761 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7e3adf108605ebfcb184d4f396536129.mp4 5b08c8e813eb60224c1ff281a2efaaca https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2ea0610de2abee51b10763efb86a86d6.pdf f0f77d9c94b4f843b4dc64f3ea12775d PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW PETER ONDERSMA Born: Orlando, Florida Resides: Byron Center, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, November 4, 2013 Interviewer: Mr. Ondersma, can you start out my telling us a little bit about your own background, for instance, were you born in Byron Center? No, I was born in Orlando, Florida. My folks had a business there and then they—my grandma became ill and then they moved back to Grand Rapids. Interviewer: How old were you when you moved up here? Out to Byron Center? Interviewer: Yeah I was five years old, I believe—no, I was eight probably, in 1955 we moved to Byron Center. Interviewer: And what did your family do up here once they got here? What did your father do for a living? What did my father do for a living? He worked in a factory, Harrod Meat Company, and we lived on 72nd Street, the same place—I live in the same place I grew up in and I went to school in Byron Center and graduated from high school. 1:07 Byron Center was a small town in those days. It had a blacksmith shop, we had a pony and we use to ride the pony to Byron Center to get it shod. Interviewer: Now, what year did you finish high school? 1966 1 �Interviewer: What did you do after you graduated? I went to work for Harrod Meat Company, the same place my dad did and when I got my first notice for a physical for the draft they quickly, of course, laid me off , because they didn’t want to have to take me back. So, I went for my physical and then there was this waiting period, so I went to work for Oven Fresh part the Oven Fresh Bakery. 2:00 Interviewer: in this period here, after you’ve gotten your notice and you know you’re going to get called up, or whatever, what was your reaction to that, when you got the first notice, or whatever? Ahh, being in a small town you really didn’t know anything about this draft bill. I didn’t know, being that young and I was working two jobs and I didn’t really know anything about Vietnam except bits and pieces, and then I started watching the news, I thought I’d better see what’s going on, and I hear all these reports of how we’re whipping the Vietcong and it didn’t sound too bad. Interviewer: You had the impression, at that point that we were winning? It sounded like we were winning with terrific foreign enemy casualties and very few American casualties, so I thought, “If I gotta do it, I guess it won’t be so bad”. 3:00 So, I got drafted and I remember eight, 1966 when I was inducted into the service at Fort Wayne, Detroit. Interviewer: Where did they send you from there? Fort Knox, Kentucky for basic training Interviewer: Now, what did that consist of? 2 �Basic training was riflery, and teaching you to follow orders. That was pretty simple for me, I didn’t have a—I didn’t find it bad. It was a lot of physical activity, but I was a tough kid, at the time, and I could handle that and it was no big deal. Interviewer: Now, the business of discipline and following orders, were you used to that from having real jobs and things? Pardon? Interviewer: The whole issue of discipline, some people have real troubles with that? We had a lot of –in our basic training unit we had a lot of fellows that were told by the judge that either they go in the military, or they go to jail. 4:09 Interviewer: For what kinds of things, or do you not know that? Pardon? Interviewer: What did they do, do you think? Stealing? I don’t know, misdemeanors I suppose, so most of them went in the service, of course, so it was—basic training wasn’t bad. It was a hundred and—when we left Grand Rapids on a Greyhound it was a hundred and sixty from Grand Rapids drafted the same day, and we all went to Fort Wayne and then they lined you up and then, I think, every third one went to the Marine Corps, because at that time they were even drafting for the Marine Corps, which was really unheard of. Every fifth one was going in the Navy, and I got drafted with a kid that I’ve been friends with ever since, from Grand Rapids. 5:05 He made sure we weren’t every third one, so we didn’t get in the Marine Corps. He was older, five years older than me, so he was a little more educated in the ways of the world, so he—I 3 �was just kind of dumb and standing around like a sheep and he made sure we were the right numbers. Interviewer: Right So, we went together to Fort Knox and that was quite a shock for some of these guys. I remember we got off the bus, after the train ride we got off the bus and we had to stand in footprints and they were cocky little eighteen year olds and I remember this one kid named—now I can’t remember his name, but he—it was in the middle of the night and we were standing in these lines and they were yelling and hollering around there and he was talking and he kept talking, and this drill sergeant came up and hit him right in the face and knocked him out. 6:06 That ended all the talking and that was the end of that. So, we were inducted into the service there and we went through getting all our clothing and our bedding and started out with getting up at five o’clock and cleaning the barracks and all the stuff that goes on with it. Interviewer: Were they giving you any kind of testing, or figuring out what specialization to put you in? Yeah, I don’t remember in basic, I suppose we had testing, but I’m not really sure of that part any more. I know we had testing, but that was in basic probably, I suppose it was. Interviewer: It might have been if you stayed in Fort Wayne long enough for any aptitude tests. No, it was just a—they just loaded us on a train, that’s all we did there, and signed some papers and raised our hand. 7:03 Interviewer: Now, how long was the basic training at Fort Knox? I think it was eight weeks, as I remember. 4 �Interviewer: Did you stay on there for advanced training, or did they move you someplace else? No, I was moved to Fort Leonard Wood for combat engineer training. Interviewer: Is that in Missouri? Yeah, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, yes Interviewer: Now, combat engineer training, what did that consist of? A lot of demolition work, laying mine fields, learning how to sweep roads for mines, disarm mines, and we built some floating bridges, they never used those and I never saw that again, use of weapons, more intense use of weapons, and that’s pretty much it. 8:06 It was just more intensive weapons training. Interviewer: While you were there at Fort Leonard Wood, did you get much of a chance to go off base? Did you get liberty or leave, or anything like that? For a few weeks we didn’t, but we got a Christmas leave in December, seventeen days, because they pretty much closed the fort down in those days. My cousin had an airplane at South Kent Airport, which was off 64th and Burlingame, a Cessna, and he picked me up from Fort Knox and flew me home in two hours. My buddy was supposed to go with me, but he got nervous, because they couldn’t leave town here because it was kind of foggy, so he was afraid that he wouldn’t get home. He had a girlfriend, so he got on a Greyhound. 9:05 I was home—they picked me up at eleven and I walked in the house at two-thirty and he got home at midnight. So, we had seventeen days and then It was back to Leonard Wood and it was a cold place and we never—it was a—it’s a bitter cold state in the winter. 5 �Interviewer: It can be in the winter, yup. So, you didn’t get to go into town much, or anything else like that? I never went into any of the towns on these bases. They always—well, they had trouble with—the townspeople didn’t like the military much and I thought I’d just as soon stay away from all the hassle and the sitting in the bars and drinking and ending up in jail, and a lot of my buddies ended up in jail in town. 10:06 Interviewer: Now, when you were in the engineer training, were there many people who were washing out, or did most people get through everything and keep going? A lot of people that had health problems, but they didn’t wash many people out, they just gave them a different job. The Marine Corps is mostly combat arms and there are no other jobs to give them, so if they can’t do that they’re out, and in fact, usually they’re out in a couple weeks, but the army was always able to find something else for them to do. Interviewer: How long did they have you at Fort Leonard Wood? I think about eight weeks. Interviewer: So, about what time of the year was it when you finished there? Was it in the spring sometime, or the summer? It was sometime in the spring, February maybe, but I can’t remember exactly. 11:00 I think I had a thirty day leave, or a two week leave, or something, and then I had to report to San Diego for out processing for Vietnam. Well, at Fort Leonard Wood, I got orders for Vietnam. Interviewer: Now, at that point had you been assigned to a unit yet, or were you just going to be a replacement? 6 �I was a replacement. Interviewer: So, you didn’t know what, exactly, you’d be doing or who you’d be assigned to? No, just that I was going to be a combat engineer somewhere, but some guys found they were going to be something else, but I ended up the same thing as a combat engineer. Interviewer: Now, were most of the guys you were training with sent to Vietnam, or was there a split? I would say that eighty percent went to Vietnam, and twenty percent went to Korea, or Germany, or somewhere. 12:00 Pretty much, when we looked at the roster, it was pretty much cut and dried where you were going. Interviewer: What was it like, did you go back home on that leave, that second leave? Yeah Interviewer: What was it like to kind of go back there with the idea that you were going to ship out to Vietnam after it? Well, Vietnam didn’t really dawn on me as being so bad. I never had it in my head that it was going to be that bad, so I really—sense I didn’t know anything about it, I thought it would be quite an experience, so we kind of considered that our class trip. Interviewer: How did they get you out to San Diego? Did you fly out there? I flew to San Francisco and then, I forget, I took a cab or a bus to San Diego, which was an army terminal, a big warehouse with rows of bunks. 13:06 When they had a planeload, or a couple of planeloads of, then they would fly us. commercially over to Vietnam. 7 They flew us �Interviewer: How did that work? Did you stop places on way to get out there? On the way to Vietnam we stopped in Hawaii, Guam and the Philippines for refueling. Interviewer: Did you get much of a chance to get off the plane, or was it just in the terminal and back on the plane again? In Hawaii we had plane trouble, so we had a day, so I wandered around Hawaii a little bit. They gave us so many hours, I forget, twelve or fifteen hours and then we had to be back, so I got to see a little of Hawaii. Interviewer: But, mostly, they were moving you straight through. Now, when you got to Vietnam, what was it like? 14:00 When you go in and you land there, describe that scene when you get there? Well, when they opened the door on the plane and we stepped out, it was just like walking into a steam bath. It was unbelievable, you couldn’t believe how oppressive the heat and humidity was. You just broke out in a sweat, just immediately, and they hustled us out of the sun and sent us to a holding barracks until we were assigned to a certain unit. Interviewer: What was that barracks or facility like? Those were wood barracks with a steel roof over them, corrugated, some kind of steel roof, and no air, it was just to get you acclimated to the heat more or less. 15:02 It was at Tan Son Nhut Air force Base and the funny thing—the big shocker when I got there was they took some of us and took us into a hangar and they had rows and rows of body bags of bodies they were loading back on a plane and this Air Force, I don’t know what rank he was, but he opened a body bag and he pulled out a head and he said, “This is how you guys are going home”, and that was quite a shock. I didn’t expect anything like that. 8 �There were—it was an air conditioned building and they were putting them all in some kind of shipping containers and it was horrendous and I was shocked. 16:02 Interviewer: I take it that was sort of an extracurricular activity? Yeah, that was wasn’t part of the program. That was just some sadistic individual trying to scare us to death, which he did. Interviewer: While you were there were there any security concerns? Mortar attacks, or was it quiet while you were there? Tan Son Nhut was pretty secure. They got rocketed, I guess, but not while we were there. Interviewer: Now, how long was it before they moved you out of Ton Son Nhut? I think two days and we were on our way to different units. Interviewer: What unit were you attached to? The 70th Combat Engineers Battalion Interviewer: And where were they stationed? They were stationed at first with the 1st Air Cav Division in An Khe, because we had line companies that did—laid runways for the—and An Khe had a big runway on the base and they were enlarging that for bigger planes. 17:10 So, we were there during—I don’t know, three or four months and that was quite a place. It was probably five or six miles square, it was huge place. I never heard any gunfire, even, there, because it was so far from the barbed wire. Interviewer: And you mostly were working on the runway, was that your main job? Nothing like that, I did nothing, actually for the four months. Interviewer: How did you spend your time? 9 �I cooked midnight chow for—I was in Headquarters Company at the time and they had nothing for me to do, so they asked me if I’d like something to do and I said, “Sure”, so I cooked midnight chow for the Navy Seabees that were working there. 18:04 The second shift, so they gave control of a mess hall and a couple KP’s to take care of the mess and I just cooked midnight chow for eight or ten Seabees. They were drilling wells around the area for the locals, the civilians. Interviewer: Now did you get off the base much at all, or did you just stay there? Very little, I got off a few times, but I didn’t—they didn’t recommend it, but it was a pretty secure area and the times I did go to the town it was tons of GI’s and every bar was full, everything was a bar. 19:00 Bars next door to each other. Interviewer: This is kind of the middle of 1967 at this point? Yeah, that was probably June and July of 1967. Interviewer: Now, on the base itself, were there a lot of Vietnamese military or civilian people there, or how did that work? They had people working there, sure. Interviewer: What kind of jobs? At that place they seemed to wash military trucks a lot, I don’t know they’d drive them into the river and wash them. That was strange and I don’t know why they washed all the trucks all the time. They had pretty good living, they had wood sided buildings with tin roofs and it wasn’t bad. We were there until the monsoon came and then the engineers move out and go to someplace where they can work again. 20:01 So, we moved to Pleiku, which was in the Central Highlands. The monsoon was over there and the mud was two feet deep and it was all red clay like in Georgia. It looked like the same kind of 10 �clay and when it dried out it was just clouds of dust. Then we had tents, just plain ten men army tents we lived in the rest of the time I was there. Interviewer: What kind of work did you do? I went out on patrol when we got calls. I went out with two other guys, we were a squad, and we went out to different bases and we checked their security, laid minefields, made maps of the minefields and updated their security. A lot of them were kind of hap hazard and they just laid mines here and there. 21:07 There was no way to service them, there were no maps, so we had to go and dig for all the old mines, dig them up and replace them and make a map. Interviewer: Now, was that very dangerous work? Would these mines go off? Oh, a mine can go off any time, but we’d go in there with a knife and we’d prod for them. We’d find them with a mine detector and then we’d prod for the mine and then slowly dig it up and disarm it. Interviewer: Now, did you find, at all, if any of the minefields had been interfered by anybody, the Vietcong, or anyone, or were they just where the guys had buried them? Well, when the first troops came to Vietnam, they just put mines around their compounds and there was really no rhyme or reason to it. 22:06 The military, all of a sudden, wanted maps of the stuff, so we went and that was one of the things we did, or if an infantry came across some tunnels, they’d chopper us in to blow the tunnels. Interviewer: How did that work? What would you do if you find a tunnel, what do you do? 11 �We’d take C-4 plastic explosives, maybe ten pounds of it, and string it around. If they could find another tunnel opening, we’d drop some down there too and then we’d run detonating cord up and blow the tunnels, but you could never really blow them, because they were on different levels and they went all over. 23:02 Interviewer: There were some pretty elaborate networks in places, so you were sealing off entrances at least, and making things a little bit harder for them for a while. Well, they’d just come back the next day and dig them all out. There was no way—I think we just blew up a few people that just happened to be in the wrong spot when it went off, but it was pretty elaborate systems we had. We’d talk to tunnel rats that had been down part of them and they’d give us an idea of how much explosive we needed and sometimes the tunnel rats would take the explosives down and run the wire back for us. Interviewer: You wouldn’t go very far into a tunnel; you might go into the entrance or opening area? I was too big, I couldn’t go in those. Interviewer: How wide were those tunnels? Physically, how large were they, the entrances? Maybe about this big 24:03 Interviewer: Maybe about two feet? You know what the Vietnamese look like. Even today they’re pretty small people and they could slip down those things. Our tunnel rats were a little bit bigger, but you couldn’t be a big person. I was too tall, I could never go down one of those things, 12 �besides I was a little bit claustrophobic when it came to—I just couldn’t picture myself down in there, but these little guys could do it, a flashlight in one hand and a forty-five in the other. I saw them do it, they were crazy. Interviewer: About how long were you stationed in Vietnam total? Was it about a year? One year Interviewer: Did the situation change while you were there? You get there in 1967, it seemed fairly quiet. The Tet Offensive of 1968 and it was the end of January, I believe, and the military knew that something was going on. 25:05 So, they pulled a lot of people out of the field, so we didn’t go out much, but we did a lot of reinforcing of our own compound and then one night it all—the Tet Offensive started, it started all over Vietnam at one time, so it just went crazy, the military, and— Interviewer: Now were you at Pleiku at this point? I was at Pleiku, I was at base camp, and we got overrun one night and we had the NVA and the Vietcong running all around the base, so people were shooting. Interviewer: So, they were actually on the base? They were on the base and killed some guards breeched the barbed wire and a lot of them had died in the claymore mines and anti-personnel mines we had and they just kept coming. 26:11 Interviewer: So, they were actually coming in and attacking, they weren’t just coming out from tunnels underneath or something like that? 13 �They didn’t come—some of the places they had tunnels in the bases, but they didn’t in ours, because Pleiku is pretty rocky and you couldn’t dig in that. They walked over their dead in the barbed wire and came through it. They streamed through in swarms. Interviewer: What were you doing while this was happening? Well, I wasn’t on duty or anything and I was just lying on my cot and when the rockets started coming in I started running out and they were shooting 122mm Russian rockets. 27:02 One came down about ten feet from me, but it was it was a metal shed on the other side, between us, and it was full of stuff, it was a good thing, because when that went off it knocked me to the ground, blew my eardrums out, gave me brain damage, and when I got up I thought I was dead, because the concussion was so horrendous that I couldn’t feel anything, couldn’t hear anything, blood was running out of my nose and out of my ears, but it was night and the flares were going off. When the next parachute flare came down I could see that I wasn’t bleeding all over, so I got up and I carried a Thompson 45 machine gun. 28:03 Just at that point a Vietcong stood up from behind a tent and I shot him in the chest and I’ll never forget the sound of that, because the Thompson shot 45 caliber ammunition, and it was soft core, just lead. It sounded just like I had hit him with a baseball bat. He went down and I couldn’t move much, because It seemed like every bone in my body was broken. I’m lying there and every flare that came down it looked like this Vietcong was moving, because those parachute flares, they swing in the air current and gives eerie shadows. I kept looking at that Vietcong thinking he was still moving. 29:01 I couldn’t believe it, but it took until the next afternoon for them to kill all the Vietcong that were on there, they were hiding everywhere. That was a big base and they were all over the place. 14 �Interviewer: How long do you stay down there on the ground watching the flares? Most of the night, there was no place to run and you didn’t know where to go. I was headed, originally, for the barrier to help secure it, but I didn’t dare go that way anymore, not after I saw the Vietcong. I thought this is—mostly what everybody did was stay in the position they were at and tried not to shoot their buddies. There was ammo flung back and forth across the compound, so you just lay on the ground. Interviewer: Right, now when you finally get up and move, is that because some other guys were coming by, or everything just got quiet? 30:01 It got to be morning and then they had a whole—they had a couple companies of infantry come through and they cleaned it up. We weren’t actually infantry, we just—we went with the infantry, but we never had to go on point or anything. Interviewer: You weren’t trained to fight as a unit or anything like that? No, there would only be two or three of us together going and they kept us in the middle, because they wanted us alive, but it was a long night and many nights after that were long, because they attacked every night. Interviewer: Were they able to break into the base again, or after that were you on guard? 31:00 After that they didn’t, no it was just a onetime thing. They, of course, they tripled the guards then and this particular place had big spotlights that came together at a point, but they came through, it was probably a breach of security, somebody sleeping originally, which happened, somebody sleeping and not paying attention, or not there and that’s how they got through. 15 �Interviewer: Now, before the Tet Offensive started, do you have any sense of, sort of, how the war was going, or were people still thinking like they were winning, or did it just seem like an endless thing that was just going on and on? Well, we had heard that there was a lot of troop movement by the Vietcong, but nobody really thought they could take on the U.S. military and such a big amount of troops. 32:08 We didn’t realize they had that many troops available. Interviewer: After you fight off the attacks, it becomes clear that ultimately the offensive is not going to succeed in taking over the country, or chasing you out, what was the morale like on the base? Were people optimistic about what was going to happen, or were they just worried about things? Nobody got any sleep from then on and it went on for a week, or two weeks, I don’t remember how long it was, but you’d just lay there. The night they breached our security there were so many of them that they called in “Puff the Magic Dragon”. Those little two prop airplanes that had miniguns. 33:01 They came in and went around and around and it was just like a fireworks display that whole night. That plane was dropping parachute flares and the artillery on the base was shooting up our flares, and that’s all they were shooting, they couldn’t shoot anything else, because they didn’t know where to shoot. They couldn’t shoot low enough to do any good anywhere else, and we had gunships coming through. It was really quite a fireworks display from the tracers from so many guns, just like a straight red streak and then all the green streaks of the enemy going back at the plane. It was just a terrific fireworks display. 34:00 Then the next day, when they finally secured the compound, we went out and picked all the bodies out of the barbed wire. There were probably a hundred and fifty, just pieces, and with so 16 �many guns they hit every square inch with bullets. There are all these bodies in just all pieces. You couldn’t pick it all up in a couple days and it was all rotting and just a horrific smell in the place. You couldn’t find enough to—it was stuck in the barbed wire and it was in the ground and anybody on guard duty around there was sick. We went through here with trash bags and picked up as much of the big pieces as we could. Interviewer: Do you have any idea how many casualties your own units took? I really don’t know, my hearing was gone, both of my eardrums were blown out and I couldn’t hear a thing. 35:07 I didn’t have any idea what was going on. Interviewer: So, what did they have you do at that point? There wasn’t much I could do. Interviewer: Were you getting medical treatment at all? Were they doing anything for you? Yeah, well there’s not much you can do for blown eardrums. The head injury, at that time, they didn’t know about that, but it was quite a while before—after that I always had ear infections too from the dirt. I got dirt in them from shell casings and all the dust from the equipment. We had some tanks and APC’s running through the compound and I got infection right away and always had trouble after that. Interviewer: How long was it before you could hear at all? 36:00 A few weeks, at least and then I lost eighty percent of my hearing in my left ear and I never got that back, that much of it I never got back. The other, I lost about forty percent in that one so, it wasn’t all that nice. Interviewer: How long did you stay in Vietnam after that attack? 17 �That ended in February—until November, no, that’s not right either. I had five months to go when I got—when my ear was—then I had a thirty day leave home and then I reported to Fort Bragg and they had no jobs for us. 37:07 I was with the 82nd Airborne there and the only thing we did was run five miles every morning. I could walk forever, but starting to run with those guys, that was a killer. It took weeks for me to be able to run the five miles, and I only weighed, when I got out of Vietnam, I weighed a hundred and fifty-three pounds, but those guys—we’d run in our underwear around the base at Fort Bragg, every morning, five miles and then after that I’d run with the regular unit. I wasn’t assigned to a regular unit, so they stuck me in a warehouse with all new trucks and they asked me to preform preventive maintenance. 38:01 So, I’d just walk around these trucks in this big warehouse all day and look at them. They were all brand new, so they didn’t need anything and that’s what I did every morning and all day long, just wander around this warehouse with a tool man and if I wasn’t visiting with him I’d just be sitting on a fender of a truck reading a book. Interviewer: To go back to Vietnam again, after you’re injured in the attack and so forth, and starting to hear and so forth, did you simply stay at Pleiku the rest of the time until you left, or did they ship you someplace else? No, I stayed in Pleiku. Interviewer: Did you help repair the mine fields, or were you not able to do that? Yeah, I went back out and I went to a lot of—I got all over the country, not all over the country, but in the general area I did a lot of towns, a lot of old bases. 39:00 Interviewer: When you’re traveling around the countryside, what did it look like, or what impressions did you have? 18 �It’s beautiful country when you’re in the air, sitting in a Huey with your legs hanging out the door and it’s gorgeous, lush and beautiful and it looked like it had a million lakes, but they were all bomb craters filled with water. Interviewer: What was it like on the ground? On the ground it was a lot different. It was rough; the countryside was rough, a lot of dirt roads and a lot of little towns. I walked through some towns; little villages and they’d have dogs hanging there for sale and if we came back that way the next day, there would still be the dog hanging there in a hundred and ten degrees. They may have cut some of the dog off for somebody, but the dog would still be hanging there. 40:07 It was really weird and something you never expected. Interviewer: Now, patrolling around the countryside, was that dangerous? Were you getting shot at, or were there booby traps and those kinds of things? I can’t say that in my travels in a helicopter that we ever got shot at, but we flew pretty high, because we didn’t get dropped--I never got dropped in any hot LZ’s or anything, but I got dropped off at a point and would be picked up by an infantry unit headed somewhere that needed something done. What we carried mostly was a rifle and a pack full of explosives, a detonating cord and C4’s and rolls of wire. 41:05 Interviewer: So, what were you using it for? Was it still blowing up tunnel entrances, or what other kind of work would you do for an infantry unit when you went out with it? What kind of work did we do? We just walked with them until they came to a place where they needed something done. Sometimes they wanted trails blocked, or trails opened. We were on the Ho Chi Minh Trail and they wanted some of that blown up and 19 �sometimes the B-52’s didn’t hit it and then they’d want something closed, maybe little paths that they’d come through on bicycles at night, so we’d blow the place. It didn’t matter because they were ingenious people and they’d be out there clearing it all out. 42:07 Interviewer: While you were there, particularly in those last months, what kind of understanding did you have of why you were there or what you were supposed to be accomplishing on a larger scale? We were in the dark, we didn’t really know, we—I saw one copy of the Stars and Stripes once and it had said how many Vietcong were killed and how few GI’s, but boy, when I saw the bodies come in on the choppers, I thought, “Boy that just doesn’t seem like these number match right”, but you really don’t see the whole picture because you’re not in all these areas. Some of the choppers that came in, I know that when I was there, they’d hose them out with a hose every time, because they were full of blood. 43:01 They would have the bodies stacked in there and it seemed surreal, it was something that you couldn’t-Interviewer: Did you have any sense of what the war, it self, was supposed to be accomplishing, or why we were there in the first place? I had no idea, really, and we did understand that it was supposed to be a communist thing, but they kept us in the dark, it was a need to know thing. The low echelon GI didn’t have to know anything, he just had to do his job. Interviewer: While you were there, were you with a lot of the same guys the whole time, or was it you were just kind of on your own and people rotating in and out? 20 �They were rotating, and I was trained by one guy and he was only two months and then he was gone and then it was different people all the time, and some were good and some bad. 44:02 The most interesting thing I saw there was one night we heard Hanoi Hannah on the radio and that was pretty interesting. She was saying something about, “The 1st Cav, you’re going to some place tomorrow and you’re going to die there”, and she knew more about it than the guys in the 1st Cav did, and she spoke perfect English and that was eerie. She was talking about different units and how they were waiting for them. “You GI’s want to die for nothing?” All that kind of psychological stuff, it was really pretty eerie to hear the enemy talk in English so well and knowing so much. You don’t really expect her to know that. Interviewer: Now, were you in a place where they brought in USO shows and that sort of stuff? Right, I saw Bob Hope once. 45:02 I don’t remember where it was, but I was at a place where Bob Hope was and I did see that. There were different shows that came through, but I don’t remember many of them, but I do remember bob Hope being there, yeah. Interviewer: Once you’re out all that and you’re back at Fort Bragg and you finish up your time, what did you do then, once you were discharged? I was discharged on November 7th, one day less than two years, that’s how it worked and I did my one year less than two years. I got out on the 7th of November and I had met a family near fort Bragg and he worked at a dealer near Fayetteville, North Carolina. The father worked at the Chrysler dealer and I met them at a lake there and my buddy and I, we went to their house every weekend. 46:06 They took us in as foster kids, and he took us fishing and he took us hunting. 21 �Interviewer: So the atmosphere in the area around fort Bragg was better than it was around Fort Leonard Wood then, or was it just an unusual family? It was just an unusual deal. GI’s aren’t liked much in a military town and they capitalize on GI’s pretty much. We didn’t go into town, we had gone to a lake that was a little way away from Fayetteville and that’s where I met the family. We got talking and they invited us over and for the next five months he and I spent the weekends at their house and it was pretty nice. We went dove hunting, fishing and he worked on my car for me and it was pretty nice. 47:00 When I got out of the service I stayed with them for two months until my mother started saying, “When are you coming home?” So, then I went home. I was pretty screwed up and I couldn’t work. It just seemed like I wanted to hide and for a month I didn’t go to work. I got—while I was in Fort Bragg they also had a program called Operation Transition to fix you up with a career and I didn’t know what to take, so I took the postal service. I didn’t know what to do, so I went through a course and they took us to the Fayetteville Post Office and I took the Civil Service exam there. I was home two days after I left Fayetteville and I got called to the post office. 48:03 So evidently they know—it was probably some WWII guy said—I said, “I don’t know if I can work right now”, and he said, “You just come in whenever you want”, so it was a month later, it was, I think it was December 23, or something, before I even went to work, or maybe after Christmas. But, I never even went to work and my mother was hounding me to go to work saying, “You better go to work”, and she had no idea I was so screwed up. Interviewer: Do you think it was a psychological thing or was it the effects of the concussion and the rest of that, or was it hard to tell? 22 �I don’t know what the problem was; I couldn’t deal with people at the time. I didn’t want to go home, actually. 49:02 While I was in Vietnam, to get by, I put my parents out of my mind. I never ever called them and I didn’t write them until my commanding officer gave me a direct order to write once a week and I had to go and show him the letter. My mom had called the Red Cross and the Red Cross called him and then we got the pressure on. I found that if I didn’t think about home I was a whole lot better off, and we had R&R’s to go to Bangkok or someplace, but I never took one because I thought, “If I ever leave this place, I’ll never come back”. Interviewer: There were plenty of guys who just did that. Did run—they didn’t give single guys R&R to Hawaii, because they would, and then you’d be in the states and yo could get a commercial flight. 50:02 So, they didn’t give you that option, but I thought, “Even if I go to Bangkok, I’ll never come back”. I didn’t think I could do it, so I never took an R&R even, not even and in country R&R. I just blocked everything out except what I was doing and I had it in my head there was nobody else to worry about except me and my buddies and it made it a lot easier for me. Interviewer: But, then you had to switch back out of that in civilian life. I couldn’t deal with my parents. It was hard, and I didn’t deal with anybody very good, but it was a long haul for years, and then, finally, in the eighties I ended up going to therapy, group therapy with other Vietnam vets. I was in therapy for five or six years, probably. 51:00 I went to a stress recovery program in North Chicago at the Great Lakes Naval Base and that was a thirty –five day program. That was tough to do too, because at first you can’t—you’re basically locked up and at first you can walk around base, but you can’t get off base, you couldn’t go home for the first week and the second 23 �weekend you could go home. It was—for me it was—you could walk out of it if you wanted to and tell them, “I can’t do it”. I was close, but I met a guy from Muskegon and he kept me in the program. He had there a week longer than me and he said, “Oh, you can do it, you can do it”, because I was ready to go home, that was too much of the military for me and it was just driving me crazy. Interviewer: So, what would they do that would actually help relieve stress? 52:00 We had a trauma group with about seven people in each trauma group. You’d tell them your trauma and they’d talk about it and it was really a wonderful program, but it was just tough for me, initially, to be in that kind of a structured thing, but I—there were guys that were worse than me. Interviewer: But, when you were initially getting out, or you were at Fort Bragg, or that kind of thing, was the army making much available, or was there stuff out there that you could have turned to earlier that you didn’t really think about? I have no idea, and they never mentioned anything, the military never mentioned anything about anything like that. Interviewer: Now, a lot of the guys, when they come out of Vietnam, they found that they, generally, didn’t even want anybody to know that they had been there. No one talked about it, no. 53:01 Interviewer: Why didn’t you talk about it? That’s a good question, why didn’t they talk about it? I drank beer with guys I worked with that were in Vietnam and they were hurt too and they—it’s a funny thing, we never, ever mentioned it, nobody ever mentioned it. I didn’t know any of them were even veterans, and I never thought of it to ask, it didn’t come to my head. It was really strange 24 �until one day I was walking with—a guy and I were carpooling and we were walking down the ramp, downtown in Grand Rapids, down the side ramp along the river and right below us was a Vietnamese in a row boat, fishing. 54:00 This guy I rode with, we took turns driving, he said to me, he said, “What I wouldn’t give for a frag right now”, and I looked down and it was a Vietnamese and I said, “Man, I never thought I’d see a Vietnamese again”. And that was another thing when the Vietnamese started coming over, that was really tough to take, I just couldn’t—I had a hard time with that. I never expected to see another one, but of course, the young generation now, they know nothing about the war, so I’ve kind of come to grips with that, but it’s—I never quite get over them. Interviewer: To look back on the whole thing now, do you see any positive effects from the time that you spent in the military? Oh, the military itself, I think, is fine. I think a lot of kids should have it and I think my own son should be in it. 55:02 With these wars that they now, like Vietnam was all a fake thing, the Gulf of Tonkin was all a fiasco, that was just a big lie just to get us in there, and all the dead bodies from Vietnam, fifty eight thousand plus, it’s pretty sad. Now I see, now I’m the chairman of the Kent County Soldiers and Sailors Relief Commission, and now I see a lot of these younger Gulf War vets that have problems and it’s the same thing, the same problems they have. A lot of them can’t work. Interviewer: Are they getting better support, at least, than you were getting coming out of Vietnam? Are there more places they can go and more people who can help them? 25 �They don’t think so, it’s more in the forefront now, there’s more opportunity to get help, but the military and the VA doesn’t look for these guys, they’d rather not see them. 56:09 But, if they do end up there, they will help them. They should have helped them earlier, or given them an option for help, but the only thing they did for me when I—I was going to reenlist, they kept thinking I was going to, so they were pretty happy with me. I was going to go up in rank right away and then I got to thinking about it and thought, “Boy, this is only 1968 and I could go back to Vietnam again”, and I thought, “I made it out once and I’m not sure I could make it out twice”, so up until the last day, they thought I was going to reenlist and then I said, “No, out the door”. 57:00 I did get a physical and I did get a service number for compensation and that was good, because years later when my hearing got a lot worse, I needed it then. It was hard getting it, because the old card they gave me, in Battle Creek they said, “We never saw a card like this”, and then I put in a claim for compensation and I did—I saw a doctor and I never heard anything for a year, not a word, so I—Paul Henry was a Representative and my cousin, Walt DeLange, was a Representative, so I wrote my cousin, Walt DeLange, a letter saying, “It’s a funny thing, it didn’t take them long to draft me, but when I got a claim I don’t hear a thing”. 58:06 He sent it right to Paul Henry and three days later the VA in Detroit called me, isn’t that a miracle? Then things started to roll, but for one solid year I never heard one word, one letter, nothing. I had no idea if they ever got my paperwork, or anything, but once you get ahold of a representative thing change. Interviewer: To conclude here, I’d like you to tell me a little bit about the work you’re doing now and the kinds of things you’re doing to support veterans coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan and all that. 26 �We help wartime veterans, which would be Iraq or—there’s different dates and, of course, Iraq is still going on, so we help them if they get behind on utilities or if they have a major catastrophe. 59:08 If they need something, we help with fuel bills, if they need a car fixed to go to work, that s what the Kent County Soldiers Relief Commission does and it’s funded by Kent County. We have one fulltime man in the office that deals with this and if there’s a question about something he calls one of us, usually me, because I’m chairman, but if I’m not available one of the other members, and I deal with the Kent County Commission, Paul Mayhue, I had a meeting with him lately and Judge Murkowski, who’s in charge of the—kind of oversees, but he really has nothing to say, he’s just kind of a figurehead. 00:04 If he has a question about—Oh, we get complaints from people that think they should have help, but they either don’t qualify, because of the money they make, or they’ve been helped recently, so then, usually the commissioners get a—Kent county commissioners get a letter and then if it gets real serious Judge Murkowski calls me and I meet with him and we go through it, but it’s a good thing, it’s really a good program and a lot of counties don’t have much of that, Kent County is about the best one. Interviewer: About how many people do you think you, maybe, help, or work with in a year? Oh, a couple hundred, we have plenty of phone calls. 1:01 And if we can’t help them our man will tell them to contact DSS, or sometimes the Salvation Army has a program that will help them. There’s different—a lot of them are veterans, but they don’t qualify in the timeframe and then we ship them to some other organization the, possibly, can help them. 27 �Interviewer: You’re talking timeframes, within a certain time since they were discharged? Vietnam was, I think, 1962 to 1975; if you were in the service during that time we can help. Interviewer: Then would you cover the Gulf, the 1991 Gulf War? Right, up to when the first Gulf War ended and then now, of course with Iraq it’s continuing. 2:08 We don’t see a lot of the new ones yet, but we deal with—we tell them how to get—a lot of times they deserve compensation and we steer them to a service officer that we know that will take care of it and that helps, because the military and the VA, doesn’t just come out and tell you what you can do. You’ve got to find this out for yourself, and it’s kind of a hide and seek thing. If yo don’t know it they’re going to put you off. They’re not going to give you anything unless you know where to go, and that’s what we try to do, we try to help the ones that need it. 3:00 of course, some you have— often you have people who come back that are just chronic users of the system and they cause the most trouble, but other than that, we help a lot of people. It’s just Kent County and the trouble is, you get calls from Ottawa County or Allegan County and they just live across the border, but it’s a shame, but you can’t help them. Ottawa County doesn’t have much of anything and most counties don’t. Interviewer: Given where state budgets are and things like that, there are not a whole lot of resources for some of these things. Right and I sign the burials for all the veterans, a lot of WWII now, and I sign, if they’re under certain, have a certain limited amount of money, we give them money for a burial. 28 �4:03 We see to it they get a military bronze plaque, so I see a lot of burials now for WWII. Interviewer: We’re doing our best to catch up with them while we still can. It’s about eighteen hundred a day, now, I guess. Interviewer: Well, it sound like it’s good work that you’re doing and thank you for coming in and talking to us today. Thank you very much. 4:28 29 �30 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context OndersmaP Title A name given to the resource Ondersma, Peter (Interview transcript and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ondersma, Peter Description An account of the resource Peter Ondersma was born in Orlando, Florida and moved to Michigan in 1955 when he was 8 years old. Peter went to school in Grand Rapids, Michigan and graduated in 1966 and was drafted into the Army shortly after graduation. He began basic training in Fort Knox, Kentucky and then moved on to combat engineer training in Missouri. While in Vietnam Peter worked on maintaining the security of bases, sweeping and laying mines, and destroying underground tunnels. He was injured by mortar fire during the Tet Offensive and kept on limited duty for the rest of his service. Peter is now the chairman of the Kent County Soldiers Relief Commission where he works to help veterans with financial problems. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-06-24 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b11323172874d7ae0db9c68855db1340.mp3 67f683e1e99356486fb3d626bd2c8d85 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Eastertide VI Series On Being an Easter People Scripture Text I Corinthians 12: 4, 12 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19900520 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-05-20 Title A name given to the resource One Body of Christ: Diversity of Gifts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on May 20, 1990 entitled "One Body of Christ: Diversity of Gifts", as part of the series "On Being an Easter People", on the occasion of Eastertide VI, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: I Corinthians 12: 4, 12. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/20d3a03d292634d1927daafcf2b231fc.mp3 43694e07283933ca40eef23993bafd87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost XX Scripture Text Numbers 11:29, Ephesians 4:11-12 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19911006 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-10-06 Title A name given to the resource One Body: Shared Ministry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on October 6, 1991 entitled "One Body: Shared Ministry", on the occasion of Pentecost XX, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Numbers 11:29, Ephesians 4:11-12. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ca4aefcf978a1672a77c9a56d34d3172.mp3 193b754dea9ae232be2c4ebef8d57e38 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a08e728c9a3a7c7c52846f80d75597f3.pdf fa0483f0fd753c11e9fef7dc23cf0b20 PDF Text Text One Church, One World – Always in Transition World Wide Communion Text: Jeremiah 1:9-10; Acts 5:39 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan Pentecost XVII, October 4, 1992 Transcription of the spoken sermon ...I have put my words in your mouth. See, today I appoint you over nations and over kingdoms, to pluck up and to pull down, to destroy and to overthrow, to build and to plant. Jeremiah 1:910 ...if it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them - in that case you may even be found fighting against God! Acts 5:39 Time Magazine comes to my rescue again. This is a special issue, fall of 1992 – “Beyond the Year 2000 - What to Expect in the New Millennium.” It is a very interesting issue, which deals with some futuring prognostication of where things will be in century 21. It reminds us that we are in the stream of history. Our lives are enmeshed in history, and there is no way we can extricate ourselves from it. We are moving toward century 21 - one day at a time. And, as that hinge point of history comes about, we will celebrate not only the entrance of a new year and a new decade, but a new century and a new millennium. We are in the tide of history and we will move with it - whether we wish to or not. I remember a couple of decades ago a popular song that expresses our human resistance to the inevitability of change and movement. The words went something like this: Make the world go away. Take it off my shoulders. Say the things you used to say, and make the world go away.” We imagine that the Golden Age is behind us. We delude ourselves with the thought that in a former day things were neater, finer, manageable, somehow together. In the midst of the ambiguity and the chaos of our present existence, we long for someone to make the “world go away.” For someone to “say the things they used to say.” But to no avail, for we move in history - whether we wish to or not. And how does one keep one’s balance? How does one keep a sense of who one is? And to whom one belongs? And what one is called to be and to do? In this inexorable movement of history, open-ended toward the future, how do you find your way? Well, let me suggest that, because we are enmeshed in history, we must be immersed in ritual. I have been hammering away at that - the sacramental © Grand Valley State University   �One Church, One World, in Transition Richard A. Rhem Page 2   character of the church. Last week I said that it is the experience of worship that is the medium of traditioning. And don't you think I was excited to have my prejudices confirmed when I read the article entitled “Kingdoms to Come,” by Richard Osling? He is the Religious Editor of Time who prognosticates about the future of religion 100 years hence. Of course, he is imagining, making a guess how it will be. And we will probably not be around in order to see whether he was right. But listen to this paragraph: Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy with their emphasis on ritual are well suited to a world in which few people bother to read. Theology is a dying art. School children are ignorant of the Bible and hence the rest of their spiritual heritage. The Post Literate Era has been especially difficult for Protestantism which depended so heavily on rationalism and reading. Although old style Protestants are shrinking in numbers, they retain outsized influence because so many of them remain book readers and are thus, inevitably, leaders of the economic ruling class on all continents. He is saying what I said last week that – in the case of the Roman Catholic Church under oppression in Eastern Europe - it was that implicit faith, it was that spiritual formation at the core of a person that only comes through immersion in ritual, in the worship that becomes mindless because it is so much a part of our depths. It is that that enables us to maintain the tradition and to keep the tradition alive. Now, I will qualify to say that I am not going to stop thinking or reading or preaching. I don't think one has to do one or the other. I will acknowledge also that ritual can become mindless in the sense of empty, thoughtless, meaningless, and that it can be a manipulative tool. But I will come back to my thesis that I have been sharing with you more and more over the last year or two, and especially in the last months, that it is the sacramental character of the Church ritual – that acts out what we believe, that will allow us, in the midst of the rush of history's inexorable movement, a sense of identity. It can enable us to know who we are and give us a vehicle by which to tradition the rising generation in their enmeshment in history. We need the immersion in ritual in order to continue to be who we are. Now I will also say that the only way that it is possible, in the stream of history, to remain the same is to continue to change. To do the same things, we must do things differently. The thing I love about this congregation is the openness to make those changes as time moves and as history unfolds. In order to do the same thing, a willingness to do things differently. There is more on the fork of this congregation this morning than most churches could handle in a decade. In a few moments we will ordain our Eucharistic celebrants, a new class that has been called and trained and equipped to share the sacrament with you. I can remember the day that the idea dawned on us (not knowing at the time that there were other traditions that had been doing it for a long time!). Colette and I were © Grand Valley State University �One Church, One World, in Transition Richard A. Rhem Page 3   talking about the children. We so wanted them to be receptive to the tradition of weekly Eucharist. Yet the 8:30 a.m. service wasn't really doing it. Parents didn't often attend that service with their children. There was a realization that if it was really going to happen for them it needed to happen in their Worship Centers. In order for that to happen, their teachers would need to be prepared. And suddenly the idea just dawned in a moment of insight. Intuitively we knew that it was right. The consistory approved it and we have tested it for a year. Now they have given us unanimous approval to continue. So again this morning we will ordain a new group of people whose life will be in a special way committed to the sacraments of the church. And as the eucharist liturgy is experienced this morning, the children remain here, in order that they may connect what we do here with what they do in their Worship Centers weekly, in order that when they come to their own years of discretion and adulthood and responsibility, they will have been exposed there and here, to the power and meaning of sacrament in the midst of worship. Traditioning them in the context of worship where the heart, the being, is open to all and to the wonder of God. Not a rational, intellectual, pedagogical, didactic attack on them week after week, but the invitation to come and to worship. To hear the story, yes, but to hear the story in a way that brings it into their present experience - moves them at their deepest level. If you want one more reason to congratulate yourselves on a morning like this where we do these innovative things, come at 11:30 when a new form of governance will be suggested to you. In order that this large and dynamic institution may continue to do the same things it has always done, it is going to have to do things differently. It is always incumbent upon us to move with history's flow and in order to do the same thing we must keep on changing. We hate it. Often we resist it. There is something in us which would love to have all the loose ends tied up. The Word of God has always been addressed to those who would absolutize that which is only relative. To make absolute something which is only temporary is to fall into idolatry. The prophets had always to come to Israel. God said to Jeremiah, “Speak to my people.” Jeremiah said, “Not me.” God said, “Yes, you. I touch your lips. Now go and uproot, pull down, destroy.” The Word of God destroy? The Word of God uprooting? The Word of God pulling down? Yes. Pulling down our idols. Shattering our systems, our comfortable ways of being and doing. The Word of God always comes as a word of judgment in order that grace may come. In order that that word may also plant and build. A classic instance of how God's people always block themselves against the newness of God's spirit is the fact that the Jewish authorities rejected the Messiah and crucified the Lord of Glory. Oh I wish there had been enough Gamaliel's around. In the wake of the resurrection Jerusalem was being turned upside down. With apostolic witness, Gamaliel said to the Sanhedrin, “Look, why are you so overwrought? Why do you © Grand Valley State University �One Church, One World, in Transition Richard A. Rhem Page 4   feel so self-important that the whole world is somehow or other in your hands? Remember Thadeus? Well he was quite a number, but he didn't last long. Do you remember Judas, the Galilean? He had a thing going but it came to nothing.” Gamaliel said, “My friends, if this thing is of human origin it will fail, but if it is of God, you'll not be able to overthrow it. And you might even find yourself fighting God.” Oh, that there might have been more Gamaliel's in the history of the Church when the Church fell into idolatry, making absolute what is only relative, wanting something to be eternal which was only for a certain time. Oh that the wisdom of Gamaliel might prevail in the Church as it negotiates the future and moves toward century 21. There is a way that we can remain faithful and solid and certain in the midst of all the uncertainty. But it is not the risky word of the preacher. It is bread and cup, and water and oil: concrete vehicles of Grace that will allow us to negotiate uncharted waters, to take on any storm, to face any confusion, and to be able to say, “Nevertheless, this bread and this cup speak to me of God's forever neverending love.” These sacraments nurture deep within us a fundamental trust, an implicit trust - in God, in God's Grace, in God's presence with us, in God's Spirit, shattering our forms and renewing our lives: bread, cup, water, oil: sacramental signs which point to God's foundational love deep down in things. So that we can know, come what may, that all will be well - and all will be well, and all manner of things will be well. Trust God. Eat. Drink. Trust. All will be well. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost XVII Series Worldwide Communion Scripture Text Jeremiah 1:9-10, Acts 5: 39 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19921004 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-10-04 Title A name given to the resource One Church, One World - Always in Transition Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on October 4, 1992 entitled "One Church, One World - Always in Transition", as part of the series "Worldwide Communion", on the occasion of Pentecost XVII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Jeremiah 1:9-10, Acts 5: 39. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives All Will Be Well Church Ritual Sacrament Tradition https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/deaeb2e2f2c369864611a6917435fb72.mp3 b90f08f02952113a7ec343840072b3fb https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/de9b125fa5e4f8940966a940737209a5.pdf 770a0af46478c1d54ff7423dada17174 PDF Text Text One Covenant – One World in Christ From the series: The One Covenant of Grace – The Salvation of the World Text: Genesis 17:7; Ephesians 1:1-10; 4: 4-6 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan World Wide Communion Sunday, October 4, 1987 Transcription of the spoken sermon The story of human salvation begins in the barren womb of a ninety-year-old woman. Hidden in the closing paragraph of Genesis 11 just prior to the call of Abraham in Genesis 12:1-3 is the seemingly insignificant piece of trivia. There we read, "Sarai was barren; she had no child." The biblical writer did not by accident add that little piece of information. The barrenness of Sarah's womb was an eloquent sign of the barrenness of the human situation - a situation of alienation, guilt, fear and hopelessness - indeed, a situation whose remedy alone could be the intervention of God, Creator, new to become Redeemer, Saviour. Now the story of salvation begins, a story of grace embracing the aged couple, entering into a covenant relationship with Abraham to whom would be born the miracle child, Isaac, the gift of the God Who promised, "Your descendants shall be as numerous as the stars in the sky." Today around the world Christians will gather around the Table of our Lord witnessing to their faith in God through Jesus Christ and, whether in the awesome beauty of St. Peter's in Rome or a gathering in someone's family room, they will be witnessing to their unity in Christ and will thereby be counted as Abraham's seed. As we celebrate Holy Communion with the whole Church throughout the world, I want to introduce a theme we will be discussing for the next few weeks - the theme of "The One Covenant of Grace - The Salvation of the World." It is my purpose to unfold the historical track of God's saving action – from the inauguration of the Covenant of Grace with Abraham through the history of Israel, the event of Jesus Christ to the continuation of that Covenant in the Christian Church – indeed, to the present experience which is ours as Christ Community. There is only one story of the Bible; it is the story of the gracious God working within the stream of history for the salvation of the human family and the realization of His eternal plan and purpose in the realization of God's Kingdom. © Grand Valley State University   �One Covenant – One World in Christ Richard A. Rhem Page 2   Paul witnessed to that eternal plan and purpose in that beautiful statement of God's cosmic purpose in Ephesians 1:9-10. Paul was amazed that he should have been given insight into God's hidden purpose now revealed in Jesus Christ. What was God's long-held secret? The secret was a purpose which He formed in His own mind before time began so that the periods of time should be controlled and administered until they reached their full development, a development in which all things, in heaven and upon earth, are gathered into one in Jesus Christ. That is an amazing claim; there one has a statement of eternal dimension and cosmic scope. Paul understood in the revelation given him by Jesus Christ what God intended eternally and what God was working out historically - a salvation of cosmic scope. How was that eternal plan being effected within history? The answer is the one Covenant of Grace. Beginning in barrenness, God called Abraham to inaugurate the process. Now God would choose one to reach many; now God would make a particular choice with a universal intent. God gave Himself to Abraham in a binding covenantal relationship to which God pledged His faithfulness and steadfastness. The formal covenant statement appears in Genesis 17:7. I will fulfill my covenant between myself and you and your descendants after you, generation after generation, an everlasting covenant, to be your God, yours and your descendants’ after you. That was God's strategy: Covenant relationship, a Covenant of Grace. God began small; one man, one woman, one family. From Abraham and Sarah came Isaac and then Jacob and then the twelve sons of Jacob whose name was changed to Israel. The twelve sons became the twelve tribes, the nation, and from the people of Israel issued Jesus in the wake of whose resurrection and ascension the Spirit of Jesus was given in full measure creating the Church. It is one line, the unfolding of the one Covenant of Grace. Covenant is a rich biblical word. The Hebrew word is berith. The Greek word used to translate it in the Greek Old Testament translation is diatheke. There is a long, much debated discussion on the origin and meaning of these terms, but it is clear that the meaning of berith must be determined by its scriptural usage. That being the case, we are faced with the fact that the Greek and English translations do not in themselves adequately convey the Hebrew usage. Thus to translate berith by covenant is not enough, for this is no ordinary human agreement or contract involving mutuality and reciprocity. As John Milton writes in God’s Covenant of Blessing: The religious berith is in one sense unilateral: it is God alone who initiates the covenant always. It is intended to become a mutual agreement, and © Grand Valley State University �One Covenant – One World in Christ Richard A. Rhem Page 3   does so become, by the response of man to it; but in its origin the berith is unilateral: it is God's covenant with man. (p. 5) He adds, The direction of the covenant is from God to man. The covenant originates with Him; He speaks the words: He lays down the conditions; it is His covenant, which takes on the aspect of mutuality when the people respond by accepting the terms and by promising to be obedient. (p. 6) God takes the initiative; the Covenant is God's binding of Himself to the human person, the human family. It is not a necessary arrangement; it is a gracious arrangement initiated, ratified and guaranteed by the faithfulness of God. The human person is called to respond, to trust, to obey, to act faithfully toward the Covenant God. But God is the ground and guarantor of the relationship. That, then, is God's strategy - to enter into a gracious, personal relationship with a person, a family, a nation, a people, having thereby an instrument by which to reach the whole world. That God makes a covenant with men, whether it be with an individual or with a community of individuals, is the same as to say that he acts in relation to them with gracious purpose; that he seeks fellowship with them and offers fellowship to them; and not least, that he calls them into a holy partnership of service in relation to other men. The covenant is a way of interpreting history which recognizes the presence and activity of God in the historical process; which believes that God has set a goal for human history, and has given to men whom he has called a divine mission relevant to that goal ... God reveals himself in the making and keeping of covenant; the covenant which from the beginning had as its gracious purpose and goal the salvation of the world, a redeemed humanity, a people for God's own possession, a holy nation, (p. 15F) Thus, in the strategy of calling a particular people, God has always had as a goal the salvation of the whole world. Today the Christian Church which through Jesus Christ (Abraham's Seed) has entered into the Covenant Community witnesses to its recognition that it is essentially one body. Paul had no doubt about the oneness of the Church and in his Ephesian letter gives a moving call to Spare no effort to make fast with bonds of peace the unity which the Spirit gives. For, he goes on, © Grand Valley State University �One Covenant – One World in Christ Richard A. Rhem Page 4   There is one body and one Spirit, as there is also one hope held out in God’s call to you; one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all. (Ephesians 4:3-6) From the one gracious God issues the one covenant of grace, which creates one redeemed people, called to witness to the whole world until God's eternal purpose of salvation is realized. Let me set four fundamental biblical words before you as you gather before this Table of our one Lord. The first is predestination. How many specters does not that heavily freighted word conjure up! But, reflect for a moment; is not that precisely what Paul is pointing to in Ephesians 1:9-10? The secret was a purpose which he formed in his own mind before time began…in which all things, in heaven and upon earth, are gathered into one in Jesus Christ. That is a "Wow!" statement. Predestination points to God's eternal intention to effect salvation on a cosmic scale - a renewed heaven, a renewed earth, a renewed humanity. The second word is election. That word, too, has been so disastrously abused, the source of religious pride and arrogant self-righteousness. But to what does it refer? To God's choice and call of a family, a nation, a people to be His special community for the bringing of light and salvation to all people. Election is not the choice of some to the exclusion of the rest, but the choice of some on behalf of the rest. The third word is covenant. That word speaks of that gracious, personal relationship to which God gives Himself, in which He binds Himself to a people, whom He has called, chosen, to mediate His grace to the world; a people He loves, nurtures and faithfully preserves, having redeemed them and commissioned them to be His special people through which to reach the world. The fourth word is mission. The eternal plan and purpose of God - God's predecision to be gracious, to redeem the world; God's election of a people to be the instrument of that gracious salvation; God's initiation of a binding covenant relationship with that chosen people - all of that has the end and goal in mind that the world might be saved. The salvation of the world is God's intention and the election of a Covenant Community is for the purpose of mission to the world. Again - God chooses some, not to the exclusion of the rest, but on behalf of the rest. © Grand Valley State University �One Covenant – One World in Christ Richard A. Rhem Page 5   Before us is set the Table of our Lord Jesus Christ. On the Table are bread and wine, signs of his body and blood, broken and poured out for the life of the world. In the bread and wine we are reminded, In Eternity God determined to create and redeem the world; in the course of history He called a people upon whom from eternity He had set His love. With that people, He entered into a binding relationship initiated by Himself - a covenant relationship - in order that that people might be the means by which light and salvation will be brought to the world. How ought we respond to such an amazing scenario? Would it not be the only appropriate response to stand before God with wonder and awe? Should not being chosen fill us with amazement, humility and gratitude? And particularly - must we not be in solidarity with all sisters and brothers of the faith - for there is one Body, one Spirit, one hope, one faith, one baptism, one Lord, one God and Father of us all and in solidarity with the whole world which seeing our unity, will see a sign of the unity of the Father and the Son - the love of God for the whole world? None other than Jesus prayed for such unity that the world may know... ... may they all be one. ... that the world may believe ... Then the, world will learn that thou didst send me, that thou didst love them... John 17:20-23 One day the whole world will know. The universal scope evident with the initial giving of the Covenant to Abraham will be realized. I heard a loud voice proclaiming from the theme: “Now at last God has his dwelling among men! He will dwell among them and they shall be his people, and God himself will be with them. He will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be an end to death, and to mourning and crying and pain; for the old order has passed away! Revelation 21:3-4 Amen and Amen! © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event World Wide Communion Pentecost XVIII Series One Covenant of Grace - the Salvation of the World Scripture Text Genesis 17:7, Ephesians 1:9-10, 4:4-6 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19871004 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-10-04 Title A name given to the resource One Covenant - One World In Christ Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on October 4, 1987 entitled "One Covenant - One World In Christ", as part of the series "One Covenant of Grace - the Salvation of the World", on the occasion of World Wide Communion, Pentecost XVIII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Genesis 17:7, Ephesians 1:9-10, 4:4-6. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Covenant God of Grace Hebrew Scriptures Salvation of all https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dcdf599445422d40fed699684f44513c.jpg 7a40804813f0a6ccbdc584502d99e78a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/302047f009d45523c4f8d5b41a0ec55f.jpg 96eed650035ac47d5c41c671917cc658 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource One flag for the whole country Description An account of the resource Design shows female figure holding flag and banner in the beak of an eagle with "One flag for the whole country." Design in red and blue on white envelope. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-49_PE023 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Postal service--United States--History Covers (Philatety)--United States--History Patriotic envelopes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War patriotic envelopes, (RHC-49)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9af65a96493997107d95f9ac94ba1a77.jpg 2478aaed719a67f64abed9a128c0928c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-30 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource One of Our Ovens Description An account of the resource A photo of a man operating a large commercial oven. The caption reads "This latest type of rotating, gas heated oven holds 240 pies, employs the latest feature of top and bottom heat control." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1538a0e11adfc2e671afa89c32239eac.jpg b3ef9bb2f88e8ec90b1bc52aef91959a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-31 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource One of Our Refrigerators Description An account of the resource A sepia toned picture of the inside of a commercial refrigerator. There are boxes stacked six high. Several of them are tipped, revealing their contents to be apples. Several troughs have peeled and sugared apples in them. The caption describes the process of refrigeration. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0c82cd302ff3539d9e1554a74686581a.jpg 79130a656245e665fb22f7b6c8507eb9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000253 Title A name given to the resource One of the colleges first racing shells Description An account of the resource College administrators holding racing shell as rowing is initiated as the first sport offered by Grand Valley. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Sports College administrators Rowing Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fa26b2fd8598e214ec76e6d05a76ddb2.mp3 ea2375c30f9221dc16c3d0b9987961ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Epiphany VII Series A Littlefair Legacy Scripture Text Isaiah 46:1-4, Psalm 8 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20040222 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-02-22 Title A name given to the resource One Reality - Rigorous Science, Passionate Religion Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on February 22, 2004 entitled "One Reality - Rigorous Science, Passionate Religion", as part of the series "A Littlefair Legacy", on the occasion of Epiphany VII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Isaiah 46:1-4, Psalm 8. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Natural religion https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8df59f6c2cec8221615af0e1b565c7d6.pdf a89b247933bb03d05887d38f4964ce1e PDF Text Text One Week in MtJ© by Pieter and Adriana Termaat as told to Keith Term:i.at Spring norimlly canes early in the Netherlands, and this spring of 1944 is no exception. The Gulf Stream flowing from the Ol.ribbean to Hollandts shores, brings tropical waters to lowlands that would otherwise be frozen in arctic ice. Warm April winds tease buds, blossans and leaves into feathery foliage. The famous tulips are normally in riotous bloan by Miy. Sadly there are few tulips this May. The bulbs have long ago been ground up, mixed with potato and wheat flour and baked into bread to feed a population systenntically deprived of the means of survival by the G:?rzmn Occupation. Diffodils are seen, their poison keeps them from being eaten. The area around the town of Alkrmar, located in the Northwest peninsula of Holland, consists of drained lakes known as polders. It is normally a vast vegetable growing areaJ but not in the form of large fields. Instead hundreds of srrn.11 islands, each no more than ten meters by thirty and barely above water are laboriously tilled by hand. Here, though diminished by the GerMn Occupation, there is enough food for the local population. Potatoes, cabbage, car rots and even milk and cheese provide meager sustenance, but assured survival. It is for survival that Pieter Tenmat and his wife Jannie moved with their two toddler sons fran Alkrmar to nearby Broek-op-La.ngedijk, comoonly known as Broek (brooke), in the middle of a polder. From here, Pieter runs his accountancy practice which also serves as a cover for his clandestine activities in the Netherlands' Resistance Movement. Sunday in Broek is very quiet. The sounds of water, birds and the ever present wind are undisturbed by hmmn traffic. The conservative farmers leave hane only to attend the 100rning and evening church services. The village is isolated, there being only one access road fran Alkmaar on a dike flanked by water on both sides. Pieter and his family live in a rented parsonage on this access road which doubles as the ma.in street for Broek. It is nearly five otclock as Pieter prepares himself for church. Jannie attended the morning service while her husband cared for the youngsters. She will babysit tonight. Their familiar routine is interrupted by the doorbell. It is their friend Evert Brink. rrwe don't have time for explanations, you must leave imrediately. They're coming for you this evening. n Q.ii ckly, a trustworthy neighbor is cal led to bring a crate in his punt, a flat ~Jttaned, pointed wooden boat typical of the region. The entire house is grimly purged of all evi de nee pointing to the Resistance. Weapons, newspapers, counterfeit ration cards and ID's are packed and taken by boat to be buried on one of the farrrer's island plots. The crate ~ill not be found. The islands are virtually identical and there is more water than land. ©February 1986 �-2"Now go," says Evert. "Toke the bicycle path behind the white church in St. Pancras to Koedi jk. If the pontoon bridge over the North Holland canal is unguarded , cane directly to our house. I will take the dike road through St. Pancras and Oudorp and link up with you at hane." Pieter hastily bids Jannie farewell and reviews again the business trip alibi for his absence. The purported business trip is backed up by financial docunents kept in readiness for rapid flight. The documents describe the sale of stock options in a venture to build cold storage warehouses for export imrediately after the war. Pieter leaves quietly so as not to arouse suspicion, taking his toothbrush and pajamas but no luggage . Worrisanely, Jannie watches him go. and the boys The town of Alkrmar lies off the track of rmjor World War II battles, this is as quiet a day as has occurred since the invasion four years ago. There is just a srmll Genmn garrison here. Toe Nazi authorities in hnsterdarn have learned to rely on an effective network of Nether lander spies to rrai ntai n control. A D..ltch front is kept on that control by the local police department in Alkrm.ar which patrols traffic and roonitors ordinary personal conduct • On this Sunday, 7 May 1944, the police station is manned only by officer Jacob van Di jk, a relative newcaner to this traditional town. Jacob v.tl.S born and raised in Kampen, about 150 kilometers to the Southeast. It is midday and his mind wanders to the swat teams recently organized by the Netherland's Resistance Movement. The local team, of mich he is a part, is armed and assigned to violently harass Nazi operations and installations. His day-dream is inte~rupted by an attractive young wanan. nMay I rmke a long distance call to ..Amsterdam?" Her ID shows her to be a C£stapo agent so Jacob has no recourse but to allow the call. Mrs. Fransje de Munk rings Gestapo headquarters which is located on the Euterpestraat in hnsterdam. Jacob busies himself with paperwork as she informs the Gerrmn authorities that she was provided false identity papers by one Pieter Terrraat, a resident of the nearby village of Broek. Jacob does not react as she req1.Jests authority to arrest his cousin Pieter inmediately. Jacob's shift will be over in a few hours, at three o'clock. He is anxious to get hcxne but plans to alert the Resistance. On his way home he stops by a trusted nanber of the Resistance, Evert Brink, and tells him of the afternoon 1 s happening. "You must warn Pieter now," he urgently advises. "He has to go into hiding.n . Without hesitation Evert jmnps on his bicycle, his only transportation, and begins the eight kilometer trip to Broek. Jannie can 1 t sleep Sunday night. Her two little boys sleep soundly in cribs in the rrester bedro001. The shutters are closed and the doors are locked as she lays in bed wai ting and listening to night sounds, fearing the sound of footsteps . They don't come. Toe following rmrning, she takes the boys to Alkroo.ar on her bicyc le, one in a seat up front and the other on the luggage rack, and drops them of f at her rother 1 s . �-3- She manages to reach Evert Brink's house undetected to tell Pieter that there had been no sign of the Gerimns at the parsonage. It is decided he will stay away another day to be sure. "Has our swat team been warned?" he asks. "Yes." Jannie reassures, and leaves to pick up the children and go hane, pretending all is well. The day drags on. That same day a list of Resistance fighters and other citizens targeted for being taken hostage is left exposed in the office of Mayor Stoutjesdijk of Broek, a Nazi sympathizer. The oldest daughter of neighbor Jacob Balder, who works in the office, sees the list and alerts everyone. Pieter and Jannie Termaat are not listed, a ruse suggesting that the exposure was deliberate. Warned, their neighbors do not sleep Tuesday night and see the cars pull up to the parsonage in the preda~~ darkness. And they see the soldiers surround the house and invade it. Jannie lay lightly sleeping until jerked awake by the noise of a gunbutt slamning into the front door. She runs to the door wearing only her nightgown, fearing they will break in by force. The soldiers rush in as Jannie runs back to the bedroan to cover herself with the first thing she sees, a grey sunrner coat with thirteen buttons. She checks on her babies. The soldiers follow and feel both sides of the bed for warmth as evidence that two people had lain sleeping. The surrounded house is thoroughly searched in a matter of minutes as Jannie steadfastly sticks to the business trip story. The S.S. officer coomrnding the ten men wears an overpowering perfume, unmanly in that era. Mlyor Stoutjesdijk of Broek is also there. The soldiers search under the bed and in the closets, everyv.here! All the V¥tlile the S.S. cornmnder keeps Jannie under close surveillance. He asks a question and imrediately beams a bright flashlight in her face. Then he drops the hand holding the light to his side until the next question. In her presence, he personally searches the house, including books to look for hidden docmients. Jannie sees armed men outside the kitchen window. It is the same in other roans. Nien the officer climbs the rickety ladder to an attic storage roan, she mockingly tells him 1 "Be careful! Saneone else fell frCIIl there." He irrrrediately jumps down not knowing mether to take her seriously. Soon after, they leave and Jannie steps outside to see how oony zren are uniformed and how IIll.ny are civilian collaborators. She wants this information to warn the Resistance but is roughly ordered inside before she can see them all. Later that morning she sends the word out, "They have been here." What a relief! They found nothing. ...... After the G?stapo search, the perft.nred officer is identified as the feared Friedrich Cllristia.n Viehbahn S.S., Aide-de--Qunp to S.S. Stunnbannfuhrer Willy La.ges frcm headquarters in .Amsterdam. This level of attention hightens the danger All sv.-rat team rrembers are warned to stay away. Only Jacob Balder stays home, his wife is seven months pregnant with their sixth child, Despite Jannie's repeated warnings, he cannot bring himself to go. Arrested on June 23 bv S.S. Viebahn and Ruhl, aided by the traitor Kuiper, he is shot on July 16 in the sand-dunes near Overveen along with fourteen other Resistance fighters. On this spot, between Haarlem and Z9.ndvoort, rest the remains of 371 figh ters in ~nat is now the Nationa l Resistance Cementery. C �-4Officer van Dijk alerts Dr. Nico Louis of the Alkmaar swat team about Pieter's predicament. Later on Tuesday, the Doctor's Rena.ult is seen leaving the Brink's house driving in the direction of the Heilo woods. Unobserved, Pieter hunkers down on the floor behind Nico, heart pounding in his throat. In Uitgeest they leave the car and wait for the train to take Pieter to Koog-aan-de-z.aan, near .Amsterdam and then to a safe house in .Amersfoor t. Quietly Pieter and the Doctor discuss actions ramining to control further daroo.ge to the regional Resistance. Pieter also asks him to shelter Fransje de Munk \\hose Resistance group had been arrested. Dr. Nico pranises to take care of these matters. "Here is your train my friend, see you after our liberation." Wednesday, Dr. Louis has Fransje de Munk cane to his office during normal business hours and she explains the plight of her arrested husband and his Resistance group. Syrll)athetically, Nico asks, "Do you have any pressing needs?" "Yes," she says, "I badly need identification papers." Nico freezes as he remembers that officer van Dijk overheard a phone call from a young ~ n to the <£s tapo, asking for the arrest of Pieter Termaat. This had happened just last Sunday. Dr. Louis also recalled Pieter's conversation on the train platform. He had explained Fransje's situation. Her Resistance group from Waterland was betrayed and captured, including her husband. She needed a roof over her head and was willing to work for roan and board. Pieter had already provided her false identity papers. This was the key to the betrayal! On Doctor Louis invites Fransje to come by Friday evening to pick up the ID. She is captured by the Alkrmar swat team as she enters Dr. Louis' house and confesses. It seems her husband was having an affair with her sister. Out of revenge, she had informed the G:!stapo of his Resistance activities. The Gestapo gave her a choice, work for them or be condemned to a concentration camp. She is sentenced to die by National Resistance Headquarters. There is no other way . It is either her life or those of loyal Dutclinen, too many have already died as a result of her betrayal. Burial is in the dike near Rus tenburg • Several weeks pass. Allied air attacks on road traffic cause the Germans to dig fox holes along road shoulders using forced Dutch labor. One man happens upon Fransje's body. After the conrrotion settles, the Gestapo advertises a reward for inforimtion leading to the arrest of those res?onsible. The Alkimar swat team scatters, but they are not betrayed. June 6 in .Amersfoort, Pieter walks fran the safe house to a nearby barber shop for a much needed haircut. On the way he pauses to read a newspaper displayed on a bulletin board. A nearby chalk board carries the latest headlines. With a shock he reads of the Allied invasion in Nor1IB.ndy. After returning to the house, he is paid a surprise visit by Evert Brink. "What in the hell are you doing here?" says Pieter. "Is that any way to greet a friend who brings you clean underwear and letters fran hane?" replies Evert. Pieter announces the Allied invasion. " You're crazy," says Evert, so Pieter walks him to the bulletin board. "You can't stay here with all this uncertainty," continues Evert, "cane hane with me." They take leave of Pieter's hosts and catch the train, hiding behind Gerrmn language newspapers and not speaking. �-5- On her frequent trips to Allamar, Jannie always take her little boys to see their Dad. Little Nico doesn't recognize him, but Kees {Keith) does. On one of her visits she becanes pregnant, a dangerous condition with her husband gone and one not easily explained. One day, after a visit to her hairdresser, she was fol lowed. She entered the V and D department store through the rm.in entrance on the Ridder Straat and shopped long enough to know she had not been followed into the store. She then exited out the back door on the La.at Straat and quickly Nilked to her nnther's, just a block away. "ffllen he hears it, Pieter is desperately worried. She has to take extraordinary care to visit him. He cannot return hane. It is l\'la.y 1945. The C£rnllns have been fleeir,g for nnnths, sensing imninent defeat. The Netherland's Resistance has been gaining strength and numbers for the same reason. The unit in Allamar, now 700 men, controls key points within the city, at least at night. The lightly armed men must stay in hiding 1rost of the da.y. The Csnadian First Army is sighted on May 8 and three officers of the Resistance assemble at city hall to await the First's triumphant entry into the city. Doctor Nico Louis walks up and greets the officers, whan he has not seen in a year. nlt is finally over." The year in hiding after Fransje de Munk ms captured at his office has taken its toll • .An orderly approaches, "Are you Dr. Louis?" "Yes." "Fransje de Munk's father is in the city, armed and looking for you." Nico quickly leaves knowing that he is the cause of her death. captain Vels Heyn and the two other officers run into city hall. After a short discussion with Captain Muris, Vels Heyn orders a five man patrol to disarm the distraught father and bring him in. Lieutenant Cblonel Gcmlag receives him, explains the circumstances leading to his daughter's death and convinces him of her guilt. Her father is crushed. "I won't trouble you again,IT he says, and leaves the city. The third officer, Lieutenant Pieter Terma.at, contemplates how the lives of two men frcxn Kampen crossed in Alkrmar. The marriage of policeman Jacob van Di jk 's uncle to Pieter's aunt was the link that allowed Jacob, by chance, to become his cousin's rescuer. kbt/escapel 2/ 07/ 86 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_WRI_One-Week-in-May Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Pieter Termaat, Adriana B. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-02 Title A name given to the resource One Week in May Description An account of the resource Memoir by Pieter and Adriana Termaat about the Dutch Resistance movement and the night their house was raided by the Gestapo while Pieter, who was wanted for arrest, escaped to a nearby farm. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Termaat, Keith B. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/719db2e01b45c7992cc20c76bd527690.pdf 32a7fe4140e667aa0321a4a148f79662 PDF Text Text 7 t . • l l i ·: ' ' L, ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Onekama Township Planning Commission Amended/Approved October 18, 1990 I Il ~ I • '-- L �" ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN October 18, 1990 INTRODUCTION t l I-• I I f I·,_ , ' ' ' ' ') This report is intended to be the basic, master, or comprehensive plan for the Township of Onekama. It is the adopted plan, adopted as authorized under Michigan Public Act 168 of 1959 (being the Township Planning Act, MCL 125.321 et. seq.). It is also to serve as the plan referred to in Section 3 of P.A. 184 of 1943 (being Township Rural Zoning Act MCL 125.273). This plan is the main guiding document and statement of township policy for · growth and development in Onekama Township. Decisions as to priority and future extensions of roads, water mains, parks, etc. should be in conformity with this plan. All future amendments to the Onekama Township Zoning Ordinance should be in conformity with this plan. Onekama Township chose to contract with the Manistee County Planning Commission to provide professional staff to work with the Township's Planning Commission. The County Planning Department staff wrote this plan under the guidance and direction of the Onekama Township Planning Commission. Decisions, recommendations and policies in this plan represent the Township Planning Commission's desires. In doing work on this plan, certain people provided assistance, information and time. They are: Steve Harold of the Manistee County Historical Museum; Helen Mathieu, . Onekama Township Oerk; Marcia Korwin, former Onekama Township Oerk; Gregory Miller, David Smeltzer and Darwin Meister, township farmers; Charles Wolverton, Cadillac office of Land and Water Management Division of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The editor typist and proofreading for this document was done by Kurt H. Schindler, County Planning Director and Sue Wagner, Pla~g Department Secretary. �Also, this report relied heavily on other plans and documents which, by their nature of use, become adopted by reference in this plan, where applicable. They are: The Portage Lake Management Plan November 1987; The Manistee County Land Use and Development Policv, as amended; United States census data for 1980 and earlier years; Manistee County Third Level Soil Association Report and Tables, Mar.ch 1982; . and Manistee County 1987 Economic Adjustment Strategy. I l. r-·· i Members of the Onekama Township Planning Commission: Members of the Onekama Township Board of Trustees: Don Holman, Chairman Don Miller, Vice Chairman J. H. Kline, P.E., Secretary Ray Kieffer, former secretary/Supervisor Helen Mathiew David Meister Leal Swindlehurst Ken Wagoner V. Joseph Skiera, Supervisor Helen Mathieu, Oerk, Carol Ann Hilliard, Treasurer Blanche Miller, Trustee Harry Feldhak, Trustee l . I •• !. i' I • l • .. r • ii I J �,~ ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP BASE MAP L~ !"""' I·; ,, "C • GI 0 c,:; ,. ......, efl,~ Mile Road ' ,...,... ,-. ·l \ 2 I ~ ._, ';s."CII' ,., ':,"' ~ Potter Road . "C ..,t=l OS 0 c,:; ,~ -- Ill OS ::, :i:: .c ....00 I ::::: 0.. a >, r ' L. 11 12 Mile Road i ,... = ,... - L lC" -,_\ ...C. C> 11 -=... 1s C> l! s.."' C. Maidens I" i • L 0 ::,, 0 Ill 0.. I _, I g 24 I Beechward Ri dge Ave. 14th CII 12th 9th Park Place ......,.. ... Ill g. 0 OQ J5 :5"~ .., 3 "' -o < ., Q,... iii Ill - MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING. coM,qrss,o~ �TABLE OF CONTENTS Base Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii iI • .. I I I ' I I 1 .... GEOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SLOPE OF TI-IE LAND . . . . . . . Quaternary Geology Map . . Topographic Map . . . . . . . Topographic Map, north half Topographic Map, south half Steep Slopes Map . . . . . . . .... . .. ... .. ... ..... detail detail .... . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Historic Population Data Historic Boundaries Map Historic Sites Map . . . . . Colloquial Names Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 8 . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10 16 17 18 NATURAL RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SURFACE WATER ......................... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOII.S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FORESTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AG RICULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECIAL AND UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS AND NATURAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Watersheds Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Water System Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Septic Problem Areas Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Significant Wetlands Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wetland definitions from the Michigan Wetland Protection Act and its administrative rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F1ood Plain Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Third Level Soils Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime Forestlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural Lands Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Designated Special and Unique Environment and Natural Features Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POPULATION ANALYSIS . . . . . . .. . . . . Existing and Historic Population . . . . Onekama Township Population Population Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. :. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4 5 25 28 29 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 46 48 �, Population Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model Population Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addresses Issued in Onekama Township . . . . . . Onekama Construction Permit Activity . . . . . . . Seasonally Adjusted Average Population . . . . . . Seasonal Population Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Growth Needs Summary . . . . . . . . . Existing Population Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Population by Age Table . . Housing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of New Addresses Map . . . . . . . . . . . Population Projection Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building Density Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Density Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lake Area Land Use Concept Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. ECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residents' Industry of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMPLOYERS AND JOBS LOCATED IN ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP . TOP EIGHT TOWNSHIP EMPLOYERS IN 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Hinterland Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Township Jobs by SIC Manual Oassification . . . . . . . . . Proportion of Number of County and Township Businesses by SIC Manual Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f • I. i. : . . . . . . 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 68 70 71 . 72 COMMUNITY FACILITIES (INFRASTRUCTURE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TOWNSHIP WASTE STREAM ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WATER, SEWER AND DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PUBLIC BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PARKS, RECREATION FACILITIES AND VACANT PUBLIC LAND ..... United States Post Office (Zip Code) Service Areas Map . . . . . . . . . . . Map of Township Sidewalks, Portage Point Detail_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map of Township Sidewalks, Other Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Parks Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Public Lands Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Public Lands Map, Portage Point Detail . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Road Ends Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 74 75 75 76 77 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 BUS TRANSIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 HARBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 V �• Manistee County Road Commission Road Certification Map . . . . . . . . Road Commission Certification Portage Point Detail Map . . . . . . . . . . Road Commission Certification Red Park and Wick-A-Te-Wah Detail 101 102 Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Road Surface Map ..... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Road Surface Portage Point Detail Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Road Surface Red Park and Wick-A-Te-Wah Detail Map . . . . . . . Manistee County Road Commission and Michigan Department Transportation Average Daily Traffic County Map . . . . . . . Addresses per Segment of Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .. --1 l - f. I ! . r· i I. • • I; I l ~ ... ... ... of ... ... 104 105 106 107 108 LAND USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAND OWNERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAND FRACTIONALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAND USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMMUNITY CHARACTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Parcel Ownership Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Recorded Subdivisions Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land Fractionalization Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Land Use/ Cover Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key to Thematic Land Use Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thematic Land Use Maps for Wetland, Forest, Agricultural, Rangeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thematic Land Use Maps for Open/Parks, Commercial, Residential, Barren Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neighborhoods Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 Onekama Township Zoning Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manistee County Land Use Plan 1984, Onekama Township Detail . . . 109 109 109 112 113 118 119 · 120 121 122 125 126 127 128 GOALS, OBJECTIVES, ACTION PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Planned Service Areas Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAND USE DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onekama Township Land Use Plan Map - 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RECREATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INFRASTRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NATURAL ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HISTORIC AND CULTURAL, POPULATION, OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 131 132 136 137 137 139 141 141 143 APPENDIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NATURAL ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . .. . . . 145 152 124 �ARTICLE VIII.B - LOWLAND RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT.......... . ...... 153 SB.01 - Perm.itted Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Section SB.02.1 - Special Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 [ ! ' I i I • I vii �GEOGRAPHY ~ • I I I t ' Onekama Township, as with all of Manistee County, is underlain by several major bedrock units, all lying well below the surface of the ground, covered by a thick mantle of glacial overburden. It is the thick surface layer of glacial till that gives the greatest significance to the present environment and planning activities for Onekama. The township's surface geography is a product of glaciation, which last occurred about 10,000 years ago. A great deal can be learned about the natural features of the township through review of the glacial formations. Onekama Township's geology is relatively complex, consisting of three major glacial features: end moraine, ground moraine and glacial outwash plain; and two dominant post-glacial features, sand dunes and ground moraine which is not exposed former Portage Lake bottom. Areas where these features are found in Onekama Township are shown on the Quaternary Geology Map on page 4. Generally, the network from Manistee City and extending north along Lake Michigan is the Manistee Moraine. In Onekama Township the moraines take on two forms: end and ground. The boundary between the two forms, north of Portage Lake, is not clear and thus not shown on the map in a precise manner. A moraine is a deposit of glacial till created by water running off the edge of a stationary glacier. One might view a moraine as the ridge of earth pushed up in front of an advancing glacier, as well as earth deposited from runoff from a stationary glacier. In this case, the glacial lobe extended down what is now Lake Michigan, leaving the Manistee Moraine along its eastern edge. In Onekama Township the end moraine extends the length of the township from the north to the south. It is narrow at the north end, by Pierport, and extends the full width of the township at the south end. The moraine is interrupted by Portage Lake and its associated ground moraine, exposed Portage Lake bottom and sand dunes. The Manistee Moraine -- generally west of U.S. 31 - has locations of better farm soils than found elsewhere in the county. The good soils combined with the hilly terrain provide for a means for frost drainage (as frost seeks low areas) providing slopes suitable for certain fruit crops. In addition, the area's proximity to Lake Michigan provides a lake effect moderate climate which contnbutes further to the ability to grow frost and seasonsens1t1ve crops. This results in large areas of Onekama which are considered to have unique farming conditions. Those conditions favor fruit growing, broccoli and cauliflower crops. Areas in the United States where these three attributes are found in one area is rare. Such areas in Onekama Township, as well as northwest Michigan, are considered nationally significant. The large flat area in the northeast corner of Onekama Township is an outwash plain. It is associated with Bear Lake, as a finger off-shoot going toward the large flat 1 �I • I I i- valley area found in the center of the county (a lacustrine plain) extending from the north county line through Copemish, Kaleva, Brethren and Wellston. An outwash plain is where water moving away from a glacier deposits sand and silt, creating flat areas and fluvial fans, etc. In Manistee's case, the outwash plain has relatively infertile soils and some wetlands. Toe land is very poor for farming. Around Portage Lake (Portage Lake embayment) is an area which is similar to a lacustrine plain. A major characteristic of lacustrine plains in Manistee County is the presence of a lot of wetlands and poorly drained soils. Though the Portage Lake area is not a lacustrine plain, it has many of the same characteristics. Specifically, the area referred to here is that area which is a ground moraine, surrounded on all sides except the west by the Manistee End Moraine, but after the retreat of the last ice age was submerged by Portage Lake waters. Subsequently, Portage Lake's water level was artificially lowered, exposing former lake bottom. (Portage was a bay of glacial Lake Nipissing (predecessor to Lake Michigan about 3,000 to 4,000 years ago with an elevation of about 604 feet above today's sea level) and sand dune development is thought to have closed it off from the big lake.) Characteristics in such an area include being laced with many spring fed streams, a lot of wetlands, soils associated with wetlands (marl, organics,_clay, etc.) and a relatively shallow water table. These characteristics are found around the perimeter of Portage Lake. Soils in these areas are also relatively infertile, and poor for agricultural purposes. A high water table (and predominant horizontal movement of the water table close to the surface) necessitates the need for caution as to the type of industry locating in the area An industry with a large volume of waste should not locate in the area or should have a program to dispose of the wastes by reuse or transporting them elsewhere. A high density of septic tanks might also present the need for special attention. Dune sand areas are found predominantly along the existing Lake Michigan shoreline, from the township's southern boundary to about the middle of Section 16. Toe dunes run along the present shoreline of Lake Michigan, separating Portage Lake from the Great Lake. Onekama Township has three common dune types. Foredune ridges are the first dunes found along (closest to) Lake Michigan. They are usually low and, in Onekama Township, have beach grass vegetative cover, if any vegetation. Toe best example is found at the Portage Point turnaround just north of Second Street. Toe turnaround parking area is cut into a foredune. There may be more than one ridge of foredunes, in successive lines as one works inland. Foredunes are considered newer (closest to the lake) than other dunes discussed here. Parabolic dunes are the most common. Toe name is descriptive of their shape. Toe windward side (concave) faces the lake. These dunes are extensions of a blow-out in dune ridges and develop in height and length. In Onekama, an example can be found along Lakeside Road north of Lakeisle. Often the older (farther inland) sand dunes are higher and perched on top of glacial moraines. 2 �.. , t. I ' - ' . I I I r• ' ) The third dune type is the wooded dune, where shifting dunes have developed a forest floor cover. Examples of this dune type are found along Dune Drive (Nature Conservancy Preserve) and along Lakeshore Drive south of Crescent Beach Road. Sand dunes are almost always in a constant state of change, affected by wind erosion, wave erosion, lake level and groundwater levels. Soil particles in Michigan sand dunes are nearly 90 percent mineral quartz. Sand dunes are a relatively rare environment. Though seemingly common in this part of Michigan, they exist only in association with the Great Lakes and coastal areas and thus, are not common in the United States. It is suspected the existence of sand dunes, their topography and soil composition have a significant impact on the micro-climatic characteristics known as the lake effect which provides the nationally unique farming areas. Exactly what effect, and to what extent, is not known. As a result, changes to sand dunes (leveling, development, paving, etc.) have unknown environmental impacts. Sand dunes have certain mineral value (quartzite for glass making and molding sands), as well as economic-recreational value. Economic-recreational value is found in the tourist use of the dune. Sand dune environment is also valuable for geologic and botanic research. Often a dune environment supports unique plant communities and is considered fragile. In addition to the above geologic features, kettle lakes or pot holes are common in Onekama Township, particularly in the area of the End Moraine. Kettle holes or lakes are formed by a block of glacial ice buried with sediment in a moraine or plain. The ice block then melts leaving a lake or wet spot. Generally, a kettle lake does not seem to be connected to surface water drainage pattern in the county. A kettle lake is likely to be found at various altitudes with a small drainage basin and not connected to any of the county's rivers. Gordon Lake is a classic example. Other kettle features might include wetland pockets found near Gordon Lake, in Sections 3, 10 and 11. (Portage Lake and associated water systems are thought to be post glacial.) SLOPE OF THE LAND The areas shown on the Steep Slopes Map on page · 8 have limitations for high density residential development. The hillsides, being steep, can cause erosion problems during the act of construction and afterwards with paved drives and lawns. Septic tank absorption fields are difficult to install and r_equire special measures and design. Side hill seepage can occur. Although the above cautions are given in Soil Conservation Service Land Resource Inventory Maps, few of the hillsides in Manistee County are so severe that development without proper measures is not possible. Obviously, though, cautions in erosion control and septic field installation must be required. The map shows the general area of moderate to extreme slopes. The slope was estimated by use of contour maps and transferred to the map in this report. A contour map of Onekama Township follows this section, starting on page 5. · / I 3 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP QUATERNARY GEOLOGY MAP __ _________ ... ...._ .... ~ .,... , ._ __,..,...,.._.., ____ ~hec'i~~;., . ~ . '., . End Moraine former stillstands of ice sheet margins Ground Moraine (nonsorted debris) Ground Moraine, but now exposed former Portage Lake bottom ..... Glacial outwash and post glacial alluvium drainageways ~t, . ! :i:-~;.>:; .· :..; • I \J~J I ,. •• ,.:. ~-~•J I""..:. .~;~~)~·:•::·; ; ! :· o; l • • • _; , ~!• 4 • ~e Sand !'T•••• I ~~tt:t 4 -~~f~1MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING coM,qrSSlb~ �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP TOPOGRAPHIC MAP From U.S. Geolog ical Survey 7.5 Minute Quadrangle: Onekama Quadrangle Bear Lake Quadrangle Parkdale Quadrangle ,' I, I !- Contour interval is 3 meters (to convert meter X 3.2808 a feet feet X .3048 • meter) ---See North and South Deta't!...Maps ... - ' . i__ l - L ! ' 5 1982 Provisional Edition 1983 Provisional Edition 1983 Provisional Edition �5" ONEKAMA TOWWSHIP TOPOGRAPHIC MAP ) North Half Detail ' 6 �.) , ~'"""x t ·I' ;:; .. . l: I . . \·tr,·- ·: : •;f,;'.: . ~ I- ·.· f'rr~ . ~j .-.:.:;;_;' &;;...,., . ~ .s .-.•··· i ~l•:::_°' \ ::..)\,.<'..... - ~ - ....: I ' ~ l ~ - ~ ·~ ~ ?: <.:) 0 f,.. j ~: o1 a. :k,.. : -.·-·v iK"t -- .:. . t" ~\,; -': - I I j i I •I • 0 ~ TOPOGRAP. IC MAR South Half Deta i l . : 7 . -..:: - -·---. ..~--=- ~; z -; ;~~~- ..! . ·:. ,_: :ii c:. • ... . ::s::: UJ \'"-°"' ~ -~ . ,n I i,,I ) �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP STEEP SLOPES • Shaded areas indicate generalized locations wh:..ch have severe slopes (20%+) 2 which may hinder development, cause septic probla~s, I . I. -----t etc. tt r -, I! ' I ·- I- • __1 I - ..... ,, I • I L: --rO , .. 8 ... MANISTEE COUNTY PLAl...:NING coM,qrssro~ �HISTORY As the waters of the Great Lakes receded after the glaciers melted, Indians moved : i. , 1 onto the land of present Onekama Township. Although no specific sites have been identified, numerous artifacts have been found along the shore of the higher lake level (about 30 feet above the present mean level) of approximately 5,000 years ago. The potential exists for small seasonal occupation sites anywhere on this contour line within the township. Indians probably lived in the township in intervening years near Lake Michigan and Portage Lake. During the Historic Period (the past 250 years), Ottawas and Chippewas had a village site in the Pierport area. There was a sizeable cemetery which was carefully maintained by Indians until a cottage claimed the site. At the south edge of Section 4 there was an extensive agricultural site used by these Indians which was locally known as the "Planting Ground." Artifact finds have also been reported in Section 11. The exact locations can be verified by contacting the State Archaeologist, Michigan History Division, Michigan Secretary of State. _ In 1845 or perhaps even the previous year, Joseph Stronach, a brother of John Stronach, the pioneer settler of Manistee County, built a water powered mill on the outlet of Portage Lake. Traces of the original outlet of Portage Lake can still be seen along Lake Isle Avenue and Norwood in Sections 21 and 28. The mill foundation can still be seen just north of the "Boat House" at 2304 Lakeisle Avenue. This mill, through its various evolutions and owners, was the major industrial enterprise in northern Manistee County for the next 30 years, providing supplies, building material, and employment to pioneer settlers. The dam washed out several times, the mill burned at least once, and eventually a large steam powered mill overshadowed the water powered one. The enterprise was owned successively by Joseph Stronach; James Stronach (1848); Joseph Harper (1851); J. L. James, Frances Hannah, and Joseph Rockwell (1854); Samuel Lockwood and William Coffin(1860); Porter and Bates (1866); Silas Lee Porter and Henry H. Porter (1867); and finally A.W. Farr in the mid 1870's. A szµall community grew up around the mill, numbering perhaps a dozen buildings, including a company store and school. In 1850 the mill employed 12 men and had an output of $7,500 worth of lumber. A decade later the mill employed 22 people and produced $25,000 worth of lumber annually. John Wright is credited with being the first bona fide settler in Onekama Township. He was a fisherman who is believed to have built a cabin on Portage Lake in 1856 (it was another ten years before he troubled himself with purchasing the property). Wright was followed by the families of Nathan P. Pierce, John Dailey, and Peter McCabe. For the most part, these early families lived off the land; as fishermen, by manufacturing shingles or barrels, and by planting gardens. They were able to raise a small amount of cash by working in the mill on the outlet or by selling the same mill timber from their property. I I I ~ l 9 �In 1863, the federal Homestead Act came into effect and provided free land, up to 160 acres, to bona fide settlers. This resulted in the immediate arrival of settlers interested in farming, and when the Civil War ended two years later, the settlement of the entire area by hearty pioneers. Toe influx of the homesteaders brought the township population up to the level necessary for a more local government. Toe petitions to separate Onekama from Manistee Township were filed in the fall of 1866 and confirmed by the County Board the following spring. Toe township government commenced on the first Monday in April of 1867, with an election and the annual meeting. Officers elected were: E. P. Bates, Supervisor; Joel Guernsey, Clerk; and Nathan Pierce, Treasurer. A map showing the evolution of Manistee Township, including Onekama Township is on page 16. Historic Population Data U.S. Census Years onekana Twp. , v. Onekama Village 1870 255 1880 684 1890 1,082 1900 920 274 1910 784 324 1920 688 252 Years 1930 Onekama Twp. & V. 687 onekana Village 325 1940 708 340 1950 833 435 1960 894 469 1970 1,128 638 1980 1,444 582 As more and more settlers moved into the Township, they began to recognize certain '. I limits placed on their prosperity by the mill at the outlet of Portage Lake. The water powered mill caused the level of Portage Lake to fluctuate by several feet which caused flooding to adjoining property owners making it difficult for them to utilize all their land for agriculture. Of a greater concern was the fact that the mill owners totally controlled the commerce on Portage Lake by controlling the access to the water transportation facilities of Lake Michigan. Every homesteader and settler owned vast amounts of timber and in the winter it was possible for those within a mile or two of water to move the timber on sleighs to Lake Michigan or Portage Lake. Those people who carried their forest products to Lake Michigan found a competitive market with dozens of interested buyers maintaining a fair market price. However, those who carried their products to Portage Lake (perhaps as many as half the township residents) found only one buyer --the owner of the property at the outlet-- and no competition in the market. In the spring of 1871 the resentment concerning the outlet of Portage Lake reached a crisis and the settlers around Portage Lake literally took the matter into their own hands. At the narrowest point between the two lakes, about a mile south of the outlet, they proceeded to dig a new channel. Naturally, their efforts were a great concern to the mill operators at the outlet and the latter used every legal means available to halt the digging of the new outlet. By that time, however, the determination of the settlers had reached unstoppable proportions and the new channel was opened with a trickle of water on May 10 �14, 187!1. Within a matter of minutes the trickle became a· stream, then a river, and finally a channel hundreds of feet wide. The result of this lowered the Portage Lake water level 13 to 16 feet. Several days later the tug C. WILLIAMS brought the new barge D. L. FILER from Manistee and became the first large commercial vessel to enter Portage Lake. To commemorate the event, Andrew Shanks, who owned the property on the south side of the new outlet, subdivided his land for a community which he named Williamsport. Around 1860, outside investors made extensive purchases at the north edge of the township among prime hardwood lands. Development of this property commenced in 1866 when the firm of Turner and Eckels built a dock and several buildings at Lake Michigan in the center of Section 4. They started cutting their own timber for firewood, purchasing firewood from the newly arrived homesteaders, and selling wood on their pier to passing steamers. The place carried the name of Turnersport and included a post office of that name. Development was greatly enhanced when the Turnersport properties were purchased by C. W. Perry in 1870. He developed an extensive community, with the name changed to Pierport, and expanded the business of his predecessors 2 • Growth was further enhanced in 1875 when the Bear Lake Tram Railway was built between that village in the ad joining township and Pierport. This probably tripled the shipping activity at Pierport and made forest products sales possible at the railway for all the pioneers in the northern part of the township. By 1880 the population of Pierport numbered several hundred and the community included several dozen buildings. In 1882 the Tram Railway was replaced by the Bear Lake & Eastern Railroad, providing even more services. From 1870 until after the turn of the century, the docks at Pierport were scheduled stops for steamers providing coastal service along Lake Michigan. A Methodist Church served the religious needs of the community. Pierport thrived as long as the B. L. & E. Railroad operated. However, it was discontinued in 1903 and the town steadily declined in importance. The original name for Portage Lake was "0-nek-a-ma-engk" which is believed to have translated from the Indian language as "portage". In 1880, Augustine W. Farr decided his commercial enterprise, including a sawmill, store, and post office at old Portage, was poorly located and he decided to move his operations to a new village located directly on Portage Lake. Along the northeastern edge of the lake subdivisions were platted, new buildings constructed, a sawmill built, and docks constructed and the new village, Onekama, named after the Indian name of the lake, came into existence. The village grew very quickly with several additional subdivisions, including Brookfield to the east. Stores were built and people quickly settled in the village. Industries included several sawmills, shipbuilding, and later, fruit processing. The township was originally served by four schools, including one in the village. Over the decades, the smaller schools were all consolidated into one large facility in the village. Churches in the village include the l [ I L 1 Further Reading: The Storv of Portage by Neskett Chaney; privately published. 2 Further reading: The Way it Was by Bertha Gilson; privately published. 11 �I [_ L.. Congregational, St. Joseph Catholic, Trinity Lutheran, Episcopal~ and the Church of the Brethren. It is almost impossible for people of today to imagine the plight of the homesteaders who came in the 1860's. Although they received 160 acres of free land, this land was virtually all timbered. certainly not conducive to fanning. They commenced by cutting the trees with axes, burning them where they fell, working the land between the stumps with hand tools, and planting their first crops. After several acres were cleared in this fashion, they could grow enough hay to feed cows and oxen or horses. Then things went faster and the farms began to improve quickly. By the 1880's, Onekama Township would have begun to take on the appearance of the farming communities of the more settled areas of the country although innumerable stumps would still have been present. By the time of the 1904 Michigan Agricultural Census, the majority of farms in the township would have been near the peak of their development. This census shows 125 farms in the township with an average value of $2,144 (72% of the county average of $2,971). Each farm had an average of 12 cattle, 2 horses, 4 pigs, and 23 chickens and produced 95 bushels of corn, 13 bushels of wheat, 70 bushels of oats, 270 bushels of potatoes, and 7 tons of hay. Fruit was important, with the average farm producing 60 bushels of apples and 40 bushels of peaches. As the natural fertility of the soil was depleted, it required greater efforts to maintain the productivity of township farms. In recent years general farming has disappeared, although fruit farms have increased in economic importance. The opening of the new channel between Portage Lake and Lake Michigan made the lake one of the finest harbors on the big lake. Immediately, at least five piers were built on Portage Lake for the shipment of forest products. Unfortunately, the action of the predominant westerly winds soon filled the channel and it required constant dredging to maintain a sufficient depth of water for commercial vessels. In the late 1870's the federal government commenced work on the channel to provide a "Harbor of Refuge". Funding for this program was only voted occasionally so the harbor was rarely a good "Harbor of Refuge" but was maintained sufficiently for regular commercial use. Commercial freighters used Portage Lake to pick up or deliver freight until the 1930's. Coastal ferries made regular stops at Onekama and resort piers as long as they operated in the area (about 1875 to 1915). After an extensive resort business developed, the large Lake Michigan passenger steamers stopped at Portage Lake dock, operating from about 1905 until 1931. The earliest settlers all depended on the water for tr;msportation of any sizable cargoes. When necessary they walked along the beach to Manistee. Around 1870 a State Road was built from Manistee north through the township, providing at least a right-of-way for the pioneers to follow (the State Road construction contracts frequently called for only clearing a route with no gravel or other paving). Over the years this route was gradually improved until it was paved around 1930 and is today the familiar M-22. Excellent overland transportation really became available in 1888 when the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad constructed a spur line into Onekama. This line served the township needs until the road system was improved with the arrival of motorized transportation after the turn-of-the- century. 12 I • �• By 1880 residents of Manistee were beginning to look to Portage Lake for a pleasant escape from the heat of the industrial city in the summer months. Before the decade was over, frequent boat service (a virtual commuter service) was provided between Portage Lake and Manistee in July and August and cottages quickly appeared around the lake. In 1886, A.W. Farr built the Glen House and advertised the virtues of Onekama mineral water far and wide. Although the hotel was short-lived, it clid increase awareness of Portage Lake as an ideal resort throughout the Midwest. In the 1890's the resort subdivisions of Red Park and Wickitewa were developed. Finally, in 1902, development started of the extensive Portage Point property. A large hotel was built, lots were sold, cottages built, and direct steamer service from Chicago was provided. Although motorized transportation and good roads drove away the steamers, Portage Lake's reputation as a fine resort community had been established and tourism has been a major force in the economy for three quarters of a century. In recent years, the small farms have disappeared and more township residents have sought employment in the industrial and commercial activities of nearby Manistee. The oil and gas industry has been a major factor in the economy in the 1970's and 1980's, but tourism and fruit farming remain the strongest economic force. List of historic sites in Onekama Township: (see map on page 17) On the National Historic Register: Portage Point Inn Historic District Register of Archeological Sites•: Pierport Inclian Occupation site Archeological sites in Sections 21, 22, 27, and 28 ii State Register of Historic Places: Memorial Fountain 4775 Main Street (Village Park) State Centennial Farms: August Brown/Kladj Farm Charley & T Mallison Farm William L. Kline Farm Walnut Grove Farm 8579 4735 5901 5968 Brandt Road Thirteen Mile Road Eight Mile Road Eight Mile Road County Historic List, recommended for state listing: 3 Further reading: Wellspring and Wellspring II. Onekama High School history project under direction of Gail VerPlan.k. · ' Further Reading: Clerestory. "Management of Archaeological Sites", Michigan DepL of Secretary of State, Bureau of History. 13 �Red Park Historic District I I '. County Historic Site/Building List: (Criteria: Sites of countywide significance which are: the "first of' in the county, if significant; (1) an event which is significant in altering the way of life in the county; is a substantiated documented event; (2) took place at a specific site, such as (but not limited to) birthplaces, graves, residents or historic personalities; (3) a site of religious, ethnic, racial community; and (4) buildings which meet 5 or more of the following points: (a) at least 50 years old; (b) original construction of good design/architecture; (c) does not have artificial (plastic, aluminum, chipboard) siding; (d) does not have artificial window frames; (e) alterations and additions, if any, must respect the original construction, architectural theme; (f) maintained in reasonable condition.) MUSIC shipwreck diving site in Portage Lake Tugboat shipwreck diving site near Portage Lake channel Indian Fields near Pierport Old Portage, abandoned town site Glen House site, significant tourist development location. Former Portage Point Summer Resort Corporation, Portage Point (county's only resort corporation) and contemporary cottage neighborhood. Congregational Church bldg. 4920 Spring Street Pierport house 12470 Burtker Road Williamsport Cottage/house 1963 Crescent Beach Road Williamsport Cottage/house 2046 Crescent Beach Road Williamsport Cottage/house 2056? Crescent Beach Road Williamsport Cottage/house 2110 Crescent Beach Road Williamsport Cottage/house 23 70 Crescent Beach Road Hans Hansen house 4177 Crescent Beach Road William Kline House 5968 Eight Mile Road Sen. Glen Cottage/house 12614 Lakeview Road Cottage/house 4240 Main Street Perry House 3015 Thirteen Mile Road Burtker House 3172? Thirteen Mile Road Pierport House 3187 Thirteen Mile Road Pierport House 3204? Thirteen Mile Road Onekama House 8386 Mill Street House 8322 Third Street Onekama Township Historic List: 2304 Lakeisle Boat House 14 �Lakeisle By Bertelson Cemetery In Pierport 4985 Crescent Beach Road 9026 Erdman Road Old Portage Channel Bertelson School Pierport School School School 15 �--, ···.·•· - l ,,I· I ,:q; . j. 1 .; -· :ONEKAMA TOWNSIIIP POLITICAL BOUNDARY EVOLUTION ' I ·· . 1· , , 1~. 1869-1891 1866-1869 -4 Arcadia 1-ik,• ....I>, I I ~ § p., H I ~ Ari·,ul l.1 l..1k1• TOWNSlll 1' f, , 1· :· i 1· ,' I 1891-rrurnt.' rL • I I ;f!·, i ARCAllI.~ ~ Art.· ,1cl l _. l.1k 1· TOWN SIii r i:' :11 ;l..', . ,, !. ,_:, :, ., ! .: '' :i· ' I ,' . i.', . I· .". . :11 I ! ~ : I • : ii !i: ,'I' : I TOWNSlllP t; 'i',' t. ·: I {:! I f t, !, ., , . '· • 1855-1866 II'. • 1' ONf.KAHA I 1 :c VI ~ i ... :1,, f,. 0 ·H I ror~ ..... r·' ' 1': °' MANISTEE r :!5 :f 1fj ·'1i ~: ' .;, t • .. TOWNSIIIP TOWNSHIP ---,.,..;ii -,~:i·I . i\l 1:f; ·I ~I L'. l · : !: !.•·; .) . 'i ··j ., , i:·!: !I1·•·. ' t .. 'I" . l J , , ,I t/ • I••: , . : I I ;: ,. :, .. ' �--, Archaeological Site in the Respective Section National Historic R~g i ster of Places Distri..:: · · * .. • County <;J 4 a i-- i ■ A 2 State Historic Site ,-,--1 Centennial Fann Abandoned Town County Recommended· District to State Historic Register Shipwreck I 11 Fonner Building Site of Tourist Development· Significance u Historic Church Buildin~ Historic (Architecture) House . · • . ... l5 lC 1 0 Portage Point Summer Resort Corp. and Neighborhood 17 MANISTEE COUNTY PlANl-llNG COM~ISSI0!-1 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP COLLOQUIAL NAMES Warles (Werlies Corners Pierport l 2 M.:lllisons Corners -----\ + u 11 I 1 11 Olde Baldy~---Sand Hill 0 24 ecatholic e, Onekama Cemetery Old Greenwood Glenwood North Point Andy's Point Spri'.iger f illag 25ceme d Williamspor 34 PLN-HIST.ONE] 18 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANI-IING --- ------ -::.--=----=-- - CdM'~ISSIO~ �NATURAL RESOURCES SURFACE WATER I • I ' Onekama Township is in three surface drainage areas -- watersheds: Portage Lake, Big Bear Creek ( and Bear Lake), and the Lake Michigan shoreline. Portage Lake watershed is the major drainage pattern in Onekama Township. The watershed extends into Bear Lake, Brown and Manistee Townships. The watershed of Portage Lake resembles the general nature of many large inland lakes. For the most part, those lands directly abutting Portage Lake are relatively flat in character with near level or mildly sloping areas ascending from the lake edge to the more distant areas away from the lake. Not surprisingly, many pockets of wetlands and areas prone to periodic flooding are evident. These flat regions extend from the lake's edge to a minimum of 300 feet outward and reach, in some areas, as far as 5,000 feet. At the periphery of these flat areas, significant increases in grade and elevations are evident. Except for the far east region of the lake area where overall grades tend to be less than 3%, most all other lands adjacent to the lake valley floor rise at grades ranging from 6% to more than 20%. These highly sloped areas provide elevation differences ranging from 80 feet to more than 200 feet, at which point there is considerable variation in overall grades beyond. Bear Lake's watershed encompasses most of the northern part of Onekama Township. It includes the relatively flat glacial plain surface area which surrounds Bear Lake. The lake, in turn, drains into Little Bear Creek, then to Big Bear Creek. Next, Big Bear Creek drains into the Big Manistee River, in the south part of Manistee County, and then into Manistee Lake and Lake Michigan. (A small portion of the township (near Gordon Lake) is part of a watershed which drains into Little Beaver Creek and then into Big Bear Creek.) Much of the Lake Michigan shoreline is part of a watershed area which goes directly to Lake Michigan. All of Onekama Township is within the Great Lakes Water Basin. A watersheds map of the township is on page 36, showing the estimated divides between watersheds. Watersheds are the areas around a creek, river or lake which drain into that creek, river or lake. Thus, any water which does not evaporate or soak into the ground flows downhill to a particular body of water. In Michigan's glacial geography, groundwater moves in roughly the same direction. Thus, one can make an educated guess as to the direction sedimentation, septic nutrients and industrial pollutions will migrate. 19 �t .. . I I I.! I ' I l. L This type of consideration is important in locating new subdivisions, municipal water wells or major disposal sites. For example, one should take care in locating polluting industrial uses (or other uses) in part of a watershed which is "upstream" from a residential area with private water wells. Examination of watersheds, their boundaries, and probable water flow is also important in locating intense land uses and evaluating the probable impact on ground water/surface water and the geographic extent of that impact. A complete list of surface water lakes and streams is listed here: Lakes: Portage Lake Gordon·s Lake (section 24) unnamed pond north of Dyke Street (section 25) unnamed pond east of Fairgrounds (section 36) unnamed pond by Milarch Road (section 36) unnamed pond by Milarch Road (section 24) unnamed pond by M-22 and Eleven Mile Road (section 10) unnamed pond by M-22 and Eleven Mile Road (section 11) unnamed pond by M-22 and Potter Road (section 10) unnamed pond by M-22 and Potter Road (section 11) Kuenzer Lake (section 3) unnamed pond north of Kuenzer Lake (section 3) Rivers, Streams: (Section the river's mouth is found) unnamed intermittent creek [Lakeshore and Crescent Beach Roads] (section 33) unnamed creek [Red Park] (section 33-34) unnamed creek [between Red Park and Wic-A-Te-Wah] (section 34) unnamed creek [underground at Wic-A-Te-Wah] (section 34) Hanson Creek (section 35) unnamed creek [between Hanson Creek and Easy Street] (section 35) unnamed creek [Easy Street] (section 35) unnamed creek [between Easy St. and Farr Road] (section 35) unnamed creek [between Easy St. and Farr Road] (section 35) unnamed creek [between Easy St. and Farr Road] (section 35) Dunham Creek (section 36) unnamed creek (section 36) unnamed creek [goes underground through fairgrounds] (section 36) Schimke Creek [and feeder creeks] (section 36) unnamed creek [goes underground through Brookfield] (section 25) unnamed creek [village, Brook Street] (section 25) Glen Creek [village, First-Spring Streets] (section 26) unnamed creek [village, Mineral Springs] (section 26) unnamed creek [M-22/Portage Point Dr.] (section 26) unnamed creek [Indian Creek, Eden Camp] (section 22) 20 �McGowans Creek [Mulls Creek] (section 22) Portage Lake Channel (section 32) 0 Id F aceful [Pierport] (section 4) A surface water map is on page 37. Surface water (lake, river) in Onekama Township is an important natural feature. It has a direct contribution to property values and to the quality of life. Several studies in other communities have documented a direct correlation between property value, desire to vacation in an area and water quality. A study of this nature was conducted for Crystal Lake in Benzie County by the Northwest Michigan Regional Planning and Development Commission (now Northwest Michigan Council of Governments) in Traverse City. One can conclude it becomes important for a community to take measures to protect surface water quality in lakes and streams. Portage Lake has been the subject of several studies in the past: preliminary studies for the need of sanitary sewers, Cladophora Algae analysis to attempt to identify nutrient loading in Portage Lake, and most recently the Portage Lake Management Plan. The Lake Management Plan also recommends continued water quality monitoring: ! . I. r ' I ! ·I I • * As part of the responsibility of a local public office or private testing laboratory, a comprehensive water quality monitoring program is essential. Comprehensive, as used here, implies a well-planned program providing consistently reliable and accurate data. Such a monitoring program is needed if pollutants are to be identified, pollution sources located, water quality trends recognized and if the success of quality controls is to be measured. Specific elements within the monitoring programs should, at a minimum, include the following: Establishment of benchmarks as references to identify future trends in water 1. quality. 2. Samplings of water throughout all areas of lake and shoreline as well as specific existing and anticipated problem areas; also, samplings along all tributaries entering Portage Lake. 3. Consistency in sample locations. 4. Samplings after calm and stormy weather. 5. Samplings at consistent and appropriate depths. * A repeated conclusion in the above reports is that nutrient loading of Portage Lake is taking place. Several man-made causes of the pollution can be reduced by preventative measures which cost little and do little to change one's lifestyle or a community's economic livelihood; particularly nutrients from septic tanks and lawn fertilization. One of the Portage Lake Management Plan's recommendations is the establishment of a septic tank maintenance district. Adoption, compliance, and enforcement of an On-Site Sewage Disposal Ordinance is the most immediate and cost effective action available in confronting this issue. This ordinance should be established based upon the expertise of Manistee County's and the 21 �t -~ r~i L_ .~; L: [ 1-, [ It .,' I., L [ ) State's health departments, the Onekama Township and Manistee County Planning Commissions. and the Department of Natural Resources, Water Resource Commission. Such an ordinance should, at a minimum, address the following issues: 1. Development of strict and enforceable maintenance schedule for all on-site sewage disposal systems within the Portage Lake watershed, including specialized maintenance and clean-out schedules for all systems within the critical peripheral shoreline zone as determined by the local or state health departments. 2. Establishment of a special assessment district to assist in evaluation of the issues. policy development, maintenance programs and financial support. 3. Requirement of on-site sewage disposal systems for all agricultural properties housing livestock. 4. Establishment of minimum drain field elevations based upon flood or high water data and the requirement of replacement or improvement of all faulty drain fields at time of transfer of property rights. 5. Specific punitive measures for non-compliance including possible public notice to Jake users identifying areas and properties expelling substandard waste effluent. 6. Establishment of revised minimum operating standards for all on-site systems, taking into account the lake's ability or inability for flushing. * A second preventative measure is the requirement of a greenbelt along the edges of surface water. Lawn fertilization and septic nutrients travel relatively close to the surface toward a water body. Woody plant material (trees, bushes, and other plants with a wood trunk or leader) is most effective at growing roots into the nutrient's zone of travel and using those nutrients by removing them from the soil before they reach the water. The University of Michigan has published bulletins listing which plants are most effective at this task. 5 * As activities occurring within the immediate shoreline area of Portage Lake can have direct and immediate effects upon all aspects of the lake, a Shoreline Development Ordinance should be adopted by the Township. Issues to be covered within this ordinance should include the following: 1. Specific provisions for shoreline protection and maintenance. 2. Regulations on allowable lawn fertilization techniques and scheduling. 3. Controls of runoff laden with pollutants including oil, grease, gasoline, etc. 4. Protection of natural environmental features. 5. Establishment of a greenbelt around the lake which shall remain unmodified and protected from alteration. 6. Prohibition of keyhole development. * A third preventative measure is to stop the over-use of lawn fertilizer in the first place. Through a homeowner's use of soil testing (through Michigan State University 5 Lakeland Report Number 12 on Greenbelts; A Circle of Protection for Inland Lakes prepared by University of Michigan Biological Station, Douglas Lake, February 1979. 22 �'·- ) ' . ! . I I Cooperative Extension Service), one can identify the exact amount of fertilizer needed. To place more fertilizer on a lawn simply means the nutrients are not used by turf, and start to travel to the water where it becomes nutrient pollution in the water. The Portage Lake Management Plan recommends an education campaign so residents are aware of these issues and can learn how to not overfertilize their lawns. While it is evident that many people in the area are aware of negative forces affecting lake water quality, the value of a public awareness program to educate the public on the dynamics of lake water quality is unmeasurable in modifying the public's practices. Specific information to be included should cover, at a minimum, the following topics: 1. How an efficient septic system operates and the results of a non-operational system. 2. Dynamics of weed and algae growth in relationship to nutrient loading. 3. Relationship between lake water quality and real estate values. 4. Escalating nature of poor water quality once initial pollutants are introduced. 5. The value of water conservation in relation to septic tank operations. 6. The effect of lawn fertilization and other chemicals upon lake water quality. * While the need for an immediate public sewerage system will not necessarily be known until a water quality monitoring program is implemented, the development of the Portage Lake area can only increase over time, resulting in greater densities and exacerbating the water quality condition. The long time between developing and financing such a sewer system and its actual implementation can have a debilitating effect upon the lake. Should the township envision a future land use plan incorporating higher intensity development near the periphery of the lake, then this service becomes that much more critical. Accordingly, initial action should be taken before the need is severe and water quality sacrificed. Attention should be directed to the following critical areas: 1. Analysis of alternative treatment techniques and locations. 2. Analysis of financial options and sources for implementation of a sewerage system. A septic restrictions map on page 38 illustrates locations where it is not likely homeowner sewage disposal systems --septic tank with a drain field or dry well-- would be permitted. These areas were drawn with the assistance of Mr. James Lerg, Sanitarian, Manistee-Mason District Health Department. Using files in his office showing each parcel of land where a septic tank permit had been denied was shown on township (8 1/2 by 11 and 8 1/2 by 14) contour maps. Areas shown as wetlands by ·the U.S. Geological Survey, and areas where the health code required 100 foot setback from water or wetlands, were also marked on the maps as areas where septic systems would not be allowed. Mr. Lerg also shaded other areas where he suspected an application for a septic tank would be denied due to the area's failure to perc when tested. Such areas may be acceptable for low density development where there is room for special designs or larger drain fields (10 acres per living unit). The information from Mr. Lerg's maps was transferred to the Septic Building Restrictions Map on page 38. 23 �Wetlands in Onekama Township are mainly former pothole lakes and associated with lowlands of some lakes: * Wetland west of Red Park between Crescent Beach Road and Portage Lake. (swamp) Wetland on both sides of Leonard Avenue. (swamp) * Wetland just east of Ellen Road, in association with Hanson Creek. (swamp, * bog) ·wetlands at the tip of Sandy Point (northeast end of Easy Street). (wetland field, swamp) Wetland at north end of Farr Road. Wetlands along the east edge of Portage Lake. (marsh) * Wetlands associated with the mouth of McGowan's Creek. (swamp, marsh, bog) ·wetland upstream from mouth of McGowan's Creek. * Wetlands on east side of Andy's [North] Point. (marsh) Wetlands on west side of Andy's [North] Point. (marsh) * Wetland near Lakeview Road. (marsh) Wetlands associated with the Troy-Tower Nature Conservancy sand dune preserve. ·wetland associated with Gordon's Lake. (section 24) Wetland associated with Cooper Lake. (section 24) Wetland on south side of Maidens Road. (section 24) Wetland on north side of Eleven Mile Road. (section 11) Wetland near corner of Northwood Highway and Potter Road (section 11). Wetland associated with Kuenzer Lake. (section 3) Wetland near the center of section 3. The major wetland areas in the township are marked with an asterisk (*). They are considered major because of several factors: size, association with large or important surface water bodies, value for wildlife habitat, surface water cleaning and protection. It is important to note, none of the wetlands in Onekama Township are considered --on a countywide or statewide basis-- to be a high priority for protection. That is not to say they should not be protected or receive special regulatory attention (they should, particularly the asterisked ones). But it does point out that there are major wetlands elsewhere in Manistee County which merit more protection and attention than those in Onekama Township. · It is Onekama Township's desire to not allow development in the asterisked wetlands, and to take special protective measures. They are shown on a detail map of the Portage Lake area 39. Such protection will be in addition to -not instead of-- state wetland regulatory protection measures. On page 40 is the definition (statutory and administrative rules) of what constitutes a wetland which is protected by the Goemaere Anderson Wetland Protection Act. Wetlands are highly complex natural systems in the ecological balance of nature. Wetlands provide the most productive areas for breeding, nesting and rearing of birds, I I I. r.,.. L L I ' I I i • ) i . ; 24 - -- -=--- - -~ . �. ! -=--- I·• !' I • I mammals, fish and reptiles. From that cycle of nature comes the wildlife for enjoyment. hunting, fishing and trapping, which in turn provides an important contribution to the tourist industry in Michigan. A traditional use of wetlands -- bogs -- is for the production of cash crops such as cranberries, blueberries and timber. (Though not currently found in Onekama.) Wetlands play an important role in sediment control and wastewater treatment. Particularly with the wetlands at the east end of Portage Lake, the wetlands act as a major sediment filter. Also, the wetlands play an important role in maintaining - improving -- the water quality of a lake. The wetlands provide an "oxygen factory" which replaces oxygen in the lake used in the process of material decaying on the lake bottom. The wetland also provides a natural system which uses -- thus removes -nutrients from the lake water. This function of wetlands is particularly critical when on a lake with a large amount of homes depending on septic tanks near the lake and lawns (with no greenbelt) adjacent to the lake. Protection of the wetlands is an important aspect of the Portage Lake Management Plan of 1987, adopted as part of this plan by this reference. All wetlands, regardless of location in Onekama Township, provide the above positive attributes. Also, wetlands provide a storage, or buffer, for floodwater and other water runoff. A wetland area is able to absorb large quantities of water, in effect storing the water, and letting it drain slowly rather than having water draining all at once. resulting in floods or erosion from runoff. The flood areas map is on page 41. SOILS Soils information used for this plan (page 42) is based on the Manistee Countv Third Level Soil Association Report and Tables of March 1982. The soils information is a major source of data on the township's land resources. Soil data is a major factor in determining prime forestlands and timber productivity rates, in identifying nationally unique agricultural areas and locally essential farmlands, and soil characteristics play a role in determining septic tank feasibility, housing development suitability, industrial disposal limitations, and so on. The Third Level Soil Association Report is not a modern progressive soil survey. Such detailed information has not been done for Manistee County. A third level soil association report is a compilation of soil conservation service soil maps of individual farms. The farms were mapped when they became participants in the SCS/Soil Conservation District programs. Such mapping has been done from the 1930s to present. After compiling individual farm soil maps, a soil scientist uses air photos and a windshield survey to interpolate soil information in the unmapped areas of the county. The soils information is "third level" in that it uses old soil survey information, involves interpolation, and involves combining similar soils into broad categories (associations). Such a report is useful for broad planning purposes and for making zoning ordinance policy decisions. However, site inspection is necessary for planning specifics, such as for buildings, roads. farm operation, taxation and so on. 25 �r ' I ' [ . . : I I I - l. I , I • On the map (page 42), soils were divided into soil associations and labeled bv a letter-number code. Discussion here. for summary purposes. will include the generalized categories shown on the attached map with parentheses enclosing soil association codes. The following discussion will give a generalization as to where soil types are found in the township. Sandy soils -- Graycalm (A2), Deer Park and Eastport soils with lake effect (A2-lk) and Rubicons (Bl) - are mainly found north of Portage Lake along the west edge of the township. These soils are common in "poorer" soil glacial moraine areas such as the southern extent of the Marilla Hills and the Udell Hills in Stronach Township. The soils are characterized as infertile and not well suited for agricultural purposes. The sandy texture contributes to the draughty, well-drained nature of the area. \Yater seldom forms in puddles. but soaks into the soil rapidly. Irrigation efforts must be extensive. The soils tend to be stable in that they do not heave or shift upon freezing. This characteristic allows for excellent building sites. road beds, etc. which may not require as large a foundation or base as would be· required in other soil types. The rapid permeability of the soil also allows pollution -- mainly septic nutrients -- to move relatively rapidly through the soil. While a septic tank will ''work" in that it does not plug up. concern comes with the rapid movement of effluents and poor filtration ability of the soil. This can be countered by requiring larger drain fields, relatively large parcels and discouraging use of drywells (use a drain field instead). Loamy sand soils -- Kalkaska soils (C8) and Kalkaska-like soils (C7) but with a weaker profile development similar to Rubicon (Bl) -- are mainly found in the centralnortheast portions of Onekama Township and along the south edge of the township. This grouping of soils is _the most dominant soil type in Onekama Township. The soils are characterized as more fertile than the sandy soils, but still not· considered excellent agricultural production soil. Historic poor soil management practices have degraded much of this category of soils. Most of the Kalkaska-like soil (C7) is considered by soil scientists to be a depleted soil which was originally a soil with a stronger profile, Kalkaska (C8). In the northwest portion of the township the mapping of the Kalkaska-like (C7) soils can be seen to follow a pattern similar to property lines created by the Northwest Ordinance section and quarter-quarter property description system. This provides strong evidence that certain farms, and farm practices, lead to the weaker soil profile. Again, the soil is draughty, with a rapid water intake. Drainage is generally not needed with the rapid percolation. Crop or timber productivity will be higher than sandy soils, but will vary within the general group. The soils tend to be stable, in that they do not heave or shift with freezing or when becoming wet or dry. As above, this lends itself toward better building sites. With rapid permeability of the soil, the same concerns exist relative to septic tank and pollution discharge as expressed for sandy soils. Both sandy soils and loamy-sand soils are subject to wind erosion and blowouts. They are also subject to sidehill seepage. This is a problem which occurs when septic tank dry wells and drain fields are placed near hillsides. The effluent leaving the on-site sewage disposal system tends to seep back to the surface on the hillside. Requirements 26 I ! ' �r I L, 'l. • • [ [ [ ,- . I [_ , for setback from the crest of a hill --already provided for in the Manistee County Health Code-- usually avoids this occurrence. Clay soils, such as Nester and Manistee series, in complex with loamy soils such as Emmet, Menorninc:=e and Newaygo (C5), are not common in Manistee County and found in only two small locations in Onekama Township. These types of soils represent the best agricultural and timber productivity soils in Manistee County. They are found just north of the Village in Section 25 (west of Milarch Road) and in Section 36 south of Jones Road. Timber growth site indexes on these soils result in tree stands in these areas being rated as nationally significant. The Northwest Michigan Prime Forestlands Inventory,. classifies these areas as Nationally Prime Timberland. These soils do not drain as well as the other soils discussed above. Thus one can expect a higher amount of surface runoff. resulting in rills, gullies, and other water erosion. These soils also tend not to be as stable. resulting in shrinking and swelling as they dry or become wet. They also heave, with frost action. These characteristics result in the requirement of larger and deeper building foundations, road surface thicknesses, and overall more expensive construction. Attempts to use septic tanks in these areas should be suspect for failure. Permeability of these soils is often not adequate for use of septic systems. In these soils very large parcels may be required so a drain field can be constructed over a large enough area to compensate for the slow percolation. if it percolates at all ( 10 acres per dwelling). Loamy soils --Iosco, Kawkawlin [wetland] (El), Loamy/Sand complex [sometimes wetland] (E5)-- are found at the Wic-A-Te-Wah and Eagle Point areas with a few isolated spots in the northern part of the township. There is not a large quantity of this soil type in Onekama, but it is significant due to its location and wetland characteristics. Where it occurs in a drier state (Herkelrath Road, section 10), the loam content of the soil makes this some of the better farm soils found in Manistee County. Drainage is generally •not needed, though occasional tile is required. Pere for drain fields is moderate, with the wetter soils presenting severe septic system problems. Foundation stability is only fair with soil volume change and heaving, shrinking expected. Sandy wetland soils -- Iosco and Kawkawlin loamy sand (El), AuGres and Finch Sandy Wetland (E4), sandy wetland complex (E6), sandy wetland association or compkx (E7) -- are found near Portage Lake. These soils are either in a wet state, or are near wetlands or surface water but in a drier state. These soils, under certain conditions (generally not found in Onekama Township), have characteristics which result in high agricultural productivity and prime timberland rating. When wet, or in wetlands, little or no stability exists for foundations, road beds, etc. Septic systems should not be used in these areas. The soil is regularly wet. When in a dry surface state, (Village, Wic-A-TeWah, County Fairgrounds) characteristics · are similar to sandy soils discussed above, but plagued with a high water table, requiring septic system mounds, no or shallow basement construction, and providing drainage problems. Shrinking, swelling and frost heaving will , ' Northwest Michigan Prime Forest Lands Inventory: produced cooperatively by the Northwest Michigan Resource Conservation and Development Council, Northwest Michigan Regional Planning and Development Commission (now Council of Governments), DNR. and Soil Conservation Districts, 1982. 27 �'I ' ! I ' LJ L r L.i [ occur in direct proportion to the depth of the water table and moisture content of the: soil. Clay mineral and organic wetland soils -- Bergland clay swamps (F2), a complex of Roscommon sand. Tawas Lupton organics and clay-loam Bergland Brevort Ensley (F4) -are found in some of the Onekama Township wetlands. These soils can be relatively good timber growth sites. However, timber harvesting needs to be done with protective measures for the watershed environment. Septic systems should not be used in these areas. Little or no stability exists for foundations, road beds, etc. The soil is regularly wet. Organic soils -- Tawas, Lupton organic wetland (Gl), (G2) -- are mainly found in the visually obvious wetland areas, marshes. bogs, etc. such as the east end of Ponage Lake, those found on Andy's [North] Point. by Little Eden Camp and associated with Kuenzer Lake. These organic soils (muck. bogs, swamps, mineral soils and open water) do not have any rating for agricultural or timber production. Septic systems should not be used in these areas. No stability exists for foundations, road beds, etc. The soil is regularly wet, if not saturated. Shifting dunes and Beaches (Hl) are discussed in more detail in the section on the township's geography. The soil's characteristics for septic systems are similar to sandy soils (Al) discussed above. While frost movement and shrink/swell is not a problem, severe active wind erosion is likely to undermine or cover roads, foundations, etc. These soils are not rated for agriculture or timber. They are generally found in fragile Lake Michigan dune areas where low density development and dune protection measures should dominate decision making. Made Land (H5) are areas where artificial fill has taken place, most often found behind seawalls etc., in Onekama Village and both sides of Easy Street. FORESTRY ! • l . I [._, I '---- Using information from the soils report and data put together by the Prime Forestlands Identification Project in northwest Michigan, the Forest Production Potential map on page 43 illustrates the areas in Onekama Township which are classified as nationally prime timberlands, timberlands of regional importance, local importance and areas not classified. Forestry for Onekama Township is an important industry, especially due to its proximity to Packaging Corporation of America, a corrugated medium paper and pulp mill and various loggers and handlers. Packaging Corporation of America is located in Manistee County, about 20 miles from most points in the township. Despite the relatively large number in Manistee County already receiving income from an aspect of the timber industry, literature indicates expansion of the timber industry is one of the best routes for Michigan economic development. The Northwest Michigan Prime Forestlands Identification Project reiterates this conclusion. 28 �t ' L. I , L r . Prime forestlands are those lands which are capable of producing sustained high yields of wood products. Capability is determined by the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Four classes, or levels, of prime forestlands are recognized as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: 1. "Prime timberlands" - Lands which are capable of producing 85 cubic feet (about one standard cord) per acre per year in fully stocked natural stands. These lands are nationally significant, near the Village and in the southeast corner of the township. 2. "Unique timberlands" - Lands which are not capable of producing 85 cubic feet per acre per year but are growing substantial quantities of specific high value species or species capable of producing specialized wood projects. Some examples of unique timberlands in other states are those which support black walnut plantations, pecan. and Atlantic white cedar. There are no unique timberlands designated in Onekama Township. 3. ''Timberlands of statewide or regional importance" - Lands in addition to prime and unique timberlands, that are of statewide or regional importance for the growing of wood. Criteria for delineating these lands is to be determined by a state forestry committee. The Prime Forestlands Identification Project Technical Committee has developed a regional guideline to use as a substitute until these criteria are determined. These lands consist of soils designated as important forestland by the local resource groups and which produce medium-high to high volumes of wood products. Most of Onekama Township's land area falls in this category. 4. ''Timberlands of local importance" - Lands which are not identified as having national or regional significance but are important to our local communities. These lands were also identified by the local resource groups. AGRICULTURE I • The agricultural lands map, page 44, draws its conclusions from two sources. First. the nationally unique fruit sites are delineated in the Red Tart Cherry Site Inventory 1 for Benzie and Manistee Counties, Michigan. Second, locally essential farmland are those areas in which clay, loamy-clay, and loamy soils are found. The map is not intended to indicate where fanning takes place; it is attempting to present a general idea what areas of the township are best suited for a particular type of agricultural activity. Manistee County does not have any prime farmland. Soils and climate simply do not provide the combination of factors which create the conditions for top of the line farm areas. Onekama Township, however, does have a large amount of Nationally Unique Farmland. Geoclimatic conditions for favorable fruit growing sites exist in the township, largely as a result of the hilly terrain, proximity to the climate moderating effect 7 Red Tart Cherry Site Inventory for Benzie and Manistee Counties, Michigan, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service 1975. 29 �of Lake Michigan and sandy soils allowing nutrients to travel (soak into the ground) more effectively to reach root zones of woody plant material (trees). Unique farmland is officially defined in the United States Soil Conservation Service Technical Guide as follows: [ [ L I. I .. I I r I I . r • I_ L ! . "Unique farmland" - land other than prime farmland that is used for the production of specific high value food and fiber crops. It has the special combination of soil quality, location, growing season, and moisture supply needed to economically produce suswined high quality and/or high yields of a specific crop when treated and managed according to acceptable farming methods. Examples of such crops are citrus, tree nuts. olives, cranberries. fruits and vegetables. By way of further explanation, the factors weighed and used in identifying uruque farmland in Manistee County follow: Soils which are most desirable, well-drained. sandy loam which is well aerated with medium to high fertility; moderate available water capacity; moderately rapid permeability; at least 48 inches of depth for unrestricted root penetration. Physiographic characteristics which create microclimatic variations (through soil, soil cover, elevation and exposure) which affects local climate in the most favorable manner. Slope gradient should be 2 to 12 percent but still provide adequate air (frost ) drainage; water and air flowageways should be well defined with no construction or obstruction to such tlowageways; location such that cold (frost) air does not drain through the site; more desirable for cold air drainage to areas over water bodies than over land; site to take full advantage of sunshine while not exposed to damaging winds. Climatic factors include cool springs to retard bud development until danger of frost is past; during pollination temperatures should exceed 50 degrees F in the day (for bee activity) and not drop below 28-30 degrees F for any period of time; site should be as free from fog as possible; warm sunny days; lowest winter temperatures should not be below -20 degrees F without an insulating cover of snow. For purposes of this plan, the following definition is used for locally exceptional farmlands: "Locally exceptional farmlands" - Areas which are not nationally prime farmland or unique farmland, but which have Nester, Kent, clayey soils; Emmet, McBride, Menominee, Newaygo or Ubly loamy soils; above clayey or loamy soils in complex with Blue Lake, East Lake, Kalkaska, Karlin, Leelanau, Mancelona or Montcalm sandy soils, or in complex with Emmet, Menominee and Newaygo loamy soils as shown and coded in the Manistee County Third Level Soil Association Report as Cl, CZ, C3 and C5. Further, such areas are relatively flat, few rocks, free from urban development, not excessively eroded, not saturated with water, available irrigation water, all in such a manner to accommodate common farming practices in Manistee County. The existence of nationally unique farmland in Manistee County and Onekama Township should be placed in perspective. Half the nations' unique farmlands for tree fruit growing is found in Michigan. Sixty to seventy percent of that (or about 30 to 35 30 �rI I I. percent nationally) is found in northwest Michigan. Manistee County contains 1/6th of that, or five percent of the nation's tree fruit nationally unique agricultural lands. Contrast that with Manistee County containing 0.0002 percent of the land area of the Cnited States. Because these areas are not common in the United States, effort should be made to protect them from types of development which eliminate the possibility of agricultural uses. Preservation of farmland is a widely endorsed concept, being endorsed by The Regional Science Research Institute (working for the U.S. Department of Agriculture) 8 • wlichigan Farm Bureau', MSU Cooperative Extension Service 10, MSU Center for Rural Manpower and Public Affairs 1 1, Division of Land Resource Programs of the Ylichigan Department of Natural Resources1 \ Rockefeller Brothers Fund13 , Manistee County Planning Commission:'. American Planning Association! 5 , Michigan Society of Planning r • Coughlin. Robert E. et.al.: :--lational Agricultur.il Lands Studv. The Protection of Farmlands: A Reference Guidebook for State and Local Government. Regional Sdence Researcll Institute. US Government Printing om~. p. 13+. ' Use of Zoning to Retain Essential Agriculturnl Lands, Michigan Farm Bureau. MSU Cooperative Extension. MSU Center for Rural Manpower and Public Affairs, Division of Land Resource Programs Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976; and various position papers and v-Mious lobbying statements presented to the Michig-m Legislature. 10 I l • Use of Zoning to Retain Essential Agricultural Lands, Michigan Farm Bureau. MSU Cooperative Extension. MSU Center for Rural Manpower and Public Affairs, Division of Land Resource Progrc:1ms Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976; and various Extension Service bulletins. 11 ,I Use of Zoning to Retain Essential Agricultural Lands. Michigan Farm Bureau. MSU Cooperative Extension, MSU Center for Rurc:11 Manpower and Public Affairs. Division of Land Resource Programs Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976. i t ._ u Use of Zoning to Retain Essential Agricultural Lands, Michigan Farm Bureau, MSU Cooperative Extension. MSU Center for Rurcil Manpower and Public Affairs, Division of Land Resource Programs Michig-m Department of Natural Resources. 1976. 13 Crowell. Thomas Y. The Use of Land: A Citizens Policy Guide to Urban Growtll: Task Force Report. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund. 1973. 14 Manistee County Planning Commission. Manistee County Land Use Plan. 1984. 15 Toner. William; "Zoning Alone won't Save our Farmland", Planning. January 1979, p 13+. and Arc:1das. Steve et.al.; "Farmland Protection: Knowing What to Protect" PAS Memo. June 1982, 82-6. and several other pamphlets and position papers. 31 �..... lr .. i ' I I 1 . ... r I, i i , I . I' . r . OfficiaI.s 1 •, formal Gnited States Government policy1 ', Michigan Soil Conservation Service 19 • formal State of Michigan policy1', and American Farmland Trustz 0 • While current literature and political thinking is that agricultural related business is a potential for Michigan economic expansion and diversification, this move is not likely to increase the need for additional farmland. Farmland exists, is in use or laying fallow. The issue in Manistee tends to be retention of unique and locally exceptional farmlands for agricultural purposes, as once reverted out of that use (developed), they can virtually never be returned to agricultural purposes. Even though having farmland preservation zoning is a widely held concept. there is concern in Onekama Township if farmers want or need such provisions. To resolve this issue, the Onekama Township Planning Commission created an Agriculture Committee. The committee consisted of two members of the Commission and three Onekama Township farmers. The results of discussions in this committee is the best thing to accomplish agricultural land preservation is a strong and healthy agricultural economy. The second thing centers on land management, and seemingly is contradictory: 1. Do not limit the farmer in terms of what he can do with his land. This is both in terms of not limiting the type of farm operation, farm practices or types of crops (i.e. a broad definition of what is a farm), and for what uses the land may be sold for. 2. Protect the farmer, so incompatible land uses do not start up next to him and so land development in the agricultural area does not drive up the value of land. In short, the farmer wants the cake, and wants to eat it too. In an attempt to reconcile the inherent conflict --freedom to use/sell farm land for whatever is wanted and to protect farms from non-farm high property values and incompatible land uses-- the following is proposed. Onekama Township should use as broad a definition of "farm'' or "agriculture" as possible. The idea is to allow the fullest scope of activities possible while still being a farm or agricultural operation. The definition, or qualification, of a farm under the administrative rules promulgated under the Michigan Farmland and Open Space t ' I • • 16 "MSPO Adopts Farmland Policy", Michigan Planner; Summer,1986; Vol. 6 No. 3 Pg. 10. 17 Title 7 - Agriculture Chapter 73, Section 4201 et..seq. (United States Code). 18 "Farmland Preservation" position paper, July 11, 1983, East Laru:;ing 45748. 19 "Governor Blanchard Signs Farmland Protection Policy", Planning and Zoning News. October 1986, p. 6. zo American Farmland Trust; Plannincr & Zonincr for Farmland Protection: A Communitv Based Approach 1987. 32 �- I. Preservation Act.21. is an c:xample. A second example is the definition used in the Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC Manual). 22 The district should permit only farms/agricultural and forestry uses in an Agriculture District. Things such as the farmer's home, farm labor's housing, barns, tool and repair shops, storage, should be considered accessory uses to the principle farm use. There are certain uses which are okay, in terms of compatible and not resulting in being detrimental to the agricultural economy (land values). Those uses should be allowed only under certain conditions. Thus. uses like a single family home on a parcel, a small neighborhood retail enterprise, sawmill. and some manufacturing enterprises should be acceptable. Such uses would be subject to certain conditions or standards. Those standards include: 1. From a single parcel of farm land. a maximum of four new parcels can be created. This is to coincide with the state Subdivision Control Act 23 requirement that only four parcels, which are 10 acres or smaller in size, may be created without making a subdivision. (The idea is not to allow residential subdivisions in agricultural areas.) 2. That a special use permit is only issued with the proviso the applicant sign a statement they understand agricultural uses and practices will continue in the area even though they may be inconvenient or a nuisance. That the proposed use utilizes land which is the poorer (in terms of agricultural suitability) areas of a farm, such as a sand blowout, ditches, gullies, dips, etc., or existing buildings. 4. That the proposed use is found to be compatible as a neighbor to agricultural uses. Concerns the above principles are trying to ·deal with include mainly compatibility. The idea is to avoid uses which are going to experience problems being located next to a farm, or which will be a problem for the farm that may be next door. Examples include: (1) an industry (warehousing, retailer) which handles hazardous, toxic or other liquid wastes which may result in groundwater contamination, air pollution which reduces or eliminates crop growth. Such a situation is not compatible to a farm dependent on groundwater. (2) A housing development (i.e. more than a single family home that is only allowed with the above proviso) will not be compatible with farm operations running large equipment at night, manure smell, crop spray blowing onto or into a house, etc. and drives neighboring farm land values up. (3) A large or major retail or service enterprise (i.e. more than a small neighborhood retailer who is only allowed with the above proviso) will 21 P.A 116 of 1974, as amended, being MCL 554.701 et. seq. 22 Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1987; Executive Office of the President, Offic.e of Management and Budget; U. S. Government Printing Office, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161: Order number PB 87-100012. 23 P.A. ~88 of 1967, as amended, being MCL 560.101 et. seq. �.. not be compatible with farm operations where spray coats merchandise, customers cars. there is high volume traffic on a road also used by large slow farm equipment, and drives neighboring farm land values up. Finally, a concern expressed is farm preservation should not be a zoning district which encompasses any more area than justified. Such a district should include only those areas which are both recognized as nationally unique or locally exceptional farmlands (see map on page 44) and areas which currently and historically have an agriculture land use (see map on page 150). The areas which do not qualify under the conditions given here should be zoned residential or agricultural-residential. SPECIAL AND CNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS AND NATURAL FEATURES Special and unique environments were identified on a county-wide basis bv conducting a survey of known natural, unique and significant features and areas that might warrant special attention in the ·county. Much of that survey material is not reiterated here, nor a matter of public record. Sites, such as those for endangered species, or archaeological sites. are intentionally omitted from specific listing in order to protect the areas from the curious. vandals, and so on. The survey included features listed below: a. Archaeological Sites. b. Historical Sites. c. Historical Structures. d. Scenic Overlooks. e. Scenic Roads. f. Scenic Areas. g. Rare Geological Features. h. Glacial or Geological Formations. i. Areas of Endangered, Threatened or Rare Species. j. Unique Forestlands. k. Unique Nonforested Lands. I. Unique Water Features. m. Unique Wetlands. n. Other Unique Areas. After conducting an inventory of the above, the location( s) of each was plotted on a map. The locations of the plots provided evidence that most locations tended to congregate along some land feature. Thus, areas in Onekama Township, each with attributes listed above, can be defined with a boundary. Obviously, all items inventoried are not included within areas of special and unique environments. It is not the intent to list each feature. Rather, the intent is to designate special and unique environments. This is taken to imply "areas" where several attributes are found, rather than "points" representing a feature. A map on page 45 shows location of special and unique environments in Onekama Township. 34 �l I • r. I I I . l. Lake .Michigan Shore - Coastal Zone Management - High Risk Erosion Areas - Historical Structures and Sites (Portage Point Inn Historic District. Lakeshore Road Historic District, early transportation route ) - Sand dunes and bluffs geological feature - Scenic roads and overlooks - Archaeological sites - Historic, prehistoric and early explorer travel routes 2. Lakeview Road (Pierport) - Scenic Road - Designated ~atural Beauty Road 3. M-22 (a.k.a. Orchard Highway, Crescent Beach Road. Northwood Highway ) - State-promoted scenic highway (scenic road and through scenic areas) - Part of Lake Michigan Circle Tour - Approximates Indian trail north of Onekama (historic site) 4. Portage Point Road - Scenic road - Summer resort neighborhood -- historic buildings, scenic area 5. Portage Point Road Historic District (near M-22) - Historic group of summer homes 6. Red Park Historic District - Historic group of buildings, summer camp, summer homes, commons 7. Lakes ho re Road - Scenic road · - Follows Lake Michigan shore and sand dunes [PLN-NATR.ONE] 35 �• I, ,..... .,·.·.. ,:_,_;;.~·- .:....: ~- _;_.: ·..:-:..~::.. ,:,~.~-~ _--····-· ' . - · -- - - - ·- ., -~~ -~-:-Z:..-: ~ - ·= l 1•-, i ' .; . :=~ - . .:;.:.=: ?-.::-::. . >: . -·..__ - .-=..c Great Lakes Basin Lake Michigan 571 Shoreline, Arcadia to Portage Lake 576 Shoreline, Portage Lake to Bar Lake 572 Portage Lake Outlet 575 Hansen Creek 574 Dunham Creek 573 Schimke Creek Big Manistee River Big Bear Creek 352 Little Beaver Creek Little Bear Creek 354 Bear Lake • • ONEKAMA..- .TOWNSHIP.. -·. . ·-· - ... --· wA .TERS·H.to?::"":_:~~~ =.~ ....:.·.. • I 10 ~..i. - ·-··. - - - - - --- - _,..... .. . ;.:·- ·- -- - · - · - -~ I + -t- I I I [ r· i I .. r1 .• ~ ~ -- ::· ~-- \":·::... •·. :::'--:::.~ ·-.... . ;_ ____ -·- _,_ L + G L I e T 4 [ + ..... L... I ........ I �-- -i ' _j_ -"") i I I i + I I ii E; I Ii \ I I \ ..... \ i ! ... I :-- i I i..:_ J_ ~ I ' • ~ T _,_ + I - N ·N I ~ I + I -r ' e T Gordon. Lake ~ fJ lI ·---- - · - · •-► ·- · -. I I - I T -/ ----- .... Portage _- Lake ~ .....!.I �■ ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP SEPTIC PROBLEM AREAS Areas where septic use is likely to be denie under health code 2 Areas where septic use is suspected to present problems + Based on assessment by James Lerg, ManisteeMason District Health Department, 1980. In addition to areas shown here, areas denie also include: SO feet around a well 10 feet from property line 10 feet from basement wall 10 feet from water lines 15 feet from a ban or steep slope 100 feet from any surface water. I ----- l / - 11 15 11 1 (1982 Health Code.) r I L l 38 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING coM,qrssro~ �- , I ' ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP SIGN IF I CA1, , r-7 J '•· ~ L7 r----;] l· ... - _.. , ; i,_ WETLANDS MAP Significant Wetlands as ahown by this Plan: 1. Wetland west of □ Major wet- • lands as mapped by Charles Wolverton of the DNR Dec. -'--;,,-~,:,'(t . ·'~ V/liG ~~'Qlk. Red Park. 2. Wetland on both sides of Leonard Ave. 3. Wetland east of Ellen Road • 4. l~etland along east edge of Pot·tage Lake. 5. Wetlands associated with the mouth of McGowan's Creek 6. Wetlands on west side of Andy's Point. _ _ 1986 /· ' ~ -'-. --t_• ...}.. I ~ . , ,.; ' \ . , ; · "" • . ,·,. r • . , !'R'J.M .... :.;:,_ Ii r---· .. ~ . ft /J,' ,.,~ ·· -·::;::::.·:-•,,·,,r,i:;: ·.. • ";;A:-.4... • ~. . ~ ·. ,, ,· ' ;i _.... " " '. _._ ."',; ·- -.... ..... . . ,. - ,.. . ,. ' •. \ \ ,. • -.-- ' . ,.'-.. \ ·• f" .. \. lf! ·.. . · I ' ~ -~- t.._· . - .o . "/( /f ··. A I •• . I . . . . _:·1: .. (;. I: .... I. .... f - Ii .f:: . ... ◄ • ; i . - . .. .. .'.\•' .• . ·:A .- 1/~t))~1 ,~.:-.. :" : " . I j · ··. . · il -- I',' .. '° • ·•, ·- . ' - l.,.J . / ', •- c _:-J -~-1 .. . .I . - .• . .,~ , . . - ~,-,,-,.-,r ~~M~ , . , . , , . ~~~, ~ ~~~~ · ' . ,. · =, :✓ ~~2~~¥~~~~~\)) - 0 . , ~; ,J ))' . 1/,'.f?$i:,?f?111_ B /))" J~ · ,,,e,.;;,y_, ·>··?· ·(.·/1', >-">,2:~ jJ,·, / I - .-1 l · ~ 1;.-~y;':r 0 ·· ' ,r ,..,,._F--'· - .. -~-. E· ,".:; f 'J' V::--:;;-7 ~ .;,-'_ : . - ~ . ' ;_;,-- - -~ ·;!: . : .. .. . ~. ·::;:: .... , ··. .. . . . .. , -.-:K . I . . . '::J.,._..,, '""= ' -a-.. . ·-- ....~ . . ; ~~ -~ ''' ~ -.:::,, c=-. - •. ;.if,1:3:s~'. "•~~cc-,~· ~~~~~~'.2: : = : '""': · \' ~Cc'• ,-~lfiJ . • " Iii, '"'""' .:L,,. . , ,I -- ,- ;•-._c:S\· , __:;.,._• ij3,\ f ' ·-.· ' ' ' ' · "-~ ~- •",'' - 1 -"'"/~. " -;c '"'=~ . ;; ~2:~:.-:- ' .""' < , :}f ; -~ ·. I . · ...,, - ... ,1, h _,, • ... -- : '"'-';.->-'::~',.-'\,,Q ,7,1 . i!f///'/f1}f#',,j,' . ~jl>"G;,a ,f '7 • · , . . !:.- ,~~:'."'::- : ..: .•. • • _ \J ,, '. : • : ; »~ ·: ~~':;..,,'l\\ ., / <:'~/ .~,, /I / - ~\~ · ~--. -\,,_ ~ - :-:, .•. __ -____ ..... '.1. .SS:::--., 1\\I · •t /"~\!;~ · ;( ,,, �Il ., ~' 'Wetland definitions from the Michigan Wetland Protection Act and its administrative ruk:s. ".. .land characterized by the presence of water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, wetland vegetation or aquatic life and is commonly referred to as a bog, swamp or marsh ... " P.A. 203 of 1979. Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act." [ I I. I I I • '- 40 �__ ] 1p ·~LdOD "PL~IN M~P UNt:KAMA fO Flood Area Extends full length of coastline : 41) 7 From National Flood Insurance Program Flood Insurance Rate Map 260276 0001 B. May 1. 1978 --~ ~v, ~~ '~ ..... ! . i. I 1r51·~ .... •. .· ·1• · 1 1 1 ~ • ... l . : ; ·1 ' ,· ''. I .. . . . . . ·. : ; ; : : : : : '. Zone B (100-500 year flood plain) .. .... . .. .. -,.. ~ ~ ~ .. -. • Zone A3 (100 year flood plain) Elev a tion 584 ft. above sea level Ot6 e r areas experience minimal flooding. One kama Village ls not In flood insurance program. Flooding in the village should be expect ed, even though not shown he re. - .J ·f f I • ;,:~ :··· ·.- -~.-- ~·-. -~ . ~, . . . .. . . . . . . . ,... _ . . •J:·._ ..,.. • I .,. I • I • • • - ,..._ • -• • .' . .. . . . . . . . "'!·":::~: •• . . ·..... . . \. ~ ·.- .. • I' .o. "L ..!I • .•;~ ~ I f f t , ~ ' =.JJ . = · • .. - L .....a.. .. . .. - . . .. . . . . K I• ,.Ji," I.. . . . '. . :...... --__:,: .. ,. . ·•t ....-_,....- ,;ii~"\\,- . .. ' . I . • . ~~ ~~ F ~ ~ ~',i:I -n~ _,,,..~ _·-e::~_; I ~ ~~~~~~~;/ '~~~~ .. ~~~• ,· ,~,,, . ..'' ---- li9!,f r,;;_£, - ,,. . : ·... . .. . .,d/jj, . •I .. . ~ -i . .. . ,m.w:~r; . . .• ! .. •ll.,.. ..·r ·•i: \ •(:_. - \ ;J • I . . ' ~ - , ~ 1,~ 1 , 1 ~ · ~ ~~ , ~ . ~ . .. ~ - . . =-------. . \\ 1·~.i,\, 1~-----.........._ '=- v.;--~,:,. i'(c::;· ~ ~ .. '~--"" '>• " .,. "'-"--..._ . ,, .. ·,-.....,....·--.'~.--.," ~ , ,,-., .. •._,·. I~•-, , rlif· . , ,..')f, .... . --..-~=-. --~r' .I'l',. I.l1 llll«l , - ~~--, ---•Al ', ..,,, \ . ' • 'L:, , . ""'.. \·-" .,g (l -~ -////111!!( 1 / ~! '. •· ·->?/ I // '' . , . ~~ :·-:--,,· \r : < ~-- :=::;, I •• •. ·.- - .• : " ·:?'· .,),, ·I ....--J)J) A,i•.. ~'\ p;f l/ ,, 11, ,.,1//tl/ / ,,f • • " .. ,,, - ~ )J))~-- : ::{ ,t'6Jijy~ •,-. I ., ') , .,, I• I • -; .."~ ~'' J �THIRD LEVEL SOIL ASSOCIATION MAP ,--_ • ---:__ A- ZLK - Bl ! . _. -- · - - -Onekama .Townsh.iP Depleted K.:llkas ka Sand ( 15 ) E7 L F2 Gl G2 ' Hl H3 HS -. .. . .... : _·--~~-- -:..~.--:..:-: -=-~ ·:..:_::_~-:--=.::::-.-~-:=:- __-::.~- .·: I I Deer P3rk & Eascport Sand with Lake ~iic h i :.;;.rn e f f,?c:: ( 1 2) C7 r I • .,,, __ -.,. -- cs • E4 L. ,a;_- Rubicon Sand l l3) Clay (:-o2scer )- Loam Complex OS)·· [ __,; ES E6 r . : .- .:':-;::._ ._ ;:;- . ·.--:' ...~.-~-::-=-==~-".: : ~;-:;._~::: .~~- ~~ --_:.:__:_:_ ~·-:-:.:-·_:;-;~-._;-; : :-:./ = ·:·. .:. ~ 2 Kalkaska Sand ( 16 ) Croswell Sand ( 17) Iosco, Kawkawl i n Loamy '.,ecland ( 23) AuGres and Finch Sandy ·.,etland ( 24) Loamy /Sand Complex (2 5 ) Sandy Wetland Complex ( 19 ) Sandy \,et land Association or Complex ( 19) Bergland Clay Swamps (42) ___ ..., cs C7 \ c:; C7 Tawas, Lupton Organic/Clay Wetland Swamp (44) Loxley Organic Wetland Soil Bog/Swamp (45) Shifting Sand Dune (61) Sand, Stony Beach/Bluff (63) cs ca Made Land ( 65) C7 l l. '' -' 1 ca cs 42 MANISTEE COUNTY PLN./1-111'- G c oM,q1ss·10J;; �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PRIME FORESTLANDS Nationally Prime Timberlands 'L, [D • • .' . - • at ._ ♦ • • • • ,. • •. ~ - • . .... '"_, • I • • . . . ; I"""..:..'.;:.. . . . .•. . .. , . . . : . ; . ~ ; ... ~.:: .. .' .. . ~ ·. ~: ~;: . ... . • Timberlands of Regional Importance ... .,. • • I .. t • "'• • • - . . . • -~ =·; :: l: :·. :D~. ..: =. ; ..... ' . . . . ::. .. :. ;... ' ..:~ ;-~ ;iro· . .~ : : . .. . . . . =. :: • • • • .. Not designated r ' . .. .. • ' .... ., ' ·-. . • • ~ ...... - .. . . ' ► .. ... • I ••• .. . -. • •• • • .. ◄ - I .. . • i •• • • L ~-C.~: f .. ~ : : : ,.:: : ~ ~; • ..... . • • • 4, I f O I • I ' • I' l •., • • • ... • • .. • • • ~ : : .. ....-. .,,. ...-.. ~ . • .. o I • • f • . .......- ... : --11 ::. ·. ;.:! ·:. ::- ·_::·;~:-~:-· ::: : :! ~: ;.:~ ::- :.: :: ~ : :·.... . .. . - . ...' . .,. .. . - : .. I• - • "' • ' . [ • : • • .. . : : ... : • • • • .... "" · : :· • • ~• ,. • .. • f ~ ,.., • • • .,. • '" • . . . . . .-i , . . . . , ...... t .:· _-~-i?/ /·:>: ~:~~=~~/.. !IL. • , • • • • • • • ., • • • I ,. • • • • • • • • . . ... . " • • • • • • - I,'. C ~ T • ♦ • t • " • • • t ,- • • • • • • .. • "' • • • ,_ t • • ~ : . . . : ,; : • t • ~; : . ·-· ····-· -· ... ... . ...... ' ..... ' ..... ..... . . . . ....... . . ,-... •. ........ ... ... . . .,,-...... ... I .. ...· . . ,: I I .,•• ' ., • • • - • • • •• I'.. • , , • ., • • ..... •· .. , ~ • • • • . . . . . . .. , • • .. t ~ ' ~ . .. t . . . .. - .. .. . . . . . ' l- • ' ._ • • . • ~ " ,. ..... .. " " • ' • • ' • ' ... , .. ' . ' . • I • • ••••"'I :: :.:....:~;_ ;:: ::m·. -~;~;.::~; . : . :: : • - • ; .. .. • , • • ~ • ... ~ ' . . . . ~ • j .. ' ... , . . • • • : ' r • • • • .. • • • I, , ·I :_ • • ◄ ·• : . • - . . ,t,' ' • ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . • ..t • • • • .. - • - . - ... .. ,. • . . . . . . . ""'. • J .. ....... ~ "I 1.. . ,. .. . . . · :: : ·; -:: - ·. ::: ~.!: : . ' .. ..... .. ' · - ~ .. . .... - . ... ~ ... . . ,. . _,. ..... . .... . ~ - ..... #> , ~ 'J -· ...... . . ..... . •~• ._., .. . ~- ... • I'" ♦ "' • ~ ' •. • .... .. I .. . • .. >~· . ..... , ... ··· . -·: =-=·. . :~ .:.r ·: ' : : ; : }!. ; -; ; - ..' .-:: 24; ~: ::: ;_ ;~~!..... ................ .. . . ...... ,..':"-,.. . . ...... .. I'•• . . .. . . . • ,,. • • -:-· .... ,::.·:-:' :,. ..... ..... ... . . . -·- .......... .... -... . • • • • I' . . . ... - •• 'It. • ._.,. .... _, • -- I._•• •• ,, • .. J, . . . . . . . . . - . - . , .... ; ... ' . ... . ~'l--4~- : : ~·~ ~ : -~:-: ~!:: ; ~ ~ 43 MANISTEE COUNTY Pl.A.l✓NING coM,qrssrofil �., ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP AGRICULTURAL LANDS Nationally Prime Farmlands (none) Nationally Unique Farmlands l8J • r-· r ! Slight Limitations (none) Moderate Limitations Better than elsewhere but with significant limitations Locally Exceptional Farmland Loam and Loam-Clay soils • Other D I.. Not designated Sources: Northwest Michigan Tart Cherry Site Inventory, Soil Conservation Service and Manistee County Third Level Soils Report 1982. MANISTEE COUNTY PLJ\l✓NING COM'~ISSIO~ �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP SPtCIAL AND UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS 3 l. Lake Michigan Shore 2. Lakeview Road r= I I~ r": ~ L 3. M-22 (Orchard Hwy & Northwood Hwy) 4. Portage Point Road 5. Portage Point Road Historic ·{ a; District (near M-22) 6. Red Park Historic District J . 1 7. Lakeshore Road :f:~? ·:U ... . . 2 -----1 ·. ::;A . ,-i; iiil , ..!, 1:;,;; l ;!'l:,J'; -(Ti ii-1 11 u t ~- 1C~ .... C~ .. r -- 1 0 'iI 24 • L , 3 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING coM,qrssrofiJ �POPULATION ANALYSIS This section is to discuss Onekama Township's historic and existing population and housing. It will also attempt to project future population and housing needs and the resultant demands placed on the township for roads, developable land, etc. !J Existing and Historic Population Below is a table presenting past United States Census figures for the township. The data from 1940 to present was used for computer model population projections and other statistical manipulation presented in this section. I , Onekama Township Population !_, year: r' I '~ I I~ I., I L I ~ I i,_ I ' r Onekama &Onekana Village Onekana Village 1940 1950 708 833 340 435 1980 894 1,128 1,444 469 638 582 Onekama Township has followed relatively steady population increase, unlike the up and down population decline and growth pattern which has been found in most of Manistee County, and found in most of rural 1\llichigan. Decline of rural population (with a national trend for migration to metropolitan areas) from 1940 through the 1960s follows an expected pattern. This has not been the case with Onekama Township. Starting about 1970, (with a national trend toward "back to nature" and "rural living") the population in rural areas has grown. This is reflected in Onekama Township with an even greater rate of growth. People moved to Onekama in 1970 - 1980 for three reasons: 1. Retirement, 2. Persons moving here for employment opportunities, or 3. Seeking to get away from the large city. While those are thought to be the main reasons, they are certainly not the entire picture. Other reasons include moves as a result of marriage, marital dissolution, seeking larger housing or less expensive housing, leaving school or the armed forces and desire for a change of climate. However, most of these reasons are secondary. Detailed discussion on employment and economy is in a separate section, but suffice it to say here that Manistee County shares in the national trend toward increased numbers of jobs available in retail, services, finance, real estate, insurance, transportation, 46 ,_ ' 1970 1960 �r • I f I , ,~ I l .: i. i I ' I • . , i I ' - r • : L.~ utilities, communications and health fields. From 1970 to 1980 Manistee employers have provided about 17 percent more jobs overall (though some of this gain has been lost in the first part of the 1980s ). Lack of new job availability in the manufacturing and industrial sectors of the economy has been the factor which has held the rate of growth in the county in check in the 1980s. In contrast, new industry opening in the Traverse City area has been accompanied by a much faster population growth rate in those areas, illustrating the impact of job availability to population growth. A portion of the population growth in Onekama Township can be attributed to job availability, though that number of immigrants could increase considerably as the economy becomes stronger. Onekama Township's major cause for growth is from residents moving into the area for reasons of retirement. This is particularly true in areas of the township around Portage Lake (except within Onekama Village). To the degree that retirees bring additional population to the area, those people contribute to the area's tax base, economy such as service industries and government services. Retirees buy cars, maintain houses, go shopping, and so on -- all of which contributes to the volume of business in service and retail businesses, which in turn leads to additional, or retained. employment opportunities. Onekama Township has become both a retirement community and a "bedroom community" to Manistee Lake area. (The area is changing more toward a retirement community -- rather than a bedroom community to Manistee). This trend is expected to continue during the next five years. This is a result of the decline of manufacturing jobs in Manistee and the housing sales going mostly toward mid-age or older couples looking for resort and retirement homes.) The area is particularly attractive for retirees because of three major reasons: 1. .The demand for lake frontage (or near a lake) with Lake Michigan and Portage Lake. 2. The cost of living (housing) and land is lower than costs north and southern portions of the Lake Michigan coast line, and reasonably near larger centers of retail, medical and cultural areas such as Traverse City and to a lesser extent Manistee. (One should note, land values in Onekama Township tend to be high in contrast to much of Manistee County, reflecting the premium for proximity to water.) This situation - lower land values here than elsewhere along the Lake Michigan coast - is a majar reason one can expect continued and faster growth pressure here. As people shop the coast, good buys are found here, resulting in increased growth pressure from people seeking low-cost lake frontage. 3. Individuals returning to the area after growing up here, and working elsewhere or having vacationed in the area and deciding to reside in Onekama. (A "normal" evolution of a resort community is for summer homes to become year-round homes as families retire and sell, or retire and assume residency. This has become particularly true with the introduction of a statewide Construction Code and Energy Code in the 1970s requiring all 47 �homes --regardkss if for summer use or not-- to be designed for year-mum.I use and heating.) The final reason for moving to northern Michigan is the desire to escape from the city. This migration also brings people who shop and thus contribute to the economy. An important distinction to make in discussing this type of individual is that the desire is to get away from the city; not a desire for rural or country living. Thus, the expectation is for an urban level of services even though they are in a more rural area. Of concern in the northern parts of Onekama Township is the potential for such individuals to locate next to a farm operation or forest management area. In such an instance, it is not uncommon to hear complaints about the smell and dust from a farm. noise from machinery in operation on a farm or in timber harvesting, and so on. The farmer also may complain about his new neighbor's dogs, lights, and the neighbor's complaining. Also, such new residents are not accustomed to having a septic system, its proper care, or the fact that a permit is needed; they want a policeman, ambulance or fire truck at their door within five minutes of the call for help. There are also people who desire to live in rural areas. Then, after a few years living there, they start to complain about the lack of urban services in their rural area. To avoid such conflicts in land use and to make it more practical and financially feasible to provide urban levels of government services, new residential development should be concentrated in the township. Condensed development allows for more efficient provision of government services, allows for less infrastructure construction and maintenance to service a greater number of homes and businesses, and avoids traffic problems associated with lineal strip development a.long main arteries. However, population estimates for Onekama Township show a decline from 1980 to 1986: Population Estimate 1980: 1986: 1,444 1,429 u (a 1.1% decline) The above estimates are a guess, at best, based on the same methods used to project future populations, but using more known data, such as actual birth, death rates, etc. The estimate of declining population is felt to be an accurate picture of what has happened in Manistee County from 1980 through 1985. The county has undergone severe economic setbacks in terms of number of available jobs, numbers unemployed or underemployed and volume of purchasing in the county. Given this background, it is reasonable to expect Onekama Township also lost population in this time period. i__ l• Data Research Center, Inc., Northwest Michig-,m Council of Governments, August 1986 48 �The U.S. Census has been estimating a general decline in the population of Manistee County since 1980. The decline is due to the loss of jobs in the county because of the statewide hard economic times in the first three years of the 1980s. Population Proiections The Michigan Department of Management and Budge½ Michigan Information Center, has projected future population for Manistee County as increasing by about 1,000 persons per decade. (From that 1,000 person increase one would subtract the early 1980s· loss of population.) Accurate statistical projection at the township level is not practical and is not done by state or regional agencies. Thus, population projections have been prepared by the Manistee County Planning Department. In doing so, it is assumed events occurring anywhere in the county which impact the area's growth will have a correspondingly proportional impact on Onekama Township's growth. It is also assumed, in making these projections, that the following events will not occur: nuclear war: extensive conventional warfare involving the U.S.; social unrest leading to the breakdown of civil government in Michigan or the U.S.; severe manipulation or collapse of world commodity markets or the domestic economy; and severe natural disasters such as fire, tornado, flooding, and so on. The assumption also made is a period of steady, slow economic growth in northwest Michigan involving Manistee County. Using U.S. Census data from 1940 to 1980 several computer models were used in an attempt to project Onekama Township's future population 25 • A thirty year projection was run (to the year 2010). Projecting is, at best, also guess work. To present the most realistic picture, several different population projection models were used, and the range of the results is presented here. The 1940 to 1980 data was used to project a continuing growth trend which started in the 1960's. 15 Computer progr.im used, is prepared and published by the American Planning Association, Chicago Ill. as a technical publication for professional planners. 49 I I__ �I. - t . I 1 Model Population Projections (using 1940-1980 base data) r L I , 2000 2010 Linear Model (Direct) Projections 1,628 1,812 1,996 Linear Model (Regression) Proj. 1,532 1,708 1,885 Exponential Model (Direct) ~roj. 1,730 2,072 2,482 Exponential Model (Regression) Proj. 1,629 1,937 2,302 Modified Exponential Model Proj. 1,571 1,683 1,782 Average of above 1,618 1,842 2,089 Mean of above (Linear Model) 1,628 1,812 1,996 From the above results of various population projection models, one can see the Linear Model (Direct) Projection comes closest to the average and mean. Its totals were then factored downward to build in the reduction of population from 1980 to 1985. From this one can reasonably come to the conclusion the following represents as accurate ~ picture as possible for Onekama Township's future population. Onekama Township Population Projection Year I , I I l. 1990: 1,600 2000: 1,762 With a range of With a range of 1,519 - 1,718 1,666 - 2,050 A graph illustrating the future population of the township can be found on page 59. To further understand what is happening with Onekama's population, a review of data on construction activity in the township is in order. · Issued to: ' ' Projection and range Addresses Issued in Onekama Township l 985l 1986 1987 Hom~i cottage, cabins Mobi e homes commercial, industrial Oth~r (met~red p9st, irrigation. sign. etc. TOTA\., . 6 5 0 2 11 1 5 2 2 o ~ rt 0 t l6 Addresses were issued for only six months in l985. The numbers below are annual estimates based on the August - December 1985 addresses actuaUy issued. 50 �l .: r Addresses reflect only new construction. One does not obtain a new address when work is only an addition. Thus one can assume the addresses reflect new home construction. A map on page 58 shows the location of the issued addresses, by section. From this one sees a concentration of new construction around the Portage Lake area and Pierport area. Onekama Construction Permit Activity Year 1975l 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 [ 7 llet. Conm. & Ue'i Hobile Homes lfe•11 Homes 9 10 15 12 8 7 3 5 7 5 8 14 5 ....1nL 2 5 1 1 0 0 0 n/a 4 5 3 2 3 2 0 1 0 0 n/a nJa n/a n/a 1 1 1 2 Twp. Pernit Total 29 26 32 32 17 33 19 26 28 26 34 53 40 Vill. Pernit Total 7 11 13 13 16 8 11 13 11 16 15 23 21 As can be seen by the address data, home construction has continued during 1975II • L 87. Also, new home construction has continued from 1980 through 1987, though at a slightly lower pace than found in the 1975-1979 years. During the same period, there is a decline in population yet an increase in the number of housing units in the township. There are a couple reasons this can take place. First, as people leave an area to seek work elsewhere, they do not sell their home. The home is retained in the hope they can return or because it has been "in the family", or it is held for use as a seasonal or summer home. Second, continued new home construction is a result of people building seasonal/summer homes and/or retirement homes. Inasmuch as Onekama Township is a resort comm.unity, this tends to support the second reason. Seasonal population estimates are possible to figure for Onekama Township. They were first presented in the 1985 Manistee County Solid Waste Management Plan. That plan used seasonal population as part of its calculation for solid waste generation -recognizing on a countywide basis that seasonal and retirement home development continued to increase in the early 1980s, despite the county's economic doldrums. I . i 7 Building Permits were issued for only part of this year, starting in 1975. Data shown here is the:: actual number of permits issued. l 51 �r- St!asonally Adjusted Average Population Estimated Pop. ll anent and Seasonal Pop. l9 Pernanent Potential Peale Tourist and Transient Pop. 30 22,633 34,281 12,996 1,429 2,570 i71 Potential Peak Pert11986 r I L MAlITSTEE COOllTY Onekalla Twp. &7. f" L :' n,211 3,328 :\djusted Annual .Average Pop. per DaVll 31,268 2,100 The disadvantage of the above table is the calculations are based on a 1980 census seasonal housing unit count. If seasonal homes have increased. the higher number used to represent seasonal homes is an estimate. If anything, the data reflected in the above table estimates the seasonal population low. One might use a factor of 1.6 to estimate seasonally adjusted annual average population per day, and a factor of 2.5 to estimate permanent and tourist/transient and seasonal population. For purposes of future projections of the township's population, those factors might be applied to estimate the population_plus seasonal population. Seasonal Population Projection . Year 1990: r II Seasonal and l'ourist Transient and Seasonal Pop. 2000: :\djusted Pop. Proj. Peale Seasonal Proj. A11erage 1,600 1,762 4,000 4,405 2,560 2,819 .lrQL • I - 1· I I I. r . L. Again, population projections are not an exact science. However, for purposes of planning for the township's future, it is a valuable tool. For purposes of planning, attempting to project beyond 20 years is questionable. This plan should be updated every five years, where the data here is re-evaluated and the conclusions drawn below are reviewed again. 29 Data Center Inc. of Traverse City. 2 ' Manistee County Planning Department estimates based on 1980 Census housing counts and available Building Department new home construction permits for 1980-1985 (permanent population plus residents occupying summer homes in the county). i L. 30 Planning Department estimates based on number of motels, etc., and licensed campsites in the county. Ji Adjusted by climatic season's expected use and by using Michigan Department of Commerce estimated oa..1.1pam.-y rc1tes. 52 �By 1990, the additional population in Onekama Township will include 90 to 289 more people, or 33 to 108 new families/houses for permanent population. An additional 56 to 180 people may come to the area as seasonal and tourist residents. That is an additional 20 to 67 seasonal homes. Commercial area growth as a result of the population growth will be nil. (That is not to say there will not be commercial growth, just that it should not be attributed to only the additional people living in Onekama Township.) By 2000, the additional population in Onekama Township will include 237 to 621 more people, or 88 to 233 new families/houses for a permanent population. An additional 148 to 388 people may come to the area as seasonal and tourist residents. That is an additional 55 to 1-1-5 seasonal homes. Commercial area growth as a result of the population growth will be nil. The above estimates (and those reflected in the table below) are derived from a planner's "rule of thumb". J.J [ I~ !,_ II ! . I i _.. ,-.• L Population Growth Needs Summary In addition to 1986 demands !Je1 population In 1990 90 to 289 In 2000 237 to 621 New fanilies /housing units New seasonal/tourist pop. 33 to 108 56 to 180 38 to 233 148 to 388 Total new housing units (perm. &seasonal) 110 to 356 292 to 766 50 to 175 ac. 150 to 380 ac. •45 to 2.4 ac. 1.19 to 5 ac . Land for housing needs Land for retail &service enterprises New road construction New public lands 1.17 to 5.5 111.i. 1.8 to 10 ac. to 12.5 Ill. 4. 75 to 20 ac. New students in school (pen. pop. only) 21 to 90 54 to 193 L4 The range is so wide because of the small number of people living in Onekama Township. This makes it difficult to have a statistically tight estimate, as the expected percentage of error is large. The range increases the farther into the future one attempts to make predictions. Also, the above data on housing land needs and road construction indicate the rmrumum. If, for example, when zoning, one were to zone only 6 to 43 acres for new residential development, and the land owner( s) decided not to sell, additional land would J~obert B. Hotaling and Geoffrey V. Moffat, Michigan Townships Planning and Zanini: Handbook; Institute For Community Development Lifelong Education Programs, Michigan State University, 1980, p. 60. 53 �i. l be needed in that zoning category. Actual length of new roads will depend on the location of the area being developed. proximity to existing roads. etc. ' Existing Pooulation Characteristics Onekama Township's population is dominantly rural. At the end of this report are two maps, a Building Density dot map (page 60) and a Population Density Isorhythm map (page 61 ). Both maps are used to illustrate where in the township population congregates. Aside from the obvious concentration in the Village of Onekama there is a general concentration around Portage Lake. with centers of density at: 1. Portage Point 4. Easy St. (Sandy ?t.) 2. Andy's (Uorthl ?t. 5. wick-.H'e-wah 3. Hilltop-Clark Rd. 6. Red Park area A lighter area of population concentration can be found at: 7. Pierport and spread out along ErdJ.lan Rd. J L.., I .: l . I' !. I • r ·• ! L.. 'i I I . I • Concentration of density can be better illustrated on the map using lines to show population density. The map presentation using dots to represent each house is a more accurate reflection of what is on the ground. The Portage Lake Management Plan Map (page 62) at the end of this section identifies three centers of future residential and commercial growth. For purposes of this plan, a fourth area can be considered to exist at Pierport. 1. Pierport is an established concentration of population. It has many undeveloped lots within subdivided areas, as well as small parcels along its edges. 2. Portage Point is already quite densely populated. Low lands, wetlands and sand dunes provide little opportunity for expansion. 3. Onekama Village area is an established center and recognized as a county trade center for purposes of retail, services and center of employment. It is a nucleus of Onekama's most potential area of growth. Retail and services should be encouraged to locate in the village where they have access to public sewer. Open land in the village can accommodate residential growth as well as the areas to the west, including and north of Hilltop-Clark Road area. This area should be targeted for directing much of the township's , future development. 4. The Easy Street (Sandy Point) area has some ability for expansion, mainly to the south, in and around the former Roger's Memorial Hospital. The composition of Onelcama's population shows there are a few minorities, less than 2.6 percent. The largest group is Hispanic (2.3% ), followed by Native Americans (1.2% ), Asian and Pacific Islander (0.2% ), and then Blacks (0.0% ). The proportions follow closely the county totals. However, the county has a smaller total proportion of minorities. 54 �-, I I , The ethnic compos1t10n of Onekama, according to U.S. Census summary tape fik number 4, lists the largest group (175 individuals) as "German Ancestry". The next largest ethnic group places a far second, with 92 reporting pure English ancestry. The Irish. 5-l-. and Polish, 51, are the only other significant ethnic groups. Those with German ancestry and French ancestry (38) are in Onekama Township in a higher proportion to the total population than is normally found in Northern Michigan or in Manistee County as a whole. Individuals with more than one ethnic background are more prevalent: German and other(s) English and other(s) Irish and other(s) Polish and others(s) French and others(s) Italian and others(s) :·-, I, L ; . I , 354 288* 190 116 118 7 Those groups marked with an asterisk (*) indicate ethnic groups are found in Onekama Township in a higher proportion to the township's population than are found in .Manistee County as a whole or in Michigan as a whole. The following table presents the population of Onekama Township by age: Onekama Township Population by Age Table 33 Population 123 persons 172 persons 138 persons 39 persons 425 persons 245 persons 76 persons 226 persons I • i ' - I l i. ,_ Years of Age birth to 5 years 6 to 13 years U to 18 years 19 to 21 years 22 to 44 years 45 to 59 years 60 to 65 years 65 years &older Period of Life Preschool Elementary School Secondary School College/Work force Work force Work force Work force/retirement Retirement Onekama Township's age distnbution closely mirrors Manistee County's; which means a relatively higher proportion of senior citizens (15.6% compared to a Michigan average of 14%). However, Onekama's population does differ from the "norm" in two areas. First, the proportion of preschool-age population is higher than found in the county as a whole: 8.5% compared to 6.3%. Second, the proportion of the population in the college age group (19 to 21 years) is much lower than the county as a whole: 2.7% for Onekama and 6.3% for the county. 33 The total, will not equal the township's population. particular question blank. 55 Ce::n.sus data reflects those which left the �- ..... j . .L •' i ' L.J The median age of residents in Onekama (in 1980) was 34.3 years. In comparison. Manistee County median age is 33 years; Arcadia. 38.5 years; Manistee, 31. 7 years; Bear Lake, 32.6 years; Benzie County, 32.3; Grand Traverse County, 28.8; and Wexford County, 30.6. Onekama Township can be characterized as having an elderly population, with a lower than norm college age group population. Just over three quarters of the post-school-age residents of Onekama Township have completed high school. In 1980 about 78 percent of persons who are 25 or more years old were high school graduates. This is in comparison to 62.2 percent for Manistee County as a whole, 67.4 percent for Bear Lake Township, Arcadia 57.1 %, Manistee Township 62.1 %, Benzie County 67.4%, Grand Traverse County 77.2%, Wexford County 62.2%. Housin~ Data Housing stock in Onekama Township is dominantly single family homes. The 1980 U.S. Census reported 2.3 percent of the housing units in the township were in an apartment building with five or more additional units. Housing stock in the township is relatively good. Indicators show 96.8 percent of the homes have one or more complete indoor bathrooms. In terms of size, Onekama Township ranks slightly higher than the county (60.4% compared to 52.1 %, respectively, having three or more bedrooms). Housing age is close to the county norm: built between 1940 and 1969· - 43.4% for the township and 35.4% for the county; built earlier than 1939 - 33.3% for the township and 43.8% for the county. Homes built after 1970 constitute 23.3% of the total (20.8% county). An unusually high percentage of the homes in•the township are occupant owned, as is the case with most of Manistee County. As a reflection of the Village of Onekama public sewer system, 41.4 percent of the housing units in the township are on public sewer. Most of the 618 year-round housing units counted in 1980 have a central heating system. The most common is a central warm air furnace (235). The most common fuel used is oil (392), with the second most used fuel being firewood (50). Third is electric ( 48). (In the county as a whole, the order found is natural gas, oil, bottled gas, firewood.) Cost of housing in Onekama Township is relatively high. In 1980 an average homeowner's housing costs were 111 percent of the average cost of owning a home in Manistee County, regardless of whether a mortgage existed or not. Manistee County's average homeowner costs are considerably lower than the . statewide norm for housing costs (purchasing as well as occupant-costs). The low price is most likely reflecting the relatively low demand for home-owned housing (with seasonal/vacant houses) in the township. Rental rates in Onekama Township are also high, being 120 percent of the county average Onekama Township, particularly the Portage Lake area. is considered the county's real estate hot spot. As a rule, homes in these areas are selling at prices above the original listed price. The Manistee-Mason County areas have had lower lake frontage 56 �• I ' l I 1~ r. l L costs along Michigan's Lake Michigan coastline. In recent years, when people shopped the coast line for property, they found attractive land for a low price in Onekama Township. This has increased demand and subsequently, price. This trend is expected to continue. and may accelerate - in terms of land and house values - in the near future. Older homes belonging to elderly couples, particularly in the village, change hands after one spouse dies. That home often is sold to a young family. The surviving spouse often does not want to leave the community, so looks for a small apartment. Surviving spouses relocate to housing for senior citizens in Manistee or seek an apartment in Onekama. This maintains a demand for multiple family housing units in Onekama. Apartments which ·do exist tend to remain full. In summary, housing in the township, reflected by price and number, exceeds demand for homeowner occupied units. By and large, housing is of good quality and slightly larger in size than the norm for Manistee County. There does not appear to be any pressing need for housing programs. ! ... I . i L.. L l - 57 �.. '.,' .LOCATIONS OF NEW ADDRESSES ISSUED IN ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP 1986, 1987 ••• t • • • • 1_ · : ~:~: ~•• ' • 0 I • ' •• • • ·• t • • • f 4 I • •• • • •• f • None ,, .. . - . ..... '. . ... ► .. • ' .. • I • • • f ........ · • •· • f • • • [ t: . • • f a ~ • : • o, t ~ ' • • • I • • I • • • f • I • • "' • • • I' - f • f • " i ~ :~ 3;:~ :•;:~ 2 1 11 t1 .... .. .. ... - ... .... . • • • f f • I • • • • I , • • f •f • . . .,. ..... . .. . ......... ,. .. . ,. 'f '. . ' I • 1 . • • • • ... t f 1 to 2 3 to 5 I Over 5 1 l! 11 C . ,. . ... ~ 0 .... ,. " • ·> • • : . .: :. ....: .. . ~; I: L. ,- : ! I ... :s:i:::~i ,- f' .. :: .. !: :~~: I·• I _, ,. L. 34 58 24 �,. ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP POPULATION PROJECTIONS i ·- 'pulation / 2100 •1oso , 2000 I ' ' 1900 I I 1 I I I I 1718 • !~ 1700 L II I 1600 I ' !-. 1600-,' , , , .-is19 I , , _.150 1 "' _,, •1666 ~ - 1400 ! ·1200 0 1000 900 800 i ' 700 t i_ 600 :~ 500 400 300 ·- 200 100 1940 1950 1960 1980 1970 59 1990 2000 Year �• ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP Building Density One dot represents an occupied building. (Home, Commercial, etc.) .. .. . ! \. .. ........ -·-. .. • .. • .. . . • . . . • . .. . . . • . • • . .. •• • ... .. .. ... . . ..,.. . ...fl••. ., ..:;. . . .••. • • .• . . • - ... 1• • • •• . .. .. .. .• . . ... . • .. I !,.. • ...·,, .. ..·60 . -• ..• . • .. �11111 ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP Population Density D Zero people per sq. mile 1 to 50 people per sq. mile .•··. tt 50 to 100 people per sq. mile . . . . .- ..--. Above 100 people per sq. mile • • '!' Overall average population density is 59.9 peopie per sq. mile .. - - ... : :'!..-'i....... \:.-~ .:; :-: : • .. • II . • . t" • . . . • .~ t ~ f ' "'"t ... •·. . ~ _.. ,_ , , . f- .. ,. • .-~· • . . . ...•..··.·.. +. . .,, 4i . • ••: ..• • • • " . .. . ~ti_...... ~" : ♦ ·. •. • ... ' :~ ~ .; _ ...... . 't ,.. .. . . .. -~ • JI!"\!"- • ,.. ; 61 ·:-~.('~:-- MANISTEE COUNTY PLANhllNG coM,qrssroR �:1•O~ ~·l ~ lz C, CJ i . ~ a:~ 1 0< . . c.. ,..., :E w I .,I I C, ~w ~. w~ -~:::, iC : w "' . w g 1M z< < i ~>- . WO ~ ::> " JCll ..J l ..<1- '.j .I ; I I i ·•· ' U') w a: :::, C, u:: ,~ . I ! [ ,, / ,I ' ,,,' I I I \I I I ,I , I l" -- ,,,_,, ---"7 I I ,, 'I ffi ~ - ~ -· I I I ,,•/ I ,,•' I ,,' J/ 1 3)1t11 . _________________2_62~----------------- : ·1_ ., I .. �.. r. ECONOMICS This section deals with the economic development of Onekama Township. It is, by virtue of the dynamics of the economic areas of influence, difficult -and not realistic-- to try to deal with Onekama Township without also including Onekama Village and much of Manistee County and northwest Michigan. The following table presents the 1980 census data as to how many residents of Onekama Township work in various sectors of the economy. The breakdown for classification of different types of economic activity by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual is shown. ! I l : . I I , Residents' Industry of Employment Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation, ~ommunications, utilities Transportation Communications, utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Fina~ce, Insurance, real estate Service Business & repair service Personal, entertainment, recreation Professional Services Health 57. Education 66. Qther 16. Public Administration TOTAL EMPLOYED RESIDENTS 13. 20. 70. 18. 176. 24. 139. 17. :,J:,. The statistic ·535 employed residents in Onekama Township should not be confused with the number of jobs available in Onekama Township. Not all of those employed who live in the township necessarily have their place of employment in the township. The following summarizes the township's employers, and gives an estimate of how many jobs are located in Onekama. Jobs here are given as full time, job equivalents. I - I I , \ . I 12. 13. 52. 55. 102. 25. 63 �• 't, I EMPLOYERS AND JOBS LOCATED IN ONEKA.i\ll.A TOWNSHIP llunber Percentage Htmber Percentaae of Jobs · of Jobs SIC Classification of Bus. of aus. Aariculture 17 45 15 21 0 1 0 !tining 1 7 4 Construction 12 9 Manufacturing s 5 4 24 Trans~rtation Uilities, Comm. 0 2 1 2 0 wholesale 1 1 1 17 21 Retail Trade 62 21 Finance, Insurance 7 Real estate etc. s 3 9 46 so 133 Ser1ices 41 2 Public }dminist. 2 5 2 TOTALSJ 100 100 291 121 The number of jobs in Onekama Township are estimated at 291.1 in 1988. That compares with 535 employed residents in the township in 1980. This suggests that about 243.9 persons in the Onekama· Township labor force commute to work outside tht! township. (One should also note, it is not accurate to assume all 291.1 jobs in Onekama are filled by Onekama Township residents. To state 45 percent of the employed work outside the township is only to indicate the net effect of commuting patterns into and out of the township.) U. S. Census data provides some information as to where employed residents worked (in 1980): r . I r !l ~ Total Employed Total Employed Total . Employed Total Employed Not Reported: \' of Onekama Township: in Manistee County: outside Manistee County: outside Michigan: 535 470 26 0 48 There is no direct data to indicate where one goes within Manistee County for work. However, the 1980 census does provide statistics which provide evidence with which one can draw some conclusions. Census data indicates that 49 Onekama Township and Village residents indicated they walked to work. Of Onekama Village residents, 28 indicated they walk to work. Fifty residents of Onekama Township work at home. Thus, at least 99 residents of the township work in the township (49+ 50). 34 \ residents that work that work that work Columns may not precisely total, due to rounding. 64 �... The following table provides 1980 U.S. Census data on travel time to work. number of time 5 minutes or less 5-9 minutes 10-14 minutes 15-19 minutes 20-29 minutes 30-44 minutes 45-59 minutes 1 hour or more ,. I 1.• 'I ., I l_; l ! - l i - ' i I - employed 40 128 60 55 10~ 86 0 19 One can assume a trip which takes over 30 minutes is long enough for one to commute outside Manistee County. However, within a 30 minute drive, one can also commute to the Frankfort and Kaleva areas. (Note: Census data used here is from the 1980 U.S. Census "Long Form". The long form asked a much larger number of questions than the regular census form. However, the long form was only sent to a random sample, not to all residents. Also, it is not possible to know what was taken into account when a person answered questions. For example, when checking off how long it takes to get to work, it is assumed the time given is just from the house to work; though a certain number will include the time from the house to a sitter, to drop kids off at school and then to work. For these types of reasons one should not expect a perfect match in numbers between various questions.) One can assume 99 up to 228 residents of Onekama Township work in Onekama Township, on the basis that 228 responses indicate less than 15 minutes used to get to work. The qualification would be that a certain number of the 228 may live near a township boundary and can, within 15 minutes, arrive at work in another township. A large number (160) indicated they spent 15 to 29 minutes to get to work. It is within this time range that takes one to the Manistee Lake area. In 1982 a Manistee County Planning Department special study on employment and businesses in the county was done. That study showed 44 percent of the jobs in the county are located in Manistee City, and another 31 percent of the jobs in the county are located outside the city around Manistee Lake. Thus 75 percent of all employment in Manistee County is located around Manistee Lake (Manistee City; Filer, Manistee, Stronach Townships; and Eastlake Village). The 117 people with a 15 to 29 minute commuting time represents a maximum of 32.45 percent of the total residents employed in Onekama Township who may work at Manistee. However, after 1982, several more large industries in the Manistee Lake area closed their doors. Notably were Century Boat Company and Manistee Forge Corporation. The above provides evidence Onekama Township is, in large part, a bedroom community to Manistee. The Onekama Township Planning Commission also feels the area is a strong retirement community. Further, data in the population section of this report indicates a strong seasonal intlu.--c. All three categories, bedroom community, 65 �I l ·r i. ~ I . retirement and seasonal residents contribute to Onekama's economy. Residents buy food. gas, services, send kids to school; all of which result in employment by the service businesses. The table on page 64 shows the high proportion of service jobs. There are about 31 jobs in Onekama Township in service business which are directly dependent on tourists (motels, hotels, campgrounds, etc.). An additional 32 jobs are estimated to be dependent on tourism from construction, retail, services segments of Onekama's economy (32 jobs are the result of calculating the proportion of seasonal to permanent residents, and applying the same proportion to these segments of the township's economy). Thus one can conclude that 63 jobs, or 22 percent of the township's economy is dependent on tourism. Onekama Village, itself, provides a strong center for service jobs and a relatively strong center for retail, financial jobs. Using Borchert and Adams, Urban Report Number 3, 1963, University of Minnesota, for defining different levels of economic service areas and defining the boundaries of those areas, the following conclusions can be drawn. * Pierport and Portage Point are "places 351 ' in Onekama Township. These places do not have definable hinterlands. There are no "hamletS36 " in Onekama Township. * Onekama Village and area is a "Convenience Shopping-3 location. Most of south * Onekama Township is within the hinterland of Onekama Village. The north area should be considered in the Bear Lake Village hinterland. * There is no area of influence from a' "Specialty, Partial Shopping3'" trade center within _O nekama Township . 7 " .. l. ·- 35 I • ) I. Places are commonly known points, often identifiable as being historically significant, but having no economic trade activity or one to two businesses. A hinterland is not definable. Examples include Marilla, Pomona, Chief. 36 I .. Hamlets have business which provide, at a minimum gasoline, food service, tavern, church, elementary school and some tourist or manufacturing employment. Hamlets are the lowest order of economic activity with a definable hinterland. Only minor shopping and service is available for the immediate neighborhood. Examples include Brethren, Copemish. 37 Convenience shopping trade centers provide all the functions of a hamlet, plus additional specialized retail and service businesses, such as a bank, restaurant, appliance stores, real estate, hardware, auto repair, florist, building materials. It has a definable hinterland, but has influence into adjacent hamlet hinterlands. Examples include Wellston, Onekama, Bear Lake. 31 Special, Partial Shopping is the fourth order of trade center activity. There are none in Manistee County. E.umples include Scottville in Mason County or Beulah/Benzonia in Benzie County. 66 �All of Onekama Township is within the hinterland of Manistee/Manistee Lake area. a "Specialty. Complete Shopping3 91 ' area. (Despite economic (job) moves to other areas, Manistee ·s hinterland has not shifted yet). All of Onekama Township is within the "Secondary Wholesale-Retail'' trade area of Traverse City. All of Onekama Township is within the "Primary Wholesale-Retail" trade area of Detroit. I l • I . t . 1.. I I • l .. I l L.~ l l .... I• i l• A hinterland is a geographic area which is the primary trade area for a particular level of economic activity. The boundary between one hinterland and another (between Onekama and Bear Lake, for example) is an attempt to indicate the divide. where most shoppers choose to go to their own respective trade center when seeking only the level of services offered. For example, at what point is the line between Bear Lake and Onekama where most people choose to go to Onekama (or Bear Lake) to buy only a loaf of bread. Placement of the boundary is based on several factors. First is a function of distance (usually half way), influenced by natural barriers (such as a large river railroad, with few crossings). Second is previously defined service areas, such as the area serviced by rural post office delivery, telephone exchange, utilities. (If one wants to pick up mail, they must go to the post office that services them, even though another post office may be closer.) This is particularly true (and to Onekama's disadvantage) with the Kaleva and Bear Lake Post Office routes servicing areas so close to Onekama. Third are political boundaries (school district, voting precinct, taxing units). Onekama's Convenience Shopping hinterland boundary between it and Bear Lake is assumed to be a diagonal line from comer of Maiden's and Milarch Road to Thirteen Mile and Northwood Highway (M-22) (equal distant). Between Onekama and Kaleva it is Anderson Road (equal distant, and near post office and school boundaries). Between Onekama and Manistee the line is at about Schoedel Road (equal distant, phone exchange boundary, school district boundary). See the hinterland map on page 70. In comparison with Manistee County, the Onekama hinterland provides proportionally more jobs in economic sectors of service and retail and weak in manufacturing jobs provided (See table: Proportion of Number of Businesses, comparing Township with County totals on page 72), according to the 1982 Employers and Jobs Study done by the County Planning Commission. · As indicated earlier, the bulk of jobs in Onekama Township are found in retail and service sectors of the economy. This is also true for the county, and reflects a national trend toward a service based economy. (See Proportion of Number of Businesses Graph on page 72) The township also has a high proportion of agricultural related economic activity - associated with fruit growing in nationally unique areas. Onekama excels in this 9 Specialty, Complete Shopping tr.u.le center provides all the services of places, hamlets, convenience shopping, specialty partial shopping and also clothing, plumbing, photo, music, antique, sporting, specialized auto parts and some wholesale distribution. The hinterland overlaps areas of hamlets and convenience shopping. l 67 ! t . �r area because of a number of large employers in this category: Onekama Consolidated School, resort and agriculture related businesses. Of the top 8 employer:s in Onekama Township, two are farms, and four are service enterprises. TOP EIGHT TOWNSHIP EMPLOYERS L'\i 1988 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 6. I I I_: r·· I I • I N I I I • I Onekama Consolidated Schools Portage Wire Systems, Inc. Per-Clin Orchards Portage Point Inn Van's Harbor Inn Pepper Mill Heritage Christian Faster Care Darwin Meister Farm After sixth place, the number of employed is below employment levels of 5.9 for the remainder of the employers in the township. Of note is that the largest employer in the township is government funded. The fact that the elementary/high school facility is in Onekama Township is also why the community is relatively high in service jobs. (School employment is counted among service jobs.) Onekama Village, with the existence of a public sewer system, has the capability to accommodate intensive levels of growth; large dense development projects, manufacturing, and so on. Such development should only occur in the village (or located so it is connected to the sewer). The village is one of only two communities in Manistee County with sewer facilities. Thus it plays a potentially important role in township and county economic development efforts. As part of Manistee County, Onekama Township has several organizations created in the past which perform specific functions and roles for economic development purposes: The county Economic Development Corporation for issuing tax-free bonding to assist in financing new businesses; and a Manistee County Chamber of Commerce. Of the above organizations, only the Chamber of Commerce has staff. The above organizations, along with Manistee City and County government, have joined to create an Economic Development Council and finance an Economic Development Office which is professionally staffed for economic development purposes. The creation of this office is an outgrowth of the Manistee County 1982 Economic Adjustment Strategy. Also created by that strategy is the Manistee Area-Wide Labor Management Council. The council's main purpose is to improve the quality of labor and management relations in the county's major employers by use of quality of work life committees at work sites and general community involvement by labor and management leaders. The County/Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service plays a major role in development and technical assistance in the agriculture and forestry industries. 68 �,,,1 \ 1 1 , n 1 , f1 11Jl \ 1 1 , , ~ l • 1 t 1..J ,,;, . The Extension Service also provides technical assistance to local governments, in development of programs, surveys, administration, studies and tourism development. The county also supports a county-wide planning function wruch provides a system of laissez-faire coordination between the above organizations and in-county municipalities. The planning activity also compiles and has easy access to large amounts of data on economics, population and community. Trus material is used by the above organizations promoting economic development, by developers, market analysts, local banks, and so on. The office also provides technical assistance in zoning and planning matters for municipalities, public and developers. The County Planning Commission also performs the long-term strategic planning and goal formation for economic development. Manistee County is also a participating member of the Northwest Michigan Council of Governments, which provides economic development support services. Services include providing technical assistance to local economic development offices and/or directly to businesses to help business get started, expand, move in new directions, business planning, research data and economic and employment research reports. The C.O.G. provides the region's only certified (by the National Development Council) economic development finance professional for advice on business plans, and packaging of financial resources. The C.O.G. provides federal procurement assistance for businesses. The C.O.G. administers the U.S. Small Business Association Corporate Loan Program (SBA 503 ). Finally, the C.O.G. administers and provides staff for the Northwest Micrugan Private Industry Council wruch can provide small grants to businesses for job creation. To further support these activities, the C.O.G. also houses the Regional planning function, Job Training Partnership Act staff (for customized in-plant, remote location, training), and data research capabilities. . The newest organization available for Manistee County is the ·Manistee-Mason Community Growth Alliance at West Shore Community College. The C.G.A. is a joint effort between the Manistee County Economic Development Office, its counterpart in Mason County and \VSCC. The C.G.A. also provides technical assistance to county economic development offices, business assistance for packaging, business planning, community college customized in-plant training, federal procurement, and partnership with the Michigan Department of Commerce economic development efforts. 69 �V I \ 1o- 1 , n1 II\ I j J,. %' -~--/ .... !, I . , I fi 1 ... ; 70 J \ I i_.1 , ._ r11 ,u l 1r1. -, �. ·• ~ - .1 ·~:) .'·--·~·.•· t..' ..--· ,. . t. .) ·1· ".•·., .····l .· . I i) r-- •l l • ,.. ·• 1' _, I - :, ! .. . •.. ,., .. "- - --- ,----, J ··r· ·• ..• ~ \ .' l I . . .) ( (--- l -~·:.... "··-·· ,::· ._, 11·'.. •· t·,.·1q r•,1.1,,•..1I •• ' ·1· '• , . I •I ,.:· · ~ I I I ~ _) • • .,.... _..,,·· .,· \ \ I AGRICULTURE ' ·•.. ~_.... -· I I II \ \ / \ ,..... .....·\ ,·. n· · ,-);:,. "1 · •C., \ \ , ( 4-. ,.J /o) CONSTRUCTION \. 1, I .•<;:: : ~:: .::::.,.-_ ....--··--···· Jr" :_. I I ... ~, ( B. lJ~:) \.' """"'·"-";i. .. ·~~~.,,~...... ... ) -·-ccec,c.,s) I J I I I . ,..,.. FINANCE .. I l . , • ' . . ·•. . . ............ l. __ · · - .. ......-- .-~· ·•. ',.... ···•.. I I MANUFACTURING " ", ... ~ / \ MINNING -L 0/ ·.. . .-\' .-·. . . .-··'·,. ..•·· _ _,......- I \\ ~~;. .. .... • / 1r b'· .tC9'o ..) ... } • '\ . /~ .! • ~ ) , ..• l :: ,: , ' -' r \, I,.. 1 ,,.I .·~· .•·.::. ) I I .I l., I ' -· .: 1 I (...) l···. .,;:·, .. ··, l.··..•·· 11.1 . ,,., •.C:: •••11:'1,.....•..l I 1. ,...... , . , . ---------·-..•·r. . . "... . ···-... ,.•·•'/,,· SERVICES • C-l , ·1 •. •, .:,,.. \ (.. . t::1 ; ' C-, ) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION "'..... ..: 7 ~ '- -·- . .4 ..-· ,., ,·· / / I / (2%) TRANSPORTATION (3%) WHOLESALE I / . 1 . ,·,..,1 ,·,.,·(·,-,· •.) , RETAIL (."' (J7 '1 (,,. ··? • •• • • } , C. .. I �rt r-:- - r r--·---, r---- -·~ l. I_..., t···· ( -':& ,.•., C'':i t•"·. - I i:····:, 1····,I I .. _ J .- 1) . J1• ~) .., ·- , . _ .. . - ., . -- ~ --- - _., , ._. , ,--~ :~ c~-- r-· 1 ;-·-~ r---\l L.1r r · l 1-:> c-~1· ()"f · ·, I I..-.; I .l .- ;:-_-·1 c ·: _,. I ·....... I I···,I i:. :::,.• ;-:....... ) t.: ··· ······ ·- ···-- ·-·••-.• ··-··- ·•·•· · , 0.35 - . .. ...J u ._.. N C lli 1.L •·· . \ .... ·::>•->' , ,..· ... _,.. ···. • ,.,,· · ,..... . ,. ..,·· •' . , \·•. .I.,··' •....... '\ ; ,- // ~"/ ' / _,. ,/ ,.,. ·-, ·,. -~,.._/ :;. ·,. ···--.,, ...u'~ -:~ 2: < ~: ,~c c;;-.,;-LI_Jc~.;;,:, I/ / ./ ,,/ / ', ,, . 7 •., ,.. ;_~, ·- .•. ·· .. ... ~- :::·:> ,.- . , ,.. l . MANUFACTURING I · -,,, · -··I· I,.]· ·r\/o,i·,.·, , / ,;:..__ __ l·-} _ I)~~ - t·, ,.11 (,-·r-,,] 1·=·· , .• .)( .I,;:., WHOLESALE ' ... ,....., I_··~: . . >·: .,.. ,.J .. I •,,. l I •._,, .,, ,,.I __ ., .. '• •, ,.- , ·•, .... ' ' '·,.. .~ .. ~· •,, . ...... ' · ·.....·• . ···•..... , ....,·· ,,..· \,,. '\." . /;;;:j;:~'~}-·, - -1·./:l:.-.:,../ ··' .,·... FINANCE I .. . .. .. I ' . ,. ,_II.II I _':.• \ , ... , .•' .... ,·' .·· . ,· ,l~.. ~·, : '•·, ,.... .... ✓• , ..,· ,, ··. ~ON ·- · · MINNING ,,• • • , . ..,...· ·, >· [:'.;-: :;J;s.lRT~,L.i J: ·-1<--L :;.;-,_~:~;~··. ✓ \ ... ,/ . \. ·•·,, ~I _.. / ·-, ·,. -~ ... .. / ' ~~· ·,., '· ·,·,,. ..✓ - ·<> ··•. 0 . ·t _.,/, '°" \ .,.,..,·· · ,.'·•, _ __ .,•· .· ' ·' / .,·' . ~/, ,....,._,.,··-,,, l '· .. ,, .· ·,.. · ~ .. ··'i·• ·•. ··,...• ··--/.,,· ·.,•...\. •, ..... D O .... '\, •, . .. · 0 .2 (li ', ,...., ,,,· 0.25 - u ,_ .. .. .. ... -- -·· · •' , 0 . 15 ~I ,·· ~-.. - ... ,.• 0 ..3 -- L Qi fJI . .0_. • .. , .,~· ·•........ /" \ ' .. '•. ,.,' '·.,.. 0 ,•1.. . ., .~ 1 . C ,Q ,,,. ··' ,s C D ·•-D , .• "l ... ,• .·' u:, .I + b ·'v SIC h,k1 n1.i,::1I (>Jl:<1.:.J<•r \-·· __ ···----~·-··......._.. --....... , ......... . 0 .4- ·,,. ·· -,. c-1 '• PUBLIC ADM, I::i·' ti.::•.. , . J �COMl\l[UNITY FACILITIES (INFRASTRUCTURE) L I • 1 [._ 1 · I \ - This section is a review of the utilities and public facility systems available to residents of Onekama Township .and an assessment of their adequacy. The full range of public services includes those provided directly by Onekama Township, those provided by private utility companies, and those provided by other governmental units such as Manistee County, State of Michigan, Onekama Consolidated School Board of Education, etc. With many services, Onekama Township is serviced as a whole, or in conjunction with, other municipal governments. All of Onekama Township is within the boundaries of the Onekama Consolidated School System which services all of Onekama, Arcadia Townships and about half of Brown Township and the north third of Manistee Township. In Onekama Township the school system maintains an elementary, middle and high school complex -- Onekama High School - for grades Kindergart~n through 12th Grade. The township is within the Manistee Intermediate School District, located near Manistee. It is also \vithin the service district of West Shore Community College located in Mason County. The township is within the service area of the Manistee County Public Library system, which operates a light reading branch in Onekama Village. Full reference collection materials are available at the main library building in Manistee. Four post offices service Onekama Township. First is the Onekama Village Post Office which provides post office boxes for residents of the community of Onekama Village and provides a rural route which covers most of the area around Portage Lake (except the southwest quarter) and central portions of the township. The Bear Lake Post Office provides service via two rural routes, R.R.#1 to the east edge and central part of the township and R.R.#2 to the north edge (including Pierport) of the township, as shown on the map on page 90. The Manistee Post Office provides rural route service to the southwest corner of Onekama (south of Portage Lake). Onekama Township does not provide any solid waste services. Residents wishing door-to-door pickup of garbage contract with a private hauler. In the Onekama area, usually Harland Trucking (affiliated with Harland's Landfill, Manistee); Micro Sanitation; Fischer Industrial Disposal. Harland receives the vast majority of business. Regardless 73 �who the hauler is. the solid waste is hauled to and disposed at Harland's Sanitary Landfill in compliance with the Manistee County Solid Waste Management Plan. Solid Waste generated in Onekama Township breaks down as follows. The breakdown uses the same formula and assumed proportions as used by Manistee County in preparation of the Manistee County Solid Waste Plan. TOWNSHIP t of 1aste stream Co!ilbustibles Paper newsprint Corrugated Office Total Paper Plastic Yard Waste Textiles Wood lilaste Food Waste Rubber Kise. organics Total Combustibles lloncollbustibles Glass Ferrous Alllllimm Other NonFerrous Total Nonconbust Total waste L ·wASTE STREAl\1 ANALYSIS ton/day ton/year 5.20 11.20 2.50 44.80 9.20 4.10 4.20 3.50 11.50 2.20 3.00 82.50 0.23 0.49 0.11 1.98 0.41 0.18 0.19 0.15 0.51 0.10 0.13 3.64 83.76 180.40 40.27 721.62 148.19 66.04 67.65 56.38 185.24 35.44 48.32 1328.87 458.64 987.84 220.50 3,951.36 811.44 361.62 370.44 308.70 1,014.30 194 .04 264.60 7,276.50 5.30 6.60 0.80 0.50 17.50 100.00 0.23 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.77 4.41 85.37 106.31 12.89 8.05 281.88 1610.75 467.46 582.12 70.56 44.10 1,543.50 8,820.00 0.22 o.n 0.11 1.88 0.39 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.48 0.09 0.13 3.47 0.22 0.28 0.03 0.02 0.74 4.20 The entire township receives police protection from three agencies, all headquartered outside Onekama Township about 15 miles (20 to 25 minutes) from the township's south border. The Manistee County Sheriffs Department provides police, jail, civil service, animal control, detective, marine patrol, canine and other court services. The Michigan State Police Post (77) provides police, specialized investigation and canine services. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (Conservation Officers) are dispatched from the state police post. Other emergency medical services are provided by West Shore Hospital; Manistee County ambulance service; federal-county cooperative emergency services planning for the event of natural disaster or war; and fire protection provided by the Onekama Township Volunteer Fire Department. 74 L. lbs/day unit waste generation lbs/capita/day �Onekama Township operates a volunteer fire department. It is staffed by 23 members. The department currently has the following equipment: 1977 International 4 wheel drive fire truck #100 1962 Ford 4 wheel drive brush fire truck #101 1976 International 2600 gallon tanker truck #102 1950 Ford pumper fire truck #103 three 2,500 watt generators with lights and smock ejector two portable pumps six MSA air packs with extra tanks Overall, rolling stock for the fire department is considered to be aging. The department does not want to depend on the 1950 as a primary pumper unit. The truck should either be supplemented with an additional tanker truck or replaced with a new pumper truck. The department also provides service to about half of Brown Township and small sections of Bear Lake and Manistee Townships in addition to most of Onekama Township and Village. (A small part of northeast Onekama Township is serviced by Bear Lake Township Fire Department. Fire coverage deviations from political boundaries is a result of proximity to the fire station and response time. The township also participates in a countywide mutual aid agreement which provides backup and multiple alarm assistance to Onekama Township in return for Onekama Township providing the same services to other municipalities. UTILITIES Electricity in Onekama Township is provided by a private company, a public utility: Consumers Power Company of Jackson, Michigan. Consumers has the capability to provide multiple phase service to most of its service area. The Onekama Village area of the township already has an electrical distnoution system in place to accommodate largedemand users. All of Onekama Township is serviced by Michigan Bell Telephone Company, via the Onekama 889- exchange. The local calling area includes Onekama, Arcadia, Manistee (the 889- and 723- exchanges). The service area is roughly the same as the Onekama School district plus the Manistee Lake area. Long distance tolls are required to place phone calls to anywhere else in the county and outside the county. The more densely populated areas of the township around Portage Lake are serviced by Centel Cable Television. Service also extends the entire length of Erdman Road in Onekama Township. A central CATV reception tower is located along Erdman Road to service cable TV systems around Portage and Bear Lakes. I L WATER, SEWER A.L~D DRAINAGE 75 �I. I ',. Except for Manistee County agricultural drains, all stormwater drainage is associated with Manistee County roads or private parking lots. In each case, the maintenance and operation of the drains is done in conjunction with the transportation facility. The Manistee County Drain Commissioner does not maintain any drains within Onekama Township. Generally, county drains. were constructed to provide drainage of wetlands or moist agricultural lands so the service area can be used for farm purposes. Normally in Manistee County -- with the preponderance of well-drained sandy soils -- agricultural drains are not needed. Onekama Village has a public sewer system. The Onekama Village Sewer Department provides municipal sewer to areas within the boundaries of Onekama Village. The sewer system does not extend to all parts of the village. Generally, sewer mains only extend along existing streets and to areas where home development already exists. In the past, the village has extended sewers into areas proposed for residential development. Sewer is not provided outside the village. This has simply been by evolution, as the issue if the service would be extended beyond the village boundaries has never been addressed. Under Michigan law, with a sewer system in place within 200 feet of a residence, that residence must hook up to the public sewer rather than use on-site sewage systems (septic tanks, dry wells, drain fields). Where a sewer exists, it is not as likely to find septic contamination of groundwater. For this reason, smaller parcel sizes can be allowed -- in contrast to areas outside the village in the township. Outside the village, sanitary sewer and commercial waste disposal is accomplished by use of Manistee-Mason District Health Department-approved septic tank and drain field or similar system. Onekama Township does not maintain any storm drains. The Village of Onekama, however, does have a storm drain to service its paved and curbed streets. The Michigan Department of Transportation, for M-22, does also. The drains consist of a street surface grate and a drywell and storm discharge to Portage Lake. The function is so surface water on roads can drain into the drywell for discharge into the ground, or direct into the lake. Onekama Township has sidewalks in the Portage Point, Red Park and Wick-A-TeWah areas. The Village of Onekama maintains sidewalks in built up areas of the Village. See a map of township sidewalks on page 91. 76 �PUBLIC BUILDINGS 1. r ' Onekama Township maintains one public building. The building, constructed in 1987-88, houses township offices, records, meeting rooms, and the fire depanment. The hall is located on Main Street in Onekama Village. Onekama Village owns the Farr Center. That facility houses village offices, meeting rooms, records and the Onekama Branch of the Manistee County Library. The village also owns a maintenance building for storage and use of equipment necessary for park, street and sewer operation and maintenance. Also in Onekama Township is Onekama High School, owned and operated by the Onekama Consolidated School System. The school includes a gym combination auditorium; cafe, as well as classrooms for meeting purposes. PARKS, RECREATION FACILITIES AND VACANT PUBLIC LAi~D Onekama Township maintains a relatively small park system, often in cooperation with other units of government. The administration of the park system is done by the Onekama Township Board of Trustees. No formal park or recreation planning has been done in the past. A description of park facilities follows: (see map, page 93) A. B. C. r I l_ D. Mineral Springs, or Glen Park: Twelve acres of wooded park land. It is a day use park utilizing an old American Indian pathway along the Lake Michigan shoreline and the location of a mineral springs bath house reson. Mainly a green or environmental area. The park was opened in 1976. Vandalism has plc1:::,crued the facility since then. Facilities include 14 picnic sites, tables, grills, trAsh barrels; stairway to mineral springs, shelters over three springs; 2,400 foot nature trail; outdoor classroom and council ring for group use; two foot bridges over a spring fed stream; parking lot; two pit toilets. Manistee County Fairground, owned and operated by the Manistee County Fair Board: The approximately 20 acre facility includes concessio~ stand shelters, 4-H display buildings, livestock buildings, display buildings, grandstands, horse/auto race track; parking; stables. · Michigan Depanment of Natural Resources public access to Ponage Lake on the west side of Andy's (North) Point. Facilities include a boat launching ramp, bathroom facilities, parking and access road. Manistee County Road Commission "Ponage Point Turn-a-Round" at the west end of Second Street and beach as part of Michigan Ave. Road right-of-way. Facilities include paved parking area, stairs to Lake Michigan beach, trash containers. Uses include swimming, sunset watching, beach walking. . L, " i I l_ f_ 77 �E. Manistee County Road Commission "Old Faceful" turn-a-round at the west end of Thirteen Mile Road at Pierport. Facilities include a paved parking area. stairs to the Lake Michigan Beach. F. About 20 acres associated with the Onekama School Building. Facilities include football field: si"< lane asphalt track; baseball diamond; elementary school playground, five basketball hoops, eight swings, two slides, monkey bars, teetertotter. G. Onekama Village Park; 10 acres on Portage Lake and on Main Street (M-22). Facilities include parking for 40 cars and boat trailers, parking for 32 additional cars, boat ramp and fish cleaning station; two drinking fountains, bath house with indoor toilets, showers, sinks and handicapped facilities; 200 linear foot beach~ multiple purpose sports area, paved with lights, able to accommodate two tennis courts, basketball, badminton, volleyball, shuffleboard, fenced with benches around the facility; children ·s play area, three slides, three swings, merry-go-round, children's cross bar spring set; bike rack; picnic area with 40 picnic tables: benches along a sea wall on Portage lake; historical monument. H. Triangular Park, unnamed, 0.5 acres, at First and Spring Streets. No facilities. I. The Beach House; 0.45 acres on a "road end". Public access to Lake Michigan. Swimming, beach, open shelter on the beach originally built and owned by the Portage Point Summer Resort Corporation. Recreation programs which service some or all the geographic area of Onekama Township include the following: * * Manistee Recreation Association (MRA). The MRA is a staffed, organized recreation association located in Manistee. The MRA is run by a paid staff and volunteer effort. It is housed in the former Lincoln School building in the city of Manistee. It provides a full range of community recreation activities and programs, though is not as effective as it could be in the Onekama Township area due mainly to distance from its center. It receives its operating funds from user fees, United Way of Manistee County, the City of Manistee and Manistee County. Onekama Summer Recreation Program. A volunteer group with. funding from the Onekama School District, township and village governments, Onekama Lions. Programs include baseball leagues (all ages), basketball mini camp or clinic and gymnastics. Vacant land owned by government includes the following parcels (See maps starting on page 94): r. I !' J. K. L. M. Four acres on Erdman Road, 0.5 mile north of Eleven Mile Road. A 40 acre site on Erdman Road, 0.5 mile north of Eleven Mile Road. A 10 acre site at Erdman Road and Eleven Mile Road. A strip of land from Clark Road to Little Eden Camp running between Portage Point Drive and the Portage Lake shoreline. 78 �N. 0. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. \V. X. Y. Z. AA. AB. AC. AD. AE. AF. AG. AH. Michigan Avenue (Lake Michigan Beach) on Portage Point. Subdivision park at corner of South Portage Point Drive and Ivanhoe Drive. Subdivision park at corner of Bayview Road and East Portage Point Drive. Subdivision park at corner of undeveloped Shadow Lawn and Ivanhoe Drive road right-of-ways. Small subdivision circus park at undeveloped Shadow Lawn and Ivanhoe Drive road right-of-ways. Blocks 56 and 57 of Portage Park Resort subdivision. Outlet 7 of Portage Park Addition (old golf course). 'Three Beach Park" of Portage Park Resort subdivision. Outlet Ave. park of Portage Park Resort subdivision. "Island Park" of Portage Park Resort. Subdivision park at DNR access site. Subdivision park west of existing Twelfth Street, Portage Point. Department of Natural Resources, government outlot 6 and associated lots in Portage Park Addition on Andy's (North) Point; running from Midway to the Arborvitae area. Department of Natural Resources, government outlot 4 and associated lots m Portage Park Addition along the bay. east of Andy's (North) Point and west of Little Eden Camp. Onekama Consolidated Schools, 13 acres northwest of the High School Building. School Forest, 118 acres on Thirteen Mile Road and Milarch Road. School Forest, 60 acres on Potter Road between Erdman and Milarch Roads. Onekama Village, l acre site on M-22 at the west end of the village. Onekama Village land adjacent to the Farr Center, on the west side' of the building. Brook Street Park, 0.2 acres. No facilities or use. Community Dock; Former site of a dock put in place by the Portage Point Summer Resort Corporation. No facilities now. ROAD ENDS I I. About forty-nine dedicated roads (platted roads in subdivisions) exist in Onekama Township. Many provide narrow strips of land, 30 to 66 feet wide, which are perpendicular to Portage Lake or Lake Michigan or run along the lakeshore, where the road is riparian on the shore. As a result, these are public access to Portage Lake or Lake Michigan, though often not marked and not widely known. These road ends are subject to a great deal of discussion and planning effort in the Portage Lake Management Plan. In short, the plan outlines the seriqus nature of the township's liability exposure to continue to allow private dock use of these public accesses, proposes several different categories of uses for various "road ends" and proposes a permitting system to manage the private use of the public lands. 79 �In the list of road ends which follow, the following comments should be made: Ownership does not represent the results of a title search. It is a reporting of an indication from reviewing plats, as found on Manistee County Tax Maps, and a review of the Manistee County and Onekama Village Certified Road maps. Land use is a general description, intended to include both land use and land cover. Occupation comments are a result of field inspection of each site by Ken Wagoner and Kurt H. Schindler Friday, March 20, 1987 in the afternoon, and Mr. Wagoner's personal knowledge. (See map on page 96.) 1 NAi\11.E: Ave E (a north-south road from Second St. to Channel) OWNERSHIP: planed right-of-way. WIDTH: 60 feet. LAi'\l'D USE: Sand dune, beach grass. OCCl.iPATION: None, fence line along west edge of right-of-way. NOTES: 2 NAME: Portage Point Turn-a-Round (Second Ave.) OWNERSHIP: planed right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: Joins Lake Michigan Ave., a platted right-of-way that parallels the Lake Michigan shore. LAND USE: Parking lot and public beach. OCClJPATION: Paved parking lot and guard rail, public park. NOTES: 3 · NAl\11.E: Second Street OWNERSHIP: planed right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTII:? LAND USE: manicured lawn, small access to lake for fire trucks. OCCUPATION: Lawn and fence placed by the Portage Lake Yacht Club. NOTES: An agreement exists, where the Yacht Club can use part of the platted right-of-way as lawn and fence it, in return for access to the lake off to one side. Not known if the agreement is written, verbal, or based on past practice. 4 NA1\11E: Third Street (west end) OWNERSHIP: All a planed right-of-way. County certified road, but not all the way to Lake Michigan. WIDTII:? LAND USE: Sand dune, wooded OCCUPATION: none NOTES: Goes down a large hill to get to the Lake Michigan beach. 80 .' I �5 NAlv!E: Third Street (east end) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAl'\lD USE: Manicured lawn, garden. OCCUPATION: Back lot owners' docks: 1 dock with 3 lifts and pilings. NOTES: . 6 NAl\1E: Fourth Street O\.VNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAND USE: Beach grass. OCCUPATIO~: Back lot owners' 1 boat lift. NOTES: 7 NAl\1E: Fifth Street (west end). OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 30 feet. LAND USE: Sand dune, beach. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: 8 NA1\1E: Fifth Street (east end). OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAND USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATION: Back lot owners' docks: 1 dock with 3 lifts with pilings. NOTES: 9 NAME: Sixth Street (west end). OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 30 feet. LAND USE: Manicured lawn, beach. OCCUPATION: Posted with a sign: "Private property". Appears as a side yard associated with private homes. NOTES: 10 NA1\1E: Six;ih Street (east end). OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH:? LAND USE: Gravel & lawn. OCCUPATION: Small storage shed. Back lot owners' docks: 1 dock with 2 lifts. NOTES: 81 �11 NAi\1E: Seventh Street (east c:nd) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH:? LAND USE: Yianicured lawn, recreation facilities. OCCUPATION: Fuel tank, tennis court, visually appears as though it is owned by the Portage Point Inn. NOTES: Not clear from plat if this road is access to the lake. 12 NAi\1E: Eighth Street OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way \VIDTH: 30 feet LAND USE: \Vooded and beach. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: 13 NA.t\1E: Seventh Street (west end) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 30 feet. L.Ai'\l"D USE: gravel for first 30 feet, beach west of that. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: 14 NAME: Ninth Street (west end) O\VNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAJ."'ID USE: sand path to Lake Michigan. , OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: Known and often used path for access to Lake Michigan. property (home) may be owned by Portage Point Inn. 15 Adjacent N.Ai\ffi: Ninth Street (east end) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAJ."'\l"D USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATION: Portage Point Inn's Casino building, fence, circular drive to Inn, ornamental shrubs. NOTES: The Portage Point Inn (Luckman) is aware of the trespass. Has in the past offered to trade other land to obtain this right-of-way. 82 �16 NAME: Twelfth Street OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAND USE: grass. OCCUPATION: Back lot owners' docks: 1 main dock, 2 "finger" docks with 4 lifts. NOTES: This site has conflicts between uses, docking and swimming. There is also pressure from those using the site for passive purposes. Youth also use the site for parking of a lot of cars. 17 NAME: Ridge Avenue/Outlet Avenue (see "AH" in list of vacant township lands. above) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 60 feet. LAi'\fD USE: Heavily wooded with cedar trees. Paved walk to beach. OCCUPATION: Back lo( owners' mooring buoy. (Formerly a dock with swimming and fishing.) NOTES: Site is known locally as the "Community Dock". The dock was sponsored by the Portage Point Summer Resort Corporation. 18, 19, and 20; NA.t\1E: - OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way WIDTH:? LAND USE: sand dune. OCCUPATION: ? NOTES: No access to the platted right-of-way. r I. 21 NA.t\1E: Beachward Ave. O'vVNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 40 feet. LAND USE: Manicured lawn near lake, wooded near Portage Point Drive. OCCUPATION: Lawn associated with neighboring cottages. Seawall. NOTES: Also known as "First Ave." 22 NA.t\1E: Lake Isle (See Beach House "I" in list of parks, above) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: beach/dune. Boardwalk and small open air shelterhouse. OCCUPATION: Boardwalk and shelterhouse NOTES: The walk and shelterhouse, known locally as 'The Beach House", is owned by the Portage Point Summer Resort Corporation. I· 83 �23 NAi\iIE: Ave F (Happy Hollow) O\VNERSHIP: platted right-of-way, County certified road. \VIDTH:? LA.t~l) USE: Sand dune, some trees. OCCUPATION: none NOTES: 24 NAi\iIE: Latonia Way O\VNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet LA.'\D USE: Marsh. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: 25 NAi\iIE: .Aqua Way OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet. LA.t'l'D USE: Marsh. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: 26 NA'vIE: Golfmore Way OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. Northwest Shore of Portage Lake Inc. (disputed ownership) WIDTH: 66 feet LA.t'ID USE: field/woods in flood plain. OCCUPATION: NOTES: The organization was created to assume title from the DNR when the DN"R decided to transfer its -ownership of the lakefront outlet to adjacent homeowners. (The state owned the land between Portage Lake and lot owners' homes, though trespass by lot owners was common and accepted). Intent was for the extension of the platted right-of-way to be held in the public trust. County tax rolls show the ownership is with the Northwest Shore of Portage Lake, Inc. r . 84 �27 NAlviE: Batesmore Way OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. Northwest Shore of Portage Lake Inc. (disputed ownership) WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: a road on west end, field/beach on east end. OCCUPATION: NOTES: The organization was created to assume title from the DNR when the DNR decided to transfer its ownership of the lakefront outlot to adjacent homeowners. (The state owned the land between Portage Lake and lot owners' homes, though trespass by lot owners was common and accepted). Intent was for the extension of the platted right-of-way to be held in the public trust. County tax rolls show the ownership is with the Northwest Shore of Portage Lake, Inc. 28 NA.J.viE: Sylvian Way O\VNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: wetland, heavily wooded. OCCUPATION: none NOTES: Provides access to an outlot owned by the State, which has lake frontage. 29 NA.J.\1E:? OWNERSHIP: ? (may not be a public right-of-way) WIDTH: LAND USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATION: NOTES: Located just east of 4501 Main Street. 30 NA.t.\1E: Portage Street (Park Street) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. Village certified street. WIDTH: 66 feet. LA.i~ USE: Boat launch ramp associated with Onekama Village Park. OCCUPATION: Access drive to village park and adjacent properties. NOTES: 31 NA.J.\1E: Zosel Street OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. Village certified street. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATION: Between two houses. NOTES: I I 85 �,. .., .,_ ,. ,. .,., I. I l NAME: east end of Easy Street OWNERSHIP: ? WIDTH:'? LAL"l"D USE: Marsh, or under water. OCCUPATION: none (fences appear to mark lot lines at end of road). NOTES: NAl\1.E: Lakeshore Road OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. County certified road. ·wIDTH: 66 feet, paralleling the lakeshore its entire length. The platted right-ofway appears riparian its entire length. LAl\iU USE: County certified road, and riprap (broken pavement) along shoreline. OCCUPATION: Some private docks set out along the shoreline. NOTES: 34 NAl\1E: Portage Ave. OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. (County certified road, but not all the way to lakeshore.) WIDTH: 33 feet. LAND USE: heavily wooded. OCCUPATION: NOTES: 35 NAME: Sector Ave OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. (County certified road, but not all the way to lakeshore.) WIDTH: 33 feet. LANU USE: heavily wooded. OCClJPATION: NOTES: 36 NAME: Lakeview OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way (platted right-of-way may not extend all the way to the water's edge). WIDTH: 33 feet. LAND USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATION: Seawall and fill landward of seawall. NOTES: Known locally as "Finny's Marina". r- ,L 86 L �l. l 37 NAME: Third Street O\VNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: wooded. OCCUPATIO~: none. NOTES: In \Villiamsport. 38 NAi\1E: Second Street OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAi"l"D USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATIO~: platted right-of-way blocked by single wire fence and weUestablished· hedge. Shore protection. NOTES: In \Villiamsport. 39 NAi\1E: Portage Street OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: Manicured lawn. OCCUPATION: platted right-of-way blocked by log fence (with gate). gate: ''Private Property No Trespassing". NOTES: In Williamsport. 40 NAi\fE:? OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH:? LAi"l"D USE: wooded sand dune. OCCUPATION: none NOTES: No practical access to the platted right-of-way. 41 N.Al\fE: none OWNERSHIP: platted access. WIDTH: 400 feet (no depth). LAND USE: beach. OCCUPATION: Road Commission installed riprap to protect Lakeside Road. NOTES: Access has eroded into Lake Michigan. Depth is only enough to accommodate Lakeside Road grade edge and rip-rap. I\_ I I.. 87 I I, Sign at �r I 42 NAME: (alley) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 15 feet. LAND USE: high wooded sand dune. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: No practical access. 43 NAME: (alley) OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 15 feet. LAND USE:? OCCUPATION:? NOTES: Not sure we found the location on the ground to be able to provide land use and occupation observations. 44 NAi\1E: none (township owned "park'') OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH:? LAi~D USE:? OCCUPATION: ? NOTES: Not seen. 45 NAME: Ave. C OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 30 feet. LAND USE: Heavily wooded high sand dune. OCCUPATION: NOTES: Poor access. 46 NAi\1E: Ave. B OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. WIDTH: 30 feet. LAND USE: Heavily wooded high sand dune and gully. OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: Poor access. 88 �47 NAME: Lakevie!w OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way. County cenified road. \VIDTH: planed right-of-way parallels Ponage Lake shore, pan of the platted rightof-way is riparian, some is separated by land owned by the State. LAND USE: Road. (beach between road and lake) OCCUPATION: Road. NOTES: DNR is currently proposing a land swap, so the land between the road and lake is given to the township or private adjacent landowners. 48 NAME: Arborvitae, Juniper Way and Ferndale. OWNERSHIP: platted right-of-way (County cenified road, but not all the way to the lakeshore.) . WIDTH: 66 feet. (?) LAi'\l'D USE: wooded (cedar). OCCUPATION: none. NOTES: Low land, sand soil in flood plain. Ferndale, even if extended, does not provide access to the lake. 49 NAME: various roads. OWNERSHIP: planed right-of-way. WIDTH: 66 feet. LAND USE: Parking lot, boat launch. OCCUPATION: DNR public access site on the platted right-of-ways and adjacent lands owned by the State. NOTES: . 50 Strip of land 700 feet long between (Lakeview) and community dock (Ridge/Outlet Avenue). The township is in the process of adopting a road ends ordinance to control the use of the public owned road ends which terminate on Portage Lak~ ·and Lake Michigan. The text of that ordinance should be consulted for specifics. 89 �r ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP U.S. POST OFFICE SERVICE AREAS 3 Bear Lake 2 I __ , 49614 .._ u 11 Bear Lake Oneka l. 49675 [__ I! . - ... OffiC boxes, ekama I I. R.R.#1 Manistee 49660 $0 49614 0 �- :-::L... ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP -· . sIDEWALKS PORTAGE POINT DETAIL l. Road, No Sidewalks ~~~~ Road, Sidewalk on Both Sides I I -I 1· I l. 91 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP SIDEWALKS DETAILS // (l \ ___ - - - Road, No Sidewalks ~~~ Road, Sidewalk on Both Sides --= WILLI AMS PORT· WICK-A-TEE-WAH RED PARK 92 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PARKS Letters on Map Correspond to Text E 2 .....- - t + 11 I •tt 0 24 I '- 93 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING CO"M};l;JssroR �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PUBLIC LANDS Letters On Map Correspond To Text ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP ~ STATE OF MICHIGAN ::~,~~ :,:u:1,I ONEKAMA CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS - MANISTEE ~ ONEKAMA VILLAGE __ , .._ co~ 2 It K I + 14 II + ~ 24 21 I I. l. �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PUBLIC LANDS PORTAGE POINT DETAIL N • u V • ~y, "'I 'J X _Letters Correspond to Text \- LAND OWNERSHIP ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP ~ STATE OF MICHIGAN :::::f:i N· I ,. :-•• 1 •• -1 ONEKAMA CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS -MANISTEE COUNTY ~ ONEKAMA VILLAGE 95 �t ~ i;~ /.' ~· ·-. '• 2 "· ...... ~ I • :. ..), . '~ • . • • ' • ,/·,5 ·· . ~ 1 / \0 ' ~ 7 : • " . ·S" .. °' J~.,. 'l.''. •. '..13 .. • . ,_, . ... l . I .. " . ·• .''.· - . • I' -1\ .o. ·,( :r ( :.. .. /:" I. ~ / ,} :: 1 rJ!:s.·-~ ;r·- . ~,· nl;" .. . . .. .- .-!.!l,'- , . J ,l•--'-- .·. 3_3 · ·33 · ,,, ' ,, I ' - ' ' ' . ·•.. ,, .• I . ~ . - .,_.,., ,-· ✓•,- . --- - ~ 2 .. . ~ ,,......_________ f·- j~I I ,.,. . ,.,, ,._ -· :1 . . . ·.; . :"! -•:cs;,,-,. Y-:: ... ,a~-,,___ . ,. • ,, ,·.,1 ' ,--=---·,.-., ,_.... ,.,, . ,.'," I \ :•.., '"' •-.· , .., .•, 1 - ~- • - . .- ,-•t ' ·'1 . • l -.,...- ', ,, ,/· , .,,,_.. ·-- •.-,;;,--::, - ' ~ - : . )' •' - ' ' I 1 ,' 1,, ~ \ I•·s., cc,, ..~,,,.,,~,, 1r•;:-- \.. . • •, '"0~ • ~• • ·'./7 _ ''I'> -·• •' ' ,(,, -··· :..I ,.- -·, ,,'. ' - '·,-I'• • ""'..-., :I' .,~lii( ,-,' ,.. , ---- - ·----" ' - - ~"/1··1 I/ .,.. ll•Jl))ll,.< ,,,, ·~·-' .. ' . ~ ~ . ~t'.~'.~ .:. :~ '=-~.;; -~~t:\ . .: ~~" ~ _:-: _c,,,s~r·. ~ · , : i f " ~'i " ·'· ' t : ' • , ~ ~, ~ ~! ·· ,;. \ ;:,; ~--·<,1ii1l,~1:,_ ' · \\'i.(\1 ~=,,·_,-!:{?~,~~ ~, .~ . ' • J . .. . .: • ' - \'\ , •I •• ;;:;; ·,.,. ,. • l .. · r, . ~ " ;.c;:,-_,, ._,<'. -<::::: L.. . I,- -· ., ~--·__ . C . .r,,,,,.::.,,,.,' ;;;."" -~ ~"-' -. ~ ~~-: - ,' "• ' ·-- - ' . ! .." ' :· ..-: . . '· . '11 ~~jl: _-e-._f .,r:~r ._ iff ,. t ' • •. f : ?:~~'i(_t.:.:7l.,·... . ! ' • IE _/,, ❖ ,.'f_" '11'£- . ,._.. ! 3~ .. .. I ; ;..:.:~- .' ll,fffi':. 7#1:-..~ '~Ll.~ : I -t~~::lj~-~\:--=:~~/2~ -f-",)[: ·----- .._____, • Ji. ~;- \\,Z\ , \ '.__ .11:c;J[:] --. 1 Ii . :::y ·.;,11b,'if/9,~\l)~-::·~ ~~~~~ ·-. . .., ~--- . . :·,,\. .. t· .. i ,. . . .. '•:\. t~-\~ ~~ ,/,, ,\,· ) · . .- ...."\'........ ...... ..". :~ ~. ii. l ., . ~--.....-.l I Locations are approximate. Numbers correspond to listing in text. f)J!_ r:~~S1~½~~:i~~)~, )Wt• •. ,. ;,:j. ' ' -~~, \1 '1 .I ' • • f I ~ 18 • f9• 2 I.· ~ I ~~~~~---:,, '1\\ ' .. , , · /22 I • ' --~til\i•'(' , ,) ~ ; ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP Road Ends · ' I' 'I ,· ,,·,•·, I/ /. " 'fl ·. . .,.',II ' ' l , I', 11'!',\ ' ' ' •• �TRANSPORTATION The major thrust of transportation planning in Onekama Township will center on road construction and mafotenance. Two other forms of transportation provide service within the township: Manistee County Transportation, Inc. (Dial-A-Ride and bus services). G rent Lakes recreation boating. Road construction is one of the most powerful tools government has to influence the development -- or lack of development -- in a given area. Planning and routing of roads have more social impact than most other planning activities. Homes, businesses, etc., will tend to be built along existing roads. Land speculators tend to develop propeny in areas which already have roads, or have a short distance to existing roads --to minimize the developer's cost for road construction. A clear policy at the township level as to what areas are programmed for development is important. Equally important is that the same policy indicates new roads will be built in those areas -- and new roads will not be built in areas where development is not wanted. Currently there are five types of roads in Onekama Township. First is the state/federal highway which is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation. (Day-to-day maintenance is contracted out to the Manistee County Road Commission in Onekama Township.) Driveway, sign and drainage regulation is handled by the MDOTs Cadillac office. M-22 is the only road of this status in Onekama Township. It is the secondary north-south artery along the east side of Lake Michigan and part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour route. M-22 has long been considered a state scenic highway. The highway supports commercial development in Onekama Township south of Portage Lake and in Onekama Village. The second type of road in Onekama Township is the county primary road. These roads are county roads, under the jurisdiction of the Manistee County Road Commission and their construction and maintenance are funded entirely by state and federal gasoline taxes. Primary roads are main arteries, or through routes. In Onekama Township, Thirteen Mile, Milarch (north of the village), Eight Mile, Portage Point, Crescent Beach, and Lakeshore Roads are County primaries. (See maps on page 101 ). The major through routes in the township are predominantly north-south except for Portage Point and Crescent Beach Roads. The third type of road in the township is the county local road. The county local roads (formerly known as township roads) are under the jurisdiction of the Manistee County Road Commission. Their construction is financed by state gasoline tax revenues 97 • �and from the township general fund. Maintenance is financed by state and federal gasoline tax revenues. These are generally considered neighborhood service roads of varying degrees. Some have a seasonal status and do not receive year-round maintenance (no snow removal). The road surface will vary: paved, gravel. graded sand or two-track (see road surface map on page 104). The fourth type of road is the recognized private road. Private roads generally are built, maintained. and the responsibility of a land developer or the subsequent landowners. Private roads can be constructed in conjunction with a subdivision of land, an easement across private property to otherwise landlocked land, or private land roads. The Manistee County Road Commission discourages private roads in new subdivisions. and requires private roads in subdivisions to be constructed to county road standards. Private roads are shown on the road surface map, page 104. The fifth type of road in Onekama Township (not shown on any maps in this report) is the incidental two-track road. Through recreational vehicle use, or just crosscounty auto travel. roads are worn and defined by two-track ruts. Those two-tracks, which are not certified in the county system, have no legal status except for what someone might claim through adverse possession or prolonged public use. Such roads can be created quickly and will grow over from disuse in a short period of time. County roads (local and primary) are all certified to the Michigan Department of Transportation under Public Act 51 of 1951. The notations of numbers on the two certification map reproductions (page 101) in this report give the length of each county road segment in feet or miles. The certification maps are used to determine the number of miles of county road for gas tax reimbursement, and becomes the Road Commission's official statement as to which roads are public versus private or incidental two-track. County roads are on right-of-ways which are (1) dedicated to the public (under Onekama Township Board custodianship) as is common within subdivisions, or (2) are on right-of-ways which are recognized by use. Generally, a "user road" right-of-way is only as wide as the worn or maintained portion of the road. Road right-of-ways are also (3) owned by local, county or road commission, by recorded deed, lease, easement, in the same manner that anyone or a corporation can own land. Onekama Township has a higher proportion of its roads blacktopped than is normal for most townships in Manistee County. With the possible exception of Manistee and Filer Townships, most have half or more of the local roads as a gravel surface. There are townships in Manistee County where only primary roads are paved. The Michigan Department of Transportation and Manistee County Road Commission both set up equipment for periodic traffic counting. A map on page 107 illustrates the results of the count data for Onekama Township. Traffic counts strongly support the assumption that M-22 is the major north-south route through the township. It also illustrates the high volume of traffic using Portage Point Drive (the only ingress/egress to the Portage Point and Andy's Point area). A map showing number of addresses per segment of road (page 108) is probably most important in placing a relative value on each road for purposes of amount of use, and for setting priorities for road maintenance and upgrading. This map should be used 98 �in conjunction with the known average daily traffic map (page 107). In its use, one shoulu remember that not only a road segment with a high number of potential resident users (addresses) needs improvement/upgrading, but also roads connecting it to equal value roads or county primary roads. For example. Lakeview Road, in Pierport, has a high number of residences. One does not just improve Thirteen Mile Road from Lakeview to Burtker Roads, but also Thirteen Mile or Burtker and Potter Roads for access to M-22. Road improvements must accommodate traffic to/from the high resident segment. Currently, only one road project in Onekama Township is pending on the Manistee County Road Commission 1987-88 work order listing. It is the reconstruction and repaving of Portage Point Drive from M-22 to the Portage Point Inn. The project includes a wider base of pavement, to be marked off (by pavement surface painting) for a bike path. Pending road construction projects in Onekama Township are: Primary roads: 2.8 miles of Portage Point Road; clear, grade, gravel and pave, including construction of two paved shoulders for bicycle-pedestrian use. 0.6 miles of Crescent Beach Road (Miller Road to Leonard Avenue); to reconstruct. Local roads: 1.0 mile of Lakeside Road north of Lake Isle; gravel. Clark Road; grade and gravel. Hilltop Road; grade and gravel. BUS TRANSIT Manistee County Transportation is a federal/state subsidized public transportation system which services all of Onekama Township. Service includes handicapped and senior citizen transportation, dial-a-ride (door-to-door or demand response) service, bus route in and around Manistee City and worker commuter service from Onekama Township to employment locations in the Manistee Lake area and for community college students going to West Shore Community College. The system also provides .door-to-door pick up during scheduled rural service times in Onekama Township. Manistee County Transportation also provides the promotional services for van and car pooling in the county and works with the Manistee County Road Commission/Michigan Department of Transportation to construct car pool parking lots. HARBOR Portage Lake is a natural harbor of refuge for recreation and fishing boating on Lake Michigan. In the past, it has been used for refuge by lower great lakers. The channel between Lake Michigan and Portage Lake is dredged to chart datum, 10 feet deep, 100 feet wide. About 325 feet are between the two breakwalls. The channel is shallower on both sides of the maintained center. 99 �As part of the harbor and lake management, Onekama Township participated in the drafting of the Portage Lake Management Plan. That plan presents specific alternative courses of action for the management and shoreline management of Portage Lake and is ad9pted as part of this plan by this reference. I . 100 �i - lI J~~KAMA TOWNSHIP C ,,., i. ,:n r FIED ROAD MILi: ~ RD. O.!S o ERICKSON RO. ...; ~=====-=-';.;:.·_0-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-_-_-_....,.[,_.. 1.0 POTTER RD. a • • c:: z N - • I I a • "" le < N State Highway I <:? 2: cc • A - ::::::::========: M County· Primary Roads 1.0 CHRESTENSEN RD. -County Local Roads () e , Detail Maps o: Portage Point, ndy's Point, ·ir w:.-A-Tee-Wah, e 1 Park. zJ. 1 o.+ 0.5 -)osePH - PORTAGE L- LAKE X N). l. i .. I ... ...= ~.$, ______ c:i 101 ~ < ..J ~ �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PORTAGE POINT AND ANDYS POINT DETAIL CERTIFIED ROAD MAP J :z < "' 3 J 2f / W I ~( ; "' "' . ~ ) :I ..,< PORTAGE LAKE no PORTAGE POINT i .., .. .s . ~ ISO : 1$0 z r .S~c•.,. j! 102 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP WICK-A-TEE-WAH AND RED PARK DETAIL CERTIFIED ROAD MAP ~ ~ 1 ~ l t li ! PORT,.GE Lt."E I,; 700 ~ ".., ., ~ ~ ~ ~Cl' .... ~ -= e 't 1'l It ;; \J "'"' ~_, ll<i I WICK-A-TEE-WAH SECTION 34 ONEKAMA TOWNSr!IP . lie -=.. ...... I L I 33 9-. L. i .,.. RED PARK 193 �,ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP ROAD SURFACES Paved ~ ~ ,.._ Paved , narrow -----Gravel _ _ _ _ Gravel, natrow - - - t i Graded sand -------- J! ( ____..,___________ - ,,._ t / --- ----------- I I I ---------Two track I I I I ,, I , I ,' , I ' ," _,_..," \ ' ....... , .. , " ,-' 'I I ,,----..._ ,; ,, I _, _,#I' I I I S e Detail Maps For Portage Point, Andy's Pnint, Wick-A-Tee-Wah, F d Park. I ..... ------, ......... ' • •• ~ , '- ',,----..._ I i 1- 104 �, ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PORTAGE POINT AND ANDY'S POINT DETAIL ROAD SURFACES MAP I I ,I__ I ,I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' Paved _.,.~ -. .,.. Paved, narrow - - - - Gravel r - - - - - G r a v e l , narrow I- _ _ j _ _ Graded sand ------------Two track I I -II 105 -- �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP WICK~A~TEE~WAH AND RED PARK DETAIL ROAD SURFACES MAP Paved ...._ .... :9 Paved, narrow Gravel Gravel, nar'row Wick-A-Tee-Wah Graded s~nd 0 Red Park I '. , - 106 �.. I I ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP TRAFFIC COUNTS _,n,- ~ Average Daily Traffic \ \ ' Over 1, 000 ADT -- -I ,-, 79 ADT . ' ( I - ---- I ( 500 - 1,000 ADT 144 ADT 'I ~ l 400 - 500 ADT 200 - 400 ADT -- I I --, 100 - 200 ADT 38 ADT / I ---,---I 36 AD,(! 0 - 100 ADT - - - t,}6 ADT i--a-------1- - - - - - 1- No Count Data Available I / I I ! ( ( ~ .,. I I I \ ' \ , I- ✓ I \ - I/ I I I I t 1---'\ / I -I \. / / / 122 ADT - 286 ADT7 / I 1-- --- - - - I 1. 1 I I / , - -.J-},24 1 I -- ~ \ I., \ IL '\. ' / I I - -..I'-- - -I 107 I T �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP Count of Addresses per Segment of Road Line thickness represents \ - II . addresses per segment. \ I Over 20 .! 15-20 I ! , I 10-14 5-9 1-4 , i I I'/ ,'/ none ' ' i ,· I I 108 �r r- LAND USE This section of the Onekama Township Plan will provide an inventory and analysis of the use of the land,_ ownership of the land, and division of the land. To do this the treatment of the Land Use Analysis is divided into the following parts: (1) a review of the ownership of land. (2) a review of the division or fractionalization of land including subdivisions and small parcels, (3) the various classifications of the land use, ( 4) an analysis of the elements which define the distinct character of various communities in the township, and (5) a review of the existing township zoning districts. LAi"J"D 0\V}.icRSHIP Land in Onekama Township is predominantly privately-owned. Most of the land in the township is owned by private individuais, for home, vacant, farm, or commercial purposes. The second gro~p is local government-owned land, with various holdings represented as township and village government facilities (parks, buildings, recreation, roads, etc.). Most notable in terms of land area is vacant parcels (dedicated parks) and road ends in subdivisions around Portage Lake. A map on page 118 illustrates the landownership pattern within Onekama Township, naming the larger parcel owners. This map also begins to illustrate the pattern of land fractionalization in the township. L.Ai'ID FRACTIONALIZATION [ __ Fractionalization of land is the manner in which it is divided into parcels: large acreages vs. small lots; square vs. long narrow strips; straight edges vs. irregular boundaries; and so on. The most dense (small lots) division of land is generally represented by the existence of subdivisions. When a landowner chooses to divide his land into more than four parcels, each 10 acres or smaller in size, within a 10-year period, a formal plat must be drawn and approved as a subdivision. Other splitting of land is done as dividing property into smaller parcels. 109 �A proposed plat (the drawing of lots) is subject to a lengthy review by township, county and state agencies before the land can actually be subdivided. The review and approvals are designed to provide government the opportunity to insure compliance with zoning, that there is adequate drainage, septic facilities, road access, open space, and so on. The map of subdivisions, on page 119, shades in the areas within Onekama Township which have recorded -- approved -- subdivisions. As a generalization, subdivisions tend to cover the largest land area in the more urban areas of the township: Onekama Village, around Portage Lake and a small area at Pierport. Land fractionalization has also taken place in the township. The map entitled "Land Fractionalization", page 120, shows the area within Onekama where parcel sizes have been reduced over the years, usually to 10 or 20 acres or smaller, but not within subdivisions. The areas where land is divided in this manner are commonly found adjacent to subdivisions and along main roads. However, in Onekama Township this activity has been scattered throughout the township, particularly in farm areas north of Onekama Village. By comparison of the land fractionalization map on page 120 with the plat map on page 118, one can observe that much of the fractionalized land is into parcels which are about 10 to 20 acres, or smaller, in size. Fractionalization presents several problems: 1. Each parcel often has one home near a public road. The remainder of the parcel lies vacant. This arrangement creates a situation where land which is not near a road is split up into different ownerships without clear or easy access. This results in land remaining vacant and generally not available for use. Homes tend to be built along roads, resulting in a residential land use pattern in strips along both sides of a road, while property behind the · homes remains vacant. The residential development then continues to move along road corridors rather than the development filling in behind existing homes: "infilling". 2. Small parcels are often not as economically feasible for developers to subdivide. This is particularly true with development of a subdivision requiring road, drainage, or other development. ,., .,_ The 20 acre parcel, or smaller, plays havoc with public strategy to have farmland preservation. Division of land into smaller parcels drives the price of land (and property truces) up in an area which adversely impacts on farms. Also, small parcels are not large enpugh for use as a farm or for forestry purposes. t· The Township presently has an agricultural residential zone through most of the township north of Portage Lake. This is more accurately described as a rural multiple use district, potentially allowing a long list of land uses, and doing little to prevent adverse activities toward agriculture. Land use patterns show scattered residential development mainly stripped along roads. Little infilling has taken place. Onekama Township has adequate land to accommodate the anticipated growth in the township, and can accommodate the development with little infrastructure development (see discussion, page 53). This is assuming the majority of the development 110 �I- takes place within residential areas by use of subdividing, rather than development of 10 acre parcels. The township has adequate areas in subdivisions which have vacant lots which are acceptable for on-site sewage systems. Also, the township has about 480 unsubdivided acres (0.75 square mile) in residential zoning districts north of Portage Lake alone. With the anticipated population growth in the township (110 to 356 new housing units by 1990), about 50 to 175 acres (0.078 to 0.2734 square miles) of additional land is adequate to meet the 1990 growth demand with little road construction. However, due to the larger lot pattern (lack of subdividing) and homes on large parcels leaving land behind them vacant, as much as 3,560 acres (5.5 square miles) are needed with the accompanying infrastructure costs for that development. For example, it takes a lot more road -- and costs a lot more - to service 356 homes in a 3,560 acre area than the same 36 homes on about 20 acres. The same escalated costs exist for other services: school bus, garbage route, utilities, and so on. Part of the problem is land, fractionalized into 10 +/- acre parcels. Such parcels are not large enough to farm or harvest for logging purposes. Economies of scale are needed for farm operations (which vary depending on the product). In Manistee the main market for timber is Packaging Corporation of America. PCA is moving toward chipping-logging operations which generally require a minimum of 40 acres of trees in one ownership to be economically feasible for harvesting. Forty acres, in Onekama Township, is not large enough for farm operations. Although an individual orchard may occupy less than 40 acres, it is generally an orchard which is part of a larger farm. For these reasons, too large for residential, too small for agriculture and forestry, land fractionalization can be viewed as a problem. A possible solution is a regulatory approach: One might impose a very large maximum parcel size (30 or 40 acres) in a zoning ordinance in rural zoning districts to discourage dividing into 10 to 20 acre parcels. However, this is often politically not popular and subject to serious legal challenge. A regulation requiring all new parcels to have road frontage is a common regulatory approach. Also, regulating a maximum width to depth (3:1 for example) avoids long narrow parcels and may help to discourage unwanted land fractionalization. The township can also, in talking with landowners, discourage the development of just dividing land into large parcels, while promoting development via subdividing. Zoning to accomplish agricultural preservation, as discussed earlier in this plan, endorsed by this plan and starting on page 31, is also an effective tool. The township may consider speculative construction of a road in residential zones. The theory is that home development will follow along the road. This can also hasten infilling. Concern with this approach is that new taxes collected on the developed land are enough to pay for the road construction costs. The township can also, by policy, refuse to develop roads or allow road development in areas not zoned primarily for residential, commercial or industrial use. Also, the township can agree to road development, (agreeing or not agreeing) to share cost of roads with developers, in areas zoned primarily for industrial, commercial and residential uses. This policy of road development can be used as a means to encourage development in certain areas of the township. 111 �,: LAND USE The map on page 121 illustrates the location and extent of the various types of land uses in the township. To draw the map, airphotos are used to identify, for example, a residential area. Then a boundary is drawn around the residential area, thus illustrating the shape and extent of land the residential area occupies. This is then given a classification number -- 113 -- which is similar in function to the Dewey Decimal Classification system used for books in libraries. The classification system is a statewide standardized system. (For visual impact, and to make the map easier to read, one may color the map. A suggested color scheme is residential, yellow; commercial and sen-ices, orange; industrial. red~ transportation and utilities, black; open and other (parks, cemeteries), purple; agricultural, light green; rangeland, white; forested, green; water, blue; wetlands, aguablue ). A discussion on the various land uses in the township follows. Wetland: (611, 612, 622) Wetlands in Onekama Township are mainly around Portage Lake. (Map on page 124.) Wetlands which are contiguous to a surface water body (lake, creek, stream) are currently under the protection of the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act (P.A. 203 of 1979; MCL 281.701 et. seq.). Until the Michigan Department of Natural Resources inventories other wetlands, they are not subject to the Wetland Protection Act. (See wetland discussion starting on page 24.) Forested: (400 - 499) As shown with the map, page 124, forest cover land is the dominant land use in Onekama Township. Forest areas, along with the rangeland category, illustrate the undeveloped area of the township. The two maps, together, show areas of the township which have not seen residential, agricultural, commercial, industrial, etc. development. Further discussion on forestry issues are found in the natural features section of this plan, starting on page 28. Rangeland: (31, 32) Rangeland on the map (page 124) refers to open fields of grass (31) and to grassy fields with shrubs (32). Often these areas are former farm locations. Distribution in Onekama is even, in the north and east portions of the township. It is indicative of historically unsuccessful farming enterprises. Agricultural: (21,22,24) Land actually used for agricultural purposes in Onekama Township tends to be along the ridges north of Portage Lake. A comparison of the agricultural map (page 124) 112 �with the soils map (page 42) illustrates a relatively high correlation between better soils and agricultural activity. Further discussion on agricultural activity can be found in the natural features section of this plan. Open and Other: (193, 194) The land use category ''open and other" in Onekama Township includes two categories: outdoor recreation (193) such as parks, golf courses, track; and cemeteries (194 ). With the scale map (page 125) used in this report, only the larger facilities, cemeteries, DNR public access to Portage Lake, and Portage Point Inn ballfield, show. Industrial and Extractive: ( 13, 1319, 1321, 1336. 17) The predominance of industrial and extractive act1vrty in Onekama Township is found in Onekama Village and activity associated with the few oil and gas wells and processing found in the township. Also, a little extractive activity takes place in the township, north of Onekama Village and Portage Lake, in the form of gravel and sand pits. Commercial and Services: (12, 122, 126) Commercial activity in Onekama Township is almost entirely in Onekama Village and south of Portage Lake near Ellen and Crescent Beach Roads (map on page 125 ). Further discussion on commercial and services can be found in the economic section of this plan. Residential: (112, 113) The map on page 125 illustrates the distribution of dense residential land uses in Onekama Township. Dense residential uses tend to concentrate around Portage Lake and at Pierport. Also, less dense residential development exists in lineal patterns along county roads. For the purposes of drawing the residential land use in map form, only those residential areas which are larger than 2.5 to 5 acres in size and with a density of three homes per 2.5 to 5 acres are shown. Thus a single home (farm homestead, for example) will not be classified within the residential land use. The distnoution of the residential land use also illustrates the areas of the township which are subdivided versus those areas which are divided into parcels and result in homes along existing county roads. l. Barren Lands: (72) Barren lands include the Lake Michigan beaches and sandy bluffs along the shoreline. The map on page 125 illustrates the strip of beach/bluff along the shore. In a number of locations the barren land cover category extends inland where sand dune blowouts or high bluffs occur. COMMUNITY CHARACTER I - 113 �This part of the Land Use Analysis is an attempt to characterize the various neighborhoods, or groups of neighborhoods, as distinct entities. The purpose is to define various areas of the township which share common attributes. The attributes reviewed are physical, environmental. aesthetic and socio-psychological. The members of the Onekama Township Planning Commission independently reviewed various areas of the township. By using their personal knowledge they were able to go down a checklist to use a quick phrase to characterize a particular community in the township. Staff at the Manistee County Planning Department reviewed each township planning commission member's response in order to compile the responses into one set of characterizations for each neighborhood. The Onekama Township Planning Commission then reviewed the compiled responses, editing and modifying them according to the consensus of the group. The Township Planning Commission also defined the geographic boundaries of each area, as shown on the map on page 126. · The neighborhoods have the following characteristics: Onekama Village and Area: The village of Onekama has been developed on a hit and miss basis. It is spread out in a narrow strip along the north shore at the eastern end of Portage Lake. There are many platted lots of record available for future building sites. The buildings are mainly of frame construction with many of them having been built in the early nineteen hundreds. In recent years a number of house trailers have also been located in the village. The average value is probably in the range of about $50,000, with a range of from $20,000 to $200,000. Most dwellings are privately owned, with approximately 10% being rented. There are few fences and this, combined with the number of vacant lots, give the appearance of adequate open space. The main thoroughfare through town is M22 which borders Ponage Lake. Many of the main streets in town have sidewalks on at least one side of the street. Many of the homes· in Onekama enjoy a view of Portage Lake. •-· Williamsport: Williamsport is located at the southwest end of Portage Lake. It developed in the early part of this century as a resort residential area. Most of the homes are of frame construction and many would be eligible as local historic landmarks. They range in value from $50,000 to over $200,000 with the average value well above $100,000. There are a few split rail fences and a few woven wire fences but the majority of the property boundaries are marked with hedges. The density in this area would probably average about one residence per acre. There is no through traffic in this area since ingress and egress is by a single gravel road. As a result of this, all homes enjoy a high degree of privacy. There is a platted public roadway to the south pier; it is totally used as private property. The access is blocked by a gate and a lawn. 114 �Red Park: This area is located west of the center portion of the south shore of Portage Lake. It was also developed during the early part of this century and has many homes of historic significance and may merit designation on the national historic register. It is also the location of a former camp known as Camp Tosebo. All of these homes are privately owned and approximately 20% are rented out as "resort" property. There are few fences in this area. These homes range in value from $20,000 to $150,000, are mostly of frame construction and are located on relatively small lots. This area has a high degree of privacy since it can only be reached by dead end roads from Crescent Beach Road. Wic-A-Te-\Vah and Eagle Point: This area is located at the center portion of the south shore of Portage Lake. It has developed since 1920 and has many new modern year-round homes. These homes vary in value from an estimated $50,000 to $250,000. Many of these homes are of frame construction but there are also many brick veneered and concrete block homes. This area is also the location of the Evangelical Covenant Church Bible Camp. This area also has a high degree of privacy since it can only be reached by roads from Crescent Beach Road. Little Eden: This area is located on the north center shore of Portage Lake. It is the location of a church camp known as the Little Eden Camp. In addition to the camp there are a number of cottages to the north side of Portage Point Road and east and west on Portage Point Road. These cottages date from the 1920's and are mostly of frame construction. They occupy the road frontage and the hillside to the north of the road. The cottages vary in value from $50,000 to $200,000. They all enjoy a view of Portage Lake. l ! I_ Portage Point: This area is at the west end of Portage Lake and is unique in that it also has many points of public access to Lake Michigan. It is also the location of the Portage Point Inn and area, which is on the National Historic Register. This area was originally developed in the early 1900's and has a number of homes of historical significance. Most of the early homes are of ·frame construction; however, many of the newer homes are of brick and block construction. These homes vary in value from an estimated value of $50,000 to $350,000 or more. These homes all enjoy a relatively high degree of privacy since the only access to this whole area is Portage Point Road. Bayview: This area is located on a point of land that juts into Portage Lake from its north side. These homes vary in value from $20,000 to $250,000 and are of varied construction styles, with some frame construction, some brick veneer, some stone veneer and some concrete block. All of these homes enjoy an excellent view of the lake. There are few fences and most homes occupy relatively large lots. Access to this area is by a looped road from Portage Point Road. These homes enjoy a relative degree of privacy. 115 �r ! ' Pierport: This is a small community at the north edge of the township on the Lake Michigan shore. It can be accessed by a paved road from the east or by gravel roads from the north (which is a nature trail, unique to Manistee County) or the south. It is a rather private community and has had little development since the 1920's until recently. AJl of the homes are of frame or log construction and vary in value from $30,000 to $200,000. Easy Street-Farr Road (commercial-residential): This area is located at the eastern end of the south shore of Ponage Lake. The Easy Street area in unique in that it is built up on fill made by digging channels into Portage Lake. All of these lots have waterway access to the lake. It also has some commercial development in the form of a marina, a restaurant and a campground. All of the development in this area has been since 1950. The homes in this area and Farr Road area vary in an estimated value from $50,000 to $250,000. There are few fences in this area and very little privacy since most of this property is within sight of M-22. Lake Michigan Shoreline: Between Portage Point and Pierport is a stretch of Lake Michigan shoreline which is characterized by high bluffs and sand dunes. This is a very fragile area and must be carefully controlled to avoid lake and wind erosion of this ecosystem. !. I l Agricultural Areas: Agricultural areas, farming, open field. The balance of the township 1s presently zoned Agricultural Residential and has a mix of farm and nonfarm homes. The 11 neighborhoods described above each have unique characteristics. Those characteristics help define the different areas of the township for purposes of introducing public programs to enhance the positive characteristics and to mitigate what may be seen as undesirable characteristics. The community characteristics, along with land use mapping and natural features information, etc., can be used to identify commercial, industrial, residential and agricultural, and forestry zones in Onekama Township. EXISTING ZONING I l_ This discussion will center on the use and comparison of four maps: The township land use map (page 121 ); Neighborhoods map (page 126); 1983 Zoning Ordinance map (page 127); and the county Land Use Plan map (page 128). Existing land use, recognized neighborhoods, a general county plan, and existing zoning are each major factors in creating a future plan map for Onekama Township. 116 ' I I 1' ' i I. - �Also to be taken into account are the areas which have particular limitations toward development (wetlands) and soil types and special and unique areas, and regionally and state designated forestlands. In Onekama Township soils suited for farm purposes involve a large area. Further. those areas are already in farm use. The area zoned agricultural residential in the northeast quarter of the township follows strong parallels to existing land use, neighborhoods, and soils particularly suited for farming. However, the current zoning ordinance allows a long list of non-farm uses in the district. It also encompasses a large amount of land which is not considered nationally unique farmland (see discussion on page 34, 148). This results in valuable agricultural areas not receiving protection, and a large rural "throw-away" district. This difference is also seen in comparing the county land use plan map with the current zoning map. Onekama Township can be considered "out-of-step" with county wide planning on this issue. Nationally unique farmland should be delineated and zoned agricultural. Residential zoning, on the other hand, closely follows the county plan, existing land use patterns and provides for adequate room for growth (the north half of Sections 22 and 21). Other than minor district boundary changes, if any, to recognize neighborhood distinctions outlined above, no revisions are necessary. Areas for more intense commercial and industrial activity are adequately provided for within Onekama Village, and need not have a designated area in the unincorporated areas of the township. The provision of a residential-commercial area (Easy Street/Farr Road area) is more than adequate for projected growth or demand. Such uses are also more appropriately located in the village where public sewer is available. Zoning designed to protect the features which lead the county land use plan to designate special and unique areas and resource preservation areas (generally Portage Lake frontage wetlands, and the undeveloped Lake Michigan shoreline (high bluffs, beach, sand dunes, high risk erosion)) should also be considered. Current zoning does not deaJ with either of these issues. The remainder of the township should be considered for a rural residential (general farm-residential-multiple use district) zoning for the township's future land use plan. l. 117 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PARCEL MAP 1983 REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION,@ROCKFORD MAP PUBLS, INC. z 8 0 !:? z . § 8 ':\( :;;/" 2 7 AMSPORT z § 4Q PORrAG£ z ,.:...,,~~~...i:::::~:!.l.---.:::....w=:~~J:!::..L::;;.~.;..:::=1.~~.:.._JL!l::::;~~--_.;::.::..:::..i.;~.;.i.;+::...i.~;;::..;.J.-lr-..i..----~~:;i. ,, e.-,R...-k/'"- ,..,__,_p,,~, ,r;,,r 2000[ ,.,.,...,_ 5000[ J000£ 118 c..,-_,,,,.,,-h § ,-. 6000C �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP RECORDED SUBDIVISIONS Hopkins Addn. to Village of P~~rport Amended Plat of the Village of Pierport 2 3 I 11 ll ____ , u 1 15 0 Portage Park Addition #1 Plat of Portage Park Resort I. ,. I Il. Forest View Shores 34 Farr's Sub. of Lot 47 of Eagle Point 119 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING COM~ISSIO~ �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP FRACTIONALIZATION OF LAND NOT INCLUDING SUBDIVISIONS: Land divided into 20 or less acre parcels 1974-1983 Land divided into ·20 or less acre parcels prior to 1974 u I 0 120 MANISTEE COUNTY PLAl✓NJNG COM.Q:1ss10R �21 ' JNEKAMA TOWNSHIP , 1 USE/LAND ,ER MAP ,H 32 1982 21 32 -421 32 -429 -429 32 22 31 ~ I I_ -411 �, 1. Ier ta ~mtic Lillll Use laps Urban 11. Resider.tial 111. :!111.ti-fanily; high rise (4 or mre floors) 112. }!ul:i-faaµy; low rise 113. Si::c:le fanily and duplexes 115. Hcb::e home parks 116. !ulti?le or group quarters 12. Comie."Cial anc services 121. P!'ina.,ry central oosiness district 122. 124. 125. 126. 127. 13. Shopp~,g cen~er/aall . Secc:-.aary neiallborllocd oosmess 01::e: commercial mi services I::stitutional/gover:ment Iix:cc: cultural, public 3ssemly, recmticns Fm:r..:: diqits for eacil cateaory above: 1 1. ·eomaercial, retail '2. Services, financial, professional, repair 'j, Health '4. Education '5. Religious 1 6. CorreC"ional, detention, jails '7. Military '8. Government administration and services '9. ct.Iler See f:.f:h digi:s to indicate type of fourth digit use. Indus:rial 131. m. m. 134. 135. 136. 138. 139. P!'inary netal orcduction ?e~ochelicals. storage, refining, etc. Pnnary wood processmg, 1~, ptlD, paper Sbr:e, clay, giass, cement, bnck 1 eti:. Net.al fabrication 1secondary nanuracturing) Hor:-netal fabrication (secondary mufacturing) Incustrial Parks Other See fourth digits for further detail and cross-reference to standard Imtrial Classification llanual 15. Transoortaticn, Col!mmication, utilities 141. · Air tran5?>rtation 142. Rail transportation 143. Wate ~ t i o n 144. Road transoortation 145. Ccmmnications; radio, moneLradar, TV 146. Utilities;. electric, gas, petroleum, solid 11-aste disposal mi transfer, sewage, eater treabent (Use sane subcategories as 14) 16. Mixed 17. Brtractive 171. ODen ~its 172. Sfiaif (Dines) 173. Wells 14. 179. other See fout"..ll digits for breakdown of the type of material being extracted. 19. I L Open and other 191. Mccor cultural; ~ens zoos 192. outccor public ass9bly, drive-in mvies, fair, racetracks, stadim:is 193. outccor.recreation (see fourtll digit for type) 194. Ce::eter1es 199. other (c:intlnued) 122 �Kev to Thematic Land Use Maps (continued) 2. Agri=l:ml 21. Crcolan<i 211: CJltivated cropland 212. Bay, rotation and pernanent pasture 22. Orcilar:ls, Bush-Fruits, Vinevards, Borucu.lture 221. rree fruits (see rourth digit for type of tree 222. Bush-fruits v~rds 223. Cc'.anental hor..icillture, nurseries (sod, floriculture, nurseries) 23. Confined Feeding Operation.s 24. Peniai:e.'I: ?as~e 29. ot.1!er (faratead, greenhouses, racetracks, etc.) 3. Rangelar.d (Non-foresterl, fields) 31. Her:aceous; arass field no woodv piants 32. Shrub; s:a:l'.cody plants in a field 4. Forested 41. Decic~cus 411. 412. m. 414. 42. 5. water 51. 52. 53. 54. 6. Northern hardwood Central hardwood Aspen/lihite Birch asscciation I.cwlam hard'.ocd Coniferous 421. ?ine 422. other UDland conifer m. Lovlana conifer 429. Chrisblas tree plantation Strean, vatenray Lake Reservoir; dall backwater, irrigation ?Jnd Great Lake Wetland 61. Forested (wooded) liocded; trees mre than 20 feet tall daainate 612. Shr.ib/scrub; woody vegetation less than 20 feet Hon-forested 621. Aquatic bed; plants growing/living in the water 622. E!ter9ent; et plants growl.Ilg above water level 623. Plats 6ll. 62. 7. Barren 72. 73. I I_ 75. 79. Beaches and Riverb1nks 721. Sam beach 722. Gravel beach 723. Riverbank 729. other Sand Dunes 731. Hill, IKllllld, ridge, wind-blown 1I11Vegetated sand other . 739. Transitional Areas other !. 123 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP THEMATIC LAND USE/COVER MAPS Wetlands (Forested and NonForested) i : Forested Lands Herbaceous (Fields, Small Bush) Agricultural Lands (Orchard, Row Crops, Pasture) I I- 124 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP THEMATIC LAND USE/COVER MAPS Comme::c:La: Land Uses Open U.r ba-: Lands (Parks & Cemeteries) Residentia.:.. Land Uses Barren Lands (Beach) 125 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP -__·-____ -: · ~:---.:ttE16PfBORHOODS --., -~- ·.::.:-- ~ ~ - . --= ~ 7:. ~ _7.=== P_ierpo.rt __ , ._ 2 ll I 11 15 r tt l _; .. 0 24 Portage Point I \_ Wi 11 iamsport ,. ' 126 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANNING CO~fSSIO'R �• I --.-•-······ ON61(~:-~ : 0~SfilP. ZONING MAP . (copy) ·-- -·--=~.· ~ - ·--·- ..-- ~ November · , 1987 · D -' D D D D RR-1 Resort Residential RR-2 Resort Residential RR-3 Resort JO ft Reaidential 8 ecback RR-4 Resort Residential A AC-1 AgriculturalResidential45 ft setback CommericalResidential B 70 ft. AG-1 NT1B Ill. Qca-1 -_,,·~~~.. ~•-it : · .,11. • ... · · • :'·· . ..., _..;.· · ~ . . :_, . __ , ,... 2 gJu.cult.wt.a.l-R .i.denti..al. U I 11 · '--:30:7r t ··,, · setback i I. .30 I.I ·30 ft setback E o~Ru.id 55 ft' setback · ING COMM 127 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP DETAIL MANJ~EE; co_u~ LAND USE PLAN :-:::im · •· . .~.. .. ·= .. .; ~ .... _, RURAL ,ona II). RESOURCE 14 15 ~..,..wVA~ I N - RESOURCE PRESE~~li-4il• •-----+--4 ·nENTIAL R~~M~~h1or I IL .· ESIIENT AL 128 �GOALS, OBJECTIVES, ACTION PLAN [. I The main function of this document is to plan for the future of Onekama Township. Planning for the future includes the total scope of township services and capital improvements to. be done in the township. Thus, planning includes road construction; water and/or sewer system construction; maintenance and construction of public buildings; sidewalk construction; park improvement and construction; economic development1 including tax incentive programs, bonding, grants, etc.; and development of the land so there are coordinated areas of residential expansion, preservation of open space, environmental protection and areas for intense development, such as commercial and industrial. The planning for the future of Onekama Township must take into account the anticipated population growth, economic growth, natural resources and geography of the township. This section of the Onekama Township Comprehensive Plan is to present statements and principals for the planned development of Onekama. This section of the plan is also likely to be the more frequently amended and updated portion of the plan. The Onekama Township Planning Commission should, every three to five years, carefully review this document to make sure it is still up-to-date. Every time a zoning ordinance amendment is proposed, the Planning Commission should first review the proposed zoning amendment against the plan to insure that it complies, or that this plan be updated first. Finally, the Onekama Township Planning Commission should coordinate this plan with the Manistee County Comprehensive Plan to insure neither contradict one another. The statements for planning in Onekama Township are given in three forms, or three levels. First is the statement of a "goal". A goal means a general description of an ideal condition or situation. The purpose of a goal is to provide direction. It may, admittedly, not be obtainable. The ·second is the statement of an "objective". An objective is an achievable point in the general direction of a goal. Its achievement marks progress toward the goal. The third .is the statement of "strategy". A strategy means the township's policy, planned action, or directive, which is designed to achieve an objective. A simplified example of this, at a personal level, might be to have the goal of always owning a new car without debt. The objective is to buy a car every three years. The strategy is to place $333.33 in a savings account every month and not use the savings account except to buy the new car. In an attempt to identify goals and objectives for this Plan, the following two methods were used. The Onekama Township Planning Commission established some .general service statements which were used to develop the map on the next page: 129 �"Existing Service Areas of the Township". The statements are to reflect areas where public water and sidewalks are to be provided. where paved roads are. areas where neighborhood parks are within a one mile from residential areas. The map on Page 131 shows those areas of Onekama Township where the above services should be available. That map, "Planned Service Areas", is created by the Onekama Township Planning Commission to define what levels of service will be provided (objective) to certain areas of the township. The following map, "Deficiencies in Planned Service Areas", is a map that shows which areas of Onekama Township have service deficiencies according to the above standards. The overall goal of the Onekama Township Comprehensive Plan is to maintain the intrinsic character of the area and to preserve the attributes. which comprise the high quality of life in Onekama Township, while at the same time accommodating population and business growth to occur in an orderly manner. An objective is that commercial, industrial and residential areas of Onekama Township be consolidated in area so that the township can benefit from lower costs by only providing urban level services to those selected areas of the township, rather than bearing the high cost of providing the urban services throughout the township. The Planned Service Areas map is Onekama Township Planning Commission's attempt to show which areas of the township will receive what levels of service. The remainder of this plan will, by general topic, introduce goals, objectives and strategies which comprise the township's future plan. 130 �··. , ..,··· . .., . ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP -~ -.=lY.ANNED SERVICE AREAS _____ , I - Service Area I II - Service Area II 2 III - Service Area III \2. . 11 15 1 0 24 I I I I. 131 MANISTEE COUNTY PLANl"INC r.-OMi\lrssrd~ �LAND USE DEVELOPMENT GOAL: To maintain the intrinsic character of the area and to preserve the attributes which comprise the high quality of life in Onekama Township, while at the same time accommodating population and business growth to occur in an orderly manner. OBJECTIVES: To develop Onekama Township according to a land use plan shown on page 150. GOAL: Develop an open space system in conjunction with region-wide goals and policies. OBJECTIVES: Implement zoning, based on a land use plan, for the protection of land along ·shorelines and streams. AGRICULTURAL LAND USE · GOAL: To preserve nationally unique farmland, to protect the agricultural industry in the township and the resources it needs to exist. OBJECTIVE: To zone to attempt to protect agricultural lands, which are important agricultural resources, for farm use while at the same time providing some flexibility for farm operations to be able to engage in a wide range of farm activities and have some ability to sell parcels from the farm for other compatible uses. STRATEGY: Establish area of the township (shown on the map, page 150) which are for agricultural preservation, that includes only those areas which are both nationally unique or locally exceptional farmlands and areas which have current or historic agricultural land use. (Natural Resources) STRATEGY: Permitted uses should include only agricultural activities, taken in a broad sense, so they include farms, forestry operations, and accessory uses; farmer's homes, housing for farm workers, storage, barns, repair shops, etc. (Natural Resources) STRATEGY: Special uses should include only those uses which by their very nature are compatible and complementary with farm/agriculture operations. The idea is to avoid uses which are going to experience problems being located next to a farm, or which will be a problem for the farm that may be next door. (Natural Resources) I , 132 • �AGRICULTURAL-RESIDENTIAL LAND USES OBJECTIVE: Areas of the township which are not designated as residential~ commercial, or agricultural should be classified as agricultural-residential. STRATEGY: Agricultural residential areas should be those areas shown on the map (page 150) that include a broad range of residential, agricultural, light commercial and industrial, and extractive uses. STRATEGY: Allow platting new subdivisions for single family dwellings m areas designated agricultural-residential. RESIDENTIAL LAi~D USES OBJECTIVE: Allow for the orderly growth in residential and seasonal dwellings without destroying the intrinsic character of the area --i.e. the "up north", "woodland lake" atmosphere. STRATEGY: Maintain a lower population density in the Resort Residential areas by limiting these areas to single family dwellings and encouraging establishment or preservation of green areas STRATEGY: · Provisions for multiple family dwellings, if required, will be provided in the commercial and agricultural-residential areas of the township. STRATEGY: Encourage platting new subdivisions for single family dwellings in areas designated residential (as areas where services can be provided in a cost efficient and environmentally sound manner). COMMERCIAL LAND USES OBJECTIVE: Have reasonable commercial ·development to provide services for residential and transients, and to provide employment opport~ties at businesses. STRATEGY: Provide for businesses to locate in the area designated commercial on the land use map (as areas where adverse impacts on the character of the area and natural environment will be minimized). I '~ STRATEGY: Provide for '1ight industrial" business activities, under special circumstances and conditions, in the township in order to provide some employment for residents in the area designated commercial �and/or agricultural residential on the land use map (as the areas where adverse impacts on the intrinsic character and special and natural environment are minimized). STRATEGY: "Heavy Industry" should not be permitted in Onekama Township. The Manistee Lake area, and Kaleva Village Industrial Park --in the same labor market area, and economic hinterland-already provide the required locations for existing and future heavy industry needs for the Onekama Township and Manistee County area. SHORELINE LAND USES OBJECTIVE: To maintain the intrinsic character of the overall quality of Portage Lake, the shoreline of Portage Lake and Lake Michigan and surrounding wooded hills. STRATEGY: Shoreline Development Ordinance should be adopted by the Township which deals with 1. Specific provisions for shoreline protection and maintenance. 2. Controls of runoff laden with pollutants including oil, grease, gasoline, commercial fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, septic effluents, etc. 3. Protection of unique natural environmental features (sand dunes, designated natural areas, wetlands, Lake Michigan beach). 4. Establishment of a greenbelt around the lake which shall remain unmodified and protected from alteration. 5. Prolubition of keyhole development and spot zoning. STRATEGY: Revision of Township Zoning Ordinance to create a more responsive guide for development in the Portage Lake area as they relate to the following elements outlined in the Portage Lake Management Plan: 1. streams and creeks 2. wetlands 3. woodlands 4. hillsides and erosion control 5. mining 6. variances 7. land use regulations as they relate to all specific land uses including residential, commercial, industrial, etc., including the possibility of using Planned Unit Development to allow for clustering of developments in exchange for maintaining open 134 �J space and/or protections to valued environment features in the area. STRATEGY: Enforcement of Ordinances: The Township and residents must recognize that existing and recommended ordinances and revisions are of no value if not enforced. The Township and other municipalities must take affirmative action to ensure compliance with all adopted ordinances. This policy should go beyond just the issue of land use planning but be applied to all issues discussed herein. 135 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP LAND USE PLA N MAP 1989 r 1 II Agr-Res 0 r I. I. -···-················ Hf:f:HJEHHf III~ ~EiI~~= ~~~::::::: ~::::i::: ...... ······ ..... ::::::: ::::::::···:::::::: ::::::::::: :::: :······==:::::::::::::::::::::::. :::::;: :: :-: ::~:::::::: Ll;;::::: = ===· -====: ~::~gf:;~~~~ ~ f~g = n~ ~~~gg~ ~ ;~ - • . :r..~: ·- ...- ,......._. .·-·•. :-'--erc·tlr ~;:kef " 136 MANISTE: COUNTY PLM,l·!!t·IC ,:-o.a.<JAfssroA j I �TRANSPORTATION GOAL: To·provide safe automobile transportation through the township with the miles of roads in existence in proportion to development so roads are not built where development will not occur and road construction resources are concentrated only in populated areas. OBJECTIVE: To use development of roads to concentrate development in residential and commercial areas, and not encourage road development in agricultural and special and unique areas. STRATEGY: New road construction to take place in residential and commercial areas (Service Area I, II) unless a part of a subdivision allowed agricultural-residential area in Service Area III. RECREATION GOAL: To have equitable distribution of park facilities that serve all residential areas in Service Areas I and II and to provide the township with a variety of park facilities. GOAL: Develop a Portage Lake/Onekama Village/Onekama Township community system of parks, and recreation areas adequate to meet the needs of all age groups and handicapped persons who live within the community. OBJECTIVE: Retain, maintain and/or acquire land for water access to Portage Lake and Lake Michigan and streams for the benefit of citizens who do not own waterfront property while at the same time avoiding nuisances for landowners adjacent to the access sites. OBJECTIVE: Retain and/or acquire land needed for future park expansion in Service Areas I and II, which includes plans for a soccer field, softball fields, but schedule development in relation to what can be properly maintained. STRATEGY: Encourage donation of private land for nature trails, public parks, and recreation purposes. STRATEGY: Develop small public or semi-public open spaces in conjunction with new governmental, institutional, commercial, and residential building projects. I I Lr STRATEGY: Explore, as a means of augmenting the present supply of recreation areas and conserving valuable natural and scenic 137 �environment, the granting of tax deferments to propeny owners who keep land in open use. OBJECTIVE: Develop a parks and recreation maintenance program, shared by government units and service . and educational organizations. i.e. "Adopt a Park" GOAL: Develop a recreation program which will provide opportunities for all age groups and the handicapped. OBJECTIVE: Encourage cooperation between the Village and Township government, County Fair Board, County Road Commission and the school board in providing an integrated recreation program, including consideration of joint financial support. STRATEGY: Utilize the County Fairgrounds for recreational purposes. STRATEGY: Develop senior citizen activities in the area as a minimum objective, with more frequent use of Farr Center for more senior activities, cards, bingo, meals. STRATEGY: (See road ends discussion, below.) OBJECTIVE: Involve service organizations and church groups in meeting recreational program needs and bring youth and seniors together in a recreational atmosphere which will encourage greater understanding for retired citizen and youth needs. OBJECTIVE: Develop a system of scenic, historic and pastoral mini-parks in Service Area I and throughout the township for hiking, biking, skiing, and connect all parks with a "path". I I. STRATEGY: Connect scenic areas with bike path and/or walking paths. STRATEGY: Place approved markers and signage throughout - designating areas as scenic, historical, or wildlife areas. STRATEGY: Identify recreational areas and opportunities via maps and guides for all ages to enjoy. OBJECTIVE: Develop or allow development of more water-based recreation facilities which are well located and controlled for public enjoyment and use. ,_ 138 �OBJECTIVE: Improve the year-round recreation base of the community by encouraging the public and private development of winter recreation facilities. STRATEGY: Allow development of facilities to accommodate cross-country skiing, ice fishing, and ice skating. GOAL: Establish a comprehensive ''Road Ends" management system designed to eliminate township liability issues and enhance township recreation opportunities. OBJECTIVE: "Road End" Recreation Areas: Use the recommendations of the Portage Lake Management Plan as a guide to establish "road end recreation areas" involving the dedication of specific road ends for designated activities based upon their inherent characteristics and capabilities. STRATEGY: Determine ownership and jurisdiction of road ends, and then proceed with use of individual sites, as appropriate. STRATEGY: Onekama Township Park Ordinance: To properly maintain and program these recreational "road end" areas, Onekama .Township should adopt a township park ordinance following the Portage Lake Management Plan as a guide. GOAL: To have safety and a mixed use of Portage Lake transportation and recreation needs: OBJECTIVE: To provide for a variety of uses on Portage Lake (shipping, harbor of refuge, recreation boating) while at the same time providing for swimming, fishing, and other water contact sports. STRATEGY: Establishment of Water Safety Awareness Program: Through the Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Coast Guard, county or township offices, a Water Safety Awareness Program should be developed including public presentations and written literature, following the recommendations of the Portage Lake Management Plan as a guide. INFRASTRUCTURE (Water System, County Drains, Utilities, Schools, Public Buildings, Fire Department): GOAL: To maintain an active capital improvement program, to insure needed and desired public facilities exist. 139 �IP. f OBJECTIVE: Construction of a centralized public sewer system or cluster drain field system in areas of concentrated development. STRATEGY: Development of preparatory plans for an additional Public Sewer Service District: Initial action should be taken before the need (via increased development density) is severe and water quality sacrificed (Service Area I). STRATEGY: When there is a concentrated development of new housing taking place, consider requiring "cluster .type" waste treatment systems (Service Area II). STRATEGY: Develop a sewage Disposal Ordinance which requires public monitoring and maintenance of existing on-site sewage disposal systems (all service areas). (See Natural Environment) GOAL: To have the ability to suppress all fires prior to significant property damage and without any injury and loss of life. STRATEGY: members to have Establish training. Continue training programs now underway to have all of the Fire Department through Fire Fighter #1 class, and as many as possible through the Fire Fighter #2 class. incentives for persons to take the time necessary for the STRATEGY: Purchase a VCR-TV system to provide in-house training for Fire Department and First Responder Unit (Rescue Squad) personnel. i I-· STRATEGY: Upgrade access roads in those areas where the Fire Department or First Responder Unit would have difficulty reaching in case of an emergency. STRATEGY: Provide information to the County Road Commission so that they install road signs where needed. Make sure house numbers are properly displayed. OBJECTIVE: Improved communications system for Fire Department and First Responder Unit that will allow prompt and accurate response to all emergencies. STRATEGY: Take part in a countywide communications system (911 emergency call). r- 140 updated centralized �,.... OBJECTIVE: To have the ability to respond promptly to calls involving human injury and/or medical emergencies. STRATEGY: Send at least two persons a year for Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) training. STRATEGY: Purchase a defibrillation unit for heart attack emergencies. STRATEGY: Purchase a rescue vehicle if required by law. STRATEGY: Provide additional members of the First Resoonder unit with portable two-way radios. STRATEGY: Provide additional members of the First Responder Unit with first call bags and resuscitators. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GOAL: To take part in development of a strong regional (county-wide) economy to solidify Onekama Township's role as a bedroom community to the Manistee Lake area. OBJECTIVE: To continue to develop and protect the tourist and seasonal aspects of Onekama Township's economy. OBJECTIVE: To take land use steps necessary for the protection and enhancement of agricultural enterprises. OBJECTIVE: To protect the quality of life that enhances Onekama Township's position as a desirable bedroom community to the Manistee Lake area. OBJECTIVE: To allow small manufacturing enterprises to locate in Onekama Township while keeping to a minimum adverse impacts on agriculture, tourism and residential economies. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT GOAL: To preserve those areas of the township that are environmentally special and unique for the benefit of future generations, such as OBJECTIVE: Implement stricter measures to protect sand dunes along Lake Michigan and Portage Lake. 141 (" ' ' �STRATEGY: Control or exclude building and development in sand dune areas identified in this master plan that are fragile from an environmental standpoint. STRATEGY: Stabilize ''blow-outs" by soil erosion measures and preventing removal of natural vegetation. STRATEGY: Require lower density developments in sand dune areas, by allowing only single family dwellings on larger parcel sizes than otherwise permitted in residential areas, and greater distances for lakefront bluff line setbacks. STRATEGY: Use the Open Space Preservation Act to encourage agreements between landowners not to develop in return for a tax reduction or -acquire (publicly or by private organization) development rights. OBJECTIVE: Achieve stricter wetland preservation measures than what currently exists in Onekama Township zoning. STRATEGY: Limit the type and amount of development in a wetland. In certain key wetlands identified in this Master Plan prohibit any development or building by exclusionary zoning, public purchase of the land, as may be necessary. STRATEGY: Use the Open Space Preservation Act to encourage agreements between landowners not to "develop in return for a tax reduction or acquire (publicly or by private organization) development rights. OBJECTIVE: Protect designated natural areas (Williamsport Wooded Dune) and areas designated special and unique . . STRATEGY: Use the Open Space Preservation Act to encourage agreements between landowners not to develop in return for a tax reduction or acquire (publicly or by private organization) development rights. 1· iI. .. OBJECTIVE: Protect the water quality of Portage Lake and other lakes and streams. STRATEGY: Establishment of a comprehensive water quality monitoring program --by the township, lake association, or a lake board-- 142 �pursuant to the Portage Lake Management Plan to identify nutrients and pollutants and the change of concentration over time and to determine the nutrient/pollution sources. STRATEGY: Development of On-site Sewage Disposal Ordinance: Adoption, compliance, and enforcement of an On-Site Sewage Disposal Ordinance, according to the Portage Lake Management Plan (see Infrastructure). STRATEGY: Development of preparatory plans for an additional Public Sewer Service District: Initial action should be taken before the need (via increased development density) is severe and water quality sacrificed. (See Infrastructure.) STRATEGY: Development of Lake Quality Awareness Program: A public awareness program to educate the public on the dynamics of lake water quality is required to modify the public·s practices concerning septic system operation, weed and algae growth. relationship between water quality and land value, escalation of poor water quality once pollution has started, water conservation, lawn fertilization. OBJECTIVE: Increased communication and cooperation among municipal units: It is critical that all local municipalities understand their interdependence upon one another in ensuring that Portage Lake follows a healthy direction in the future. It is critical that all local municipalities understand their interdependence upon one another in establishing an environment supportive of the needs of the local residents. Accordingly, consistent open dialogue is necessary as are regularly scheduled meetings among these entities. The Soil Conservation District and Cooperative Extension Service should be utilized for their expertise and guidance in these areas. STRATEGY: Portage Lake Watershed Committee: To coordinate activities in the entire Portage Lake watershed, cooperation among all municipalities within the lake watershed directed at maintaining and ensuring good lake water quality. A committee should be established consisting of appropriate health and planning officials from Manistee County and Onekama Township, Onekama Village, Bear Lake Township, Brown Township, Manistee Township, as directed in the Portage Lake Management Plan. HISTORIC AND CULTURAL, POPULATION. OTHER GOAL: Protect historic and cultural features in the township. 143 �OBJECTIVE: Work closely with the Michigan Historic Commission and Department of Natural Resources for designation and development funds. OBJECTIVE: Support efforts of the Manistee County Historical Society in achieving the goal of maintaining the area museums. [\WP\TOWNS\PLN-GOAL.ONE] L L rl ... ( I I I L 144 �• APPENDIXES r L- 145 I" I l �October 22. 1990 WORKING PAPER AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE OF THE ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION [add to end of "Agriculture" subsection of the "Natural Features" Section of the Onekama Township Comprehensive Plan [\WP\TO\VNS\PLN-NATR.ONE] ] l• Even though having farmland preservation zoning is a widely held concept, there is concern in Onekama Township if farmers want or need such provisions. To resolve this issue, the Onekama Township Planning Commission created an Agriculture Committee. The committee consisted of two members of the Commissfon and three Onekama Township farmers. The results of discussions in this committee is the best thing to accomplish agricultural land preservation is a strong and healthy agricultural economy. The second thing centers on land management, and seemingly is contradictory: 1. Do not limit the farmer in terms of what he can do with his land. This is both in terms of not limiting the type of farm operation, farm practices or types of crops (i.e. a broad definition of what is a farm), and for what uses the land may be sold for. 2. Protect the farmer, so incompatible land uses do not start up next to him and so land development in the agricultural area does not drive up the value of land. In short, the farmer wants the cake, and wants to eat it too. In an attempt to reconcile the inherent conflict -freedom to use/sell farm land for whatever is wanted and to protect farms from non-farm high property values and incompatible land uses-- the following is proposed. Onekama Township should use as broad a definition of "farm" or "agriculture" as possible. The idea is to allow the fullest scope of activities possible while still being a farm or agricultural operation. The definition, or qualification, of a farm under the administrative rules promulgated under the Michigan Farmland and Open Space [ r IL \ 146 �Preservation Act' 0 is an example. A second example is the definition used in the Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC Manual).u The district should permit only farms/agricultural and forestry uses in an Agriculture District. Things such as the farmer's home, farm labor's housing, barns, tool and repair shops, storage, should be considered accessory uses to the principle farm use. There are certain uses which are okay, in terms of companble and not resulting in being detrimental to the agricultural economy (land values). Those uses should be allowed only under certain conditions. Thus, uses like a single family home on a parcel. a small neighborhood retail enterprise, sawmill, and some manufacturing enterprises should be acceptable. Such uses would be subject to certain conditions or standards. Those standards include: 1. From a single parcel of farm land, a maximum of four new parcels can be created. This is to coincide with the state Subdivision Control Act requirement that only four parcels, which are 10 acres or smaller in size, may be created without making a subdivision. (The idea is not to allow residential subdivisions in agricultural areas.) 2. That a special use permit is only issued with the proviso the applicant sign a statement they understand agricultural uses and practices will continue in the area even though they may be inconvenient or a nuisance. 3. That the proposed use utilizes land which is the poorer (in terms of agricultural suitability) areas of a farm, such as a sand blowout, ditches, gullies, dips, etc., or existing buildings. 4. That the proposed · use is found to be companble as a neighbor to agricultural uses. Concerns the above principles are trying to deal with include mainly compatibility. The idea is to avoid uses which are going to experience problems being located next to a farm, or which will be a problem for the farm that may be next door. Examples include: (1) an industry (warehousing, retailer) which handles hazardous, toxic or other liquid wastes which may result in groundwater contamination, air pollution which reduces or eliminates crop growth. Such a situation is not compatible to a farm dependent on groundwater. (2) A housing development (i.e. more than a single family home that is only allowed with the above proviso) will not be compatible with farm operations running large equipment at night, manure smell, crop spray blowing onto or into a house, etc. and drives neighboring farm land values up. (3) A large or major retail or service enterprise (i.e. more than a small neighborhood retailer who is only allowed with the above proviso) will 42 ' 0 P.A 116 of 1974, as amended, being MCL 554.701 eL seg. n Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1987; Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget; U. S. Government Printing Office, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161: Order number PB 87-100012. 42 P.A 288 of 1967, as amended, being MCL 560.101 eL seq. 147 �not be compatible with farm operations where spray coats merchandise, customers' cars, there is high volume traffic on a road also used by large slow farm equipment, and drives neighboring farm land values up. Finally, a concern expressed is farm preservation should not be . a zoning district which encompasses any more area than justified. Such a district should include only those areas which are both recognized as nationally unique or locally · exceptional farmlands (see map on page '?) and areas which currently and historically have an agriculture land use (see map on page '?). The areas which do not qualify under the conditions given here should be zoned residential or agricultural-residential. I I I L 148 �[add to Land Use Development subsection of the Goals, Objectives, Action Plan Section of Onekama Township Comprehensive Plan [\WP\TOWNS\PLN-GOAL.ONE] ] OBJECTIVE: To preserve agricultural lands, which are important agricultural resources, for farm use while at the same time providing some flexibility for farm operations to be able to engage in a wide range of farm activities and have some ability to sell parcels of the farm for other compatible uses. STRATEGY:Establish an area of the township (shown on the map, page 150) which is for agricultural preservation, that includes only those areas which are both nationally unique or locally exceptional farmlands and areas which have current or historic agricultural land use. (Natural Resources) STRATEGY: Permitted uses should include only agricultural activities, taken in a broad sense, so they include farms, .forestry operations, and accessory uses; farmer's homes, housing for farm workers, storage, barns, repair shops, etc. (Natural Resources) STRATEGY: Special uses should include only those uses which by their very nature are compatible with farm/agriculture operations. The idea is to avoid uses which are going to experience problems being located next to a farm, or which will be a problem for the farm that may be next door. (Na~ural Resources) 0 BJECTIVE: Areas of the township which are not designated as residential. commercial, or agricultural should be classified as agricultural-residential. STRATEGY: Agricultural residential areas should be those areas shown on the map (page 150) that include a broad range of residential, agricultural, light commercial and industrial, and extractive uses. 149 �~ ~~1~~:;-.: \: ~~~. ·-:-:~.- ~ ~': ... --: ·. : 7" -~- - -:-: ..-:-:-. .~ . ;: ·.-.... . --t""·~-~:.,....,..; •:·.: --:~ ~·· ~.:· ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP DETAIL ..;MANISTEE; COUNTY LAND USE PLAN - -=:= ~ ..l -·= . _:.a .......- 1 RURAL RESOURCE ~~!W-J.U.VJ:l.lA I N 15 _J ·"auRES-OtJ RCE PRESEJ.A1-a.+-++i~._.._...,...._..~ , ' .......DENT IAL n~~M~~h1c I L. ESIIENT AL 150 �SA.i\1PLE DEFINITIONS: DEFINITION CONSTRUCTED FROM FARMLAND PRESERVATION ACT RULES: FARM means a business enterprise engaged in agricultural production (and otherwise known as farms, ranches, dairies, nurseries, orchards) .of crops, livestock and trees and: a. Includes forty (40) or more acres of land in one ownership which is primarily devoted to agricultural use, or b. Has five (5) or more acres of land in one ownership, but less than forty ( 40) acres, devoted primarily to agricultural use, which has produced a gross annual income from agriculture of two hundred dollars ($200.00) per year or more per acre of cleared and tillable land, or c. Has been designated by the Michigan Department of Agriculture as a specialty farm in one ownership which has produced a gross annual income from an agricultural use of two thousand dollars ($2,000.00) or more. DEFINIDON CONSTRUCTED FROM SIC MAL"ilJAL: l_ [ I. \ ! I. lL. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION means establishments (e.g. farms, orchards, greenhouses, nurseries, ranches, dairies, feedlots, egg production facilities, broiler facilities, poultry hatcheries, apiaries) primarily engaged in the production of crops, plants, vines, and trees, sod farms, cranberry bogs, mushrooms, bulbs, flower seeds, vegetable seeds, growing of hydroponic crops; in the keeping, grazing, or fceding of livestock for the sale of livestock or livestock products (including serums), for livestock increase, or for value increase. Livestock as used here includes cattle, hogs, sheep, goats, and poultry of all kinds. Also included are animal specialties, such as horses, rabbits, bees, pets, fish in captivity, and fur-bearing animals in captivity. [\WP\TOWNS\PLN-AGR2.ONE] 151 �ONEKAMA TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSIOi'J WETLAND COMMl'l"l'EE REPORT October 22, 1990 The wetland committee is making three recommendations: First, the following language be used in the Goals, Objectives, Strategies section of the Master Plan: "NATURAL ENVIRONMENT "GOAL: To preserve those areas of the township that are environmentally special and unique for the benefit of future generations, such as "OBJECTIVE: Achieve stricter wetland preservation measures than what currently exists in Onekama Township zoning. "STRATEGY: Limit the type and amount of development in a wetland. In certain key wetlands identified in this Master Plan, prohibit any development or building by exclusionary zoning, public purchase of the land, as may be necessary. "STRATEGY: Use the Open Space Preservation Act to encourage agreements between landowners not to develop in return for a tax reduction or acquire (publicly or by private organization) development •ghts ..... II ncr Please note the language is the same as shown in earlier drafts of the plan. The issue is how the above is achieved. To this end, the following zoning language is proposed. The second recommendation is the following proposed zoning language. It creates another residential district: a ''Wetland Residential" district. The district does not prohibit building of dwellings in the residential district. Rather it tries to accomplish the following: 1. Allows use of one's land for single family dwelling purposes. 2. Requires the review and approval by the Health Department and D NR Wetland for permit requirements prior to issuing a zoning permit. (Thus if denial for use of a wetland happens, it is done by the DNR, not the township). 3. Creates a specific district for those major wetlands identified in the Onekama Master Plan, thus alerting people a wetland issue may exist for a parcel in 152 �this area. (The map of the district has only those wetlands which are shown as "significant" in the township master plan subject to the provisions of this district (instead of all wetlands).) 4. Requires (recommended) larger setbacks. 5. Requires a minimum parcel size, which does not include any area of the parcel which is a wetland, sand dune, beach, etc. The proposed zoning is: ARTICLE VIII.B - LO\VLAND RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT - R 6 It is the intent of this district to protect significant wetlands adjacer.t and contiguous to Portage Lake, to recognize those wetlands as ecologically sensitive environments, to retain wetlands' ability· to serve as a sediment filter at Portage Lake, to retain the wetlands' ability to produce plant material and oxygen necessary to support the process of decay of natural and man-made materials on the lake bottom, to retain the wetlands' ability to act as a natural pollution filter for water entering Portage Lake and lake water. to protect fish and wildlife habitat; while at the same time providing compatible uses for recreation and game management such as recreation, low intensity residential uses, and to be consistent with the Onekama Township Master Plan. 8B.01 - Permitted Uses Permitted uses by permit authorized pursuant to Section 14.01 of this ordinance: A. B. C. D. Open Space Individual recreation act:Ivraes (such as an individual hunting, fishing, trapping) normally done without construction of permanent structures and normally allowed by state s\atute. Dwelling. 1. Home Occupation. 2. Parking for currently licensed automobiles. 3. Storage of one recreational vehicle, boat, boat trailer or trailer. 4. On lakefront lots, one boat dock for private use. Accessory Buildings and Uses to the above. Section 8B.02.1 - Special Uses: Special uses by permit authorized pursuant to Article XV of this ordinance: A. B. C. D. Water and wetland habitat-dependant game rearing operations. Federal, state and municipal game areas. Outdoor recreation parks Boat launching ramps 153 �E. F. t- Parking lots Accessory uses to the above. i Section 8B.03 - Regulations: Minimums: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Minimum lot size: _ _ _ _ (_) square feet, which does not include nonbuildable sites within 1. sand dune 2. beach 3. wetland 4. high risk erosion area, and 5. flood plain Minimum lot frontage: _ _ _ _ _ (_) feet. [100 ft?] Minimum frontage on a public street or highway: _ _ _ _ _ (__) feet. Minimum yards, including all accessory buildings: 1. Front: _ _ _ _ (_) feet. [50 feet recommended] 2. Side: _ _ (_) feet for each side yard. 3. Rear: _ _ _ _ _ (_)feet for all uses. 4. Waterfront: one hundred (100) feet from the ordinary high water line. This waterfront setback does not apply to boat docks, boat launching · ramps, or beach facilities. Minimum floor area: _ _ _ _ _ _ (_.) square feet. Minimum dwelling width across any front, side length, or rear measurement: _ _ _ _ (__) feet. Any use constructed or occupied in this district shall be: 1. shown, by issuance of a Health Permit prior to obtaining a zoning permit under this ordinance, to be on an upland site which meets the requirements of the Manistee County Health Code; and 2. shown, by issuance of a wetlands permit or a letter indicating a wetlands permit is not needed from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, prior to obtaining a zoning permit under this ordinance. Third, the wetland committee recommends the Onekama Township Land Use Plan Map 1989 show wetlands as shown on the map on the next page. (For reference a Water Systems --showing wetlands-- and a Significant Wetlands Map are also attached.) 154 �·- ·~1 :'1'1 a::----: .'· ...: -.· _.:C.:_, :.'·:-- :: ' ; ,),i. . . . , .• . . • �.. ~_'{..r. F~ - ~- x -~. r::-: I .,/ / ~~,c~~~~:. .{~~!"!:RJ:j~~1~:QS~ c •. �..:!f".-~:;;.==ztt::::~ -- -;;;.;····•-11111-=-,..::;•.;iiP-,,-.,_ - - - - --- --- - - - -- I . �, ! • I I r ' L r. I I - L. .. ~· ~ .-~ : : · · ~ . ... ...- ' 4>.". - �Onekama Lake, Manistee ,: ... ~-'· t. ~.';\ ._. . -~ County, Mich. 0 u 0 ~ 0 :I: ~ w ~ 190 7 r-- lII I •. ,_ r· t ( '= '~- �--------- ...... .._-. Corner on Main Street. O nekama. Mich. I. f L l . .. ' . -. ... ' ~ ·:.. ·...:; :-~":> - .: :. ._; �,y _-:--· 1 ~ - I :.Jlll \ r: l. [ .,..· �.:'"'~~ : . .. -:.-::.~..:. . ~ ~i-~~~i~~ - f" l . �., Picturesque Portage Point. I ,_ 1• L �Portage Inn, Onekama, ]v1ich. 19 10 • Portage Lake and Portage Poiut Inn, Onekama. Mich. r·I I r i l �r I I I r �~ ,. ,f . ~;~: r , ~ - ·.::..:; ~~ .. ~~~ " . - f .. /...;;' -·-~~~--. [ .," . �r ---- ·-·--------------------------- - - ·---- - - - ..' ""·· .. - ·- . . _ .~ ~-- .,._ .. I. ~ .. - _ ... ~ - - -· -------'---- �PORTAGE POINT INN. ONEKAMA . MICHIGAN i ~ I• �le �-.____ __. ---. '- · I. r r. rr -- .... -.•~ \,. .. r . ... .• - -· _: �• I. . . Ltlt, I L l I I. ' .- ~ ;i,~~f~ _,{-~..:i::-~ �Channel to Pcrh,ge L11ke Harbor of Refuge, Onekama, Mich. r.. [ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Onekama-Twp_Comprehensive-Plan_1990 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Onekama Township Planning Commission, Onekama Township, Manistee County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-10-18 Title A name given to the resource Onekama Township Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Onekama Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the Onekama Township Planning Commission and was amended and approved on October 18, 1990. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Onekama Township (Mich.) Manistee County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/688b1888f0cccb1f0fa0d755749351d2.pdf 18dd550aa19af64180fd5082741f8f01 PDF Text Text OnekamaTwp Zoning . =--"'-"'-"' ' = i Onekama Township •---·---·---·_j 'j_-----------...i'I Neighboring Townships 0.25 GEAR RD ERDMAN RD HAGER RD Resort Residential 2 CJ Resort Residential 3 ;-···-···-···"'l 0 Resort Residential 1 ERICKSON RD MILARCH RD I __ j Onekama Village I Resort Residential 4 Special & Unique Residential 0.5 Miles 1 Map produced by the Manistee County Planning Dept. October 16, 2020 (l ´ This is to certify that this is the Official Zoning Map referred to in Article 18 of the Zoning Ordinance of Onekama Township duplicated on Oct. 16th, 2020, which replaces and supercedes the Official Zoning Map which was adopted as amended on February 5th, 2000. __________________________________ David Meister, Township Supervisor POTTER RD ¬ « M-22 HERKELRATH RD ' BURTKER RD = i Parcels CJ :- ··-··-··-. l1__; HIGH ST Commercial Water Bodies THIRTEEN MILE RD MILL ST Agriculture 2 Hydrology I 7 I _I I Agriculture 1 Highways ! I I NORTHWOOD HWY Roads D PERRY ST Legend LAKEVIEW R D Onekama Township Official Zoning Map I LUKENS RD __________ Date ; I I ' I __________ Date ELEVEN MILE RD i HILLIARD RD __________________________________ Michelle Johnson, Township Clerk AUTHORITY: Onekama Township Zoning Ordinance Article 18 - Land Use Districts CE Y Note: See Section 1807 A-J "Rules of Interpretation" for authority on zoning map district boundary determinations. NO UNK LO - l_ I ND R WN ATH RD UNKNOWN OP AL RI D GE DR HERKEL R HILLIARD RD CHRESTENSEN RD I W SM TH R D _J MAIDENS RD S PE N SLOPE DR W LO MAIDENS RD DR (j t. MOON \ RIDGE ,-:::, RD t UNKNOWN PI NE OO W RT AG E PO IN T DR PO r- RD SAMERDAR DR DOCK S T BRO O K ST FAIRVIEW ST SECOND ST UNK N OW N MAIN ST THIRD ST Portage Lake UNKNOWN UNK N OW N T WN FOURTH ST THI RD S UNKN O " n....:I-' ----I FIFTH ST SPRING ST BRANDT ST LAKE S TH S T AV BRANDT RD LEECRE ST BLVD FI T RS AV T ZOSEL ST T HS MILL ST EC TH D IR AV CHARLIE BROWN ST SP MIDW AY R AV O PR FIF T ST U TH PORTAGE ST S OA K DA L AY W EN EA V G E GR TH DYKE ST FIRST ST EIGHT MILE RD REEVES ST KAY ST S EA CRESC E JONES RD T YS NT BEA CH RD I I I I ¬ « M-22 I FARR RD I ORCH A /4 MILLER RD • RD H WY LJ MILARCH RD WEBB ST SPEER ST KENDALL ST WN JOHN ST ELLEN RD KARI ST BENEKE ST E DR CEDAR ST UNKN O S CAMP DELIGHT RD AV ALMLOF SECOR AV IS AV CRON AV C G DAV LN SANSOUSA ST RK PA SH E LAK D K LA SH E OR LEONARD AV I DANFORTH ST WINNOGENE ST EDGEWATER DR ER OR 6 I If 'I I EM DR FO SIX r-.""' NIN JOSEPH RD W ID E A V LT OP 0 Y WA IR FA NINTH ST .. , _ ILE (~-RD PAR K LAK E FER N DAL E DR RVIT A JUN IP EA V ARB O ARD M S PO ORE DR T ER W AY MOU RS E POI NT D R RTA GE SEY DR HI L E RID G FOU R D ND LA RD LAKESID E • AR BO RV ITA E W AY W VIE BAY NI TA AV BO DR LAKE ST DR N SU -· ( I S NY DE CLARK RD E HO DR N IVA N RU Lake Michigan _J � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Onekama-Twp_Zoning-Map_2020 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-10-16 Title A name given to the resource Onekama Township Official Zoning Map Description An account of the resource The Onemaka Township Official Zoning Map went into effect on October 16, 2020 and replaced the zoning map from 2000. Subject The topic of the resource Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Onekama Township (Mich.) Manistee County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e9340b70e4951251b65ce96d58c35f5.pdf 56f11e1f823d59e42d9ca612c94146e5 PDF Text Text OnGOING LGBTCONFERENCE 2008-2009 This conference is designed to have the excitement and focus of an out-of-town, weekend conference with two differences: it is at Grand Valley and its sessions are offered throughout the school year. Like all good conferences, there are "fun" aspects to each session and there is a party! LGBT& POLITICAL ISSUE 4:00-6:00 PM 2204 Kirkhof Center CENTER HOLIDAY OPEN HOUSE DEC5 1:00-5:00 PM 1161 Kirkhof Center LGBT COMMUNITY &CULTURE Watch for special conference features! APRIL 9 4:00-6:00 PM 2263 Kirkhof Center Please visit www.gvsu.edu/lgbt for more information Please contact us if you require special assistance or accommodations. @ GRANDVALLEY SrATE lJNivERSITY � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2008-2009_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference_Poster.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008/2009 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference 2008-2009 Description An account of the resource Sheet including all of the sessions, the locations, and dates of the 2008-2009 OnGOING LGBT Conference. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e0a4affc18be6b7d2dadcb22e4d00bff.pdf f5b60bbad8b5ea182d922788f9121bde PDF Text Text LGBT Resource Center OnGoing LGBT Conference 2009-2010 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2009-2010_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009/2010 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference 2009-2010 Description An account of the resource Sheet including all of the sessions, the locations, and dates of the 2009-2010 OnGOING LGBT Conference. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/429c9f1cbeb84b2b39bc3f6084707ab1.pdf df5c2cdad6237689607e6eb890867af4 PDF Text Text OnGoing LGBT Conference Save the dates! I Fa II 2011 @ GilANDVALLEY SrATE l.JNivERSITY LGBT RESOURCE CENTER 1161 Kirkhof Center 616.331 .2S30 www.gvsu.edu/lgbtrc Sex Week: Even better than Shark Week! Born This Way?: The Social Construction of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Presented by Laurel Westbrook Monday, September 26 at 4 p.m. in 2204 Kirkhof Center, Pere Marquette How do sex, gender, and sexuality relate to one another? Where do our understandings and practices of sex, gender, and sexuality come from? Join us to discuss the opportunities and inequalities as well as the pleasures and dangers created by our "sex/gender/sexuality system." Beyond Binaries: Identity and the Sexuality Spectrum Presented by Robyn Ochs Tuesday, September 27 at 6 p.m. in 2204 Kirkhof Center, Pere Marquette Like snowflakes, no two people are exactly alike. How do we assign labels to our complicated and unique experiences? In this interactive program, we explore different experiences of identity and the complexity of attraction. J-Spot: A Sex Educator Tells All Presented by Jay Friedman Wednesday, September 28 at 4 p.m. in Cook/DeWitt Auditorium Personal, philosophical, and prophetic, a no-holds-barred "sexual state of affairs" address on where we've been, where we are, and where we're headed sexually--with the ultimate goal of helping everyone enjoy healthy sexual relationships. for more lnformaHon on additional programming this week, vlsff www.gvsu.edu/lgbtrc/sexweek [Tel Becoming Radically Queer Presented by Wick Thomas Tuesday, October 11 at 6 p.m. in 2204 Kirkhof Center, Pere Marquette llQQj Approved Radical queer guest speaker Wick Thomas has received national awards for organizing around queer issues. Join us to discuss why being queer and radical is necessary at a time when the conservative movement is growing stronger and the progressive movement has become largely complacent. #3 A People's History of the LGBTQ Community In Grand Rapids ~ Film screening and discussion Approved Thursday, November 17 at 6:30 p.m. in Loosemore Auditorium, DeVos Center, Pew Campus Following the model of radical historian Howard Zinn, this documentary "A People's History of the LGBTQ Community in Grand Rapids" chronicles the history of the LGBTQ movement in West Michigan. Following the film, we will discuss past and current barriers to justice for the LGBTQ community and next steps toward full equality. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2011_Fall_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference-Save-the-Dates.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference Save the Dates Fall 2011 Description An account of the resource Sheet including all of the sessions, a synopsis of them, the locations, and dates of the Fall 2011 OnGOING LGBT Conference. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ae0818288fde0adbff6b0a7cc0062ada.pdf 73e7335c09e6d46309ee3769d8ce1fa1 PDF Text Text OnGoing LGBT Conference Save the dates! I Fall 2012 @ GRANDVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY LGBT RESOURCE CENTER 1161 Ki rkhof Center 616.331.2530 www.gvsu.edu/lgbtrc Who Are You?: Gendering Public and Private Spaces Presented by Dr. Laurel Westbrook Tuesday, September 25, 2012 I 4:00 p.m. I Pere Marquette Room, 2204 Kirkhof Center In every encounter we have with others, we ask ourselves who (or, better, WHAT) that person is, particularly in terms of gender. When others are "doing gender" in a normative way, we do not notice this practice. But, when we encounter someone whose gender is not clear, we may be more overt in our questioning. This talk explores the process of attributing gender to others, termed "determining gender," and explores how beliefs about gender are deeply intertwined with ideas about sexuality in ways that reproduce gender inequality and have profound implications for transgender rights. A People's History of the LGBTQ Community in Grand Rapids Film and discussion Thursday, October 11, 2012 I 6:00 p.m. I Pere Marquette Room, 2204 Kirkhof Center Radical historian Howard Zinn believed that history is most often told from the point of view of the privileged - a process which silences marginalized communities. Following Zinn's model, this documentary chronicles the history of the LGBTQ movem~nt in West Michigan. Based on over seventy interviews, this film documents the struggle for equality and justice by the LGBTQ community in West Michigan. A discussion following the film will allow for continuing dialogue about the LGBTQ movement ar,d provide a forum for discussing current and future organizing. #3 But I'm a Person of Faith! Presented by Rev. Doug Van Doren Tuesday, October 23, 2012 I 6:00 p.m. I Pere Marquette Room, 2204 Kirkhof Center Have you ever felt your religious values and traditions put you at odds with the values of a liberal education and many people around you? Have you ever heard someone talk about diversity and inclusion in a way that goes against your faith beliefs? This program will explore the potential conflict between being faithful to the values of one's faith tradition and accepting others whose values are different. We will explore how to exercise one's faith in a way that is also supportive of others and the mission of GVSU. #4 Transgender Tuesdays Presented by Mark Freeman and Kelly Kelly Tuesday, November 13, 2012 I 4:00 p.m. I Grand River Room, 2250 Kirkhof Center Viewers of the film will learn about the lives of eight of the patients who came to the Transgender Tuesdays clinic starting in 1993. Their stories reach back to some of the "bad old days" of the 1950s, recalling the sexual freedom movement of the 1960s, drug ravages of the '70s, Women's and LGB (and finally T) Liberation in the '80s and the HIV epidemic and queer activism of the '90s. These important stories reveal what transgender life was like over those decades on the streets of San Francisco and around the country -- and make today's challenges clear. It is the lives of these transgender heroes that provide pride in the present and hope for the future. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2012_Fall_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference-Save-the-Dates.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference Save the Dates Fall 2012 Description An account of the resource Poster including all of the sessions, a synopsis of them, the locations, and dates of the Winter 2011 OnGOING LGBT Conference. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7fb43b9dbcbaa798269fab7a051aca97.pdf 26516953c1768e2d41d078722bc0b512 PDF Text Text OnGoing LGBT Conference Save the datesl I Winter 2011 @ GRANoVAuEY 5rA:r£l.JNJvERSITY LGBT RESOURCE CENTER 1161 Kirkhof Center 616.331.2530 www.gvsu.edu/lgbtrc Organlzel Organlzel Organlzel []Bl Presented by Suzanne Pharr and Paulina Hernandez January 27. 2011 I 12:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. I Pere Marquette Room. Kirkhof Center l1QQJ Approved There is no movement without organizing. Those who want change have to bring others together others who experience similar conditions and share their desires for a different world. Currently, many people depend on media instead of organizing and many mainstream justice movements think of organizing as only producing bodies for the immediate need such as Get Out the Vote. No base is built. no community power is increased. We will lead a conversation about examples of organizing we have witnessed and admired. Economic Justice and Class Issues In the LGBT Movement []Bl Presented by Kenyon Farrow February 24, 2011 I 1:00 p .m. - 3:00 p.m. Approved I Pere Marquette Room, Kirkhof Center l1QQJ This discussion will examine poverty issues in the LGBT community and the role that class issues play. As the LGBT movement assimilates into the mainstream, many LGBT poor and working class people are left behind by gay organizations that do not address poverty issues. The increasing corporatization of the LGBT movement requires examining the ways in which class privilege and corporate ties affect the work of community organizations as well as our community's cultural values. #3 []Bl A Time to Build Up Presented by Rev. Rebecca Voelkel March 24, 2011 I 12:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. I Pere Marquette Room, Kirkhof Center l1QQJ Approved Since the passage of Proposition 8, the pro-LGBT movement has begun to recognize some concrete ways in which we continue to lose important legislative. policy and organizing efforts along the intersection of race and faith. Like in the 60's at the height of the Civil Rights Movement when many churches were at the forefront of revolutionary change and many at the forefront of opposition, our present-day religious institutions are both the locus of liberation and of oppression. This conversation will explore the role of faith and racial justice organizing in the LGBT movement. #4 Re-envisioning the Revolutionary Body []Bl Presented by Mia Mingus April 14, 2011 I 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Approved I Pere Marquette Room, Kirkhof Center l1QQJ This program is about the ways in which ableism and disability impact organizing and organizations. The first part of the discussion will focus on building our knowledge about disability, ableism and the medical industrial complex. During the second half, we will explore the connections between disability, reproductive justice. race, queerness and social justice movements. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2011_Winter_Upcoming-LGBT-Events.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference Save the Dates Winter 2011 Description An account of the resource Sheet including all of the sessions, a synopsis of them, the locations, and dates of the Winter 2011 OnGOING LGBT Conference. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7f2fdd97e08099a5ede97fc580ab87e3.pdf 5c2cd5c336054f2b554d09b76ec0487a PDF Text Text @ GRANDVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY LGBT RESOURCE CENTER 1161 Kirkhof Center 616.331.2530 www.gvsu.edu/lgbtrc . Beyondo· . .. ivers,ty: Challen . in an Age of B 'Ulllg Racism Thursd ack/ash "Vocabulary of Change" film Monday, January 28 \ 4:00 p.m. Pere Marquette Tim Watch Angela Davis and Tim Wi~e, _tw~ of this w· · ay, January 31 / 12:0Q Grand River Ro p.m. om . ise ,s among th racist writers anded e most ~rominent antiStates. In this p ucators ,n the United . ,, rogram he ·11 Slty efforts O ' w, critique "d iver· A . n campuses d. menca to expose h an ,n corporate trainings fail to add ow most "tolerance" tures of racism and ~~sesqthe1· fundamental strucua 1ty. country's leading racial and social ~ust1ce scholar-activists, have a conversa_t1on o~ the state of contemporary global politics. With a shared reverence for historical memory and today's activism, they invoke the power_of a new language to unify global com'.11umt1es. As Angela notes in her commentary, as isolated individuals we will always be powerless .. :,but as communities we can achieve anythmg. L_ __,.,...,~:!t~~~~~~- - 11 (A)sexual" Film Showing Tuesday, February 26 I 6:00 p.m. Pere Marquette The film "(A)sexual" follows a community that experiences no sexual attraction. Studies show that 1% of the population is asexual; but, in a society obsessed with sex, how do you deal with life as an outsider? This film grapples with this question, and the outcomes might surprise you! Pride Awards Wednesday, March 27\ 5:00 p.m. Pere Marquette Join the LGBT Resource Ce:t~: :h~~ave had ce\ebrate and honor the pe p . t GVSU . th LGBT commurntv a an ,mpact o~ e on the awards given Trans* Panel Transgender Day of Visibility this academ1~ year. :~ thge Milt Ford LGBT will be th~ Pnsm Aw nd Any of the Year. Help us Monday, April 1 I 4:00 p.m. Pere Marquette Leadership Award a by attending our commemorate a great year first annua\ Pride Awards\ A panel of transgender or trans* identified speakers will open up about their identities, their experiences, and their lives. Listen to their stories as they explain the different identities under the trans* umbrella as well as gender identity/expression, and transetiquette. Learn how to be a stronger ally to trans* people! Lavenders. raduation Wednesda . Y, Apr,/ 17 I 4·oo Jo· Pere Marq uette · P.m. ,n us for our 7th Which acknowl annual Lavender cess of our LGB~dges the leadershi Graduation celebration r Q and allied grad P and sue. ecogni uates Th· contnbuti zes the ach. . ts to the univ:~:i~u~ LGBTQ stude~;:~:i:nts and ence. unng their co/I e made ege experi- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2013_Winter_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference-Save-the-Dates_Poster.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference Save the Dates Winter 2013 Description An account of the resource Poster including all of the sessions, a synopsis of them, the locations, and dates of the Winter 2013 OnGOING LGBT Conference. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/13a25a2bfef19a2045655382b9bfb0eb.pdf c603eb2c7a65b2f15760f9d8a603a34b PDF Text Text OnGOING LGBTCONFERENCE LGBT & Political Issues OCT14 4:00-6:00 PM 2204 Kirkhof Center Come join us to hear GVSU graduate Trevor Thomas, Deputy Communications Officer for the Human Rights Campaign (HRC). The program will feature the role of the HRC in national LGBT political issues. @ r-..... ,. ,.,. ......,., ,-. El VAl.LEY J-1 UM AN R IGHTS STATE UNNERSITY CAM p A I GN ~~l.J Please visit www.gvsu.edu/lgbt for more information Please contact us if you require special assistance or accommodations. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2008_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference-Political-Issues_Poster.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference: LGBT & Political Issues Description An account of the resource Poster focusing on the LGBT & Political Issues session of the OnGOING conference with information of the event, including a synopsis, the place, time and date. The other events were also included. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Gay rights Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/02f9d0354ee9385db526c6ef75d80dfa.pdf 4ee5339a0cbfdadabc15da985e90196d PDF Text Text ~ I OnGOING LGBTCONFERENCE LGBT LEADERSHIP Please join us for an insightful look into creating and maintaining a GSA (Gay/Straight Alliance). Kristen Hanson will be speaking and introducing the GSA Toolkit and presenting a checklist to creating an LGBT & Ally Group that can lead with pride. @ GR.A.NoVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY Sponsored by the LGBT Resource Center Please visit www.gvsu.edu/lgbt for more information Please contact us if you require special assitance or accommodations. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2008_OnGoing-LGBT-Conference-Leadership_Poster.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Title A name given to the resource OnGOING LGBT Conference: LGBT Leadership Description An account of the resource Poster focusing on the LGBT Leadership session of the OnGOING conference with information of the event, including a synopsis, the place, time and date. The other events were also included. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Gay-straight alliances in schools Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/265dc7a7426d87b781843c57982d6227.pdf c1fd2214a20f24b7b33f70a3babd82bb PDF Text Text Online Classes and COVID-19 Online classes for GVSU began Monday March 16, although the campus shut down faceto-face lectures starting on March 12. I believe that overall the switch to online courses will negatively impact the grades of many students attending GVSU. Many people benefit from faceto-face traditional lectures for many reasons including being more attentive, hands-on learning, and many more unsaid reasons. Although, I do believe the switch to online lectures was the best decision in this unprecedented situation to maintain the health and safety of students. Personally, my online classes have been going just fine but there are subjects in which I can tell I am falling behind and not comprehending the information as deeply as I would normally. It has been the hardest to switch over my chemistry lecture, lab, and my cadaver lab. Regarding chemistry it is so much harder to learn the information and make connections between all of the concepts when learning virtually than in person because you can ask questions and often go in more depth to the topics. Labs in general have been very hard to switch online because they are hands on, but I believe the professors have done a great job at attempting to bring as much online as they could. Next, my professors have been great regarding the messages I have received and the support they are willing to give. All of my professors have been sending emails out multiple times a week with updates, announcements, support, and due dates for material, so we don’t miss any assignments. The professors have offered help regarding the class material and also have given us extra resources for outside of class for help with mental health and other related issues. Overall, I believe the staff at GVSU has done a great job at accommodating material and lectures during this time. I am very grateful for that because without them and their enormous efforts to put these classes online this semester could have panned out much worse for many students. In regard to student organizations, I participate in the Pre-PA Club. The closure of campus and COVID-19 has caused our meetings to be cancelled since Mid-March through the end of the school year. This included our normal scheduled meetings, extra smaller group meet ups, and planned tour trips to various PA schools, including GVSU’s PA school. Our executive board has done a great job reaching out to us, keeping us updated about what is going on, and even transitioned some aspects of the club online. While this was great for us members of the club I feel it may have put some extra stress on the leaders of the Pre-PA club. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Online Classes and COVID-19 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anonymous Description An account of the resource Journal of an anonymous GVSU student's experiences with online classes and student organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-04-21 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-04-21_Anon_006 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/686ab0302ef1f60719fb47991062bc51.pdf 0756dc0df8c9aecd7035a5deb59c1d96 PDF Text Text Only a Poem Will Do When Gratitude Fills the Heart Psalm 16:5-11; Philippians 4:4-7; Matthew 6: 25-34 Richard A. Rhem St. John’s Episcopal Church Grand Haven, Michigan Thanksgiving Service, November 20, 2011 My good friend Ed Post said to me once, “You would have been really good if you had had time to think!” Whether he was right or not, I’m not sure but this I know: too much time to think can be the paralysis of preaching. Preaching only every once in a while, I have too much time to think about it. Certain ideas emerge and some sense of what I want to say rests off in the fog. Maybe if I take you on a journey with me you will sense what I am wrestling with and then you can figure out, if you are interested, how you would deal with the questions and issues I am thinking about. If I had been smart I would have announced the meditation title “God, Grace and Gratitude”: God, the source, ground and goal of being, of human being; Grace, the mode of God’s action; Gratitude, the spontaneous response of human beings in face of such grace. Three “G’s” offering good movement and who would argue with that as we move toward Thanksgiving Day? That really is what I want to say; that is what I really do believe and experience and attempt to practice. But I’ve been carrying around a question with me as I’ve been pointing to this meditation: Does gratitude need an object? When gratitude is experienced as a feeling or attitude is it gratitude for something or someone or gratitude to an agent or agency that provided that for which one is grateful? Perhaps you say, no need for the to or the for; gratitude is a stand-alone feeling – a general, unfocused feeling of being thankful. I suspect that is true of most of us at one time or another. However, what if we are pressed – for what are you feeling grateful? To whom are you feeling grateful? Would there not be a person or institution or agency that would come into focus as the trigger of your sense of wellbeing causing the feeling of gratitude? © Grand Valley State University   �Only a Poem Will Do Richard A. Rhem Page 2   In his work The Happiness Hypothesis, Jonathan Haidt asks, Why do some people find meaning, purpose, and fulfillment in life, but others do not? (p. xiii) He explains how he pursues this question: I begin with the culturally widespread idea that there is a vertical, spiritual dimension of human existence. Whether it is called nobility, virtue, or divinity, and whether or not God exists, people simply do perceive sacredness, holiness, or some ineffable goodness in others, and in nature. (p. xiii) In sum, Haidt claims there is a human capacity to be “elevated” in face of some extraordinary human deed or some experience of natural beauty. He writes, My claim is that the human mind perceives a third dimension, a specifically moral dimension that I will call “divinity.” Well, I relax and begin to smile. Here is a fine scholar in the relatively new field of positive psychology who sees in the human a dimension he calls “divinity.” But I am quickly let down as he continues, In choosing the label “divinity,” I am not assuming that God exists and is there to be perceived. (I myself am a Jewish atheist.) Rather, my research on the moral emotions has led me to conclude that the human mind simply does perceive divinity and sacredness, whether or not God exists. ( p. 183f) Arriving at this conclusion, Haidt confesses he lost the “smug contempt for religion” he felt in his twenties. He came to recognize “the ancient truth that devoutly religious people grasp, and that secular thinkers often do not: That by our actions and our thoughts, we move up and down on a vertical dimension. (p. 184) But, before I see an opening for God, Haidt clarifies, Even atheists have intimations of sacredness, particularly when in love or in nature. We just don’t infer that God caused those feelings. (p. 193) Does gratitude need an object? – my question as I mull over thoughts for this meditation. Haidt would deny that; something in us elevates in face of natural beauty or human love but gratitude is a stand-alone feeling; it is triggered by natural phenomena but no need to go to the Ground of Being, no need for being in all of its manifestations to have a ground, a source, or meaningful goal. © Grand Valley State University �Only a Poem Will Do Richard A. Rhem Page 3   For one nurtured in and immersed in the biblical tradition, that left me unsatisfied. Does gratitude need an object? My sense, my deepest intuition, is that it does, or, perhaps I could say, it seems natural. We teach our children to say thank you – you. We experience a flaming sunset, we view the raging white water surf or listen to the gentle lapping of the waves on the shore. We gaze on the blackness of the heavens sprinkled with stars as diamonds. We see the beauty and wonder of a child. We feel the rush of love, the experience of care, the expression of tenderness, and for us it is most natural to feel, to express, “Thank God!” In Israel’s tradition the Psalms were the hymnbook expressing that vertical movement of the soul which Haidt describes. Expressions of praise, thanksgiving, and worship, expression of lament and pleading, expressions of joy and celebration. The whole spectrum of human emotion was brought to expression before the God of Israel. The Psalter lesson, Psalm 16:5-11, expresses beautifully the sense of wellbeing and consequent gratitude directed to God as Israel understood and worshiped the Divine. Lord, you have assigned me my portion and my cup; You have made my lot secure. The boundary lines have fallen for me in pleasant places; surely I have a delightful inheritance. (vss. 5-6, NIV) The references in those lines refer to Israel’s settling in “The Promised Land.” The word “portion” is used in the book of Joshua to designate every Israelite’s share in the land (see Joshua 19:9). Thus it represented the possibility of sustenance, life, future. For the Psalmist, God is the source of all these good things….To call God “my cup” suggests the same idea…the word “lot” recalls both the method and the results of apportioning the land in the book of Joshua (18:8,10; 19:51). (The New Interpreter’s Bible, Vol. IV, p. 736) Thus we have in Psalm 16 an expression of good fortune which goes back to a lottery(!), but a lottery overseen by Israel’s God; as Israel understood the process, it was simply the way Divine Providence was executed. The answer to my question – Does gratitude need an object? – The Psalms give eloquent answer: Yes, indeed! “Thanks be to God!” That unquestioned affirmation quite different from the statement I referred to earlier by the Jewish atheist Jonathan Haidt – © Grand Valley State University �Only a Poem Will Do Richard A. Rhem Page 4   Even atheists have intimations of sacredness….We just don’t infer that God caused those feelings.” In the wake of his experience of the risen Lord, the apostle Paul wrote to the Philippian Christians whom he had evangelized that there was available to them a peace beyond human understanding. Do not worry about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving, let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. (Philippians 4:6-7) Here again, as with the Psalmist, a deep fundamental trust in God – a God who could be addressed, a God who listened to human requests and granted a peace beyond human understanding – requests brought in the context of thanksgiving. So where are we? A contemporary professor of positive psychology is convinced there is that in the human being that has a capacity to respond to “divinity,” is aware of a sacred dimension whether or not God exists. The biblical tradition from which we stem – the faith of Israel, the Gospel of Jesus as it has come to expression through his disciples and the early Jesus movement – is rooted in the faith understanding of God, creator, redeemer, provident provider and sustainer. On Thursday we will celebrate our annual day of national thanksgiving. How will you express gratitude? Does gratitude need an object? Will it be a prayer of thanksgiving such as the Psalmist or St. Paul would offer? Or might it be simply a quiet awareness that puts you in the presence of the sacred, an awareness that you are blessed, a serenity that arises from a sense of wellbeing? I purchased recently a book by the great scholar of Jesus research, biblical and other ancient texts, James M. Robinson, entitled The Gospel of Jesus. It was published in 2005 as Robinson’s concise summary of the conclusion of all his research. Thus a great scholar condensing the great store of his learning for the benefit of the people who desire to understand the essence of the Good News that came to expression through Jesus’ life and teaching. He states his conclusion already in the introduction: In this Introduction I want to summarize Jesus’ gospel, in as clear language as I can, so that no one can miss his point. The rest of the book will spell it all out in more detail; indeed, the Notes contain the scriptural references, so you can look up as much as you like. But I want to put up © Grand Valley State University �Only a Poem Will Do Richard A. Rhem Page 5   front the outcome of all that, without any cluttering quotations or digressions, so that you do not lose the point. This book is intended less to provide information about Jesus than it is to let you listen to what he had to say back then, so that you can respond to what he may still have to say today. The focus of Jesus’ gospel was God taking the lead in people’s lives, God remaking the world through people who listen to him. Jesus’ favorite idiom for God in action was the “kingdom of God.” A better translation might be the “reign of God” or “God reigning.” This was not a common idiom of his day, to judge by the Jewish texts of his time that have survived, for the idiom is surprisingly rare. Apparently it was Jesus who first made it the central idiom for his message. Since the ideal of God reigning is the main idea Jesus talked about again and again, much of the book focuses on what he meant when he spoke that way. It is an excellent work deserving its own treatment on another occasion, but at the conclusion of his work he addresses both the secularist – those who have “outgrown” the usual church – the standard kind of Christianity – and also the evangelical – those seriously committed to Christianity. It is what he says to the secularist that I find helpful given this discussion of gratitude. Jesus did not point to himself to understand what he was doing or to explain himself to others. He pointed to God so we must listen to his Godtalk if we really want to take him seriously, to understand him. (p. 220) And then to the point I am attempting to make, Robinson states, God-talk is not empty talk. It can be and usually is one way of talking about reality, an important way built into religious cultures. God-talk is like a foreign language – it is just a way of talking about things that is different from the way we are used to. ªp. 220) Robinson points out that we must learn to translate God-talk before we know whether or not it is saying anything of substance. He gives a couple examples of the necessity to understand the language of any particular discourse. The most well known debate from medieval times – How many angels can dance on the point of a needle? Sounds to us so ludicrous but Robinson points out it was a critical discussion about whether some thing can be real without taking up space. It was a profound philosophical debate in the medieval period by some of the best minds. Robinson is simply trying to explain that one must enter the world of any given language – true of philosophical debates; true of God-talk and religious discourse. © Grand Valley State University �Only a Poem Will Do Richard A. Rhem Page 6   These way-out illustrations, oversimplified as they may be, are intended to convince the most secular among you that God-talk is the language in which many substantive issues have been discussed down through the ages. Our rejection of them, indeed at times our ridicule, may be less evidence of our modern superiority than of our superficiality – our inability to understand what is brought to expression in any language other than our own. (p. 224) I find Robinson most helpful. Trying to answer my question, Does gratitude need an object?, by doing empirical research with the language of science by which we lay bare the mysteries of the cosmos will hardly do. In fact, only a poem will do! Thanksgiving is about deep human experience, about feelings, emotions in light of goodness received, love tasted, grace known. It can only be expressed in the language of the heart and our heart “knows” there is a Gracious Source, One in whom we live and move and have our being whose lure of love moves this cosmic drama toward wonders we have not yet dreamed of. No rational dissertation will ever answer the deep question of the heart – only a poem will do! Is it so surprising that the remarkable, gifted, flawed and most amazing human being, Steve Jobs, who died recently looked beyond his family and that circle of love and said, “Oh, wow! Oh, Wow! Oh, Wow! Thanks be to God! References: Jonathan Haidt. The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom. Perseus Books Group, 2006. James M. Robinson. The Gospel of Jesus: A Historical Search for the Original Good News. HarperOne, 2006. © Grand Valley State University � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a73c88019fb2a16a1c3a97f887805d22.m4v 6b28d3e981cb486c26dea990263791d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Thanksgiving Sunday St. John's Episcopal Church Scripture Text Psalm 16:5-11, Philippians 4:4-7, Matthew 6:23-34 Location The location of the interview St. John's Episcopal Church, Grand Haven References Jonathan Haidt. The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom, Perseus Books, 2006, James Robinson. The Gospel of Jesus: A Historical Search for the Original Good News. HarperOne, 2006. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20111120 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-11-20 Title A name given to the resource Only a Poem Will Do - When Gratitude Fills the Heart Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on November 20, 2011 entitled "Only a Poem Will Do - When Gratitude Fills the Heart", on the occasion of Thanksgiving Sunday; St. John's Episcopal Church, at St. John's Episcopal Church, Grand Haven. Scripture references: Psalm 16:5-11, Philippians 4:4-7, Matthew 6:23-34. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives God is Grace Gratitude Thanksgiving https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d58d8430d2bb377c9984cdcff2ae6bde.mp3 39b8e984150b9eb2c41501f761c7c01d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost XXII Scripture Text II Corinthians 4:7 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19881023 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-10-23 Title A name given to the resource Only God Could Do Anything With the Church Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on October 23, 1988 entitled "Only God Could Do Anything With the Church", on the occasion of Pentecost XXII, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: II Corinthians 4:7. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives