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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans’ History Project
Peter Newman
War in Afghanistan
2 hours 18 minutes 36
(00:00:18) Early Life
-Born in Mount Prospect, Illinois on June 18, 1980
-Parents’ names were Jay and Barb
-Both of his parents were teachers
-His father was a secondary education teacher, and his mother was in early education
-He had an older brother and a younger sister
-Moved to Colon, Michigan and attended elementary school there
-After elementary school he and his family moved to Sturgis, Michigan
-Graduated from high school in Sturgis
-Met his wife at the end of high school
-Got married after attending college at Western Michigan University
(00:01:54) Enlisting in the Army
-There wasn’t any one point that made him want to enlist
-He had talked to Army and Marine recruiters in his senior year of high school
-Wound up getting enrolled in Western Michigan University’s Reserve Officer Training Corps
-His grandfather had fought in World War II and his older brother was in the Army
-He wanted the scholarship money and the experience of being in the Army
-Also looked up to his brother and wanted to follow what he did
(00:03:53) Reserve Officer Training Corps
-Joined the Army ROTC in 1997
-First year of ROTC was introductory
-One day a week for a couple hours being taught basic Army information
-Protocol, decorum, ethics, map reading, and troop formations
-Second year was more focused on tactics
-Between first and second year went to Schofield Barracks, Hawaii for air assault training
-The idea of ROTC was for it to be a slow progression of military knowledge
-Before being commissioned had to go to “Summer Camp”
-Leadership training course at Fort Lewis, Washington
-It was basically an assessment of your knowledge of being an officer in the Army
-ROTC physical training consisted of 3 days of it a week, starting in his third year
-Joined the “Western Rangers” early on
-Helped with physical and mental conditioning as well as further introductions to tactics
-It served as preparation for going into the infantry
-He had friends in both the ROTC and outside of it
-While he was at WMU he visited his future-wife at Albion College
-Each ROTC volunteer had his or her own reasons for joining
-Some wanted the scholarship then would leave the ROTC
-Some wanted to mark the ROTC as the beginning of a military career
-Some of the volunteers washed out due to the physical training being too demanding

�-His specialization became as a signal infantryman in his senior year of college
-Start off knowing how to be an infantryman, and then move on to being a signal officer
-Working with military communications (computers, radios, networks, etc.)
(00:09:54) September 11 Attacks
-He was in his senior year of college when 9/11 happened
-He had already wanted to go into the infantry, so 9/11 didn’t change anything with that
-He had been getting ready to go into a class when his sister called him
-Told him to turn on the TV; he skipped his classes and watched the events unfold
-The attacks only served to reinforce his desire to be in the Army
-He knew that it changed what the nature of his service would be like
-He already knew there was a good chance that he’d probably go somewhere he didn’t want to
-Looking back, didn’t think that the majority of his career would be spent in the war
(00:12:13) Graduation, Commission, and Infantry Officer Basic Training
-Graduated from college in June 2002
-Allowed to finish his degree before going into the Army
-He received his commission and became an officer on June 29, 2002
-In July 2002 he went down to Fort Benning, Georgia for infantry officer basic training
-While he was waiting for the training to start he took some courses to prepare himself
-Upon arriving in Georgia he had to adjust to the warmer weather
-Went for a five mile run and thought he was going to have a heart attack
-Remembers having to do 100 pull ups before getting a shower and dinner
-Took him about a week to adjust to the heat and humidity
-Part of the training was learning how to interact with noncommissioned officers (sergeants)
-Essentially the goal was to see the Army as a profession
-Another part of the training was advanced infantry tactics
-Learning how to make good judgment calls as a leader
-Spent a lot of time training in the field and living out of a rucksack
-Enjoyed it because it felt like being a soldier and not like being a student
-Also enjoyable because he enjoyed camping and being in nature
-Some of the men training them were veterans from Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan
-Told the trainees about what to expect were they deployed to Afghanistan
-There wasn’t discussion about where they would be sent after training
-Trained with a diverse group of men and women including international officers
-They had a major from Egypt, a lieutenant from Turkey and a lieutenant from Greece
-There was a lieutenant from the United Arab Emirates that he talked about Islam with
-Realized that the Middle Easterners are humans too and not just a target
-Helped greatly when he was deployed to Afghanistan and dealing with the culture
-Showed him that, for the most part, the Middle East is full of people, not enemies
-The training was focused on “force-on-force” training, not counter-insurgency training
-Going up against an “enemy” force that closely resembled the Russians, or Iranians
-The idea was preparation for a clearer cut war than fighting an insurgency
-Throughout his training he always reminded himself that wherever he went, there were civilians
-How he would feel about a war being fought in front of his family
-Towards the end of this training there was a lot of talk about invading Iraq
-Finished the infantry officer basic training in December 2002

�(00:24:30) Pre-10th Mountain Division Service
-He was originally assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division
-Went home for a short leave and got married during that time
-Returned and went into the Ranger School, but did not complete it due to plantar fasciitis
-He intended to return to Ranger School, but never did because of his deployments
-As his feet healed he worked as a trainer for the 211th Infantry Battalion 11th Infantry Regiment
-After his feet were healed he was sent to a signal school at Fort Gordon, Georgia
-It was a ten week qualification course
(00:28:09) Assignment to the 10th Mountain Division
-He was attached to the 10th Signal Battalion and was made the executive officer for A Company
-He became close with an officer named Doug Sloan who helped him get back in shape
-Doug’s family lived with Peter’s family for about six months
-The 10th Signal Battalion is a part of the 10th Mountain Division
-The 10th was, and still is, the most deployed division in the Army
-They always had troops on the ground in Afghanistan
-After a few months the division was reorganized
-He helped with the reorganization process
-Moved equipment to new buildings, changed personnel, and updated equipment
-Part of his job during this was to manage personnel and equipment
-Keeping track of who had what, and who could be trusted with it
-Stayed with the 10th Signal Battalion from late 2003 to mid-2004
-Spent a year as the executive officer of Charlie Signal Battalion of the 3rd Brigade (“Spartans”)
-They had “sister” units deployed at this time and the division was getting ready to deploy
-The reorganization was completed and he left C Signal Battalion in 2005
-Joined the 1/32nd Infantry Battalion
(00:36:30) Being an Officer
-Always took notes on what works and what doesn’t work as a leader
-Learned from the good (what to do) officers and bad (what not to do) officers
-He had some problems with the enlisted men (privates, specialists, corporals) and officers
-Remembers one officer who commanded from a closed office
-This meant that he basically had to assume responsibility for his unit
-Dealt with the problems that enlisted men ran into
-Bailing enlisted men out of jail
-Remembers disciplining one by making him walk back to base
-Dealing with DUIs, domestic disputes, assault (w/ deadly weapon and sexual)
-Basically there were good soldiers, bad soldiers, and soldiers who made bad decisions
-His job as an officer was always to make the Army look as professional as possible
(00:41:04) Joining the 1/32nd Infantry Battalion of the 10th Mountain Division
-In 2005 he became the S6 (communications) officer for B Company of the 1/32nd
-He has identified the most with the 132nd Infantry Battalion
-Wound up spending sixteen months in Afghanistan with them
-Joined them in October 2005 and they were deployed in January 2006
-The 1/32nd was, and is, the most deployed battalion of the 10th Mountain Division
-Saw action in Fallujah, Iraq; the Korengal Valley, Afghanistan
-Also had a history of fighting in World War II and the Korean War
-One of their own was a Medal of Honor recipient

�-Received more training prior to being deployed
-Received EIB (Expert Infantry Badge) training
-Went to the National Training Center and the Joint Readiness Center
-Also engaged in field exercises
(00:45:23) Deployment to Afghanistan
-They were deployed to Afghanistan in January 2006
-Families were allowed to come to the base to see them off
-A major problem was that they were going to replace a nonexistent unit
-This meant that they had to all of their equipment because there wasn’t any waiting
-He had to get tactical satellite and high frequency radios
-Necessary for communicating over the mountains in Afghanistan
-He had to make a trip to Iraq to get more equipment once in Afghanistan
-Flew over on a contracted flight to the Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan
-From Manas took a C-17 into Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan
-And from Bagram flew to Jalalabad, Afghanistan
-On the way over stopped in Ireland, and then in Germany due to technical troubles
-Not allowed to leave the hotel or to drink while in Germany
(00:49:15) Conditions in Afghanistan
-If you were stationed at Bagram there was relatively no real threat
-It was basically a rest area and meant for soldiers to forget about the war for a while
-The soldiers permanently stationed at Bagram were disconnected from reality though
(00:51:24) Getting Established in Afghanistan
-Managed to establish a radio network that worked out of the Pesh River Valley
-Told that it would be impossible, but he and his unit accomplished it
-He was able to get phone cards for the satellite phones so his soldiers could call home
-Always wanted to make life a little less miserable for his soldiers
-Even if it meant going up against higher ranking officers
-They were stationed near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border
-Their mission was to replace the 1st Marines and patrol an area the size of Vermont
-Expected to do this with only six hundred men
-Upon arriving had to repurchase and/or find equipment meant for Army use
-They weren’t allowed to use the equipment left behind by the Marines
-Over the course of a couple weeks was able to go around and collect equipment
-Had to overhaul vehicles before using them
-There were times where he would go days without sleep
-Usually had to be forcibly sedated by a medic
(00:58:30) Operation Mountain Lion
-Operation Mountain Lion’s objective was to get a U.S. foothold in enemy territory
-From there it would be easier to have a positive U.S. influence in the area
-The plan was to push out the enemy then establish connections with the locals
-The ultimatum to the locals was to keep the enemy out
-If they did the U.S. would reward them with water, food, and money
-Some of the communities were cooperative and others weren’t
-Cooperative communities saw a threefold increase in average yearly income
-In the cooperative communities they built schools, roads, and dug wells for them
-The other communities began to cooperate seeing these improvements

�-The bottom line was that if the locals were won over the insurgency would fail
-By now the enemy wasn’t the Taliban but a mix of villagers, terrorists, and criminal groups
-Mountain Lion was the largest operation in Afghanistan since Operation Anaconda
-Multiple valleys were going to be attacked by the Army and the Marines
-Pesh, Kunar, and Korengal Valleys
-Mountain Lion was the first major push into that area
-The first phase was to fly troops in in an air assault on the region
-Once on the ground they could capture any persons of interest and start attacking
-The second phase was moving in ground troops to flush out the remaining enemy forces
-In the wake of the assault they were able to establish three combat outposts
-Restrepo, Michigan, and California
-There was some resistance and there were some casualties in the initial assault
-Both increased after the outposts were established and the enemy forces returned
-Took heavy casualties as the deployment continued through 2006 into 2007
(01:06:26) Meeting with the Afghans and Going on Patrols
-They all knew that after a while they would have to go out on patrols and meet the locals
-The problem is that they would go in, and then have to leave (eventually)
-Once they left the enemy would return
-The locals were more willing to help the enemy
-Because the enemy would quickly resort to violence to extort the locals
-Saw that Afghanistan is a beautiful country full of mountains, rivers and valleys
-Unfortunately, there was a lot of ugliness in Afghanistan too that haunts him to this day
-He had a lot of respect for the Afghan people
-Got to know a mullah (Muslim religious scholar) and a trader
-Saw that there were a lot of honest, hardworking people
-Unfortunately, a lot of leaders were dishonest and corrupt
-There was always an extreme risk in going out on patrols and meeting with the locals
-As a result of the patrols 200 men were wounded, and twenty were killed
-Some of the men lost had been close friends of his
-Feels that if the strategy had been followed through the risk and loss would have been worth it
-Instead, once they left it all began to implode and revert back to what it had been
-He blames the implosion on the lack of continuity in units in the area
-After a year a whole new group would have to come in and establish connections
-Basically have to learn the culture and the individuals from scratch
-There was a disconnect between winning the war on the national level and village level
(01:19:20) Threats in Afghanistan
-The enemy used anything and everything within reason against them
-Suicide bombers, IEDs, Soviet weapons, mortars
-Most of their casualties were due to IEDs
-The terrain posed its own threat
-He fell off a mountain. Twice.
-There were dangerous animals in the area
-Mountain lions, venomous scorpions, and venomous snakes
-Several soldiers were evacuated due to scorpion stings
-There were almost no laws pertaining to vehicle travel
-On top of that some roads were so narrow that wheels hung off the edge of a cliff

�-There were below-freezing temperatures
-Being a light infantry unit they were poorly protected against IEDs
-The enemy knew their patrol patterns and planted IEDs accordingly
-Occasionally fuel trucks would be rigged to explode once they reached a base
-Suicide bombers would bum rush a checkpoint then blow themselves up
-IEDs were planted on cliffs so that when they exploded a vehicle would be thrown over the side
-Constantly had to anticipate the threat of IEDs
-Eventually got so good that they could head the threat off before it happened
(01:24:29) Unit Cohesion and Strength
-When going over as a unit you have a limited amount of personnel and equipment
-Sometimes got additional personnel from the rear, but not often
-The “reinforcements” they got were from wounded men coming back to fight
-Most of the men in his unit wanted to do their part in the fight
-Some men did not though, and he remembers having to court-martial one soldier
-This man quit fighting in the middle of a firefight
-Another soldier had to physically carry him out of the fight
-Most of the men were willing to do their part, just for the sake of the person next to them
-He attributes a lot of survivor’s guilt to that feeling of devotion
-He still has guilt for sending out men on missions that they didn’t come back from
-Or didn’t come back intact from
(01:28:33) Daily Duties as an Officer
-Requesting more supplies
-Going out on patrols with the soldiers
-Dealing with re-transmit teams that were in the field for ninety days at a time
-Moving with the infantry and doing communications work with them
-A lot of times the signal soldiers assumed the role of infantry, and vice versa
(01:30:55) Re-Transmit Outposts
-Re-transmit outposts were fairly well protected from enemy attacks
-Stationary, relay stations manned by a few soldiers
-The stations were watched over by U.S. and Afghan National Army soldiers
-If the enemy attacked an outpost the retaliation would be swift and brutal
-Usually fire everything available on them to send a clear message
-Found at these outposts that if the enemy had to fight a conventional war they always lost
-IEDs and other forms of indirect combat were basically useless
(01:33:09) Working with the Afghan National Army (ANA)
-The average ANA soldier was a good and honorable man
-The leaders were former warlords and more selfish than the enlisted men
-The regular soldiers were just fighting for a better life and for a better Afghanistan
-He had the privilege of dealing with quality ANA units
-The ANA had a different approach to combat situations
-More inclined to charge in guns blazing without regard for their own safety
-U.S. tried to teach them to soften a target with artillery and air strikes first
-The ANA was a mix of Afghans from all over the country
-Southerners were sent to the North and vice versa to help bond the country better
-Some ANA soldiers would desert because they weren’t being paid for their service
-Some men hadn’t been paid in over a year

�(01:35:18) Deployment Extension
-His unit was only supposed to be in Afghanistan for a year
-He had been given two weeks of leave and got to go home and visit his family
-At the end of their deployment their deployment was extended for an indefinite amount of time
-They took casualties after the extension which caused bitterness
-Feeling that the men killed or wounded shouldn’t have even been in the country
-The extension caused a massive drop in the unit’s morale
-As a leader he had to put on a good face and urge the other soldiers to keep pressing on
-They were supposed to have gotten rotated to a rear area for a break
-His unit was never allowed that because they were considered to be too essential
-Soldiers, for the most part, understood and accepted it
-Some men were rotated back to avoid total psychological breaks though
(01:40:36) Emotional Impact of First Deployment
-There are still memories that he keeps down and hasn’t talked about since
-Things that he may never share
-Things that he saw that make you lose a little faith in humanity
-The things that bothered him the most were the things done to animals and to children
-They had to routinely go out and kill dogs because they carried dangerous diseases
-Bad for morale because of the emotional connection Americans have with dogs
-Learned that donkeys can scream
-Seeing what happened to children, and what that did to their families
-Losing soldiers also had a huge toll on him
-He lost his best friend, Doug Sloan, to an IED on October 31, 2006
-It has always made Halloween a difficult holiday for him
-All of his friends that were killed, were killed by IEDs
-One of his jobs was counter-IED work, so he has always felt responsible
-In the years after his first deployment he has gone to therapy to cope with the grief
-He recognized that he was changed in a profound way upon coming home
-His wife eventually told him that either he got therapy, or she left
-Able to deal with the loss of his friends now
-He made some close friends while in Afghanistan that he still talks to today
-That first deployment showed him the best, and worst, that humanity has to offer
(01:45:55) Coming Home &amp; Joining the National Guard
-When he returned from his deployment he planned on getting out of the military
-Got a job at Target and didn’t feel like he was making any difference in life
-Found it impossible to go from making life or death decisions, to that
-Wanted to go back to the military to be able to make a positive impact in the world
-The end of the deployment to Afghanistan was June 2007
-Returned to the U.S. and signed up for the National Guard
-He became the commander for the forward support company of the 507th Engineers Battalion
-Planned on spending only one year in the National Guard, and part time
-In the meantime got a job at Target
-Didn’t make him happy, but they were at least good people to work for
-He taught ROTC courses in 2008 before going full time in the National Guard in April 2009
-Started off working as both a commander and in a staff position in the National Guard
-Helped build up the 507th Engineers Battalion from scratch

�-The 507th specializes in construction, bomb disposal, firefighting, sapping, and field support
(01:51:54) Second Deployment to Afghanistan Pt. 1
-When deployed for a second time his battalion was in charge of route clearance
-Left the States in May 2012 and returned in March 2013
-Operated in the southern/southwestern part of Afghanistan
-It was a tougher deployment because of the mission, and leaving his two year old son
-The separation was a little less difficult thanks to broader internet and cell communication
-Able to contact his wife and son with his iPhone at night
-He became part of a Joint Staff in RC West working with the Italians, Spanish, and Lithuanians
-Having constant communication with home made the deployment a little easier
-Never got shot at and never felt in danger during his second deployment
-Still went out on patrols occasionally to check in with his soldiers and to meet the locals
-It was also not as difficult of a deployment because it wasn’t a full year deployment
(01:56:17) End of Second Deployment
-They accomplished their mission, but didn’t feel that the overarching mission was accomplished
-It was disheartening to see that Afghanistan was not going to be a functioning state
-Attributes a lot of that simply to the massive amount of disconnect with modernity
-Some tribal people thought that they were Soviet troops at first and were scared
-Had to convince and show them that they were American soldiers
-Noticed that as the resources and personnel were pulled out the American influence collapsed
-Enemy forces began to move back in and overwhelm Afghan forces
(02:00:13) Second Deployment to Afghanistan Pt. 2
-Knew there was widespread corruption during the second deployment and had to deal with it
-Demoralizing because he knew the average Afghan didn’t want that corruption
-Some routes just had to be abandoned, and as a result some forward operating bases were too
-The second deployment was much more coalition focused, than American focused
-ANA and Afghan police started trying to kill coalition troops during his second deployment
-Attributes that to a possible breakdown of respect between the two groups
-Most of the second deployment consisted of planning and resource management
-This meant that he could stay at battalion headquarters and not be in the field
-He wasn’t able to go out with his soldiers as much as during the first deployment
-Still made sure to go out and meet with his troops and the locals occasionally
-Didn’t like being behind a desk, but realized that was the reality of higher rank
(02:04:53) Working with Europeans on Second Deployment
-He learned some Italian, some Spanish, and some Lithuanian
-He learned that Americans have a different way of approaching tasks than Europeans
-The Spanish and Italians were more focused on the process of a task
-Americans are more focused on the results, and not how it was accomplished
-During his first tour he had served with British and Australian forces
-More Americanized than they would like to admit
-Very similar to Americans in terms of being results, not process, oriented
-The Lithuanians were Americanized as well
-Had the same personalities and the same sense of humor
(02:07:40) Coming Home from Second Deployment
-He and his unit left Afghanistan in March 2013
-From Afghanistan flew to Texas and processed out there

�-Given one week of medical examinations and paperwork to fill out
-Checking for unknown injuries, diseases, and any psychological problems
-Making sure that finances were in order so troops would get paid
-Flew back to Michigan for the welcome home ceremony there
-The processing in Texas was good for soldiers to decompress and readjust to being home
-Saw that the welcome home ceremony was more for high ranking officers and politicians
-Soldiers didn’t really care about the formality; they just wanted to see their families
-It was basically a display for the military to be able to show troops were coming home
-Return from first deployment hadn’t been quite as formal
-Lower ranking officers didn’t care about formality
-They just wanted to see their families too
-As he moves up in the ranks he wants to work to compress the formality of it all
-Feels that the soldiers of the 507th were cheated out of an experience by not getting leave
-Because the deployment was so short they were not granted a leave home
-Denied the chance for soldiers to see the appreciation of strangers for their work
-Feels that not getting those interactions was demoralizing for troops
(02:16:00) Reflections on the National Guard
-Feels that National Guard troops, as a whole, are more mature
-This is not a critique of Army regulars, but Guardsmen are usually older, experienced
-Most likely have families; most likely have a civilian job outside of the Guard
-Army regulars are younger and haven’t experienced “life” yet
-Saw that National Guard troops are more self-sufficient which engenders responsibility
-Saw that Guard troops are a little more career oriented and thus strive for professionalism

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                <text>Peter Newman is a major in the Michigan National Guard and a veteran of the War in Afghanistan. He was born in Mount Prospect, Illinois, in 1980 and grew up in Michigan. He took ROTC training in college and was commissioned in the Army in 2002. He trained as an infantry officer at Fort Benning, Georgia for infantry officer basic training and then served with 82nd Airborne Division, the 11th Infantry Regiment, the 10th Signal Battalion of the 10th Mountain Division and finally the 1/32nd Infantry Battalion of the 10th Mountain Division as the S6 (communications) officer for Bravo Company. In January 2006 the 1/32nd Infantry Battalion was deployed to Afghanistan. They operated in the Jalalabad area and took part in Operation Mountain Lion establishing the combat outposts of Restrepo, Michigan, and California. After a sixteen month tour he and his unit returned home in June 2007. Left the service briefly, then joined the Michigan National Guard. He taught ROTC courses before going full time in the Guard in April 2009. He helped build the 507th Engineers Battalion from scratch and deployed with them to Afghanistan in May 2012 operating in the south/southwestern portion of the country. In March 2013 the 507th returned home.</text>
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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Vietnam War
Tim Newman

2:02:52
Introduction (00:21)
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Tim was born in Buffalo, New York on February 25, 1948, in the lower east side of the
city. His family lived in a two room apartment until his father moved them into a two
family house which gave the family three bedrooms.
He went through a Catholic grade school, and then attended a public high school. This
was a culture shock for him because it was the first time that he mingled with inner-city
kids.
The high school was Emerson Vocational High School. There he took up drafting and
tool design, with the ambition of opening his own drafting shop and own his own
business. He also wanted to be a professional basketball player but two things held him
back: talent and height.
Along with playing basketball, he also ran cross-country and track. (1:56)
After high school, he went to a business school, but with two months to go until
graduation, he was drafted. Since it was not an accredited school, he did not qualify for a
student deferment.
At that point, Tim did not know much about Vietnam, he paid more attention to sports.

Basic Training (3:42)
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He reported in on October 6, 1969. He was twenty years old. After getting his draft
notice, he reported to the draft board and they were given their physical. At the time,
many people were trying to get out of the service.
Tim‟s father was a Marine in the South Pacific, his grandfather and his great-grandfather
were also in the service. He felt that it was his duty to serve. (5:50)
He reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey and again got another culture shock about being
yelled and screamed at before he even got off the bus.
From Buffalo to New Jersey, they were flown, and then took a series of busses to the
base. Upon arrival, they were still in their civilian clothes, they took everything and
shipped it home and were then issued their uniforms, given another physical and
paperwork. (7:40)
Basic training was the best thing that ever happened to Tim, because he was broken down
and then built back up and made him see what he could do and accomplish. He was
trained to react and make decisions. The training was good and tough.
When in basic, he had to crawl through mud, shoot a rifle, throw grenades and taught you
military life. Later, he was given the chance to fill out applications about where he would
be best suited job wise, he chose typing and computers. (10:20)
He failed the typing test, so he stayed where he was.

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His confidence grew so much, as well as his trust in his fellow soldiers. Even though he
thought much of his basic training was stupid, he would come to see the wisdom in the
program. He got up at 3am, had to “shit, shower and shave” in fifteen minutes. (12:01)
At 3:30 am they were standing on the PT (physical training) field waiting to exercise.
Their drill sergeant was an animal, he could do one handed push-ups without even
bothering him. They also did push-ups, sit-ups and ran. Tim went into the service
weighing 128 pounds and left weighing 170. (13:09)
Most of the men with him were 18 or 19, some of them enlisted, while others were
drafted. Meeting all the different people was another culture shock; such as men from the
west coast who were really laid back, the rednecks from the south, the blacks from the
south who did not get along with the rednecks, then the men from the north such as New
York and Michigan. (15:08)
They had one guy that was just like the comic strip character Sad Sack, his nickname was
Scooter, and he always screwed up everything that he did. When they graduated,
everyone had their gear and pack on for their final parade ceremony and Scooter's pack
and poncho unraveled and dragged behind him like a tail. Tim said he has many good
memories of basic training such as that.
Knowing that he would benefit from the training in the long run, he went with and made
the best of it. (17:15)

Advanced Training (17:18)
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After basic, Tim was sent to Fort Lewis, Washington for his advanced training. There,
they were not yelled at and were treated with more respect. They were also given
weekend leave; they often traveled to Seattle, Portland and British Columbia. Even
though British Columbia was off limits because it was in Canada, they snuck there on
occasion to sight see.
On base, different religious denominations would take soldiers into their homes for the
weekend which did not count as leave. While there they would get good home cooked
meals and a comfortable bed to sleep in. The family that took him had seven daughters
that aged from two to twelve. (19:17)
At advanced training, he was assigned to the infantry. There he learned more about
shooting, field work, such as camping and survival training, and learned about more than
just the M-16, but also pistols, machine guns and grenade launchers. (21:45)
Fort Lewis was set up for World War II, not Vietnam. Much of their training was in a
classroom setting. Their training lacked the realistic elements of jungle warfare or urban
village training. (23:47)
Vietnam was a war without boundaries, nothing was off limits, and they were taught to
expect constant movement and how the enemy was thinking at the time. (26:38)
Tim finished AIT (Advanced Infantry Training) in January. He was then given a two
week leave to go home. He had already been given orders to Vietnam. 90% of the men
with him in AIT went to Vietnam.
His parents took him to the airport and no one was talking when suddenly on the radio
“I‟m Leaving on a Jet Plane” started playing. (28:03)

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From the airport, he was sent to Fort Ord for processing over to Vietnam. Within 24
hours of arrival you‟re already shipped out; Tim remembers being assigned a bunk, but
he never was given a chance to sleep in it.

Vietnam (29:03)
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The tour started the minute you got on the plane, so Day 1 was spent flying overseas.
The stewardesses started out being nice and good looking, but when you were half way
there they were middle aged, and when you got to Vietnam you got the old ones.
They stopped at Hawaii for an hour layover, which was uneventful because the airport
was closed and it was night time. (29:38)
Tim remembers the first thing to hit him once he got off the plane in Vietnam was the
heat and humidity. Their plane landed in Phu Bai. Once he arrived, they again went
through processing which included more paper work, and some training.
The plane landed during the day under military escort Phantoms. Some of the training
that they got at this time was what they would encounter in country as far as diseases,
insects, and how to perform field hygiene. (31:15)
All men were assigned their units while at Phu Bai, Tim was one of four that was picked
for the 101st Airborne Division. He was then put on a C-47 and taken to his unit at Camp
Evans. (33:00)
Tim was assigned to the 101st Airborne, 2nd Battalion, 506th Regiment. He did not see
them until he went out into the field. To reduce his rucksack weight from 90 pounds to
50 pounds, he removed underwear, socks, books and other miscellaneous items that he
would not need. He was told to bring a toothbrush, one pair of socks, no underwear,
ammunition, rifle, two bandoliers and hand grenades.
When he finally made it to the field, they landed in a hot LZ (landing zone) and he was
fired upon. (35:19)
His unit was in the mountains and hills, and he was assigned to Alpha Company, he was
taken in by a group of men who were also from New York, they called themselves the
Yankees. (37:45)
After landing under fire, the firefight went on for about another half hour. Tim laid low
until it died down, because he did not know what to do or what was going on.
They told him “to listen, respect his surroundings, respect your enemy and hopefully
you‟ll make it through” (39:38)
When Tim‟s company got a new CO, Hawkins, he said he would follow that man to Hell
and back. He had a great amount of respect for him.
His first field time was two weeks, and it was always wet, and rained constantly. They
always kept an extra pair of socks to keep their feet dry. (41:57)
During his first field experience, they had one enemy contact. They were hit at night, and
their Lieutenant gave the order “on line charge”, Tim was the assistant machine gunner
for a man named Tiny, who was 6‟6”, 250 lbs who manned an M-60. (43:26)
They had a couple of guys who got wounded, so Tim had to get the wounded out and
picked them up with a poncho, and had to haul them uphill and one click away at night.
The man he was carrying had a leg wound, and he was given morphine and every time
they bumped something he would scream and swear in pain. Tim later found out that that
man died on the helicopter from shock and loss of blood. (45:58)

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After that, they were brought back into the rear for a couple of day‟s stand-down, and
while in the rear they had their weapons taken away and locked up in a locker.
Most of the attacks on the rear base were mostly mortar rounds landing in the base.
Camp Evans was a big base that had the 101st, two helicopter squadrons, the motor pool,
a PX and many other things. (47:50)
Some of the men would smoke drugs while in the rear, but never in the field. They
would also drink, and experienced racial tensions between the whites and blacks.
Tension also existed between the rear personnel and the field soldiers. (49:50)

Ripcord (50:38)
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They always traveled around their AO (Area of Operation) in helicopters, and when they
were not at a firebase at night, they would pull guard duty that started around 6 or 7 pm
and each watch would last two hours. Tim always liked to do the first or last watch
because they got the most uninterrupted sleep. (52:44)
At night the platoon would dig trenches or foxholes if needed, and set up their hooch‟s to
sleep in. All they had to eat was C-rations, which came in a case of 24 meals that each
man would carry in his rucksack, along with their water, ammunition and other things
they would require. (54:39)
Each man in the platoon would often carry extra ammo for the M-60 gunner, which they
happily did. Great lengths were taken to keep their ammo clean and dry, especially the
M-60 ammo.
During the summer, Tim would carry between 10-12 quarts of water. One water bladder
would hold 5 quarts, 2- 2quart containers, and 2- 1 quart containers that totaled around
12. The water alone would weigh twenty pounds. (56:39)
Average rucksack weight was 50-60 lbs.
While they set up Firebase Ripcord, Tim worked a lot of guard duty, and worked one
week on, one week off.
Tim did not know the significance of the area or of Ripcord at the time. (58:53)
When Tim first joined the unit, the platoon leader was on his way out and the new one
was Pahissa, he was killed at Ripcord. His platoon [company?] had 60-65 men and his
squad size was 10-12. They were under strength for most of the time, with sizes getting
smaller as Ripcord went on. (1:01:04)
Tim was in the Ripcord area in late spring, March, April, May and June 1970, he was
moving in the hills around Ripcord, and would periodically rotate onto the base at
Ripcord. Being on the base was eerie.
Time on the base was boring, because they had nothing to do except pull guard duty and
relieve the other men on watch. (1:03:05)
It was uneventful on the base, except when mortars came in from the VC.
They would also patrol 100-200 meters outside the wire to do security and search for
weapons and such.
Between March and July 22, they had experienced 32 firefights. Some major, some
minor. They found lots of spider holes while on patrol in the hills.
Hawkins was the new company commander that came from Delta Company. At first,
Tim was scared of him. (1:06:10)

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Tim describes Hawkins as like John Wayne, but he tried not to put his men into a position
where they couldn‟t win, but Tim thought he was a soldier‟s soldier. He has a high
amount of respect for him. He was able to perform five different things at once and not
falter at any of them.
Hawkins respected his men and got their respect in return. (1:09:19)
Once the entire battalion was called back to Camp Evans, each man was given new
fatigues, boots, web gear, a fresh haircut, took a shower and stood in formation while
General Abrams flew over in a helicopter. Afterwards, they had to turn in all their new
equipment and were back in the field.
Bombardment of Ripcord intensified on July 1st. During that time, Tim‟s company was
doing a lot of recon. Their Kit Carson Scout found a phone line along the trail and they
tapped into it and were listening to the enemy talking back and forth. He found out that
they knew about them, what they were doing, and where they were. (1:12:05)
On the radio, the scout also learned that the NVA had two battalions ready to attack
Ripcord.
After moving out of the area that night, Tim said that they could smell the NVA, they
were that close. (1:14:52)
The platoon was supposed to be extracted at 1pm the following afternoon, but they were
attacked, and the battle lasted over six hours. Their position was overrun, so the
company commander, Hawkins, called in a 250 lb. bomb to be dropped on their location.
(1:16:14)
At this point, Tim was a rifleman. (1:17:44)
After the bomb hit, the enemy started to retreat, and Tim and his platoon began to form a
line. The casualties for the battle were 14 dead, 56 wounded and 6 that were unscathed.
Out of the 56 wounded, 14 could still fire their weapon. (1:19:44)
Once the perimeter was made, Hawkins had to leave the seriously wounded outside the
perimeter because they could not spread out enough to cover them all. The moans and
cries of the men left out there was horrible for the men inside.
Gunships and flare-ships stayed on scene all night, which kept them all alive.
During the night, the men thought they would be overrun, but they found out years later
that they had killed all the enemy leaders and the NVA were so scattered that they could
not mobilize another attack. (1:21:57)
That day they were attacked by an entire battalion of NVA regulars against 76 American
soldiers.
Delta Company was supposed to come in that night to relieve Alpha Company, but due to
fire on the LZ, they were forced to wait till morning. They left at 6am and took 45
minutes to make it within a mile of their perimeter. (1:23:14)
Delta then came under fire, and was forced to leave their rear squad behind and hurried to
Alpha.
The point man for Delta could not believe the amount of dead bodies and carnage that
they saw. Tim had to retrieve the bodies of those left outside the perimeter and bring
them to the helicopters. Hawkins was the last man off the battlefield and Tim credits his
actions that day for keeping as many alive as there was. (1:25:16)

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When they were extracted they were sent to the rear at Eagle Beach for a week of stand
down. While there, they had a memorial for the 14 men killed. Tim remembers that after
the memorial service, everyone stayed in their barracks for two days. (1:27:09)
Twenty men in the company were left still able to perform their duty; those men were
divided into other companies.
Tim was reassigned as the company RTO for 1st Platoon, 1st Squad. They were also
resupplied with gear and equipment and also a fresh company of soldiers.
All of the new officers were fresh out of West Point and had no combat experience.
(1:29:24)
Towards the end of the war, the men were placed in positions where they wouldn‟t be hit.
The last six months of Tim‟s tour they were only hit once or twice.
Tim left the field in January, and left country in July.

Winding Down (1:30:56)
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To entertain the troops, they had a tent that they could watch movies, a bar and a steamy
cream (a place for the men to have a good time).
Officers and Enlisted facilities were together, and a bottle of beer cost a nickel, a shot and
a beer cost fifty cents.
They also had a beach that they could enjoy.
The base was relatively secure, with little chance of being hit.
The rear bases had civilian populations that lived on them, such as „hooch mates‟ who
were paid by the troops to clean their living quarters, shine their boots and they also
worked in the PX and in the kitchen. (1:32:46)
While they were paid by the United States Government, they were also sympathizers with
the VC, and they were blamed for walking rounds onto target while on base during night
attacks.
Not much was seen of the Vietnamese military. American pilots would often fly with a
Vietnamese pilot because it was known that the American knew the country better than
the natives, and the Vietnamese helicopter pilots usually got lost. (1:34:21)
Kit Carson scouts were also used by the American Military, they were recruited by
dropping pamphlets by helicopter, which offered to send them to the States to
Americanize them, pay them and in turn they would give away the positions of the VC
and NVA. To protect their families, they were placed in special camps.
In Tim‟s experience, the Kit Carson program did not work very well. In many cases the
Kit Carson intentionally placed American platoons into ambushes, and then turned to the
other side. (1:36:46)
The Kit Carson in Tim‟s platoon disappeared during Ripcord. The men often did not
trust them.
Ripcord events were not really known until 1985, because the war was winding down and
men were not supposed to be engaged in heavy combat. (1:38:40)
After ten months, Tim was granted R&amp;R in Australia. Everyone out in the field got one
week recreation either in country or out. Japan, Taiwan, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Australia
and Hawaii were some of the choices. Though Hawaii was mostly reserved for married
men because it was closer for families to come and visit them.

�
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Single men usually chose Australia, because they were sick of seeing oriental people and
wanted to get away. (1:40:08)
They flew on commercial jets, once he had been given his orders, a colonel wanted to go
to Australia too, but it was full so he tried to use rank to bump Tim off the flight. Since
Tim had ten months in country and the colonel only had eight or nine months, Tim was
able to keep his ticket.
Three guys went AWOL while there, a major, an NCO and a noncom.
The Australian attitude was excellent towards the Americans, they could tell the
Americans because of their short haircut and they were all sun burnt.
At a clothing depot, for two hundred dollars, a weeks worth of clothing could be
purchased.
Australians would approach the Americans and thank them for their service and share
tips on finding the best restaurants and where they could find action. (1:42:12)
Once, Tim was sitting in a small mom and pop restaurant and he was approached by a
young couple, they had him finish his meal with them and then took him on a tour of the
city in their little Volkswagen Beetle, and then dropped him off at his hotel and wished
him good luck.
Australian military service was for twelve years, but four to eight of it was in school.
Once returning to Vietnam, he did not have to go back into the field. His Top (Master
Sergeant) only had one or two months left, so he got Tim a job as a driver for the
Assistant Commander of the Base. (1:43:58)
He was given a drivers test, and learned to drive a stick. But he was on call twenty four
hours a day, so he did not have any other duties. If the Lieutenant Colonel had to go to a
village off base or driven around on base, Tim was required to drive him.

Leaving Country (1:45:08)








When they were leaving, they were outside, and they saw the shadow of a plane.
Suddenly, spotlights were turned on and there was the plane. The men all ran to the
plane in fear of being hit by mortars.
The flight attendants were all middle-aged women, and as they got closer and closer to
the States they got younger and younger.
Ten minutes into the flight, everyone was dead silent and they all cried because of the
men they left behind and for those who were killed.
The flight coming home took forever. Their plane landed at Fort Lewis. Mid flight, they
stopped in Alaska to get their change of orders. The men were all in their summer
fatigues and it was twenty degrees below zero at the Alaskan airport. (1:47:45)
From Alaska, they went to Guam for refueling then on to Fort Lewis.
Tim arrived home at 2am. He was supposed to report to Fort Benning, Georgia for the
rest of his tour. Instead he was sent to Fort Lewis and then was given orders home.
(1:50:01)
Tim flew coach and had to sit next an old lady, who turned and saw that he was wearing
an Army uniform. She asked him if he was one of the good guys who went to Germany
or stayed in the States, he said “No, I was in Vietnam” and she said “Oh, one of those
guys”. She then called the stewardess and refused to sit next to him, and said that either
she or he be moved. She was moved to first class.

�






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








Once home, Tim received by his parents with tears of joy, but his friends did not know
how to react to him and he did not know how to react to them either. One long time
buddy took him out when he first went home, showed him how he could pop wheelies in
his car, went to a few bars and has not seen him since. (1:52:17)
Tim did not have anything in common with his friends or family and shut himself up for
a long time.
Tim was then on inactive reserve for four years, but did not have to report for duty.
He went back to his old job at the shoe store, and was made manager. He stayed in retail
for a while and tried to keep an active social life. Tim also had two months of school left
so he returned and got two degrees, one in sales management and the other in marketing
management.
While in school, Tim met his wife during the second week of classes and has been with
her ever since. (1:55:00)
It took Tim thirty years before he could really talk about his experiences. His kids helped
him be able to talk about it, because they were really interested and proud of his service.
Five years ago, he was able to get into a PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) group
that has helped him.
It was not until about ten years ago that he opened back up to his family and gained
additional support from them. (1:57:32)
Tim feels that Vietnam Vets are just now getting the recognition that they deserve. He
went down to his father‟s VFW to join, but was turned away because he was a Vietnam
Vet and they said that it was not a war it was a conflict, and besides that they lost the war.
Tim was told that he did not belong with them. Tim‟s father went back with him and
asked why he was not able to join. They told him kid or no kid, he can‟t join. So Tim‟s
father went over and grabbed his file, tore it up and said “If you won‟t have my kid you
won‟t have me anymore”; his father never went back to the post. (1:59:26)
Tim feels that the veterans coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan are getting the
treatment they deserve, but he has a love/hate relationship with them. He loves that they
went and served their country, but hates all the publicity that they get and he is envious of
them.
Once he retires, Tim would like to work with the VA to help veterans coming back with
similar physical and mental conditions. (2:01:06)
PTSD treatment did not really exist until about fifteen years ago. When he first went to
the VA for PTSD, he was told to quick drinking and stop taking aspirin and he would be
okay.
Tim does not like that the public still looks at Vietnam Veterans as baby killers and
druggies, because there are many good veterans out there.

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&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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&#13;
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