809 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0fa53873b1ef66fc4df92f3e3d85f23c.mp4 2717f13daa52b9d5911eeb2aba059544 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4f7cd0765546f1b289bfb2e3a1379944.srt 606e3f8df0ba82086558fb43a9840947 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Media Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized audio and video from the Grand Valley State University Archives. The collection includes ceremonies, speeches, sports, promotional, and instructional media. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/637">Grand Valley State audiovisual media collection, (GV000-04)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Universities and colleges Michigan Rites and ceremonies Speeches Sports Promotional films Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV000-04 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image; Sound Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2017 Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV000-04_PR_GVSU_1975_Young-man Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Title A name given to the resource Promotional Video - Young Man, circa 1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/637">Grand Valley State audiovisual media collection, (GV000-04)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Description An account of the resource Promotional Video - Young Man. This is a promotional video in color with audio. A man sits and talks to the camera about the benefits of a college education in preparing for a successful future, and how people working full time can study part time at Grand Valley to move ahead. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Universities and colleges Michigan College publicity Promotional films Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cde5825fc19d3fdfa791161a29d3477b.mp4 52dc6e1f9f8f6fdd0407b7392da5c822 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bde43a4fbf59ec90fdb48f4935e738af.srt fbc7e0c35c0d8c40ab4c4ca8beddab3d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Media Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized audio and video from the Grand Valley State University Archives. The collection includes ceremonies, speeches, sports, promotional, and instructional media. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/637">Grand Valley State audiovisual media collection, (GV000-04)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Universities and colleges Michigan Rites and ceremonies Speeches Sports Promotional films Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV000-04 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image; Sound Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2017 Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV000-04_PR_GVSU_1975_Young-woman Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Title A name given to the resource Promotional Video - Young Woman, circa 1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/637">Grand Valley State audiovisual media collection, (GV000-04)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Description An account of the resource Promotional Video - Young Woman. This is a promotional video in color with audio. A woman sits and talks to the camera about the benefits of a college education in getting a job with a future, and how people working full time can study part time at Grand Valley to move ahead. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Universities and colleges Michigan College publicity Promotional films Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f4567caa52a7e7ea3305ad753598756.mp4 316e706e33ca7590a325bd898dfd8e2e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d5c63e4817f22a2f3b14c7224cdc9b74.pdf f498e6b44bda2b96f003aa744ffdf58b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Richard Prosch (01:04:35) (00:15) Background Information • • • • • Richard was born on March 27, 1921 in Indiana His family later moved to Chicago where his father had just bought a pharmacy Richard graduated from high school in 1939 and began going to Denison University in Ohio Richard had been on Christmas vacation when Pearl Harbor was attacked He signed up for the Navy in 1941 and his service was deferred until he graduated in 1943 (04:25) Enlistment • After graduating Richard was sent to only a week later to Notre Dame to take naval classes for 4 months • Richard then went to Maryland for additional training while they were waiting for their ship to be ready to go overseas • He volunteered to go on a landing invasion of France because he had been anxious and had not wanted to wait for the other ship (09:50) Overseas • Richard had previously trained in Virginia and Indiana with artillery before leaving • They landed in England in December of 1943 • It was an uneventful trip on the Mauretania and they traveled with an escort • Once in Liverpool they continued training and practiced landing on beaches • Richard had been training in Slapton Sands when an LST was attacked and sunk right in front of them (19:15) Invasion—Omaha Beach • They left from Weymouth Harbor and crossed the English Chanel • Richard then boarded a landing ship, but it was hard for him to get motivated because there were bodies everywhere on the beach • The first men on the beach were mostly all hit with bullets, but helped clear the way for others • The obstacles on the beach had all been cleared out earlier by the Navy Seals • Remembering the invasion now is like watching a movie to him �(31:40) Working with the 2nd Division • Richard and others were covered by planes as they made their way up the beach hills • He was reassigned to the 2nd Division to help spot them as they covered the beach • Richard had previously been working with the 1st Division (42:10) Normandy • Richard and others made their way inland and there were cows everywhere, but it was a very beautiful area • Bombardment had left much battle damage • They eventually went back to England on a LST and all the wounded were sent back to the US • Richard then began working with an Assault Signal Group called Jasko • The group was ordered to be sent back to the US on the Queen Mary and prepare to be sent to the Pacific (48:15) Back in the US • Richard was sent back to his home base for 10 days and then took a train to San Francisco • They left on a Coast Guard ship called the USS Shaw • Richard had gotten engaged to his girlfriend before leaving for California (50:10) New Guinea and the Philippines • On the way through the Pacific they stopped in Hollandia, New Guinea and the Philippines • Richard was working with the 6th Division in Manila for quite a while before he broke his wrist • He then boarded a Dutch hospital ship that had a Chinese crew and British doctors • His wrist was put in a cast and he was sent to Hawaii (57:35) The End of the War • Richard had been in a hospital in California on VJ Day and was very happy that the war was finally over • He was sent to Great Lakes Naval hospital in Chicago where they operated on his wrist • He then continued working with the Navy, which was trying to sell old equipment to civilians • His father asked him to work with him because he had then purchased two other pharmacies • Richard went to school for another 4 years and worked as a pharmacist for 28 years � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ProschR Title A name given to the resource Prosch, Richard (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Prosch, Richard Description An account of the resource Richard Prosch was born in 1921 in Indiana and graduated from high school in 1939. He attended college in Ohio and signed up for the Navy shortly after Pearl Harbor was attacked. His appointment was deferred until his graduation in 1943. Richard trained as a naval liaison to work with army units in invasions. While training in England, he witnessed the Slapton Sands disaster. He landed on Omaha Beach on D-Day with the 1st Division, and then worked with the 2nd Division as it landed the next day. He was subsequently transferred to the Pacific, and served in the Philippines. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-07-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bc1b6685d87ffe263dcb05cfa64960fb.jpg fb0398bd0e0a290a6dda2eb8c15a5d90 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8d94f3d1433282c969270b98c2c9aa2c.jpg 0f161347f7f3f2492dcccd5728872947 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7316e6526e7167ea62702ee371ce4666.jpg 1026406f38da3379a186d3061c36ea3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fore-Edge Paintings Subject The topic of the resource Fore-edge painting Painting Description An account of the resource A fore-edge painting is a miniature watercolor executed on the fanned edge or edges of a book; when the book is closed the art disappears, now hidden by the edge gilding. This genre of painting dates from the 1500s, flourished in the 1800s, and is still practiced today. Anonymous and undated paintings include landscapes, scenes and characters from literature, and portraits of authors. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Book Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-07-17 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV-02 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV-02_FE_001 Title A name given to the resource Protagonist of Pit and the Pendulum Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frost, Martin (artist) Description An account of the resource Painting on the fore-edge of "The Works of Edgar Allan Poe." Image of the protagonist of Pit and the Pendulum is based on illustration by Arthur Rackham. The figure appears gaunt and terrified, clad only in his "wrapper of coarse serge." Standing at the rim of the pit, he is surrounded by ghoulish figures with their "demon eyes, of a wild and ghastly vivacity." Top edges are crowded with red-eyed bats and tail edges with rats. Painting is signed with monogram MF. Subject The topic of the resource Fore-edge painting Painting Poe Edgar Allan 1809-1849 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. ND2370.P64 A3 1899 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/433b783cd6821d0b0adb40fd91a1c9d4.mp3 2a2e49a1c1f0d95c4ce61d23ef7bc561 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Midweek Lent Series What Wouldn't Jesus Do? Scripture Text Isaiah 57:14-15, Luke 9:46-48 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20000405 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000-04-05 Title A name given to the resource Proud Ambition Comes Up Empty Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on April 5, 2000 entitled "Proud Ambition Comes Up Empty", as part of the series "What Wouldn't Jesus Do? ", on the occasion of Midweek Lent, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Isaiah 57:14-15, Luke 9:46-48. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2f38ad26de124ca2095fb0ce0b3560cd.mp3 0b88c9c6ec7ad18a8995f91f8e84db79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost VIII Series The Footprints of God in the Sands of Time Scripture Text Exodus 3:4-5, 14 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19910714 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-07-14 Title A name given to the resource Providence, Personality and Power Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on July 14, 1991 entitled "Providence, Personality and Power", as part of the series "The Footprints of God in the Sands of Time", on the occasion of Pentecost VIII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Exodus 3:4-5, 14. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d170e98c9e49c121f2533047bd151e1.pdf 823f2d4d0ba13c3b88a20c9279f575af PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Psalterium [folium 166] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_166Psalterium1488 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Psalterium, edited by Bruno, Episcopus Herbipolensis [Würzburg]. Printed in Würzburg by Georg Reyser not after 1489. Illustrated with red rubricated initals. [GW M36219; ISTC ip01046000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Würzburg: Georg Reyser Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1489 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3e5ccbb5220a61e12c181922fe977ebb.jpg c016e4b9888dab0f3c63493de8238a66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-VanOss_Public-Gathering Title A name given to the resource Public Gathering Description An account of the resource A photo of a group of people surrounding a platform of several individuals who wear hats. In the back, there is a truck with a ladder, and in the front of the picture, there is a woman in a car and a police officer. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Police Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of History as part of the Stories of Summer Project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4dcf45851cfabca2bf8f6ad9e9a74df5.jpg 5b21292872491f415d0cdd02d681df6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_E242-0019 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-11-21 Title A name given to the resource Public Library in Boston, Massachusetts Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the street sign for the Kirstein Business branch of the Boston Public Library in Boston, Massachusetts. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Boston (Mass.) Boston Public Library Libraries--Massachusetts Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/992feab5cbe89cc7ddb641c89f243812.jpg d286959a5506a6bd3acfb74ee0c6e753 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PuelerGladys Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Pueler, Gladys Description An account of the resource Gladys Pueler Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7fdec505d64885fd137d1534b49b35e5.mp4 f36f91c07eb4d125e2edae5fdec2c1c4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/64cfdba8f1975acbf959d21a36be205c.pdf 480f3cd4bd7c64e2c065115e5a3d111d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Douglas Puffer Vietnam War 39 minutes 39 seconds (00:00:25) Early Life -Born on October 12, 1948 in Iowa City, Iowa -Grew up on a farm near Mechanicsville, Iowa -Father was a second generation farmer -Owned 320 acres of farmland -Attended Lincoln Community High School in Stanwood, Iowa -Graduated from high school in 1966 (00:01:16) Awareness of Vietnam War -Aware of the Vietnam War when he was growing up -A student from his high school had dropped out and joined the Marines and was killed in action -Attending the funeral made the war seem that much more real -He had no desire to go to Vietnam (00:01:54) Attending Drafting (CAD/Design) School and Life Before the Army -After high school went to Oklahoma and enrolled in drafting program in the state -Studied in that field for a few years -Was able to graduate -Got married while in drafting school -Graduated in December 1968 -He and his wife moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa where he found a job (00:02:32) Getting Drafted by the Army -Early May 1969 received his draft notice in the mail -Ordered to report for basic training in late May 1969 (00:03:08) Basic Training -Attended basic training at Fort Polk, Louisiana -Training was a nine week program -He didn’t want to be there and his performance reflected his attitude -Wanted to continue being a husband and a worker, not a soldier -Physical aspect of training was challenging for him -Some National Guardsmen and Reservists were training with them -Mostly draftees though -A large portion of the draftees were teachers -Majority of the men in training were from the Midwest -Several of the drill instructors had served in Vietnam -Rarely mentioned experience there or offered advice (00:05:39) Specialized Training for M16 -During bivouac (field) training received orders for specialized training -Told he had been selected to train with the M16 -Indicated that he was most likely going to Vietnam -Had spent basic training using the M14 �-Taught how to disassemble and clean the M16 -No qualification or other firearm training with it (00:06:47) Advanced Infantry Training (AIT) -Did AIT at Fort Polk, Louisiana -Granted two weeks emergency leave because wife needed surgery -This happened after basic, but before AIT -AIT program was nine weeks -Same training as basic, but intensified -Trained for assaults at a mock up village off base -Most of the trainers had never been to Vietnam -AIT didn’t truly prepare him for the reality of combat in Vietnam (00:09:00) Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) Training -He was one of twenty five recruits selected for APC training at Fort Knox, Kentucky -Thought that that meant he wouldn’t have to walk in Vietnam -Three weeks of training -Familiarized with the vehicle -Learned how to drive an APC -Training at Fort Knox was enjoyable and served as a morale boost -Trained at Fort Knox in October 1969 -Weather made training pleasurable (00:10:02) Deployment to Vietnam -Received orders for deployment to Vietnam at the end of APC training -Given two weeks of leave -Had to report to Oakland, California -From there went to Vietnam -He was going in as a replacement -Didn’t know what his unit was going to be, or his location in Vietnam (00:10:53) Arriving in Vietnam Pt. 1 -Arrived in Bien Hoa Air Base near Saigon -First impression of Vietnam was that it was hot, humid, and stunk -Smelled different than the farm did, and worse -Saw soldiers waiting to board planes to go home -Their urgency to leave Vietnam was a definite blow to morale for him (00:11:50) Wife’s Perspective on Deployment -His wife had been emotionally prepared for his deployment -Her brothers had served in Vietnam -His deployment still had a profound effect on her (00:12:14) Arriving in Vietnam Pt. 2 -Stayed in Bien Hoa for a few days for processing and the first part of in country training -Received his assignment to the 101st Airborne Division after a few days -Had no idea where they were stationed (00:13:16) Camp Evans -Flown up to Camp Evans to join the 101st Airborne Division -Completed the second half of in country training at Camp Evans -Training consisted of basic facts about Vietnam and protocol -Assigned to Delta Company, the 2nd Battalion, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne Division �-Didn’t see an APC until the final week of his tour -Being assigned to the Airborne was confusing -Hadn’t taken jump training in basic training -Associated the Airborne divisions with paratrooper missions -Delta Company was in the field when he arrived, so he waited at Camp Evans -Went through processing while waiting for Delta to return -Assigned his squad and platoon when Delta returned -One soldier became his mentor and informally introduced him to Vietnam -By this time it was November 1969 (00:16:25) First Time in the Field -Stayed in Camp Evans for a few days more -Went into the field for the first time on December 10, 1969 -Didn’t know how to prepare, or what to expect -Placed on a helicopter and was flown out to a landing zone (LZ) -Expected to take fire upon landing; didn’t know LZ’s were cleared first -Walked down a hill and took a break to collect themselves -Patrol in the field had begun in a mountainous region -It was the start of monsoon season -Moved into the Lowlands afterwards -Returned to Camp Evans after being in the field for about a month -Stayed on Camp Evans for a few days before going back into the field (00:20:20) Firebase Shepard -Sent to Firebase Shepard -Abandoned artillery position -Job was to be the security detail, so that leftover ordinance could be destroyed -Firefight ensued while at Firebase Shepard -Got extracted while still taking fire -Ordinance was successfully destroyed though -Remembers feeling the heat of a rocket propelled grenade (RPG) passing over his head -Fighting at Firebase Shepard was his first experience with combat (00:22:36) Firebase Ripcord Pt. 1 -He and his unit participated in the beginning of the Battle of Firebase Ripcord -Remembers expanding a landing zone (LZ) with explosives -Got hit in the back and wounded by a falling tree -Colonel Lucas’s command helicopter picked him up -Got to observe smoke grenades being dropped from the helicopter to mark LZ’s (00:23:40) Rear Duty at Camp Evans Pt. 1 -Transferred back to Camp Evans to an aid station to be treated for wounds -Took two weeks to heal -Once he was healed enough he guarded the perimeter at Camp Evans -After two weeks he rejoined Delta Company in the field (00:24:45) Firebase Ripcord Pt. 2 -He was on and off Firebase Ripcord a few times -Field duty was getting boring, so he volunteered for perimeter guard duty at Camp Evans -First part of July 1970 which meant R&R was coming soon -He wanted an easy transition into a break �(00:26:03) R&R -Felt guilty in retrospect taking rear duty and R&R while Delta Company was at Ripcord -Met his wife in Hawaii for a week-long vacation -Flight to Hawaii was exuberant -Flight back was depressing -Had been in Vietnam for seven months (00:27:03) Returning to Vietnam -Returned to Camp Evans after R&R and pulled rear duties waiting for Delta Company to return -He was aware of Delta Company rescuing Alpha Company at Firebase Ripcord -He wanted to go back and help them, but wasn’t authorized to go -He could hear the battle and rescue operation in real time via the radio -When Delta Company returned to Camp Evans he rejoined them -Went back into the field with them and stayed in the field until September 1970 (00:28:31) Clerical & Aide Duties at Camp Evans -In September 1970 he was called back to Camp Evans to be a carpenter -Didn’t know anything about carpentry, but didn’t question it -Wound up becoming a clerk, jeep driver, and general aide -All rear area workers had been in combat for at least a few months -Officer wanted men who had seen combat to be in administration -Felt that they knew what the men in the field wanted -He made sure that Delta Company received the proper supplies and treats when possible -Wounded member of Delta Company was sent to Camp Evans to be his aid -They disassembled, moved, and reassembled two barracks together -He took a thirty day extension so that he could leave six months early -Camp Evans occasionally took rocket and mortar fire -Relatively sporadic and uneventful, but still jarring when it happened (00:31:56) Coming Home and Leaving the Army -Left Vietnam in November 1970 and arrived in Fort Lewis, Washington -Processing to get discharged took about twenty four hours -Remembers leaving on the plane out of Seattle and waking up in Chicago -Took a flight from Chicago to Cedar Rapids, Iowa -Wife picked him up at the airport (00:32:57) Life after the Army -Returned to his previous job in January 1971 -Worked there until January 1972 when he was laid off due to stagnant economy -Got another job six weeks later -He and his wife moved to Florida in 1980 -Became the supervisor of a CAD design group -Had to take night classes to adapt to design changes brought on by computers Interview ends at 00:35:06 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PufferD1538V Title A name given to the resource Puffer, Douglas (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Puffer, Douglas Description An account of the resource Douglas Puffer was born in 1948 in Iowa City, Iowa. He grew up on a farm in Iowa, and after high school he attended a drafting and design school in Oklahoma where he met his wife and graduated from that in December 1968, and received his draft notice a few months later. He trained at Fort Polk, Louisiana, with specialized training for armored personnel carriers. When he deployed to Vietnam in October, 1969, he found himself in an airborne unit, Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He was sent to Camp Evans and he and his unit saw action on and around Firebase Shepard and Firebase Ripcord, and he spent the end of his enlistment in the rear before returning home and being discharged in November 1970. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-10-12 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/69f84567e77ed657197df3e111565277.mp4 bce78177687f736a1bbe94909cfea0c4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b59d7ffb180537fdf14a13fc214a55e5.pdf 4f1b89af59870608f595b8add7ffddc7 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview National Guard Band Dave Pugh Total Time – (50:52) Background         He was born in Lansing, Michigan in 1961 (00:23) His family moved when he was two years old to Grand Rapids, Michigan During high school he was very involved in music (00:34) o He enjoyed the music, the interaction, and the friends When he went to college, he decided to take some music classes (00:51) o He enjoyed all of the same elements as he did in high school o During a rehearsal the Director told him that there was a place that needed some trumpet players that paid (01:09) o It was the first time that he realized he could make money from music (01:19) He knew that he could get a teaching degree and then teach music (01:33) One of his friends told him that he played in an Army band o He did not think that he could play in an Army band because he was in college o The band played and rehearsed once a week (01:55)  They also did summer concerts When he went to check out the Army band he found out that there were multiple local band directors that were there (02:21) o He felt like it was the beginning of networking He talked to the recruiter about being part of the group o The recruiter was very encouraging (02:39) o This was around 1980 Enlistment/Training – (02:49)   Because it was the beginning of Ronald Reagan’s presidency [Jimmy Carter had given the order to restart draft registration], he had to go and sign up for the draft (02:54) o The draft had been reinstituted o He was not afraid to go and fill out the card for the draft (03:08) He remembers watching the news about Vietnam when it was occurring (03:20) o The news made Vietnam seem scary but he did not feel like it was something to fear �             o However, he was told that if he joined, he could choose what he would do (03:41)  If you get drafted, the military gets to pick what you do o He saw joining the band as an opportunity to get better as a player, meet some people, and get paid a little (03:55) The group that he had met was part of the 126th National Guard Band (04:07) Once he signed up, they were very accommodating because he was a student (04:26) He went to Fort Jackson, South Carolina for Basic Training (04:34) o It was extremely hot – he ran, did pushups and sit-ups, and all the other typical training After Basic Training he went to AIT (Advanced Individual Training) (05:06) o He went in with the Civilian Acquired Skills Program because he had the skill of playing an instrument o He had a higher rank when he went in (05:22) A year after AIT he went to Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana to play in a band (05:30) o He enjoyed his time there – they almost convinced him to stay  They tried to convince him to finish his studies at Butler University and stay with the group (06:05) When he was at Fort Benjamin Harrison he did “graveyard duty” o There were eight of them that would drive around in a van and play at military funerals (06:21) o The majority of them were day trips He would get used to the routine of playing (06:52) It was very satisfying for him to play because he felt like he was showing honor to those that had given more than he felt like he was giving (07:04) He would sometimes be able to meet the families They played primarily at the funerals of World War II and Korean War veterans (07:22) Because he was playing in the summer, the stints were roughly eight or nine weeks o In Indianapolis the stints were a month long (07:38) At Basic Training in South Carolina, the Drill Sergeants were just as tough on him as anyone (08:00) o They want to press the soldiers to see if they will do what they are told (08:05) o There was one soldier that was having a seizure – he spoke before he was supposed to do and had to do pushups o They teach the soldiers how to respond when under pressure (08:41) He trained with all kinds of people o He was only one of three college guys (08:49) o His bunkmate was another guy from college o There were guys that probably had a GED (General Educational Development) (09:06) o There were tall guys, short guys, fat guys, and skinny guys �   They were just normal people (09:17) o The majority of the guys were from the South Most of the men that started with him also finished (09:47) o Some went through extraordinary measures to not stay in (09:52) The men in Indiana were completely different than those in South Carolina o For them it was a life profession (10:20) o Some of them were going to be lifers in the Army o He was amazed at how much like college it was (10:36) o All afternoon there were three our four hours of free time After Training/Band Attachment – (11:09)        After Fort Benjamin Harrison he had three more years of college (11:13) o He went to Central Michigan University (11:22) There was no one that he knew that got their degree in four years He graduated in 1986 (12:10) Since he had already done training, his regular duties for the National Guard was to follow the schedule that was handed down by the Band Master (12:21) o The Band Master made them feel like they had input on the schedules He had an opportunity to go to London, England for the 40th Anniversary of NATO (12:45) o They only took twenty five people in a block  He did not get to go (13:11)  He planned on going but could not spend six weeks away from his three month old child (13:33)  When his friend found out that he was not going he felt bad Every Tuesday night he was required to go to Grand Rapids, Michigan for rehearsal (14:07) o Every Tuesday night he would leave rehearsal in the middle because he had a class o He enjoyed his Tuesday nights (15:06) During the summers he had various things to do o They tried to tour the state every year (15:25)  They would do it in different portions o They played for many different things (15:41) o On January 1st they would play in Lansing, Michigan for the different inaugurations o They did military graduations (16:01)  They would go to Fort Custer, Michigan to play as well o They were the only National Guard band in the state (16:14)  There was an Army band in the state but they did not have enough to field an entire band o When he entered, the band only had 30-40 members. After ten years there were over 50 players in the band (16:20) o He sang as well �         When he joined the National Guard, there were three or four guys that had actually seen active duty in Vietnam (18:24) o There were five or six guys that had been in the band when they were deployed near the riots in Detroit in the later 1960’s o There were two or three girls in the group (18:51)  As the group grew there were more women that joined o Some men had served and wanted to come back and play (19:17) Once a year the soldiers would have to go to Fort Custer, Michigan and fire M16’s to re-qualify (19:34) o There was a certain amount of mystique of the 1970’s when things were crazy His band was attached to the hospital (20:44) o When the hospital drilled, they would drill o They were told that they were the only band in the country that was attached to a hospital (21:30) o They eventually became attached to Headquarters (21:40) After they were switched they had a lot more ease of scheduling and could do what they wanted to do o For Headquarter related duties they would play at an officer’s ball or any other kind of similar activity (22:28) His band was very good at sight reading – they had an entire folder of background music that could be played by everyone in the band o There were certain patriotic numbers that everyone would always want to here (23:18) When they were attached to Headquarters they were taken to a section that was quite large (24:07) o Some of the men were not pleased with the fact that they had to do certain duties such as digging holes o Around the mid-1980’s there was a push to not have “A fat band that just sits around. These are military guys.” (24:30)  Because he had been in Basic Training only three years before, he was fine with the switch. Some of the other older men were not okay with the change (25:07)  Some of the men stepped down because of it After five years he only made E5 (25:52) He had fifteen years of service with the band (26:14) He was nervous during the Gulf War o He believes that he came very close to going (26:59) Active Duty – (27:28)  When he was doing his weeks of active duty in the summer, the band would do a lot of fun things o In Newberry, Michigan there was a mental health facility that they were at when a veteran yelled, “Play or go home!” (28:19) �   o The once played at the Wyoming Senior Center  Everyone in the audience was in a bed or on a wheelchair (28:50) o They once went to Trinidad and Tobago for two weeks (29:47)  The band spent the first portion of their trip in Tobago  When they set up to play for the locals, they were dancing, swinging, and really enjoying their time (30:40)  In Trinidad they had a good time as well o They also had a fifteen day trip to Italy (31:45)  They played in the embassy (31:58)  It was a cocktail evening  They played for the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus in Genoa, Italy (32:08)  They played in many different cities  The people were warm, friendly, and loved Americans (32:30) o After one concert, many Italians came up to them and wanted to give them some items  One older fellow came and told him how thankful to America he was (33:27)  He told them that he was a boy during World War II when Germans came into his town when Americans arrived and defeated the Germans, saving their property (33:44)  It was the highlight of his musical life o He played in a beautiful opera house in Italy as well (34:25) o In 1989, the band was called on to be the United States representatives to go on tour in China (36:25)  They took courses on Chinese culture, language, etc.  When they were all set to go, the events at Tiananmen Square happened and they had to pull out (36:56)  He was hugely disappointed (37:05)  He had previously investigated going to China to teach English  When they had been ready to go, his wife got pregnant and they were declined work (37:27) Over the course of his sixteen years, the National Guard significantly changed o It was look in the 1970’s and then eventually tightened up (38:33)  It was good that it tightened up o It went from being haphazardly assigned to the hospital to being more appropriately assigned to Headquarters (38:48) o It seemed like he did a lot more performing in the later years He thinks the National Guard Band is good for people to see because it opens up their eyes to see that the military is not just the Infantry, Air Force, Navy Seals, etc. (39:18) After his first six years he was offered the G.I. Bill if he reenlisted for another six years (39:56) o He was already done with college so they paid a certain portion of his student loan debt (40:08)  The military paid his balance �           It was very financially rewarding The last eight or nine years were a great period of growth for the band (40:29) He had one opportunity where he played in a brass quintet o He was flown out of Grand Ledge, Michigan on a helicopter to fly to Detroit (41:22) He thinks that there was a change in the way things went on in the military o When he joined, the group went from a sloppier group to a more professional group (42:46) o As the group got bigger, better, and more professional, it seemed as though the Army did the same thing (43:14) o Soldiers in the National Guard felt like their jobs had some significance He did not stay in longer than sixteen years because his family moved (43:38) o Now he wishes he would have gone back and taken those five years His experiences in the service were extremely positive (44:14) o He started to run during the service as well o He gained a sense of confidence that he could do all kinds of physical activities o There were days that were over 100 degrees where they would not do anything (44:39)  The military would protect the soldiers (44:53) He made a lot of positive connections while playing with the band o He was able to get a job through his connections (46:20) o He was able to network through his connections (46:31) While he was teaching as a band director, he was playing with an adult band – he was able to have a standard for when he was teaching He tells young people that the Reserves or the National Guard is the best choice for them (47:17) When he was on Twitter one time, he got a reply that someone was excited to see him up there o The military obviously has people that work with social media to connect with others (48:43) o The list of jobs in the military is endless He still has several friends that were a part of his military career (50:03) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PughD1074V Title A name given to the resource Pugh, Thomas Dave (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pugh, Thomas Dave Description An account of the resource Dave Pugh was born in Lansing, Michigan in 1961. Dave was in college during the aftermath of Vietnam, studying music and teaching. He enlisted into the military to be a part of the National Guard Band. He went to Fort Jackson, South Carolina for Basic Training. After AIT training he went to Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana where he played alongside a National Guard Band. During his time in the band he played at veterans' funerals, at the 40th anniversary of NATO in London, England, at the Michigan inaugurations, mental health facilities, Trinidad and Tobago, and Italy. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. National Guard Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-03-29 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7cb29c62c0518ebcd9f26d90a157b94e.m4v 126dece86e4c5656975ad927608af65f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dda4a13595c215e75b387bb29038b4e0.pdf 31d5e26ef7ecedca01efe1635bddfa1b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Steve Pullen Vietnam War 45 minutes 11 seconds (00:00:18) Early Life -He was born on Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico -His father was an Air Force pilot -They moved around a lot when he was growing up -His father had deployments in Missouri, California, South Carolina, France and England -The place they wound up at was Homestead Air Force Base, Florida -His father flew fighter jets, specifically the F-100 Super Sabre -He also flew F-105 fighters out of Thailand during the Vietnam War -He had multiple tours and wound up flying one hundred missions all toll -He was living in Homestead, Florida when he graduated from high school -From high school he went to the University of Miami on a football scholarship -Felt out of his league playing on a college team -Part of the scholarship meant taking Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) -Once he dropped ROTC he was eligible to be drafted (00:02:12) Getting Drafted -Two weeks after dropping out of ROTC he was drafted into the Army -This was on April 18, 1968 -He was upset by this development for a variety of reasons -He knew a guy from his high school football team who had been killed in Vietnam -Hammered home the reality that he could die in Vietnam -He did not support the war -He felt that it was his duty to go though, so he went (00:03:32) Training -The first stop was basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina -From there he went to Fort Dix, New Jersey for advanced infantry training (AIT) -After AIT he was selected for Officers' Candidate School (OCS) -He took that course at Fort Benning, Georgia -His specialization in AIT was specifically as an infantryman -The OCS course lasted twenty three weeks -Graduated from Fort Benning, Georgia on March 15, 1969 -On top of those courses he also completed airborne (paratrooper) school -Completing airborne school allowed him to take Ranger/Pathfinder School -After completing the various schools he learned about flight school and enrolled in that -It was a 9 month course and he hoped that by time he was done the war would be over -From flight school he was selected to go into Cobra Transition School -This meant learning how to fly Cobra attack helicopters -Cobra Transition School was another month of training -After completing Cobra Transition School he received orders to go to Vietnam �(00:04:54) Arrival and Assignment in Vietnam -His initial assignment in Vietnam was to be with the 1st Cavalry Division -The day before going to his unit he was reassigned to the 101st Airborne Division -He was sent to Phu Bai to join up with his unit -He wanted to go into a Cobra Aerial Rocket Artillery (ARA) unit -He was offered the chance to go into air cavalry -This meant that they had both Cobras (attack helicopters) and Hueys (troop helicopters) -Upon entering the air cavalry he was assigned to B Troop of the 2nd of the 17th -He was specifically assigned to an aero-rifle platoon as its platoon leader -Eighteen man platoon -Meant that he wouldn't get to fly as a Cobra pilot -There was a surplus of Cobra pilots at the time -Because of this higher ranking men got picked first -Wound up spending five months (May-September 1970) as the aero-rifle platoon's leader (00:08:58) Action in the A Shau Valley -As a platoon leader he had a significant number of experiences in Vietnam -The most significant experiences were during the Ripcord Campaign -One of the more major occurrences was in the A Shau Valley -He and his platoon were able to capture a 37mm North Vietnamese artillery piece -When it came time to be extracted they were only able to take back the barrel -The entire piece was too heavy for a helicopter to lift (00:10:08) The Battle of Firebase Ripcord -During the Battle of Ripcord he remembers being sent out into the field -While in the field they discovered a communication cable -When they reported their discovery they were ordered to secure it -Shortly before this a rifle company had been forced out of the area -They were expected to secure the area with an eighteen man platoon -A three man intelligence team was sent in to tap the wire -Consisted of one Vietnamese man, a translator, and an American sergeant first class -The intelligence team discovered that there was a North Vietnamese regiment in the area -A regiment is anywhere from a few hundred, to a few thousand, soldiers -They called in for extraction and the initial request was denied -As they sat out in the field they witnessed the North Vietnamese beginning to mortar Ripcord -They were eventually pulled out just as a North Vietnamese team was being sent to investigate -Able to destroy the cable before leaving the area -Later discovered that there were actually two North Vietnamese regiments in the area (00:15:22) Air Crew Recovery and Rescue Mission -They routinely had to recover the bodies of downed air crews -One mission was a search and rescue mission involving an Army Ranger team -A helicopter had been shot down with Rangers onboard -His platoon was sent in to rescue them -When they arrived at the landing zone the enemy was still in the area -Upon arrival they immediately began to receive incoming fire -Out of the four helicopters, only two helicopters could safely drop off the troops -This meant that eleven men were expected to secure the landing zone -The helicopter pilot and the Rangers were safely extracted �-At that point he and the other men had to secure the landing zone so they could be extracted -Eventually got pulled out hanging off of rope ladders from helicopters -Only two men received minor wounds, and no one was killed -Securing that landing zone was the only major firefight he was in -The enemy was so close he could see their helmets in the trees -Always felt an obligation to recover, or rescue, air cavalry pilots and crew members -Knew that they would always save him if necessary -When he became a helicopter pilot he was shot down and was saved by them -One time a pilot defied a direct order, just to save him (00:20:21) Overview of Aero-Rifle Platoon Missions -Primary mission was always reconnaissance -Search enemy bodies for any signs of information that might be useful -Air craft recovery was their secondary mission -If a helicopter was shot down they would secure the location and have it extracted -Air crew and Ranger body recovery and rescue was their tertiary mission -One instance in May 1970 where they had to recover the bodies of five Rangers -Heavily demoralizing to lose five Rangers -It was always exhilarating rappelling out of a helicopter -Getting pulled out on a rope ladder was always a tense experience -Never got hurt and credits that to the skillful flying of the helicopter pilots (00:23:04) Assignment to the Scout Platoon -After being the platoon leader for five months he was promised a reassignment to a Cobra -It was not only a better combat position, but it meant better living conditions -In the rifle company their quarters on base were next to the toilets and the dump -They also had to deal with water running downhill into their quarters -Helicopter pilots lived at the top of the hill and didn’t have to deal with any of that -He was assigned to a scout platoon flying the OH-6 “Loach” helicopter -At the time he was not certified to fly a “Loach” -To qualify he flew five hours with an instructor, and five hours alone -He was not happy about the assignment for a variety of reasons -Scouts had a high frequency of being shot down -The scout pilots had to adopt a grim mindset to make it through the assignment -Ran into one pilot who convinced himself that he was already dead -Veteran pilots advised him to get out of the scout platoon sooner as opposed to later -During his time with the scout platoon multiple, entire scout crews were killed in action (00:27:42) Flying Missions in Laos -During Lam Son 719 he was moved to A Troop to help fly scouting missions -Lam Son 719 was the South Vietnamese invasion of Laos backed by the U.S. in 1971 -He was moved to A Troop because most of their scout pilots had lost -While flying missions into Laos scouts were escorted by Cobra helicopters -The Cobras took consistent losses because they had to fly low next to the OH-6s -Flying low meant the Cobras were more susceptible to antiaircraft fire -Without the protection from the Cobra the OH-6 was left completely exposed to fire -On top of that the Cobras had to fly with lighter weapons, so they could move faster -The primary mission was always to find and mark enemy positions for ground troops -Both in Laos and in Vietnam �(00:30:12) End of His First Tour in Vietnam -Looking back he didn’t feel that he was a good scout pilot -His aircraft would take a lot of enemy fire -Attributes that to having a slow reaction time -He flew with the scout platoon for six months -At the end of those six months the platoon was short on pilots -As a result he volunteered to fly as a scout for sixty more days -After flying with the scouts that was the end of his first tour in Vietnam (00:31:59) Coming Home and Redeployment to Vietnam -After his first tour he returned home and was assigned to Fort Bragg, North Carolina -At Fort Bragg he served as a rifle company commander with the rank of captain -He stayed at Fort Bragg for six months -During his time he got in serious trouble -His options were to be court martialed, or sent back to Vietnam -He chose the court martial because he felt he could defend himself -The battalion commander overruled his decision and sent him back to Vietnam (00:33:00) Returning to Vietnam -Upon returning to Vietnam he rejoined B Troop of the 2nd of the 17th -Soon after he returned he was informed that the 101st Airborne Division was going home -Called his parents and told them that he was coming home -In the meantime he was called up to the base’s headquarters -Informed that he would be staying in Vietnam as a replacement for another troop -His new assignment would be to F Troop in the 4th Cavalry (00:35:05) Serving with the 4th Cavalry -He reported to the 4th Cavalry which was stationed on the other side of Phu Bai -He returned to flying the OH-6 “Loach” as a scout pilot -Their initial base was on a beach until the Easter Offensive began -On March 30, 1972 the North Vietnamese began the Easter Offensive -F Troop was sent to help stop the advance of the North Vietnamese -After two months he was shot down and severely wounded -Upon being wounded he was evacuated from Vietnam and sent back to the United States (00:37:44) Returning to the United States -After being evacuated he was placed in a Veterans’ Affairs Hospital in Miami, Florida -Stayed there for six months getting healed -After leaving the hospital he was allowed to go home for three months -After the three months he appeared before a flight evaluation board -Decided that he was medically unfit to fly and was removed from flight status (00:38:10) Military Career -Still able to successfully complete Class 2 Flight Physical -This meant that he could still carry out paratrooper missions -Also allowed him to continue with his military career -Spent ten years serving with the infantry -Spent twenty years in the Special Forces -During his later military career got to see interesting parts of the world -His military career allowed him to shake hands with two U.S. presidents -President Carter and President Reagan �-Considers that the highlight of his military career -He was involved in the Invasion of Grenada in 1983 -He was involved in the Invasion of Panama (December 1989-January 1990) -During his career he saw action in Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, Somalia, Bosnia, and Iraq -For Iraq it was both during the Gulf War and the War in Iraq -While in the hospital he got to the point where he wanted to die -Other soldiers wouldn’t let him give up on life -Their attitude and encouragement inspired him to continue with his military career -It led to him realizing that he wanted to forge a stronger bond with his comrades -He doesn’t regret making a career out of the Army -He feels comfortable with, and bonded to, the men that he has served with -He stayed in the Army because of the men that he was able to serve with � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_PullenS1688V Title A name given to the resource Pullen, Steve (Interview outline and video), 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-10-10 Description An account of the resource Steve Pullen was born on Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, where his father was serving at the time. His family eventually settled in Florida, where he finished high school and started college, but his status changed and he was drafted into the Army in 1968. He opted for officer training, and then trained to fly Cobra attack helicopters. Sent to Vietnam in 1970, he was assigned to lead an aerorifle platoon in the 2/17 Cavalry in the 101st Airborne Division. He did this between May and September, 1970, and participated in the Ripcord campaign. He then became a scout helicopter pilot for another six months, participating in the Lam Son 719 operation in Laos in 1971. He returned fora second tour in 1972, again as a scout helicopter pilot, and was there during the 1972 offensive, and served with F Troop of the 4th Cavalry until he was wounded. He spent another thirty years in the Army, including twenty in the Special Forces, and served in Grenada, Bosnia, Somalia and Iraq. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pullen, Steve Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5c9af2f20ebf03ae30309a6d17444a2a.jpg 47813cd4b24225f481b14e82fefb3e52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_031 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913-08-03 Title A name given to the resource Pullman Island on right Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Pullman Island in Alexandria Bay, New York. Subject The topic of the resource Alexandria Bay (N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/614e0bc55300de1038c685a834d3508b.jpg 01ef478c1c7414b378eddc6446b871f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_2_1909-1911_084 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-08-13 Title A name given to the resource Punch Bowl Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Punch Bowl Spring, Yellowstone National Park. Subject The topic of the resource Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Hot springs Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1bc1284b552ed0682df39334fe92de5c.jpg 89c7e827e67402cf7cbce43a2448b490 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_ProcessFilm_P_197 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-08-28 Title A name given to the resource Punch Bowl Description An account of the resource Black and white close-up photograph of Punch Bowl Spring in Yellowstone National Park. Subject The topic of the resource Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Hot Springs Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a8d0b1d960245be25a086baa37f54fe5.jpg cf1686a33de9521c2b46670be2103c00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M121-0033 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Punting along River Cherwell, Oxford, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of Oxford students rowing a punting boat down the River Cherwell, near the Addison's Walk area on the grounds of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Rowboats--England--Oxford Cherwell, River (England) Magdalen College (University of Oxford) Oxford (England) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/38ad85e9decd838b26f99ef8cbc6d3a1.pdf f3307799ff6cfc9318a5d3006730c8e8 PDF Text Text Purgatory Revisited Article by Richard A. Rhem Minister of Preaching and Theological Inquiry Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan Published in Perspectives A Journal of Reformed Thought January 1988, pp. 4-7 In the fall term of 1983, Hans Küng, the noted Roman Catholic theologian gave a series of lectures at the University of Michigan entitled Eternal Life? It was an investigation of life after death as a medical, philosophical, and theological problem. He faced squarely and straightforwardly all the difficult questions surrounding the subject, dealing with ancient and contemporary issues, the question in the history of religions, the modern denial of anything beyond death, and the near-death experiences recorded in recent years. He dealt with biblical material, the question of resurrection, the resurrection of Jesus, and the church’s teaching on judgment, heaven, and hell. The lectures were subsequently published under the title Eternal Life? By virtue of a sabbatical granted me by the Christ Community congregation, I was able to hear the lectures and to participate with Küng in a seminar. I came away with two striking realizations: first, that there was intense interest in these questions of death and dying, of life after death, of heaven and hell on the campus of a large secular university. The lectures had to be moved from the largest lecture hall available to the Rackham Auditorium. Secondly, I realized how little these vital questions were probed in the church, how little reflection I had personally given to them in my ministry, and how comfortably and uncritically we in the church have accepted traditional answers. Once awakened to the questions that are not nearly so simply answered as once I had thought, and also to the deeply existential interest of today’s people, both secular and religious, I began to open again questions on which I had come to premature closure. For me, the greatest surprise came in a new appreciation for the teaching of purgatory, which was resolutely rejected at the time of the Reformation and which has received little serious reflection in the Protestant tradition. This is quite understandable since the sharp reaction of the Reformers was precipitated by the Roman teaching and practice in regard to indulgences, © Grand Valley State University   �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 2   intercessory prayers, and masses for the dead. The abuses at this point are well documented; Luther’s protest was justified, as Küng would testify. Calvin railed against the teaching of purgatory as “a deadly fiction of Satan, which nullifies the cross of Christ, inflicts unbearable contempt upon God’s mercy, and overturns and destroys our faith.” (Institutes, 3.5.6) Certainly there was enough abusive practice to make such strong reaction necessary. When the abuses have been exposed and the questionable teaching surrounding the state of the dead rejected, however, have we finished with the subject? The Roman Catholic church traditionally taught that people who died at peace with the church but who were not perfect (which included just about everybody) had to undergo a penal and purifying suffering before they could be translated to heaven. Purgatory was an intermediate realm and the purgation process was mild or severe and of short or long duration, depending on the moral condition of each individual. Traditionally, evangelicals have taught that those who in life embrace Jesus Christ by faith are saved by the grace of God and those who reject Christ are condemned eternally. One’s historical existence is the time in which a decision regarding Jesus Christ must be made and with the drawing of the last breath the issue is determined irreversibly and eternally. A little sober reflection shows us that the matter is not quite that simple. Even if those who are exposed to the gospel are judged on their acceptance or rejection of Christ, what about those who never heard? What about those who die in infancy? What about the mentally impaired? More questions arise: What about those who have been terribly wounded by the church? What about those who have been abused as children and are never able to trust? What about those whose only exposure to the gospel has been of a garbled and distorted nature? It would seem that we must begin to make some exceptions; some qualifications are necessary. Reflecting on the traditional teaching of evangelical faith, a further question arises: Do we imagine that the transformation necessary to complete in us the work of grace will happen in an instant at the moment of death? In his discussion of the resurrection at Christ’s coming, Paul does speak of those remaining alive as being changed “in a flash,” and in the First Letter of John we read that we shall be like him because we shall see him as he is. But are we to understand instantaneous perfection by these statements, something totally foreign to the process of sanctification, which is our experience on this side of death? Obviously, the first thing we must admit is that we are dealing with a subject beyond our knowledge. And throughout this discussion we must be aware, as well, that we can speak only in temporal categories and think only of a succession of moments, while we recognize death as the break between time and eternity. Into the philosophical discussion of the relation between the two we cannot enter but the distinction must not be lost. © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 3   We must admit, too, as is recognized by both Protestant and Roman Catholic biblical theologians today that there is a paucity of biblical material to which to refer. The thrust of Scripture is the imperative to repent and believe, and the stress is on the urgency of decision. Yet there are indications that there is something more. For example, Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 3 of the necessity of care in building the superstructure of the church which is founded on Jesus Christ. He points to two kinds of builders: one builds with wood, hay, and stubble; the other builds with precious stones, gold, and silver. The work of the first is consumed by the testing fire; the work of the second stands the test. He then wrote: If the work which any man has built on the foundation survives, he will receive a reward. If any man’s work is burned up, he will suffer loss, though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire. (Cor. 3:14-15) The latter person will enter the life beyond, having lost everything. He will be secure in God’s eternal presence, yet with nothing to show for his earthly life. Paul seems to indicate that there is, beyond death or through death, an encounter with God in which one’s life is tested. The issue is not salvation or condemnation; the issue is whether we bring into God’s presence something or nothing. Does not this passage indicate that Paul thought in terms of encounter with God and perhaps a continuing process beyond death? If it is a matter simply of being saved or lost as we enter the moment of death, that is, entering a status of salvation or condemnation, and that is all there is, then why be concerned about what one brings to death’s moment—a fruitful life or a barren life? The apostle seems to suggest that at death there is not only break and discontinuity between our time and God’s eternity, but also continuity between this life and the life beyond death. We bring something (or nothing) with us, and whatever lies beyond is influenced and determined by what we bring (or fail to bring). In Luke’s gospel, Jesus calls us to be watchful and ready for the end. He is encouraging loyal, faithful stewardship of life (Luke 12:35ff). He then speaks of two servants, one who knew the master’s wishes, but failed to fulfill them, and the other who also did not comply with those wishes, but did not know them. The first was flogged severely, the second less severely. We must not attempt to push this vivid language of Jesus too far. Yet it seems that Jesus was saying that the judgment will vary in light of individual circumstances—a gradation of judgment on the basis of the individual life being examined. If at the moment of death the encounter with God will be very personal, individual, and discriminating, and if the sentences will vary, does this point to a process beyond death’s moment? © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 4   The traditional understanding of these texts is that, in the case of the Lucan passage, there is gradation of punishment—yet to be lost, eternally condemned, is to remain in a state spoken of as hell—separation from God. In the case of the passage from Paul, the understanding has been that the “saved” enter into heaven, or union with God, but some with greater, and others with lesser capacity to experience the joy of salvation. Let us push those conventional interpretations. I entitled this essay “Purgatory Revisited” not simply to get attention. Surely in a day when Roman Catholic theology itself is very self-critical and is engaged in a serious encounter with Scripture, I am not about to suggest we reinstate a teaching that has been thoroughly sifted and carefully redefined in contemporary Roman Catholic thought. Yet, I am suggesting that behind the teaching of purgatory there was a significant insight, even if the practical application of that insight led to disastrous results. That insight is simply that God is not through with us at our death. I am raising for reflection this question: “Is the issue of our lives irreversibly settled at the moment of our last breath?” This question is meant in no way to detract from the strong call to decision, the seriousness of choices in this life, or the urgency of the gospel call. However, is it not possible that in the experience of death itself, understood as an encounter with God, there is the possibility of something of eternal significance occurring? In Christian Faith, Hendrikus Berkhof, discussing the idea of the judgment of works done by believers in their earthly lives, writes: In Protestant theology, this viewpoint is almost completely pushed aside by the accent on grace. In Roman Catholic piety it is (or used to be) very prominent in connection with the veneration of saints and purgatory. The Roman Catholic Church assumes correctly that believers differ greatly in regard to their progress and fruitfulness.... So the idea of a judgment according to one’s deeds leads of itself to the consideration of a process of purification, called purgatory in the Roman Catholic tradition....The Reformation broke with that doctrine because of its moralistic conception of salvation and its detrimental effect on the practice of piety (indulgences, intercessory prayers and masses for the dead). It imagined a sudden, radical transformation after the judgment, usually without giving it further theological reflection and without connecting it with the struggle for sanctification on earth. Meanwhile Roman Catholic thinking, too, has become much more reserved. Typical of the modern Roman Catholic conceptions is the idea of “ripening”...which K. Rahner develops in “The Life of the Dead”(Christian Faith, Revised, p. 493). Referring to the text discussed above, 1 Corinthians 3:15, Berkhof asserts that © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 5   that statement does suggest that Paul thought of more than an abrupt recreation of man; salvation is accompanied by a painful becoming aware of one’s own failures on earth. The difficulties here are more an open question for theological reflection than a subject for back and forth theological denouncement. The matter of making inferences from faith about what lies beyond death is fraught with far too many difficulties. One can state with Bavinck: “After death there is no more sanctification, one enters upon a state of complete sanctity...for death is the greatest leap someone can make, a sudden transposition of the believer into Christ’s presence, and thereby a complete destruction of the outward man and a complete renewal of the inner man” (CD IV, no. 650, under 4). But one can also ask with G. J. Heering: “Does this change instantaneously, when God shows mercy to the repentant soul and takes it to himself?...Life is called a training school, but perhaps there is a higher training school above” (De menselijke ziel, 1955, pp. 190,192). (p. 494). In another context Berkhof writes: God is serious about the responsibility of our decision, but he is even more serious about the responsibility of his love. The darkness of rejection and God-forsakenness cannot and may not be argued away, but no more can and may it be eternalized. For God’s sake we hope that hell will be a form of purification (p. 536, Christian Faith, Revised). That word “purification” is one used by Küng. In the published lectures, Eternal Life?, Küng treats the idea of purgatory in his discussion of the question whether hell is eternal. Some theologians, however, argue that it is not God who damns man by a verdict imposed from outside. They are human beings themselves, by sins committed with inward freedom, who damn themselves. The responsibility lies not with God but with man. And by death this selfdamnation and distance from God (not a place, but a human condition) becomes definitive. Definitive? Do not the psalms say that God rules over the realm of the dead? What is supposed to become definitive here, contrary to the will of an all-merciful and almighty God? Why should God, who is infinitely good, want to perpetuate enmity instead of removing it and in practice to share his rule forever with some kind of anti-God? Why should he have nothing more to say at this point and consequently render forever impossible a purification, cleansing, liberation, enlightenment, of guilt-laden man? (Eternal Life?, p. 137) Then he refers specifically to purgatory. Purification, cleansing, liberation, enlightenment Here perhaps may lie—I want merely to prompt a few reflections—the particle of truth, the real core, of the problematic idea of purgatory, which has been translated in © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 6   German from the Middle Ages onward with the unfortunate designation of Fegefeuer (“winnowing fire”). This may be the true core, but it remains true only if the idea is not reified. [A]s no human being is entirely bad, neither is anyone entirely good. Any human being, even the best, falls short of what he might be, fails to meet his own demands and norms and thus never wholly realizes himself. For if he is to be fully himself, even the “saint” needs completion, not after death, but in death itself. And, in view of so much unpunished guilt in the world, a number of people wonder—not entirely wrongly—if dying unto God, the absolutely final reality, can be one and the same for all: the same for criminals and their victims, for mass murderers and the mass of the murdered; for those who have struggled a whole life long to fulfill God’s will, true helpers of their fellow human beings, and for those who for a whole life long have only carried out their own will and at the same time shut out others?...[H]ow this...purification, cleansing, follows is not left to the speculation or calculation of human curiosity, but remains a matter for God as merciful judge, is God’s all-embracing final act of grace. (pp. 137) The key idea Küng stresses is the shattering effect of the encounter with God. We die not into nothingness; we die unto God. Küng cites Karl Barth: Man as such, therefore, has no beyond. Nor does he need one, for God is his beyond. Man’s beyond is that God as his Creator, Covenant-partner, Judge and Saviour, was and is and will be his true Counterpart in life, and finally and exclusive (sic) and totally in death (Church Dogmatics Vol. Ill, 2, pp. 632-33). Küng also cites a Roman Catholic theologian, Greshake: From this standpoint we can understand what was pointed out earlier, that God himself, the encounter with him, is purgatory. But this means that we need not fall back on a special place or still less on a special time or special event to grasp the meaning of purgatory. Still less do we need to work out crude ideas about the “poor” souls. Instead we can understand what the Church teaches and has taught from the earliest times as an element in the encounter with God in death....[W]e should avoid any talk of fire and speak instead of purifying and cleansing as an element of the encounter with God. At the same time what should be particularly clear is that purgatory is not—as it often seems to be in popular piety—a “demihell” which God has erected in order to punish the person who is not entirely bad, but also not entirely good. Purgatory is not a demihell but an element of the encounter with God: that is, the encounter of the unfinished person, still immature in his love, with the holy, infinite, loving God; an encounter which is profoundly humiliating; painful and therefore purifying (cited, Eternal Life?, p. 139 from Starker als der Tod, pp. 92f.). © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 7   Küng concludes, That is to say that since it is a question of dying into the dimensions of God, where space and time are dissolved into eternity, nothing can be discovered, either about place and time or about the character of this purifying, sanctifying consummation (p. 139). A Lutheran theologian, Hans Schwarz, discusses the views of Ladislaus Boros (The Mystery of Death, p. 129), who suggests something similar—the significance of the final decision at the moment of death. Boros, he maintains, decisively modifies the traditional concepts of purgatory and death. Boros agrees that the Church has only gradually developed the doctrine of purgatory. Though the Scriptural basis of purgatory may be obscure, the fact and the essential nature of purgatory are of such quality that it must be called a “truth of revelation.” However, through his hypothesis of a final decision, Boros seems to view purgatory as the “point” of intersection between life and death. Purgatory is no longer conceived of as a process of purification which can be measured similar to the days and years we live here on earth. According to Boros, “purgatory would be the passage, which we effect in our final decision, through the purifying fire of divine love. The encounter with Christ would be our purgatory.”...Boros replaces an untenable concept of purgatory with the idea of a confrontation with Christ in death…[H]e calls death “man’s first completely personal act” and, “therefore, by reason of its very being, the place above all others for the awakening of consciousness, for freedom, for the encounter with God, for the final decision about eternal destiny.” (On The Way To The Future, pp. 142f.). It has been obvious to me as I have pursued this subject that those who have reflected on the biblical material, the whole context of Scripture, the revelation of God in Jesus Christ, and the human person are very restrained in their conclusions and very cautious in their statements. There is in all serious inquirers into this question, —a recognition of the serious nature of human decisions, —an acknowledgment of the urgent need for repentance and faith, —a reckoning with the reality of evil and human wickedness that demands response if there is any justice, —a serious view of judgment as the exposure of our lives to the scrutiny of the God of truth. All responsible biblical thinkers recognize that God takes us seriously; our wrong and guilt are not simply soft-pedaled, and our exposure to God’s light and truth will be painful, even while we are conscious of being embraced within a larger grace. Judgment will be experienced: No one will “get away” with anything. © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 8   If an eternal hell is questioned, it is not because passing through God’s final examination is not a serious matter, and neither is it because there is no sense of the need for change and renewal of the person who through the earthly pilgrimage has become scarred and tainted, falling far short of God’s intention. Recognizing that one cannot simply move from the ambiguity, partial insight, fickleness, and unfaithfulness of one’s human experience into the presence of the God of light and truth, there is the belief on the part of some that a purifying process will be necessary. C. S. Lewis has dealt as creatively and profoundly as anyone with the questions of heaven, hell, and purgatory. In The Great Divorce, he records an imaginary conversation with the Christian writer, George MacDonald, on the outskirts of heaven. Lewis exclaims, “But I don’t understand. Is judgment not final? Is there really a way out of Hell into Heaven?” “It depends on the way ye’re using the words. If they leave that grey town behind it will not have been Hell. To any that leaves it, it is Purgatory. And perhaps ye had better not call this country Heaven. Not Deep Heaven, ye understand....[Yle can call it the Valley of the Shadow of Life. And yet to those who stay here it will have been Heaven from the first. And ye can call those sad streets in the town yonder the Valley of the Shadow of Death: but to those who remain there they will have been Hell even from the beginning.” (The Great Divorce, p. 63) Lewis’s fertile imagination is thought provoking; great caution is there; our curiosity will not be satisfied this side of death’s portal. Yet, he clearly seems to be saying that the life processes and the significance of choice do not end at our death. In his Letters to Malcolm, chapter 20, Lewis speaks clearly on the subject of purgatory: Our souls demand Purgatory, don’t they? Would it not break the heart if God said to us, “It is true, my son, that your breath smells and your rags drip with mud and slime, but we are charitable here and no one will upbraid you with these things, nor draw away from you. Enter into the joy”? Should we not reply, “With submission, sir, and if there is no objection, I’d rather be cleaned first.” “It may hurt, you know.”—“Even so, sir.” I assume that the process of purification will normally involve suffering. Partly from tradition; partly because most real good that has been done me in this life has involved it. But I don’t think suffering is the purpose of the purgation. I can well believe that people neither much worse nor much © Grand Valley State University �Purgatory Revisited Richard A. Rhem Page 9   better than I will suffer less than I or more. “No nonsense about merit.” The treatment given will be the one required, whether it hurts little or much. My favourite image on this matter comes from the dentist’s chair. I hope that when the tooth of life is drawn and I am “coming round,” a voice will say, “Rinse your mouth out with this.” This will be Purgatory. I have raised questions for reflection more than coming to fixed conclusions about this subject veiled in mystery. But the questioning will prove fruitful if we open again for discussion a subject of intense existential interest, confident that the faithful and gracious covenant God will finally realize his eternal purpose for us who have been predestined to be conformed to the image of Jesus Christ. References: Hendrikus Berkhof. Christian Faith: An Introduction to the Study of the Faith. Wm. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979. Hans Küng. Eternal Life?:Life After Death as a Medical, Philosophical, and Theological Problem. Doubleday, 1984. C. S. Lewis. The Great Divorce. First published HarperColins, 1946; HarperOne, Later Printing edition, 2009. C. S. Lewis. Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer. Harcourt, Inc., 1964. Hans Schwarz. On the Way to the Future: a Christian view of Eschatology in the light of current trends in religion, philosophy and science. Augsburg Publishing House, 1972. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. References Hendrikus Berkhof, Christian Faith, 1979, Hans Küng, Eternal Life?, 2003, C.S. Lewis, The Great Divorce, 1946, Letters to Malcolm, 1964, Hans Schwarz, On the Way to the Future, 1972 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RA-4-19880101 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-01-01 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Title A name given to the resource Purgatory Revisited Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Perspectives: A Journal of Reformed Thought Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Description An account of the resource Article created, delivered, or published by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on January 1, 1988 entitled "Purgatory Revisited", on the book Purgatory Revisited, written by Hans Küng, it appeared in Perspectives, January, 1988, pp. 4-7. Tags: Purgatory, Judgment, Grace, Sin, Non-exclusive. Scripture references: Hendrikus Berkhof, Christian Faith, 1979, Hans Küng, Eternal Life?, 2003, C.S. Lewis, The Great Divorce, 1946, Letters to Malcolm, 1964, Hans Schwarz, On the Way to the Future, 1972. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Grace Judgment Non-exclusive Purgatory Sin https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2b49d5b3b6be2ca713f8ab481432f023.pdf 7af1a51513bb84cc23830fef89ae11e2 PDF Text Text PUTNAM TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Adopted May 8, 1996 Planning Commission Ron Kleinow, Chairman Frank Gazdecki Bernard Heenan Richard Bennett Aaron Reavis Assisted by Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. 111 North Main Street Ann Arbor, MI 48104 �- • • • • • -• PUTNAM TOWNSHIP LIVINGSTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN Memorandum of a Resolution adopted at a regular meeting of the Planning Commission • of Putnam Township, County of Livingston, Michigan held in the Township Hall, on May 8, 1996. PRESENT: Kleinow, Gazdecki, Heenan, Bennett, Reavis ABSENT: 0 The following preamble and resolution was offered by Commissioner Heenan . WHEREAS, the Putnam Township Planning Commission recognizes the need to formulate and adopt a Township Master Plan including establishment and support of a Land Use Plan as described in this document NOW, 1HEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that: (1) The Putnam Township Planning Commission hereby adopts the Master Plan including the Land Use Plan and Land Use Map. (2) A certified copy of the Land Use Plan portion of the Plan be forwarded to the Livingston County Planning Department for filing. (3) All resolutions and parts of resolutions insofar as they conflict with the provisions of this resolution be and the same hereby are rescinded. AYES: NAYS: 0 RESOLUTION DECLARED ADOPTED RON KLEINOW, Chairman Planning Commission FRANK GAZDECKI, Secretary Planning Commission �TABLE OF CONTENTS I. • • • I n t r o d u c t,i o n .......................................................... . 1 What is Planning .................................................... . How is the Plan to be used ........................................ . I I Studies ............................................... . 3 Populatio~ ......... ·: ·: ·: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commumty Fac1bt1es........................................ ........ Natural Re.source Inventory and Capability...................... 3 10 III. Goals, Objectives, Policies..................................... 23 IV. Master Plan .......................................................... . 29 I...and Use Plan ...................................................... . Circulation Plan ..................................................... . 29 35 V. Implementation......................................................... 36 Programs. Policies and Action..................................... 36 II. Background 14 �• • • • • • • • I INTRODUCTION / �• • • • • • • INTRODUCTION What is Planning? Planning is a process which involves the conscious selection of policy choices relating to land use, growth and development. in the community. The Master Plan is the only official Putnam Township document which sets forth policies for the future of the community . The Township Planning Commission derives its authority to prepare a Master Plan from the Township Rural Zoning Act, P.A. 184 of 1943. The Act states: Section 3 . The zoning ordinance shall be based upon a plan designed to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare; to encourage the use of lands in accordance with their character and adaptability, and to limit the improper use of land; to conserve natural resources and energy; to meet the needs of the state's residents for food, fiber and other natural resources, places of residence, recreation, industry, trade, service, and other uses of land. The Township Planning Commission shall adopt and file with the Section 7. Township Board recommendations as to a zone plan for the unincorporated portions of the Township as a whole which plan shall be based upon an inventory of conditions pertinent to zoning in the Township and Section 3. How Is The Plan to be Used? The Plan serves many functions and is to be used in a variety of ways: 1) The Plan is a general statement of the Township's goals and policies. It provides a single, comprehensive view of the community's desires for the future. 2) The Plan serves as an aid in daily decision-making. The goals and policies outlined in the Plan guide the Planning Commission and Township Board in their deliberations on zoning, subdivision, capital improvements and other matters relating to land use and development The Plan provides a stable, long-term basis for decision-making which will provide a balance of high and low density housing, commercial, industrial and agricultural land use and an orderly process for land use planning. Putnam Township Master Plari Page 1 �.. • • 3) The Plan provides the statutory basis upon which zoning decisions are based. The Township Rural Zoning Act (P.A. 184 of 1943, as amended) requires that the zoning ordinance be based upon a plan designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare. It is important to note that the Master Plan and accompa.Qying maps do not replace other Township Ordinances, specifically the Zoning Ordinance and Map. Zoning is only one of the many legal devices used to implement the Master Plan. • • • 4) The Plan attempts to coordinate public improvements and private developments. For example, public investments such as road or sewer and water improvements should be located in areas identified in the Plan as resulting in the greatest benefit to the Township and its residents. 5) Finally, the Plan serves as an educational tool and gives citizens, property owners, developers and adjacent communities a clear indication of the Township's direction for the future. In summation, the Putnam Township Master Plan is the only officially adopted document which sets forth an agenda for the achievement of goals and policies. It is a long range statement of general goals and policies aimed at the unified and coordinated development of the Township. It • • • •Ill helps develop a balance of orderly change in a deliberate and controlled manner which permits controlled growth. As such, it provides the basis upon which zoning and land use decisions are made . ) Pulnam Township Master Plan Page2 �.. • • • • • • • • • • • II BACKGROUND STUDIES Population Community Facilities Natural Resources Inventory and Capability �• POPULATION Less than 60 miles from downtown Detroit, Putnam Township offers residents a balance between protected open spaces, rural living, and newly developing rural/suburban neighborhoods. As • • •II • • • • • • development continues , to move further away from Detroit, the outlying counties in the southeastern portion of Michigan are witnessing a population boom. Livingston County grew in population more than 15% between 1980 and 1990, and is growing even faster in this decade. As Table #1 shows, Livingston County is clearly the fastest growing area in the region. TABLE 1 PUTNAM TOWNSHIP f21111lill211 ~QIIDlI Persons Per Occupied Housing Qi:i:11»1!:d H211~IDI: !.!1111:i ll.D.ll ,., April I, 1990 July 1, 1993 Change % Number 115,645 125,523 9,879 8.5% 717,400 732,675 15,274 133,600 136,886 3,285 1,083,592 1990 1993 1990 July I, 1993 Change Number % Livingston 2.94 2.88 38,887 43,126 4,239 10.9% 2.1% Macomb 2.68 2.62 264,991 277,739 12,748 4.8% 2.5% Monroe 2.84 2.78 46,508 48,705 2,197 4.7% 1,133,993 50,400 4.7% Oakland 2.61 2.62 410,488 428,991 18,503 4.5% 145,607 151,712 6,104 4.2% SL Clair 2.73 2.71 52,882 55,608 2,726 5.2% 282.937 289,918 6,981 2.5% Washtenaw 2.50 2.46 104,528 109,410 4,882 4.7% 2,111,687 2,090,160 -21.527 -1.0% Wayne 2.67 2.63 780,535 783,639 3,104 0.4% 4,590.468 4,660,867 70.396 1.5% Re ion 2.66 2.63 1,698,819 1,747,217 48,398 April l, 2.8% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Putnam Township is currently growing at half the rate of the overall county . As Table #2 shows, Putnam has already witnessed explosive growth rates. In the 70s, the township grew at an impressive 74% in total population . Putnam Township Mastu Plan Page3 �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TABLE2 PUTNAM TOWNSHIP POPULATION: HISTORICAL PROFILE (1920-1990) (Source: Livingston County Planning) Population 5000 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 For Putnam Township to avoid being another community walled in by urban sprawl, it is vital to define the land uses, services, and overall elements of community character that are important to preserve the rural atmosphere. Change is inevitable. It is how change is managed and facilitated that determine whether Putnam Township will continue to be the attractive community it is today, and why many newcomers are deciding to call it home . It is for this reason that a Master Plan, complete with background studies, citizen based goals and objectives, is formulated and enacted. It is a continual process that attempts to inform citizens of trends affecting their community and region, and hopefully allows for carefully management of the decision making process for growth and change within the township . Regional Setting Located on the southern border of Livingston County, Putnam Township is 14 miles Northwest of Ann Arbor, 45 miles west of Detroit, and 45 miles east of Lansing. The main access road to Putnam Township is M 36. 12 miles to the east, is US 23, and 6 miles to the North is Interstate 96 . Putnam Township has seen steady growth in total population in each of the last three census counts. There are two major factors that help to explain Putnam Township's population growth; Developable Land The majority of developable land (which does not include recreational holdings) in Putnam Township is either vacant, agricultural, or is contained in large lot holdings. With this arrangement ofland, growth can continue at its current rate for many years to come. Putnam Township Masta Plan Page4 �Youn~ Population • The average age of a resident in Putnam Township was 27.14 in 1980, 31.8 in 1990, and is not expected to rise much if any in the coming decades according to SEMCOG small area forecasts. While forecast are not always right about the exact numbers, the tends are usually correctly identified. Compared to' many of the older established communities closer to Detroit, Putnam's average age is relatively youthful, more than a full year less than the county median. By comparison, many older communities in Wayne County, are expected to have an average age of over 38 by the year 2010. There are two factors influencing the relatively young median age. As a developing area, Putnam offers affordable housing options to first time home buyers. In tum the first time home buyers are often young families who have children. The combination of younger homeowners, and children, leads to a youthful median age for the Township . • • • • • • Development Patterns / Location As Table #3 shows, the Livingston communities furthest from Detroit have shown the greatest growth rates in the last three years. Communities such as Handy Township and Iosco Township had less than 3000 residents in 1990, and are just at the beginning of a new growth curve. However, the communities closer to Detroit, with major highway access, have the greatest gains in total population growth. Brighton Township, Green Oak Township, Hamburg Township and Genoa Township each gained more than a thousand new residents in the last four years according to SEMCOG estimates based on occupied housing units. PUlnam Township Master Plan Page5 �• • • • • • • • • • • • Putnam Township is different. It does not have major highway access other than M -36, yet has already experienced significant growing pains. The Township is strategically located halfway between Lansing and Detroit. Toe Township is close enough for visiting offices in either city but far enough away to offer a rural lifestyle. The Village of Pinckney also acts as a focal point for area population. The Village bas seen growth rates in excess of 15% and will be a factor in the continued growth of tJ.ie Township. As surrounding communities continue to grow at rates of 20% and more, development pressures will increase in Putnam Township. As Americans continue to move to more rural settings, and are willing to commute longer distances, Putnam will continue to grow . TABLE 3 PUTNAM TOWNSHIP POPULATION BY REGION (Source: U.S. Census) 1980 1990 % Change Putnam Township 4253 4580 7.7 Village of Pinckney 1390 1603 15.3 Brighton Township 11222 14815 32.0 9261 10820 16.8 Green Oak 10802 11604 7.4 Hamburg 11318 13083 15.6 Iosco 1436 1567 9.1 Marion 4754 4918 3.4 Unadilla 2874 2949 2.6 100289 115645 15.3 Genoa Livinszston Co. Other Factors Working against the growth in population is the nation wide trend of fewer persons per household (pph). In Putnam Township, the pph count has dropped every year it has been measured, either by the U.S .. Census, or SEMCOG counts. Table #4 shows that between the last two full census counts, the pph has dropped from 3.17 to 3.0, a 6% decrease. It may not seem significant, but for every 1000 households, there are 170 fewer people living in them today as compared to 1980. Current estimates show on average fewer than 3 persons per household within the Township. By the year 2010, the pph for Putnam Township is expected to drop to 2.5 pph. Pianam Township Mas~r Plan Page6 �• • • • TABLE4 PUTNAM TOWNSHIP POPULATION: PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD (Source: U.S. Census and SEMCOG) Persons 3 .17 3 .2 3 .1 3 2 .9 2.8 2.71 (Forecast) 2 .7 2 .6 2 .5 2 .4 1995 1990 · 1980 While fewer people will be living in the new homes being built today, more people are moving into the community than are lost by the decreasing pph. Chart #5 shows the building permit activity over the last eight years. Tracking the type and number of building permits is a reliable method for determining population trends. Putnam Township has had a steady number of units constructed every year. There have been no sudden jumps or calm periods which suggests that a consistent demand should continue. TABLES PUTNAM TOWNSHIP BUILDING ACTIVITY 1987-1994 (NEW RESIDENTIAL UNITS) (Source: SEMCOG) 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Population Projections The forecasts of population, in spite of the limitations surrounding the forecasting process, fonn key elements in the process of preparing a general development plan for Putnam Township. The forecasts establish the range of needs, in terms of people, land areas, and facilities which must be planned for. The forecasts indicate the magnitude of change which a community can reasonably P111nam Township Master Plan Page7 �• • • • expect to face as well as those elements in the community's structure likely to undergo pressures on capacities and for which expansion or replacement can be expected. Population and housing projections are reflected in the following tables. Three methods were used to project future population. This includes average growth rate, recent construction, and SEMCOG Small Area Forecasts. Each projection method is indicated in Table 6. TABLE6 PUTNAM TOWNSHIP COMPARISON OF POPULATION PROJECTION METHODS 7000 6000 5000 represenis range of forecasting methods . 4253 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1960 1970 Average Growth Rate Method 1980 1990 2010 2000 SEMCOG Recent Construction Forecast Forecast Alternative Population Projections Putnam Township, Livingston County Average Growth Rate Method Recent Construction Forecast SEMCOG Forecast 4580 4580 4580 (actual) (actual) (actual) 2000 5616 5727 2010 6652 6873 5634 6985 1990 1. Average Growth Rate is based on average population growth in ten year intervals from 1960 to 1990. Puznam Township Master Plan Page8 �2. Recent Construction is based on the average rate of building pennits granted between 1987 and 1993. The annual average rate of residential building permits (41.7) is then multiplied by the average number of persons per dwelling unit (2.75). The product is the number of new persons that can be expected each year by way of new construction (114.675). 3. SEMCOG Forecast - Based on SEMCOG Regional Development Forecast -- Version '89 1980-2010. • • I • •Ill Ill Ill Ill - TABLE7 PUTNAM TOWNSHIP TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS FORECAST (Source: SEMCOG) 2,830 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 TABLE S PUTNAM TOWNSHIP HOUSING VALVES (MEDIAN VALUE $84,300) (Source: U.S. Census - 1995) 800 733 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 21 6 150,000- 200,000- 300,000 199,999 299,999 + 0 0-49,999 50,000- 99.999 Putnam Township Master Plan 100,000149,999 Page9 �• • • •Ill COMMUNITY FACILITIES Fire Service The Putnam Township Fire Department has 27 trained, paid on call firemen, with an additional 10 apprentices on call There are three pumps and a full complement of emergency equipment that t travels with each responding squad. The majority of calls have been reached within 10 minutes. In the last year, the fire department responded to 330 calls, of which 30 were emergency related. The Township is also serviced by both the Livingston County Mutual Aid, and the Washtenaw Mutual Aid service for backup. These services offer combined fire and emergency capabilities. While current capabilities fall within accepted, Insurance Standard Operations (ISO) standards for response times in rural areas, the Township is considering the purchase of a new fire engine in order to replace aging equipment and to better respond to Township growth and changing needs . It may also be necessary for the Township to acquire land for a future Fire Hall if or when population increases warrant additional services. Schools Over 95 % of the township is serviced by Pinckney- Putnam Township School System. The remaining portion, a small section on the northern boundary is serviced by Howell Public Schools. As of 1994, there were 3951 students in the Pinckney system, as compared to just 3425 in 1990, and 3709 in 1979. Two schools are currently located within the Township. These are Farley Elementary, located on Farley Road just north of M-36 and Village Elementary, located on the west side of the Village. A $5,000,000 bond issue was passed in 1991 for the upkeep and addition of needed educational space. A middle school is expected to be built in the Township in the next few years in order to accommodate anticipated growth in the School District Police Putnam Township is served by the Pinckney Police Department under agreement between the Village of Pinckney and the Township. There are 2 squad cars that are on an annual maintenance plan. To date, the Police Department has been responsive to the Township's changing needs and has provided excellent police protection for Township residents. Open Space The state of Michigan owns over 3,400 acres, or approximately 15% of all land areas within Putnam Township. Due to this vast area of public land, the Township is limited in the amount of land available for development and also restricted in the amount of property truces available to expand community facilities. The bulk of State lands are contained in two units, Pinckney Recreation.µ Area and Gregory Game Area. The Pinckney Recreation Area. covers over 10,000 Putnam Township Master Plan Page 10 �• • • • • acres in all, spanning lower Livingston County and Northern Washtenaw County. While pans of the recreation area offers traditional park activities such as hiking, shuffelboard. basketball, ball fields, camping at sanctioned campgrounds, and water sports on more than 3 lakes, the vast majority of State Recreation land within the Putnam Township remains undeveloped. The off road biking trails have been cited by Outside Magazine as one of the best trails systems in the country. • Table 9 charts the growth in attendance to the park in the past few years. TABLE 9 PINCKNEY RECREATIONAL AREA ANNUAL ATTENDANCE l28i 1286 12.81 128.a 12.82. 521,400 512,200 642 500 627,500 537,500 .l22Q 592 000 .1221. 734 700 .1222 1223. 677,800 735,500 Source: MDNR Gregory Game area offers Putnam Township residents a completely different natural experience. Game area lands in Michigan are purchased through hunting and fishing licenses. and a 11 % excise tax on hunting equipment. At approximately 740 acres, the Gregory Game areas mission is to provide wildlife and habitat restoration, while providing regulated and controlled hunting options. There are no maintained trails, and only one boat ramp on Duck Lake to preserve the extensive wetlands surrounding the lake. Camping is permitted, but only between October 1 through April 1. No off road vehicles, dirt bikes or horses are permitted within the game area lands. The recent sightings of a bald eagle and a osprey in the last year are testimony to the successful management of the Gregory Game area Traffic Table # 10 lists the most recent traffic information available from the Michigan Department of Transportations, and the Livingston County Road Commission. Altogether, Putnam Township has almost 70 miles of roads, of which more than half are classified as County Local As of March 1995, almost 70% of Putnam Township's roads were still gravel. M 36 accounts for almost half of the paved mileage within the Township. Putnam Township Masur Plan Page 11 �• • • • • • 1111 TABLE 10 LIVINGSTON COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION 24-HOUR TRAFFIC COUNTS FOR PUTNAM TOWNSHIP Roadway uarwtn Darwin DmwlD t: t: t: 1->arwtn w Dmw!D w w t: Darwtn l)afwrn l>eXLef·t'IDCIUJCV uuter-l'lnclaley o.-ner-Prncl:Dev JeXter · Prnc.niev L>erter-Plncrnev ~ner-Plnclm"" ''-•let·t'lDCIUlCY DUI.et· t'l llCDl ey D.extet•l'lnCILiley Dextet-·1 OWWliill t-arlev l'•lev l'arlev l'arlev Farley Farley Glenorool: Glenbrool: HowclT J:lowell t'allerson Lile nwerson LUC LaXC N uarw1.n p 1Jarw1n LJ3TWUl p 1m 1 ,o :s :s :s adv adv 11oadv oyle M•JO 8 t' I' L L L L L L 6 7 0 8 0 6 6 6 6 :, p p p 6 SI 9 w 1.-caar tnc p 6 N N J.J'a!'wlD t' b L>alw n u leoorook ulenorook. ulcobrook. lilcnbrool: t' b p p I' (> N w w p p p p (> (> (> :s .~,er p p b b :Swmu,oU! p (> ::,wMu10Ut ~Waru.10Ul p t' 6 l:lur2i'ess t' ~•er I' I' I t'IDCl<:Dcv L L 6 l'lD :rec t: t: t'lD!(TCC M-36 I 7 L L 0 L L L L 0 llo1aav w ~"C'·l'lncl<:.Dev :, --ll .... 1'1ncl<.nev 1'1nc~nev >,o.xter-Ptncknev :;.07 I :1811 1,,,,.., p 1,,. .. I >68 I 153 I 75 I 118 I 1118 / 3:i.56 1,.,,.., 1118/ 11111) 198/ , T8 3.l:24 4711 111':I;) 11181 I ':18 I 111114 L t. t. /4 :;u.n ;, 16 J';l:,V-llflf,/, t. w - 1 w Swartnout Swarthout Swarthout ,39 6 7 t'lDC<""V V ,11aoc r:,r CV M•.;¢ 100 t,19 2 ,U) IYY.J p Ku >OD t39 (> p s I 118 I I 1111.l 11111) I ':Ill) i:,:,v KUSO Lake N 4)9 (> Kush Lake :s :s j36 ':181 b b :s N ':181 6 N l'l.n= lllli&OY Joma I p l' l' nwersonT;;.c Pincl:ncv P,ncknev P10cl:nev P1ncknev Pinckney Pu,cl:.nev P1ncl:nev s~ (> p Knollwood !<.DOIIWOod Joma Lal<:e 4 /3 b !Oma Spears ,13 p t: t: ;1 ;,r,/J t'ancraon Titte s s 2-Way ,4 I I t' t' p :s :s Y.ll.t I 0 t' t' w ee 6 r.wcnon I Ake w Yu: L, uar~10 uar~rn t'llllenon Lalr.c t'IDCIUJCY Month .I..oW ue:uer-l'lnclrne uexter•l'lncae .,uter•l'lncl<lle uexter•Pincl<I e UCXlet·l'lDClrne uex1er-Pt ncirne Llle r.onerson Lllc nwerson nwerson Lake t'Bllerson La t'llltetsoD ~ N N N N N N N t'merson Crossroad Dlrectlon 400 368 i89 lSo 93 11..l I j 11/111 ltil 0 l':I I 6 13 I 6 6 71 139 J:,yu ,55 Class L= Local P- Primarv The busiest roads within the Township are the Township's paved thorofares. This includes M-36, Dexter Pinckney, D-19, and Patterson Lake Road. Traffic is at times especially busy on M-36 and will someday require re-design if traffic volumes continue to rise. Other Township primary and local roads will also need repair and improvement. Shortage of funding by the Livingston County Pumam Town.ship Master Plan Page 12 �Road Commission and township revenues place severe limitations upon road improvement expendirures. Nevertheless, many existing roads are in disrepair and as traffic values rise, funds will be needed for necessary improvements. •Ill • • • • The Patterson Lake Bridge replacement represents one of the few major planned traffic improvements within the Township. It's currently status shows it to be in the design stage. • Economic Base The State F.qualization Value (S.E.V) is a commonly used index to chart a community's growth. Table 11 shows the S.E.V. for all Personal and Real property . TABLE 11 STATE EQUALIZED VALUE PERSONAL AND REAL firu: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 To1aJ. % Chanee Year Before 91,153,157 100,943,759 104,108,565 123,816,249 129,479,535 138,046,200 10.7 3.1 18.9 4.5 6.6 Source: County of Livingston 1994 F.qualization Analysis Putnam Townsmp Master Plan Page 13 �NATURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY AND CAPABILITY The natural environment of Putnam Township offers both opportunities and limitations on the type and extent of future development Certain areas are unsuitable for septic systems, unstable for • • • • • • • I building foundations, poorly drained and susceptible to flooding. While these factors place restrictions upon development, other natural resource factors present opportunities for t development It is helpful to examine these natural resource factors in detail to detennine both the opportunities and constraints to future development This examination involves an inventory of resource factors, and a determination of the capability of the natural resource base to support future development Soils Pumam Township sewage needs are served by septic fields. Because of the reliance of septic systems in the Township, soils become an important element in the location of future land uses. Land uses which produce large volumes of sewage are not compatible with septic systems (i.e., large multi-family residential development and heavy industrial uses). In order to minimize construction costs and risks to the environment, it is desirable for future development to be constructed upon sites with suitable soils. Poor soils present problems such as poor foundation stability and septic field failure. The three major soil characteristics considered in the analysis of soil conditions are drainage, foundation stability, and septic suitability. Also considered is site topography. Grades exceeding twelve percent have been detennined to be unsuitable for septic fields in this part of Michigan. The Livingston County Soil Survey provides a soils map showing the generalized areas of suitable and unsuitable areas for septic field disposal. The unsuitable areas contain high concentrations of • clays and/or organics. Many of these areas are also inundated by high water table or may also considered to be wetlands. The suitable areas are favorable for septic field use and offer good percolation because of high concentrations of sands and loamy sands. About one third of Pumam Township's land is unsuitable for development The unsuitable portion is evenly distibuted throughout the Township. Sections 16, 17, and 18 seem best suited for higher density development due to existing soil conditions and proximity to M-36. The overall land capability pattern of Pumam Township suggests a continued rural density for all other sections. The Table provided below lists the soils that have serous limitations for septic field location in theTownship. Puinam Township Mastu Plan PageU �SOIL LIMITATIONS FOR SEPTIC FIELD LOCATION (Severe Limitations) Boyer-Oshtemo BTE,BTF Breckenrid_ge Bv By Brookston Carlisle Cc Colwood Cr CvA, CvB, Conover CxA Edwards Ed FrE, FrF Fox-Bover Gilford Gd Hillside HiE Houghton Ho Lamson Le Linwood 1m Locke LoB Metamora MiB MoE,MoF Miami Minora MwB Pewamo Pc Rifle Rf Sebawa Se Tawas Tm '• • • • Groundwater Putnam Township, outside of the Village area, relies completely on private wells for drinking water. According to an official at the Livingston County Environmental Health Department, wells are on average between 60 - 100 feet in depth in the Township. Environmental Health reported no unusual problems regarding wells in either water quality or quantity. Protecting groundwater should be a high priority in Putnam Township. The most effective means of groundwater protection is prevention and education. A groundwater education program for Township residents and business owners should be established to emphasize the importance of groundwater and to outline methods of protecting this resource. This is especially important for commercial and industrial sites which could store or use chemicals which if improperly used, could damage underground water supplies. Other methods for groundwater protection are included in the Wetland Protection Study developed by the Huron River Watershed Council. Sites of environmental contamination threaten groundwater supplies. There are no contamination sites identified by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) in Putnam Township under the P .A 307 listing. Purnam Township Mastu Plan Page 15 �• • •II .. • I II II - Slopes The surface geology of the Township was formed 10,000 to 12,000 years ago when glacial activity deposited rock, soil and large blocks of ice. The ice blocks embedded within the soils eventually melted and left depressions which are today's lakes and interconnecting creeks. Areas that contain severe slopes and ravines should remain undisturbed. These areas should be viewed as natural and aesthetic open space areas. If development should occur, sensitive site planning would be required along these slopes to prevent soil erosion. Care must be taken to ensure that extensive grading is minimized and to ensure that other natural features such as vegetation and topsoil are retained. The Township's topography ranges from 859' to just under 1100' above sea level. The majority of hills, found in the southwest section are preserved in the Pinckney Recreation area and University of Michigan Lands. Most of the Township has gently sloping land at an elevation between 930' - 950'. Wetlands and Floodplains Currently the Township relies on the Wetlands Protection Act for the regulation and preservation of wetlands. The Wetlands Protection Act 203 of 1979 was developed by the State of Michigan to institute stringent rules for any development within· wetland areas. The Act regulates; filling, draining, dredging and construction within any wetland area. Wetland soils have a frequent presence of water saturation. They also contain heavy concentration Putnam Township Master Plan Page 16 �of organic material such as peat, marl and decomposed vegetation. These soils are unsuitable for development but are important for supporting wetland vegetation and fish and wildlife habitat. They are also valuable for filtering sediment out of groundwater run off. Putnam Township contains numerous areas of regulated wetlands. These wetlands have been IIJI • • • • • • • • • identified by the MDNR and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Development is discouraged in wetland areas. The wetlands map provided should be used to help guide development decisions, however, actual wetland location determinations will be required on a site by site basis. The wetlands include all areas inventoried as wetlands in the Michigan Resource Wormation System (MIRIS). These wetland and floodplain areas are illustrated in Map 1. Honey Creek, a tributary of the Huron River. and its associated floodplains, bisect the Township from the northwest to the southeast Generally, floodplains are located adjacent to the many lakes, Honey Creek, and the Portage River. Approximately twenty-five percent of the total land area of Putnam is classified as wetlands. This estimate includes all water bodies such as creeks, lakes, and rivers . P111nam Township Master Plan Page 17 �•t • • • • SHAFEI\ RO . . . .. . LEGEND ■ Wooded SPEARS RO . ■ 18 17 • . □ □ Shrub. Scrub Aquatic Bed, Emergent Hydric Soils -,- I I I :~~ 24 28 WETLANDS Putnam Toyvn.shi~ Livingston County, Michig~ �ii I I I Land Capability The development capability of lands within Putnam Township is illustrated in Map 2. This map is a composite of the following natural resource characteristics: soils which pose serious limitation to septic field development, and areas characterized as wetlands and floodplains. The Land Capability Map offers a generalized indication of which areas within the Township are most capable and least capable of supporting development based on the above mentioned natural resource characteristics. The Land Capability Map is useful for general planning purposes; however, detailed site-specific inventory and analysis information should be required for any proposed development plans. FIGURE 1 LAND CAP ABILITY ANALYSIS Poor Soils for Septic Fields Floodplains & Wetlands Land Areas Least Capable of Support Development The above referenced chart (Figure 1) shows how the land capability is developed. The map is produced from a series of overlays which maps development constraints including poor soils, floodplains, and wetlands. The end result is a composite map showing land areas least capable of development and land areas most capable of development Pianam Township Master Plan Page 19 �II II II II II II ii II LfGENP D Land Areas Most Capeble oC Supporting De..elopmenC ~ Land Areas Least Capable of ~ ~ De~IMIOI -II II II II ii II II II II - \ LAND CAPABILITY . . Putnam Toyvnship L1v1ngston County, Michigan ...---- r:1-[7"0 ,.,..,. .................. ...... a.-.-, .......... ~ ...... �Existing Land Use Existing land use is presented on Map 3. This provides an inventory of existing uses as established from both aerial and in the field sources. The category of land uses include: • • • • • •II - Single Family Residential - Multi Family Residential - Commercial and Office - Institutional - Industrial and Industrial Parks - Transportation/Communication Utility - Cultivated Land - Grassland and Brushland - Open Wetland - Wooded and Wooded Wetland - Water - Extractive and Barren Land The majority of lands within the Township fall within the cultivated land category and the wooded and wooded wetland categories. This would attest to the large percentage of open space within the Township under public (MDNR) and private control. Single family residential use also occupies a significant percentage of land use especially within the M-36, D-19, and Dexter-Pinckney road corridors. II II II Ill Ill Ill P111nam Township Master Plan Page21 �11.11.••······ - ~ • "t!'JJ!AS.,' •---- I \I ·-=·•·--'-·--' '.'!•h'--,.IJ ' I Single Fn111ily llcsirfe11ti.1f (inclucii110 111~hile homes) lffll Mulliplt• I ,11n1fy 11, .. .1d1•11t11il fll Commercial nnd Office I ! lns titut1011;i/ m lndus trinl and Industrial P;irks ■ T ranspor tation/Co111rn u n1cation ill tility I ] Cu lt ivated Land !'l Grosslnnd and 8rusl1lnnd [_/ Open Wctlnnd ■ W ooded and Wooded Wetl,md ['l [. W;iter / Extractive and Barren l,rnd H:1;, .: 1990 LAND USE I Putnam Townsh ip Livingston Cou nty ii ., r,, f .,; ( arhsle ASSC'ICl.:l\e~ In( 111 NMh Main $!reel Ann Amo, . M ,ch•Q.10 Commumly Planners and Landscape A1c1,,IecIs SOU'1CE SEMCOG �• • III GOALS, OBJECTIVES, POLICIES �GOALS, OBJECTIVES, POLICIES In terms relevant to community planning, goals, objectives and policies give the Master Plan the philosophical guidance it needs to address the present issues and advance plans into the future . • They are defined as follows: Goals are overall broad statements that provide a focus for future discussions. Policies are very specific, action-oriented statements that would help a:hieve the goals and objectives. Policy statements provide justification to revise or draft new ordinances or regulations or finance specific capital improvements. The goals and policies were developed during work sessions with the Putnam Township Planning Commission which focused on local planning issues and established the purpose for the Master Plan. Policies, developed separately from the goals, are a listing of issues restated and organized under each goal (purpose) statement The goals and corresponding policies are presented below. GOALS The following statements reflect the primary goals of Putnam Township: The Township shall strive to maintain the rural residential character which contributes to making the Township a desirable place to live, work, and play. The Township shall plan future land uses to be compatible with the natural characteristics, and the long-term needs of the community. New development shall be well-planned, complement existing development, and conserve limited natural resources. The Township shall foster the rural residental opportunities within its boundaries which provide an attractive setting for residents, and which is compatible with the needs and comforts of the residents of the community. The Township shall coordinate growth with the Village of Pinckney, and develop land use arrangements which compliment existing uses within the Township and Village. Residential Goal To guide the development of the Township in a manner which will create, preserve and enhance the living environment of the existing and future residential areas of the community. PuJ,wm Township Master Plan Page23 �Policies 1) Promote the development of a variety of housing types and residential living environments based on a sound balance within the community. 2) promote quality single-family housing at a low and moderate density which will maintain the rural character of the community. 3) Provide sufficient open space to serve each dwelling unit either through generous yard spaces and setbacks or common open space areas. 4) Restrict medium and high density residential development to areas currently served by public sanitary sewer and water systems or to areas in close proximity to the Village of Pinckney. 5) Encourage a high percentage of home ownership and permanent housing types. 6) Separate single-family and multi-family residential areas from nonresidential uses. 7) Restrict multi-family residential districts and mobile home parks to locations which have direct access to major thoroughfares. 8) Discourage haphazard lot splits which result in long narrow parcels or parcels with substantial amounts of undeveloped land to the rear unless the low density residential development is consistent with other standards and ordinances of the community. A maximum lot length to lot width ratio of 4:1 is recommended. 9) Require that a substantial buffer or landscape planning be provided between residential areas and conflicting land uses such as commercial or industrial facilities. 10) Discourage the development of high density residential projects which will have a negative impact upon schools or existing tax base. 11) Encourage the use of a cluster housing option or planned unit development for parcels which contain natural features such as woodlands or wetlands. 12) Propose low density land uses in areas where natural resource conditions are least capable of supporting development .Purnam Township Mastu Plan Page 24 �• 13) Propose medium density and high density residential uses in natural resource settings which are capable of supporting development 14) Consider a cluster housing option to promote the protection of open space and to offer an alternative to inefficient large lot splitting. Rural Preservation Goal The Township shall maintain the rural character and preserve the local characteristics that contribute to a viable, stable, open space. It shall be the Township's responsibility to encourage the retention of open space as a means to retain the rural character of the Township . 1) The Township shall identify prime agricultural lands and prime agricultural soils in an effort to preserve and retain agricultural use. 2) The Township shall discourage non-agricultural development of important resource areas such as wetlands, woodlands and floodplain areas through the Master Land Use Plan and Zoning Map. 3) The Township shall regulate lot splits and maintain the Township's Private Road Ordinance. 4) The Township shall promote the enrollment of Public Act 116, Farmland and Open Space Agreements Lakes and Waterfront The Township's inland lakes are a significant Township resource and shall be protected from sources of degradation. P111nam Township Master Plan Page 25 �• 2) Existing Township zoning ordinance for waterfront properties shall be strictly enforced regarding minimum lot size, setbacks and land use regulations. 3) The TownsBip shall promote the activities of the lake associations and their efforts to maintain water quality, lake management and loading studies. 4) The Township shall promote efforts to minimize the degradation of water quality and encourage property owners to control the application of pesticides, fertilizers and other forms of nutrient loading. 5) The Township shall promote the protection of natural vegetation along shoreline areas and prohibit the dredging or filling of wetland areas adjoining waterfront property. 6) The Township should minimize overcrowding on lakes and regulate public access through anti-keyholding or anti-funneling ordinances. 7) The Township should promote the preservation of a 20' vegetative buffer along lakes to help filter sediment and contaminants. 8) Any future sewer improvements undertaken within the Township shall be limited to lake and waterfront areas only. Future sewer improvements shall only be provided as a means of protecting the integrity oflake and waterfront areas. Wetlands The protection of wetlands is essential to preserve water quality, stabilize storm water runoff, recharge groundwater and provide wildlife habitats. 1) The Township shall promote efforts to preserve wetlands in their natural state and discourage the dredging or filling of wetland areas. 2) The Township shall review all proposed development in light of potential impact upon wetland areas. 3) The Township shall promote the enforcement of Public Act 203, and apprise property owners or developers of the state and local regulations regarding control of wetland areas. Commercial and Industrial Uses Provide a balance and variety of land uses including, commercial, office and industrial uses which will compliment existing residential areas and not adversely impact the living environment of the Township. Putnam Township Master .Plan .Page 26 �1) Strongly encourage transitional land uses (multi-family, office, open space) between commercial and industrial land uses in existing and future single-family residential uses. 2) Require stringent buffer techniques between commercial industrial and residential uses. 3) Recognize the importance of the Village of Pinckney as the Township's major shopping and service area. • • • •Ill • 4) Promote the economic vitality of the Village of Pinckney . 5) Discourage the development of strip commercial along M-36 which may occur in an unplanned fashion. Strip commercial may be managed through the following methods: Minimize the number of curb cuts along M-36 which may result in conflicting turning movements and traffic accidents. Remove unsightly conditions to the amount of continuous hard surface parking areas and signs. Reduce the impairment of land values in commercial areas due to excessive traffic, noise, parking, and lighting glare. 6) Discourage the introduction of new commercial development beyond the scope outlined in the Township Master Plan 7) Cluster commercial and industrial uses near existing commercial centers and prevent the spread of new non-residential in rural areas. 1111 1111 II Pulnam Township Master Plan Page 27 �Public Facilities Maintain and where necessary improve public facilities to provide needed services to Township residents. • • • •Ill 1) Coordinate long tenn road improvements with the Livingston County Road • Commission. 2) Promote regular road maintenance such as repaving, gravelling and grading. 3) Encourage the Road Commission to pave the first 100' of gravel roads where they abut paved roads . 4) Coordinate solid waste pick up services with the Village of Pinckney and investigate expanded Township wide solid waste pick up . 5) Consider establishing a joint TownshipNillage recycling station for the drop off of pre-sorted recyclables . I Putnam Township Master Plan Page28 �• • • •,. •Ill Ill "II IV MASTER PLAN �MASTER PLAN A Master Plan is a statement of community public policy. It is a description of community aspirations and the "road-map" toward the attainment of the idealized development for Putnam Township. The goal and objective statements provide the philosophical basis for the plan and the background studies become its factual basis. The land use plan attempts to present a strategy to allocate scarce resources toward the attainment of stated public policies. Thus, the Plan becomes a series of rational choices among many reasonable alternatives. Land Use Plan • • The Master Land Use Plan (Map 4), presented on the following page, illustrates the proposed physical arrangement of land use for the Township. The Land Use Plan serves to translate community goals into a narrative and ·graphic illustration. It is based largely upon existing land use patterns, current zoning, market demand and the desires of the residents of Putnam Township. The Plan was prepared to serve as a policy guide for Putnam Township regarding current issues, 1111 I land use decisions, investments in public improvements and to guide zoning decisions. The Plan is intended to be a working document which will provide for the orderly development of the Township, assist the community in its efforts to maintain and enhance a pleasant living environment while retaining the rural character of the Township. The Land Use Plan is based upon comments and opinions gathered during the planning process and input gathered from Planning Commission work sessions/public hearings. To this extent it reflects general policies towards growth and development within the Township. The following policies are an important facet in guiding future development in Putnam Township. The Land Use Plan is based on consideration of a number of factors. Such factors include: population projections roadway access and adequacy availability of utilities floodplains, wetlands, woodlands and soil characteristics compatible uses community goals and objectives citizen opinions existing land use I existing zoning Pvrnam Township Masrer Plan Page 29 �Putnam Township Future Land Use I AO/RlAAA - Agricultural/Open Space/Single Family Large Estate RlAA - Single Family Medium Estate RIA - Single Family Estate RIB - Single Family Rural Residence RlC - Single Family Suburban Residence RlD - Single Family High Density Residence R4 - Apartment Residential R6 - Mobile Home Park C 1 - Local Business C2 - General Busines Institutional Recreation-Conservation ~ Village of Pinckney Water c=J 1111 1111 1111 1111 N A Prepared by: Livingston County Department of Planning October 200 I o.~5~--o~~~o!iii .s. . . . . .1 Miles �• • • • • •II •II In consideration of these factors, various land use categories can be established. The following land use classifications are used in developing the land use plan for Putnam Township . PUTNAM TOWNSHIP LAND USE PLAN CATEGORIES A-O/R-1-AAA Agricultural-Open Space/ Single Family Large Acreage Estate Agricultural operations including row crops, pastures, woodlots, livestock operations, orchards, and horse stables as well as low density rural residential uses on large lots with an overall density of 1 dwelling unit per 10 acres. R-1-AA Single Family Medium Acreage Estate Low density rural residential property served by private septic systems and wells with lot sizes averaging five to ten aces in size and a recommended minimum density of at least 5 acres per dwelling unit. R-1-A Single Family Estate Low density rural residential uses on lots not serviced by public water or sanitary systems. Average densities are 1 dwelling unit per two acres . R-1-B Single Family Rural Residence Low density residential uses in close proximity to paved roads or public utilities system. Lot sizes will average one dwelling unit per acre. R-1-C Single Family Suburban Residence Medium density residential uses in close proximity to paved roads or public utilities system. Densities will average one dwelling unit per half acre. R-1-D Single Family High Density Residence High density residential uses in close proximity to paved roads or public utilities. Densities will average three to four dwelling units per acre. R-4 Apartment Residential Multi-family land use arrangements at a density of four to six dwelling units per acre and a minimum lot size of 20,000 square feet. This includes apartment units, duplexes, attached condominiums and townhouses . R-6 Mobile Home Park Manufactured home housing developments. C-1 Local Business Commercial retail establishments intended to serve nearby residents. C-2 General Business Commercial and retail services intended to serve regional residents and dependent upon major highway orientation. Putnam Township Master Plan Page 31 �R-T-0 Research- Technology- Office Light indvstrial uses having a low impact upon surrounding land uses. Recreation/ Conservation Public or private recreation or conservation lands used for public use, conservation or private recreation . • • Institutional All public or quasi-public non-recreational lands such as churches, cemeteries, public or private schools, governmental and public facilities. Office The typical uses in this category consist of, but are not limited to : professional offices for doctors or dentists, veterinary clinics/hospitals, law offices, planning/ architectural offices, accountants, and other similar uses. A general description ofland use patterns incorporating discussion of the various categories is provided in the following section. The land use plan promotes a concept of high density · residential uses near the Village of Pinckney, while lower density residential is prevalent in the perimeter of the Township. AO/ R-1-AAA Agricultural- Open Space/ Single Family Large Acreage Estate Agricultural- Open Space/ Single Family Large Acreage Estate are primarily restricted to large acreage parcels north of M-36. This encompasses approximately one-third of the entire Township where majority of privately owned large acreage is found. The Agricultural/ Open Space category will include agricultural operations as well as very low density large acreage residential parcels. This land use designation is also common in areas where limited soil characteristics place restrictions upon septic field construction. The minimum recommended lot size for this land use is ten acres. • • R-1-AA Single Family Medium Acreage Estate R-1-AA Single Family Medium Acreage Estate parcels include rural medium size residential estates of five acres or more. Many of the land use areas are clustered near Dexter- Pinckney Road and Pinckney Road areas. There are also sections of single family medium acreage estate designation south ofM-36 in the western portions of the Township as well as North of Highland Lake. Larger acreage parcels are recommended due to limited septic field capability in many of these areas. R-1-B Single Family Rural Residence ) R-1-A Single Family Rural Residence areas are concentrated in area near the Village of Pinckney. There are also portions of this land use designation north ofM-36 and west of the Village where there is a predominance of smaller acreage parcels and where low density rural residential land uses prevail. These single family estate uses are at a minimum lot size of 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres. Putnam Township Master Plan Page 32 �R-1-B Single Family Rural Residence R-1-B Single Family Ru{al Residence areas are also in close proximity to the Village of Pinckney. A large concentration of single family rural residence (1 acre) lot sizes are proposed along M-36 and east of the Village of Pinckney. Other areas within the Township in close proximity to paved roads and higher density residential land uses are also designated for this land use category. R-1-C Single Family Suburban Residence R-1-C Single Family Suburban Residence classification includes half acre lots in close proximity to paved roads and the Village of Pinckney. this land use is proposed along M-36 and also within areas near developed waterfront properties containing previously platted lot areas. '• ~ •II •II R-1-D Single Family High Density Residence R-1-D Single Family High Density Residence land uses include previously platted lots in and near Patterson Lake, Highland Lake and Portage Lake areas. Many of these lots range in size .from 12,000 square feet to 4,000 square feet, and were developed or platted years ago as part waterfront developments. R-4 Apartment Residential The land use plan proposes one area ofR-4 Apartment Residential development. This is located off M-36 and east of the Village of Pinckney. It encompasses an existing multi family apartment building. R-6 Manufactured Housing Park The Township designates one area for manufactured housing park development. This is located in the eastern half of northwest quarter of Section 2. This site 40 acres in size and is located directly off of a paved roadway (Schafer Road). It provides excellent access to a major county roadway (D-19) and on-site soils serve well for a private sewage treatment system. The master Plan designates this parcel as manufactured housing park at a gross density of not more than 214 dwelling units or not more than 5.36 dwelling units per acre. II II II II II II ) Putnam Township Master Plan Page33 �Commercial The land use plan proposes three areas of commercial use within the Township. The first is the area east of the Village of Pinckney and north of M-36. The second area is a section of property south of the Village on Dexter-Pinckney Road. The third area is near the western limits of the Township on M-36 and rtear Pingree Road. All three areas are proposed for moderate commercial development which would de-emphasire strip corridor usage. It is also recognized within this Master Plan that the Village of Pinckney will remain as the primary commercial center for the Township. Industrial • The Township does not propose any additional industrial lands within the master plan area and will rely on areas within the Village of Pinckney for suitable industrial sites. Recreation/Conservation This designation includes MDNR areas within the Pinckney Recreation Area, Gregory State Game area, University of Michigan lands, Lakeland Trail State Park, and lands within the Michigan • _Metro Girl Scout Council Camp area. These land areas encompass nearly thirty percent of the Township and will be restricted to public or private recreation use and conservation areas. Institutional Institutional lands include the Farley Elementary School, the Pinckney Elementary School and the Putnam Township Fire Department located on M-36. ) Pu:mam Township Masta Plan Pag~34 �Circulation Plan The Putnam Township Master Plan also must provide long-range direction for future road I improvements. The road improvements are based upon a prioritization of existing Township roadways. Priority roadways are in part established through traffic counts or traffic volume. This prioritization includes the following types of streets and roadways: - State Highway Routes - Primary Hard Top - Primary Gravel - Local Gravel I ' State Highway Routes A state highway route is the highest volume road within the Township. This would include M-36 which provides major access to and through the Township. Furture developments having a high land use intensity may be located on state highway routes only after driveway permit review by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Primary Hard Top Primary hard top roads provide for the collection and distribution of traffic between the state highway routes and local roads. These roads are primarily rural residential in character and are medium traffic volume. Primary roads include: Dexter-Pinckney Road, D-19, Darwin and Patterson Lake Road. Primary Gravel/Local Gravel Gravel roads provide direct access to abutting property. Through or fast moving traffic is discouraged since the roads are not paved. These include such low volume roads as Pingree, Hinchey, Cedar Lake, Kelly, Tiplady and Toma Roads. II II II II •II • Future Road Improvements Major road improvement projects will be dependent upon capital improvement priorites established by the Livingston County Road Commission. From the Township's perspective, repaving of portions of Patterson Lake is needed. Re-construction of the Patterson Lake Bridge will also be necessary. Regular road grading, ditch improvements and dust control are also priority improvements, which due to the lack of County and Township funds are a major concern ofresidents, especially in the spring of the year . Future Sewer Improvements ) Future sewer improvements in the Township shall be limited to areas around lakes and waterfronts to protect the long-term integrity of these important natural resources. The Planning Commission discourages the placement of sewers that could lead to degradation of the Township's rural character. Putnam Township Master Plan Page35 �I 'I II I I I .- ) V IMPLEMENTATION �IMPLEMENTATION This Master Plan is essentially a statement of policies, objectives and goals designed to accommodate future growth. The Plan forms the philosophical basis for the more technical and specific implementation measures. It must be recognized that development and change will occur either with or without planning and that the Plan will have little affect upon future development and change unless adequate implementation programs are established. This section identifies actions and programs which will be useful if the plan is to be followed. Programs, Policies, And Action A variety of programs or administrative "tools" are available to help the plan succeed. These include: I I I I I Capital Improvement Proeram - The Capital Improvement Program is simply a community deciding what facilities to provide, where, when and at what cost As is evident then, the Capital Improvement Plan will have a great affect on the extent and direction of development. For example, extensions of sewer, storm drainage ways and roads will support and encourage development in desired areas while there absence will discourage it in other locations. Specific capital improvement projects would include the following items: Road Improvement Projects Repaving of Patterson Lake Road Paving of Farley, Schafer, Darwin and Swarthout More frequent grading of gravel roads More frequent application of dust control measures Ditching and drainage improvements Funding of needed capital improvements is always a concern. Major county road improvements are financed through the County Road Commission. The Township may consider a millage election as an option to help finance needed road improvements that are not high on the County's priority list A combination Countyffownship collaboration on road improvements could stretch local tax dollars and make improvements to deficient roads. Fire and police service improvements generally are financed from general fund expenditures or a ) millage election. Financing for improved fire fighting capabilities would likely be provided from Pumam Township Mascu PUJn Pag~ 36 �these sources. It is possible that a new fire stat.ion/dispatch center and new equipment may be needed if growth rates significantly rise. Zonini: and Subdivision ReQuirements - Zoning is the development control that has been most closely associated with planning. Originally zoning was intended to inhibit nuisances and protect property values. However, zoning should also serve additional purposes which include: 1) Promoting orderly growth in a manner consistent with land use policies and the Master Plan. 2) To promote attractiveness and variety in the Township's physical environment by providing variation in lot sizes, etc. and allowing increased densities while maintaining more common open space. 3) To accommodate special, complex or unique uses through such mechanisms as planned unit developments and special use permits. I I 4) To guide development away from undesirable areas such as wetlands and prime agricultural land. 5) To preserve and protect existing land uses until such time as they may change in I accordance with the Master Plan. 6) Enforce current zoning ordinance. I The zoning ordinance and official map, in themselves, should not be considered as the major long range planning policy of the Township. Rather, the Master Plan should be regarded as a statement 1· of planning policy and the zoning should be used to assist in implementing that policy. In order to implement this master Plan, adjustments to the zoning ordinance and zoning map will be I necessary. Special Purpose Ordinances - Control of land use activities need not be confined to the zoning ordinance. Special purpose rules and regulations often compliment the Zoning Ordinance and make it more effective. These special purpose ordinances have already been adopted by Putnam Township, but will need -I I periodic updates. Subdivision Control Private Road Standards ) Lot Split Standards Pu1nam Township Master Plan Page 37 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Putnam-Twp_Master-Plan_1996 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Putnam Township Planning Commission, Putnam Township, Livingston County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996-05-08 Title A name given to the resource Putnam Township Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Putnam Township Master Plan was prepared by the Putnam Township Planning Commission with assistance from Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. and was adopted on May 8, 1996. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Putnam Township (Mich.) Livingston County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/096211204a17dfde8f6d73d57ce9b930.jpg db16b96f939ff161e000c3d671e039fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PutnamWilliam Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Putnam, William Description An account of the resource William Putnam, Admissions Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e0c14552769ec51f60f94a2dc93f73d7.jpg 50a0565135a37f1f749475f4716e4c32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_70_1928_005 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928-05 Title A name given to the resource Puye Cliffs Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of people standing in front of a cliff face. A large wooden ladder is visible behind the group, and two men can be seen sitting on a boulder at the top of the ladder. Subject The topic of the resource Cliff-dwellings Villages Pueblo architecture Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/66659293a117dfa5e0fcebadd180714b.jpg de27348de56688013147178bf6563dbf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_70_1928_003 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928-05 Title A name given to the resource Puye west house Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of people walking into the open doorway of a Puye cliff dwelling. Subject The topic of the resource Cliff-dwellings Villages Pueblo architecture Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/49c1f1970cdf1f39e4009f576d065cc0.jpg 146f299c958dd4bbd299de6a6a5f6430 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_MX756 Title A name given to the resource PV-1 Ventura patrol bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource PV-1 Venture patrol bomber, US Navy PB, May 1, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-05-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5fa8d0023a1d16352248ff98fe152954.jpg 563803a42e75f31b041895dda6c0db83 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_272 Title A name given to the resource PV-2 Harpoon patrol Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource PV-2 Harpoon patrol, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives