Economic Development Administration, which has in the past made several loans to establish highly successful ESOPs. Unfortunately, the EDA will probably not survive the attack of Stockman' s longknives; in the real world of the early 1980s, the most likely lender will be a local commercial bank interested in the full banking business o~the operating company and that of its workers and supporters. Beyond the sale of voting common stock to the ESOP, the company would seek initial capital by offering the same securities to the community corporation and to local private investors. Given political support for the venture and the possible ideological appeal of its main product (e.g., fuelsaving hardware) and its self-help elan, certain foundations might give grants to the community corporation for the purpose of purchasing equity in the operating company. To seek other equity capital, particularly from church and other institutional investment trusts, the operating company could also issue non-voting preferred stock without diluting worker and community power in company governance. Since at first the enterprise would presumably seek market entry with aggressive pricing of its product, initial purchasers of stock should have modest expectations about near-term dividends. · It will be important, however, to show profitability as soon as possible. we think that can occ_ur: given the substantal investment in new equipment, the special tax status <:>f the ESOP financing, and the predictable net operatin_g losses in the early years of the enterprise, the compa?y will have huge tax benefits to carry forward to future, profitable years. If potential investors can be convinced of the company's 8. In realizing the benefits of the ESOP, it will be important to Prevent its substitution for an adequate and indepe nd ent pension plan for the employees of the operating c~mpany. The union must guard against an "economy" such as th is. �44 Rational Reindustrialization prospect of stable profitability in the future, then the anticipated cash flow from the deductio~s carried fo~ward can be sold in advance at startup, for precious early capital. Investors might wel{go for such a "tax loss sale": after ~11,_the new company is not a worker takeover ~fa tr~ubled firm in a declining industry, but a publicly-assisted mixed venture entering a booming industry. In light of these possible solutions to the startup obstacles, it is perfectly reasonable to expect that one or more of Detroit's major factories could be saved from closing. A former auto engine plant, for example, might be reopened to produce a small cogenerator similar to Fiat's TOTEM, which is based on a four-cylinder auto engine and can deliver substantial savings in heat and electricity costs for individual residences, small apartment buildings, and stores. Such a product would have both a local and a national market. Beyond the expected tax abatements, the City could assist by requiring procurement of the cogenerators for publicly-assisted new construction, assuring that some orders would already be in hand at launch. Further, the City and its EDC could discuss with potential local vendors to the new enterprise the possible relationship between their cooperation with the company and their prosects for future incentives from the City. Even at the pilot project stage, the advantages of publir,ly-directed linkages would begin to emerge. Mixed Enterprise Zone Phase we foresee a time when the aggregation of pilot projects, together with certain legislative and political developments, will make possible a larger, more coordinated application of our agenda. As auto disinvestment continues and the limits of the downtown Renaissance become clearer to the electorate, local government may be compelled to use its available economic development tools in unprecedented ways in a bold quest for jobs, tax base, and restored legitimacy. At that point, Rational Reindustrialization ?an be attempted in a single large industrial tract of Detroit. Local government would nurture the potential linkages a~ong a s~bstan~ial :iumber of both traditional private and pilot proJect firms rn the tract. This assistance will be most effective if government has the will and skill to preside o~er a qualitatively new, zone-wide stage of bargained planning. As auto-dependent suppliers look for replacement orders! as some plant cl<?sings lead to successful pilot project reopenings, as t~e earlier new ventures become profitable and expand, and as private corporations become interested in major investments in the zone, local government can shape both the terms and the character of growth in the zone by its aggressive use of economic development tools. A discussion of these key �Toward Rationality 45 tools is necessary before we can suggest how their creative us~ might enable new relations of production in a mixed enterpr 1se zone. Tax Increment Financing: In this process mandated by Michigan Public Act 450 of 1980, a Tax Incremen't Finance Authority (T.I.F.A. -- which may be the City's E.D.C.) is establi_shed •. The Authority designates one or more development areas 1n which tax revenue f .rom net increases in property valuation go not to the City's general fund but to an account controlled by the Authority, which can use the funds to finance revenue bonds based on the cash flow of the tax increment. These resources are applied to the economic development of the increment district. The Authority can also acquire, hold, improve, and lease real and personal property and conduct all the normal activities of a development agency. If it con trolled a large and active area from which an ample increment could be harvested, a Detroit Tax Increment Finance Authority could wield real public power in a mixed enterprise zone that was essentially coextensive with its development district(s). A TIFA could make crucial contributions to the startup of enterprises based on worker equity, or condition its assistance to a major private investor on the degree of its cooperation with the general zone planning effort. Broadly constructed, Public Act 450 may even allow a TIFA to assume an equity position in zone enterprises. Enterprise Zones: The so-called Kemp-Garcia "free enterprise zone" concept -- currently embodied in H.R. 3824 -- has become the most visible and hotly-debated element in Reagan's emerging urban policy. Our purpose here is not a full consideration of the merits of the concept as practiced in Great Britain or as discussed in the u.s. Some progressives have, with reason, been critical of a proposal that might pave the way for an eventual sweatshop Koreanization of the disinvested urban wasteland. Other progressives have, with equal reason, been drawn to a potential tool that uses federal tax concessions to target new investment on the most devastated regions of frostbelt cites. In considering Detroit's future, we assume passage of a law similar to H.R. 3824. In the current leg is lat i ve proposal, enterprise zones may be designated by local governmen~ wit~ the approval of the Secretary of H.U.D. in consul~ation with Comme 7ce, Labor, and Treasury. The criteria are quite loose: a1;1y ~ontinuous urban zone characterized by vacant land and buildings, ~n unemployment rate 1.5 times the national average, most.residents' incomes below the city median, and 4,000-plus resid~nts despite pervasive depopulation would qualify severa_l times over. All the significant industrial tracts of Detroit would thus be candidates for designation. �46 Rational Reindustrialization The requirements on local government are similarly undemanding. The City is required to reduce the_ burden~ borne by employers or employees in the zone by means _which may include tax reductions, the provision of better services, and reduced governmental red tape. Private enti~ies in th~ zone_ are as~ed to provide jobs, training, and technical and financial assistance to workers and residents in the zone. Nothing in the current legislation suggests abolition of the minimum wage, elimination of OSHA, or a compensating reduction in other federal aid; indeed, the Secretary of H.U.D. is required to promote the expeditious coordination of the zones with other federal programs. The federal tax advantages to firms in the zone are substantial. Zone firms that get at least 40% of their new hires from CETA-eligible workers enjoy a 5% business income tax credit; capital gains taxes are eliminated; half of zonegenerated business income is excluded from taxation; interest income on loans to zone businesses is tax-exempt; and net operating losses can be carried forward a full 20 years. workers in such firms enjoy a 5% federal income tax credit up to $1,500. Because of contemplated limits on the number of zones to be designated nationally during the early years of the program, intense competition among cities is likely. Beyond political trade-offs, cities that can demonstrate greatest need, broadest local support, and most potential for job creation will be the winners. If Detroit wants to win, it should ask: how can a local government supportive of Rational Reindustrialization combine a tax increment development area with an enterprise zone to create stable industrial employment on a large scale? If such a Detroit zone were drawn to include several vacant and available industrial facilities the federal tax incentives could be used to attract new, private investors. If, for example, Schlumberger, Nucorp, or another major energy hardware producer eager to ride the 1980-2000 drilling surge grows understandably frustrated with its unfilled orders from uncoordinated and overextended vendors and if it were cautious . new construction, ' the in-place ind us trial o~ the costs of maJor linkages of southeastern Michigan might prove very attractive, especially in a Detroit mixed enterprise zone in which innovative public policy had begun to efficiently rationalize the relations among many separate producers. under such circumstances, the federal incentives offer red in the zone might induce both the major private investment and the entering corporation's participation in the general~anning process of the zone. �Toward Rationality 47 The various tax advantages would also assist worker/community-owned startup enterprises. The tax-free status of all lending to zone businesses would obviate the limits and some of the overhead costs of industrial revenue bonds The other concessions would not only lighten the eventual ta; load of such enterprises, but would also increase the size and appeal of the "tax loss sales" that could add to their initial capital resources. Finally, workers in the zone would benefit from the targeted hiring requirements imposed upon zone employers and from the 5% federal income tax credit. This credit would be one element in a stabilized social wage enabling the direct wage/job security trade-off discussed earlier. Pension Fund Capital: To implement Rational Reindustr iali zation in a major industrial zone of Detroit will require more development capital than will be available from worker/community equity, government grants, and conventional lenders. For the mixed enterprise zone to flourish, access to pension fund capital will eventually be necessary. Pension funds in the United States control huge resources. They hold over $550 billion in assets, equivalent to 27% of GNP. Their $100 billion investment in corporate bonds repesents nearly 15% of all long-term private corporate debt in the country. A building political contest of great import is developing around two simple questions: Whose dollars are in the funds? How should they be invested? In an August 1980 statement, the AFL-CIO Executive Council strongly encouraged affiliates to bargain for joint administration of benefit funds. The highest priority for redirected investment identified by the council was "a new independent institution, partially supported by pension funds and aimed at promotion of employment as part of a broad program for the reindustrialization of America" -- in essence, a public development bank in which workers would have a policy voice. Major obstacles confront the aggressive pursuit of such a goal. Most private pension funds are comp?ny-controlled, and de facto authority over investment policy has been delegated to banker-trustees. Public funds are usually regulated by state constitutions, statutes, and court decisions that limit permissible fund investments. Most. startup a nd smaller enterprises are excluded from investment simply because t~ey are unproven or too small to merit the_n~cessary_research. Finally, all pension fund investment policies ~re 1nfl~enced by the "prudent man" doctrine which, as conven~1onally interpreted, requires trustees to invest conser~~t~ve~y, based.on the narrowest measures of return to plan benericiaries. Ironically, such caution has often produced poor performance: one �48 Rational Reindustrialization study of funds holding nearly 20% of all U.S. fund assets found an average rate of return of 4.1%. For workers to gain some influence over their deferred earnings held in pension trusts, a sustained campaign will be required. Unions must bargain for joint administration. Public funds must be freed from socially irrational regulations. A doctrine of "social prudence" must be asserted, one that charges trustees with an affirmative resfonsibility to consider social criteria in investment policy. Vigorous use of the public balance sheet approach must be used to demonstrate the full economic value of targeting investments especially from the public employee funds to the communities of plan participants. Many regional and national risk pooling and capital targeting instruments must be developed, so that workers have the tools to safely direct the power of their pensions. As this campaign wins victories, the resources freed up for economic development in Michigan, in Detroit, and in our proposed mixed enterprise zone may be substantial. Michigan-headquartered private pension funds include five of the largest 100 and 38 of the largest 1000. They control nearly $20 billion in assets and include General Motors {$12.9 billion), Ford {$4.9 billion), Chrysler {$1.6 billion), and Bendix {$1.1 billion). Public employee pension funds in Michigan hold over $5 billion in assets, make 65% of their investment completely outside the state, and place only 12% in Michigan-based firms. Unions must win creation of and joint control over a state or area investment bank that guarantees a minimum rate of return to pension fund investments and targets a portion of its resources to zone enterprises. For example, as the pilot project building small cogenerators matures to profitability, new equity capital from the regional fund could help finance its expansion into much larger industrial cogenerator production. Eminent Domain: Only public authority will be able to accomplish the major spatial rationalizations that may be required within the zone. A mixed enterprise zone embracing and over laying a federally-mandated enterprise zone and a citydesignated tax increment finance district should include as much existing open space as possible to reduce the need for industrial land assemblage in the future. While Detroit has very little such space well served by the necessary transport and utility infrastructure, we have noted the potential cost 9. See especially the groundbreaking essay by Michael Leibig, Social Investments and the Law {Washington, 1980). �Toward Rationality 49 advantages of major reinvestment in existing facilities as compared with entirely new "greenfield" developments. While greenfield expansion often appears to minimize production costs, its huge -- and often publicly-assumed -- capital costs as compared with the "brownfield" or retrofit alternative calls that appearance into question. 10 We are convinced that when all costs are fully and properly enumerated, the bottom line will be urban reinvestment. Detroit's multi-story factories need not be industrial dinosaurs marked for extinction. We have noted that many of the product lines we recommend for Detroit are large, relatively low-volume-per-week goods suited for fabrication in rehabilitated multi-story factories. We would also point out that many of the smaller, startup enterprises that will bloom in our agenda can share multi-story facilities converted, through government initiative, into "industrial condominiums." Nevertheless, the need for land assemblage will inevitably arise as reindustrialization proceeds. The trauma of "urban greenfielding" in the interests of unaccountable private economic development has been harshly demonstrated to the nation by Detroit's Poletown experience. Without notice and with only token community consultation, a working class neighborhood was expropriated and dispersed in one short year to make way for a General Motors assembly plant, shaking the lives of and the linkages among thousands of citizens and hundreds of businesses. Rational Reindustrialization projects a new concept ion of the land assemblage process, in which public/worker/community authority dominates. The municipal exercise of eminent domain will not commit such blight-byannouncement but be the outcome of open, protracted discussion within the planning mechanism. If housing must be taken, relocated residents will move into an already constructed replacement community reflecting their preferences, a community financed by federal and state governments and the bonding power of the Tax Increment Finance Authority or the Economic Development Corporation. Some homes might even be physically relocated; in any case, neither residents nor businesses will lose the relationships that are their sustenance. Humane and democratic reconfiguration of land usage is possible only if public authority is d?rninant on the question in the governance of the mixed enterprise zone. The IO. See U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, Technology and and 1 ~8 0) Steel Industry Cornpeti ti veness (Washington, or Staughton Lynd, "Reindustrialization: Brownfield Greenfield?," Democracy (July 1981). �50 Rational Reindustrialization exercise of eminent domain would still occur, and private corporations might still be among the beneficiaries; but unli~e the Pole town experience, it will not be the questionably constitutional exercise of eminent domain for the obviously exclusive benefit of General Motors that led 2 of 7 Michigan Supreme Court justices to vote against Detroit's taking of Poletown. As Associate Justice Ryan, one of the dissenters, wrote: "Justifying condemnation for private corporations [requires] the retention of some measure of government control over the operation of the enterprise after it has passed into private hands." Precisely so. Only a reindustrialization that embodies ongoing public authority in the operation of enterprise preserves the rationality and cons ti tutionali ty of eminent domain for economic development. Bargained Zone Planning: Who should govern the mixed enterprise zone? Through what structure should decisions to wield the development tools we have described be made? We envision an incorporated, democratically-constituted Planning Authority that brings together (1) representatives of workers (both unions and boards of worker-owned firms); (2) private enterprise (big and small manufacturers, banks and other lenders, utilities); (3) communities (e.g., a zone-wide council of neighborhood organizations); and (4) government (E.D.C./T.I.F.A., the City). Each of these four blocs would have a set number of members elected or appointed to the Authority board by the entities it represents. Having recognized common interests in the process of establishing the zone and the Authority, the representatives would still necessarily bring contending interests to the governance of the zone. Open debate at the board table and in public would test the strength of the blocs represented; ultimately, each entity has the power to withhold its participation in the economy of the zone. These social contests! sometimes mild and sometimes sharp, would be resolved by adoption of a zone contract or bargained planning agreement binding on all participants. As the political experiment of the mixed enterprise zon~ matures,. the bargained planning agreement would embrace a w:der and w:der range of economic activity: wage and hiring policy; coordinated production of intra-zone orders· development and maintenance of infrastructure· distributi~n of governme~t resources; coordinated targeting of capital; efficient ma~erials movement~ and even formal merger of some zone enterprises. The Planning Authority would in effect levy a tax . , Or . "u ser f_ee " on zone enterprises, at ,first simply to finance its overs~ght role but later to enable it to make on-going targeted investments within the zone. �Toward Rationality 51 The commitment to a mixed enterprise zone would obviously constitute a major shift in the priorities of local government. Down town commercial interests would be told to rely mo 7e on market forces and be asked to forego their claim on public development resources. The citizenry would be asked to consider surrendering part of its tax resources to targeted use in the zone. The federal government would have to be won over to the logic a city using public balance sheet accounting and be persuaded to cooperate. Such a federally-tolerated well-developed mixed enterprise zone would be the highest stag~ of Rational Reindustrialization attainable in Detroit without a major restructuring of American politics. To go further, large resources are essential. Mature Plan Phase How large? we can assign rough round numbers to suggest the resources necessary to fully reindustrialize Detroit as a model of frostbelt recovery: to create 100,000 new industrial jobs, close to $4 billion in new investment would be required over time. In the third section of the next chapter, we will discuss how the public component of this investment might be raised. For now, suffice it to say that, for Rational Reindustrialization to progress to full form, Reagan and the free market troglodytes who shape his economic policies must go, to be replaced by a federal administration whose solution to the crisis of the 1980s is incipiently state-capitalist. While it does matter whether this evolution is dominated by anti-democratic pragmatists such as Felix Rohatyn or by genuine liberals seeking a statecapitalist regeneration of a more redistributively just society, in either case corporatist ins ti tut ions would be created. A crucial test of strength for progressives would be our ability to marshal the forces necessary to condition these institutions. If a Rohatynesque national development bank were founded, would city movements, trade unions, and other mass organizations of the working class and poor have sufficient strength in the streets and in Congress -- and sufficient clarity on what is desirable -- to s~ape part of the bank's mandate? Could we insure that some of its resources would be targeted to the Rational Reindustrialization of the frostbelt? The fullest implementation of our agenda may v~ry well depend on the convergence of the left and ~regressive forces in America into a national social-democratic movement with clear objectives and political power. T~is national bloc could influence federal energy, development finance, transportation, housing, and urban policy in ways tha~ would favor a full capital-conserving, job-creating industrial program for Detroit. �52 Rational Reindustrialization At the local political level, mature Rational Reindustr ializaton requires the advent of a City administration that shares our agenda's fullest objectives. Its leaders would represent a mobilized people in negotiat~ons wi~h private <;aJ?ital, with Washington, and with other 1ndustr1a~ commun1t~es of southeastern Michigan. As the scope of bargained planning came to encompass a widening range of city life, a popular movement would emerge, one that could elect and protect a creative leadership and which would provide the training ground for thousands of resourceful citizens guiding the planning contest in the factories and neighborhoods of Detroit. National Policy and Rational Reindustrialization The agenda described in this paper would be all the more feasible if certain national policies begin to be implemented in the 1980s. First, a national response to the current automotive sector crisis could slow the loss of key inter-firm linkages in the Detroit economy. Second, a national energy policy centered on fuel substitution and coal conversion, rather than on the production of diesel fuel from western shale, would place Detroit in a better position to capture a significant share of the U.S. energy hardware sector. Third, because start-up costs for our "Mature Plan" phase are large, an approach to national, regional, and urban revitalization based on an integrated federal capital targeting mechanism, such as a Reconstruction Finance Corporation with access to Energy Security Trust Fund monies, would make financing Detroit's future far easier. turn. We will examine each of these national areas in Policy for the Auto Transition An agenda to rationally reindustrialize Detroit's economy would be well �National Policy 53 served by a national policy aimed at slowing the decline of ~he U.S. a~tomotive_sector. The downsizing of the city's main industry 1s occurr 1ng at a dangerous pace; if the linkages that bind together the industrial economy are ruptured by too many sudden jolts -- bankruptcies, lost orders skilled workforce migration -- the cost of rebuilding the area~ s economy will be far greater. A managed approach to the auto crisis is important in buying time in which to marshal resources for rational conversion of Detroit's industrial base. There are two distinct dimensions to the crisis of auto-dependent Detroit. The first is the decade-long stagnation in Americans' real incomes, which has led to an aging of the vehicle fleet as consumers postpone new purchases. Stagnant real incomes tend to induce a shift away from more expensive, predominantly domestic, larger vehicles toward cheaper, smaller ones. This shift tends to dramatically increase imported -- and especially Japanese-made -- cars' share of the U.S. market, as they tend to be smaller, lighter, and (largely as a result of lower wages despite comparable productivity in Japan) less expensive relative to their quality. This income effect has been joined (and was preceded) by a second factor. In 1974-75, and again in 1979-80, fuel prices doubled. In both cases, the domestic auto makers were caught flat-footed, their factories geared to produce an output mix heavily weighted toward larger, high-unit-profit cars and light trucks. In 1974-75, the government responded by passing new car fuel economy regulations designed to force the Big Three to begin an expensive, but orderly, transition to an output mix favoring smaller vehicles. That transition has included several rounds of "downsizing," such that the average domestic 1982 model car is 75 percent more fuel-efficient than its 1974 counterpart. The 1979-80 fuel er isis proved that even these fuel economy gains were "too little, too late": larger cars and trucks piled up in inventory, the imports' market sh~re zoomed to 27 percent, and the Big Three laid off fully a third of its U.S. work force through an unprecedented wave of p~ant closings and capital spending cutbacks. Chrysler Corporation, the largest employer in Detroit, twice had to be granted a reprieve from imminent bankruptcy by federal loan guarantees tied to major wage and benefit concessions by its workers. Not surprisingly, the crisis in auto has attrac~ed many proposed "solutions." Some have called for more excl~sive reliance on the free market: removal of government regulationS, decontrol of gasoline prices, and a sink-or-swim approach to Chrysler's plight. Others have urged workers to accept ?ay and conditions cuts to reduce their employer's coS t s. st111 others have adopted the tack of demanding sta nd ing quotas �54 Rational Reindustrialization against foreign cars and trucks. A few have even proposed military action in the Persian Gulf to secure fuel supplies. u.s. Much as these proposals differ from one another, they all assume that saving the auto-centered?·~· industrial base means restoring existing corporate en t1 ties to superprofitability with no strings attachE:d· All assume t~at purely private companies are the only possible source of Jobs. We dispute the idea that only private investment can create employment. We see no reason to assume that the needs of workers for jobs, of the public for mobility, and of the corporations for profits will somehow all magically coincide. Public policy interventions played a role in the auto crisis, and must play a role in its resolution. The gove rnrnen t' s role in the eris is becomes obvious when one admits the naivete of the view that the domestic auto companies should have seen 1979-80's frantic switch to small cars corning. Late in 1975, the Big Three found that small car demand had collapsed. The public wanted larger cars. Import sales plunged. The va share of engine output rose, but couldn't keep pace with market demand. All of this, of course, had to do with the falling real price of gasoline from rnid-1974 through early 1979: consumers got the message that things were returning to normal. This is not to exonerate th auto companies, of course. Rather, it is to argue that in our economy private corporations respond to profit signals alone; because "small cars mean small profits," increased sales of small r, more fuel-efficient cars could only have been promoted by public policy. Hence, a viable national strategy to slow the d cline of the traditional auto sector must include the means to insulate auto and the public policies regulating it from energy shocks and the associated wide swings in international auto sector cornpeti tiveness. Specifically, in order to slow the decline of the U.S. industry, steps must be taken to retain North American employment and to narrow the gap between the pr i~e of the labor-power embodied in u. s. and Japanese nameplate sol~, here. The key step is enactment of "local conte~t I1 vehi~les requirements that would mandate that all vehicles sold in high_ volumes in the U.S. contain at least 75 percent North America~ value-added ~Y some future date. Such requirements would simultaneously induce Japanese investment in the U.S. and Canada; reduce the downward pressure on u.s. manufacturing wages (and hence on frostbelt tax bases); speed the integration of Japanese auto unions into the worldwide auto productivity/labor rate norm; and slow the out-sourcing of work by the Big Three to off-shore shops. For those who argue that local content mandates would raise car and truck prices, we �National Policy 55 respond that the U.S. government can and should dema d auto price restraint as a quid pro quo for reducing the threat to the Big Three's market share from low-wage foreign producers. Policy for the Energy Transition Rational Reindustr iali zation in Detroit is not strictly dependent on which policies are adopted to deal with U.S. over-dependence on scarce petroleum-based fuels. The least cost energy future for the nation, which we describe below, is also the one most conducive to Detroit's role as an energy hardware producer. Only one policy emphasis in the energy field -- massive subsidization of the synthesis of diesel fuel feedstocks from western oil shale -- could sabotage the planning process we have described. Any other policy direction, including a nonpolicy of letting "the market" determine fuel mix, will favor the substitution of gas for oil and the emergence of coal as the prime synthetic gas feedstock. Detroit's future will continue to depend on the health of the auto industry for at least the next 30-50 years. That fact dictates our strong interest in the u.s. having adequate supplies of high-heat content liquid fuels for the transportations ctor. That interest, in turn, leads us to advocate a 1980-2020 energy policy that frees up high-quality liquid fu ls from sectors that can easily be switched to gas. Basically, the so-called energy crisis is rooted in the absence of such fuel-switching: scare petroleum-based fuels for which there are no affordable substitutes available to the transportation sector are being wasted on stationary uses that can be cheaply nd quickly switch d. What should be done? First, large industrial and el ctric utlity boilers should be, and are being, s~itc~ed over to coal. Second, the possibility of interfuel subst1tut1on should be m ximiz d by policies encouraging large-scale production of low- and medium-BTU gas from coal. Such coal-based syngas once enjoyed a significant industrial market, and is being produced today -- at half the cost of ne~ ~atura~ gas -- without subsidy and d spite the lack of an expl1c1 t national Policy favoring it; conscious policy, however, could accelerate the return of this proven industrial gas supply technology. As more and more coal-based gas becomes available to industries that have not been able to switch from ~il or natural gas to coal, thy will switch to coal gas, freein~ up Oil for transportation fuels and natural gas for home heating. To make this thoroughly rational redistribution of fuels among sectors feasible, a third step is already underway: t~e upg1;ading of U.S. refineries to crack almost all crude oil into light fuels suitable for transportation. a �56 Rational Reindustrialization These three steps would mean that by the end of this century, about 70, rather than to~ay's 50, percent.of u.s. oil use would be in the transportation sector. Assuming an on-road vehicle fleet of 160 million units averaging 28 miles per gallon, and adding about 800,000 barrels a day (B/D) for aircraft, by 2000 the U.S. transportation sector can get by on about 7.5 million barrels a day (MBD) of petroleum products. Based on the consensus forecast that U.S. crude oil production in 2000 through 2020 will be about 7.0 MBD, at 70 percent transport fuels per barrel, the sector's domestic shortfall is only 2.6 MBD of product, less than half what the U.S. now imports. Unless too many of the resources needed to finance fuel switching and refinery upgrade flow instead into unnecessarily expensive, long lead-time shale and direct coal liquefaction projects, the coal gas-based energy transition can and will occur. Liquid fuels will be directed where their use is most efficient, and gasoline will be supplemented more and more by synthetic liquid fuel made from coal gas.II This is the rational 1980-2020 energy and transportation fuels strategy, and the stable, secure industrial jobs lie in the production of the hardware for energy production, storage, upgrading, and (coal) gasification. Moreover, because of the affordability of the low- and medium-BTU gas from coal that underpins this energy path, policies that contribute to its development should have great appeal to non-energy capitalists who, like consumers, must treat energy as a cost. We argue that this common interest creates the basis for an alliance of the public sector, the citizenry, and elements of the non-energy business community to preserve, and win a share of, the Energy Security Trust Fund financed by the tax on the windfall profits of oil companies due to price decontrol. Policy for Capital Targeting At some point in the 1980s, the nation will confront the failure of Reagan's laissez-faire, supply-side stewardship of economic policy. Despite continued stagnation and Reagan's abuse of the working 11. That synthetic liquid should be methanol because: (1) Methanol is an acceptable multi-purpose engin~ fuel for use in everything from the peaking turbines that now waste 400,000 B/D of_ oil to high compression car engines; (2) Methanol is producible as part of the coal-to-syngas-to-methanol cycle that _we've described~ and which is already yielding coal gas at a price below what industry pays for either oil or natural gas; ( 3). Me1thanol is already inexpensive, yielding a gallon of gasolines energy for $1.48, compared to gasoline from coal at $2.93, diesel fuel from shale at $2.60, and ethanol from corn or sugar cane at $2.99; and (4) Methanol is cleaner to make and cleaner to burn than any other synthetic liquid. �National Policy 57 class and poor, welfare-warfare liberalism will not recover· its demise was the predictable result of its ideological bank: ruptcy and programatic disarray. With the legitimacy of government a~ a source of security and an engine of growth in question, a period of danger and opportunity will arrive in American politics. With laissez-faire discredited no less than redistr ibuti ve liberalism, the debate will center on the objectives, forms, and costs of qualitatively new state interventions in the economy. Contending champions of the restructuring of the accumulation process will advance industrial policies that speak to debates over regional competition, energy sources and costs, urban recovery, and the renewal of basic infrastructure. Despite their differences on these matters, all serious participants in the contest will assume the necessity of major state spending. Vulgar critiques of "big government" will wilt before the hard fact of social decay. One example: a recent estimate of the cost of merely maintaining and renewing the existing U.S. highway, mass transit, railroad, water and sewer, and harbor systems during the next twa decades presents a staggering $1,225 billion bill. Some of these costs will be assumed locally, but the figure suggests the scale of federal intervention that will be required just to maintain the possibility of an industrial economy, let alone to achieve steady growth. In this context, what is the approximate magnitude of the capital needed to establish the Mature Plan version of Rational Reindustr ialization in Detroit? What does the capital stock required to equip 100,000 well-paid workers cost? This is not an easy question. we~ determine an uppe: bo~nd on the funds required by examining capital-output ratios in the firms producing goods similar to those we propose fo~ a new sector in Detroit. This method tells us that approximately $60,000 in annual sales are associated with each job, and that a capital investment of about $0.75 is re~uired to yiel~ e~ch $1.00 in annual sales. 12 By this reasoning, the $6 billion in annual sales required to employ 100,000 workers would entail capital requirements of some $4.5 billion. that B.ut this is only an upper limit, because it assumes the new Detroit energy hardware sector would be put 12 • As with jobs per dollar of sales, the finding of an energ?hardware capital-output ratio of 0.75 has a clo~e analogy in the auto sector. There, $600 million invested 1n a. 30?,00?unit per year assembly plant allows about $2. 7 billi_on in vehicle sales to be generated. Since assembly ~ontributes about 30% of total value-added per vehicle, the capi ta_l-outp~t ratio is l.8-to-2.7, or o.67. This accords c~osely with a Big Three 1978-80 assets-to-automotive sales ratio of 0 - 686 · a �58 Rational Reindustrialization together the way its capital-~asting prjvate secto~ counterparts were: in new plants, with rel~tive~y untrained la~or pools, and forced to procure interme?1ate 1~puts from pro~1tmaximizing market suppliers. There is, admittedly, no scientific way to quantify the savings that might accrue to Detroit's attempts to maximize the use of existing and potential linkages and wo r k forces , but rough estimates are poss i b 1 e • First , based on U.S. Department of Transportation analyses of the cost advantage that Japanese automakers reap due to industrial complexes -- as opposed to isolated plants -- it would not be unreasonable to reduce our capital needs figure by 10%, to $4. 05 billion. Second, assuming conservatively that one-third of new sector operations could be housed in existing, older facilities, the Office of Technology Assessment's spring 1980 study that found a 30% savings to "rounding out" existing steel plants versus building new ones suggests an additional reduction, to $3.65 billion {i.e., $4.05 billion reduced by one-third of 30%). This large sum seems modest when compared with the hundreds of billions of public and private dollars that will be required to restructure the national economy. However, we are still left with the basic question: where will the money come from to rationally reindustrialize Detroit? Part of the necessary $3.65-billion investment will be made by traditional private enterprise seeking the long-term benefits of the Detroit approach. Part will be raised by worker-owned enterprise from local and reg ion al investors and lenders, especially those with access to pension fund resources. Part will be provided from the revenues of local and state government. Part must come from a federal capital targeting mechanism. The federal government has, of course, always targeted capital in one way or another, and the history of more formalized national development banking reache back at least to Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation. 1 3 As corporatism advances, the confusion and parochial infighting that surrounded Carter's National Development Bank proposal will abate; it will be time to seriously debate capital targeting. The severity of the situation presented by Reagan's denouement, and the broad political base required to legitimate the bold swing to major new state intervention, will compel a resolution of differences. But the national development bank that emerges from the push and pull of reg ion al and class interests refracted i~ the federal ~ove~nment will almost certainly be an institution shaped pr1mar1ly by corporatist forces. However, those 13. For an excellent historical account, see a soon-to-bepublished essay by David Wilmoth, "National Development Banking and the New Corporatism" {mimeo, U.C.-Berkeley, 1981). �National Policy 59 forces wi~l need allies ag~inst the ideological right, and to get them will have to make important -- if reluctant -- concessions to a progressive bloc in Congress. For what should that bloc fight? Corporatists such as Felix Rohatyn will conceive of the bank as an investor in infrastructure renewal, a stabilizer of municipal finances, and a source of equity capital for essential but troubled ind us tries in need of a corporate safety net. For them, the bank would be an institution "beyond politics" and thus more able to extract intensely political concessions from cities and unions while disciplining less corporatist lenders and companies. The progressive bloc would concur with the general proposition of investment in infrastructure and agree that the bank should have a municipal window. When cities come to borrow at that window, however, the terms of the loan will be a matter of intense debate. On the crucial issue of the bank's industrial investment policy, the progressive bloc and the forces it represents must advocate a "buy-in" complement to the corporatist "bail-out" strategy: there should be a requirement that failing firms falling into the corporate safety net bounce out with the added vigor of worker equity, financed perhaps by the development bank's guarantee of a loan to an E.S.O.P. trust. On the basis of such equity, a recovering auto parts supplier in Detroit might diversify and be brought into cooperation with the Mature Plan for reindustrialization of Detroit. The decisive issue for our Detroit agenda would be the bank's capacity and willingness to take a minority equity position in the fully or partially worker-owned enterprises that were born in the mixed enterprise zone phase of Rational Reindustrialization and that would now be seeking new capital for expansion. Progressives should fight to require that a certain percentage of the bank's loans, loan guara~tees, and especially equity purchases are targeted_ to the ~ind of enterprises that underlie our agenda in Detroit. In li~ht of the industrial dimensions of the energy path previously described, its obvious contribution to a secure and affordable energy future and its broad appeal to all energy consumers in all social ~lasses, we can even envision the new de~elopm~n t bank drawing from the Energy Security Trust Fund and rnveS t rng in the expanding worker/public firms in Detroit. Finally, such an RFC-like bank t~at targets a portion of its capital to the kind of urban economic development Program we advocate for Detroit should be made to gradually separate these investment demands from block grant-fu nd ed t 1 �60 Rational Reindustrialization cornmun i ty development. The necessary work of comrnun i ty renewal would then not be slowed by the funding needs of large-scale development, while the capital requirement_s of Rational Reindustrialization would not be constantly subJected to debate among parochial neighborhood interests. Our Agenda Can Work The foregoing is not merely wishful thinking unrelated to an assessment of what is possible. The large-scale energy hardware sector we have sketched uniquely satisfies three central requirements: 1. Properly managed, such a sector can unfetter the city's industrial engine and provide a socially-controlled source of investible surplus, while maintaining secure, well-paid employment. 2 • Only such a sector , g rounded in the existing pl ants and -- where possible -- equipment of the city and region, can maintain living standards during the transition process. That is, only such a plan preserves capital from the incomplete accounting of private capitalists. 3. Only public management can effect the conversion from auto industry dependence to planned energy hardware development. This is because only an integrated program of land assemblage, affordable replacement housing, intra-sectoral input procurement, and rational tax policy can overcome the parochial conflicts among developers, communities, creditors, and service deliverers that large-scale redevelopment inevitably entails. Some may object that a revitalization plan that gives such heavy emphasis to public investment is utopian in the United States of the early 1980s. we would agree, of course, that for the foreseeable future most productive activity in Detroit will be organized by private capital. It �It Can work is not inevitable, however, that will be in purely private hands. reas~ns why it pro?ably will not provides the dynamic push to the push occurs at all. 61 the leading growth sectors In fact, there are several be the private sector that regional economy, if such a For the very reasons that explain our tentative choice of public projects, the activities around which any recovery will be centered will require massive scale. It is extremely unlikely that private capital would take the risk of betting large chunks on what will obviously look to less venturesome minds on Wall Street like the longest of long shots. Unlikely, yes; absurb, no: the more farsighted may understand the power of a well-linkaged set of new enterprises; the capitalist class is not a monolith. There are Walter Wristons, but there are also Armand Hammers; there are Citibank traditionalists, but there are also the foreign loan departments of the central banks of social-democratic nations involved in North American energy joint ventures. Nor need government always remain a passive junior partner in a narrow, business-dominated agenda. In fact, as the fiscal crisis inevitably deepens, the public sector will realize that a strong role in production is its only insurance against unending private disinvestment. The market alone will never save the economies of cities such as Detroit. Even though disinvestment has eroded the cost of land, it cannot drive down the cost of either labor-power or capital fast enough or far enough to recreate the conditions for expanded reinvestment. Most important, even if private investors were inclined to take the gamble, they would lack the tradition, skill, experience, and resources to do the one thing that could radically ~ewer.their overa~l costs: the coordination of core and supplier firms and their workforces in the new ind us tries. If Westinghouse, for example, were to establish a coal gasifier operation in Detroit, ~t would tend to order components from it~ ~urrent, no~-Detroit suppliers. Given the excess demand position of the 1ndust:y, it might have to wait months for delivery. A public ent~rprise sector, however, could decide that, simultaneou~ly with ~he ~onversion of idle auto capacity, excess product~on capacity in ~he auto parts/tool and die sector should ?e given over to making gasifier components that would otherwise be scarce. . The experiences of the city of Bologna, Ital¥ ~re instructive in this regard. There, as here, government activity · production is surrounded by hostile · · t e ca pi tal in priva . ' ever . ~atchful for ways to discredit public activity. • ~he City g~vef its public production sector advantages over private capita in the following ways: I �62 Rational Reindustrialization a. public producers are clustered geographically to minimize transport costs, and sales of intermediate goods within the public sector are not subject to the equivalent of state sales taxes; b. public production is organized in enterprises similar to the public/worker firms we have described and tax policy is carefully, if somewhat clandestinely, used to reward private and public entities that purchase preferentially from these coops; and c. such enterprises themselves are taxed at more favorable property tax rates than private firms, the argument being that, as property, they are worth less than comparable buildings and machines in the hands of capitalists. Quite clearly, there are some fairly simple steps that an enlightened -- or desperate -- local government could take to allow a new productive sector to take hold. Still other skeptics will argue that we have delusions of grandeur. Even if there are ways to foster the development of a small public or mixed public/private production sector, some may call it folly to think of a new sector that could employ 100,000 workers. We disagree, though obviously we do not imagine immediate implementation of the Mature Plan version of Rational Reindustrialization. It is our view, however, that the hurdles to be overcome in bringing this agenda into being are, in some important ways, independent of the scale of the proposed activity. Many of the legal, financial, regulatory, political, and ideological obstacles that attach to a fairly grandiose conception of a new sector apply with equal force to a small version. Moreover, unless our agenda speaks to the core need of the disinvested local economy for a large number of stable, well-paid, metal-working jobs, it will at best operate at the margins of reform. Detroit is too far gone to be salvaged by even the best decentralized, neighborhood-based projects often advocated by adherents of the small-scale entrepreneurial model of revitalization. Many of those projects have a role to play in Detroit, as we noted earlier in distinguishing national capital targeting from community development funding. But they cannot form the core of a rational plan for rebuilding an industrial economy. The best available writing on what we call the "localist/communitarian" alternative, Martin Carnoy and Derek Shearer's Economic Democracy, argues that a needs-oriented sector ~ased on small businesses can be built on a big enough scale, 1.e., small, but repetitively, to "make ••• fights against [service and employment] cutbacks unnecessary by substantially reducing ••• economic distress." we have tried to �It Can Work 63 test that hypothesis for Detroit by seeing how much a lowprofit, needs-oriented sector could reduce living costs in the city. In the • most charitable case imaginable I some 3 5 % of local consumption could be locally produced in such a small business sector. Even if that sector could sell output at 15% below its current prices -- which we doubt -- living costs would be reduced only 5%. Such a reduction in what we earlier term~d "the cost of reproduction of labor-power" could, of course, help maintain the "social wage" associated with a given direct wage. But producing basic necessities for local consumption cannot rebuild the economy, and so cannot justify any substantial claim on the resources that could become available for basic reindustrialization. Moreover, while an agenda such as ours, that aims directly at the creation of a new emphasis for the manufacturing base, can sustain the small business sector so critical to the decentralized vision, the small business sector cannot restore industrial vitality. We share with Carney, Shearer, and other progressive redevelopment activists a commitment to the notion that only a new political culture can sustain the movement necessary to build a new urban economy. In the Detroit case, we believe that Rational Reindustrialization is a workable agenda which, if implemented, could initiate the process of a steadily-growing planned, semi-public sector, the management of which would create the possibility of a mass political culture of involvement, competence, and productivity. Such a culture could lift the transition toward real public/worker governance out of the realm of theory and into the real world of industrial and community planning. we foresee a future Detroit in which the hours of work per job could be progressively reduced. in favor .of increased employment throngh worker and commun 1 ty power 1n econ<?mic planning. we foresee a Detroit in_ which worke 7s, collectively, can become managers, and in which the tension between increased current benefits and increased investment for growth can be openly debated and resolved. In the pla_ce. of a Detroit whose factories are vacant monuments to the l1m1ts of purely Private economic power, we want a Detroit whose f~ctories are open and alive with constructive debate over conflicts between the full development of new work relations and the needs of a democratically-determined general development plan. This future Detroit is possible. ______....____ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Detroit_Rational-Reindustrialization_1981 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dan Luria Jack Russell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Title A name given to the resource Rational Reindustrialization: An Economic Development Agenda for Detroit Description An account of the resource The Rational Reindustrialization: An Economic Development Agenda for Detroit report was prepared by Dan Luria and Jack Russell in 1981. Subject The topic of the resource Economic research Detroit, Michigan Wayne County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7df38c058fb4656d7334bb159acad5ee.pdf 1b9aab53991d1718a4df57122d4f2950 PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f91840b958c6851173c01e57a4bf6f70.pdf ba8303f09028f427eb5e48072d42470d PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rationale divinorum officiorum [folia 37 a-b] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_037Duranti1480 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Durand, Guillaume, approximately 1230-1296 Description An account of the resource Leaves 1 and 2 of Rationale divinorum officiorum by Guillelmus Duranti and edited by Johannes Aloisius Tuscanus. Printed in Vicenza by Hermannus Liechtenstein in 1480. Illustrated with red and blue rubicated initials. [GW 9120; ISTC id00423000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Vicenza: Hermannus Liechtenstein Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Durand, Guillaume, ca. 1230-1296 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1480 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Tuscanus, Johannes Aloisius (editor) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7bceeb720a601ff0cf4e92460b652514.pdf 4da06383f9412987bae3e07e6708e363 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rationale divinorum officiorum [folium 149] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_149Duranti1488 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Durand, Guillaume, approximately 1230-1296 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Rationale divinorum officiorum by Guillelmus Duranti. Printed in Strassburg by the Printer of the 1483 Jordanus de Quedlinburg (Georg Husner) on September 1, 1488. Illustrated with red rubricated initals. [GW 9135; ISTC id00434000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Printer of the 1483 Jordanus de Quedlinburg (Georg Husner) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1488 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5ac41b38f2c31510b79b7da098315016.pdf 87401b7fa2d0a43bf34c6b55d9663a30 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rationale divinorum officiorum [folium 199] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_199Duranti1477 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Durand, Guillaume, approximately 1230-1296 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Rationale divinorum officiorum, edited by Johannes Aloisius Tuscanus. Printed in Rome by Georgius Lauer on October 16, 1477. [GW 9113; ISTC id00414000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Rome: Georgius Lauer Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1477 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Tuscanus, Johannes Aloisius (editor) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3d17859d4746c63fe14edd92018dbf9.pdf 44c4ae63f1bf047df26bf3e93eebce8b PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rationale divinorum officiorum [folium 75] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_075Duranti1477 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Durand, Guillaume, approximately 1230-1296 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Rationale divinorum officiorum by Guillelmus Duranti. Printed in Basel by Berthold Ruppel and Michael Wenssler not after 1477. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW 9111; ISTC id00415000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Berthold Ruppel and Michael Wenssler Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Durand, Guillaume, approximately 1230-1296 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1477 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8844a1ba50348a9de225d372349b03ba.mp4 366d131a40e9515068ff331ae3126eed https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e2827be825bb2f84f83669345690d2a3.pdf fff22452a29fcb7c5437604a2bf5915a PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW MICHAEL RAUDENBUSH Born: Harvey, Illinois Resides: Rockford, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, January 21, 2013 Interviewer: Mike can you start us off with some background on yourself and to begin with, where and when were you born? I was born in Harvey, Illinois on August 5, 1944. Interviewer: Now did you grow up in that area or did you move around? We moved around, my mom moved to Philadelphia for a job in 1945, and we lived in that area for four years. My mom was--well very honestly, my dad took off and my biological dad, they were married, but I don‘t consider him my dad. 1:07 I never saw him and my mom got divorced and she met my dad who adopted me. They got married and we came—my dad worked for the Railway Express in shipping. They shipped mail and everything, but that was starting to go out back in 1949 and he got laid off. They talked it over and they decided they were going to go to the Chicago area, where my mom was born and I was born and she grew up there, and see if he could find a job. 2:00 On the way there I had an uncle and his family in Grand Rapids and we stopped for a three day visit. That was in august of 1950 and my uncle said to my dad, ―You know they‘re hiring like crazy for jobs right now‖ because the Korean War had started and they were taking healthy young men out, so my dad went out with him for a day and came back with a job working for a bakery. From then on we lived here. Both of my parents have passed away, but we lived here the rest of the time. 1 �Interviewer: Now, were you in the city of Grand Rapids when you were growing up? Yes Interviewer: What high school did you go to? 3:03 Well, I wasn‘t in the city for the whole time growing up. For the first three years we were and then we moved, which is well part of the city now, we moved by—not far from the—just off Ball Avenue from the Kent county Jail, which wasn‘t there when we first moved over there. It was a new housing project at that time and my parents got a home. I went to a very small school, a grade school, five class room, the only—the Kindergarteners and the eighth grade were the only ones that got their own room. The others were in two classes, and we were not in any school district then, we were just outside of the city limits. 4:02 My parents--we had been going to the Trinity Methodist Church all the years we lived there and my parents knew a lot of people‘s kids went to East Grand Rapids High School and I could go anywhere, so they decided I was going to go to East. I went to East for two years and then we got annexed to the city and I ended up two years at Central High School, so I graduated from Central in 1963. Interviewer: All right, now what did you do at that point? I lettered in football in—and I ran track, but I didn‘t run track in my senior year because I got a job at downtown Grand Rapids, was downtown Grand Rapids where everybody shopped. 5:00 I got a job working in a meat market down there, Beazley‘s Meat market, so I was working at the meat market and I don‘t know what to say after that. Interviewer: Well, you wind up in the army at some point, how did that happen? 2 �Well, it had to do with the meat market. I had no intentions of going in the service, it wasn‘t even on my mind, and at that time there was, except for the cold war, there wasn‘t a lot going on. Vietnam was a little thing once and a while in the paper, and I became friends with this one other guy that worked. He was going to Creston High School and had just graduated and wanted to go into the army because he had been in high school ROTC. 6:05 Where Beazley‘s was in town, there was a little—between us and Sears next door was a little alley. If you went out the back of our meat market and down the alley and came out, they had the army recruiting right there. He was talking to me and he said, ―You know, I‘m going to go over there and see about enlisting. Could you just come, I‘m nervous, and just help me?‖ I said, ―Sure‖, so we went over there and I just sat down away from him talking to the recruiter and he‘s talking to the recruiter about this and that and I‘m just looking at things. 7:02 The recruiter turns to me and the recruiter says, ―What do you want to enlist in?‖ I said, ―Nothing, I‘m not here to enlist. I‘m just here because he asked me to be moral support‖, and the recruiter says, ―Well, what are you going to do?‖ Like I said, I had already been accepted at JC, which is now Community College, but I said that I really wanted to be a minister at that time. He said, ―What if I send you some material?‖ Well, he said, ―Did you ever think about going into the service?‖ I said, ―No, I want to be a minister‖, and he said, ―Well, you know we have a thing called Chaplain‘s Assistant. You could go in the service and be a Chaplain‘s Assistant and see if you like it?‖ I said one more time, ―No, I‘m not going in the service‖, and he said, ―What if I just send you some literature on it?‖ To get him off my back I said, ―Fine‖. 8:03 Two weeks later, it was summertime, and I came home from working and I walked in and my parents were just sitting there and my mom said, ―You 3 �didn‘t tell us you joined the army‖, and I went, ―What?‖ She said, ―We got a phone call from the army recruiter said that he‘s got you all set up and you leave August 15th. They got the bus ticket for Wayne, Detroit where they check people in and that‖, and I started to say, ―I didn‘t sign anything and I‘m not going‖, and they said, ―You will not go in the service‖. 9:01 Unfortunately, I was a just turned, just turned nineteen year old, and I went, they couldn‘t tell me what to do, so like an idiot I went. There were a lot of nights there that I went, ―What did I do?‖ But that‘s how I ended up in the service. Interviewer: Okay The whole thing was, being a volunteer you could—you went through all the physicals and everything and then the Captain came in to swear us in and he said, ―All of you that are volunteers, at this time, have the right to walk out that door, we‘ll give you a bus ticket home, but if you‘re drafted you have to take the oath‖. 10:03 I‘m looking around and thinking, ―One person, one person walk out and I‘m gone‖, well, nobody did, so I ended up in the service. Interviewer: Did you have any sense of what portion of them were draftees or were they not talking about that? Oh yeah, the draftees, they wanted all the persons that were volunteers to know that they‘re stupid, they‘re volunteering, you know. Interviewer: Were there a lot of draftees there when you were doing the physical or just a few of them? I would say two thirds were draftees. Interviewer: Had you had any expectation, before you wound up accidentally enlisting, that you might get drafted? 4 �No, it wasn‘t even on my mind, you know. At that time, again, it was just the cold war and I didn‘t really know that many people that got drafted. 11:00 Interviewer: There was a draft, but it wasn’t taking huge numbers of men at that time. No Interviewer: So you might well not have to worry about it anyway, and planning to go on to college and so forth. If you were in college you were exempt anyway, while you were in college. Interviewer: So there you are—did the draftees make an effort to find a way to get out of it at that point? Were they trying to fool the recruiters or mess with the physical or anything like that? Not that I saw, no, they were understanding that they were drafted and I think, from what I saw, they must have been pretty patriotic, you know. They just took their fate. They did talk about, ―Just two years and I‘ll be out of it‖. Interviewer: Now, when you went in, had he, had the recruiter set things up so you would get a particular variety of training or did you get option for what kind of training you would get going in? 12:05 Well, he kind of set me up for—to see if I could get in Chaplain‘s Assistant—kind of , and in my eight weeks of basic, I think it was the sixth week, they called out all those that—there were four companies, I think, of trainees going on at the same time, and we were sent down to be interviewed by the base Chaplain. 13:00 I walked down there and there was just a whole bunch of—and I realized talking to these people that, I‘m just a 5 �high school graduate, and the next person had two years of college and the rest were three years graduated, you know, so, needless to say that I didn‘t make the cut. Interviewer: Did you talk to the Chaplain or did you just turn around and leave? I talked to him and you know hope springs eternal and somewhere there was this little maybe, but I didn‘t get it and again, there was only a couple, even with all these people there was only a couple of vacancies. So, I went back and I was going to go to clerks‘ school because my mom made sure I took typing in high school and all that besides my other classes. 14:08 I was going to be a clerk and when you go in the service you take a battery of tests, at least back then a battery of tests. It turns out I scored, I couldn‘t believe it, but I scored pretty high on leadership and all these other things, so I got interviewed for possibly going into the ―ninety day wonder‖ group, you know, and take the ninety days of Officers Candidate School. Here I am a nineteen year old and I passed the first round of questioning. 15:05 I passed the second round and I was getting to the—pretty close into the group, and then they sent in the ―who can we scare guy‖, you know. Again I‘m just nineteen and these other guys are twenty one, twenty two, and have been around a little bit. He started talking about all the harassment and that, and he said, ―You know, if you want to think about it you can sign this paper and at any time you can say, ―you know, I‘d like to take a crack at it‖‖. That wasn‘t really the truth, and once you signed that paper you pretty much were not in it anymore, so I ended up being sent to Fort Polk, Louisiana as a heavy weapon [specialist], mortars and the 106 recoilless rifle. 16:05 Interviewer: Let’s back up a little bit to your arrival at boot camp. They send you to Fort Knox. 6 �Right Interviewer: What sort of a reception do you get when you get down there? This was still the old army and you took this bus all the way straight to Knox from Detroit. They get you off at—early in the morning and to kind of set this up, Bobby Bare--I don‘t know if you know who Bobby Bare is, but he‘s a singer and he had several hits back in the early sixties and one was ―Detroit City‖, ―I want to go home‖, you know and just as—they had a radio that played music, you know, a radio station on the bus and just as we‘re getting in, driving into Knox, that‘s what they played. 17:04 I said, ―This is some kind of a thing telling me, ―you shouldn‘t be here‖‖, but as soon as that bus hit, the training sergeants were out there, ―boom‖ you‘re here. Not being too nice for a training site, and I don‘t understand that, but they put you to your company and off you went. Interviewer: Are they shouting orders at you as you arrive? Oh yeah, oh yeah—the first thing they did once they got you, they marched you right over to the barber. 18:00 And we had this guy from Detroit on our bus that had long curly red hair and that was his pride and joy. When we got to the barber shop guess who they took first? The barber went, you know, ―How would you like this?‖ He goes, ―A little here‖, and the barber goes whish, whish, all gone. He got up and he looked in the mirror and he cried, you know, and I went, ―Oh, man‖, but I kind of knew this was going to happen. My uncle, my mom‘s youngest brother, had served in the army in the Korean War and that and he said, ―Just know that these things are going to happen and just take it in your stride. They‘re just trying to break you in so you take orders and that‖. 19:00 Then we went to basics. 7 �Interviewer: What did they have you spending most of your time doing in basic? What kind of training were you getting there? Pretty much marching, close order drill, learning how to use—at that time it was the M-1, a lot of military classes on proper military etiquette and a lot of PT, a lot of PT. Interviewer: How much emphasis was there on discipline? A lot, which brings me to a little story--we were out learning close, learning close drilling, marching, and I‘m out there and I‘m sneaking a peek at the guy ahead of me. 20:03 Trying to make sure I stayed in step because the first sergeant was leading the drill and he‘d change directions, you know, so I‘m glancing down and he catches me. He decides this is a good time to have a little lesson learned for everybody, so he pulls me out and he says, ―Soldier, you‘re standing—you‘re marching looking at the guy's feet. You can‘t march and look at the guy‘s feet, it doesn‘t work. You get behind me and I‘m not giving any orders, I‘m just going to change and you‘ve got to change too‖, and I made the mistake of keeping up with him. 21:00 And that night we were up in the barracks and we had an inspection the next day, and I‘m in there, and I got my foot locker and your underwear has to be rolled just the right way and I get it all done and it‘s looking good. He comes walking in, he‘s usually home, but he comes walking in and it‘s about nine at night, he‘s looking around and he gets to mine and says, ―I‘ve never seen such*#! looking locker in my life‖, and he took it and threw it. My clothes, and just everything, went all over, and he said, ―Soldier, redo that locker‖, and I learned a lesson right then. Never show up a higher ranking person. But it was—of course everybody else was gaping and they learned a lesson too. 8 �Interviewer: Aside from that particular incident, how easy or had was it for you to adjust to life in the army there? 22:06 To me it was easy and I don‘t know why. Interviewer: You were in pretty good shape when you went in though. Yeah, I played sports in high school and not like I am now. Of course I‘m much older, but I—we actually, we had to run and make at the end, and if you didn‘t pass all of your things you were recycled, in other words you had to redo the whole thing. We had this guy from New York, he was more than slightly overweight and he tried like crazy, but he was not really going to make a good soldier. He had joined the National Guard there in New York to keep from having to serve the two years. 23:04 He was a drummer in a popular singer‘s, in his band we, another guy and I on the run, we almost helped carry him to get him under the time and he just got under the time. I didn‘t want to see the guy fail, you know. But, that kind of stuff—my dad was a strict person, so I was use to rules and that, and you know, I didn‘t grow up doing whatever I wanted to do, so I didn‘t have that big of a problem. Interviewer: Within your company there, were the soldiers all white or did you have some black guys in there? Oh yeah, we had a mixture. We had a group, two white guys from New York and two colored from New York, and they could all harmonize well, and they did. 24:16 they drove me crazy because there was this one song, something about ―Don‘t let your mama come knocking on my door‖, it was a song that was popular back then and I got—I listen to the oldies once and a while on the radio and that, and when that comes on I say, ―Oh 9 �no, they‘re trying to torture me‖. We pretty much—I don‘t remember any racial problems in our company. 25:00 I never heard a slur. Interviewer: So, the drill sergeants didn’t use them or anything like that? No, no, you got to remember Kennedy was in office and he was pushing civil rights pretty good, so it got pushed pretty good in the service. Interviewer: In the military, yeah, they had been a little bit ahead of that game, in terms of desegregation anyway. There were blacks in the regular army units since the 40’s. Yeah Interviewer: You get to the end of basic training, they send you down to Fort Polk, and how do you get down there? Train Interviewer: What do you remember about that trip? That we were not allowed in the cars that had the general public, and that‘s one thing I remember. 26:03 Well, we—I had several guys that I went to basic with, they were my basic platoon and they were gone to the same place, so I had people to talk to. Interviewer: How long did it take, do you think? I‘m saying two days, I think one night. Interviewer: Did you ever get out of the car? Did it stop places or do you think you were in there most of the time. It stopped in a couple of places, let off people and picked up people, and no, we weren‘t allowed off the car. Interviewer: Physically, what was Fort Polk like? 10 �A lot of people hate Fort Polk. 27:04 I don‘t, I had a pretty good time there. There was no big buildup at the time I was there. Interviewer: At this point, this is a little bit before the big Vietnam buildup. There was a point where an awful lot of guys who went in, went in after you went through Fort Polk for AIT, and it had all kinds of reference to Vietnam simulation and that kind of stuff. For you, what was it about fort Polk that you liked? Why did you have a good time there? Well, after AIT I was sent two blocks, like I talked earlier to you, two blocks to the assistant instructor of the 106 recoilless rifle, anti-tank weapon, and I got treated like I was a regular higher rank because I was a trainer. 28:03 Interviewer: So, you went from trainee to trainer almost overnight? In a couple days—it was unbelievable, you know. I had one thing a lot of people did, I still had to pull KP, but I also had several people from my heavy weapons platoon in AIT that went with me, so I had a built in friendship too, and I was lucky enough to—our sergeant, our barracks sergeant, he was from Detroit and he had only been in the service a couple years, but he was fantastic in sports and he won the base several titles. 29:00 Baseball, football, football back when they had rivalries with other bases and that, so his rank went up every time they won another championship, he got another stripe, you know. But, he took me under his wing and he went—he explained thing to me, he went, ―Michael, you don‘t just want to spend time going into Leesville‖, which is the town right outside of—he said, ―Find a way to get away, get twenty, thirty, forty, fifty miles away, and when you do that don‘t act like some stupid idiot, and don‘t put down the people because they talk different from you or do different things‖. And I took that 11 �into—I believe that today and it happened that one of the guys that was in basic and AIT with me, he was a draftee, and he went home and got his car because he could then, he was permanent party. 30:07 And we‘d go on weekends to a place called Ville Platte, about forty miles from the base. They had a bar with a band and that, and the thing was nineteen year olds could drink down there, and I met a girl there and at the same time, my buddy with the car met the girl's girlfriend, and we‘d go up on a Saturday night and the parents—were kind of leery of me at first, but they decided they liked me and allowed me, him and I, to sleep on their couch and that. 31:05 Making sure that the daughter was---which I would have done too as a father. We had a good time it was just—I enjoyed my work, I enjoyed teaching the 106, I enjoyed the life, I loved the live fire we did. At the end of training, what we did was, we had a range out, I guess its called North Fort now, but it was just out, and we‘d fire live rounds and the 106, I don‘t know if you‘re familiar with it, but it‘s got two different types of rounds and they‘re twenty one and twenty three, if I remember right, it‘s been a long time, but in weight, pounds and weight. 32:07 Its got a modified M-50 machine gun, so it only fires one time, and it‘s got a back blast because you put these charges in and it‘s got a back blast that will go back to about up to twenty feet, depending on what you got, and you know the sits on, the gunner sits on the mount and he looks through this scope and then he pushes in and the machine gun bullet goes out and its phosphorus and if it hits the tank then he knows he‘s in and he fires the real round. 33:02 But I had to grab a whole bunch of guys that were the loaders—we spent time, we‘d show them, we‘d fire a round and show them the back blast and then they would get—they were standing right behind me and you had to go, ‗Don‘t shoot, don‘t fire yet‖ and pull them off. 12 �Interviewer: They directly behind the barrel of the gun, right where the back blast would hit them. Oh, it would kill them, kill them in a minute. Interviewer: Do you have any idea how you wound up becoming an instructor out of that? Were you just good with the weapon when you were training on it? Well, I got good grades and everything, as far as the training, but it was the luck of the draw in some way, it really was, it was just kind of the luck of the draw. Interviewer: When you were growing up, had you done any hunting or shooting, or things like that or were you new to guns when you went into the army? No, back in 1955, at the age of eleven, you could go hunting, at that time, with hunting licenses if a parent was with you. 34:10 Where we lived, now it‘s all kinds of buildings and everything else, condos and you name it, but at that time, we walked down to the end of our street, across Plymouth, which was a road that went this way, and it was all woods. We would go pheasant hunting, my dad and I went two years and my dad got mad because we never shot any and we never went hunting again. I had nothing against weapons, except that I don‘t think weapons should be around where little kids are. Interviewer: But you didn’t have a lot of experience with them before you went in the army. 35:06 A couple of years of hunting with my dad and that was it. Interviewer: But without much to shoot at. Well yeah, but you know, we did some target practice. You have to learn to shoot before you can go out there and try hunting, so we did target practicing and that, but I just liked firing a weapon, I don‘t like firing at people. 13 �Interviewer: How long did your assignment at Fort Polk last? Let‘s see, I graduated the week before Christmas, and I went to Berlin in August. 36:08 Interviewer: So, about eight months or so? Yeah Interviewer: Did you just—was it normal for them to take people who were assigned to things on the base and then just give them orders to go somewhere else? Oh yeah, it was the army and whatever their need is, you know. I just thought I was blessed getting that time there and the people I met. Interviewer: Had you—did they ask you if there were places you wanted to go, or if you had preference for overseas assignment? Not back then Interviewer: So, basically one day you come in and you have orders to go to Berlin? I had orders to go to Germany, and I had a thirty day leave and I had to go to Fort Dix, New Jersey and we were going over by boat, or ship, excuse me. 37:11 I just had orders for that and I got to have my leave and got to Dix and I got orders for Europe and we sailed to Bremerhaven and they lined us up, and actually, I got a group number on the boat the day before. These are the people you‘re going to be with. We got off and some went to, you name it, in Germany and my orders said Berlin. Interviewer: Okay, what kind of boat did you go over on? 38:02 We went over on a liberty ship. Interviewer: Did you have an easy ride or a rough one? Oh, it was August and I slept on the deck most of the time. Seriously, it was great going over, however, coming back. 14 �Interviewer: So, you get to Bremerhaven okay, and you go to Berlin. Yes Interviewer: do you remember, did they fly you out or put you on a train, how did they get you there? No, there wasn‘t any flying at that time--by train through East Berlin [East Germany], which I found very interesting. Of course, they pulled down the shades and they‘d come in and check everybody‘s ID. Interviewer: East Germans? Yeah, it‘s their territory Interviewer: Because you had to cross through East Germany to get to West Berlin. Yeah, yeah Interviewer: So, when you hit the boarder they stop the train and they come in and they check everything. Yeah 39:05 Interviewer: All right, then what kind of an assignment did you have when you got to Berlin? I ended up in a 106 squad in—I‘m trying to remember. Interviewer: Was that when you were with the 1st Armored Division, was that the parent unit? No, Berlin Brigade is a unit itself, yeah; it‘s a unit by its self. Interviewer: So, you were basically an anti-tank guy? I was, I was that for a while and then they needed mortar men and I was in mortars, and then one day I get called to see the company commander. 40:03 He said, ―I got orders 15 �to send you to headquarters in Headquarters Company for an interview for the room to be an honor guard, I got accepted and my job was to guard the Allied Kommandantur, which was the old Gestapo headquarters and they had three guards. The French had a unit of offices, you had your British and you had your Americans, and we had a place set up and cleaned every day, and set up every day, for the Russians if they decided to come back. 41:05 In there we had an armed French, a British MP, and us, and it was twelve on and twenty four off. Interviewer: Were you just standing guard basically? Well, we had two rooms, one on this side of the steps, big steps, you go up, big Oak door, and then you went up another set of steps, then you came in and they had, it looked like mirrors, but they couldn‘t see us, but we could see them. Then whoever‘s month it was on the desk would check ID‘s and that. 42:03 One time I went--we got three pistols here, pistols—we got the army--anyway, their pistol 1914 was it? Anyway, and that fired a total of nine rounds, the British had a pistol and I think his shot six rounds, and the French had one and it fired somewhere around six. I‘m thinking, ―We‘re gone‖, you know, but in the back they had a full tactical squad of German police heavily armed, heavily armed, so that was good duty. 43:13 Interviewer: Did you have a lot of high ranking officers or VIP’s going through there? Oh yeah, that job was to control the airways, the land, and the sea. Yeah, we had a lot of diplomats because it was basically where most of the diplomats were. Interviewer: Now, did you see anybody that was famous or heard of at the time? 16 �It wasn‘t there, but I got to meet Natalie Wood. 44:07 You know, we were on headquarters grounds and across the street was the base theater where all the high ranking people went, so they had ―Sex and The Single Girl‖ with her and Tony Curtis in that, and I got to escort her in, which was the highlight of my military career. I grew up idolizing Natalie Wood. Interviewer: What kind of accommodations do they give you when you’re in the Berlin Brigade? We had rooms; we had three-man rooms, which is much better than the base. 45:06 Interviewer: In general, how did the people in West Berlin treat the American soldiers? Excellent, I never ever had a fight; I never ever had a problem. The only funny thing was, I never met a German guy that fought in WWII that fought against the allies, except they all fought the Russians. Interviewer: An awful lot of them did. I know, I just thought it was funny, there had to be one, but we also, on holidays, because the Allied Kommandantur would be closed, I would guard the headquarters there. I saw a lot of high ranking Generals in my time there. 46:02 Interviewer: Did you ever go into East Berlin itself? Yes Interviewer: What was that like? Night and day, night and day—you had to get a security clearance to do, but that was easy because I was doing security stuff. So, you go in and they check you at the border and the East Germans made sure that you—you had to buy their exchange for their marks 17 �and that, and they checked you all out. Then you go in, you go in uniform, and there was always somebody right close to you because they didn‘t want their citizens to be talking to you. 47:08 I went twice and that was more than my fill. Interviewer: what condition was East Berlin in physically? How did it compare to West Berlin? Again, night and day—they still had ruins that they hadn‘t cleaned up and we were a modern new city. What worried me was, between us, the allies; we had three tank companies, one American, one French, and one British. They had thirty tank divisions between us and West Germany.48:00 We were given three minutes to live if they decided to attack us. One night—our barracks were kind of like this (in a circle), and in the middle we had a track and a football field, and they dropped a dud mortar round right in the middle of that field one night. Diplomatically they apologized, but they were sending a message that ―we gotcha‖, but luckily nothing ever happened. Interviewer: How long did you spend in Berlin? Eighteen months Interviewer: Was sort of that a normal length for a stay at that time as far as you can tell? Were guys rotating in and out at about that pace? Most were Interviewer: When did you leave Berlin then? I left two days—the 26th, 27th of February. 49:09 I didn‘t get on the USS Patch until the first day of March. Interviewer: In what year? 1966 18 �Interviewer: The USS Patch, was that a naval ship or another troop transport? Another old liberty ship Interviewer: What was that trip like? Awful, again I was on the last floor, or the first floor, whichever way they count a deck, and right at the front of the ship, and going through the North Atlantic at that time of year was awful. 50:07 You had to climb up all these steps to get-- and, of course, all these waves were coming over, so they ropes and you had to hold on to the rope, and I‘d get to the mess hall and I‘d smell it and It‘s not that anything was wrong with the mess, I was just so sea sick that I‘d get there and say, ―I can‘t eat‖, so I lost a few pounds on the way back. Interviewer: How long did the trip take? Thirteen days Interviewer: Was it stormy the whole time, or rough seas? Up until we got close to New York, the old Brooklyn naval yard. Interviewer: From there did you get to go home for a while? I did, I got thirty days Interviewer: Then what’s your next assignment after that? Fort Hood, Texas Interviewer: What unit was based down there, who did you join? 51:06 I was, I don‘t remember the name of the unit now, but I got it in my paperwork there, but it was a—they were just starting a—go back to training a whole companies for--it was a training unit, for sending over to Vietnam all together one unit. I got there and because I could type--was the company commanders‘ driver, part time clerk, you know, that kind 19 �of stuff. Once in a while I‘d actually give a training thing to the recruits on Molotov cocktails and how to do that if you had to, you know. 52:03 I had a good time at that time. Interviewer: You were—you did fairly well there at Fort Hood, right? You got some special recognition. Yeah, I was there over a month and I got called into the company commanders‘ office and the first sergeant was there and they said my platoon sergeant had put me up for ―company soldier of the quarter‖, and I said, ―What‘s that?‖ Seriously, I didn‘t know and he said, ―Well, all four platoons put up there candidate and we select one as the best soldier for that quarter in our company‖, and I went, ―Okay‖, so I said, ―What kind of questions di you ask?‖ 53:07 He said, ―All military, it could be weapons, it could be etiquette, document, what‘s going on in the news about the military‖, so I went, ―Okay‖, and one day, it was just a couple days before we had the interviews, I was walking by the, not trying to listen, but we didn‘t have air conditioning, so they had the window up in the—and the first sergeant and the company commander were talking about what is coming up and the company commander asked the first sergeant if he‘s got any real tough ones and he said, ―I always ask the same ones‖. 54:06 I always ask, ―What army document is A-2?‖ the company commander said, ―I never heard of it‖, and he said, ―That‘s because nobody ever looks at their military ID‖, and I went, ―Okay‖, and of course he asked that and I came up with the answer and I think that got me it right there, because he kind of looked at me like, ―Nobody‘s ever answered that before‖, but I was told that I got two weeks of battalion rights, so I—but he said, ―You have a partner now‖, because the NCO for the quarter for the company they select too, and we studied 20 �together, you know. He was really sharp. 55:03 I hope I was pretty helpful to him too, but we both went up and guess what? We both made it, so now we went to battalion. Interviewer: Brigade Brigade, I get these things mixed up anymore, but anyway, I made it again , and so far I‘m—I get a little thing in the ―Daily Orders‖ thing saying that, but what am I getting out of it? Not anything that I see, but I went up then for division level and I‘ll be darn if I didn‘t get that one too. For Division soldier of the Quarter I at least got-- in the Killeen paper I got an article and I finally got a twenty-five dollar bond, which is only twelve fifty. 56:12 I did get a chance to become the brigade commander driver and that was a good duty. Wherever he went and whatever he did, he was a full bird Colonel, I got to go along If he had a meeting with a luncheon, I got to sit and eat what everybody else did, you know. It was a good job, but it also led me into Vietnam. Interviewer: What’s the connection there? I got close to my ETS, you know, end time service, and I had to see a recruiter. 57:07 Well, I saw the recruiter and the recruiter was trying to get me to –and I went, ―No‘, and he said, ―How do you like your job?‖ Knowing how I like my job, and he also knew that I was dating a girl not far from there, and he said, ―Do you ever think about extending for a year? The Colonel likes you and you got your job and you see a girl.‖, and I went, ―Mmm, I don‘t think so‖, and the next thing you know I‘m thinking, ―Well‖, and he said, ―It‘s guaranteed in writing, in writing, that you will stay here‖. 58:00 I went and talked to the Major and the Colonel and the colonel swore me in and I took an extra year and things were going good. One day I had a friend that had a 1956 T-bird, something I had always wanted to have as a kid growing up and he got orders for Vietnam and he talked 21 �to me and said, ―Mike, I don‘t think I‘m coming back and I know you like my car and I want somebody to have it that will enjoy it‖. We talked it over what it would cost me and I needed two hundred more, so I went to see a bank loan officer and he told me, he said, ―You know, you‘ll get this money today if this is right‖. 59:00 He calls the personnel office and said, ―I can‘t give it to you‖, and I said, ―Why?‖ He said, ―You‘re going to Vietnam‖. I went, ―No I‘m not‖, and he said, ―Yes you are‖, and I said, ―There has got to be a mistake‖. He told me, ―If you can clear it up, if it‘s today, come back and you‘ll get the money, but I have to have proof‖, so I got into the orderly room, the brigade orderly room, and the Sergeant Major‘s there and he looks up and says, ―What‘s up Mike?‖ I told him, I said, ―I got a problem. I went to get this load and the loan officer called up personnel and they said I‘m going to Vietnam‖. The first sergeant said, ―That‘s got to be a mistake‖, not the first sergeant, the Major, and he gets on the phone and when he gets off he looks up and he said, ―Raudenbush, you‘re going to Vietnam‖. I was very lucky that he was a tolerant man because to a higher ranking personnel I blew my stack. 00:04 he just kind of sat there with me calmed down and he said, ―Son, this is the army and no matter what you sign, if they need you someplace, your MOS, you‘re gone‖, so I went. Interviewer: At this point in time, what did you know about what was going on over in Vietnam? I knew—I knew fairly a lot, and I‘m a paper reader, even to this day I‘m a paper reader. I read from the front to the back of newspapers and my mom got me in that habit when I was young. I remember, in Berlin, reading when the president, whatever his title was, was killed. 1:10 Interviewer: President Diem, yeah 22 �I remember reading that, but it didn‘t mean anything to me, and to be honest with you, most of the Stars and Stripes, which was the military paper, at that time—of course then I kind of started following it. I knew that it where the French and Dien Bien Phu got massacred and that, so I never thought I‘d go. After a while you couldn‘t help, it was in the news, it was all over, you know. Interviewer: So when do you get—now, before you go to Vietnam do you get a leave or what happened? Thirty days, a thirty day leave, and something that surprised me, my parents said, ―If you want to go to Canada we‘ll understand‖. 2:06 I went, ―You know, I can‘t do that, I raised my hand and said, I‘ll go wherever the United States military needs you the most‖. That shocked me because I never thought they would do that, you know. Interviewer: Physically then, how do they get you out to Vietnam? I flew, when I finished my leave I took a plane to Oakland and they had a bus at the airport that would pick up any that were going to the Oakland army base. I got there and I wasn‘t supposed to go for four or five days, so I was going to go and spend a few evenings enjoying the local culture. 3:17 They had their formation and I was put into quarantine. The quarantine was all those going on the next day to Vietnam was put in this and locked and that‘s how it was that they locked the doors, so people couldn‘t desert during the night. The next day we got on the bus and went to the plane, which was—the United States rented regular planes. 4:09 Interviewer: Regular civilian aircraft. Yeah, and with the stewardess and all, you know. We flew to Hawaii first. Hawaii, Guam, Okinawa and then into Saigon 23 �Interviewer: What was the mood like on the plane going over? It was—the first—until we got to the last one and we knew we were coming into--the next landing would be Vietnam, there was joking and normal army people stuff, you know, card playing and just the normal stuff. 5:02 When he came over the loud speakers, the Captain said, ―We have now entered into the flight pattern of the Republic of Vietnam‖, it changed. I‘m sitting at a window and I see illumination flares, you know, and it seemed like all the time, but it probably wasn‘t, but I‘m thinking, ―What‘s going on down there, are they fighting somebody?‖ 6:00 Then we landed at three in the morning and they opened the plane door and this was in Tan Son Nhut and they had, from the plane to the building we would be brought to, lined with APC‘s with machine guns and guys in flak jackets and in between these were more guys with flak jackets with heavy weapons, and the said, ―Run‖, and I went, ―Oh, darn‖. I used stronger words than that, but that was our welcome to Vietnam. Interviewer: What did they do with you then? You ran off the tarmac. We got into the terminal and they started calling off names. 7:03 They put us in busses and we went to Camp Alpha, which is where they processed you. I got to Camp Alpha and lucky me, I pull guard duty at one of the gates. No weapon and not even knowing who‘s the good guy and who‘s the bad guy, but then the next day we went through the assignment and I got the 1st Infantry Division, and that‘s all I knew at that time. Then they sent me to the group that was going to the 1st Infantry Division, loaded on a truck and they drove us to Long Binh, which was the headquarters at that time for the 1st Infantry. 8:17 Interviewer: So the divisional headquarters was based there? 24 �Right, and we got there and it was just getting lunch time and they said, ―Okay, there‘s the chow hall, go in and get your lunch and stay in there and we‘ll come and get you‖. We just walked in and all of a sudden I heard this ―Bing Bing‖, and everybody‘s dropping to the floor. They‘re taking shots outside of the—outside of Long Binh, and that‘s when you knew it was the real thing, you know, because I‘m standing there and everybody else is—and I went, ―Oh‖. 9:00 Then I was down, and after a few minutes they got up and I guess this was kind of a daily thing, I don‘t know, but it was a welcoming. Then they put us on a truck and those that were going to Phuoc Vinh, which is where I had my—the next day we got on a truck, we got weapons, but no bullets and there we go down and all of us were just thinking, ―If they attack us what are we going to do, Bang, Bang, you‘re dead? Interviewer: Were you just on one truck, or was there a convoy? This was—we might have had one Jeep with a 60 mounted on it behind us because we didn‘t have any weapons, none, well, bullets. Interviewer: Right I understand that, later when I thought about it, because we‘d be taking pot shots at everything. 10:01 Anything that moved, but we got to Phuoc Vinh and the company was out, we got put in our company, our platoons not company, and I got called up and they said, the lieutenant that was staying back as an officer said, ―I see you can type‖, and I said, ―Yeah‖, and he said, ―Good, we need a clerk, ours is getting ready to rotate, get your stuff and come on back up‖. I get back down there and I wasn‘t even—and I‘m gone, ―Hey you guys enjoy yourself‖, you know, I‘m going up and be company clerk, and down comes the company clerk saying, ―Who‘s Raudenbush?‖ 11:05 I said, ―I am‖, 25 �and he said, the company commander, the acting company commander, wanted to see if I went back up there and he said, ―You‘re not going to be the clerk, you‘re a mortar man and we need you‖, so not only didn‘t I get that, but they just had a couple wounded mortar men. So, there‘s a three day jungle school you got to go through there, at that time, and I got to go right then, pack your stuff. The rest of the guys were not going for another few weeks. Interviewer: What was the jungle school like? It was three days of trying to learn how to go through. 12:02 And one night where you go out and set up a perimeter and do the two man fox hole, and the one hour on and one hour off all night. Interviewer: Do they teach you about booby traps and things like that? Oh yes, you get a fast thing on everything. That one night when we were out, I didn‘t sleep. I‘d take my hour on, or off, but I couldn‘t sleep. Interviewer: Now by this time you have weapons and live ammunition and everything. You got your full kit now? 13:00 Yeah, well we got the 16 and that was just really coming in then, the 16, and we went back and they buy you free-- we had a little EM club, which was hooch with beer. You had to be an E5 or above to get hard liquor, but the group that I was with at the jungle school, we did well for the beer, we had a good, good time and then I got sent out on a chopper, which was interesting because it was the first ride I‘d had. 14:03 I got in a love hate relationship with that, I loved it when it came in and hated it when it went out. I got in and they flew us and dropped us off with a hot meal for the hot meals. Our division was good, if they could fly in a hot meal, they did, you know. 26 �Interviewer: What company were you assigned to? B-1st of the 26th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division Interviewer: And you were a mortar man in the company? Yes Interviewer: Now, was there a sort of—were there mortars attached to platoons? Does the company have a mortar section, how does that work? The company has a mortar section. There can be at times, and it all depends, again, on what‘s going on. You could be with a platoon or you could be—most of the time we were right in the middle of the company when we dug in and that for the night, or whatever. 15:09 Interviewer: So you’d be somewhere around where the company CP was? Yeah Interviewer: Now, what kind of reception did you get? You arrive, a helicopter brings you into the company, and what did they do with you once you get there? One of the older guys took me under his wing. I don‘t know if he decided he liked me or what, but he took me under his wing and showed me the right things to do and the wrong things to do. How to make a covering from the sun if you‘re going to be in a place for several days, you know, so you don‘t fry. 16:02 We had a very close company in my opinion. I had friends, all the rifle platoon, you know, and that was, and still is, for those of us that are still—we have a reunion every year. Interviewer: Now, what was the company doing at the time you joined it? They were in a perimeter for—I think they were there three days, and honestly, I‘m not sure because I‘m just trying to—I don‘t know what their exact mission was there, but 27 �whatever it was, it was finishing up. But Charlie was nice, the first night he sent in one mortar round just to welcome me there. 17:05 I thought that was very nice of them. I was lucky; I got accepted, pretty much, right away. Interviewer: They take you in and they’re looking after you to some extent. You’re not just left to your own devices. Yea, which taught me and I did it to others as they came in. Interviewer: Which is how the rotation system is supposed to work, and it doesn’t in all situations, but for you it did work the way it was supposed to. But still it‘s hard—I don‘t, you know, not knowing the people, but our company was, like I said, they looked after each other and I‘m sure all companies did, or most. Interviewer: So, you’re out of the field, and do you go back into a larger base camp perimeter? Yes, Phuoc Vinh Interviewer: What happens from there? 18:06 You clean you weapons, you get a shower, which is fifty-five gallon drums of cold water and you get three people for each shower head, seriously. You run in, get wet, soap up out, and then your turn, because water was precious, and they had a really good meal for coming back in. Interviewer: How long would you stay in? It wasn‘t long, it wasn‘t long because they had lost some guys the day before I got there and they had a memorial service for them. 19:03 You don‘t have to know somebody to be deeply affected. Cleaned up weapons and got ready to go out again. 28 �Interviewer: Now when you go out again do you go in helicopters or on foot, or in trucks? We went out on a battalion move and that‘s the first full one I went to. I was there on the landing pad there for the helicopters and you got—were B Company and you had C Company over here and A Company, and I‘m just kind of standing there and all of the sudden I get a pat on the shoulder and it was a guy that I served in Berlin with. 20:04 He had volunteered for Vietnam and his name was Samuelson. He was from Michigan and he went, ―What the hell are you doing here? I thought you were out of the service‖, I was the only one, but it was nice to see somebody you knew. Unfortunately on Thanksgiving Day we were out with another full battalion and we set up the perimeter and it was C, B, A, and kind of this way, we were the, whatever, out front, and I know because I was there. 21:09 My mortar platoon sergeant had his wife leave him and left his kids, so he got an emergency leave to go back. I was there kind of in his place and going over where everybody was and I know because they pounded that in everybody‘s head, ―this is where these coordinates‖, and we send out ambush patrols, you know, kind of guard our flanks and that. There was this Lieutenant from C Company and he was sent there by the company commander because he was going to lead the ambush. They‘re down and the battalion commander says, ―Now, has everybody got where everybody is?‖ 22:05 ―Yes sir‖, and it was right at dusk and we had just set up out trip flares and our claymores for the night. Our trip flare goes off, of course somebody blew the claymore, which you‘re supposed to, and all of a sudden we hear, ―We‘re Americans, We‘re Americans, stop shooting, we‘re Americans‖. The Lieutenant had put that up right 29 �in the middle of our company. He was set up, he had the ambush set up for right in the middle of our company and Samuelson lost his eye, a bullet got his eye. Interviewer: That was friendly fire in effect. Yeah, Of course, and I don‘t know if I want this on the—because he got a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart and they said it was enemy fire. 23:14 Interviewer: It’s almost an apology. It was an apology, it was. Interviewer: Was the Lieutenant inexperienced or do you think the Lieutenant was a new guy or someone that didn’t know what he was doing? I don‘t think he was paying attention. I just don‘t think he had his mind on that. It could have been who knows where, but you got to have your mind on it when you‘re doing a full battalion meeting. 24:06 Interviewer: Describe a little bit what happens when a battalion goes out as a unit. What goes on, you load up in the helicopters, or whatever, and then what? You go out and you start landing and it depends on what you‘re going to do. You could be, the helicopters for A company could be two hundred meters that way, and you‘re in the middle, or it could be your full—companies are still together, and you just—and they always have their meetings, which is good, because everybody knows where everybody else is and doing. 25:01 You go about making your foxhole and pits and loading up ammo and pit behind the mortars. Interviewer: Now, would you normally stay within a perimeter with the mortars, or would you go out in the field with the rest? 30 �I‘ve done both. I‘ve done with the mortars and if they don‘t use mine, I‘ve gone out as a—I‘m trying to think of the word—as the guy that would call in the mortars. Interviewer: Forward observer? Yes, thank you, it was on the tip of my tongue and it just would not come out, but I‘ve gone out that way too. Interviewer: When you had that duty did you have a radio, or would you call in with somebody else? I had my own radio. 26:00 Interviewer: Okay, what kind of terrain were you in? What was the country like you were operating in at that time? Actually it was one of two things. It was dense second growth forest, or it was the rice paddies, lots of rice paddies, lots of dense forest. Interviewer: Now, when you were going through the forest did you stay on trails, or did you cut your own? We tried to do our own, because if you follow a path that‘s already there, too many bad things can happen. Claymores, what was the mine they had? ―Bouncing Betty‖, step on it and ―poom‖, so we tried to do our own. Interviewer: With the paddies, would you just slog across the paddies, or use the dykes? 27:06 It depends, we‘ve done both—walk in some excrements, but it depended on what was going on, or how you were trying to get somewhere. If you think you got NVA around you‘re not going to walk on top of those, you know. Interviewer: You’re a good target. 31 �Yeah, but I think I saw about every terrain in that area. Interviewer: How much enemy activity was there at the time? Were you making a lot of contact? Sometimes, a lot of times they‘d skip out before we get there. 28:01 It turns out from reading history and everything else, they had a tunnel system that we had no idea we were walking right on top of. Thinking that these little holes that are holes that guys would go down in, tunnel rats would go down, there‘s brave men, but they were just decoys, a lot of them. We went pretty much anywhere. Interviewer: You were ultimately involved in some of the larger operations in the field. There was one called “Cedar Falls”. Yes, Cedar Falls was working when I got there, and then Junction City was one too. 29:03 Interviewer: As far as you can tell, what was the purpose of those operations? Search and destroy, all of it, that‘s what I can see the whole thing was. Go out and hope they attack us, so we can destroy them. Interviewer: How often would that happen? Did these operations have a certain amount of success as far as you can tell? Somewhat—obviously not enough, but they knew who we were. I mean, we stood out, but we didn‘t know who they were, you know. We‘d go through a village in the morning and give C-rations and candy to the kids and that. 30:04 They‘d say, ―Oh, number one, number one‖—come back and they‘d blow claymores at you, you know, their own. So it‘s like you didn‘t know who was what. Interviewer: The NVA though, would normally fight in uniform. 32 �Oh, no Interviewer: Or would they also wear civilian clothes? The NVA and Vietcong, but were they interchangeable in your experience, or were they both active? The one big battle I had with the NVA was at Ap Gu, which was our 1st Infantry's biggest battle of the war, and they were in uniform. 31:00 The rest of the time I didn‘t know if they were NVA or not, and in uniform, NVA or Vietcong, because they wouldn‘t be in uniform. Probably both, I probably saw them both. Interviewer: Now, would you actually see much of the enemy or would you just get fired on from somewhere? No, we didn‘t see much of the enemy, a lot of hit and run. Interviewer: When you were camping out at night and so forth, would the perimeters get hit by these mortars, or snipers, or zappers/ Very seldom, very seldom, and I can only remember mortars coming in, maybe, four times at night. 32:02 Of course, I wasn‘t there for that second day of Ap Gu, but they were coming in hot and heavy. Interviewer: Would you get sniper fire? Was sniper fire more common? Yeah, if they fired mortars it was only one or two and they were gone. Interviewer: Now, if your company made contact, or whatever, and you were with the mortars then, would they call in support from you, or how would that work? Yeah, we charted every inch of where the guys would go, and they always had one guy out there from the mortar platoon to do the coordinates. You have to or you‘d be killing your own guys left and right. 33:04 33 �Interviewer: You’d have the quickest response time, wouldn’t you? You’d get the call and do something right away as opposed to calling in for artillery from somewhere else? It all depends, if we‘re going into someplace, we call the artillery because we‘re just setting up, but the artillery is what—artillery and bombers are what saved Ap Gu , so we‘re kind of the back up to the artillery, I really have to say, because they can do much more damage. Interviewer: Were you firing 81mm mortars? Yes Interviewer: So they’re much smaller than a 105. The four deuces were so big you couldn‘t carry them out in the field. You would have to be provided some kind of transportation set up, so yeah, it was all 81‘s. Interviewer: Did you have, in these operations you conducted, would you have any kind of mechanized support, APC’s or tanks, or things like that? 34:05 We had a couple times and it depended on where we were and if they could be there, number one. We had the artillery once and we got—they had the bee hive rounds—took out everything, the trees and when they fired those it didn‘t last long, the battle didn‘t last long, but then I dreamed about that too. People getting sliced up, but of course they were saving our lives, so it‘s a two way street, but most of the time we were on—we always had birddogs and this guy that flew in a Piper Cub. 35:01 He had more guts than anybody I know, I think. That‘s all wood and could be shot down easily. Interviewer: Was he flying low looking for targets? Yeah, looking for—call in the artillery or whatever. 34 �Interviewer: Did you get helicopter gunship support too? Oh yeah, oh yeah, and the—oh, what was the name of the Gatling gun? The plane, dragon, something dragon Interviewer: Puff the Magic Dragon that was one label. We had that one night--the Interviewer: Gatling gun? Yeah, but I‘m trying to think of the bullet, the one that has the red Interviewer: Tracer? 36:05 Yeah, one every five it looked they were hailing nothing but tracers, oh, man that tore up. Interviewer: How long, basically did you spend in the field before you got hurt? Seven months Interviewer: Over the course of that time, how much turnover was there in your company? The first month a lot, because there were all the replacements coming in and after that, not much Interviewer: Did you take many casualties at Cedar Falls or Junction City, or was that fairly light? We had some casualties, but not a great amount of casualties. 37:04 Interviewer: So you spent a lot of those seven months, pretty much, with the same group of guys, or there were a fair number of them you were there with together? Yes Interviewer: what did you think of your commanders, the sergeants, Lieutenants and commanders you had to work with? 35 �All but one, it was a Lieutenant, all but one were great. Our company commander was Jouwin [?], who returned and became head of NATO, but the battalion commander was Hage, Hagen Lincoln was our—we had good officers. Interviewer: You had good officers. Some of the younger officers, not so much, and I had one that when I was down at Fort Hood. 38:06 This ROTC--2nd Lieutenant comes in and he just graduated from Notre Dame. A little guy, but thought he was— that he knew everything. The commander one time-- we had full—we were going on a march, the whole company, and he went over to the Lieutenant and went, ―That‘s a trenching tool and you‘re going to have to use it to make a trench so the handle won‘t come off‖, but he ended up in my company over in Vietnam. 39:10 You couldn‘t tell him anything or advise him. We hit a Vietcong village, and of course, they were gone, and right in the middle, in the middle was a big clay pot, huge, and right in there was GI equipment, and he said, ―Raudenbush, take that stuff out of there‖, and I said, ―No sir‖, and he said, ―That‘s an order‖, and I said, ―No sir, not until we know that it doesn‘t have a booby trap ―. So, I got a rock and that and he‘s still telling me, ―You don‘t have to do this‖, and I threw the rock and it cracked the clay. 40:04 And they had a cylinder that exploded, it popped and exploded if we just reached in there and got it. I did report that to the company commander. When it‘s obvious, when it‘s the centerpiece of everything, but that‘s the only officer I could never [not] warm up to. Interviewer: Did you spend pretty much all your time in Vietnam either in the field or in base camps, or did you go anywhere else? Yes, in the field or in base camps. 36 �Interviewer: How much contact did you have with the Vietnamese themselves, either civilian or military? Except for those we hired to do things around the base, and the local village of Phuoc Vinh, not a great deal because we were on the move all the time. 41:10 of course when you go through—like I said, we carried candy with us and stuff that and we‘d give it to kids when we went through a village. Interviewer: What kind of impression did you form of the Vietnamese at the time? You just couldn’t be sure who to trust or did it go farther than that? Yeah, but I also thought most aren‘t on one side or the other, all they want to do is work their rice or buffalo or whatever just like anybody else, and to this day I don‘t have anything against the Vietnamese people. Interviewer: Did you ever see much of the Vietnamese military or police forces or things like that? We had an interpreter, Vietnamese, with us, a great guy, great guy. 42:08 One day we had been out in the field and we came back and we were going to get hot chow in the mess hall and he was right in front of me and all of a sudden he dropped his—you know where they put the food, his tray, and jumped over and just started berating this guy. It turns out he knew he was a VC, you know. He was a great guy, except one time he wanted me—one of their delicacies is to take an unhatched egg, boil it, put a little hole in it, suck it out and eat the whole thing, and he kept wanting me to have one. 43:01 I said, ―No sir, I don‘t think so, but thank you anyway‖. Interviewer: You have to draw the line somewhere. How do you characterize morale in the company when you were with it? 37 �Pretty good, pretty good—again we were a fairly close company. You can‘t spend a lot of, well you can I guess—the war hadn‘t go to a point that it did in the late 1969-70 where people—we still had a lot of volunteers and ―one for all and all for one‖, don‘t leave your buddy behind. Interviewer: All right, now what kind of ethnic mix did you have in the company? 44:00 We had everything, we had Hispanics, we had colored, we had Indians, Caucasians and I‘m sure I‘m missing a couple, but it was a mixture. Interviewer: How did they work together? As far as I saw, good-- I never saw any kind of racial, or any kind of remark about racial. I‘ve seen people risk their lives for other people that weren‘t the same ethnic group and that. Our medic was colored and from Detroit and I‘ve been trying to find him ever since. When he got out he just disappeared from the radar. 45:03 Interviewer: At this stage was there anybody using drugs or things like that on the base camp? One person I knew, one person I knew and I had to do an ammo count and he was in our platoon one time and he had a total of three bullets and I had to report him and they took him out of the field. He ended up at base camp doing guard duty there. I thought, ―Still got the same problem up there‖. Interviewer: Maybe less dangerous there than he would be in the field. We didn‘t get too many problems there at base camp. I think because of what all the helicopters we had there could do with their machine guns firing. 46:04 That‘s the only one that I personally saw. 38 �Interviewer: But, basically as far as you’re concerned your unit was a pretty effective one and could do its job well? I think our unit was one of the best. I think our battalion was one of the best. Interviewer: Tell me a little bit about Ap Gu because that’s sort of you last day. What happened then? Okay, we‘d been building, guarding a bridge that had been blow up by the VC and had to be replaced and that was—we got there the last of February, the beginning of March and I had R&R coming, coming up. 47:02 We called this the dust bowl because it was pretty much dust. Every time they would ship out a hot meal to you and the helicopter would take off you had do this because it would be all over your meal. We spent almost a month there and probably a month. I‘d gone on R&R and I came back and we had one more week and then we had three battalions move and I never saw as many helicopters at one time as when I was over there. That‘s when we went into—landed at Ap Gu and the thing that got me right away was the number of helicopters. 48:03 We were being told, ―This is nothing. We‘re just going to be out a few more days and we‘re going back to base camp because we‘ve been out for over a month‖. We only had one shot at us, one shot, which is nothing, it‘s VC, bang, get the hell—only once. And digging in where we were digging in, you got stones; you got everything, so it‘s hard digging in your foxhole. This was a dream, boom, boom, boom, and that night, the first night, which had been the 30th we didn‘t have any—except for that one shot. 49:02 The next morning we get up and the company recon troop was going to do their usual recon and one of my buddies, probably one of my best friends during my time there was in that group. He was a radio operator for the Lieutenant, the platoon leader, and they went by and made a comment to 39 �me that, this was the 31st, ―Some people are lucky‖, and I said, ―‖No some people have brains and know not what to get into‖, and he goes on by and it wasn‘t—see take this rug here and it‘s almost a box, trees all over here, landing here and we‘re here and I‘m watching them. 50:11 They get into the tree line and all hell breaks loose. I‘ve got the radio for the mortars and I‘m hearing my buddy, ―Lieutenants been hit, I‘ve been hit, we need help, we‘re under heavy attack‖. He didn‘t make it, he passed away later. They started sending in a whole platoon, of course I‘ve still got to stay there with the gun, and what happened is we only had one gun up at that time because they didn‘t think we needed it, the other one, so my platoon sergeant, Dave, he said, ―Go help bring in the wounded‖. 51:11 They‘ve been ready for us a couple of days and they got snipers in all the trees no matter where you went and that‘s where I got hit, out trying to bring back the wounded. Interviewer: Was that the first time you’d gone out or had you gone out and brought some back and gone out again? Not the first time out Interviewer: Was this the action that got you the Bronze Star citation? Yes Interviewer: So, you’re going in under enemy fire and pulling guys out and you keep doing it and you get hit in the process. Where were you hit or how badly were you hurt? Actually right there and it did a good job on my artery and I got the last rites on the field. 52:02 I‘m a Methodist, but our Chaplain was Catholic, but I didn‘t know it because I was under morphine, but I kind of came to for a minute and he‘s asking me if I want to 40 �be forgiven for my sins and I‘m thinking, ―What the heck is he asking a question like that for now‖, but then when I was at the hospital, the 96th—I think it was the 96th Medevac in Saigon, and because I lost so much blood, they rushed me—I was one of the first to get operated on. A couple days later when I was done with the effects of my surgery and everything, I was talking to the guy in the bed next to me and I said, ―It‘s the craziest thing, I don‘t know if it happened, but I‘m lying there and the Chaplain‘s asking me if I want to be forgiven for my sins‖. 53:08 The guy goes, ―Oh my God, he gave you the last rites‖, and I went, ―What?‖ Yeah, I was extremely lucky that I got— that one of the medics was probably where that camera is from me when I got hit, and I hollered, ―Medic‖, and that he was able to stop the bleeding before I bled out. Interviewer: Before you bled out, yeah. Did that end you r combat career? Yeah Interviewer: How long did you stay in the hospital? I spent ten days in Saigon and then I was flown to the 106th general Yokohama and I was there for five or six months and then I went to Island Army Hospital in Knox where I was in the hospital holding company seeing Doctors and doing a lot of work on PT on my leg to strengthen it until I got discharged. 54:17 Interviewer: All right, What did you do then once you got discharged? I partied for three days, came home thinking I was going to have a few weeks to—I got home about two o‘clock Monday morning and I unlocked the door because my parents, naturally, were sleeping. I get there and there‘s a note on the table that said, ―Get up by nine, your dad‘s got it set up for you to have a job interview at General Motors‖, where he worked. 55:02 I thought, ―Okay, they‘re not going to hire me right away; I‘ll still get 41 �a couple weeks to unwind‖. I go there and, ―Oh, you‘re Charlie‘s boy, you got wounded in Vietnam‖, and I went, ―Yeah‖. They had their own doctor and their own x-rays and everything. The doctor said, ―Can I see the medical report?‖ I said, ―I didn‘t bring it because I didn‘t think I had to‖, and he said, ―Go home and get it and come right back, so I did. I came back and he did an x-ray to make sure that nothing that happened there they would be liable for, you know. He said, ―Go back to personnel now‖, and I did, and they said, ―Wait until the doctor calls‖. The doctor called and they said, ―Okay, be here at two thirty to start working at three, which was good for money. 56:06 I was out of the service one day and at work three days later. Interviewer: How long did you stay with that? Six years, I did not—my dad loved the factory, I didn‘t, and then I was a mess. Physiologically, very honestly, I was a mess. I had a marriage and that went south, between the two of us, and I quit, one day just quit General Motors. I went to the VA hospital for, down in Kalamazoo, and I was there five weeks. 57:02 Of course, they didn‘t know PTSD because this was in 1971 and, of course, everything had to be from your early childhood, which was good, but that wasn‘t where the problem was. So, I ended up—I lived on the street for a year and a half. Interviewer: What got you out of it? I finally was able to get another job. I was able to get money to get my own—well I had a friend and he had an apartment and he said, ―You know, you can live with me. It‘s got two bedrooms‖, but it was a small place, but it was a place. 58:04 Then I got a job working at another factory, but it was—I held on to that one for a long time. We moved into a better apartment and life slowly changed. I still have PTSD, I‘m going to a 42 �meeting down in Kalamazoo every Wednesday. Wednesday, and then they have a smaller group on the second or forth Thursday that I go to. Interviewer: When you came back, did you pay any attention to the news about the war and the anti-war activities and that stuff? 1:17 A lot, you couldn‘t help it, it was everywhere. Interviewer: What kind of view did you have of the people who were in the protest movements and stuff like that? Not much, everybody‘s got an opinion, you know. There were some that really believed it, but I think the majority were just didn‘t want to go fight. See, again, this was the first war where people saw, they saw dead bodies, they saw people dying, they saw all those ruins that happen in war. 2:16 Interviewer: The government hadn’t necessarily done that good of a job of justifying, or explaining to people why. Johnson bragged about he could—we couldn‘t fire a bullet unless he gave approval and how do you fight a war like that? Interviewer: Did you ever encounter that kind of issue or were you mostly fighting in placed where you could shoot when you had to? The only time you could really shoot when you had to was when you were doing it after they opened on you, which is not a good way to fight a war. Johnson was—and I voted all different ways in presidential elections, but I voted for Johnson. 3:16 Then I said, ―Well, that didn‘t work‖, so I voted for Nixon and there really wasn‘t much change, but I had a hard time because I‘d see these fights and I‘d see the Americans being hit and 43 �you‘d see them being pulled out and you knew they were dead, and it was hard, it was. It was to the point that I didn‘t watch TV much. Interviewer: Now, to look back at the full range of the time you spent in the service, do you think you took anything positive out of that? I took a lot that was positive out of it. 4:08 Interviewer: What did you gain from it do you think? Working with all kinds of different people, great friendships that I still have today, and I Just came back last week from going down and seeing my buddy that was the mortar platoon sergeant. We became really good friends after Vietnam and he passed away with Lou Gehrig‘s disease last year. We went down to see—it was going to be the anniversary of his death, so Kathy and I, and my buddy Duane, who was over in Vietnam with us, and his wife Mary Ellen, we went down, they live in Tennessee, and we went down to see Dave‘s wife and we spent a couple days at their place. 5:07 I got to the reunion every year. There‘s a group that I‘m with, the Vietnam PTSD group, and I like every one of those guys. I just feel sad that nothing came out of that with all those people getting hurt and dying. Interviewer: What do you think about the way, sort of the people in society today, are treating veterans, especially the ones coming back from Iraq or Afghanistan? 6:00 Very honestly, I‘m happy they do it for them, I do it, but I feel like we were the Guinea Pigs, and we‘re the only veterans who didn‘t come back here welcomed. Actually, envy would be the word I would use for it. You can‘t change what‘s happened, you can‘t change the past. I just feel it was the wrong generation, I guess. 44 �Interviewer: Well, it makes for a pretty powerful story and I just like to close here by thanking you for taking the time and sharing it today. Thanks you for inviting me. 45 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RaudenbushM1332V Title A name given to the resource Raudenbush, Michael (Interview transcript and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raudenbush, Michael Description An account of the resource Michael Raudenbush, Born in Harvey, Illinois on August 5th 1944, enlisted in the U.S. military in 1963. After training at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and Fort Polk, Louisiana, he was sent to Berlin for 18 months. He went from there to Fort Hood, Texas, and then to Vietnam late in 1966. He served in the 26th Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, as a mortarman. He participated in a series of actions, including Operations Cedar Falls and Junction City. At the Battle of Ap Gu, in the latter operation, he was wounded while rescuing wounded soldiers from the battlefield. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-10-17 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2d180d46f45bebb6cc73984322954744.jpg 8e92f529c68efa8913af7db539562c78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D153-0004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-19/1963-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Raulie's of Chillicothe, Missouri Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man wearing overalls sitting on a newspaper-covered table and working for "Raulie's Complete Auto Trim Furniture" in Chillicothe, Missouri. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chillicothe (Mo.) Furniture--Repairing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c1062df8ee3e31e77c50d1f1a782d020.jpg 069dd81b309b9a5a86e4526ea0dc6d35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D153-0017 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-19/1963-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Raulie's of Chillicothe, Missouri Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man wearing overalls talking on a telephone while seated at a table and working on furniture repairs for "Raulie's Complete Auto Trim Furniture" in Chillicothe, Missouri. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chillicothe (Mo.) Furniture--Repairing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1f0f856d86778c20e84472db7b66f70e.jpg 6eeba1f63f36c0a90b3979f26558705a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D155-0022 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-19/1963-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Raulie's of Chillicothe, Missouri Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of two men wearing overalls and standing behind their parked work vehicle for "Raulie's Complete Auto Trim Furniture" in Chillicothe, Missouri. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chillicothe (Mo.) Furniture--Repairing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0fca7bc1e13f5653326fc9e621ba3b18.jpg 51da6d320edbbfb7e4d03e8fb843ee64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D155-0034 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-19/1963-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Raulie's of Chillicothe, Missouri Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of man working for "Raulie's Complete Auto Trim Furniture" in Chillicothe, Missouri. In the photograph, they can be seen working on furniture repairs from inside their workshop. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chillicothe (Mo.) Furniture--Repairing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d4c02a4b4c4b24736f0c6ac7fa96a2ef.jpg 23c6c1c9f44ae05a5f8e05391bf55a47 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D161-0004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-19/1963-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Raulie's of Chillicothe, Missouri Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a door sign directing traffic to the new business location for "Raulie's" in Chillicothe, Missouri. In the photograph, the sign reads, "Raulie's moved to new location on Hi-Way 65 North Opposite Simpson Park, Phone 1836." Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chillicothe (Mo.) Furniture--Repairing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/164c4a7ea4eceed06b9bc151eb9ffced.jpg 6f007f6f599adfe64bbd997cc8fcc4a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D161-0039 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-19/1963-05-26 Title A name given to the resource Raulie's of Chillicothe, Missouri Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the businessfront for "Raulie's Upholstery" in Chillicothe, Missouri. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chillicothe (Mo.) Furniture--Repairing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c912c3177939a40bca104f9a8674177a.jpg 9c2620db667b24073ac0be5ac97082e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M2579 Title A name given to the resource Raven class minesweeper Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US AM (minesweeper), Raven class, January 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-01-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1e801fa6eeeb494efdf13847706791f8.jpg ec7853b40656e592aeb9ccfa16c363e7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000326 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments Description An account of the resource Ravine Apartments Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Grand Valley State College Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eb9cfe5ae0566aea9cebf0e0dfc16ef3.jpg 8afcbffc515f10cd9c6990e44ccb6676 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000327 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments Description An account of the resource Ravine Apartments Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/56d33075cb9e94917fb7a09b6d9d16ce.jpg ea991b7d8ebfcf9d528844be9c18efba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000179 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments under construction Description An account of the resource Ravine Apartments under construction. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Building Facilities Dormitories Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/84c3160062bc03a0de4fa79ddd1d4193.jpg 188f70ca80de9b2bcd4bfe6123b5a8a6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Architect's aerial view Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001569 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Architect's aerial view drawing of Ravine Apartments. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/15e06d375a8e2feebb19067d85f6c955.jpg a5d3fa02c95c8ae260df770c19caad2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Architect's drawing of side and entry elevation Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001574 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Side elevation and entry elevation architect's drawing of Ravine Apartments. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e6a1c27c794f86b8de2f21eb65cb8a4a.jpg 9825583ad762b3e929016c7fa38f7c09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Architect's elevation drawing and landscaping plan Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001591 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Architect's elevation drawing of Ravine Apartments looking northeast and landscaping plan located at the bottom. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4848dc2a2e3c86f2b83b1cc8f71f2cf3.jpg 94a13538e403a404d5ccccc22194b2b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Birds-eye view from the right Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001587 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Birds-eye photograph of the right side of Ravine Apartments. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Aerial photographs Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f9c566696c451e2f23ca761da7999dd6.jpg 69a8fc173a9da5979c454304a58ebcb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1980s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Birds-eye view in autumn Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001584 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Ravine Apartments in autumn from a birds-eye view. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Aerial photographs Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives color photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2b38f451dc15ad158cf6083f79486bee.jpg 8c935e0f5553568c9b8113ffc875d6fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1980s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Birds-eye view in autumn Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001585 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Ravine Apartments in autumn from a birds-eye view. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Aerial photographs Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives color photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3bd6e2c41a6b4d253543f6a428d9cc79.jpg 700fe705b0af99a71098c8cb3016c6dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1970s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Blueprint of first floor plan Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001567 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource Blueprint of Ravine Apartments Unit Type III first floor plan. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Dormitories Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc34e407eb60291152aaa1531cba75c7.jpg 8432969a739269b66d02dd92104c1414 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Ravine Apartments 1990s Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Title A name given to the resource Ravine Apartments. Color slide of view from the back Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001594a Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Description An account of the resource View of the back of Ravine Apartments. Color slide. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright - Non-commercial use permitted.</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives color photo