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                  <text>Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years.  Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar.&#13;
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                  <text>&lt;a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514"&gt;Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on September 2, 1984 entitled "Only Love Changes People", on the occasion of Bible Study at Crystal Cathedral, at Crystal Cathedral, Orange Grove, CA. Scripture references: Luke.</text>
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                  <text>Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183).&#13;
&#13;
Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. &#13;
&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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                  <text>&lt;a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D"&gt;Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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&#13;
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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Cornelia Ooms
Interviewer: Frank Boring
Transcribed by Emilee G. Johnson, Western Michigan University
Length: 41:14
Frank Boring: Well, let’s begin, if you could tell us your full name and where you were born.
Cornelia Ooms: My name is Cornelia Lucretia Cook Ooms. That’s a long name! [laughs]
Frank Boring: But you’re know as…?
Cornelia Ooms: I’m known as Cookie. I have been for many years.
Frank Boring: And when were you born?
Cornelia Ooms: February 26, 1913.
Frank Boring: And you grew up here in Grand Rapids, is that right?
Cornelia Ooms: In Grand Rapids, I attended Christian schools. We lived in the Southwest part of
Grand Rapids around Grandville Avenue, Hall Street, and so. 1:00
Frank Boring: What was your early schooling like?
Cornelia Ooms: I went to Franklin Street Christian School and Grandville Avenue Junior High
Christian School and then I went to Grand Rapids Christian High. And then after I
graduated from there, I went into nurses’ training, right from school.
Frank Boring: What was your interest in nursing? Did you have that from early on?
Cornelia Ooms: No, I think, about the last year I was in high school, another girl and I talked
about it. She didn’t go into nursing, but I did, we were going to go together, but she
flunked out. [laughs] But I went into nursing, and so… I went to Blodgett Hospital.
Frank Boring: Ok, all right. And what was your training like? Your schooling for nursing, what
was that like?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, it was good, Blodgett was known as a good hospital. 2:00 And we went,
we had, the first year we were there, we went to junior college for a couple of courses.
Otherwise, we had courses right at the hospital there, and learned how to do things, you
know.

�Frank Boring: Did you have any inkling that there was going to be a war coming up during that
period of time?
Cornelia Ooms: No. We were surprised when Pearl Harbor came.
Frank Boring: Do you remember that day?
Cornelia Ooms: Oh, I sure do! Sunday.
Frank Boring: Tell us about it. What happened?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, we were at another house, we were with some other young people and it
came in the radio, and we were real surprised and then the next day, they declared war.
Frank Boring: What was your reaction?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, we all felt real bad about it. 3:00 We tried to do as much as we could, I
was doing public health nursing at the time, I was in public health nursing. So I don’t
know, just everybody was surprised, I think.
Frank Boring: Did you feel like you wanted to join the military at that time, or did that come
later?
Cornelia Ooms: Not then. Later we talked about it, we three girls talked about it. And we felt we
would like to do it. I think it was a matter of adventure too. [laughs] To get away, get out,
you know.
Frank Boring: So what is the process of joining the military, as a woman, as a nurse, at that time,
what did you have to do?
Cornelia Ooms: Well we, you know, I can’t even remember where we went to sign up, I think
we went to Detroit to sign up. And we signed up 4:00 to go overseas, which my Dad
laughed about, he said, “Yeah, that’ll never happen.” But anyway, two weeks we were
sent to Camp Grant in Illinois, and we worked there as a nurse in the hospital, for about
two weeks and then we got our notice to go overseas.
Frank Boring: During that two weeks, what were you treating, just people that had colds and
flues and things or were these actually…?
Cornelia Ooms: Well it was just a Army hospital, I don’t remember much about that. Yeah, I
don’t.
Frank Boring: So, you got the notice then, that you were going to be going overseas…

�Cornelia Ooms: And it was, they needed nurses so badly, I had a, some of the girls that went,
they needed to go in uniform, they didn’t get their uniform till they got to New York.
And I know, my mother and father and my sister and her husband, 5:00 came to Camp
Grant to say goodbye to us, to me. And my mother sewed all Sunday, fixing the uniforms
to make them fit for the other, my uniform was all right, but the other girls needed a little
work done. So she was busy doing that. And we went to Camp Shanks in New York.
Frank Boring: Did you have to do any kind of basic training, or did you have any military
training?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, no, they didn’t have time to do it. So when we were in, after we got to
North Africa, we were there for about six weeks, I guess, they sent us to Sidi Bel Bes,
Algeria, I don’t know if you, that’s the place where the French Foreign Legion was, in
North Africa, and they had a big Army hospital there. And they sent the girls who were

6:00 going to be in charge of wards and some enlisted men, we went to that big hospital
for about a month. And we worked there and learned how to do the records and all that
stuff. That’s the only training we had for Army nurse.
Frank Boring: Let’s go back for just a brief bit to your arrival in North Africa, you’d never been
outside of the country, is that right?
Cornelia Ooms: No. It was real funny, when we, well at Camp Shanks, they kept giving us more
equipment all the time, they’d get us out of bed even during the night to hand out stuff.
Anyway, we were lined up in a big shed to go on this ship, and I looked around, the Red
Cross was handing out donuts and coffee. 7:00 And there I saw a guy who was our
neighbor! And I thought, well that can’t be him, so I looked away, I thought if I look
again, I won’t see him, just imagined it. But it was him. He was, we were on the same
ship for a month, going overseas. And now he’s here in Sidi Bel Bes with me again.
Frank Boring: So what was the arrival in North Africa like? I mean, I’ve been to foreign
countries, and I know it’s very different in terms of the smells, in terms of the…
Cornelia Ooms: Well, yeah, well, we landed in Oran. And at night, they put us on these big
trucks, and we rode for a long time inland, you know, so we didn’t see much of the
country then at all. But we were on a hill, they called it Goat Hill, 8:00 it was a big, big,
thing, and they had about, oh, I bet five different groups of nurses there.
[pause]
The officers and the nurses were on one side of the road and enlisted men were on the
other side, it was a big encampment there. We slept in tents, big tents, about ten or fifteen
girls in a tent.

�Frank Boring: Cots?
Cornelia Ooms: No, not at first. We slept on the ground, at first, on our sleeping bags, our
bedroll, that they called it.
Frank Boring: Did you have a rank?
Cornelia Ooms: Second lieutenant.
Frank Boring: So you went in as a second lieutenant?
Cornelia Ooms: Everybody, all the nurses went in as second lieutenants. Yeah.
Frank Boring: And what were your first jobs, 9:00 what were the first jobs that you were doing
when you arrived in North Africa?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, when we were on Goat Hill, we didn’t work at all, we were just waiting, to
be assigned. Then we stayed there for a long time. It was really something when we were
on Goat Hill, it was so hot, terrible hot and so they made, well, I don’t know if I should
tell this or not, but they made showers for everybody. And there were just pipes with
holes in them, you know, and they had just canvas stripped around, not over the top, just
around the bottom. Well, the enlisted men had a certain time when they could take
showers, the officers had a certain time, and the nurses. When the nurses had 10:00
their time to go shower, it was all open, you know, everything was open. All the enlisted
men had to come to get water, so they could look down on us. And we even had an
airplane flying over us, taking pictures, we heard. And, we didn’t care, we were so hot,
we didn’t care, what’s the difference, when there’s fifty, sixty, women are all together,
they all look the same anyway, so. But they finally, they changed the time, and they put
fellows there, to keep the enlisted men away, so, funny things like that happened.
Frank Boring: What was your daily routine like?
Cornelia Ooms: At…?
Frank Boring: At Goat Hill, the routine was, you were just sitting around and play cards, or, what
are you doing?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, yeah, I guess, we would have breakfast, we’d wash ourself, you’d have to
use a helmet, we used 11:00 the outside of the helmet as a basin of water. They had big
tin cans, we’d wash our clothes in them and hang them on the bushes or whatever we
could find.
Frank Boring: This is a desolate area, I take it?

�Cornelia Ooms: Oh, terrible, there’s no trees around at all. No trees at all.
Frank Boring: And very, very hot.
Cornelia Ooms: And about five o’clock, well, we’d have to walk to go get our food, we had to
walk over to the mess, they had the mess, we just ate out of the mess kits, C-ration, some
of us just ate at our own place with C-ration. It wasn’t very good. And, but about five
o’clock, it was just like Grand Central Station, you’d see all the jeeps coming, all the
different people would come pick up nurses. I had a fellow too, he would come take me
for a ride all 12:00 around the country and… Yeah, we, and then we just, we would
sing a lot together, and we’d talk, and yeah, there was nothing really to do, you just hung
around.
Frank Boring: Did you have any idea where you were going to be assigned?
Cornelia Ooms: No. We didn’t know. We were assigned to Bizerte. We went on a big train, they
had a big, long train, and we, you know, it was a French cars, I don’t know if you know
they have two seats, two rows of seats and then there’s a row and then there’s a window
and there’s outside of the train and with this little compartment. Six girls in one
compartment, we were knee to knee, that’s how we sat, and that was sleeping too! And
they would stop 13:00 quite often to get coal and water for this huge train, and the
people that live around there would know that we were coming, course, and they would
be lined up on the track, with eggs and bread, some bread, and stuff. Well we would, my
friend and I, we sat by the window. And we’d put our helmet out, and they’d give us
some hot water, in the helmet. And the people were sitting right by the window, I mean,
we didn’t care. So we’d start to wash, first one would wash their face, and then the other
one and then they’d wash their arms and that’s how we took our bath every day out of the
helmet with everybody watching us. But we didn’t care, we got, at least, we were clean.

14:00 And we were in overalls, you know, jump suits.
Frank Boring: Now, where did you arrive, eventually, where did you end up? At the end of that
train trip?
Cornelia Ooms: In Bizerte. And then we went to a big field, with big tents again. The hospital
wasn’t quite set up yet when we got there. So we had to wait there for, I don’t know, a
couple weeks, I guess, or a week, I don’t know. And then we went to our own hospital,
that’s how it was set up.
Frank Boring: Give us an idea of what this looks like.
Cornelia Ooms: Well, it was called the 81st Station Hospital. And it had, there was a road, down
the middle. On one side was all the hospital, they were big tents, four in a row, and it

�went way down, and it was medical and surgical. 15:00 I was in a surgical tent. And on
the other side of the road were the tents where the officers lived. And then they had a big
recreation tent in the middle, and then the nurses tents on that other side, we all had
bigger tents, we did have cots. [unintelligible] cots.
Frank Boring: Now the tents you were sleeping in, these were not pup tents, right, these were…?
Cornelia Ooms: Four ladies at a time, four beds. And we had a little stove in the middle, which,
they’d burn some oil in it to heat in the winter time.
Frank Boring: Are you familiar with the television series M*A*S*H*?
Cornelia Ooms: Oh, yeah!
Frank Boring: Is the tent sort of like that?
Cornelia Ooms: Sort of like that. Yeah.
Frank Boring: Ok. So, I think they had three to a tent, on the TV show, but you had four.
Cornelia Ooms: We had four to a tent.
Frank Boring: Approximately how many people were out there, are we talking thousands of
people,16:00 or hundreds of people?
Cornelia Ooms: Oh, there were…you mean in our group?
Frank Boring: Just in your immediate hospital area. Between the officers and the support
people…
Cornelia Ooms: Well, yeah, there were about fifty nurses. And a lot of officers, I don’t know
how many, but…
Frank Boring: So this is a large area…
Cornelia Ooms: So a couple hundred at least, two or three hundred people.
Frank Boring: Now what was your responsibility, what was your job?
Cornelia Ooms: I was the head nurse of this one ward. And we had very sick patients and some
that weren’t too sick.
Frank Boring: By sick, what kind of sickness are we talking about? These are war wounds?
Cornelia Ooms: Just come from surgery, some were wounded, and they had a lot of dressings to
do and IVs, it was very, and I, as a public health nurse, 17:00 I never learned how to

�give intravenous injection. And I told our commander, the officer, reverend, I mean,
Captain Gere, was our doctor in that..our tents and I told him, I said, I’m willing to learn
if you want to teach me how to do it. “Aw,” he said, “I’ll just do it. You get everything
ready, you know who has to have intravenous fluid, and when I go to surgery, I’ll stop by
and stick the needle in.” He said, “Those boys have been through enough! They don’t
have to go, they don’t have to have you poking them trying to hit a vein.” So, I never did
learn to do intravenous, 18:00 put a needle in the vein, I… At public health, they didn’t
want you to, it was too much responsibility, away from a doctor, and you know, in a
home.
Frank Boring: Why were you made the head nurse?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, I don’t know, I had more experience. Some of the nurses there were just
out of nurses training. They came right from nurses training into the Army. And I was
older, we were older. We had had experience in the nursing field.
Frank Boring: So as a head nurse in this particular ward, what was your responsibility?
Cornelia Ooms: See that everything was done good, assign the nurses to the tents, the people
they had to take care of, the baths that had to be given and see that the ward men did the
work that they had to do. And we also did baths. 19:00 I worked all the time too. We
didn’t just sit around.
Frank Boring: Were you responsible for ordering medicines or was all that taken care of?
Cornelia Ooms: The doctor did that. We had to give the medicine. We gave a lot, used a lot of
sulfa.
Frank Boring: What kind of wounds are we talking about here, what variety of…?
Cornelia Ooms: Well they were gunshot wounds in the abdomen and the back, and we had some,
a couple fellows that were burned real badly and had a couple of amputations. So that
sort of, just general surgery. They had a, they called it hospital row, there were about four
hospitals set up. Some took lung cases. 20:00
[pause]
Some took lung cases, some had head wounds, others had different things, but we had
general surgery.
Frank Boring: This could not have been a very pleasant place to work.
Cornelia Ooms: No, but the fellows were real nice. They never, when they first would come off
the field, in from the airplane, they would be very dirty and we’d get them all cleaned up

�and some of them would use bad words once in a while and they would apologize for it.
They’d say, “Oh, we haven’t seen women for so long, we forget.” But they were real
good fellows.
Frank Boring: Um, did you treat just Americans or were there other nationalities?
Cornelia Ooms: No, well, we had one fellow die and 21:00 he was from Britain. He was
English. Most of us we were Americans, yes.
Frank Boring: How long did you stay at that particular ward? Were you there for a year, or?
Cornelia Ooms: Yeah. All the while we were in Africa, we were… [unintelligible] When we got
to Italy, then I wasn’t, I just worked in the ward, I wasn’t ever responsible for it.
Frank Boring: How did you get your news? Did you have newspapers, radio, how did you know
what was going on in the war?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, they had the Stars and Stripes, that was the newspaper, we would get that.
And they had a radio, some of them had radios.
Frank Boring: Did you have any idea that we were winning the war or losing the war, did you
have any sense of how the war was going?
Cornelia Ooms: No, I don’t think so. Course, in Italy, when we got to Italy, then we 22:00 took
care of the French Army and different, we had more diverse people, more than
Americans. We had Arabs and we had people who worked for the French Army.
[pause]
Frank Boring: So in Italy, you were not the head nurse.
Cornelia Ooms: No, no.
Frank Boring: So your responsibilities were just the same as any other nurse.
Cornelia Ooms: Yeah.
Frank Boring: Dispense medicine.
Cornelia Ooms: Give baths.
Frank Boring: Give baths, ok.
Cornelia Ooms: That’s right.

�Frank Boring: Were there any particular incidents that stuck out? I mean, I know this is a daily
routine of wounds and people, but were there stories that you remember from that period
that…?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, one day, there was, he was from 23:00 Morocco, I guess, anyway, he
was from the French Army, he wanted something else to eat, we couldn’t figure out what
he wanted. So finally, he made a noise like a chicken, then we knew he wanted an egg.
And another time, we had a black man we called Yah Yah, he was a huge fellow, and we
also had another little guy whose leg had been amputated and the French didn’t do a very
good job on people when the operated, so they were, had weights on his leg to pull, so
they could fix it better, so he could use the prosthesis, and that was painful for him to
have those weights on there but it was necessary. 24:00 But his friend would come
along and stick the weights under the mattress to take the, relieve the pulling, you know.
Well, one day, I got him all ready, I had him all fixed up, and had it all settled, and then I
came back, the weights were under the mattress again, so I fixed it again and I was going
this way [motions]. He couldn’t understand me and I couldn’t understand him but I was
going this way [motions], shaking my head. And one of his friends came along and
started talking to me in Arabic, I guess, I don’t know, anyway, and all of the sudden this
little guy, he was raised right off the floor, here was Yah Yah, he had him by the scruff of
the neck and just lift him right up and looked him in the eye and he said something

25:00 to him, I don’t know what, but we didn’t see the guy for two days after that, he
must’ve scared him really bad, but we always felt we didn’t have to worry as long as we
had Yah Yah around. He was, he knew what he was saying to him, probably wasn’t nice.
Frank Boring: What was the procedure for a patient coming in and then finally getting
discharged? Give us an idea of what the…
Cornelia Ooms: Well, when we were in Africa, of course, all the records were in English. In
Italy, we had young people working for us on the ward who were Italian, didn’t speak
any English. These people came in from the French Army, they didn’t speak English
either. 26:00 So, the ward doctor would take the medicine chart, cart, and he cut off all
the bandages of this one fellow and rewrite all the orders in English, that was the only
way they could do it. And somebody would take tetanus, and give everybody a tetanus
shot. Just under the skin, you know, test them if they needed it. And when we had, if they
were going to have surgery, they weren’t to have breakfast, they had a certain color card
that we laid on their bed, and then these Italians would know that would mean they didn’t
get a breakfast. That’s how we had to work. Lot of hand, head shaking and hand shaking
and, but it worked, 27:00 it worked.
Frank Boring: Would you say that the pace was hectic?

�Cornelia Ooms: No, no. It was busy, but not hectic. We never stressed, I don’t think, I never felt
that way, anyway.
Frank Boring: So, from your knowledge of how all this works, a soldier would get injured in
battle, the medics would bring him to—
Cornelia Ooms: Our hospital.
Frank Boring: Ok, so you were getting them fresh from the battle.
Cornelia Ooms: We got those from the French Army, we did, yeah. And they had much different
wounds than our fellows did, you could tell they had hand-to-hand combat. They would
come, these guys, from, you know, the Arabs, with these knives that were crooked, you
know, I mean, the big curled-over, they would go under the mattress, they still had them
with them. And their wounds were a lot different, 28:01 all sliced and, they weren’t
gunshot wounds like the Americans.
Frank Boring: Was it during this period of time that you met a young lieutenant, I believe he was
a lieutenant at the time, Dole, is that the same period of time or is that much later?
Cornelia Ooms: No, no, that was after I came home.
Frank Boring: Oh, ok.
Cornelia Ooms: No, I didn’t see him in Africa, no.
Frank Boring: So, you were then in Africa and then in Italy and what happened after Italy, where
did you go from there?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, I, see I injured my back when we got to Italy.
Frank Boring: Let’s talk about that.
Cornelia Ooms: So I worked for six months. But I was, my body was real crooked, I was trying
to save my back, you know.
Frank Boring: Well, let’s talk about that incident, what happened, actually?
Cornelia Ooms: Well, as I said, when we got from the ship, to our place where we were going to
live, we had to get on a big truck, 29:00 it was 6x6. And we had all our heavy clothes
on and a tent bag and a helmet on our head. And I was the first one off the truck. And the
fellow who, there were no steps, we just had to jump off, and that’s a long ways down.
But the fellows would always put their hands up like this [motions] and we could put our
hands on theirs and they would spring us, and we wouldn’t hurt. But this little fellow who
helped me, didn’t give me any support, so when I landed on my feet, my back twisted.

�And I called to the nurses, the other girls and I said, “Be careful when you get off, he
doesn’t help you enough.” But then I didn’t think any more of it, but as the time went on,
it’d get worse. And one night, I was supposed to have a date, and he didn’t come, which
wasn’t unusual, they had 30:00 other assignments, so… But I started to get sciatica, a
pain in my leg, it was just terrible. And everybody was out and when they came back in, I
was walking around all crumpled up. They gave me pain pills and put me to sleep and in
the morning it was still there, so then I went to the hospital. And I was in traction there
for maybe a month. And I was sent home on a hospital ship. And I went to Springfield,
Missouri, then, we came home and landed in Savannah, and then I was sent to
Springfield, Missouri, to the hospital there and had a laminectomy for my back and I was
there for a while and then I went to Percy, then I went 31:00 to Fort Custer, I was on
assignment, I went back then to Miami for reassignment, and I chose Fort Custer, Percy
Jones, because that was near where I lived, you know, and I had a car waiting for me in
Grand Rapids and so I went there but I was only there about six months and my back
went out again and I had a second operation there. And that’s when I met Dole, I was
recuperating from that second operation, and I helped him and I volunteered to feed him.
Frank Boring: Now, you were telling me there was two officers there that were in pretty bad
shape, tell us about meeting Bob Dole. What kind of shape was he in? 32:00
Cornelia Ooms: Oh, he was so thin! He’s a big, tall guy, you know, and he was real thin, he
couldn’t use his one arm and his other arm he couldn’t use to eat with. He was very, very
thin. And he wasn’t eating, that’s why they asked us if we would feed him. To feed him
while the food was hot. So every, every three times a day, we would go, before we went
our own meal, we would go and feed this fellow, these fellows, this other nurse and I.
And she fed a fellow who was a paraplegic and I had Dole. So, that way, he did start to
get better then. By the time I left, when I was discharged from there, he was still a patient
there when I was discharged.
Frank Boring: What was he 33:00 like as a patient?
Cornelia Ooms: I never saw him, I just went in to feed and would go away again, you know, we
didn’t… But he was real nice, we had a lot of nice talks together. Yeah. Had a good sense
of humor.
Frank Boring: Course, you didn’t know who he was from anybody else at that time, he was
just—
Cornelia Ooms: Oh no, he was just, he was a lieutenant. Yeah. There were, Senator Inouye was
there, at that same time.
Frank Boring: Oh, wow.

�Cornelia Ooms: And there was another man, I can’t think of his town, but he was from
Michigan, he was there, they all became senators! Three of them that were there at the
same time. Course they didn’t know it at that time.
Frank Boring: When did you first find out that the guy that you were feeding was a—
Cornelia Ooms: Well, when I was, lived in California, we lived, I, we moved there, and after I
had finished school and my husband finished school, 34:00 we moved out to
California. And his picture was on Life Magazine, he was running for senator then. And I
wrote to him and told him who I was, and he wrote back to me and invited me to come to
Washington, and show me around. But then a year or so later, I got another letter from
him, he had been in San Diego, but he hadn’t had time to come to see me or to contact
me. So that was when I saw him, and then I saw him, course, later in Grand Rapids, at
that political luncheon.
Frank Boring: Now, once your back, it was hurt you’re—
Cornelia Ooms: When I was, when we were in, when we were going to school 35:00 in
Seattle, I was married and I was going to school, getting my degree in public health
nursing, then my back went out again, and then I went through the veterans’, I went to the
public health hospital, and I had a big operation and I had a spinal fusion. And then they
injured the nerve in this leg, [motion to right] my right leg, which was more sensation
than movement, I could use it, but it was the sensation. It was so terrible cold, I had, I
started getting terrible cramps, and it was so cold, my foot was, my leg was always ice
cold. So I went back to this hospital and saw the doctor, and they did a ?????? which,

36:00 they directed more blood through another vein, a vessel, and then I didn’t have
any more trouble with it. It’s always been weak, this leg has always been weak, I’ve
fallen many times. But never really got hurt real bad. Skinned up a lot. [laughs]
Frank Boring: Yeah. How about your discharge from the military, was that a fairly simple thing?
Cornelia Ooms: Yes. You are, I was discharged when the Army hospital said you’re able to go
work, or be around, you know. So, I was discharge and then I went back to Camp Grant,
and got my final discharge there, I was only there a day or two, and I was discharged.
Frank Boring: Did you find that your military experience helped you, later in your life?
Cornelia Ooms: Oh, yes! 37:00 Made me grow up. Oh yeah. I found out I could do things I
never thought I could do. Take responsibility I never thought I could do. I had always
lived at home with my parents and very secluded, always the same friends, didn’t have to
do anything different. But I found out I could do it. I really grew up.

�Frank Boring: Did you have moments of real… I guess the word I looking for is when you think
about nurses, there are times when the life of that person is in your hands. Were there
close calls that you can recall?
Cornelia Ooms: No, I don’t ever think so. Except that one time in Africa when the little boy died,
and we all felt really bad about it, but—
Frank Boring: What was that, what happened there? What happened to the little boy?
Cornelia Ooms: Well he was wounded 38:00 very badly and he died, he couldn’t make it, the
doctor tried everything to save him, he couldn’t do it, I don’t know what happened to him
[unintelligible] That’s the only casualty we had in our ward. I don’t think we had too
many in our whole hospital.
Frank Boring: You guys did a good job. [laughs]
Cornelia Ooms: I think so. I think we did.
Frank Boring: Well, I guess we can wind down the interview now, I just wanted to say how
much I appreciate you letting us come and talk to you.
Cornelia Ooms: Well it’s been fun talking about it again.
Frank Boring: Yeah.
Cornelia Ooms: Yeah.
Frank Boring: Well, make sure to keep in contact, because I’d like you to get a copy of this
video.
Cornelia Ooms: Ok, thank you.
Frank Boring: And we’ll make sure to have that for you. And when Bob Dole comes to town,
let’s see what we can do about it.
Cornelia Ooms: Oh, I hope, I sure hope I can see him again.
Frank Boring: I have one more question. I interviewed a Navy nurse, ok, and not a Navy nurse,
excuse me, she was in the Navy. She had actually been offered to be in the 39:00
Army. And she chose the Navy cause she heard that the Army nurses wore khaki
underwear.
Cornelia Ooms: [laughs] Oh, no, we didn’t! [laughs] No. But we did a lot, we did a lot more
actual nursing than the Navy nurse did, that’s what I was told. I talked to a Navy nurse,
they get a lot of bookwork. And they told other people what to do. The Army nurse, we

�did the actual nursing too, we gave baths and we did all that kind of work. And, but, the
Navy nurses probably ate better than we did too. [laughs] One thing, I went with a, he
was a lawyer, and he’d come once a week to the hospital and come and pick me up and
take me to Bizerte, to his place, 40:00 where they had… And the first time I went, they
were all sitting at a big, long table, all men, of course, I was the only woman. And I sat
down and I looked, and I said, “Butter!” And they said, “Butter?” I said, “Butter, we
don’t get butter.” They said, “You don’t?” I said, “No, we get…” stuff, I don’t know
what it was. Anyway, before I knew it, I had all the butter of the table in front of me. And
every time I came, everybody would give me butter. They all brought butter to me.
[laughs] Now, they, some of those people ate pretty good. Army didn’t eat so good. Oh,
we ate all right, but it was a lot of C-rations and K-rations and…
Frank Boring: I actually know what those are. I’ve eaten them myself.
Cornelia Ooms: [laughs] Yeah. 41:00
Frank Boring: Well, Cookie, thank you so much for this interview, and I guess we can wind it
down now and…
Cornelia Ooms: Well, thank you for doing it, I never knew it was going to be like this.

41:14

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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans' History Project
George Oosterbaan
World War II
50 minutes 45 seconds
(00:00:15) Early Life
-Born in Ellsworth, Michigan on May 17, 1926
-Father had a 200 acre farm
-Kept the farm during the Great Depression
-Had twelve to fifteen dairy cows, grew potatoes, corn, and red beets
-Always had food to eat and clothes on their back during the Great Depression
-Only 350 people lived in Ellsworth
-Town was dependent on the farms for food
-Helped the farms during the Depression
-He had an older brother, an older sister, and a younger brother
-Went to a one room country school house
-Didn't go to high school
-Dropped out after completing the eighth grade
-Worked on the farm until he was sixteen years old and moved
(00:03:18) Start of the War
-Didn't pay attention to the war before Pearl Harbor
-Learned about the attack on Pearl Harbor in school
-Didn't realize the gravity of the attack until later
-In 1942 or 1943 he moved from Ellsworth to Grand Rapids, Michigan
-Had never been any farther than Traverse City or Petoskey
-Got a room at the YMCA
-Got a job at American Seating
-Didn't notice many of the effects of the war
(00:04:55) Enlisting in the Navy
-Tried to enlist in the Marines in spring 1944
-Thought they had a good uniform
-Had a physical and got turned away because he had bad teeth
-Enlisted in the Navy in May 1944
(00:05:47) Basic Training &amp; Amphibious Training
-Sent to Great Lakes Naval Station, Illinois for basic training
-Given nine days of leave at the end of basic training
-Sent to Camp Bradford, Virginia for Amphibious Training
-Basic training was a little different
-After living independently in the city and on the farm the structure came as a
shock
-Trained with men from all over the United States
-Emphasis on discipline
-Went on marches
-Had to pass swimming and diving tests

�-Instructors helped you if you couldn't swim
-Did kitchen patrol (KP) duty
-Worked in a pie locker and handed out pies
-Basic training was a good experience
-Received some firearms training during basic training
-Small arms (rifles and pistols)
-Basic training lasted five weeks
-Amphibious training was a little more difficult
-Learned how to fight fires and fire the guns on the amphibious vehicles
-Amphibious training only lasted two weeks
-Needed replacements in the South Pacific
(00:08:55) Joining the Crew of the LST 720
-Sent to Navy Pier in Chicago
-Stayed there for eight days
-Sent to Jeffersonville, Indiana to pick up LST (Landing Ship Tank) 720 in August 1944
-Sailed the LST 720 down the Ohio River to Louisville, Kentucky
-Sailed down the Mississippi River and went on the Gulf of Mexico
-Went on a two week shakedown cruise
-Ran into the banks of the Mississippi River a few times
-Sailed near the coast
-Practiced beaching the ship
(00:11:03) Deployment to Pacific Theatre
-Went to Gulfport, Mississippi
-Loaded with food and a Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP)
-The LST 720 was 380 feet long and 50 feet wide
-Had a crew of 140-150 men in combat and 80-90 men while out of combat
-Sailed to the Panama Canal
-Got liberty there
-It was all new to them
-Ordered to sail for Brisbane, Australia
-Their orders were changed for the New Hebrides islands
-Crossed the Equator
-Went through the King Neptune Ceremony
-Before crossing the Equator he was a "Pollywog"
-After crossing the Equator he was a "Shellback"
-Ceremony took a full day
-Had their head shaved down the middle
-No silverware for the day
-Arrived in the New Hebrides in late 1944
-Launched the LCVP and brought food to New Guinea
-Took 33 days to get there
(00:15:45) Sailing to the Philippines
-Collected Army personnel in the New Hebrides and sailed for the Philippines
-Part of a convoy
-On February 3, 1945 one of the LSTs got hit with three torpedoes
-Note: Possibly January 3, 1945 based on other dates

�-The rear third of the ship sank in a matter of minutes
-166 soldiers and sailors were killed
-Convoy had to keep going, but the escorts rescued the survivors
-Japanese submarines were still a threat
-One night, at 2 AM, a destroyer picked up a Japanese submarine on radar
-Submarine was right next to LST 720
-Destroyer used depth charges and the explosions almost knocked him out
of bed
-Had to deal with kamikazes the closer they got to the Philippines
(00:18:46) Philippines Campaign
-LST had huge doors on the front
-Pulled up to shore, opened the doors, and dropped the ramp
-Allowed vehicles and troops to go right onto the beach
-Lingayen Gulf was their D-Day
-Landings happened during January 4 through January 18, 1945
-Sailed around the Philippines transporting troops and supplies
-Went to Leyte Gulf
-Stopped in Manila, but couldn't explore the city
-City was still being fought over
-Got into Manila in April 1945
-Got to see the city then
-City was in ruins
-Received well by the Filipinos
-Sailed to Subic Bay in Luzon
-Sailed back and forth between Leyte and Luzon through the summer of 1945
-Made stops in Finschhafen, New Guinea; Panay, Philippines; and Hollandia, New
Guinea
(00:21:45) End of the War
-In Leyte on August 12, 1945
-Had been following the news of the Battle of Okinawa
-In Leyte when they heard news about the atomic bombs being dropped
-All of the ships shot in the air in celebration
-Some men got wounded by the falling shells
-Knew that this signalled the end of the war
-Knew they were going to invade Japan if the bombs hadn't been dropped
-Knew the invasion would have been far worse than Okinawa
(00:23:56) Post-War Duty Pt. 1
-Men were released on the point system
-Needed 85 points to get discharged
-Points were given based on length of service, rank, combat, and
dependents
-Three quarters of the crew were young, single, and had no children
-Meant it would take the men longer to get discharged and get home
-Stayed in the western Pacific for six months
-Brought Chinese slave laborers from Japan back to China
-Brought Japanese soldiers and their families from China back to Japan

�-Took supplies to Korea
-Got along well with the Japanese soldiers and Chinese laborers
-Soldiers were happy that the war was over
-Stopped in Okinawa
-Had to watch out for the mines laid around Japan
-Destroyed four or five of them
-Able to destroy them with a rifle
-Stopped in Sasebo, Japan on December 7, 1945
-Pulled into port next to a warehouse filled with Japanese rifles
-Each sailor got to take home a brand new rifle
-Went ashore in China a lot
-Very depressing environment
-Received well by the Chinese civilians
-Stopped in Shanghai in February 1946
-Got to explore the city
-Good to get your feet on dry land
(00:29:42) End of Service &amp; Coming Home Pt. 1
-On March 3, 1946 they stopped in Hong Kong
-Received orders to return to the U.S.
-Crew got to go ashore in the city
-Sailed to Tsingtao, China to pick up some Japanese soldiers and bring them back to
Japan
-Sailed from Japan to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in April 1946
(00:31:15) Post-War Duty Pt. 2
-Stopped in Qinhuangdao, China another time before the time at the end of their service
-Brought supplies and American soldiers up the Shihe River
-Went back and got American marines and brought them up the river to join the
soldiers
-Marines were disappointed that soldiers got there before them
-Stopped in Inchon, Korea on another occasion
-Sailed into a river that had a 28 foot tide every 12 hours
-Constantly had to adjust the ship's position so they didn't run aground
-Bringing supplies into Korea
-Preparing for a possible future conflict on the Korean Peninsula
(00:34:37) End of Service &amp; Coming Home Pt. 2
-Got to Pearl Harbor on April 29, 1946 and left on May 5, 1946
-Saw a Hula Show in Pearl Harbor
-Could still see the sunken ships and damage from the bombing in 1941
-Sailed up to Bremerton, Washington
-Stayed there from May 16 through June 7, 1946
-Getting ready to decommission the ship
-Held on the ship for a few weeks because a few men on the ship stole some
pistols
-Never found out who took the guns
-LST 720 was eventually taken to a scrap yard after it was decommissioned and cut up
-Took the ship to Pier 42 in Seattle then to Burrows Bay, Washington

�-Ship was decommissioned on June 24, 1946
-Took a train back to Great Lakes Naval Station, Illinois to get discharged in late June
1946
-Crew of LST 720 was brought into a room
-Told to take two steps forward if they wanted to reenlist for two years
-The entire crew took a step back as a sign that they didn't want to reenlist
(00:37:44) Duties Aboard the LST 720
-Learned how to be a helmsman during the shakedown cruise in the Gulf of Mexico
-In combat he was assigned to a 20mm gun
-Received his training on the job
(00:38:25) Life after the War
-Discharged in late June 1946
-Given a free ride back to Grand Rapids
-Given an extra $500 by the Navy
-Went into Grand Rapids and bought a 1936 Ford
-Went to the Ionia Free Fair
-Returned to Ellsworth and worked on his brother's dairy farm for two years
-Returned to Grand Rapids
-Drove a semi-truck for a year
-Transporting furniture all over the country
-Met his wife through an old friend
-Married for 59 years as of 2015
-Had four children
-Had a very good life with her
-Got a job running machines for Blackmer on Century Avenue in Grand Rapids,
Michigan
-Made pumps
-Worked a machine there for nine years
-Got promoted to supervisor and worked as a machine shop supervisor for 22
years
-Benefited from the insurance provided by the Veterans' Administration
(00:42:48) 2015 Talons Out Honor Flight
-Participated in the May 2015 Talons Out Honor Flight
-Enjoyed the trip
-Night before the flight got treated to a dinner at Thousand Oaks Golf Club
-Got up at 4 AM and reported to Gerald Ford International Airport at 5:30 AM
-Got served breakfast before the flight
-Boarded the plane at 7 AM and got to Washington D.C. at 8:30 AM
-Got to ride in a chartered bus and had a police escort
-Saw the Air Force Memorial
-Saw Arlington Cemetery
-Most powerful experience for him during the trip was seeing the rows of graves
-Saw the changing of the guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
-Saw the Vietnam War Memorial
-Saw the Korean War Memorial
-Saw the World War II Memorial

�-Had a wall of 4,048 gold stars, each star representing 100 Americans killed in
action
(00:49:37) Reflections on Service
-Went into the service as a wild teenager and came out mature
-Got discipline
-Glad that he was in the Navy and in the war

�</text>
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Boring, Frank</text>
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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project
Raymond Paul Opeka
(01:23:54)
(00:20) Background Information
• Raymond was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1856
• His mother was an accountant and his father worked in a factory
• When Ray was only 17 years old he got his mother’s permission to leave high
school early and join the Army
• He felt obligated to join the Army while many others around him were being
drafted
• There were many minorities and poor people being drafted, while middle and
upper class whites seemed to avoid the draft
• Raymond also felt very lucky to have been born in the US and wanted to fight for
all his freedoms
(07:25) Basic Infantry Training 6 Weeks
• Raymond flew to Louisiana and then took a bus to Fort Polk
• He stayed in a very old barracks that was “mosquito infested” and “very
unpleasant”
• No one washed out during training because there were not enough men in the
Army
• Some men got caught trying to kill or harm others, or selling drugs, but they still
remained in training
• Raymond did very badly at some of the training courses and should have failed
them, but the sergeant would change his scores around so that he would pass
• 75% of the soldiers were doing “soft drugs” and about 10% were doing “hard
drugs”
(17:55) Advanced Infantry Training
• Here Raymond began working more with weapons, tactical situations, and
patrolling
• He still did poorly in his training, but the Army was still short on men
• Raymond flunked many physical tests, but did well with grenade launchers and
land navigation
• The drill sergeants were not as mean to the men during training as others might
have been during the Korean War or WWII because they had realized that the
majority of the men did not want to be there
• The Army needed to learn to conform to the people that it was training
• He was in advanced training for 6 weeks and then waited around for a week to be
stationed overseas
(23:55) Germany
• Raymond spent a few days living in a castle while stationed near an air base in
Frankfurt
• He was assigned to the 8th Infantry Division and lived in an old barracks that SS
Troops had stayed in during WWII

�In Germany they continued infantry combat training at squad, platoon and
company level
• The German civilians were very nice and gave the Americans bread and wine
• They were always short on supplies, equipment, weapons, and food
(37:40) Cold War
• The Russians that were stationed in East Germany had better equipment then the
Americans in Germany and there were many more Russians
• Raymond never felt that the Russians would attack in Germany because the
majority of the country had been working with the Americans
• Germany had many well disciplined troops
• The US troops were very unmotivated and had negative morale
(43:40) Negative Morale
• Raymond felt great pressure to do drugs and even greater pressure to avoid them;
he had been taught well in school that they were bad for you
• He did not want to do drugs and become like all the other men around him
• There were many soldiers on LSD while they were on duty with loaded weapons
guarding missiles
• There were many race riots within the Army and as well as within the civilians
around them
• They had segregated bars for Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Southern Whites, Urban
Blacks….
• Sometimes racist people would go into a bar where they were not welcome just to
start a fight
• The fights would get so out of hand that they could not be stopped by the MPs or
the German Police; they would have to call in the Post Guard Company
• Raymond never turned anyone in himself for being racist or on drugs because he
also felt that those same men were watching his back
(01:02:30) Homosexuality in the Military
• Raymond knew of 2 or 3 men that he was working with that were gay
• He knew a special forces sergeant that had been working in his position for 12
years
• The sergeant told him he would expect sexual favors for special training and
promotion, but Raymond told him he was not interested
• He could tell that others were gay, but they did not bother him if they did not
cause a scene
• The German Army allowed homosexuals to enlist
• Raymond now feels that the “don’t ask, don’t tell” is a reasonable policy
(01:10:15) Air Defense in Northern Germany
• Raymond was working in a base with about only 25 Americans and 400 Germans
• There were still a few Germans in the North that were into Hitler
• He was able to go to Catholic Mass on Sunday
• They spent some weekends and holidays with German civilians and had to be on
the lookout for spies
• The Greek military had tried to invade Cyprus in 1974 and his unit was brought to
the Ramstein Air Base to remain on alert in case of being sent to Cyprus
(01:21:20) Discharged
•

�•
•
•

Raymond had been looking forward to being done with his service and going to
college
He was not asked to re-enlist because he was in such poor physical condition
Raymond went to school for business administration and received his bachelor’s
degree from Kent State University in Ohio

�</text>
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                    <text>OPEN DOOR
DISCUSSION

Polyamory .... What's That?
Do you want to know more about polyamory and
what alternative relationship structures look like?

Join us for a conversation where we will
deconstruct jealousy, asses the legal and moral
implications of polyamory, and discuss some
personal experiences.

September, 15th 5:30-7pm

LGBTRC

�</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
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                  <text>The Rainbow Resource Center</text>
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                  <text>Women and Gender Studies Department</text>
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                  <text>Women's Commission</text>
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                  <text>Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. </text>
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              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                  <text>1974/2019</text>
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              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                  <text>Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and  Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity.</text>
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              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>In Copyright</text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Gender identity</text>
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                  <text>Gender expression</text>
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                  <text>Sexual orientation</text>
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                  <text>Women's studies</text>
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                  <text>Queer theory</text>
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              <name>Publisher</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                  <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives.</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                  <text>DC-09</text>
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                  <text>application/pdf</text>
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              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Text</text>
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              <name>Language</name>
              <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>eng</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2010_Open-Door-Discussion-Polyamory-Flyer.pdf </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="821535">
                <text>2010-09-15</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Open Door Discussion: Polyamory </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Poster with a synopsis on the topic, and information of the event, including the place, time and date. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Sexual minorities</text>
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                <text>Community centers</text>
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                <text>Non-monogamous relationships</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"&gt;In Copyright&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Text</text>
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                <text>application/pdf</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>eng</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>The Rainbow Resource Center</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>The Rainbow Resource Center</text>
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