742 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c4611680583ee7e7e0714e5f7f120a4a.pdf 63dc17d120ff2bcbd0b12d62309ca012 PDF Text Text 1 Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Moises Nazario Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Grace Balog Interview length: 1:15:18 [Note: The opening section of the recording is conversation preparatory to the start of the interview, and is not transcribed here, which is why this transcript begins six minutes into the interview.] Interviewer: So, you are officially beginning the interview at this point. We are talking today with Moises Nazario of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. And we are actually at the 2019 Milwaukee Irish Fest. And well, Mr. Nazario, you are not exactly Irish yourself… Tell us where and when you were born. (00:06:42) Veteran: I was born in Manila, Philippines, on October 25th, 1936. Interviewer: Alright. And did you grow up there? Veteran: I grew up there up to my 21st birthday. Interviewer: Okay. Now, you were living in the Philippines as a child during World War 2. Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: Now, what— �2 Veteran: I saw that too. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I saw some of it. Interviewer: Alright. Now, what was your family—what did your family do for a living when you were a kid? Veteran: The job descriptions over there is really not commensurate to what we have here. And my grandmother—my grandfather is a court stenographer. And my grandmother was…she is in a buy and sell business of jewelry. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And she inherited some money from her parents. She’s pretty well to do. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: At that point, she, you know…And then she had one store, a kiosk store—a clothing store that they owned. They have a few of them. And that sustained them for whatever… Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, did you live with your grandparents? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I—after I—when I was born, my mother left me with them and took off and, you know, just… Interviewer: Yeah. (00:08:16) �3 Veteran: She was an actress there and she pursue—she left and pursued the acting career, or whatever it is, you know. And I didn’t meet her until late in life. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Maybe I was already 10-12 years old. Interviewer: Alright. Okay. Now, so what do you remember about the war starting and the Japanese coming in? Veteran: Well, my uncle was in the Bataan Death March. So, they were there. And I didn’t really know—I think I was… I was 6 years old. I was 6 or 7 years old… Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: …when—1941, so I was 5 years old. And I remember when the Japanese took over. I remember the air fights, the dog fights. I used to watch them in the street. I would stand there in the street watching them, just like in the movies. And there was a guy there that—Jonathan Wainwright was one of the generals that—and I always thought before one of the pilots there was Jonathan Wainwright. I didn’t know that Wainwright was in Corregidor with MacArthur. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And then there’s a Filipino fighter, William Moore, I think, he was one of the aces…Filipino aces fighting there. I never saw any plane getting shot down, though. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, now do you remember the Japanese coming in and occupying the city? Veteran: Yeah. They…It wasn’t really—there was really not…All I remember is they are right in the city right away. I don’t remember them coming. I don’t—I never saw them come in. �4 Interviewer: Yeah. Well, there wasn’t any fighting. The Americans had left. Veteran: Well the city—there was no fighting in the city. Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah. Veteran: There was no fighting in the city. But the fighting happened in the previous year. Interviewer: Right. Okay. But now the Japanese have taken over. And now, they rule the Philippines for the next several years. (00:10:29) Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Do you remember what life was like or was your life effected at all by the Japanese being there? Veteran: Not—my family wasn’t really directly affected, other than my uncle with—he was able to escape the Bataan Death March and came back to the house. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And we took care of him. He had malaria at the time. I remember the Japs as being cruel. You know? I remember going to the province with my aunt and I was sitting next to my aunt. One of the Japanese soldiers grabbed me by the arm. This is maybe about ’42, 1942 or ’43. Grabbed me by the arm and yanked me out of—get out of the seat so he could sit next to my aunt. You know? And there was a good Japanese officer—looked like a Japanese officer; at the time, I didn’t really know anything much—a good Japanese officer saw what he did. And this officer came over to this guy and called the guy and slapped the hell out of this guy. You know, and he is bowing to the officer. And the officer set me back down with her. But that’s my exposure to them. �5 Interviewer: Yeah. So, some of them were—some of them behaved properly and some of them didn’t. Veteran: Probably. You know, probably. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: But my exposure showed that, you know. This one time. You know, but the problems, from what I hear from stories from some of the people we know, they are actually killing people. Actively killing people. Interviewer: But within the city, I mean your grandparents could basically go about their business? Your grandmother could run her kiosks or…? (00:12:18) Veteran: Well, they didn’t have that kiosk yet at the time. Interviewer: Okay. Okay. Veteran: They—she was selling jewelry. Interviewer: Okay. Okay. Veteran: Buying and selling jewelry. And that supported us, so we were able to have a fairly decent meal. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, with that…Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. And then do you remember the Americans coming back? Veteran: Oh yeah. That was very memorable to me. I remember right in the city where I live, they were marching in two columns: one of the street—on each side of the street. You know, �6 they were coming in and initially before this happened, there was a truck loaded with Japanese and Filipino traitors screaming, “Ha! You guys are going to be under us for more years!” They said, “They are coming right behind us!” and we got the U.S. troops after that. That truck disappeared. I never know where it went, you know. But the guys—the U.S. troops—this is in the afternoon, maybe around 4 o’clock in the afternoon. And when we saw that as a kid—they were giving out chocolate bars. So, as a kid I run out there, “Victory! Victory! Victory!” You know, we were really excited, you know. And we followed them all the way to the main street. Quite a long ways. Probably about 10 blocks away from where I lived. You know, 12 blocks away. You know? And right around that one area, there’s a hotel where they have a 50-caliber machine gun, a Japanese setup there, and they started firing. And that—in the meantime, some of the troops were taking some of the booby traps…Some of the troops were taking some of the booby traps out on the road. You know? Some of the booby traps on the road. And when they start firing, the soldiers told us to go back home. You know, they did want us to go back. At that point, I didn’t know at the time, that they had gone—see, that’s separating the city from the southern part of Manila. The bridges—all the bridges— Interviewer: Right. (00:14:47) Veteran: --they blew away all the bridges. You know, they blew away the bridges and one of my uncle’s wife’s family lives on that part. And they—because of this war, you know. And they started this shelling, actually. And where the U.S. setup is maybe about 3 blocks away from where I was. And you could hear the mortar—the rounds—coming in, you know, just out…So, we were—they would just watch—we didn’t do anything unusual, we just stayed in the house, you know. We continued playing in the street during the day, like what a kid does, you know. Interviewer: So, how long did that shooting last? �7 Veteran: Quite a while. Quite a while. And by the time it was over, there’s a lot of houses that were destroyed in that area. And the one that landed right around the city hall—all the really structured buildings that we had were all destroyed. You know, they were all destroyed. But I didn’t—you know, being at that age, you know, you don’t really know, pay much attention. But other than we know they are fighting. The fire fights—when they come back, there’s a lot of dog fights. A few—once, I was out in this—to this store that sells candies, you know, things like that. It’s the kind of store that’s all owned by Chinese, you know. And when this shooting started, we ran out in the street and we saw this—all this thing that really, you know…And one of the 50caliber machine gun bullet landed in our house. My aunt was pregnant. There was—and she delivered a baby then. It landed around the foot of the bed. Interviewer: Wow. (00:16:44) Veteran: Foot of the bed. You know? Yeah, and so, it was…At that point, I think I was maybe 8 years old already. Maybe 8 years old already. So, ’44? Yeah, I was 8 years old already. And that one, I remember vividly because we named the book, ‘The Child Bombing.’ You know, that was…He is still alive now. He is in Las Vegas. And we but, here, we didn’t do anything unusual. We just used to go on with life. You know, if it hits you, it hits you. It doesn’t… Interviewer: Alright. And then, did things quiet down a little bit after that? What are you—as you are—now you are growing up and you are getting older…? Veteran: Oh, the—another thing too, okay, when they came in…See, right where the U.S. prisoners are held in Santo Tomas, I live close to that. Interviewer: Okay. �8 Veteran: I live close to that. Yeah, and around a block—south of—west of that, school—is another school I went—where I went. You know, and we went to school that the Japanese used as headquarters. When the fighting start, they were looting in there, you know. And being at that age that—the concern at that point is the water. So, my first stop when I ran out was to go to that building and get some of these canteen cans for water. (00:18:27) Veteran: So, I ran into that school. The school—the building was on fire. I ran to the building. There is a guy that I know that got killed, that wasn’t able to get out of there. Well, I was able to get out, but then I got—I think I had almost a burned out movie projector, I had a bunch of cans…You know? Maybe about 4 cans; 3 or 4 cans out there. And instead of coming back to— going back to where I came in, I went to the Quezon Boulevard, the main street that is going north and south. And in there, all the Japanese bodies was in there. And then oh, I will tell you, I had to jump out of that thing. They scared the heck out of me. You know, all these dead bodies. That’s one of the exciting things that at that time I remember. After that, you know, when all this yelling start, everything was fine for what, you know…The water likes to—the water was the one that…And the U.S. soldiers stationed some water bottles in that area and I was able to use the can that—after I cleaned it up, I was able to use it. Interviewer: Yeah. Okay. So now, once the excitement is over, now do you go back to going to school regularly? Or what happens? Veteran: Yeah, I went back to school. As a matter of fact, I went back to school and one of the GI’s dropped a wallet. I don’t know who that GI is, and I never know who it belongs to. And there’s some money that—really lots of money. Probably at least a couple hundred: $200-$300, you know? I don’t know how much is in there. And being a young kid, honest young kid, I gave that wallet to my teacher. After, I say, I didn’t know whatever happened to it, you know. But I �9 turned it in. I said that somebody dropped this. I said maybe by now who…And I never heard anything more about that. You know…And I never truly paid much attention to it because it didn’t matter to me at the time, you know. Yeah, I was able to do what I wanted to do on my grandma’s money. Interviewer: Right. (00:20:56) Veteran: I wasn’t really that concerned about any of that. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, you—not too long after that, the Philippines become independent. You have your own country and so forth. How did you wind up in the United States military? Veteran: Oh, okay. I was in medical school. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I was a first year proper—see, you go to—in the Philippines, you go to undergraduate school for 3 years. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And then you go to medical school. Interviewer: So, when did you start medical school? Veteran: I started in October. It was at the very end. I needed two and a half years of intermediate to go to medical school. October 1957. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I left in July of 1958. �10 Interviewer: Okay. So, you only went for like one year or part of one year? Veteran: I had one semester. First semester. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Veteran: And I was—I played varsity basketball for the school. I got picked by the coach, but then after when I got with…I—you know, at that age, at that time, I have a very restless mind. You know? And I didn’t know what to do. I didn’t—I wanted to play basketball, I wanted to be a doctor, I wanted…So, I decided well, maybe I will—I wanted to be in the Navy. I started applying to the Navy actually in 1953, when I was in high school. (00:22:25) Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: But that didn’t—that disappeared from my mind for a while, but then I wanted—after that, when I was in medical school, I said, “Well, maybe I could go ahead and apply for…” Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, had you gone to college already before medical school? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I had two and a half years of pre-med. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know? Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: And that’s what I used later on with the Navy. �11 Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: Anyway, some of the people—I was given—they get—university, Southern Illinois University gave me credit for some of it and finally got—I started college in 1955 and finally got my bachelor’s in hospital administration in 1978. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. But you went to school in the Philippines first. And so, you did some pre-med there and then you at least started medical school. So, why did you leave medical school? Were you just restless? Veteran: To join the Navy. Interviewer: Just—okay. Now, so was the United States Navy actively recruiting in the Philippines? Veteran: No, they have rumors that they are accepting people that live by that area that they come to the city in. You know, it’s in the province. It’s only people that live in the province, and they talk about this. So, while I was going to school, I have some classmates that were from that area. So, I said, “Well, maybe I’ll write the letter.” So, I wrote the letter in I think maybe around October of ’57. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I got the response in December saying that I need to get a physical. Yeah, they accepted me. Interviewer: Alright. So, where did you go to get a physical? Veteran: At the Sangley Point. Interviewer: Okay. So, there was an American base there? �12 Veteran: Yeah, that’s where the biggest base that they went…That was the biggest base that the—Navy base in the Far East. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. I guess the Americans talk about Subic Bay? Is that where— (00:24:16) Veteran: What? No—that’s one of them. Interviewer: Okay. But this was bigger? Veteran: This—yeah, Subic Bay is the biggest. Sangley Point is more an auxiliary. It’s a dry dock. They use this at… Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, there’s an American base there so you are able to go there, you get your physical. Now what happens? Veteran: When I went there for the—I think sometime in March. I stopped—I didn’t register for the second semester. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: I didn’t register because I didn’t know whether I was going to be there or not, you know. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: So, I didn’t register. So, some—March of ’78, I— Interviewer: Or ’58. �13 Veteran: Oh, ’58. March of ’58 I went to—for the physical. And they said, “Well, we will let you know.” You know, I went back home. And not long after that, I got a letter that said you are accepted to the Navy. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And you have to report July 25th. Interviewer: Alright, now did they train you in the Philippines? Or did they send you to the United States for training? Veteran: They just took us there. They put out—just the busy work type thing. And on August 4th, they got—we were one of the groups that didn’t fly to the U.S. We were put in a—are you familiar with the U.S. military transportation service? Military MSCs? Are you familiar with it? It’s a ship like lots of other ships… Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: …that are owned by the Navy that ferry the dependents of soldiers back and forth. Interviewer: Okay. (00:26:05) Veteran: To the U.S. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: Now, well—we were the…I don’t know if we were the first group, but we were the group—one of the group—that boarded that ship from Sandy Point to the U.S. And we were at sea for 17 days, you know. Now, maybe not 17 days. Almost 4 to 15 days. Interviewer: Okay. �14 Veteran: 15 days. We were—but as a recruit, we couldn’t get out of the ship. So, they stopped in Hawaii, they stopped in Guam; we were stuck in the boat. Interviewer: Well, they wouldn’t let you off. Okay. Now, was it a good—was the weather good on the voyage or did you have storms? Veteran: I got seasick. I got seasick and then I didn’t know at the time that I was seasick. I didn’t know at the time I was seasick; you know. But the feeling…I was sweating. I was cleaning the stairwell. “Damn,” I said, you know. And I didn’t find out that I was seasick until I was already onboard the ship. Years later. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, where did you land in the U.S.? Veteran: We landed in San Francisco. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: At Fort Mason. Interviewer: Alright. And then what did they do with you after that? Veteran: Nothing. We were just in a temporary holding. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And this was 0017 when we landed there. Then we flew out of San Francisco August 21st. Interviewer: And where did you fly to? Veteran: To San Diego; that’s where the bootcamp was. Interviewer: Alright. �15 Veteran: So, now at bootcamp, we would—we were low priority as a recruit. But the priority of the other recruits were higher than us because at the time, Great Lakes was closed, the New York Recruit Center was closed. And the only open training center was San Diego. So, the people coming from this area were—had the priority with getting into the training right away. Interviewer: So, you were kind of just waiting to be able to start? (00:28:14) Veteran: And from August 21st, I didn’t get into a company until September, September 21st; almost a month. Interviewer: Okay. So, where— Veteran: But we were just there doing busywork for that time, you know. Interviewer: Alright. Now, were you together as a group of Filipinos who were going to train together? Or were they going to— Veteran: We…No, they separated all of us. Interviewer: Okay, so they didn’t—they put you in other companies. Veteran: Yeah. But there was maybe a couple, 2 or 3, in one company, you know. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: They separated us. Interviewer: Alright. So, what was bootcamp like for you, once you started the training? Veteran: I’ll tell you, I wanted to get the shirts. I wanted to get discharged when I was in bootcamp. I got really—we got into a lot of fights just to get discharged. You know, we’d pick a fight, so we’d get discharged. But no luck; we didn’t get discharged, you know. So, I figured �16 damn, I gave up a good life for this? You know. And I finished but see, I don’t know if you are aware that when the Filipinos are recruited, they are only recruited to be a steward. Are you aware of that? Interviewer: I wasn’t. I knew that that was true for a long time with the black sailors and then that stopped. But yeah, I knew that they did use Filipinos as stewards, but that was the only job you could have at that time? Veteran: That’s right. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, and when you are in, you can change rate. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: If you are good enough for the—if you have a good officer that will—a more humanitarian type officer. You know, but then you got some of these officer that thinks that they own the world, you know, they own you. You know? (00:30:10) Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And so, I started…I went to steward school, you know. After bootcamp I went to steward school. And one day they had us fill out a transfer sheet—a drill sheet—there was an aircraft carrier that’s going to the WESTPAC of the USS Shangri-La. And I put all my requests on that ship. I wanted to go back there. They sent me to Annapolis, Maryland. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, tell me a little bit about life in bootcamp. I mean, why—what made bootcamp bad for you? �17 Veteran: The discipline. Discipline. See, I was never really big on discipline, you know. I became a little bit disciplinarian, you know, maybe because of what I learned. You know? Interviewer: But I guess you grew up kind of on your own? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: You were just kind of out in the streets doing what you wanted. Veteran: I actually…Yeah, because I never worked while I was back home. I never really…I was, you know, in school. But see now one of the reasons I stayed in school is because…I still stayed in school because my grandparents supported me. They gave me—they allow me to— anything that I need. And maybe some once, you know… Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And if I leave school, I don’t know what they would have done. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, were you able to do all the physical stuff? The physical training and those things? Veteran: Oh yeah. There’s no problem there. You know, we are, you know, we are really good…As a matter of fact, our company won some competitions that we were sent on a— whoever win that week, they go on a picnic, you know? And that—we went maybe 3 or 4 times. Interviewer: Okay. Now, talk a little bit about the steward school. What did you actually learn in steward school? (00:32:15) Veteran: Are you familiar with what the waiters do? Interviewer: You should explain that because a lot of people might not have any idea. �18 Veteran: Okay. Yeah. Well, the steward school was geared to train the Filipinos to serve with high level people. It’s not just being a steward: everything that you do is by the book. You know, like you pass your meat on the left, put your plate on the right. All this. You set all of the—they teach you how to cook, just in case you have to cook for the officers. And mostly cooking and serving, you know. Interviewer: Okay. And how long did you spend in the steward school? Veteran: Steward school? I don’t…I am not sure now. I don’t know if it’s…Of course, I got transferred. I started in November and I got transferred in December. So, maybe about 6—4 to 6 weeks, maybe. Interviewer: Okay. So not too long. Alright. Veteran: Not too long. Interviewer: And then you got transferred? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: So where—what did you get transferred to? Veteran: To a Naval Academy as a steward. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Have you ever seen the Naval Academy mess hall? Interviewer: No. Veteran: They seat about 5000 people. Interviewer: Wow. �19 Veteran: You’ve got all these Filipino stewards serving all of these midshipmen. Interviewer: Alright. So, how long did you do that? Veteran: Oh…From January ’59 to January ’61. Interviewer: Okay, so 2 years. Veteran: And I was transferred to a ship by that time. Interviewer: Alright. Now, when you were working at the Naval Academy, were you living on the base? (00:34:15) Veteran: No. I—well, I lived at the APL. There’s a—we don’t have a barracks there. They have a floating ship. I live on the APL. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, I live on the APL. Interviewer: Onboard a ship. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. And did they have all of the stewards living together? Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah. That thing is really something else. That ship doesn’t have an engine. It’s a floating barracks. It’s a floating barracks, you know. Just a… Interviewer: Yeah. Okay. Now, and do you have any particular memories of what it was like to work at the Naval Academy? When you think of that time, what do you think about? �20 Veteran: Oh, the Naval Academy is probably…I would have liked to have seen one of my kids or even my grandkids—he almost went, you know, went there. I would have liked—I liked the academy. I liked the way the midshipmen live, you know, the way they were…It’s hard life. Okay? It’s a hard life, but it’s not all work. There’s lots of fun times at the…it’s really…I don’t know how to explain it, but it’s really good. Interviewer: Alright. So, were you treated well by the petty officers? Veteran: No. No. No, they are not—well, they…I used to get in trouble almost every day because of that, you know. I had some guys, you know, remember now coming off the 2nd World War, okay? Some of these people couldn’t even read and write. And some of these are your boss. What do you expect from those kind of people? Interviewer: So, some of the petty officers in the Navy who were supervising you were like that? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And I was always in trouble almost every day. I was almost—I went extra duties. Scrubbing all of that wall, all of the marks out of the wall every day. You know? And but I still wanted to get out at the time, you know. But then, you know, you do something stupid, you know. You do something stupid here, they keep me in longer. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, you—but you do that for 2 years, and now you are transferred to a ship. (00:36:37) �21 Veteran: Now I got transferred in January. I went to the commissioning school at Rhode Island because the ship was a brand-new ship. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: So, they had to send you all to learn all of this thing. And we…I was in Rhode Island from January until June maybe? Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And we went aboard the ship. Interviewer: And what ship was this? Veteran: USS Sampson, DDG-10. A guided missile destroyer. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: The ship, it’s new at that time. I don’t think they ever—it took them a long time to get it really working. And it was funny: when we were moving our training group in Cuba when we were doing the briefing…You know, they fire all these missiles. They got the pre-training people observers. And part of the missile comes back to the ship. It really is funny. You know, and but…it ended well. We had a…we had some officers that—well, I was okay, fine, with the officers that we had there. And it was, you know…That’s where the—I started working on trying to get out of the stewardry because at that point, I said, “I really don’t want to be a steward.” You know? Interviewer: Right. And did any—were any of the officers on that destroyer? Veteran: Not one. Not on that one, no. But it wasn’t long I was there before it was, after it was commissioned, because I went back on release with leave in ’62, in June of ’62. So, it—before �22 June that it was commissioned. Or immediately. And I got to—when I went to the Philippines, when I came back, I went back to Boston. We were in Boston at the time. Interviewer: Right. (00:38:47) Veteran: I went back to Boston and they put me on the USS Johnston. It’s the DD-821. Interviewer: Okay. Now, was that just a regular destroyer or…? Veteran: Yeah, regular destroyer. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: An older destroyer, 821. And that’s where I started to get, you know…When I got back, we were drinking and all these things you know. Some of the officers are just a redneck, you know. Just really really…you know. And we were—the ship was on leave of FRAM job. Have you ever heard of the term FRAM? It’s Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization program. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: They—so, we were living in a barracks there because we worked on the ships during the day, taking all the asbestos thing out and replacing it with, I don’t know, whatever they replace it with. Interviewer: Okay. And where were you based? Was this in Boston or somewhere else? Veteran: In Boston. Interviewer: Still in Boston, okay. �23 Veteran: Boston. And we were there…oh, from the time I came there in June or July. I was in the Philippines for a month. July to maybe sometime in October. Because we pull out to go on the Cuban Missile Crisis blockade. Interviewer: Okay. (00:40:15) Veteran: That’s where we pulled out of. But in the meantime, I was in trouble there. I was AWOL when the people pulled out. I was AWOL for 4 days, you know, and…But I had no intention of leaving. I wasn’t—I know I had a pending court martial. If I go back, they will—I know I will be disciplined. Not the court marital—Captain’s Mast. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: It’s just a minor thing at the time. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: You know, and if I go back, I know that I was going to be disciplined, so I decided I will stay 4 days before we leave. I will stay out, you know, and then go back with all my belongings at that time, because we weren’t going to end up going back to Boston. We were going to Charleston for after—from there—from Charleston to Cuba. You know, it’s October now. Interviewer: Okay. So, you—the idea is you get back on the ship and they don’t have time to deal with you, so you just get back onboard and sail with them? Veteran: Oh, which one? Interviewer: Well, you said you had talked—you went AWOL. You stayed off the ship for a while. �24 Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: So, was that to avoid punishment? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah, because I knew—I figured I was going to be punished. And I figured if I go back and they put me under citation, we will be at sea. So, I won’t be under—able to get— Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Anyway, but that trouble just keep going, following me wherever at that point, you know. And everywhere. And when we went to Cuba, by the time we got to Cuba—see the blockade started October…25th, I think. But we were in Charleston with them still not sure…Maybe they are not sure about the fitness of the ship at the time because we just got out of the yards. (00:42:10) Interviewer: Right. Okay. Veteran: So, when they finally decided, we went there…I don’t know, a couple of days to get there. It was December 6th when we got to Cuba, and we started the blockade at that point. And not long after that, that’s when they boarded the Russian trawlers, not long after that. Not our ship, but we ended up…we ended up saving a Puerto Rican refrigeration ship. That one, we were…all of us couldn’t even go in our bunk. But then—we were not allowed to stay in our bed because we were trying to get all the water out of that ship. We were sleeping on the deck, you know. And if we are not there, we go down to the battle station, you know. So, we couldn’t sleep. And it was really rough. It was hard. It was really hard. �25 Interviewer: Okay. You have met now the peak of the Cuban Missile Crisis. It’s October 1962. That’s when the final—the sort of the showdown happens and they… Veteran: Right. Interviewer: And it ends. But it was building up a long time before that. Veteran: Oh yeah. I didn’t know—I was unaware of that until Kennedy went on TV. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And I was able at that time—when that television thing came out. Interviewer: Now, you said…So, basically, you are down there after that. Or were you— Veteran: No, I was still in Boston. We were still in Boston. Interviewer: Well, there was a lot of back and forth about what the Russians were doing in Cuba. And we were sending ships down to a blockade before October. So… Veteran: The whole flotilla went in there. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Around…in October. And our group joined this flotilla in December. Interviewer: Okay. But there was still a blockade going on around Cuba at that time? Veteran: Oh, yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Now, you told me before we started the interview that you thought that your service during the Cuban Missile Crisis, or that period, was sort of the scariest that you have had. (00:44:23) �26 Veteran: Oh, yeah. Interviewer: Why was it scary? Veteran: Well, it…if it went down, none of us would be talking today. And every—sailorsthat were there, I bet you, you know, feel the same way. Interviewer: So, you were worried this might really be World War 3, or something like that? Veteran: Yeah… Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, by this time—at what point are you able to get out of being a steward? Veteran: Sure. Okay. When we came back from Cuba…When we came back from Cuba, I had a gallon of different style type of whiskey. And at night, one of the—first night, I think I finished one of that whiskey. And the chopper took me back to the ship. And this officer—he threatened me, you know. And I got—in the meantime, I was getting mad. I was getting really mad. Eventually, I hit the guy. I hit the—after I chased him all over the ship. He went down to the engine room to get away from me. I hit the guy, you know, after the incident. And that one, I went to court martial. I was court martialed. They sent me to the brig for 20 days. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And so, that’s when I—when I went in there, I said, “I don’t want to be a steward anymore. Either you discharge me now,” I said, “or you change rate.” And the XO—he’s from Milwaukee or used to be from Milwaukee…He used to see me almost every day in front of him for a hearing, you know. He came to me; I said—I came to him and I said, “I want to be a �27 hospital corpsman.” I said, “If I can’t be a hospital corpsman, then give me a BCD, whatever.” I said, “Send me back home.” (00:46:33) Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Okay, so you say this and what kind of response did you get? Veteran: He said, “Okay.” He said, “I will give you 6 months. If I don’t see you in front of me for the next 6 months,” he said, “I will write to the bureau.” Six months? Boy, that’s a long time, you know. I said, “Okay. You’ve got a deal.” So, we went to the Med that August, you know. Interviewer: To the Mediterranean? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: We went on a Med cruise. And wow, I was really…Even then, you know, almost had that—seen him, you know. But we went to the Med and I was clean all that time I was in the Med. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I…comes—it was a—I don’t remember. It was 6 months later. It was October. The 6 months was October. So, I went to him. I said, “You know, the 6 months is up.” I said, “I have been good to you.” I said, “You promised to write the bureau.” He said, “Oh yeah, I did.” And so, he called the yeoman and the yeoman sent a letter. And the approval came in December. Came and said that I was going to corps school in February or March of ’63. Interviewer: Okay. And so, where was corps school? (00:48:09) Veteran: At Great Lakes. �28 Interviewer: Okay. So, now you go to Great Lakes, Illinois. Alright. And what was corps school like? What did you learn there? Veteran: A lot. A lot. Things that I, you know, that I never…See, when I was going to school, I was a goofball. I was already skipping classes and all that thing. So, I did really—I hate reading, for one thing. I hate to read. And I read more books than I had ever seen. I read in school in the Philippines and I went to—when I changed rate. And I learned first aid, anatomy and physiology. I had a good review of nephrology. And the math, you know. Things like that. And I did learn a lot in the school. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, you were able to get through that training course? Veteran: I…Yeah, I finished 3rd in the class of 39 or something. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I was promoted right from school to 3rd class. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Veteran: So, I…I got stationed at Great Lakes for the hospital. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: It was my best duty station in all my time in the service. Interviewer: Alright. So, what were you doing at that assignment? Veteran: Initially, I was like an LPN only better than an LPN. We have more training. The only thing I can’t do—I was doing all the job of the RN—and the only thing I can’t do is to pass �29 narcotics. And as far as knowledge, I think our knowledge—the RN’s knowledge and a hospital corpsman’s knowledge almost on par. Interviewer: Okay. (00:50:11) Veteran: Depending on the person, though, okay. If a person is really dedicated to what he is doing and decides to pursue really more…he can be farther than an RN. You know? And as a matter of fact, some of the RNs—corpsmen became an RN, you know. And some of the corpsman—the first PA that…You know about PA, right? Interviewer: Are we talking about— Veteran: Physician assistant? Interviewer: Yes. Veteran: The first 6 were the corpsmen. That started at Duke. Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah. So, you are getting a pretty good medical training there at this point. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. Now, how long did you stay at Great Lakes? Veteran: Well, I was at Great Lakes from ’63…I graduated in July of ’63. That’s schooling. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: I graduated July of ’63 and got stationed at the hospital. Then I went to lab assistant school and they transferred me to building 109. This is still at Great Lakes. I don’t remember the month now. �30 Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: But then in June of ’63…Oh, not ’63. June of ‘’65. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I was out in ’65. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: In June of ’65…Maybe I bet you…They send me to—I was…Yeah, that’s right. June of ‘65 I went to lab assistant school. And then right after that—this is about 8 weeks course—I went to the building 109 as a lab assistant, doing regular laboratory work, you know. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, and from there I ran into another SOB, an officer, but I didn’t rebel against this guy. Eventually, I would have—I rebelled against this guy because, at the time, when he decided…Oh no, the Navy had me to stay ashore until ’66. You know? But this guy decided well, you’re not a Marine force corpsman, so you’re going to go to school in the Marine force. So, they send me to Camp Lejeune to train as an emergency medical technician. Like I knew better than an emergency medical technician— Interviewer: Okay. (00:52:52) Veteran: You know. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, they send me there out on temporary provisional duty. Then I came back to work in the lab again. �31 Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: But I know it was a matter of time before they were sending me to Vietnam. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: At the time, she was expecting our oldest son. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I asked him if I could go on leave if she delivers. And he said I had to take this guy to request a Captain’s Mast—to take this guy to see the captain. And they again, you know, they allowed me to go see—the chief called me, and he said, “If your wife delivers, give me a call, let me know.” Interviewer: Alright. So, when you went to Camp Lejeune, were you doing what was basically combat training? Or combat medic training? Veteran: They have a 50-caliber set on the ground and you are crawling underneath electric live round. That’s how you train. Interviewer: Alright. Now, did they also give you a lot of physical training there? Did you have to be basically—you have to be like a Marine? Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I got to—I have a Marine uniform. See, a back up Marine uniform. I have a Navy uniform too. I have 2 or 3. Interviewer: Alright. Now, how—now you were getting close to 30 years old at this point. Veteran: I was 30 years old. Interviewer: Yeah. �32 Veteran: When I went to Vietnam, I was 30 years old. I made—no, I was 29. I swear I turned 30 right at Hill 400, starving to death. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: If we were not resupplied. Interviewer: So, at this point, were you older than most of the corpsmen getting sent to Vietnam? (00:54:27) Veteran: Yeah. Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. Now, along the way, I mean at least among your…I guess, among your corpsmen, once you are at Great Lakes and you are working there and training there, now you are out at Camp Lejeune. Did people give you trouble because you were Filipino? Or did they accept you? Veteran: No. No, because I—you know, like I say, I was a rebel and all that. And I—if you fight them back, they leave you alone. Interviewer: Okay, so they respect you. Veteran: Yeah. You know, they leave you alone most of what—yeah, I probably am one of the few Filipinos that you’ll hear that never gave any discrimination. Because I don’t—I never felt that I was discriminated by anyone. Aboard the ship, maybe. During the time that I was trying to become a corpsman. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: I asked a chaplain to help me. Okay…He talked to the executive officer. The executive officer I think was from Tennessee or somewhere in the south. Georgia? And the response he got �33 from that— “Oh no, I can’t let him go. Nobody is going to cook for us. Nobody is going to serve us.” Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You know? But I didn’t even think that as discrimination at this point, because he’s got a point. That was, I—that was what I was sent there for. Interviewer: Right. Okay. Alright. But in the meantime, now you have trained. Now, were there—was the training that you got at Camp Lejeune, did that turn out to be useful for you? Veteran: In medicine, yeah. Interviewer: Yeah. But at Camp Lejeune, you were— Veteran: In the—in Vietnam, yeah. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Alright. So, you do the training, you go back to Great Lakes again, and then you get orders for Vietnam after that? (00:56:13) Veteran: Yeah. I went to Vietnam in October 6th. I got there… Interviewer: Okay. Now how did they get you to Vietnam? Veteran: By plane. They took us with a plane—on a plane. Interviewer: Okay. �34 Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Now, was it a military plane or a chartered civilian plane? Were there regular seats and stuff in it? Veteran: From Travis Air Force Base, we were on a civilian plane. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: And then from Okinawa to Vietnam, we were on a C-130? I think a C-130. Interviewer: Okay. And where did you land in Vietnam? Veteran: In Da Nang. Interviewer: Okay, you landed in Da Nang. And what’s your first impression of Vietnam when you get there? Veteran: I was afraid. I was in—I was in—that’s one of my conclusions too: people—the corpsmen that got killed there most of the time just got there. And that…When you are afraid, you are not able to think right. Okay, or if you are excited, you are not able to think right either. You know? And when I—the first time I was on a battle sweep on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Interviewer: Okay. But let’s—before we get into that story…Okay, you arrive at Da Nang and then what did they do with you once you get there? Veteran: They assign me to the battalion. Interviewer: Okay, and what battalion do they assign you to? Veteran: 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines. Interviewer: Okay. 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines. Now that—the 3rd Marine Division? �35 Veteran: The 3rd Marine Division. Interviewer: Alright. And where was that battalion operating from? Veteran: In I Corps. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: That’s up north. Interviewer: Yeah, the northern part of South Vietnam. Were you near any particular towns or bases that were— Veteran: Yeah, we were at…We were at Dong Ha. Interviewer: Dong Ha. Okay. Veteran: Dong Ha. We were at Dong Ha. And that’s where the—no, wait a minute…It was—we went to Dong Ha. No, maybe we were in—I don’t know? Maybe we were in Phu Bai because when—as soon as I get assigned with 2-9, they went on a sweep right away. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, so they are going on a sweep and you are going along with them. Now, what was your job with that battalion? Were you in the battalion aid station? (00:58:27) Veteran: I was at the battalion aid station. I was a general corpsman. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know… Interviewer: Alright. And you say the battalion goes on a sweep. What was a sweep? �36 Veteran: Hmm? Interviewer: Explain what a sweep was. Veteran: A sweep is—you go out on patrol where you expected the enemies to be. And you counted them. That’s how all those—have you ever heard of Operation Prairie? Interviewer: Mhmm. Veteran: I was out—we caught the tail end of Operation Prairie. But they were starting there already at the time. Well, that’s how they find that: on a sweep. The recon company—the recon squad—found that on a reconnaissance. And then they send somebody to sweep that area to look around and found that unit, that… Interviewer: Right. I guess usually they try to have the companies work together to push the enemy together and capture them. Veteran: Yeah. The whole company is spread out. You know, if you—I don’t know if you are familiar, you know, the instructions to us is you are supposed to spread out 15 meters apart on a sweep. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: Okay, and so you figure—picture it in your mind: a whole hun—let’s see…We have 1 company. We have over 1000 people in the battalion. Interviewer: Battalion, yep. Veteran: Picture that in your mind: 1000 people at 15 meters apart. That’s a long…Probably all the way to Chicago. �37 Interviewer: Well, they are not all in one line. Some of them are in the back. There’s some people in reserve or support, but yeah. But it’s still a long—a long line of men. Veteran: Right. By the 4th platoon in that, you know… Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah. So, you have got a hundred and some men maybe in the company and there are only— (01:00:12) Veteran: 200 maybe? Interviewer: Yep. Sometimes. A lot of times companies were smaller. But anyway, you are out there, you are in the field. So, did anything happen during that sweep? Did... Veteran: We got ambushed the first time. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, at the Ho Chi Minh Trail. And I didn’t see the fighting. I was initially—we don’t really go into any until somebody call for corpsman. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: You know. And we took—6 of the Marines were killed right way. And I was sitting down at the bottom of this hill with—next to the chaplain. And I woke up in the morning to this Marine cutting the head of this Vietnamese that they killed. They are cutting the head, you know. And that—after they cut the head, they took the head out and put it in the bamboo stake on the bridge. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You know, and it’s gross. �38 Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: It’s gross. So, yeah… Interviewer: How quickly did you start treating casualties? Veteran: Hmm? Interviewer: Were you treating casualties right away? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: As soon as they called in, you know, we would take them out. If they were dead, you know, we helped bag them. You know? But if they are still alive, then we—whatever injury they have, we have to take care. The first thing, the important thing, is stop the bleeding is the main thing. Interviewer: Right. Okay. But you are at this point, you are working at the aid station, so the casualties are coming to you? Veteran: Well, no, we—the company is a battalion, so on a sweep all the battalion, all of the men, are out there. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: So, we are out along with them. Interviewer: You are out there with them? Okay. And were you divided up among the companies to support all of them? (01:02:06) �39 Veteran: Well, the companies are assigned 2 per platoon, so you got, you know, 6 different corpsmen, 2 per platoon. They were—those are the ones that are actually right at the fight, you know. Now, the battalion aid travels with the colonel. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: I traveled with the colonel. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: So, whatever it—that could be the same—the admin group get hit, we are the one that’s going to be taking care of it. Interviewer: Right. That’s kind of what I was asking. So, you are sort of staying with—you are at the battalion aid station to begin with, so you kind of follow the colonel when they move the headquarters, so you are not up at the very front. Veteran: No. Interviewer: At that point. Veteran: No, we are not at the front. We are not in the front. Interviewer: Alright. Now how long did you stay with the battalion aid station? Veteran: I was to go—supposed to go—to relieve some corpsman. I was second class at the time. And as a second class, your assignments are senior corpsman, in charge of the other 6. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And I was supposed to relieve a second class…either middle of January or February. But I ended up taking the company ahead, you know. Before that—okay, on that sweep that �40 we…I was so scared. At the time, I will tell you, I was really scared. And I was seeing ghosts. I was seeing monster coming out of the mountain, you know. This really scared me. Well, after we got back to the rear—this was in October, okay. I wrote a letter to the Bureau of Naval Personnel. I wanted out of there because you have no business sending me here. I am the sole surviving son of my father, I said. They already have that law. Interviewer: Yeah. Yep. (01:04:22) Veteran: I said, “I want to get out of here. I want to come back.” Okay, in the meantime, life goes on. I have to do whatever I was assigned to do, okay, as I am doing that. And I kind of got adjusted to it. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: You know, I got used to the idea of being there. The response from the Bureau came in December. By that time, I said, “I don’t want to go back anymore.” You know? Because at that point, the chief called me. He said, “You want to go back? Think it over,” he said, “because if you want to stay in the service, they may not let you stay here anymore.” You know. But then I started thinking. I said, “You know, if I go out, I am chicken. You know, I don’t know if I can live with myself doing that.” You know? It’s not a matter of staying in this military, you know, it’s just myself, my personal…I said, “A coward, you know? If I left.” I said, “No, I don’t think I want to have that on my mind.” Interviewer: Alright. Okay. Veteran: So, I turned it down. I turned it down. I said, “No, I am not going back.” And instead, one of the guys that came to me was offering me $150 to take the company because he was getting scared too. He was getting scared. And at the time there, he’s got a family problem in the �41 states. His house burned down in Norfolk. And so, he got to see the spine. And those are the guys that get killed. And I feel sorry for the guy. He was giving me $150 to take his company area. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, so now— Veteran: So, I said, “I don’t need your money.” I said, “I will take your company.” This happened in January already. “I’ll take your company.” No, the 1st of January… Interviewer: Okay. (01:06:12) Veteran: I do. I did, I took the company at the 1st of January. Interviewer: Alright. And so, you are there with that company then. Veteran: That whole company too. Interviewer: Until October of ’67, when you go— Veteran: Until…Not October. Until 6 month, July? July maybe. Late July. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. But now you are—you have got to this time. There are 6 months sort of in the field with a line company. And what was that job like? What were you doing during those 6 months? Veteran: That’s where I patched a whole bunch of guys that they were—wherever they got. I had to make—I had to—it was up to me to make the decision to medevac. I have to make that decision. Like, we got ambushed. Two of the guys got hit. We have to be at a certain point at noon. And on top of that, what time it was…and we were really pushed for time. The captain asked me—he said, “Doc,” he said, “take a look at this guy to know if we need to medevac them.” But we have to be at this point. We don’t—I don’t know where they are going to assign �42 us. This time, this one we know got to be there as a perimeter guard. You know, and so, I went in there, look at the guys. The guy’s got a leg wound, and the other was an arm wound. But it’s not critical. And I didn’t want them to carry any—I didn’t want them to carry any backpack or anything. I want them a walking stick. Based on what I know at the time, a walking stick would help them ambulate back. Interviewer: Right. (01:08:04) Veteran: So, I told the captain, I said, “Give me a fire team. Go ahead and go. I will stay with the guys, just the two guys, and we will be behind. So, that’s 4 of us going into this…” You know, and the captain said, “Okay. You have got the Marines that can carry their backpack.” And I got the 4 guys and the 2 wounded and myself. So, it’s a long walk; really long. But I didn’t know how far we were at the time. And they got to that point. They made their appointment there. Their…Oh, whatever I was looking for. They got their appointment there that… Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: So, by the time I got…We were so far away. We were so far away that they had to send a Jeep. They had to send a Jeep to pick us up. So, I got ready. I got a ride on the Jeep to go back. Interviewer: Alright. Well, at least there was enough of a road or a trail that you could take a Jeep down it. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. �43 Veteran: And we got…As it turned out, it was a good decision that I made because had we missed that appointment, we would have been sent to Hill 881 and 882. That’s one of the big fights. Interviewer: Okay. And those are the ones— Veteran: That we—2 corpsmen got killed in there. Interviewer: Was that near Khe Sanh? Was that the… Veteran: Which one? Interviewer: Was that near Khe Sanh? Those hills. Veteran: Right. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: You said Khe Sanh. We were at Khe Sanh at the time. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: We were at Khe Sanh; 881 and 882. And because of the decision that I made, we were able to be—the captain would have sent us there. And we would have missed it. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Because at that day, I am the only one that’s available. They sent out Echo Company to that place. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, your battalion was the one—was at Khe Sanh in late 19— (01:10:15) �44 Veteran: They were in—I think— Interviewer: In the middle of ’67? Veteran: That was in ’67. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: I think…I think the battalion was…maybe we were in Phu Bai already. We were in Phu Bai already. The battalion was in Phu Bai and we were spread out with the going around. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And we were going—that was where the sweep come in. We were going on a sweep every day. We were going on a sweep. Interviewer: Alright. And what kinds of casualties were you taking in this period? Were you losing a lot of men? Veteran: No. No, we were just sporadic fire. You know, an ambush here and there. And there are times that I was at the ambush. That’s why I couldn’t rest because I was so tired at the, you know… And I—there was a—one area where we were ambushed. And the call got up all the way to me. Normally, that doesn’t—that’s not supposed to happen. The corpsmen in the front are the ones. But the corpsmen in the front got scared. They didn’t run to the casualty. So, I ended up doing the—it was an arm wound and a neck wound. But I stopped the bleeding and, you know, had…When I came back, I talked to the 2 guys. They were scared. They were young kids, 18year-old kids. And the captain was really mad. You know, the captain was really mad. I said, “No,” I said, “don’t.” He wanted me to punish these guys. “No,” I said. “Don’t. It’s—no big deal happened so,” I said, “we are lucky that nothing happened.” �45 Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Nothing happened. I said, “Let go.” I said, “I’ll talk to them and make sure this doesn’t happen again.” And let me tell you, they turned out to be two of the best corpsmen that I had in that company later on as they learned. But one of the ambush that we had, that we got—one of the corpsman was so scared, he and another guy—when I called for a medevac—they jump on the chopper with the casualties. Interviewer: Yeah. (01:12:25) Veteran: And you know what I did to those two guys? Interviewer: What? Veteran: When they came back, I sent them all out on all the patrols that this platoon was—I sent them all out. You should—I told them, I said, “You exposed those people to additional danger that they should not have. You go in there and take your chances.” Interviewer: Alright. And now, over the course of the time that you spent with that company, did you have any close calls yourself? I mean, did you get hit or nearly so? Veteran: Well, we were at Gio Linh, right at the Freedom Bridge. This is sort of North Vietnam. A rocket was—I don’t know, maybe it was just a mortar. It landed right around our bunker. And when we jumped into the bunker, I got hit on the knee with the shrapnel. I got hit on the knee. The other two corpsmen got there ahead of me. They were faster than I am. I got hit on the knee. And…You know, they stitch—I went to the BAS, at the battalion aid station and the corpsmen over there stitched me up. Eight stitches on my knee. It was sent in report to Washington. That’s how I got the Purple Heart. I didn’t even want that Purple Heart at the time because I don’t �46 need—I didn’t get hurt bad, you know. That’s just nothing—that’s nothing, you know? But because I did—because of their reporting, Washington was obligated to... Interviewer: Yep. (01:14:01) Veteran: You know? This captain that I was with—okay, I will get to that. Along this—while I was in this company, we hit a battalion base camp of the North Vietnamese. Is that where it was? I don’t remember where it was. It was pretty close to where the [untelligible] where our—right around that area. Because we went over there too to that area. And there were North Vietnamese in there, but we didn’t see any of them. But they were laying mines all over the place. We took— I took maybe 21, 22, casualties and maybe ours were 22. Maybe I patch about 8 of them, you know. The leg wound, you know. Interviewer: Is that all from mines? Veteran: All the mines. You know, some—not really that bad. But I was running all over that field, not knowing—I wasn’t even thinking about the mine. I wasn’t even thinking about the mine, I was just thinking of the patient, you know. I was just thinking of the patient that was laying in there. And when we get back to our base camp, you know, where we were staying, after—by the time, that time, we called in the tanks to, you know, they—we got there in the morning and we left around at night. You know, we left right—and when we got back to the base the following day, the captain wanted to put me up for Bronze Star. And I said, “No. I don’t know, I don’t want the Bronze Star.” I said, “I didn’t get hurt. I did my job; that’s my job that I was trained to do.” Interviewer: Alright. Now, I need to take a break for just a moment. I will be right back. (01:15:55) � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8e696c7bbedbf0e099a8d064c93c7b27.mp3 27d9df77e24d246a5d95ad0b802abaa2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_NazarioM2333V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nazario, Moises G Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-08 Title A name given to the resource Nazario, Moises (Interview transcript and audio, part 1), 2019 Description An account of the resource Moises Nazario was born in Manila, Philippines, on October 25th, 1936. He recalls his uncle fighting in World War II when he was as young as five years old, and he remembers when Manila was occupied by Japan. Once the Philippines gained independence, Nazario attended college and medical school before enlisting in the Navy in early 1958. He got his physical at an American base in the Philippines, Sangley Point, and was accepted a few months later after which he was shipped from Sandy Point to Fort Mason, San Francisco. In August 1958, he flew out of San Francisco to San Diego for basic training. He was assigned to a company in September. After basic training, he attended steward school where he was trained to cook and serve before being transferred to Naval Academy as a steward. He served as a steward from 1959 to 1961. After that, Nazario was transferred to the USS Sampson and attended commissioning school in Rhode Island. After five months on the USS Sampson, he went back to the Philippines on leave before going to Boston where he assigned to the USS Johnston. While on the USS Sampson, he traveled to Charleston and then Cuba for the Cuban Missile Crisis blockade in December 1962. After a Mediterranean cruise, he was sent to Great Lakes, Illinois for corps school. In July 1963, he graduated corps school and was stationed at the hospital in Great Lakes. In June 1965, Nazario was sent to lab assistant school, and he worked as a lab assistant in Great Lakes after finishing the 8-week course. After that, he was sent to Camp Lejeune to train as an emergency medical technician. After a brief return to the lab in Great Lakes, Nazario was flown to Vietnam in October 1966, landing in Da Nang. There, he was assigned to the 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines, 3rd Marine Division and served as a general corpsman at the battalion aid station. His battalion went on a “sweep,” or patrol to look for enemies, and it was his job to take care of casualties in the field. Nazario himself was injured when he got hit on the knee with shrapnel and got eight stitches on his knee at the battalion aid station. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians—Personal narratives, American Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource In Copyright Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/914e4667ff45e2db00d15b988a7c9971.pdf c5b31590280fdb881f8a30a772042938 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Moises Nazario Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Grace Balog Interview length: 39:41 Interviewer: Alright, so we have gotten you now…Okay, so you had been talking—you were talking about how you didn’t really want a Bronze Star, you just wanted to go back out and— Veteran: No, I didn’t. I turned them down, you know. I turned them down. I said, “No, I don’t want Bronze Star. I didn’t get hurt.” You know, and the funny part is, when Obama started handing these out, I was reading through some of the citations on these people and I said, “Damn,” I said, “I did more than this thing, you know?” And they cheapened the award, you know. Anyway, we got back there, you know, and we just continued our—through the sweep. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: One guy stepped on a mine. I was maybe from here…Maybe, well, close to 15 met— not even 15 meters apart. You know? This guy got lifted off the ground. And I was right next to—close to him. But luckily, I didn’t—nobody got hurt except this guy. And this guy only had a laceration of the leg. I said oh man, I didn’t know at the time that the landmine, if it gets buried, it continues to go up and then goes—and this mine that he stepped on, huge, huge, huge mine because it really—all of us were covered with dirt. All of us were covered with dirt. It would �have wiped us out if we had been all riding together. It would have wiped us all out. So, somebody up there has been watching me, you know. Watching all. Well, whoever it was must have been watching me. And I just—all I had to do on this guy was just put a butterfly bandage on this guy. You know? I was the first one to, because I was close to him, I was the first one to go to get to him as a corpsman. Interviewer: Alright. And now, one other thing that you had mentioned kind of in passing earlier—you said you spent your 30th birthday in Vietnam under not very— Veteran: We had just got there. I just got there, and we were on the battalion sweep. Interviewer: Okay. So, that was on the sweep, yeah. Veteran: Okay, on the battalion sweep. We were at Hill 400. You have heard of Hill 400, right? Interviewer: I have heard of a lot of hills. Veteran: Yeah, we were there. And we found graves of North Vietnamese soldiers. We dug our—we were supposed—we were sweeping that area to find out where some were left over. Interviewer: Yeah. (00:02:29) Veteran: But there was no more leftover Vietnamese. Instead, we found graves of these North Vietnamese. There was about 15, 20 bodies in these graves. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: I didn’t bother to really get close enough to, you know. I didn’t want any part of that. Interviewer: Alright. Now, what was the terrain like that you were operating in? What kind of country were you moving and patrolling in? �Veteran: Hills, rice paddies… Interviewer: Did you get up into the mountains? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah, we were like I say, the Ho Chi Minh Trail is right up there. Interviewer: Yeah, well that is sort of over in Laos and coming out of Laos in Vietnam. Veteran: We were there. Interviewer: But you were up along the border in that area? Veteran: Yep, up around that area. I think that’s what it was. You know, because—although we came—could we have walked that far from Phu Bai? Interviewer: You probably wouldn’t have walked the whole way. You would have taken a helicopter for part of the way. Veteran: Well, we did go by some helicopter but…I don’t know. Maybe we did. Interviewer: Well, there were a lot of—well, and there were branches of the Ho Chi Minh Trail that kind of come into the South Vietnam. One goes down to the A Shau Valley and there is other places in there. But anyway, but you were in some mountain country, hill country, lowlands with rice paddies… A bunch of different kinds of terrain. Veteran: Yeah. That’s where we were ambushed that first time, that ambush that I was— experienced. I wasn’t involved in the ambush, you know, but it was on that hill. In that—we were up—and I was sitting in the mountain with my feet hanging and that’s where that chaplain �and I were sitting and then we heard the chopping by the Marines—the head—they were cutting the head of the… Interviewer: Yeah. Okay. Alright, I just wanted to make sure we had that in there. Veteran: I don’t know. Maybe that was at the Ho Chi Minh Trail? Interviewer: Well, could be. Yeah and… Veteran: I told you… Interviewer: Well, the different—well, it will be possible—it’s possible to trace the route of 2nd of the 9th and kind of know where it was when exactly and tie it in. But yeah. But basically, you are overall—you were in a variety of different kinds of areas. (00:04:44) Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Did you operate in any areas where they still had civilians? Veteran: No. No, I just—the battalion that I was attached to had been known—all the burning of the villages? This kept—the battalion did it. These are the ones that did it. You know, and by that time, I was at Da Nang when they were doing that. But that—by the time I got there, they were sent up north. They were sent up north to the… Interviewer: Okay, because there were areas up there where they had taken the civilians out. I mean, there were still some up in the hills, some that— Veteran: No, I never… Interviewer: But you were— �Veteran: Well, I did. This is—saw some. We were in one of the…It looked like a city, you know, looked like a city. We were walking on this Highway 1. I think that’s what they called it: Highway 1. Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah, along the coast of Quang Tri—either south of Quang Tri or near Hue or… Veteran: Yeah. We were walking there. But—and I—we saw some of those civilians. But we— there was not—there was no fighting there. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: No, nothing. Interviewer: Okay. Did you ever work at all with the South Vietnamese military? Veteran: No. Interviewer: Okay. Did you ever see them? Veteran: If I did—I probably did but I am not—they are not significant enough for me to remember, you know? Interviewer: Alright. How would you characterize the morale of the Marine units that you were serving with? Veteran: The which one? Interviewer: The morale. Veteran: The Marines? Interviewer: The morale of the Marines, yeah. Their attitudes. (00:06:17) �Veteran: Very good. Very good. All of them were in a very good mood. Although, one of them that we had eventually got cracked up, you know, and I had to send him back to the rear. We were out somewhere in the village. Not in the village…Around a mountain close to the rice paddies. And I heard this howl like a dog. And I thought oh my god, the—you know, we just got out of rice and rice paddies. And I have very poor direction, so I travel with the radioman all the time. I was close to him, violating the 15-meter rule. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And I was falling down in the rice paddies and the guy came down along with me at the time. And he’s like, “Get off me.” And when we got up there, all of a sudden, we hear this—I hear this sound like a dog howling. What would you think when you hear something like that? That somebody is around there close to you, you know? I said, “Oh man…” But it turned out, he called me. He said, “Doc, come here.” So, I went in there and saw this guy. This guy was just rocking on that ledge, or wherever he is sitting, cracked up. And later on, I found out that he felt guilty because he’s one of the Marines that have probably raped some of the civilians and burned the hooches, burned all these villages. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: And he cracked up. But what I heard from the other Marines, you know, this is one of the Marines that did it. And it’s too bad but I have to send him back to the rear. Interviewer: Sure. (00:08:12) Veteran: I had to call the medevac in the middle of the night. I called them. You know, that’s the worst you could do is get somebody a—get the medevac. So, they asked me in one of the situations that I was in, because they could see that the helicopter light right away. �Interviewer: Yeah, that was not standard practice to send those helicopters in at night. Veteran: No, but they did, you know. The…You know, maybe I didn’t call—maybe I didn’t call a medevac on that one. I called the medevac right at the—where the defoliation happened where 1/9 got wiped out. And when we relieved them, we got a couple of Marines that…That really bad. This one laceration on the neck, you know, with a—but I was able to stop the bleeding with that one. And the other one, I don’t remember that one. And he threw a grenade, and it went back to him. He threw a grenade; it went back to him. It hit a tree and went back to him. And the captain asked me, he said, “What do you want? Do you think we should medevac him?” And “What happened to him?” “I think he may have something else beside that, you know.” And I said, “I think we better medevac, get this guy out of here. Get this guy out of here.” So, what we did is I had—we had a party of Marines take these two guys way away from us so that the light would be a good deal in there. And we medevaced in the night. Interviewer: And do they get them out? Veteran: They took them out. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: The chopper came in, but I don’t even know whatever happened to the guy, to those two guys. Interviewer: Alright. Now, did you finish your Vietnam tour with that company, or did you get reassigned before you left? (00:10:15) Veteran: Okay, I finished it. My time was up in July, okay, July of ’67. My time was up in July of ’67. Well, in between that, the captain was going to be transferred. Okay. In July…Well, �maybe even…Yeah, July, somewhere in there, he knows he is going to be replaced. So, he came over to me. He said, “Hey doc,” he said, “why don’t you stay with me?” Now, he is asking me to extend in the line of fire, you know. “Why don’t you stay with me?” he said, “I know what you can do. I don’t know what these bozos coming in is going to do.” Yeah, I like this guy, you know. This is the thing, you know. You probably—I don’t know if you’ll hear this from anyone there, other soldiers that you do an interview. So, I told myself: I like this guy and I sure would love to repay him, you know, because he seen all the wrong around that I did, in spite of all of this, without taking a bullet, without even thinking about what is going to happen to me, you know. So, I told him, I said, “You know, I will make you a deal.” I said, “I will make you a deal.” I said, “Send me on another R and R to Manila and when I come back, I will stay here with you until they pull you back out.” “Oh,” he said, “We can arrange that.” He called the guy to get back down with the plane the same day. The same day, he send me to Manila. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: You know, so I was one of the probably few guys there that were able to go on R and R twice. Normally you only have one R and R. Interviewer: Yeah. Not without good connections. (00:12:12) Veteran: I had to do—I was able to do it twice because of that thing. Interviewer: And you knew where to go. You went to Manila both times. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah, I went. My grandparents were still alive at that time. �Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And so, when I came back, I came back to him and fulfilled my promise. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: So, I extended my time but luckily, he is—that guy was really smart. That Captain Long was really smart. And I guess the top brass in Phu Bai have a use for him there. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: So, about two weeks later, they pull him out. So, now I am free. I was free but I stayed two weeks of my time there. And luckily, that happened within my two weeks of time. Yeah…And but how many people would you hear that extended their time in the field? Interviewer: I have met some who have extended for different reasons, and some of them went back in the field. And some of them got two R and Rs if they had the right opportunities. Veteran: Oh. Interviewer: But it is unusual. Veteran: Yeah, you know, and I said, “Oh man.” I always got—I had no regrets about any of those, you know. Interviewer: Alright. Now when you think about the year that you spent in Vietnam, are there other particular stories or memories that you have that you haven’t talked about yet? �Veteran: Well, I had some contact with a—with the RMK company, a U.S. company that had some Filipino surveyors, surveying some areas, you know. So, I was able to hang out with them on the outside—outside of the compound. Interviewer: Wait, hang out with who? Veteran: With the Filipino civilians. Interviewer: Oh okay. So, you did see some of the civilians. (00:14:08) Veteran: Yeah, I see some civilians. I was able to hang out every so often because of the surveyors. They are under contract to RNK. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And you know, we played mahjong with—eat some Filipino food with them, you know. Interviewer: Okay. So, you are going out with Filipino contractors and hanging out with them. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. That’s good. Alright. So, we get now—originally when we were doing your paperwork, you said you were in Vietnam from October of ’66 to October of ’67. Is that right? Or…? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. �Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah, right exactly to the day. But the night before I was leaving, it was scary because there were a lot of rounds…That’s what I hear. And one of the rounds I thought I was incoming. It was an outgoing round but boy, I ran to the bunker. I ran to the bunker. And I was the only one at that, you know…I—that’s another thing too: when the people are ready to go, they become very cautious, you know. Yep, I run to the bunker. After a while, I was looking around. There was nobody running except me. And I said—I laughed at myself. I say, “You fool.” It was very—there is some humor in some of the things that, you know, that we did there. But not too many. Otherwise…And I was never…you know, it never dawned on me that I was going to get killed. All the time I was there, I thought—I know—I was coming back, you know. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Whereas, in Cuba I was more tense, and I was more—it’s more harder for me in Cuba than in Vietnam. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. So, you finish your tour in Vietnam, you come back to the United States. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Are you planning on staying in the Navy at that point? (00:16:08) Veteran: Well, I had ten and a half years. Okay, I got—they said they would transfer me to Cherry Point, North Carolina. All of my requests was the Philippines. They transferred me to Cherry Point, North Carolina. Interviewer: Okay. �Veteran: And I didn’t even know where Cherry Point, North Carolina was until I go there. Well, while I was there, see I was going to night school. I was attending night school, taking some courses to fill out the credits that I need for medical technology. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: Well, one of my classmates was the Command—Lieutenant Commander in charge of personnel. Well, him and I got along really well while we were classmates. But the chief that he was—that he had in charge of the personnel department…At the time he was chief, I was E-6. Him and I…He’s just a typical redneck. You know? Him and I just didn’t see eye to eye. He’s an alcoholic and all, you know, just a…So, I requested to go to lab tech school. The regular lab tech. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: You know, the one that you see, you know. And so, they send out—I got the orders, but they want—my transfer is in December. The start of school was January 6th. This moron wanted to transfer me December—middle of December. I said—so I asked him, I said, “Can you transfer me on the 1st of December, so I don’t have to be looking for a house for Christmas? I have two…” We had one kid and my wife was about to deliver. My wife was about to deliver. He said, “No.” He said, “You are going to reenlist.” My enlistment was expiring. “You are going to reenlist anyway regardless of when I transfer you.” I said, “Okay.” So, the commander and I were talking at the classroom. Interviewer: Yeah. (00:18:16) Veteran: I mentioned this to him. He said, “Why didn’t you come to me?” By that point, I have—I have already gone out. I was decided to go out. The orders were already there for our �goods to be picked up to be sent here to Milwaukee. So, he said, “Why didn’t you come to me?” He said, “I could have transferred you even long before that.” I said, “Well, I see you got somebody in charge of your department, I thought he knows what he’s doing, you know. So,” I said, “I didn’t want to bother you with something like that.” You know? Boy, he chewed that guy out. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: He chewed that guy out. You know, and he said, “Well, I’d like you to stay.” I said, “Too late.” I said, “I got 50 day—I mean, 90 days to reenlist.” Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah. Veteran: I got 90 days to reenlist. I said, “If it doesn’t work out…” because I never—I was really mad at the Navy at that point because of them sending me to North Carolina, you know. I said, “I don’t really, you know, I have no intention of staying.” At that point already, I was wanting a nice civilian life. So, I got a job as a—at the time, I was only a lab assistant. I got a job at the Milwaukee [unintelligible] as a lab assistant. And but then, Hong Kong Flu hit all of the family, you know. Jeanie got Hong Kong Flu. The young—Becky…I mean John, our oldest son, got the Hong Kong Flu. We only had two kids at the time. Becky and I got the Chicken Pox. So, we are all sick. And I just got out of the service. I don’t have any—if you don’t work, you don’t have any vacation, you have no money. So, we got bills to pay. I said, “You know, if I can get back that school, maybe we should go back. I will talk to the recruiter and see if we can get—check with Washington if I can get that school back. Then we could pay all these bills, you know.” Interviewer: Yeah. (00:20:33) �Veteran: We didn’t have any—much savings at the time, you know. Heck, I was 31 years old you know, with nothing saved, nothing—you know? So, I went back and talked to the officer. They called Washington. They didn’t even know I left. They didn’t even know I left. This is already in December. So, Washington told them that that school I was supposed—that class I was supposed to go to is already full, but they could put me in August. I said, “Is that a guarantee that you’ll do it?” “It’s a guarantee that you are going to go to that school.” Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: So, I told to my wife, I said, “August? Yeah, we could go to—I will go in now then maybe they will put me on a busywork schedule here, just picking up cigarette butts and all that thing, you know.” So, I went back and reenlisted December 30th. December 30th, I reenlisted. I joined the reserve in the meantime in between. I joined the reserve so I wouldn’t have any broken service. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: So, I joined back. And I asked the lieutenant, I said, “What do you want me to do?” Well, he said, “Nothing. Just stay home. I will give you a call. Just call me every morning, let me know that you are still around. And when the orders come in—” we were waiting for my orders, “—the orders come in, I will call you.” So, I went ahead and continued to work at the [unintelligible] Interviewer: Right. (00:22:25) Veteran: --at the same time I was already getting my salary from the Navy. You know, so…I— then they, in March, I got the order in March. So, I went from December to almost three months. �Didn’t work in March, so almost three months. In March, they sent me back to—they send me to Batista, at the research station in Batista. Interviewer: Okay, so in Maryland. Veteran: In Maryland. Awaiting for that class in June. So, I work at the research station there for a while. And then, when that class in August started, they called—I got my orders to transfer back there. In the meantime, the guy that trained me at Great Lakes in—I mean, the guy that was the director of the laboratory at Great Lakes, who was responsible for the medical assistant program, became the head of the training section of the pathology department in Maryland. And at the time, he was soliciting people with the credits to college degree to apply for medical technology program. It was just a higher level… Interviewer: Right. Veteran: …than the—okay. So, I said, “Well, you know, I got—” he didn’t promise anything. He said, “I will try my best to get you guys to take the national exam, the board exam, after you complete this training.” He said, “I don’t want to—the ASAP, the CAP, to approve this to get their approval because I don’t want them controlling the curriculum of the program.” And he was a successful study of the CAP at the time, you know. So, I said, “You know, I got nothing to lose, you know. I got a lot to gain but nothing to lose.” (00:24:38) Veteran: I said, “So, I will apply.” I went ahead and applied. There were 21 applicants. All of them with bachelor—two of us had a degree. We had over 90 credit hours. And out of the 21, a lot of them are English majors so they didn’t have enough sciences in the…But I had a couple of them with a master’s in microbiology. You know? And I was 1 of the 11 that was picked. The other guy got picked too, the one with the, you know. And of the 11, 2 dropped out. They didn’t �want to—they didn’t want the hassle of going through that program. They got—they were scared of the—because he said this is going to be a very intensive study. This was really intensive study. You know, unless you are—I read more books in that course than I have ever read in my life, you know. You know, and so I went through it for a whole year. And that’s when I met, you know, I met some other high energy people. One of them became President Nixon’s doctor. Doctor Jacoby. And I was pretty tight with that Doctor Jacoby. You know, anywhere he seen me, anywhere we met, he always stopped and shake my hands and, you know. And shake my hands. He was very—I guess he—when I worked, I gave the best job that I have in my work, you know. And that’s the same thing that happened with anybody that carried a tool, you know. And plus, me going to school and doing all of that, he was very impressed that I had found this time to do this. You know? So, at the time he was only a commander when I met him at Great Lakes. Then he became a captain and then he became an admiral and became Nixon’s doctor. Interviewer: Right. (00:26:47) Veteran: You know? So…I got accepted to that program. I went to the program for a whole year. And I finished at there too. One out of nine, I finished there. But we did—they gave us a sample exam like the ASAP exam. I think I was 2nd out of the 9. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: I beat the other guys. You know, so I thought oh boy, this is a snap. This is a snap. This is solely going to be like this. It’s a snap. It turned out much worse than what was…That year, the ASAP was moving from Muncie to Chicago. Yeah, so they were all in a mess, you know. And the exam that they gave us that year was really hard. The cutting score was only 88. You �know? I said, “Oh man, it was really hard.” I didn’t find out that I pass it. I took it in November. I didn’t find out until June. Interviewer: Wow. Veteran: And I found out I scored 111. So, I said, “Oh man, that…” So, barely…So, I became a medical—I was a—you know, became a registered medical technologist. And so, now I have something to market outside when I leave the Navy, you know? Interviewer: Right. (00:28:22) Veteran: So, in the meantime, Southern Illinois University came into the—to Camp Lejeune campus. They started that program, the on-campus program, they had one that actually started that I think. Because other universities eventually started doing it too here. And so, they came in. I gave them my transcript, whatever I had. They said, “Okay, you are qualified for that 18 months program and you get a bachelor’s in healthcare administration.” You know? I said, “Oh, I’ll take it. You know, I will go ahead and go for it. I got nothing to lose. I have more to gain than to lose, you know.” So, but Jeanie was really saddled with the kids. At the time, we already had four kids, you know. So, she was taking care of the kids while I was at—most of the time. Plus, I was working part time, you know. And I got my degree in hospital—in that healthcare administration when I left Camp Lejeune. Interviewer: Okay. So, what year was that? Veteran: 1978. February 1978. Interviewer: Alright. �Veteran: And when—I got a job waiting at the Milwaukee County Hospital when, you know— that’s that chief that I was telling you I got run in. We almost got into a fistfight at the time. And I embarrassed him in front of a whole bunch of young kids. You know what, I don’t know what started it. He said something…He would have decked me or something, you know, the way I was—at the time, I was E-7, he was E-8. He was the officer of the day, I was the—I mean, he is the officer of the day, I was the chief of the day at the hospital administration lobby, you know. So, I told him, I said, “In our younger years,” I said, “I would have put you in the hospital.” I said, “You know,” I said, “you know why you are staying in the Navy? You got nothing to offer outside.” I said, “You have got nothing. You may be the best personnel officer in the world,” I said, “but without that piece of paper, you ain’t worth a damn. You know, I got something I can market. I don’t need you. I don’t need anyone of you to do anything for me.” (00:30:58) Interviewer: So, when did you have this encounter with him? Was that in ’78? Veteran: That—this is ’78, before I retired. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Before I retired. Interviewer: I guess you…Okay, yeah, okay because that is—so, basically now you—so, now you really— Veteran: No, maybe even late ’77, right around. Interviewer: Yeah. Right. Veteran: After late ’77, I put my application in to retire because I heard you need to put it in a year ahead of time, see. �Interviewer: Okay. So, you have lined up yourself a proper civilian job. And you know where you are going and so— Veteran: Yeah. And he doesn’t have anything. And he is nothing but an alcoholic, you know, just a…He made E-9 because he is a bootlicker, you know. Interviewer: But you have gone off—okay, so now did you have a career in hospital administration? Is that what you did? Veteran: No. I went to medical technology because I already had the experience there. Interviewer: Right. Okay. Veteran: And then I went to [unintelligible] for the master’s in hospital administration. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And I was one semester—one credit short to get my master’s, but I got mad with the dean. Him and I got—you know, I was accused of unethical research. You know, I was—I wanted to break the union that came into Milwaukee County for medical technologists. But it was really 49 to 51 split, you know, in favor of the union. But a lot of these people claimed they didn’t really want the union. You know? (00:32:32) Veteran: So, I wanted to break the union but how do you go about that? It’s been done. I found out later on it has been done because I did a lot of this research. And there is a group in Philadelphia that got out of the unionization, the medical unionization. But they went to court. They went to court. So, in my research, I found this out. But for me to do the research, my advisor advised me to survey the medical technologists under assumed name. Interviewer: Oh… �Veteran: You know, because if I put my name, they know me. I was supervisor of the blood bank already at that point, see. I was supervising the blood bank there already. You know? So, he said, “Go and survey them.” He said, “There is a practice survey, check the survey.” Everything passed, everything that I did passed. But then, somebody from laboratory administration went to the dean and, “Find out who this person is.” They didn’t know. Well, I was on my second reader, and he held the paper, but they didn’t tell me why. They didn’t tell me why they didn’t. So, before the end—the semester was almost ending, you know. I called them. I did call them because I wanted to see how I was doing, you know. But he should have given me the reason why he did that. I could have—I would have went to him right then. So, I called him and he told me that was the reason and so we started—I went to his office. He called me to his office, and we talked. He said, “Some—” I said, “You call it unethical research? Why would your professor advise me to use the assumed name?” Interviewer: Yeah. (00:34:28) Veteran: “If I had known that I would have used my name.” So, we got an understanding that it was…Now, when he asked the professor, he said that I must have heard—he didn’t actually directly accepted it. But he said he said that I must have advised him to do that, you know. But you know, so—but at that point, I was already mad. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: So, the dean said, “Well, if you want, you can go ahead and finish it, but you are going to—you are out of time. You are going to have to start again.” I said, “I am not going to pay you another money for you to be able to control what I am doing.” Interviewer: Okay. �Veteran: I said, “Give me something I can control, and I will do it. Give me maybe two more courses instead of the thesis. I will go back and finish it. Otherwise, I don’t need that thing.” Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: I already reached what I wanted to do. You know? So, that’s where I left it and I left it there. Interviewer: So, you went back to medical technology— Veteran: I had always been in medical technology. At that point, I was already promoted to supervisor of the blood bank. You know, I started some of the first stuff here in the city. You know, like have you ever heard of Doctor Messerschmidt in Oregon? In Washington State? At the cancer center? He developed a procedure. See, I was doing a job that no medical technologist was doing. I was the only medical technologist. I had to train some of the other medical technologists because I wanted the medical technologists to learn it because it could be done by medical technologists. Usually, it is done by the nurses. And I was the only one that was doing it. So, I trained some of these people. Well, Messerschmidt came out with this procedure where it was a column absorption. (00:36:47) Veteran: It was a column absorption where the—it’s an immunology thing, but the anti—the IgG are absorbed by the column and the good IgG is then sent back to the patient. It’s a very effective ITP, you know. And it came to Milwaukee because one of the things that he was selling was it could cure some of the liver cancers. And I was doing this process—procedure—for the, you know, I set up the section at the county. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, now the main focus of our interview here is really your military career. We have now kind of— �Veteran: Right. Interviewer: --come to the end of that and we see that it has launched you into a career in medical technology. Veteran: Yeah, that’s where I ended up. Interviewer: And that’s the field that you stayed in. Alright. And basically, I’d like—so we have kind of gotten to where we need to go for the purposes of our project. You have got a truly remarkable story here. When you think back about the time that you spent in the Navy…I mean, I guess you have told us a lot about this already, but how would you sum it up? What do you think you took out of the Navy service or how did it effect you? (00:38:03) Veteran: I grew up, I think. I think I grew up. I really…I think whatever we have now—we have a very successful family, I believe. You know? And I have 9 grandchildren, 4 or 5 of them finished college. One is in a PhD program at the WUM. This one just got his bachelor’s in biochemistry and is going to be in the Air Force. And I have all the kids finish their college, you know. So, I got that without the discipline that I learned from the Navy, that…you know, that wouldn’t be there. I don’t know. Maybe it could have been better because I could have been a millionaire in the Philippines as a gopher for the politician, you know. You know, I have my uncle died and left his children, 6 children, a million dollar apiece in cash, plus the properties that they all own in Manila, you know. And one of them became a billionaire in Manila [unintelligible]. So, we don’t know, but whatever I have now, you know, is because of the Navy. Because of the Navy. Interviewer: Alright. Well, thank you very much for taking the time to share the story today. �Veteran: Yeah. And you know, I hope there is something in there that could help maybe the other veteran that… (00:39:41) � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/841b2544ae8f9d19e09916f8146faf6d.mp3 3bf1cdf3c289b919b64bf256cb7af5db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_NazarioM2333V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nazario, Moises G Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-08 Title A name given to the resource Nazario, Moises (Interview transcript and audio, part 2), 2020 Description An account of the resource Moises Nazario finished his tour with his company in Vietnam in July 1967. After helping his captain in the last few months before the captain was to be transferred, Nazario was sent back to the United States in October 1967. He was then transferred to Cherry Point, North Carolina, where he attended medical technology courses at night school. He reenlisted on December 30th, 1967, and was sent to work at the research station in Batista, Maryland in March 1968. That August, Nazario began laboratory tech classes and applied for an intensive medical technology program. He was accepted into the program, passed the exam, and became a registered medical technologist. He then completed his bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration at Southern Illinois University, taking classes at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He left Camp Lejeune in February 1978 to work at the Milwaukee County Hospital and work toward his master’s degree in hospital administration. However, just when he was about to finish his master’s program, he was accused of unethical research by the dean. Fortunately, he was able to continue his career in medical technology and work as a supervisor at a local blood bank. He believes that the Navy taught him discipline that helped him and his family become successful. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians—Personal narratives, American Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource sound/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/029d7952b7f3b756ccaed0a592fdaf91.pdf b235c3d39991a7dd1ddcce3e74909749 PDF Text Text (_/_g_?______ =_G_RA_N,_D_,RA_P_io_s_P_RE_ss ____ ri_Ji_, -""'----[l AP PHOTO Rabbi Avraham Weiss is dragged from the convent by workmen. �Workers at convent near Auschwitz heat American protesters The Associated Press OSWIECIM, Poland - Workers at a Roman Catholic convent on the edge of the Auschwitz concentration camp punched, kicked and dragged out an American rabbi and six students who occupied the grounds Friday to demand the nuns leave. About 20 people, including uniformed and plainclothes police, watched as the workers ripped up the demonstrators' signs and assaulted them. Rabbi Avraham Weiss of the Hebrew Institute of New York said his group suffered bruises, scrapes, bleeding noses and lips. Their clothes were tom and they were forced to leave the convent grounds. Weiss said the nuns watched from a window and did not try to op-the- worke . ers could see women inside watching, but they were not dressed in habits and appeared not to be nuns. "It's extraordinary that in Auschwitz 50 years later, something like this could happen," said Weiss. "I demand an apology from these nuns." The incident occurred five hours after the men climbed a 7-foot wrought iron fence and occupied a porch of the convent, located in a former Nazi warehouse on the perimeter of the camp where 4 million people died from 1940 to 1945, an estimated 2.5 million of them Jews. Weiss's group called the convent a "desecration" of the Jews' mem- ory and protested the failure of Catholic authorities to meet a Febnaary deadline to relocate it. The group went to nearby Krakow but said they would return Sunday. "What occurred today is going to strengthen our resolve all the more now," said Weiss. "People should µnderstand what peaceful non-violent protest is all about. I cannot accept that the nuns would be looking through the window and not help us." The men had planned to occupy the convent until the end of the Sabbath on Saturday night and then stage more demonstrations Sunday against Roman Catholic Cardinal Franciszek Macharski of Krakow. Under a 1987 Geneva declaration, signed by 18 Roman Catholic and Jewish leaders, the cardinal was to transfer the 14 Barefoot Carmelite nuns to an interfaith prayer and education center to be built farther from the camp. The controversy surroundlng tbe convent has become m m emotional since the deadline for moving the nuns passed on Feb. 22. The European director of B'nai B'rith said in June he was confident the situation was headed for a resolution based on new assurances by Macharski. The cloister, founded in 1984, is a few feet from the barbed wire fence and guard towers of the death eam . 'I'he convent-lawn,witlHt-2-3 foot wooden cross in the middle, is a former gravel pit where political prisoners were gunned down by Nazi executioners in 1940 and 1941. Jews have condemned the presence of the convent at the concentration camp as a deeply offensive intrusion of Christian religious symbols. In May, 300 women from 27 countries held a peaceful protest in front of the convent organized by the Women's International Zionist Organization. Weiss appealed to the Polish government, the independent Soli-, darity union and the Polish people to exert pressure to move the convent. He said that despite the February deacl,line, it appeared the nuns were refurbishing the building and grounds. "Qur patience has run out," said Weiss, whose Hebrew Institute is in Riverdale in the New York City borough of the Bronx. After climbing the convent fence Friday, the rabbi and his students said prayers, sang religious songs and donned prayer shawls. The men knocked on the convent door, but the nuns did not emerge. Instead, workmen on the second floor doused the group with water, jeered and told them to leave. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1989-05-15-US-protesters-in-EU-332 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-05-15 Title A name given to the resource Nazi-revival aangepakt door FBI Description An account of the resource Dutch newspaper clipping about the resurgence of Nazi ideology in United States. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Neo-Nazism -- United States Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a9a8fdf245d5aafea7a6e205c2dc59bc.mp4 645a899b3faa9748eeb043371cf3ce75 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b0cc1dd4dd4b7aedbbe775bdd7d91ab8.pdf 489d676254dace4f25a4c43affc53aa4 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Jack Neal World War II (00:00:42) Early Life -Born in Flint, Michigan on January 21, 1927 -Grew up in Flint -His father was the assistant superintendent of the experimental division at General Motors -Family did well during the Great Depression because of his father’s job -He had seven siblings -His older brother joined the Army Air Corps -He was stationed in England with the 8th Air Force during WWII and survived (00:03:00) Start of the War -He learned about the attack on Pearl Harbor through the newspapers and radio broadcasts -He had been aware of what was happening in Europe and Asia -He didn’t think that the war would be over before he was old enough to serve -He was pleased to serve anyway (00:04:12) Getting Drafted and Basic Training -He got drafted in early 1945 shortly after his eighteenth birthday -He was allowed to finish high school though -He took a general aptitude test before reporting for basic training -He reported for basic training in late spring 1945 -He was sent to Camp Lee, Virginia -Originally sent to Fort Sheridan, Illinois for processing -Took a train from Fort Sheridan to Camp Lee -Train ride took a day and a half -Allowed to move around on the train, but wasn’t allowed to get off -Camp Lee was near Petersburg, Virginia -Learned about military customs and protocol -Went on marches and went to the firing range -Trained with the M1 Garand and M1 Carbine -Received some handgun training -There was a strong emphasis on discipline -The drill sergeants were reasonable and his lieutenant was an intelligent and good man -He didn’t have any problems with adjusting to the Army -He spent roughly two months at Camp Lee (00:11:29) Advanced Training -From Camp Lee he was sent to Fort Belvoir, Virginia -Same general area as Camp Lee -He was sent there for Camouflage School which was similar to infantry training -He received additional weapons training at Fort Belvoir -Further rifle and pistol training as well as some grenade training -Also received gas mask training (00:12:59) End of the War -He was at Fort Jackson, South Carolina when the Japanese surrendered �-He was there to receive additional, miscellaneous training (00:14:03) Living on Bases -He lived in barracks at each base -Got a chance to meet different people from all over the country (00:14:37) Downtime in the United States -He received weekend passes in Virginia and South Carolina -Travelled the areas -He visited Washington DC and saw the various government buildings there -He realized that there was a definite separation of whites and blacks in the South -He didn’t see anything of significance in terms of racism or discrimination (00:17:50) Comrades -The majority of the Southern soldiers were good men, but some were crude and rough -Most of the men he trained with were in their late teens -The noncommissioned officers (corporals and sergeants) and officers were good men (00:19:38) Deployment -From Fort Jackson he was sent to New York (or New Jersey) -Spent three or four days there -Boarded a Victory Ship (similar to a Liberty Ship) -The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean was good -Treated well, fed well, and the weather was fine -They sailed with a small convoy (00:22:11) Arriving in Europe -They went through the Straits of Gibraltar and entered the Mediterranean Sea -Pulled into Oran, Algeria for two or three days -From North Africa they sailed to Naples, Italy and disembarked there -He had no unit, he was sent over as a replacement -When they stopped in Oran he didn’t get off the ship -He went a few miles north of Naples and stayed in some barracks for a few days -From Naples he was taken up to Rome (00:24:27) Stationed in Rome-German POWs -In Rome he was assigned to a Military Police unit that was near the Tiber River -There was a prisoner of war camp attached to the MP base -Some German prisoners were used for jobs outside the camp doing menial jobs -Some of the German prisoners could speak English -He got to know a couple of the prisoners fairly well -Most of the prisoners were in their mid-20s to early 30s -Some of the Germans were originally from the area that became East German -Did not want to get repatriated and be under Soviet rule -Majority of them left in late 1945/early 1946 -Some did leave during the time he was there (00:28:17) Stationed in Rome-Military Police Duties -He didn’t do too much being part of the Military Police -He would report daily to the headquarters -He worked with the military police that went out on police patrols -They patrolled Rome and the area around Rome -There was a day shift, evening shift, and night shift for the military police �-The objective of the police and jeep patrols was to monitor soldiers in Rome -Primarily dealt with drunken American soldiers in the city -There weren’t too many serious crimes that happened during his time there -One or two murders -Also dealt with AWOL (absent without leave) soldiers -Duty was to find them, arrest them, and hold them until trial (00:32:08) Interacting with Italian Civilians -The Italian civilians had a good relationship with the American soldiers -It was very rare to find an Italian that was hostile -They enjoyed the American presence because the troops spent money -There was a high amount of prostitution, but it was never a problem to his knowledge -Some of the Italian women were educated and worked for the Army as interpreters -Men were able to have actual relationships or friendships with them -He heard a lot of negative comments about Mussolini while he was there -Believes some of this may have been to win over Americans -But also thinks that the majority of it was sincere (00:34:57) Signs of the War -There was very little damage to Rome due to the war -The area around Rome was still damaged even in late 1945/early 1946 -Especially between Rome and Naples -He saw Monte Cassino where the Battle of Monte Cassino happened in 1944 -There were a lot of graves and there was still a lot of destruction (00:36:04) Travelling around Italy -Rome had economically recovered pretty well only less than a year after the war’s end -Shops were open and business was being conducted -The recovery was most likely due in part to the American troops spending money -He got a chance to see Milan and Florence -Got a chance to see some Italian opera performances -He had a fair amount of free time while he was stationed in Italy -He was allowed to take a jeep to travel around the country -Primarily travelled by jeep, and rarely by train -Never travelled alone, always made sure to have another NCO come with him (00:39:18) Living Conditions in Italy -He was housed in a former Italian/German military police headquarters -He shared a large room in the HQ with another noncommissioned officer -Fed good food, it was still military food, but it was the best military food -Occasionally got treated to Italian food that was cooked by the Italian workers -Also able to go into Rome and eat at restaurants there (00:40:54) Crime in Rome Pt. 1 -There was a lot of black market activity -The Italian military police handled that with some assistance from the Americans -Some of the drunken soldiers would get belligerent -Majority were so intoxicated that they couldn’t resist -He was armed with a club and a firearm, but never had to use them -The majority of work against crime was done from his office �(00:43:00) Relationship between Noncommissioned Officers and Commissioned Officers -Most of the commissioned officers in his unit were good men -Some of them were career soldiers and had been in the Army for a decade or more -Had a high level of professionalism -There were no problems between the noncommissioned officers and the commissioned officers (00:44:52) Crime in Rome Pt. 2 -He was never in any dangerous or desperate situations -The Italian police dealt with crimes involving the Italians -Majority of the Italian police were honest men -Some were corrupt though, and possibly involved with prostitution -The main product being traded in the black market was American cigarettes -Some soldiers would sell military clothing or handguns to the Italians -There wasn’t a lot of that going on that he was aware of though (00:47:30) Contact with Home -He was away from the United States for thirteen months -He spent Christmas 1946 in Italy -Treated to a special Christmas dinner -He was able to write letters home to his friends and family -Some friends from Flint Central High School were also in the military -He was able to write to them -Some were stationed relatively close and could visit him in Rome -Censorship of letters ended shortly after he got Italy (00:50:33) Coming Home and End of Service -He was ready to go home when the time -That is not to say he didn’t enjoy his time Italy, but was ready to go back -Placed on a truck and taken a few miles north of Rome to a port -Boarded another Victory Ship there -The voyage home wasn’t bad and he arrived in New Jersey -He was sent to a base in New York for three or four days -From there he was sent to Fort Sheridan, Illinois to be discharged -Sometime in early 1947 (00:53:00) Life after the War -He worked at the Flint Post Office for a few months -Enrolled in Michigan State University on the GI Bill -Got his bachelor’s degree in journalism -He worked for the Flint Journal (a newspaper) for a little while -He eventually went to work for the Buick Motor Division at General Motors -Worked in the office, specifically in the purchase department -Working with vendors from all over the state -Got a job through one of the vendors in Ferndale, Michigan -Worked there for eighteen months -He enrolled in Wayne State University and studied law -He got a job with Corporate Service while he was in law school -After completing law school and passing the bar he got a job as a lawyer at a law firm -Worked there for a year and a half -Dealt with workmen’s compensation and malpractice suits �-He opened his own law office in Flint, Michigan -Also had some legal work in Grand Rapids, Michigan -When he was semi-retired he lived for a year in Florida -Decided that he missed the Midwest and moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan (01:00:25) Reflections on Service -His service taught him how to live and work with people from a variety of backgrounds -He learned a great deal about the real world which helped him to mature -He thoroughly enjoyed his years at Michigan State University -Allowed that experience due to his time in the Army and the GI Bill � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_NealJ1705V Title A name given to the resource Neal, Jack (Interview outline and video), 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-11-13 Description An account of the resource Jack Neal was born in Flint, Michigan in 1927. He grew up in Flint during the Great Depression and World War II and was eventually drafted into the Army in early 1945 shortly after his eighteenth birthday. He reported for duty in late spring 1945 and received training at Camp Lee, Virginia Fort Belvoir, Virginia and Fort Jackson, South Carolina. In late 1945 he was sent over to Europe and was stationed in Rome, Italy as part of a Military Police unit there. During his time in Rome he helped keep order in the city, worked with German prisoners of war, and got to travel around Italy. His time in Italy ended in early 1947 and he was sent back to the United States. He was discharged from the Army at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Neal, Jack Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a99837935b9361348a2bf18e801ce8b1.jpg 4e7ed9706f1801b047ab864fb191d777 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NealWilliam_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Neal, William Description An account of the resource William Neal, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/561370f049ce9f6f4c9f53bff786bc94.jpg 23106623de861aef177f7b1b746c7c10 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NealWilliam_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Title A name given to the resource Neal, William Description An account of the resource William Neal, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1971s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d46522e55c394271f43586f55be382d.jpg 7cee8f5c9009db335f95a6363e627953 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NealWilliam_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Neal, William Description An account of the resource William Neal, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6bbd2b4fcab6ca1fcb6f611583c19d25.jpg 3984ab101b067bfd880a4e0aabab116d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NealWilliam_Photo04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Neal, William Description An account of the resource William Neal, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1979s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a466c629c2be14aa23f863266ac282f0.jpg 743ca4b80505aaaee25d8a0107797ede Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NebbelingDirk Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Title A name given to the resource Nebbeling, Dirk Description An account of the resource Dirk Nebbeling, Public Relations Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1969s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9e7a970b5add48c06dec62aec80d8b44.jpg 652f5d1692da8f81546e4fd1bcd14b69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00843 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-08-14 Title A name given to the resource Nebraska. Greenwood Creek Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a man leaning against a wall of stone at the East fork of Greenwood Creek. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Nebraska Geology Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e70c14b39fc17f0bcc747641af974896.jpg 1849c13be193918bd920727aea497d34 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/720ab9bf0a252c360e62ce2b0bdd0ba4.jpg e544543fba635451251f02044272d6fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1908-Neeltje-DeJong-recto-img758 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908 Title A name given to the resource Neeltje DeJong (1847-1930), circa 1908 Description An account of the resource Portrait photograph of Neeltje DeJong (1847-1930), circa 1908. Neeltje was the second wife of Aris Termaat (b. 1832), and the mother of Maartje Van Egmond nee Termaat (b. 1877), Adriana Termaat (1879-1952), and Neeltje Termaat (1886-1975). Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Portrait photographs Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/228762142fa33a3ea8c23d49ba3b6874.jpg e3fde3b2cfd38e19b3d29a4212b60ae5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/270e90f222565a03399b39dae7b5be15.jpg 461029401ce03d10db6f2bcd5ba67df7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1904-Neetlje-Termaat-recto-img716 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1904 Title A name given to the resource Neeltje Termaat (1886-1975) with three unidentified women, circa 1904 Description An account of the resource Group portrait photograph of Neeltje Termaat (1886-1975) with three unidentified women, circa 1904. Neeltje was the daughter of Aris Termaat (b. 1832) and Neeltje DeJong (b. 1847). Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Group portraits Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d448ce0bc0e7b798577f99af1efe39a.jpg 4ccc5f04b4489e54dd585ce5cb538c5a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/627e0d3e21c7cdd2766c963ed25a8b88.jpg 8ed91fa8aaad8a768a2d37a0548005ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1908-Neetltje-Termaat-recto-img760 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chrispijn, J. (photographer) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908 Title A name given to the resource Neeltje Termaat (1886-1975) with two unidentified women, circa 1908 Description An account of the resource Portrait of Neetlje Termaat (1886-1975) with two unidentified women, by J. Chrispijn. Neeltje was the unmarried daughter of Aris Termaat (b. 1832) and Neeltje De Jong (b. 1847). Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Group portraits Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8dc51da55bd3aca690fcc5cbeadf1651.jpg 0d7241c8fcfb7cf770b16a4681868b06 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a8645c9bcc6681b095e1b37dc1fc1c79.jpg 2c23cd7b301725dacdb168c9a74f14b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1910-Neeltje-Termaat-recto-img713 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Title A name given to the resource Neeltje Termaat (1886-1975), circa 1910 Description An account of the resource Portrait photograph of Neeltje Termaat wearing a dark dress and hat with a white feather and holding gloves. Neeltje was the unmarried daughter of Aris Termaat (b. 1832) and Neeltje De Jong (b. 1847). Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Portrait photographs Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/db975ae3178c4d262e3c717a3afd947b.mp4 3a2dfd3ee2f6fdc3632b1274afc80e9d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9397a234160bffdd30c6b74015b4f42a.pdf 9196801e469afa84cc4f756eb6795167 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Duane Neff (00:51:00) Introduction: Mr. Neff was born in Odessa, Michigan. His father worked as a milkman, then Consumers Energy, and after he was laid off there he laid down blacktop. Duane graduated from high school in Carson City, MI, in 1942. He was drafted the next February. Military training Duane's military training began in Fort Custer, and he was then transferred to Atlantic City. He recounts his first lengthy train ride on an electric train. After Atlantic City he was transferred to Greensboro. After being drafted, he was initially put in the Navy. Duane was irritated at this because his father had been in the Air Corps during WWI and he wanted to follow in his father's footsteps. Eventually, he managed to get the matter sorted out. (3:45) The next transfer was to Drew Field, where he learned radio training and ground observer training. He explains that ground observer training is the practice by which military personnel learn to quickly identify what type of aircraft is flying overheard. Generally, "quickly" is ten seconds or less. (4:42) Also while in Drew Field he was trained in Morse Code. Despite his training, he says he never learned Morse Code effectively. (5:00) Next he was transferred to Tampa for a period of 3-6 months. (5:30) While in Tampa, he spent most of his time at the local beaches looking for girls. (5:42) Dancing was another common entertainment during his stay at Tampa. While dancing one night, he hurt his leg. (6:20) While in Tampa, he and others were formed into a formal military unit near a race track. (6:49) He notes that the men in his unit came from all over America, and that he is still friends with some of them. (7:14) Next he was transferred to Mississippi, for amphibious training. (7:34) Mr. Neff notes the various types of planes present at the base (7:56) Later on, he is transferred to Fresno, CA for desert training. He notes that this is the same location where the Japanese interment camps were located. (8:24) �He expresses his disagreement with the Japanese interments. (9:09) His next transfer was to Pittsburgh, CA. (9:20) During February of 1944 he is shipped out to active duty. (9:41) Deployment He notes he was excited and interested to begin active duty. He also notes they were served sauerkraut and wheaties, and that everyone but himself got horribly seasick. (9:52) Duane's ship left San Francisco without an escort, and went South and East, along New Zealand, and Australia. He was unloaded at Finschaefen, New Guinea. Duty in the Phillipines Preparation begins for the invasion of the Phillipines. (11:26) During his time in the Phillipines, he comes across Filipinos. He explains that relations between U.S. military officers and the natives were generally cordial, and that they often traded with them. Gum and cigarettes were generally traded for jewelry. (11:26) He notes that the natives lived in the jungles. (12:38) Duane notes that disease, especially malaria, was problematic for his unit. He notes briefly that he has had malaria. (12:51) Recounts experiences of "jungle rot" prevalent in his unit. He blames the "jungle rot" on their insisting on wearing wet shoes. (13:00) Duane praises the two doctors in his unit for combating disease. (13:15) Recounts one of the doctors being shot. (13:35) Duane notes that the Japanese bombing was not a major problem for him in the Phillipines. (14:82) Duane briefly discusses the buildup of a major naval battle (15:38) Notes that the part of the problem for the US forces was that his ship had run aground. (16:00) The LST was full of gasoline, although he didn't know it at the time (17:00) Smoke screens, aerial bombing are problematic. Nothing came close to him personally. (17:12) He notes that the cook operated the machine gun. He explains that the cook was proficient with the weapon, although he did damage some of their own structure. (17:49) Explains there were no casualties during the unloading. (18:27) �He discusses the seven casualties of his unit, and explains there bodies were never found. (18:46) He notes that the Catholic chaplain at the permanent base was shot. (19:00) Japanese paratroopers begin assault on the base. (19:50) Japanese come with half a dozen transports (20:16) Paratroopers are stopped with a Thompson machine gun. (21:10) Paratrooper attack is not accompanied by other types of attack (21:36) Starving Japanese soldiers come to American base for food. The Americans feed them, and then lock them up. (21:45) Other types of interaction between American and Japanese troops. (22:00) Japanese air raids (23:42) Attacks are usually at night (24:10) Discusses fighter pilots and commander. (24:38) Filipinos were generally friendly to Americans, in part because the Japanese treated them cruelly. Service economy emerges between Filipinos and Americans. (25:00) Movies were shown outside at the base with a film projector. Shows came to the base as well, such as Jerry Colona, Bob Hope, and the Oklahoma stage show. Dances were not prevalent as earlier however. (25:54) Despite the moist, hot climate, the movie equipment did not seem to have problems. (27:44) Renault Stadium in Manila is a bombed out area (28:32) Goes to Clark field, where he sees an impressive amount of airplanes. (29:56) Flies frequently, noting islands (30:36) Supply planes need help (31:12) Supply plane has problems getting in the air. (32:20) Notices a problem with the tire, which turns out to only be a sticker for the recently replaced tire. (33:00) Colonel saves Duane from going to prison. Truckloads of mail from New Guinea had been backed up, resulting in the mail bags becoming water damaged. Duane disposes of the ruined �mail bags by burning them, thinking that he was saving someone else the trouble of their disposal. The post-master charges him with destroying government property, but the Col. agrees with Duane and he is not sent to prison. (34:35-36:00) Duane has more problems with the mail when another officer fraudulently signs Duane's name for a delivered watch. The mail inspector has Duane sign his name dozens of times, and concludes that the earlier signature was a forgery. (36:29-37:46) Plays cribbage with some of his friends, one of whom he taught to play the game. He notes that he was playing cribbage when the war ended. (38:25) After the War Discusses point system for discharges. (38:36) Duane was due out on December of 1945, at which point he came down with malaria. (38:46) He leaves the Phillipines on the Sacagewea. (39:00) Notes that 37 of the people on the Sacagewea were white, and the rest were black. (39:56) 1200 miles off the coast of Hawaii, the ship is set aflame by a grease fire. The grease fire was caused by frying donuts in turbulent seas. Despite the fire, Duane continues playing the movie. No one comes to notify the people watching movies, but they figure it out when smoke comes into the room. Everyone lays down on the floor to avoid the smoke. A large black man comes in and helps people out of the room. The fire is put out afterwards. (40:19-42:18) The Sacagawea was supposed to dock in Seattle, but the officials order them to stop at Hawaii due to damage from the fire. He also notes they are low on food. The repairs are made midtransit, and they are then told to land in San Francisco instead. Once in San Francisco he is put on a cruise ship and sent to Angel Island, where they have a meal of T-bone steaks and milk. (42:36-44:09) Discharged at Fort Sheldon. (45:42) Returns to Michigan. He files for unemployment, but never collects as he is soon hired by Consumers Energy. He works for Consumers Energy for forty years and then retires. (45:4346:45) Expresses gratitude for his time in the military. Explains he didn't find it pleasant at the time, but is glad he went. If he had to do it again, he'd be a cook (47:00-47:44) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NeffD Title A name given to the resource Neff, Duane (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Neff, Duane L. Description An account of the resource Duane Neff served in the US Army Air Corps between 1943 and 1946. He served with an air warning unit that worked mostly with fighter squadrons in the Philippines. He discusses encounters with the Japanese and with Filipinos, and incidents that took place on base before and after the war's end. When heading home, the ship he was on caught fire and had to make an emergency stop in Hawaii. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-12-06 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e81e3a917729833a543e7b9637814914.pdf f8ddb26ceda82fd56f35a37c5da4ebc8 PDF Text Text \)\CKINso,t Q; L4,/ c.::, ..... cS: �TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 OVERVIEW & BRIEF DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction ........ . 1.2 Township Description POPULATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Population Trends . 2.3 Population Estimates 2.4 Age & Male/Female Composition 2.5 Racial Composition 2.6 Educational Attainment . 2.7 Household Characteristics 2.8 Population Projections 2.9 Population Density .... 2.10 Issues & Opportunities .. . . . . . 1 1 .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . ...... . . .. . . . .. ... 3.0 ECONOMIC BASE Introduction Area Economy Labor Force & Employment Employment by Sector ....•• Employment by Place of Work Major Employers Income 3.8 Poverty Rates 3.9 Issues & Opportunities 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 NATURAL FEATURES 4.1 Topography 4.2 Geology ••.•. 4.3 Mineral Resources 4.4 Soils .......... 4.5 Water Features Wildlife 4.6 4.7 Climate 4.8 Issues & Opportunities . . . . .. ... . .. ...... ... ... ..... 1 ..... 1 ......... 6 ...... ....... ...... ...... .7 12 13 15 16 17 20 ...... 1 .................. 1 1 6 . . . . . . .. .. . . .. ...... 10 ...... . . . . .. . 11 ...... 13 ... ... .. . .. . . . . .. . . . ...... 17 . . . . .. . ....... 19 . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 1 ... • 2 . .. .. . .. . . . ...... 3 3 . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . ........ .................. 5 ... . ... .... 6 .......... ...... 6 6 �• 5.0 Page LAND USE 1 5.1 Historical Land Use Patterns •2 5.2 Factors Affecting Land Use .4 5.3 Current Use Inventory ....... 8 5.4 Residential Land Use .. 10 5.5 Commercial Land Use 10 5.6 Industrial Land Use ... 11 5.7 Forestry & Agricultural Land Uses 12 5.8 Public & Quasi-Public Land Use 14 5.9 Land Ownership .... 14 5.10 Contaminated Sites 5.11 Wellhead Protection and Planning •••••...•.••••....••.•••......... 17 17 5.12 Land Use Trends 18 5.13 Issues & Opportunities 6.0 COMMUNITY FACILITIES & SERVICES 6.1 Introduction ................... . 6.2 Municipal Community Facilities & Services 6.3 Other Community Facilities & Services 6.4 Other Public Facilities & Services .• 6.5 Issues & Opportunities ...•..••••••••..•.. 7.0 8.0 HOUSING 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Housing Characteristics 7.3 Financial Characteristics 7.4 Selected Housing Characteristics . 7.5 Areas of Development 7.6 Issues & Opportunities ....... 1 1 3 •••••••• 7 8 1 1 13 15 18 19 PARK & RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Existing Recreational Facilities .•.......•.. Nearby Recreational Sites Historical Resources ... Local Recreation Needs Recreational Needs Standards Park Accessibility .••.• Issues & Opportunities ..••••. 1 5 8 12 15 18 20 �• 9.0 10.0 • TRANSPORTATION 9.1 Road System ..••••.. 9.2 Private Roads .•..••••.••.... 9.3 National Functional Classification of Roads 9.4 Condition of Roads in the Township .. 9.5 Condition of Bridges in the Township 9.6 Financing 9.7 Sub-State Area Long Range Plan 9.8 Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) 9.9 Traffic Volume ••..•.. 9.10 Public Transportation 9.11 Inter-Community Bus Services 9.12 Port ............ . 9.13 Air Transportation 9.14 Railroads ....... . 9.15 Non-Motorized Transportation Facilities 9.16 Issues & Opportunities ............. . MARQUETTE COUNTY AIRPORT 10.1 Introduction .............• 10.2 Existing Marquette County Airport 10.3 K.I. Sawyer Facilities 10.4 Airport Relocation •• 10.5 Issues & Opportunities ...... .. ... . ......... ...... 11.0 GOALS, POLICIES & OBJECTIVES 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Economy ......... . 11.3 Natural Features 11.4 Land Use. 11.5 Housing. 11.6 Transportation 11.7 Community Facilities & Services 11.8 Recreation/Historical ••••...•. Appendix A - ADA Requirements Appendix B - Maps Page 1 3 3 •• 7 ..... ... .... 11 11 17 18 19 21 24 25 26 26 ....... 27 28 ...... .......... ...... 1 1 7 9 12 1 2 •4 5 6 8 9 ••...• 10 �1.0 OVERVIEW AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction This Comprehensive Plan represents the culmination of months of discussion and study by the Negaunee Township Planning Commission, with technical assistance from the Central Upper Peninsula Planning and Development (CUPPAD) Regional Commission. The plan can be divided into two primary areas -- background information, and goals, policies and objectives which will guide Township future development. The first nine chapters (2-10) of the plan contain background information on the population trends, the local economy, land use, and community facilities, among other things. Such information is useful in forming a complete picture of Township growth and development over time as well as its potential. These chapters answer such questions as ''where do we want to go in the future and how can we achieve those goals. The last chapter of the plan (11) builds on the first nine, and provides a framework for guiding the Township's future development. In addition to providing a general framework for development, the goals, policies and objectives articulated in this plan will be used as a basis for reviewing proposed public improvement projects, in accordance with the Township Planning Act and redrafting of the township zoning ordinance. 1.2 Township Description Negaunee Township is located in the east central section of Marquette County, within the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming Urban Center. The Township lies along the Highway U.S. 41/M-28 corridor between the City of Marquette and the Cities of Ishpeming and Negaunee. The Township is bounded by the townships of Ishpeming, Marquette, Sands, Richmond, Tilden and the City of Negaunee. The Township incorporates approximately 44 square miles of total land area. The area is approximately one day's drive from the major midwest cities of Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit and Minneapolis. The current Marquette County airport is located within the Township on U.S. 41/M-28. The Marquette County Board of Commissioners made a decision in August 1996 to move the existing county airport location to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The airport is expected to be moved by mid- to late 1999. The historic development of the Township goes back to the days of iron ore exploration. In 1844, a survey party headed by William A. Burt made the first discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region within the present area of Negaunee. One year later, a Chippewa Indian Chief named Marji Gesick led Phil Everett and his party of explorers to an uprooted pine tree where they found an outcropping of iron ore. The explorers Chapter 1 - Page 1 �were from Jackson, Michigan and they founded the Jackson Mine at the pine tree site, the first property in the Lake Superior region to be worked for iron ore. Today a large monument marks the site of the first ore discovery. While iron ore extraction began early in the history of the Negaunee area, a number of efforts were also made to process this natural resource. In 1847 the Carp River forge was constructed on the Carp River at the present northeast limits of the city of Negaunee. The first blooms from this forge were hammered out in 1848. The site also housed the first Post Office in Marquette County. Further efforts to manufacture iron ore began with the construction of a charcoal blast furnace in 1847 near the present location of downtown Negaunee. The actual site is on Partridge Creek, some 1,000 feet south of the Teal Lake Avenue and Lincoln Street intersection. Pig iron production from this site began in 1858 and continued through 1893. A number of other early efforts to process iron ore were made in Marquette County, but they too eventually ceased due to economic difficulties. Because of the iron ore discovery of 1844, Peter S. White named the area "Negaunee", a word of Chippewa origin having the connotation of pioneer or first. The spirit of pioneering in Neguanee continued in July 1965, with the world's first shipment of pelletized underground iron ore. The ore was mined from the Mather "B" Mine and processed in the Pioneer Pellet Plant located in Negaunee Township. These technological advances in processing low grade iron ore gave new life to mining on the Marquette Iron Range. The processing of lowgrade ore continues to be a major economic factor in the area. The Empire Mine, started in 1962 with an annual capacity of 1.6 million tons of pellets, produced 8.35 million tons of magnetite ore in 1997. The Tilden Mine, which opened in 1974 with an annual production of 4 million tons, produced 6.0 million tons in 1997; the Tilden Mine produces both hematite and magnetite iron ore pellets. With the decision by Algoma Steel to purchase its source of iron ore exclusively from the Tilden Mine, annual pellet production will be increased to 7.8 million by 1999. An increase in households and demand for housing within the Township as well as development pressures in the Township and urban corridor are among the challenges facing Negaunee Township. While these trends can be viewed as positive changes, it is desirable for growth to occur in areas where services are adequate, where land use conflicts are minimized and where the physical environment is suitable for development. This plan will help identify Township strengths and w~knesses, and provide a framework for the future growth and development of the area. Chapter 1 • Page 2 ~ �2.0 POPULATION 2.1 Introduction Population change is the primary component in tracking a community's past growth as well as predicting future population trends. Population characteristics relate directly to Township housing, educational, community, and recreational facility needs, and to its future economic development. Fluctuations in the economy can greatly influence the population growth and characteristics in a community. 2.2 Population Trends The population of Negaunee Township from 1940 to 1990 increased by 1,800 persons, or 316.9 percent (Table 2-1). The only decline during this fifty year period occurred between 1980 and 1990, when the Township population declined from 2,443 to 2,368, a 3.1 percent decline. The decline during this decade mirrored a county-wide decline, probably due to employment losses in the mining industry. From 1940 to 1980, the Township population grew steadily, with an increase of 330 percent. During the 1940s, the Township experienced the greatest rate of growth of the 50-year time period, with a 60.0 percent increase, followed by a 52 percent increase in population during the 1950s. These two decades saw growth as a result of increases in the mining industry. Figure 2-1 gives a graphic comparison of the Township population trends to other civil divisions within Marquette County. The population of Marquette County from 1940 to 1990 increased by 23,743 persons, or 50.4 percent. Of the County civil or political divisions, the townships of Chocolay, Ely, Forsyth, Ishpeming, Marquette, Negaunee, Powell, Sands, Skandia, Tilden and West Branch and the city of Marquette were the only ones that experienced growth during this period, with the largest growth occurring in Sands. Countywide, a significant portion of the population growth is attributable to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, with large population increases in Forsyth, Sands and West Branch townships, which encompass the former base. Between 1950 and 1960, for example, Sands Township population grew by over 800 percent. The population of the two nearby cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming declined during this time period. The six county CUPPAD Region experienced some population decline in the 1940s, which was then followed by steady growth from 1950-1980, with a population increase of 22 percent; however, in the decade of the 1990s, the region lost 4,602 persons. The State of Michigan in each of the decades from 1940 to 1990 incurred growth in population, with a 50 year period increase of 76.8 percent. Chapter 2 - Page 1 �TABLE 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1940 1950 % Change, 1940-50 1960 %Change, 1950-60 1970 % Change, 1960-70 1980 % Change, 1970-80 1990 % Change, 1980-90 % Change, 1940-90 -3.1 316.9 346 -24.8 -50.1 72.3 6,025 6.0 583.1 1,955 74.6 1,946 -0.5 215.9 -21.1 163 -7A 156 -4.3 -49A 8,290 140.0 9,679 16.8 8,775 -9.3 339.2 5JJ 444 -5.7 577 30.0 500 -13.3 -4.2 8,857 -1.2 8,245 -6.9 7,538 -8.6 7,200 -4.5 .24.3 14.0 2,238 47.5 2,376 6.2 3,612 52.0 3,515 -2.7 164.1 17,202 8.0 19,824 15.2 21,967 10.8 23,288 6.0 21,977 -5.6 38.0 780 1,280 64.1 1,880 46.9 1,703 -9A 2,669 56.1 2,757 3.3 253.5 513 455 -11.3 410 ·10.0 436 6.3 383 -12.2 339 -11.5 -33.9 6,813 6,472 -5.0 6,126 -5.3 5,248 -14.3 5,189 -1.1 4,741 -8.6 -30A 644 623 .3.3 390 -37A 372 -4.6 667 79.3 660 -1.0 2.5 Republic Twp. 1,617 1,490 -7.9 1,417 -4.9 1,442 1.8 1,390 -3.6 1,170 15.8 -27.6 Richmond Twp. 1,225 1,197 -2.3 1,411 17.9 1,277 -9.5 1,246 -2A 1,095 -12.1 -10.6 Sands Twp. 172 179 4.1 1,657 825.7 2,164 30.6 2,437 12.6 2,696 10.6 1467A Skandia Twp. 793 634 -20.1 664 4.7 717 8.0 999 39.3 933 -6.6 17.7 Tilden Twp. 967 932 -3.6 922 1.1 883 -4.2 1,044 18.2 1,010 .3.3 4A 38.8 2,368 460 11A 47.6 5,685 1,120 26.7 -20.6 176 3,454 99.0 -148.0 471 8,962 -5.6 1,331 1,517 Marquette City 15,928 Marquette Twp. Michigamme Twp. Negaunee Twp. 568 Champion Twp. 694 557 -19.7 495 -11.1 519 4.8 Chocolay Twp. 882 1,205 36.6 2,235 85.5 3,299 Ely Twp. 616 674 9A 884 31.2 Ewing Twp. 308 281 -9.1 223 1,998 1,736 -13.1 Humboldt Twp. 522 445 Ishpeming City 9,491 Ishpeming Twp. Forsyth Twp. 909 60.0 1,383 52.1 1,760 27.3 2,443 I Negaunee City Powell Twp. Chapter 2 - Page 2 ; )J I )) )) �TABL.E 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1940 1950 % Change, 1940-50 1960 % Change, 1950-60 1970 o/o Change, 1980 1960-70 o/o Change, 1990 1970-80 % Change, 1980-90 % Change, 1940-90 Torin Twp. 353 217 -385.0 128 -410.0 101 -21.1 160 SSA 156 -2.5 -55.8 Wells Twp. 491 431 ·12.2 278 .35.5 277 -0A 351 26.7 281 -20.0 -42.8 West Branch Twp. 438 256 -41.6 807 215.2 2,195 172.0 2,806 27.8 2,998 6.8 584.5 47,144 47,654 1.2 56,154 17.8 64,686 15.2 74,101 9.9 70,887 -4.3 S0A 154,496 149,865 -3.0 157,257 4.9 165,744 SA 182,390 10.0 177,692 -2.6 15.0 5,256,106 6,371,766 21.2 7,824,965 22.8 8,875,083 13A 9,262,078 4A 9,295,297 0A 76.8 131,669,275 151,325,798 14.9 179,323,175 18.5 203,302,031 13A 226,542,199 11A 248,709,873 9.8 88.9 Marquette County CUPPAD Region Michigan United States Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census data for years cited. Chapter 2 - Page 3 �FIGURE 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990, SELECTED AREAS 10,000 9,000 8,962 8,000 7,200 6,000 C 0 j ::, a. 5 5,248 5,000 8. 4,741 4,000 3, 12 3,000 3,515 2 757 ! 2,368 2,000 1,000 1,095 568 0 1940 1950 1970 1960 1980 Year -<>-Negaunee Township -o-1shpemlng Township -¥-Richmond Township ~ City of Negaunee ' -ll-Marquette Township -o-c1ty of Ishpeming Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census data for years cited. Chapter 2 - Page 4 1990 R �Population change is the result of a combination of natural increase or decrease and migration. When births within a community within a period of time exceed deaths, a positive natural increase occurs. If deaths exceed births, a negative natural increase is the result. Communities with a relatively young population tend to have a high natural increase, since the birth rate is relatively high. Those communities with a large number of older people tend to have a small natural increase; a negative natural increase is uncommon. Net migration is the difference between the number of people moving into a community and the number of people moving out. Net migration is positive when more people move into an area than move out. Economically depressed areas often experience significant out-migration as residents leave for real or perceived employment opportunities elsewhere. In Marquette County, births exceeded deaths in the 1960s, '70s and '80s. From 1960 to 1969, and from 1970 to '79 in-migration occurred, while out-migration was the rule between 1980 and 1989. The County's population increased from 1960 to 1980, as a result of in-migration combined with the natural increase in population. In the last decade (1980-89) out-migration exceeded the natural increase to result in a declining population for Marquette County as shown in Table 2-2. Significant out-migration appears to have occurred county-wide following the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in 1995. The 1996 population estimate for Marquette County was 62,017, down 12.5 percent from the 1990 Census figure of 70,887. Within the central U.P. from 1980 to 1989, Dickinson County was the only county in the central U.P. in which net in-migration occurred, and was the only county in the region to see its population increase during this decade. TABLE 2-2 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE, MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1960-1990 1960-69 Live births 1970-79 1980-1989 13,733 12,781 11,558 Deaths S,694 5,380 S,039 Natural increase 8,039 7,401 6,519 493 2,014 -9,733 8,532 9,415 -3,214 Migration Total population change Source: Michigan Information Center, Michigan Dept. of Management & Budget. Chapter 2 - Page S �2.3 Population Estimates Periodically, the Michigan Department of Management and Budget (DMB) along with the U.S. Bureau of the Census prepares population estimates between the decennial census. County estimates of population developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census are in turn used by DMB to develop the subcounty population estimates. These estimates are based on formulas which attempt to estimate migration, births, and deaths in a community and also respond in a certain extent to known local changes. An example is the closure of the K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base and activities associated with the mining industry. The population estimates for Negaunee Township from 1991 to 1996 reveal a downward trend beginning in 1994. The annual population estimates indicate that population had increased in the earlier part of the decade (1991- 1993), but in subsequent years the number of residents declined. Overall, the Township experienced a loss of 126 persons, or 5.3 percent drop, from April 1990 to July 1996. The current population estimate is 2,242. The population estimates for both the City of Negaunee and City of Ishpeming indicate a continued population decline. The current population for the Negaunee city of 3,559 is down 24.9 percent from 1990 and the current population for Ishpeming city is down 24.7 percent. Of the townships surrounding Negaunee Township, all had reported significant growth in their population base. Ishpeming, Richmond and Tilden Townships all are estimated to have experienced increases around 45 percent, as have many other smaller townships in the County. Marquette County population was estimated at 62,017 persons in 1996, which was a decrease of 8,870 persons or 12.5 percent from 1990. The majority of this decrease occurred in Forsyth, Sands and West Branch Townships, and can be related to the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. However, trends elsewhere in the county, including a decline of over 20 percent in the City of Marquette, appear to be inconsistent with local observations. In smaller townships with significant population increases, the rate of increase generally tends to be about 45 percent, indicating the population increase is the result of a formula used by the DMB and the Census Bureau. The county estimates are prepared utilizing data from a number of sources including federal income tax returns, Medicare enrollment data, birth and death records, and counts of persons in prisons, hospitals, college dormitoMes and other group quarters. The Department of Management and Budget also responds to a certain extent to known local changes in a community such as the construction of a new nursing home or the closure of an air force base. The population estimates are approximate and more Chapter 2 - Page 6 �accurate information will not be available until the 2000 Census. The estimates are prepared as annual estimates from July 1991 to July 1996. TABLE 2-3 POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR SELECTED AREAS, 1990-1996 1990 Census Area 1991 Est. 1992 Est. 1993 Est. 1994 Est. 1995 Est. 1996 Est. % Change 19901994 Negaunee Twp. 2,368 2,405 2,445 2,480 2,458 2,310 2,242 -5.3 Negaunee City 4,741 4,659 4,574 4,455 4,257 3,838 3,559 -24.9 Ishpeming City 7,200 7,073 6,944 6,764 6,464 5,839 5,420 -24.7 Ishpeming Twp. 3,519 3,934 4,311 4,716 5,031 5,023 5,lU 45.3 Marquette Twp. 2,757 2,955 3,154 3,132 3,068 2,861 2,742 -0.S Richmond Twp. 1,095 1,261 1,334 1,456 1,548 1,540 1,571 43.S Sands Twp 2,696 2,794 2,980 3,061 2,909 2,199 2,150 -20.3 Tilden Twp. 1,010 1,U8 1,242 1,361 1,450 1,443 1,474 45.9 70,887 71,308 71,844 71,748 70,068 64,716 62,017 -U.S Marquette Co. Source: Department of Management and Budget, Subcounty Population Estimates of Michigan, 1996. 2.4 Age and Male/Female Composition The median age of Negaunee Township residents in 1990 was 33.8 years (Table 2-3). This figure was over three years older than the figures for the County. The Township 1990 median age figure was lower than the nearby cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming. Between 1970 and 1990, the Township median age increased 8.1 years; the most significant increase occurred between 1980 and 1990, when the median age increased by more than five years. The Township older age structure is most likely the result of young adults (within the 20-29 age group) out-migrating to other areas with larger populations for educational and job opportunities. On the whole, the aging population of the Township is following state and national trends, which result from a combination of factors. The primary causes of this aging are increased life expectancies, combined with the fact that the largest segment of the population, the so-called "baby boomers," are aging. A trend toward smaller families, with many people choosing to delay childbearing or not to have children, also contributes toward this aging. Chapter 2 - Page 7 �TABLE 2-4 MEDIAN AGE, 1970-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1970 1980 1990 % Change, 1970-1990 Negaunee Twp. 25.7 28.7 33.8 31.S City of Negaunee 34.3 31.8 36.9 7.6 City of Ishpeming 33.S 32.7 36.2 8.1 Marquette County 24.2 26.1 30.7 26.9 Michigan 26.3 28.8 32.6 24.0 United States 27.9 30.0 32.9 17.9 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, Table 1; 1980 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 44; 1970 Census of Population, Characteristics of the Population, Table 33. Within Negaunee Township, the highest median age is found in northeastern portion of the Township, adjacent to Marquette Township. The youngest population area is located in the southeastern corner of the township. Map 2-1 shows the median age by census block group in the Township. Table 2-5 indicates the 1990 population distribution of Negaunee Township by age and sex. The age group of 35-44 years made up the largest portion of the total population at 416 persons, or 18 percent. The age group of persons between the ages of 25-45 is comprised of persons within the population commonly known as the "baby boomer generation", born approximately between 1945 and 1965. Persons of the "baby boomer generation" comprise one third of Negaunee Township population. The younger population of the Township, 5-14 years, also made up a substantial portion of the total population, accounting for 397 persons or 17 percent of the total population. A large portion of this group was likely children of baby boomers. The age groups with the least amount of influence in terms of numbers were the 55-64 years and 65 years and older age groups, who only accounted for 8.1 percent and 8.3 percent of the township total population, respectively. This scenario indicates that the number of elderly individuals within the township population is not that significant. Between 1970 and 1990, the population within the Township became older. The older population 65 years and older, increased 60.7 percent during this period. An analysis of the information in Table 2-5 by age cohort provides another perspective on age distribution within the population. An age cohort is made up of people born within a given time period, such as those born between 1970 and 1980 (10 years). Chapter 2 - Page 8 ~ �TABLE 2-5 MALE AND FEMALE DISTRIBlITION BY AGE GROUP, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1970-1990 Age Group 1970 Male Female I# #I% Under 5 83 5-14 219 4.7 12.4 Male I% 78 203 I# I% I# I% I# 4.4 i!:!!:l!!:if;;ii//i /!:;!Jjji:!/j ;;//jil/i/;1;:~/jJ,i./i;!! 111,i:1:lil/J!J:;!!J!l/i/j/!i!;I:i:::jll::: :1:1:J!!/J/!i!l i:/i!!ig1/:l/: 1 11.5 :1:!:itfiff.ililiI: /iB::i:: i:::::1!!i:i'Ii1[f!.l;:IIIII::1::i1:::1:::::::;,;,::11:iI/:;:~::::;::il!i::!!1=iI!l:: ii1 illl;;::::;~;.:;iI!~:1;;;ili!ii;;ifff~!:::;:r, i:iti~:1!1:::1::::;!i;il :ll: ii;l!;i;~]lf I;i!!~!:::::;i!1!illili::::: :i/:1:!1:::1::::::::1i1::::: :~~~lirl~f;ii!;ii)i:~;~ii1~1~ftii1!:/;ii ~!:;.1~: .: : 1111:; l!i~~:~; ;~:1:~~~;!i!i @lfar.Ji~l-l.I®i/ ~:rmii!i/:::::::::~i;j~~?,)i/ /!I~f~I!!)iif.1!.J.1::;: 211 8.9 203 8.3 215 203 Female Male Female 1 !.li!!I 1 1990 1980 I% I# 70 3.0 205 8.7 I% 69 2.9 192 8.1 11 8.8 :::::::::1:::1::;:::::::::;il!l!li.lJ; li:!:l::;IimI:/ ::1/11I:;:;~:il ! :i !:!l1i;i Il:;11l1/!l!!:1,el; 8.3 ;: : :1: : : : : : :1: 1:1: : : :1:~~1.:1;: : :1~:1:::~~i:::1:v~f::::: ::::::::ii f/JJ;i;l,~::i:1~:~qi/iji I:::1:::1:::i::~:~w.i' 1 35-44 109 6.2 97 5.5 ii!iiiiiili:::;i:;ili:i!i!::::t.11:::::: :::::::m;:::1::::;;:i:; Iii:::;;:iiii~!:iI;ii!!Jl,l;i!:! ::I!l!!iili,::::ii:l,;i/:: 214 9.o 202 8.5 4 5-54 81 4.6 84 4.8 11:::::::;~/Ilii;i!i;i!:!i.li;t :::::1:::::11t:l:i!i1ii ::/:i/ii~:i!i:l;i;lrl:i.lI!I::;:::;::1::~:I:ll!:ili 112 1.3 158 6.1 1 :I.BI:1!il;l11~[i;I;i!;:ii!];~iii/!;:;;1;Iilii iiii!;;i/!:ii!i/ii;l::/i;;/i;fl*:: l;!:i;t.l!1l1l1!: ::ii:t::i:1:1:l1!!t!ll!!i!/1i:::::; I!/ll ]r1:::::1~~!!~ Il!1il!ilil:;fi!ll!,1~!t1ll;l:111 !i;!!/i!!.lli1itliil!~lii!l !11iliililll!I: l!!f;ijl:f;ilil \1!1~111:::1 Iil!lill:/:!!!!lt~i!lI 1 "ifi;;lilf.i.lt.i1i;l!l~! ~ili,~;l:/l;j ~: ll;!ll!li!@f !i:l '!i!~l!i!i:i;:1111:1r .1:11~:1: 11:!;i)Ji.i.!! iitlii! i1!ili{lf Sobtbtal 49 1760 75 3.1 85 3.5 ::~::::~;illi;::::::;:i:t~!lili:;:: l:::;i::i:::1111 :1!!i1l:1::1::::::::li!!i!I:1i:1zi:::: !iii::::I;:::;::11:: 85 3.5 56 2.3 36 1.5 59 2.4 1252 51.2 1191 48.8 2443 1~: !!ll il!!tililili!lil/l:;;!ljil :11:::1 =iil l !:!~;!i~II,!::! ::::!;!i1l!ilil!i i:::l!!l!l:!!!llil l 1 !/:!:/:l:/!;~\ll:l !l1!: :1:1: :;!:r1:1: : Il1l!i!lil;iii~iill; :1: :1: :li!;: : 1!:ll l ili:::::111:::: : 1:i!ll1i /\::1:1m:! 1207 51 1161 2368 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, Characteristics of Population, Table 35; 1980 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 39a; 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 68. Note: The percentages in this table reflect the relationship of males to females to the total population. Chapter 2 - Page 9 49 �The age cohort of 5-14 years of age in the 1970 Census would have been 15-24 years in the 1980 Census. Looking at this age group in 1980, a slight increase of 10 persons occurred. Several older age groupings had more of an increase. The 15-24 age cohort from the 1970 Census increased by 123 persons who became the 25-34 age group in the 1980 Census. Another age group which saw an increase during this time period was the 25-34 age cohort from the 1970 Census who were aged 35-44 in 1980; this cohort had an increase of 105 persons. Taken together, the increase in these cohorts indicates that during the 1970s the in-migration to the township was higher than out-migration and deaths in these age classes. Families with children were moving into the township and many existing residents were remaining. During the 1980s, there was a decrease in population. The 15-24 age cohort of 1980 who were the 25-34 age group of 1990 had a 71 percent decrease. This scenario is related to the departure of young people as they reach their late teens and early twenties, and migrate to other communities for educational or employment opportunities. When the 24-34 age group moves into the 35-44 age group, an increase in the age cohort typically occurs, which happens because members of the cohort return to the community for employment following college, or to raise their families. During the 1980 decade, the older age cohorts lost population either as a result of outmigration or death. The age cohort of 45-54 in the 1980 Census who were 55-64 in 1990, had a decrease of 43 persons. The 65-74 age group of the 1980 Census which was the 75 & older of the 1990 Census had a decrease of 71 persons. The proportion of the population over 65 years of age decreased during the 1980s. While migration may be a primary factor influencing population change among the younger age groups, death rates become the primary factor in older age groups. Overall, there are slightly more males than females in Negaunee Township. The ratio of males to females varies by age group, with more males in all but the 15-24 years and 6574 years groups. Table 2-6 divides the population of Marquette County into three age groups, the school age group (5-17), the working group (16+), and the voting group (18+). In 1990, the school age group made up 21.9 percent of the Township population, which was lower than the County percentage (26.1 percent) but greater than the State percentage (20.5 percent). The working age group accounted for 75.7 percent of the Township total population. The percentage of individuals in this group dropped to 67.4 percent when considering retirement at age 65. This figure compares with 70.0 percent at the county level and 64.5 percent at the state level. The portion of elderly population (65 years and older) in the Township was three percentage points lower than the County and 3.6 percentage points lower than the State. Chapter 2 • Page 10 -------' �FIGURE2-2 AGE DISTRIBUTION Negaunee Township 1970 Aa• Under5 5.14 ]5.24 - ll.l 24.0 l6.l 25.34 126 35--« 117 45-54 9.4 55-64 9.0 ~-74 75 .t.Oldor 3.5 0 15 2 4 8 6 10 12 Pucent 16 14 18 3l 22 24 20 22 24 1980 Aa• .8 Under5 5-14 J.5..24 25--34 - 18.7 rl.7 16.6 113 35..« 9.6 45-54 6.5 55-64 65-74 5.8 75.t.Oldm 3.51 0 2 4 6 8 10 l2 l8 16 14 Perceut 1990 AF UD4er5 5.51 S.14 15-24 25-34 35--44 16.8 - 14.2 lS.2 rl.6 45-54 13.9 55-64 8.1 65.74 ~ S.3 .t.Oldor 3.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 :16 18 20 22 24 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1970 Cemus of Population, First Count; 1980 Census of Population, S1F 1, 010; 1990 Census of Population, S1F 1A, P014. Chapter 2 - Page 11 �TABLE 2-6 AGE GROUPS, 1990 Negaunee Township School Age Total Female Marquette County Male Percent 5-11 284 144 140 12-14 113 48 65 15-17 120 58 62 State Percent 17.9 11.1 4.8 4.2 4.7 S.1 4 4.7 12 IWorking, Voting & Retired Age I 16+ 1792 876 916 7S.7 76.8 76.4 16-64 1596 776 820 67.4 70 64.S 18+ 1712 840 872 72.3 74 73.S 18-64 1S16 740 776 64 67.3 61.6 196 101 95 11.3 11.9 6S+ 8.3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Tables 54 and STF 1A Table P14. 2.5 Racial Composition The racial make-up of Negaunee Township is primarily persons who are white. In 1990, the other race categories only accounted for 26 residents, or 1.1 percent of the total population (Table 2-6). The largest minority group was the American Indian (there were no reported persons of Eskimo or Aleut race) race with 16 persons, which was a decrease of 12 persons from 1980. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of minorities within Negaunee Township decreased by four persons, or 13 percent. Chapter 2 • Page 12 �TABLE 2-7 NUMBER OF PERSONS BY RACE, 1980 AND 1990 Race 1990 1980 Number Number Percent Percent Total 2443 100 2368 100 White 2413 98.77 2342 98.9 Black 1 0.04 5 0.21 American Indian, Eskimo & Aleut 28 1.15 16 0.68 Asian and Pacific Islander 1 0.04 2 0.08 Other Races 0 0 3 0.13 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census STF, 1A Table PS; and 1980 Census of Population STF 1, Table 007. 2.6 Educational Attainment The number of Negaunee Township residents over 25 years of age in 1990 with no high school diploma was 198 or 13.2 percent, which was 5 percentage points lower than the Marquette County, and 10.1 percentage points lower than the State (Table 2-8). Overall, 86.8 percent of residents over 25 years of age in the Township were high school graduates or higher, which was higher than the County (81.8 percent) and State (76.8 percent) averages. The percent of residents in the Township and County over 25 years of age with a bachelors degree or higher were also higher than the State. This may indicate that a higher percentage of jobs within the Township and County require higher education skills. Recent trends indicate that employers are now requiring their employees to have higher educational levels. Table 2-9 identifies the top ten employers in the County. Five of these ten top employers are in the health care and education sectors, which generally require a college degree or technical training beyond high school. Many positions associated with financial institutions and the state prison also require a college degree. Some of the major manufacturing industries have also started to require higher education background before hiring. Chapter 2 - Page 13 �TABLE 2-8 EDUCATIONAL ATIAINMENT OF PERSONS OVER 25 YEARS, 1990 Negaunee Township Educational Level Number Percent Marquette County Number Percent State of Michigan Number I Percent 102 6.8 2851 6.7 452,893 7.8 96 6.4 4875 11.S 902,866 15.S High School Graduate 674 45.1 15144 35.7 1,887,449 32.3 Some College, No Degree 246 16.S 8172 19.3 1,191,518 20.4 Associate Degree 88 5.9 2755 6.5 392,869 6.7 Bachelor's Degree 217 14.S 5707 13.S 638,267 10.9 72 4.8 2882 6.8 375,780 6.4 Less than 9th Grade 9th-12th Grade, No Diploma Graduate or Professional Degree Percent High School Graduate or Higher 86.8 81.8 76.8 Percent Bachelor's Degree or Higher 19.3 20.3 17.4 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P057. ' Chapter 2 - Page 14 �TABLE 2-9 MARQUETTE COUNTY'S TOP TEN EMPLOYERS, 1994 Location Employer Number of Employees Type Marquette General Hospital Marquette 1725 General medical and surgical hospital Northern Michigan University Marquette ll03 University Empire Iron Mining Partnership Palmer 1131 Iron ore mining Tilden Mining Company, LC. Ishpeming 824 Iron ore mining Marquette School District Marquette 576 Elementary and secondary schools Michigan Department of Corrections Marquette 421 Correctional Institution Gwinn Area Community Schools Gwinn 399 Elementary and secondary schools Simmons I.J Enterprises, Inc. Negaunee 385 Air transportation Alger-Marquette Community Mental Health Marquette 382 Public health programs MFC First National Bank Marquette 382 Commercial bank Total Employment of Top Ten Employers: 7,403 Source: Michigan Employment Security Commission, ES 202 Data, 1994. 2.7 Household Characteristics The U.S. Census defines a household as all persons who occupy a housing unit; e.g., a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any group of related or unrelated persons sharing living quarters. A family consists of a householder and one or more persons living in the same household who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. From 1980 to 1990 the population of Negaunee Township decreased by 3.1 percent; however the number of housing units (by definition a household is the same as a housing unit) increased by 18.7 percent during the same time period (Table 2-10). This scenario was caused by a decrease in the average household size, which was the result of an increase in single-parent families and non-family households. The number of singleparent family households increased by nearly a third between 1980 and 1990, while the number of non-family households, including persons living alone, more than doubled. The number of non-family householders living alone increased by 114.7 percent, from 68 to 146; almost a third of these households are elderly people living alone. The average household size during this period decreased from 3.08 persons to 2.80 persons between 1980 and 1990. Chapter 2 - Page 15 �TABLE 2-10 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FOR NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1980 - 1990 1990 1980 Household Type Number Percent Percent Number 627 88.1 668 79.1 568 79.8 591 70.0 Female Householder 23 3.2 52 6.2 Male Householder 36 5.1 25 3.0 85 11.9 177 20.9 Householder Living Alone 68 9.6 146 17.3 Householder 65 or Over 29 4.1 46 5.4 Family Households Married-Couple Family Non-Family Households Total Households 7U 845 Average Household Size 3.08 2.80 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, P003, P016, and H0l 7A; and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1, 003, 016, 022, and 035. 2.8 Population Projections Population projections are very useful for units of government like counties for projecting future residential demands for public services. However, the major component for making population projections, future in- and out-migration, is very difficult to predict. The main problem is this data depends heavily on the future economic trends of the locality and other areas. The other components of population projections, fertility and mortality data, have less of an impact on population change, particularly for smaller jurisdictions. In 1996, the Michigan Department of Management and Budget prepared baseline population projections to the year 2020 for counties of the state using a special formula that utilizes the three main components of population change; birth, death, and migration. These population projections assist counties in making predictions on future demographic trends. The 30-year population forecast for Marquette County reveals downward population trend, with an overall 5.96 percent decrease from 1990 to 2020 (Tables 2-11, 2-12 and Figure 2-3). Though anticipated to grow from 1995 to 2000, the county is projected to experience a drop in population in the ensuing years. Marquette and Menominee Counties are the only counties in the central U.P. with an expected decline in the next ,,,......_, Chapter 2 - Page 16 �three decades. Alger County to the east is projected to have the largest increase, at 13.74 percent during the 30-year time period. The populations of Delta, Dickinson and Schoolcraft counties are also predicted to grow during this time period. TABLEl-11 POPUIATION PROJECTIONS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990-2020 1990 Censua Area 1995 2000 2020 201S 2010 2005 Alger County 8,972 9,847 9,920 10,009 10,114 10,192 10,20S Delta County 37,780 38,582 38,741 38,906 39,004 39,244 39,400 Dicldnson County 26,831 27,161 27,416 27~7 27,746 27,942 28,096 Marquelle Counly 70,887 65,427 69,135 68,916 68,393 67,016 66,661 Menominee County 24,920 24,537 23,576 22,518 21,497 20,565 19,581 8,302 8,706 8,779 8,861 8,926 8,970 8,929 177,692 174,260 177,617 176,7'7 175,740 174,529 172,872 9,295,297 9,556,063 9,786,685 9,963,788 10,Ul,298 10,284,960 10,~,737 248,709,873 262,073,000 275,005,000 287,092,000 299,194,000 311,833,000 324,668,000 Scboolcnll County CUPPAD Region Michigan Unlltd States Source: Department or Management and Budge~ Population to Year 2020 In Micbipa, 1996. TABLE2-12 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, PERCENT CHANGE, 1990-2020 2015-2020 1990-2020 0.77 0.13 13.74 0.41 0.46 0.40 4.29 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.55 4.71 5.67 -0.32 -0.76 -1.14 -1.41 -5.96 -1.54 -3.92 -4.49 -4.53 -4.34 -4.78 -21.42 Schoolcraft County 4.87 0.84 0.93 0.73 0.49 -0.46 7.55 CUPPAD Region -1.93 1.93 -0.48 -0.69 -0.95 -2.71 Michigan 2.81 2.41 1.81 1.58 1.62 1.65 12.47 United States 5.37 4.93 4.40 4.22 4.22 4.12 30.54 1990-1995 1995-2000 Alger County 9.75 0.74 0.90 1.05 Delta County 2.12 0.54 0.30 Dickinson County 1.23 0.94 Marquette County -7.70 Menominee County Area 2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2015 -5.8 Source: Deparbnent of Management and Budget, Population to Year 2020 in Michigan, 1996. 2.9 Population Density With a 1990 population of 2,368 persons and a land area of 42.1 square miles, the Negaunee Township population density was 56.2 persons per square mile (Table 2-13). This figure compares with a density of 38.9 persons per square mile at the county level and 163.6 person per square mile at the state level. Negaunee Township has the second Chapter 2 - Page 17 �highest population density of the townships within the Marquette urban area. Wells Township, with 1.8 persons per square mile, is the least populated township in the county. The 1990 population density varies widely throughout the Township, as shown on Map 2-2. The highest population density occurs in the area near the US41/M-28 corridor and along Midway Drive. Closer to US41/M-28, and the southern portion of the township, much of the land is in small parcel and small tract ownership. Many of the smaller land parcels border, or are near, the City of Negaunee. Areas of low population density in the northern portion of the township include commercial forest reserve lands and larger private tracts. TABLE 2-13 POPULATION DENSITIES, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Place Land Area (Square Miles) Population Persons Per Square Mile Negaunee Township 42.1 2368 56.2 City of Negaunee 13.8 4741 343.6 City of Ishpeming 8.7 7200 827.6 Ishpeming Township 86.S 3515 40.6 Marquette Township 54.7 2757 50.4 City of Marquette 11.4 21977 1927.8 Chocolay Township 59.7 6025 100.9 1821.3 70887 38.9 56,809.2 9,295,297 163.6 Marquette County Michigan Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Summary of Population and Housing Characteristics, 1990, Table 15. ' Chapter 2 - Page 18 �FIGURE 2-3 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990-2020 80,000 70,000 68,916 68,393 67,616 66,661 ' 38906 39004 39 44 39,400 27, 28,096 65,427 60,000 50,000 C .2 J§ ::, c.. 40,000 37,780 38582 26831 27161 24,920 24,537 38741 ~ 30,000 20,000 27416 23,576 9, 10,000 8,302 22,518 21,497 10 0 8,706 8,779 8,861 8,926 8,970 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 8,929 0 1990 Year -❖- Dickinson Co. -o- Menominee Co. -1::r- Delta ~Marquette Co. ~Alger Co. ---<r- Schoolcraft Co. Co. Source: Department of Management and Budget, Population to Year 2020 In Michigan, 1996. Chapter 2 - Page 19 2020 �2.10 Issues and Opportunities Census data indicate that the Township had experienced a steady growth rate from 1940 up until 1980. During the 1980s the township population decreased by slightly over 3 percent. But at the same time, the number of households increased by over 18 percent. This growth in the number of homes may entail increased demands on services such as fire protection, sewer, water, garbage, police, and snow removal. The median age of Township residents in 1990 was 33.8 years. The age composition and distribution within the Township indicates an older population base than the State, the nation and county average. The population estimates for Negaunee Township indicate a steady increase in the number of residents, while county population projections indicate an overall population decrease into the 21st Century. The relatively high percentage of high school graduates or higher in the Township indicates that the Township offers a well-educated work force to potential employers within the area. The moderately large shift from family households to non-family households between 1980 and 1990 may indicate a change in the type of housing and other services demanded within the Township. Most significant is the sharp increase in the number of non-elderly persons living alone. The Township population density of 56.2 persons per mile is the second highest of the townships within the Marquette-Ishpeming-Negaunee urban area. The majority of the Township population is located near US41\M-28, Midway Drive and adjacent or near the City of Negaunee. It is likely that the densely populated areas within the Township will expand northward into more of the rural portions of the Township in coming years. ' Chapter 2 - Page 20 �3.0 ECONOMIC BASE 3.1 Introduction The Township of Negaunee is situated within the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban corridor. The Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban corridor is the primary trade and employment center, and statistics on a county level reflect trends in this area. Many residents in the county, including Negaunee Township, are employed in the urban corridor and purchase goods and services there. Economic trends and data presented in this chapter will be discussed in terms of Negaunee Township where such information is available, and on a county-wide basis where more detailed information is not available. 3.2 Area Economy Like the rest of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Negaunee Township economic history is closely related to its natural resources. Mining and logging were mainstays of the local economy 100 years ago. Logging and lumbering became a less important part of the economy as the white pine forests which covered much of the Upper Peninsula were cut. Some areas which had access to natural port facilities, such as Escanaba and Menominee, retained strong ties to the wood products industry, while in Marquette County the focus remained on iron ore mining. Mines in the Marquette Iron Range have provided thousands of jobs and vast quantities of iron ore to the steel mills of the lower Great Lakes region. Eventually, most of the mines in Marquette County closed as the ore bodies were exhausted or the costs of extracting and shipping the ore rose. In 1997, only two mines remain operational in Marquette County -- the Empire Mine in Richmond Township and the Tilden Mine in Tilden Township. County-wide, the economy has diversified beyond its original natural resource base. The service and retail trade sectors have become the largest employment sectors in the county, while manufacturing has diminished in relative importance. The county includes a regional health care facility, a state university, and a number of government offices. Between the mid-1950s and 1995, K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was a major employer in the county. The base closed officially on September 30, 1995. 3.3 Labor Force and Employment Unemployment data is collected at the county level by the Michigan Employment Security Commission, and unemployment and labor force information from MESC is available dating back to the early 1960s. Prior to that time, unemployment figures were based on data collected by the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. The information summarized in Table 3-1 and Figure 3-1 shows that unemployment in Marquette County has generally followed the same trends as the six-county central Chapter 3 - Page 1 �FIGURE 3-1 UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS SELECTED AREAS 25 20 15 10 5 0 ~ ....O> ,.._ I() .... 0) i::: m - O> ,.._ .... m ~ Marquette Co. .... ....O> (X) (") (X) ....O> I() (X) .... O> ,.._ (X) 0) .... O> (X) .... O> ....O> ....O> (") O> .... m I() O> ....O> Year -D-Central U.P. -6-U.P ~ Mic hlgan -¼-U.S. Source: MESC, 1965-1996. Chapter 3 - Page 2 .,, �region, the Upper Peninsula, and the state and nation. Unemployment rates rose during the late 1970s and 80s, peaking in 1982 at 22.5 percent. Since that time the unemployment rate has followed a fairly consistent pattern of decline until 1990, when an increase of 1.2 percentage points occurred. In mid 1990 the country encountered a moderate economic decline. The Upper Peninsula experienced a slowdown in employment growth, which was similar to the rest of the nation. The trend continued into 1991. Unemployment has generally been lower in Marquette County than in other counties in the central U.P. In recent years, both Menominee and Dickinson counties have had lower unemployment rates. The slight rise in unemployment in 1994 is contrary to regional and state trends, and probably reflects the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The sharp increase in unemployment in 1995 is probably also due to base closure, and is much more significant than the slight increase that occured region- and U.P.wide. The unemployment rates for 1996 and 1997 showed improvements. During 1996, the number of unemployed persons decreased by 600, as a result of people leaving the area as the total number of employed persons and the total civilian labor force decreased by 50 persons and 650 persons, respectively. From 1996 to 1997, the total civilian labor force increased by 275 persons; the number of unemployed persons dropped by 75 persons. Although the county population declined between 1980 and 1990, the labor force has grown during that time, as shown in Table 3-1. The labor force peaked in 1993, with an annual average of 33,550 persons. In subsequent years the average labor force has declined. In 1996 there were 31,300 persons in the civilian labor force. The downturn is reflective of direct and indirect loss of employment associated with the closure of the KI Sawyer AFB. It should be noted that the labor force and unemployment figures from MESC do not reflect military personnel. TABLE 3-1 MARQUETTE COUNI'Y LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1965-1997 Civilian Labor Force Employed Unemployed Unemployment Rates Total Marquette County Region U.P. Michigan U.S. 1965 18,700 1,100 19,800 5.6 6.2 7.7 3.9 4.S 1970 19,820 1,380 21,200 6.S 7.8 9.3 7.0 4.9 1975 29,775 2,275 27,050 8.4 10.S 12.3 12.S 8.S 1976 29,525 2,725 32,250 8.4 9.1 12.2 9.4 7.7 1977 28,750 2,750 31,500 8.7 9.3 11.8 8.2 7.0 1978 31,775 2,500 34,275 7.3 8.3 10.7 6.9 6.0 Chapter 3 - Page 3 �TABLE 3-1 MARQUETTE COUNTY LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1965-1997 Civilian Labor Force Employed Unemployed Unemployment Rates Total Marquette County Region U.P. Michigan U.S. 1979 27,950 2.825 30,775 9.2 9.1 10.4 7.8 5.8 1980 26,650 3,925 30,575 12.8 11.5 12.2 12.4 7.1 1981 26,650 3,675 30,225 12.1 11.8 13.3 12.3 7.6 1982 24,050 6,975 31,025 22.5 19.0 18.9 15.5 9.7 1983 24,575 4,775 29,350 16.3 16.3 17.4 14.2 9.6 1984 25,225 3,300 28,525 11.6 13.6 15.5 11.2 7.5 1985 24,900 3,575 28,450 12.5 13.6 15.1 9.9 7.2 1986 25,275 3,325 28,600 11.6 12.2 13.4 8.8 7.0 1987 26,475 2,350 28,800 8.1 9.1 10.5 8.2 6.2 1988 26,925 2,000 28,925 6.9 7.9 8.8 7.6 5.5 1989 27,550 2,000 29,550 6.8 7.2 8.2 7.1 5.3 1990 29,375 2,650 32,025 8.3 9.4 9.2 7.6 5.3 1991 29,700 2,800 32,500 8.6 10.0 10.7 9.3 6.7 1992 30,750 2,750 33,500 8.2 10.1 11.0 8.9 7.4 1993 31,200 2,350 33,550 7.0 8.1 8.7 7.1 6.8 1994 31,125 2,375 33,500 7.1 8.0 8.7 5.9 6.1 1995 30,000 2,625 32,625 8.1 8.3 8.9 5.3 5.6 1996 29,950 2,025 31,975 6.3 6.9 7.9 4.9 5.4 1997 30,300 1,950 32,250 6.0 6.6 7.3 4.2 5.0 Source: U.S. Census, 1940-1960 & MESC, 1965-1997. Increases in the labor force have been the norm on a nationwide basis, even in areas where the population has declined. Two factors have accounted for much of the increase; record numbers of young people entering the work force during the 1970s and 1980s as the "baby boomers" reached working age, and an ever-increasing number of women entering the work force. The proportion and number of women in the labor force has increased in both Negaunee Township and Marquette County, as shown in Table 3-2. Within Marquette County, women now make up approximately 55 percent of the county labor force, compared to about 35 percent two decades ago. For the Township, females comprised about 27 Chapter 3 - Page 4 �percent of the labor force in 1970 and more than doubled their participation rate in 1990 to 63.1 percent. A more drastic increase occurred for women with children, particularly those with children under six years of age, as shown in Table 3-2. Looking at Negaunee Township figures, in 1970, about 13 percent of the women with children under six in the Township were in the labor force; by 1980, a quarter of the mothers of young children were in the labor force and in 1990, 68.6 percent of the women with young children were either employed or unemployed/actively seeking work. Women with children between the ages of six and 17 also increased their participation in the labor force during the past decades, from 24.8 percent in 1970 to 92.7 percent in 1990. County-wide, a quarter of the mothers with young children were in the labor force in 1970 and by 1990 their participation has risen to over fifty percent. A similar trend can also be seen with women with older children; within that particular segment about 40 percent were in the labor force in 1970 and by 1990 almost three-fourths of the mothers with older children were either employed or looking for work. TABLE 3-2 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, 1970-1990 1970 No. 1990 1980 % No. % No. % Negaunee Township (Total) Women (16 years & over) In labor force 606 166 100.0 27.4 849 325 100.0 38.2 Women with children In labor force 265 52 100.0 19.6 361 148 100.0 41.0 316 230 100.0 74.9 Women w/children <6 In labor force 116 15 100.0 12.9 151 39 100.0 25.8 105 72 100.0 68.6 Women w/children 6-17 In labor force 149 37 100.0 24.8 210 109 100.0 51.9 206 191 100.0 92.7 Chapter 3 - Page 5 879 555 100.0 63.1 �TABLE 3-2 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, 1970-1990 1970 No. 1990 1980 % No. % No. % Marquette County 21,834 7,605 100.0 34.8 27,158 12,175 100.0 33.8 26,974 14,849 100.0 Women w/children In labor force 8,681 2,782 100.0 32.0 10,354 4,632 100.0 44.7 9,322 6,032 100.0 64.7 Women w/children <6 In labor force 4,416 1,058 100.0 24.0 S,239 1,843 100.0 35.2 4,521 2,SSS 100.0 56.S Women w/children 6-17 In labor force 4,265 1,724 100.0 40.4 S,115 2,789 100.0 54.S 6,857 4,660 100.0 68.0 Women (16 years & over) In labor force ss.o Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Fourth Count, 17,54,57,SS; 1980 STF3, 016,054,057,0SS; 1990 STF3a, P7 ,P70.P73. Another way of expressing the above trend is to note that in 1990, women with children (any age) made up 18.1 percent of the township labor force and 17.6 percent of the county's. About 40 percent of the fem ale labor force in the township are women with children, compared to 40.6 percent countywide. In addition to reflecting changes in values and in the family structure and the economic need for two-income families, the statistics on women in the labor force also point out potential impacts on employers and local service providers in terms of day care, health care costs, educational and recreational programs, etc. 3.4 Employment by Sector According to the U.S. Census, employment patterns in Marquette County have changed since 1970. The biggest change is the decrease in the relative importance of mining and manufacturing to the county economy. The percentage of local employment in these sectors has dropped by over half since 1970. The service sector has been the strongest sector of the Marquette County economy in recent years, and continues to grow in importance. The presence of Northern Michigan University and Marquette General Hospital, two large service sector employers, help to boost Marquette County's reliance on the service sector. This sector also includes those employed in educational services. Retail trade has become increasingly important to the local economy, with 20.6 percent of county residents employed in retail trade in 1990 compared to 16.4 percent in 1970. The construction sector has grown during the past 20 years. The growth in 1980 probably reflects the economic prosperity of the late 1970s, when a significant amount of Chapter 3 - Page 6 �new construction took place at the mines, universities/schools, paper/pulp mills and hospitals. During the recession of the early 1980s, this sector decreased, to rebound as economic conditions improved with a number of large construction projects. Transportation and public utilities have grown during the past two decades, as has finance, insurance and real estate. The public administration sector, which would include civilian employees at K.I. Sawyer, grew slightly during this period, but may drop over the next few years as a result of the closing of K.I. Sawyer. TABLE 3-3 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR, MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1970-1990 Number 1990 1980 1970 Sector Number % Number % % 227 0.8 1,987 6.7 4.6 1,462 5.1 1,430 5.2 1,613 5.6 6.3 1,733 6.3 2,192 7.6 744 3.6 687 2.5 715 2.5 3,383 16.4 4,889 17.8 5,948 20.6 597 2.9 1,109 4.0 1,317 4.6 Service 6,311 30.7 10,483 38.2 11,076 38.4 Public Administration 1,435 7.0 2,063 7.5 2,321 8.0 20,583 100.0 27,423 100.0 28,858 100.0 Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries 166 0.8 3,773• 3,210 15.6 * 748 3.6 1,256 Manufacturing 2,687 13.1 Transportation & Public Utilities 1,302 Mining Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Total 13.8 * Mining was combined with agriculture, forestry and fisheries in 1980 Source: U.S. Census, 1970-1990 When Negaunee Township employment is compared to Marquette County, it can be seen that the local economy is dependent upon mining interests. Employment within the mines is almost 11 percent of employed residents, as compared to 7 percent for the county and less than 1 percent for the state. Employment in manufacturing businesses is slightly more important locally with 7.5 percent of employed township residents working in that sector, as compared on a county-wide basis where employment is almost 6 percent. The local economy is also dependent on both retail trade and the service sector employment. It must be noted that these figures reflect the employment sector of Chapter 3 - Page 7 �persons living within the Township and County; the jobs held by these residents may actually be located outside of where they live. TABLE 3-4 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR, 1990 Negaunee Township Sector Number Marquette County CUPPAD Region State of Michigan % % % % 14 1.2 0.8 2.2 1.7 125 10.5 6.9 2.9 0.3 Construction 75 6.3 5.1 6.5 4.9 Manufacturing 89 7.5 5.6 17.6 24.6 Transportation & Public Utilities 135 11.4 7.6 6.7 5.4 Wholesale Trade 31 2.6 2.5 2.7 4.0 245 20.6 20.6 19.8 18.0 58 4.9 4.6 4.1 5.5 337 28.4 38.3 31.9 31.8 78 6.6 8.0 5.6 3.8 1,187 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, & fisheries Mining Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, & Real Estate Service Public Administration Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990, STF 3A, P077. Service sector employment has been the fastest-growing sector nationally and statewide, while local employment in this sector has been also increased. The decline in manufacturing employment is consistent with state and national trends, although some central Upper Peninsula counties have seen increases in manufacturing employment. The relative importance of manufacturing is greater in many other counties in the region; for example, 36.6 percent of Menominee County employment is in the manufacturing sector. The increase in retail trade emp1oyment is also consistent with broader trends, although greater increases have occurred statewide and nationally. Wholesale trade has generally increased in other areas, while in Marquette County it remained stable. Chapter 3 - Page 8 �TABLE 3.5 MARQUETTE COUNTY EARNINGS BY INDUSTRY, 1975-1990 (fHOUSANDS OF DOLLARS) 1980 1975 Earnings Earnings % 1990 1985 Earnings % Earnings % % 375 0.1 2,226 o.s 1,340 0.3 901 0.1 Nonfarm 289,489 99.9 461,229 99.S 534,234 99.7 705,382 99.9 Private 187,447 64.7 312,647 67.S 333,304 62.2 443,736 62.8 973 0.3 738 0.2 771 0.1 1,340 0.2 Mining 69,240 23.9 119,689 25.8 83,961 15.6 76,868 10.9 Construction 16,042 5.S 22,030 4.8 24,182 4.S 37,021 5.2 Manufacturing 11,228 3.9 14,236 3.1 11,267 2.1 17,076 ZA Transportation & Utilities 13,855 4.8 22,122 4.8 39,543 7A 56,931 8.1 9,018 3.1 13,423 2.9 11,670 2.2 16,782 2A 27,233 9A 42,801 9.2 52,924 9.9 61,200 8.7 6,168 2.1 11,472 2.S 12,414 2.3 23,339 3.3 33,690 11.6 66,136 14.3 96,5'12 18.0 153,179 21.7 102,042 35.2 148,582 32.1 200,930 37.S 261,646 37.0 Federal, Civilian 13,354 4.6 16,825 3.6 21,094 3.9 25,274 3.6 Military 41,653 14A 50,027 10.8 74,812 14.0 83,894 11.9 State & Local 47,035 16.2 81,730 17.6 105,024 19.6 152,478 21.6 Total Earnings 289,864 100.0 463,455 100.0 535,574 100.0 706,283 100.0 Farm Ag., Forestry & Fisheries Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insur. & Real Estate Services Government Source: U.S. Department or Commerce, Burean of Economic Analysis Although the service sector provides the greatest number of jobs in Marquette County, with 38.4 percent of the county employment, this sector provides only 21.7 percent of the county earnings. Public administration, which is the second-largest provider of jobs in the county, is responsible for 37.0 percent of the county earnings. Although mining provides only 4.5 percent of Marquette County employment, 10.9 percent of local earnings come from mining. Conversely, the 18.8 percent of the county employment provided by the retail sector supplies only 8.7 percent of local earnings. The above figures illustrate that although retail and service sector jobs are becoming less oriented towards minimum-wage, part-time jobs, jobs in manufacturing and mining Chapter 3 - Page 9 �are more high-paying. Government jobs also provide higher earnings levels. The flip side of this is that manufacturing employment is declining, or at best stable, in most regions of the country, and the job security once associated with mining, manufacturing and even many government jobs is no longer a reality. Marquette County has seen firsthand evidence of this with the closure of numerous mines, and the recent closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. Although attraction of new manufacturing jobs may seem to be the answer, the competition for such jobs is very stiff, and in some cases the incentives necessary to attract new industrial development may negate the economic benefit to a community. More significant is the need to develop a diversified economy, with less reliance on any single sector; when losses of jobs and income occur in one sector, it has less affect on the overall economy. When the earnings figures in Table 3-5 are compared against the U.S. Department of Commerce inflation figure for the years 1980-1990, it can be seen that most sectors provided less earnings in 1990 than in 1980 after adjustment for inflation. This follows the pattern discussed in Section 3.6 with regards to local incomes, which are based primarily on earnings from employment. The only sectors to increase over the rate of inflation were transportation and utilities, services, government, finance, insurance and real estate, and construction. Earnings from mining declined the most, down 61.7 percent after inflation; overall earnings declined by 8.7 percent over the decade after inflation. With the eventual move of the Marquette County airport operations to KI Sawyer, the "former airport" property could potentially be available for industrial or commercial ventures. Questions on ownership, needed and planned infrastructure improvements must be addressed. Proper development of these lands could provide for an increased tax base for Negaunee Township as well as increased employment opportunities for the area. 3.5 Employment by Place of Work The vast majority of township employed residents work within Marquette County. There is a slight number of residents who either worked outside of Marquette County or outside of the state. Chapter 3 - Page 10 ? �TABLE 3-6 WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY PLACE OF WORK. NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1990 Characteristics Percent Number Total Township Residents Employed 1,187 100.0 Worked in Michigan 1,161 99.1 Worked in Marquette County 1,149 98.1 Worked Outside of County u 1.0 Worked Outside of Michigan 10 0.9 Source: US Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P04S. 3.6 Major Employers Once Marquette County's largest employer, the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB resulted in the loss of about 4700 jobs (3,600 military and 1,100 civilian). Most major employers are located in the City of Marquette and, with the exception of the Tilden Mining Company, L.C. and the Empire Iron Mining Partnership, are generally service-related. Over the past century, the economy of the central Upper Peninsula has been dominated by mining, especially iron ore mining. The iron ore industry has been sensitive over the century to cycles of boom and bust. Much of the cycle has been related to the same cycles as the national economy. The iron mining industry reacted to the demand for high grade ore by developing pelletizing plants to turn low grade ore into high grade pellets. All mining is now done in open pit mines. The last underground mines were closed in the late 1970's. Chapter 3 - Page 11 �In 1997, the Empire Mine produced 8.35 million tons of iron ore pellets. The Tilden Mine produced 6.0 million tons. Initial production nominations for 1998 have Empire scheduled to produce 8.4 million tons with Tilden at 6.6 million tons. These are initial nominations and could change during the year, depending upon steel industry business conditions. Collectively, North American steel makers reported mostly positive earnings for 1997. Many steel-making companies forecast 1998 to be another solid year within the industry. Iron ore pellet demand remains fairly strong and, as a result, both Empire and Tilden are projected to produce at, or above, their rated capacity in 1998. The Tilden Mine continues to produce both hematite and magnetite iron ore pellets. Magnetite production was added in 1989 at considerable expense to the mine partners. Producing magnetite pellets utilizes different methods and equipment at the mine and, as a result, only one type of ore can be processed during any one period. Algoma Steel of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, a 45 percent owner of the Tilden Mine, has decided to source its iron ore exclusively from Tilden. As a result, Tilden's annual pellet production capacity will be increased to 7.8 million tons by 1999. The Empire Mine mines and processes only magnetite ore. Costs and quality continue to be of paramount concern at both mines due to the highly competitive iron ore industry. In 1976, 14.5 million tons of iron ore pellets were produced on the Marquette Iron Range. Production peaked at 15.5 million tons in 1981, with three mines, the Tilden, Empire and Republic operating in Marquette County. The following year, production dropped to 6.9 million tons as the steel industry hit a slump and the Republic Mine was idled. Production returned to nearly 15.2 million tons in 1989 as Empire produced a then record 8.1 million tons. Empire's 1997 production of 8.35 million tons of iron ore pellets set a new production mark for the mine. In 1997, total production in Marquette County was 14.35 million tons. On the Marquette Iron Range, there were 3,500 mining employees in 1968. By 1971, employment was at 2,800 but later increased to 4,000 in 1979. In 1997, there were about 2,000 employees, a slight decrease from the previous year. Most of the major employers within Marquette County are associated with providing a service. The ''top 25" employers in Marquette County are shown on Table 3-7. It should be noted the information presented is from the latest information from the Michigan Employment Security Agency. ' Chapter 3 - Page 12 ,.. :;:::::::; �TABLE 3-7 MARQUETIE COUNTY MAJOR EMPLOYERS, 1996 Employer Area Employees Type of Industry Marquette General Hospital Marquette 1,831 General Medical & Surgical Hospital Northern Michigan University Marquette 1,119 University Empire Iron Mining Partnership Palmer 1,020 Iron Ore Mining Tilden Mining Company, LC. Nat'l. Mine 848 Iron Ore Mining Marquette School District Marquette 574 Elementary & Secondary Schools MI Marquette Branch Prison Marquette 438 Correctional Institution l\.1FC First National Bank Marquette 367 National Commercial Bank Alger-Marq. Comm. Mental Health Marquette 366 Admin. Of Public Health Programs City of Marquette Marquette 289 Executive & Legislative Combined Simmons W Enterprises, Inc. Negaunee 268 Air Transportation, Scheduled Bell Memorial Hospital Ishpeming 266 General medical & surgical hospitals Alger-Marquette Comm. Action Marquette 257 Individual & Family Services Wal-Mart Stores Marquette 256 Department Stores Gwinn Area Community Schools Gwinn 250 Elementary & Secondary Schools Marauette Countv Marquette 245 Executive & Legislative Combined Source: Michigan Employment Security Agency, 1996 3.7 Income Examination of local income trends, and comparison of local income figures to state and national averages provides information about the amount of wealth that is available locally for expenditures on goods and services. Income figures also reflect the wages and salaries paid to local workers. Table 3-8 shows that incomes in Negaunee Township and Marquette County are generally relatively low when compared to state averages. Income is measured in three ways: per capita income, which is derived from the total income reported for a community divided by the total population; household income, the average income reported for all households, including families; and family income, which includes Chapter 3 - Page 13 �married-couple families and other households made up of persons related by blood, marriage or adoption, but does not include persons living alone, unrelated persons sharing living quarters, or other non-family households. Income for 1979 (from the 1980 Census) is shown in Table 3-8, as a figure that is "adjusted for inflation". The "inflation-adjusted" 1989 dollar figure uses the U.S. Department of Commerce inflation factor of 1.676 for the period of 1979-1989. A household with annual income of $12,450 in 1979 would require an income of 1.676 times that amount, or $20,866, in 1989 just to keep pace with inflation. The 1989 actual income is the income as reported in the 1990 Census. TABLE 3-8 INCOME LEVELS, 1979-1989 1979 Actual Income 1989 Income Adj. for Intl. 1989 Actual Income % of State % Change % of State After Adj. for Intl. Per Capita Income Negaunee Township $6,368 $10,672 82.8 $12,257 86.6 14.9 Marquette Co. 6,187 10,369 80.S 11,02S 77.9 6.3 Michigan 7,688 12,88S 100.0 14,154 100.0 9.8 $21,037 $35,258 109.4 $32,076 103.4 -9.0 Marquette Co. 16,517 27,683 8S.9 25,137 81.0 -9.2 Michigan 19,223 32,218 100.0 31,020 100.0 -3.7 $21,953 $36,793 99.3 $35,492 89.S -3.S 19,492 32,669 88.2 30,249 82.S -7.4 $22,107 $37,051 100.0 $~,6S2 100.0 -1.1 Median Household Income Negaunee Township Median Family Income Negaunee Township Marquette Co. Michigan Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P080A, Pll4A, and P107A and 1980 STF3, 069,074, 08S. Chapter 3 - Page 14 �Although per capita incomes locally are well below state averages, both the Township and the county showed an increase in per capita income after inflation. In terms of relative percentage of the state per capita income, the county lost ground, dropping from 80.S to 77 .9 percent; local income gained with 82.8 percent in 1979 to 86.6 percent in 1989. Both household and family incomes dropped when adjusted for inflation, and the decrease in all cases was greater than the drop at the state level, meaning that the local area also lost ground when compared to statewide averages. In summary, these income figures show that local residents make less money than the average Michigan resident (with the exception of household income), and for the most part their purchasing power decreased over the past 10 years. The incomes of Negaunee Township residents are also generally higher when compared to the county-wide averages. While the low incomes may be partially offset by lower costs of some items, such as land and housing in the local area compared to statewide averages, many consumer goods are priced at the same or even higher rates than the state as a whole. Comparing the number of households in the various income groups shows that Negaunee Township contains a lower percentage of households in the lowest income groups (less than $10,000 per year) than Marquette County or the state, and also fewer households in the high income groups. This information is displayed in Table 3-9. However, households with incomes between $10,000 and $24,999 per year are well above county-wide percentages. There are more households in the $25,000-$34,999 range at both the county and state level. On a percentage basis, Negaunee Township has more residents in the $50,000 - $99,999 income level than the county and the state. This is consistent with the relatively high household income figure for Negaunee Township, since about 40 percent of the township households have annual incomes of between $35,000 and $74,999, well above the county and state median household income. Chapter 3 - Page 15 �TABLE 3-9 HOUSEHOLDS BY ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, 1989 Annual Income Marquette County Negaunee Township No. % No. % Michigan No. % Less than $5,000 44 5.2 1,311 5.4 203,692 5.9 $5,000-$9,999 54 6.4 3,276 13.4 329,871 9.6 $10,000-$14,999 57 6.7 2,776 11.3 293,659 8.6 $15,000-$24,999 147 17.4 5,268 8.9 562,017 16.4 $25,000-$34,999 175 20.7 4,481 18.3 525,350 15.3 $35,000-$49,999 168 19.8 4,631 18.9 638,963 18.7 $50,000-$74,999 173 20.4 2,762 11.3 556,760 16.3 $7S,000-$99,999 21 2.S 519 2.1 185,137 S.4 8 0.9 376 1.S 128,673 3.8 847 100 24,500 100.0 3,424,122 100.0 $100,000 or More Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, Table P080. Table 3-10 shows the type of income for households in Negaunee Township, Marquette County and the state. The Township has a higher proportion of households with earnings from wage or salary than the county or state, while the number of households receiving income from Social Security, public assistance, or interest, dividends or rent is lower than county and state averages. Those receiving retirement income is slightly higher than that of both the county and state. ,,,..--..___ Chapter 3 • Page 16 ~ . �TABLE 3-10 HOUSEHOLDS* WITH INCOME BY TYPE OF INCOME, 1989 Income Negaunee Township No. Earnings % Marquette County Michigan % % 711 83.9 79.4 78.5 689 81.3 77.9 76.5 87 10.3 8.1 9.8 3 0.4 0.4 1.6 Interest, Dividend, or Net Rental 263 31.3 38.1 41.8 Social Security 201 23.7 26.1 26.7 41 4.8 7.1 9.6 Retirement Income 153 18.1 17.7 17.4 All Other 101 11.9 12.2 12.5 Total Occupied Households 847 Wage or Salary Non-Farm Self-Employment Farm Self-Employment Public Assistance *Households may be counted more than once according to number of sources of income. Individual sources of income does not equal "total occupied households." Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A. 3.8 Poverty Rates Another measure of local incomes is the poverty rate. Poverty levels are determined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census based on a complex formula including 48 different thresholds. The poverty level for a family of four in 1990 was $12,674. Poverty rates for most of the groups rose slightly between 1980 and 1990 in the township. The county also experienced a general increase in poverty levels. In 1990, the poverty rate for all persons in Negaunee Township was 7.2 percent, substantially lower than Marquette County's rate of 12.6 percent and the statewide rate of 13.1 percent. Poverty rates for children were also notably lower than both the countywide and state-wide averages. A higher percentage of residents over the age of 65 who were in poverty is greater than the state average, but lower than the county-wide level. The rate for children under five in the township remained about constant from 1980 to 1990, however the poverty rate for all children under 18 rose 87 percent. The rate for Chapter 3 - Page 17 �female-headed households, rose almost 20 percent from 25.6 in 1980 to 30.6 in 1990. More elderly persons were in poverty in 1990 than in 1980, contrary to county and state trends, which saw a slight decrease in the poverty rate for those over 65. TABLE 3-11 POVERTY RATES, 1980-1990 1990 1980 Negaunee Township Poverty Rate for All Persons 4.3 7.2 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 5.9 5.8 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 3.1 5.8 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 25.6 30.6 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 14.3 6.7 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 10.9 12.2 9.8 12.6 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 13.3 19.0 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 10.3 14.0 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 33.8 35.7 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 12.2 18.0 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 13.9 13.5 Poverty Rate for All Persons 10.4 13.1 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 16.0 22.1 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 13.3 18.2 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 30.7 35.8 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 13.9 20.6 12.2 10.8 Marquette County Poverty Rate for All Persons Michigan Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over . U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF3A, Income and Poverty Status. Chapter 3 • Page 18 �3.9 Issues and Opportunities Significant increases in the number of women with children in the labor force affect the needs for child care, educational and recreational programs and related facilities. Changes in the working environment to accommodate family needs of both men and women, such as flexible days and hours of work, job sharing, etc., may in tum affect commuting and transportation patterns, shopping patterns, etc. The soon-to-be-vacated county airport will offer the opportunity to redevelop the area for possible commercial and industrial uses. This will most likely increase the tax base for the Township as well as provide increased employment for the area. Local unemployment rates are generally lower than the Upper Peninsula average, but are, in recent years, higher than statewide rates and always higher than the national rate. The unemployment has declined in recent years, indicating a resurgence of the local economy following the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. With a declining labor force, the overall percentage of persons unemployed improved in 1996. The unemployment rate has improved as the labor force adjusted itself for the loss of KI Sawyer AFB. The closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB has caused business to adjust its marketing strategies and product lines. Employment in Marquette County is concentrated in the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban center, which in turn affects commuting patterns as well as demand for residential development. Locally, most of the employment is centered on the retail, service and mining sectors. Family and household incomes actually decreased in Negaunee Township and Marquette County when adjusted for inflation, meaning that the buying power of these families and households declined. This affects the ability to afford housing and other basic goods and services. The average household income for Negaunee Township exceeds the statewide average. Although poverty rates for children are lower than state averages, the number of children in poverty increased over the past decade. The poverty rate for persons age 65 and over also increased and is higher than the statewide rate. This indicates that those who are generally least able to provide for themselves, and most in need of services such as health care, transportation, etc., are finding that their economic situation is worsening. A related issue with regards to children in poverty is the effect poverty may have on the ability to do well in school or obtain higher education, in turn affecting future earning ability. Chapter 3 - Page 19 �4.0 NATURAL FEATURES Natural features, including soils, geology, topography, water features, and other natural resources, have a profound effect on a community's development. These physical features directly or indirectly constrain or encourage growth; for example, soil types and geology often affect the ability of a community to provide high quality water and wastewater services. The natural resources, such as timber or minerals, which occur in certain areas are often a primary factor in the establishment and growth (or decline) of communities. For instance, many areas in the Upper Peninsula were settled as a result of logging operations in the late 1800s. These natural features are often interrelated and disturbance in one area can potentially affect other areas. From a planning standpoint, it is important to understand these interrelationships, and the role that natural features play in determining a community's future development. 4.1 Topography Topography, or the physical features of a place, is an important planning consideration. Land use and required maintenance depend to a large degree upon slope. While steep slopes can provide attractive views and recreational opportunities, building development can be adversely impacted. Slopes of over 10 percent (a rise in gradient of more than 10 feet in a horizontal distance of 100 feet) can result in more expensive building construction due to utility connection difficulties and more elaborate foundation requirements. Additionally, the risk of erosion is increased with the steepness of slope due to faster runoff. This is especially the case with steeper slopes (above 25 percent). High density development should not be permitted to occur on moderate slopes of 10 to 25 percent. Slopes of less than 10 percent are generally easy grades for residential and less intensive uses, although slopes of less than one percent may not drain well without manmade intervention. Negaunee Township terrain is typical of Marquette County, in that it is varied and contains flat, gently rolling, and hilly areas. The southern half of the Township's topography is characterized with rolling to hilly areas interspersed with a few flat scattered spots. Valleys are common in the northern portion of the Township. The streams and rivers within this area formed these valleys by carving through loose glacial deposits and bedrock. The terrain in the central portion is mostly rolling. The highest point in the Township is situated in the northwest corner of the Township, just northwest of Reany Lake, with an elevation of approximately 1,615 feet above sea level, or 1,013 feet above Lake Superior. The lowest elevation in the Township is about 990 feet above sea level, or 388 feet above the level of Lake Superior, which is located in Chapter 4 - Page 1 �the eastern portion of the Township, along the Dead River. The steepest terrain found in the Township is located along the Dead River in the central portion of the Township. 4.2 Geology Both bedrock and surface geology have an impact on community development. Bedrock geology consists of the solid rock formations found below the soil, which were formed during the early periods of the earth's evolution. These formations have undergone extensive folding, uplifting, eroding, and weathering during the millions of years which have since passed, and are now overlain by surface rock formations and soil. One of the primary factors which makes geology important to community development is its ability to supply groundwater. The quality and quantity of groundwater is influenced by the types of bedrock in which it is found, and the layers through which the water passes before it is extracted. Certain types of bedrock increase the potential for groundwater contamination, particularly when such bedrock is close to the surface. Surface runoff is filtered through the soil, sand, and gravel which overlay bedrock, and many contaminants are removed through this filtering process. When bedrock is close to the surface, there is less opportunity to filter out contaminants and the polluted runoff can enter the groundwater. If the bedrock is highly permeable, contaminants can quickly enter the same layers of groundwater used for domestic purposes. All of the bedrock underlying Negaunee Township dates back to the Precambrian era, generally believed to be over 600 million years ago. The oldest formation are rocks made up of mafic-volcanic and intruded felsic rocks that have been metamorphosed into schist and gneiss, which are from the Archean period. These types of rock formations underlay most of the northern two-thirds of the Township, with Volcanic and Sedimentary rock formation making up the largest portion. Next in age are the rock formations underlying the majority of the southern one-third of the Township, consisting primarily of metasedimentary rocks like schists, quartzites, iron formations, and gneiss. These rock formations date back to the Middle Precambrian (Huronian) era. Siamo Slate and Ajibik Quartzite, is the largest rock formation within the Township from this era. The bedrock geology of Negaunee Township is depicted on Map 4-1. The surface geology of Negaunee Township is a result of glaciation which occurred 10,000-12,000 years ago. As the Wisconsin Continental Glacier moved over the area, existing landform features were obliterated under the weight of ice estimated to be about one mile thick. Outwash, glacial till, bedrock, and wetlands make up the surface geology of the Township, as shown on Map 4-2. Chapter 4 - Page 2 " I.I �Outwash consists of stratified sand and gravel, which were carried by glaciers and deposited as a result of meltwater flowing from glaciers. These deposits commonly are very permeable, and are a good source of groundwater. Wells drilled into glacial outwash generally yield over 10 gallons per minute, providing water which is satisfactory for domestic use. Some areas of outwash contain ground water with a high level of iron. The largest areas of outwash are found in the east central portion of the Township. In some areas the movement of the glaciers scoured all or most of the surface material away, leaving bedrock exposed. In some cases a thin layer of till may remain. Availability of groundwater depends on the type of bedrock but is usually poor. Large areas of Glacial Till-Bedrock are found in the western, northern, and far southeastern portions of the Township. Wetlands are areas of poor drainage and high water table where an accumulation of muck and peat overlay a glacial lake plain. Wetlands occur in the west central and southern portions of the Township, especially in areas adjacent to the Dead and Carp rivers. 4.3 Mineral Resources Although reminders of past iron ore-related mining operations are still noticeable within the Township, all of the current iron ore mining activities along the Marquette Iron Range occur in Tilden and Richmond Townships to the south. A gravel quarry located in the southeastern portion of the Township, along Morgan Meadows Road, is the only active gravel operation within the Township. The quarry is owned and operated by A. Lindberg and Sons, Inc. 4.4 Soils There are a couple of sandy areas within the Township that are being used or have been used as sand pits. One pit, owned by the Marquette County Road Commission, is located about ¼ mile south of the Township Hall on M-35. This sand pit is no longer being used as an active sand pit and has been closed by the Road Commission. Another sand area, located about 1/8 of mile west of the M-35\CR492 intersection is in private ownership and occasionally sand is removed. Most soils in the U.P. have been formed as a result of glacial action, followed by accumulation of organic matter in some areas. A modern soil survey is currently underway in Marquette County with the work being completed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) (formerly the Soils Conservation Service). To date, soils in much of the County have been mapped, a draft soil survey publication was completed September, 1997. Soils Chapter 4 - Page 3 �throughout Negaunee Township have been mapped with detailed descriptions of the various soil mapping units. Over 300 mapping units have been identified in Marquette County, and the completed soil survey contains descriptions of the suitability of the various mapping units for various uses. This information is invaluable to developers, foresters, planners, realtors, farmers, and anyone else concerned with the utilization and development of the land. Soils are grouped into associations based on common characteristics, such as drainage, slope, and texture. The soils in these associations respond similarly to the various uses to which they may be subjected. Development should be planned in such a way as to take into account the suitability of the soils for the type of development planned. For example, residential subdivisions outside of areas served by sewer systems should not be planned in areas of shallow and/or poorly drained soils, or in areas where the water table is close to the surface, since such soils are unsuitable for septic tanks and drain fields. Engineering and construction techniques can be used to overcome soil limitations, often at considerable cost. However, the long-term implications of such techniques should be carefully considered, since development in areas of marginal suitability may lead to high cost to local governments, and thence to taxpayers, in order to provide services to these areas. The NRCS has classified the soils of Marquette County into 25 soil associations, seven of which are found in Negaunee Township. These soil associations occur in scattered patterns throughout the County, deposited at random by glaciers. Sandy-loamy soils are predominant in Negaunee Township. Map 4-3 shows the soil associations in the Township, which are briefly described below. Four soil associations found in Negaunee Township are located on bedrock controlled moraines. The Keewaydin-Michigamme-Rock Outcrop Association (Map No. 4) is found in the western portion and northwest corner of the Township. This association is composed of nearly level to very hilly, moderately to very deep, well-drained soils. Woodlands is the major use of areas with this soil association, but also support agriculture uses in the Township. The Tilden-Michigamme-Rock Outcrop Association (Map No. 5) covers most of the southeastern portion of the Township. The makeup of this association includes gently rolling to very hilly, moderately to very deep, well drained loamy soils. The major use of this association is woodlands, with some areas in agricultural use within the Township. The Kalkaska-Ishpeming-Rock Outcrop Association (Map No. 7) is found in the central portion and the northern edge of the Township. It consists of nearly level to very steep, moderately to very deep, somewhat excessively drained sandy soils. The primary use is woodlands. The area within this Township with this soil association is the most developed, thus also supports residential, commercial, and industrial uses. An area of Pits-Pumps Mine-Slickens Association (Map No. 6) is found in the southeastern portion of the Township. This area is most likely the site of the former Pioneer (iron ore) Pellet Plant. An onsite investigation of the site is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Chapter 4 - Page 4 ~ \ �Negaunee Township also has one soil association found on outwash plains, terraces, and beach ridges. The Rubicon-Sayner Association (Map No. 9) is found in the north central portion of the Township. This association is composed of gently undulating to very steep, very deep, excessively drained sandy soils. It is used primarily for woodlands, but in the Township it's also used for residential developments. The Rubicon-Keweenaw Soil Association (Map No. 14) is found in a small area of the northwestern portion of the Township. It is a very deep, well drained and excessively drained sandy soils found on disintegration moraines. This soil association is principally used for woodlands. The Keweenaw-Kalkaska-Waiska Associations (Map No. 24) is found in northeastern and southern portions of the Township. It is made up of moderately sloping to very steep, very deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained sandy soils, which is found on dissected moraines and till floor lake plains. The areas in this association are primarily used for woodlands; however, in Negaunee Township these soils are used for residential developments as well. The Natural Resources Conservation Service is currently preparing a detailed soil survey of Marquette County, and preliminary maps have been obtained. When completed, this survey will list detailed soil characteristics for a wide variety of mapping units, and will assist local units of government in making community and economic development decisions. While this information will be far more detailed and updated than the soils association information presently available, site specifics should still rely on field work to determine site suitability. 4.5 Water Features The most significant water features in the Township are the Hoist Storage Basin and McClure Storage Basin, which are both formed along the Dead River. The Township has in excess of ten miles of shoreline along these two storage basins. Many permanent and seasonal homes are located along these storage basins. Several small inland lakes are located within the Township. Most of these, along with the storage basins, are accessible by boat. Some of the inland lakes are only suitable to smaller boats. Numerous streams and creeks are also found throughout the Township. Two drainage basins are found in the Township. The water features in the north-north central portion of the Township are located within the Dead River drainage basin, which flows toward Lake Superior. Within the central-southeastern part of the Township, the water features are within the Carp River drainage basin, which also flows toward Lake Superior. Both these drainage basins flow in a easterly direction. The Empire Iron Mining Partnership had planned to increase the size of wetlands in the area surrounding Morgan Pond as part of a wetland mitigation project. The Chapter 4 - Page S �remediation project did not receive state approval. 4.6 Wildlife An abundance of wildlife species thrive within the Township forest and water areas. Many fish species are found in the Township storage basins, rivers, inland lakes, and streams. The type of fish found in these bodies of water include various trout and salmon species, perch, pike, panfish, and rough fish species. Mammals found within the Township include muskrat, beaver, white tailed deer, black bear, fox, skunk, mink, and raccoon. Bird species that can be seen include a wide variety of songbirds, woodcock, ruffed grouse, geese, ducks, bald eagles, osprey, and owls. 4.7 Climate Negaunee Township has a humid continental climate that is heavily influenced by Lake Superior, with cold winters and humid cool summers. The lake helps keep temperatures cool in summer and generally moderate in winter. The Township mean monthly temperature ranges from 14 degrees Fahrenheit in January to 66 degrees Fahrenheit in July, with a mean annual temperature of about 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Total precipitation averages approximately 32 inches per year, with the wettest month in June and the driest month in February. The winter snowfall in the Township averages about 160 inches annually. The growing season averages about 109 days. The last frost in the spring usually occurs about May 31, and the first frost in fall usually occurs about September 17. Incidence of thunderstorms is around 26 days per year. Michigan is located on the northeast fringe of the Midwest tornado belt. Between 1950 and 1987, only four tornadoes occurred in Marquette County. The Township averages 142 days per year with one inch of snow or more on the ground. 4.8 Issues and Opportunities Scattered areas of steep slopes are located throughout the Township, which may limit certain types of development. Bedrock at or near the surface in areas located in the western, northern, and far southeastern portions of the Township may make these areas less suitable for certain types of development. Some areas of soils within the Township contain severe limitations for septic systems, dwellings, and roads, although site specific testing and the more detailed soil survey information, which is currently being prepared, may show some areas where there are fewer limitations on development. Chapter 4 - Page 6 �5.0 LAND USE 5.1 Historical Land Use Patterns Negaunee Township's land use pattern, along with the surrounding area, has been shaped by the presence and exploitation of natural resources, principally iron ore, which was discovered in 1844 by a party of government surveyors. Two years later, the Jackson Iron Company opened the first iron ore mine in present day City of Negaunee. The iron ore deposits were found in what is known as the Marquette Iron Range, which runs east-west through the central portion of the County. The southeastern portion of the Township is within the iron range area; however, the active mines from when iron ore was first discovered in 1844 to the current operations have been located outside of the Township boundary. The communities of Negaunee, Ishpeming, Republic, Champion, and Michigamme were all founded around the mines of the Marquette Range, and provided housing and commercial services for miners and their families. During the first hundred years of ore extraction within the Marquette Range, the iron content of the ore was relatively high; however, the supply of high grade ore in the range area began to decline rapidly in the late 1940s. As a result, the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company in the late 1940s and 1950s established a research facility in the City of Ishpeming to determine the best way to beneficiate low grade iron ore and how to pelletize the upgraded concentrate. The research paid off in July of 1965, with the world's first shipment of pelletized underground iron ore, which gave new life to the iron ore industry in Marquette County. In Negaunee Township, from 1965 to 1979, the Pioneer Pellet Plant processed low grade iron ore. Currently, in the County, low grade iron ore mining operations are occurring at the Empire Mine in Richmond Township and the Tilden Mine in Tilden Township. Land uses, like residential and commercial, in the Negaunee/Ishpeming area are still heavily influenced by the mining industry. Increased tourism has affected land use in this area during the past 20 years to some extent, which is relevant by the amount of commercial development along the U.S. 41/M28 highway corridor. The general land use pattern in Negaunee Township in 1997 includes considerable new residential development near the Township's two storage basins and in the eastern portion of the Township, just north and south of U.S. 41/M-28. Much of this development consists of large, high value homes on large lots, many of which probably sell for over $100,000 in the 1997 real estate market. Most of this development is occurring in areas not currently served by municipal water and sewer service, and relies on private wells and septic systems. In some cases, these new residential developments are served by gravel roads. Commercial uses in Negaunee Township are primarily concentrated in the areas near the City of Negaunee, especially along the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor. This highway corridor through the Township has been the site of significant development, with the addition of Chapter S - Page 1 �several new service oriented businesses. Many of these new businesses are catering to increased tourist traffic in the area. Several smaller industrial sites are also located along U.S. 41/M-28, including the Midway Industrial Park in the eastern portion of the Township. One of the most noticeable facilities located in the Township is the Marquette County Airport, which would be classified under the Transportation, Communication, and Utilities land use category. The airport is located in the central portion of the Township, just north of U.S. 41/M-28. Northwest Air Link, United Express, and Skyway are the commercial airlines currently serving the airport. The County is planning to relocate the airport to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base by mid 1999. 5.2 Factors Affecting Land Use The decision process regarding land use can begin almost anywhere -- with a home buyer, a developer, a land speculator, a business owner, or a governmental unit. The home buyer or potential business owner tends to base decisions on location, access, quality of surroundings, available public services, and personal satisfaction, among other factors. The land speculator makes decisions regarding selling land or holding it in anticipation of future profit, based largely on potential profit. The land developer makes decisions regarding the type and timing of development based on the supply and demand for housing, goods and services, or on industrial needs, as well as other factors. Owners of business and industrial concerns make decisions to start, expand, or close their operations based on economic feasibility, which depends on a variety of factors. Many of these factors, such as supply and demand for the good or service produced, are beyond local control, while other factors, such as the availability of sites or adequacy of transportation, can be affected by local decisions. Decisions made at these levels are generally oriented toward a person's or organization's self-interest, and generally do not consider the effects of development on surrounding land uses, utilities, services, etc. This decision-making process can potentially result in discontinuous or incompatible development, since it does not necessarily consider the overall development pattern for a community. The overall development pattern for a community is left primarily to units of government, then, to consider the general compatibility and appropriateness of various land uses. Various laws and regulations have been enacted governing land use and Chapter S - Page 2 •. �development, and provide tools for federal, state, and local governments to use in dealing with land use issues. The federal government exercises many responsibilities that affect land use through various loan and grant programs for community facilities, water and wastewater systems, housing, economic development, and planning. Federal regulations also address environmental concerns, such as air quality, drinking water standards, etc. Although these programs and regulations do not usually directly affect land use and development, they have a significant indirect effect. For example, a community that lacks sufficient sewage disposal capacity to serve industrial uses can probably obtain federal funding to help with expansion of its sewage treatment plant, which in turn may lead to industrial development. The role of the state has traditionally been limited to providing enabling legislation for local units of government to regulate growth and development through planning and zoning. However, the State of Michigan does regulate land use and development in wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and other areas of environmental concern. This can have a direct effect on local land use. The State also enforces standards for municipal water systems and wastewater treatment systems that are at least as strict as federal standards, which can affect a community's ability to provide such services. Local governments can probably exert the most effective influence on land use changes through zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and public investment in roads, water and sewer systems, parks, etc. Local planning efforts that seek to define the most desirable and appropriate uses for the various parts of a community, and anticipate and prepare for growth, can help guide future land use decisions. Other factors affecting land use include the existing transportation system, taxation and land values, natural features, changing technology, and market factors. Changes in lifestyles, family size, shopping habits, and consumer attitudes also affect land use decisions. The transportation system that serves a community determines how quickly and easily, and at what cost, raw materials and finished goods can be shipped in and out, which is a crucial factor to many industries. The expanding highway network in the U.S., together with the proliferation of private automobiles, has enabled residents of rural areas to commute to larger communities for employment and shopping, and has increased the accessibility of many areas to tourists. This increased mobility has typically facilitated development of strip commercial areas, "mega" shopping malls, and suburban residential development ("urban sprawl"), sometimes resulting in the conversion of land from agriculture or open space. Chapter 5 - Page 3 �Taxation and land values play a part in many land use decisions. Families may move from urban areas because they feel that they are willing to trade off lower taxes and/or user fees for the lack of municipal services and increased distance from employment, shopping, and schools. Land values in rural areas may also be lower, and thus more attractive to residents. Commercial and industrial enterprises are generally less willing to forego municipal services, such as water and sewer, and usually locate in areas of concentrations of population rather than in very rural areas; however, tax rates and land values may influence a company's decision to locate in one community versus another. Because of changing technology, including computer networking, cellular telephones, fax machines, voice mail, teleconferencing, and electronic mail, some business and industries can locate in rural areas that would have previously been considered isolated. Often, the quality of life associated with these rural locations is an additional attraction. Market factors, and the ongoing shift to a more service-oriented economy, are factors that are beyond the capacity of an individual community to control. However, an awareness of such factors is important to planning and land use decisions at the community level. Finally, changing lifestyles have affected land use patterns throughout the nation. Americans live longer, have smaller families, and are more mobile than previous generations. As a whole, the population is growing older, and our housing preferences, shopping habits, and employment patterns have changed significantly. From a land use standpoint, some pertinent issues are the desire for larger homes on larger lots by many young professionals and families; the demand for housing suitable for elderly residents, including so-called "snowbirds" and the willingness of individuals to commute longer distances to work in order to live in certain residential areas. 5.3 Current Use Inventory This section will examine the current land use patterns for Negaunee Township and Marquette County, based on the Michigan Resource Inventory System (MIRIS) Current Use Inventory. The inventory describes land use or cover according to seven broad categories, with many subdivisions within those categories. The broad categories are depicted on Map 5-1. A windshield survey was conducted to assess any land use changes within the Township since the MIRIS information was completed, and changes to the inventory have been made where necessary. Sections 5.4 through 5.8 contain further detail on key l~nd uses and trends in Negaunee Township. Forest: Although the majority (77.09 percent) of Negaunee Township's 27,819 acres is forested, according to the Current Use Inventory, this proportion is the fourth lowest of the nineteen townships in Marquette County. The County's three cities and Chocolay Chapter 5 - Page 4 l.l �Township have lower acreage in forest use. This scenario reflects the development occurring in areas of the Township that are within the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor area. Forestland is defined as lands at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest uses. These lands are further broken down into several different types of forest cover. Predominant forest cover types in both Negaunee Township and Marquette County are northern hardwood, aspen/birch, and pine. Other forest types are also present, and the relative proportions of the various cover types are shown in Table 5-1. Agricultural: Agricultural is broadly defined as lands that are used for the production of food and fiber. Only a total of 172.4 acres, or 0.62 percent of the Township is in agricultural production. The agricultural areas in the Township are located in isolated scattered areas. The largest area of agriculture is located in the western portion of the Township, along JA Road, just north of the power line. Wetlands: Wetlands represent the fourth highest proportion of the Township's land cover, at 979 or 980 acres, or 3.5 percent. Most of the wetlands in the Township are concentrated along the Carp River and its tributaries, such as Nealy Creek. Due to state and federal regulations and the general unsuitability of wetlands for development, wetlands can pose significant constraints on development in some areas. Wetlands are defined as those areas between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is at, near, or above the land surface for a significant part of most years, and include marshes, mudflats, wooded swamps, and wet meadows. Several different wetland categories are mapped in the inventory, although the maps included with this plan do not differentiate between the different types of wetlands. Wetland categories include wooded (dominated by trees over 20 feet in height, seasonally flooded); shrub/scrub (dominated by woody vegetation less than six feet in height); aquatic beds (areas with 30 percent or more vegetative cover of submerged, floatingleaved or floating plants, and less than two meters [6.7 feet] deep); emergent (dominated by erect, rooted herbaceous plants, which are present for most of the growing season); and flats (level or nearly level deposits of sand, mud or organic sediments). See Table 5-1 for the acreage of each category. Urban and Built-Up Areas: Areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures is classified as urban or built up. County-wide, this category comprises a relatively small proportion, totaling 37,793 acres, or 3.2 percent. However, this land use category is important because it contains most of the residential, commercial, and industrial uses in the County, and because the density and type of uses within this category have the most potential to adversely impact the environment. Most of this Chapter 5 - Page 5 �cover type is located in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor, although all of the townships in the County contain areas of residential development. ~ On a percentage basis, Negaunee Township contains the second greatest concentration of urban and built-up land of any township within the County, at 10.4 percent, or 2,880 acres. The County's three cities and Tilden Township contain the largest proportions of urban land, at 50.3 percent, 22.9 percent, 12.5 percent, and 10.7 percent, respectively. These four areas, along with Negaunee Township, represent about 40 percent of all the urban and built up land use within the County (Note: urban and built up includes extraction areas). Most of the urban and built-up land in Negaunee Township is residential in nature. The oldest residential areas in the Township are close to the City of Negaunee. New subdivisions have been established throughout the Township, with most of them occurring north of U.S. 41/M-28. This scenario reflects a trend of developing residential areas in the rural outskirts of urban areas. Most of these developments contain large homes on large lots, and many are along the two storage basins, offering water frontage or a view of the water. Other uses included in urban and built-up lands are commercial; industrial; transportation, communications and utilities, such as airports, railroads, highways, etc.; open pit mining areas, such as gravel pits, quarries, mines, etc.; and lands devoted to outdoor recreation, cemeteries and other forms of open space. All of the Township's industrial acreage is occupied by smaller manufacturing establishments that are mostly located within the U.S. 41/M-28 highway corridor. Nonforested: Nonforested lands make-up 4.7 percent, or 1,351 acres of the Township's land area. This is the third largest category of land use in the Township. These lands are open lands or rangelands, characterized by grasses and shrubs, but not including those lands showing obvious evidence of seeding, fertilizing, or other agricultural practices. Nonforested lands are not generally a significant factor in the land use patterns in most local units. Water: 3.2 percent of Negaunee Township, or 877 acres, is classified as water, in the form of streams, waterways, lakes, and reservoirs. These areas have an effect on adjacent land use, by supplying sites for water-dependent industry, water-based recreational sites, and residential or commercial development. Many inland lakes and rivers offer public recreational access. The high percentage of water in Negaunee Township reflects the portion of the Dead River lying within the Township, which forms the Hoist and McClure storage basins. Barren: The smallest category of inventoried land use or cover in the Township and County is barren lands, or beaches, riverbanks, sand dunes, and exposed rock. Exposed rock accounts for all of the 116 acres of barren land in the Township, which occurs in Chapter 5 - Page 6 ~ �scattered locations in the western portion of the Township near the Carp River, in the vicinity of the County airport, and just north of the Hoist Storage Basin. Chapter S - Page 7 �TABLE 5-1 NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP & MARQUETTE COUNTY LAND USE PATTERNS I Negaunee Township Acres I Marquette County Acres % % 2,880.0 1,374.3 88.2 123.4 642.6 578.4 0.0 73.1 10.35 4.94 0.32 0.44 2.31 2.08 0.00 0.26 37,792.9 14,410.0 3,054.0 834.7 4,043.3 13,057.5 936.3 1,457.1 3.16 1.20 0.26 0.07 0.34 1.09 0.08 0.12 Agriculture 172.4 0.62 17,603.3 1.47 Nonforested 1350.8 4.86 28,907.0 2.42 21,444.4 11,605.8 0.0 6,393.2 360.3 1,622.7 272.5 1,189.9 0.0 77.09 41.72 0.00 22.98 1.30 5.83 0.98 4.28 0.00 987,838.1 468,112.1 6.9 176,654.9 32,960.5 147,773.3 19,981.0 142,334.7 14.7 82.54 39.12 0.00 14.76 2.75 12.35 1.67 11.89 0.00 Water 876.8 3.15 29,662.7 2.48 Wetlands 978.9 3.52 87,323.0 7.30 Barren 115.8 0.42 7,627.2 0.64 27,819.1 100.00 1196754.2 100.00 Urban and Built-Up Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation, etc. Open pit mining Underground mining Open land, other Forested Northern hardwood Central hardwood Aspen, white birch, assoc. spp. Lowland hardwoods Pine Other upland conifers Lowland conifers Christmas tree plantation Total Source: Michigan Resource Information System. 5.4 Residential Land Use Residential land use in Marquette County occurs primarily in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor, with other concentrations of residential development located in small, unincorporated communities throughout the County. Additional residential development is located along highways and in scattered subdivisions outside these communities. Seasonal residential dwellings are found on both waterfront and inland properties; these seasonal dwellings range from relatively · primitive "camps" used primarily for fishing and hunting, to multi-bedroom units suitable for year-round habitation. Chapter 5 - Page 8 �Negaunee Township's rapid population growth from 1950 to 1980 reflected changes in residential land use patterns. Until the 1950s, most people who lived outside of cities and villages lived on farms and woodlots, and derived at least some of their income from the land. Most parcels were relatively large, and the density of development was very low. However, by the 1950s, people began to move out of cities throughout the country, seeking to escape the traffic, congestion, crime, and perceived high costs of urban life. Occasionally these individuals were interested in maintaining a somewhat rural lifestyle, with so-called "hobby farms" where they could raise a garden and perhaps keep a few animals. In many cases, families moving into the rural area continue to work and shop in the urban areas, and participate in the same activities they did when they lived "in town." ~ The potential concerns associated with this type of development are related to the expectations of people moving to these outlying areas. Often they expect to receive the same level of services they would enjoy in a more urban area, although the cost of providing those services may be much greater in rural areas. For example, most residents expect garbage pickup at their homes, expect roads to be plowed promptly, and take for granted that fire and other emergency services will be readily available. They also often want the rural character of the community to remain the same, not realizing that the cumulative effect of development in these outlying areas can create some of the same problems they hoped to escape when leaving the urban area. In areas where development exceeds the capacity of the site to support on-site wells and septic systems, groundwater contamination can occur, and septic systems can fail. In such cases, residents often look to local governments to help provide a solution in the form of public water or sewer systems. Such systems are very expensive, and may not be cost-effective to operate in areas of low density development. Land use conflicts are also possible when this new residential development locates in agricultural areas. The conversion of farmland to other uses is one concern, as is creating "landlocked" areas as a result of splitting a row of lots with road frontage along the edge of a large parcel. New residents in agricultural areas may not be prepared for the realities of rural life, such as the hours of operation, sounds, and odors associated with farming. In Negaunee Township's case, there are very few areas in agricultural use, and of the agricultural areas that do exist, it does not appear that significant conversion of this land has taken place. However, the scattered nature of development in the Township means that the cost of providing services is relatively high compared with more densely developed areas. New subdivisions in the past 10-20 years have been developed in scattered locations throughout the Township, especially in the vicinity of the Hoist and McClure storage basins. Chapter S - Page 9 �5.5 Commercial Land Use As with residential development, the highest concentration of commercial land use is located within the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor. The City of Marquette, the county seat, is the primary provider of commercial services to Marquette County and beyond. The Westwood Mall, anchored by K-Mart, JC Penney, and Younker's, and the Marquette Mall, anchored by Menards and Riverside Auto provide retail shopping, as do a variety of retail establishments located primarily along the U.S. 41/M-28 highway corridor. This corridor offers the best opportunity for businesses to take advantage of traffic patterns, and this is where most of the urban area retail and service establishments are found. The commercial development along U.S. 41/M-28 extends from the City of Marquette through Marquette Township, Negaunee Township, the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming, and Ishpeming Township. Most of the development outside the cities consists of businesses that need large lots, and benefit from highway exposure, such as recreational vehicle dealers, car dealers, etc. Within Negaunee Township, there are still sites available for commercial development along the U.S. 41/M-28 highway corridor. Through most of the Township, U.S. 41/M-28 is a 4-lane divided highway, with a 55 mile per hour speed limit. Development that results in a significant increase in turning incidents has the potential to increase the risk of accidents and result in a need for additional traffic controls, such as lower speed limits and/or traffic lights. 5.6 Industrial Land Use Within Marquette County, as with_commercial uses, industrial uses are generally concentrated in the urban corridor, although some industrial land uses exist in other areas of the County. Unlike the counties in the southern portion of the central U.P., Marquette County does not have a large industrial employer but instead has smaller type operations. Industrial facilities in Negaunee Township include a lumber mill, two wood product factories, and a construction company. Opportunities for additional industrial development exist within the Midway Industrial Park area, the former Pioneer Pellet Plant area, and at other sites within the Township that may either be zoned for industrial use or be considered for rezoning. Chapter S - Page 10 ~ l,I �In April of 1998, the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company (CCIC) announced that it plans to dismantle and remove buildings and equipment that remain at the former Pioneer Pellet Plant in Negaunee Township. A contractual agreement has been established between CCIC and Park Corporation (based in Cleveland, Ohio), for the sale of the buildings and equipment at the site. Under the terms of the contract, Park Corporation will be given three to five years to dismantle and sell any of the equipment and facilities remaining at the site. After this period, the only assets that will remain at the location of the former pellet plant are the items necessary for on-going reclamation or product removal. CCIC will retain ownership of the land and responsibility for overall reclamation. 5.7 Forestry and Agricultural Land Uses Table 5-1 and Map 5-1 show the predominance of forested lands in Negaunee Township. Almost all forested areas within the Township are privately owned, with both large and small parcels. These areas range from thousands of acres owned by area pulp and paper companies to small woodlots owned by private individuals. These lands are generally managed to provide raw material to local wood products industries. Agricultural uses are generally located in the southern and eastern portions of Marquette County. Negaunee Township, with 172.4 acres, makes up a very small portion of the County's agricultural land. The 1992 U.S. Census of Agriculture shows 84 farms in Marquette County, totaling 23,290 acres. Agricultural products from farms in Marquette County include field crops such as hay, barley, oats, and potatoes; dairy products; and livestock, including beef cattle, hogs, and poultry. As shown in Table 5-2, the number of farms in Marquette County is declining, while the average farm size has increased over the past 10 years. This mirrors a national trend away from the small "family farm." The total acreage devoted to farming has deceased by about 6,355 acres between 1982 and 1992. The average age of farm operators has stayed relatively the same during this period. Over 65 percent of the farmers in the County worked off the farm or listed a principal occupation other than farming. Several factors contribute to these trends nationwide and locally, including the increasing cost of land, equipment, and labor, which make it more difficult for young families to begin or take over agricultural operations; low and/or unstable prices for agricultural products; changing lifestyles that focus on a more urban environment; and demand for conversion of agricultural land to other purposes. However, in Marquette County, it can be seen that 18 years ago many farm operators worked off farm or listed a principal occupation other than farming, indicating that farming has historically not been a strong industry in the County. In parts of Marquette County, the climate is marginal for many agricultural products, adding further uncertainty to the industry. Chapter S - Page 11 �TABLES-2 AGRICULTURAL TRENDS IN MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1974-1992 1974 1987 1982 1978 1992 80 101 us 101 84 Total acreage in farms Average farm size in acres 24,761 310 27,814 275 29,645 237 24,484 242 23,290 277 Market value of products sold Total ($1,000) Average per farm $1,136 14,196 $1,594 15,787 $1,540 12,320 $1,783 17,651 $1,743 20,746 47 30 42 59 40 85 33 68 29 55 51.4 48.6 48.8 47.9 46.3 Number of farms Operator's principal occupation Farming Other Average age of farm operator Source: U.S Census of Agriculture, 1974-1992 5.8 Public and Quasi-Public Land Use Public land uses in Negaunee Township include parks, public buildings, the airport, schools, and tracts of publicly-owned lands. Many of these uses are discussed in more detail in other chapters of this plan; however, the land use considerations associated with these uses will be discussed here. The Township owns and maintains the following park and recreation sites: Negaunee Township Park, Kivela Road Recreation Area, and Midway Drive Recreation Park. Of these park sites, Negaunee Township Park, located along M-35, just south U.S. 41/M-28 interchange, is the largest and heaviest used. There is no state or federal owned forest land available for hunting and fishing; however, the Township does have large tracts of CFR (Commercial Forest Reserves) for these types of outdoor recreation actives. The state provides public access at both the Hoist and McClure storage basins. In terms of land use, local parks and public lands provide recreational facilities for residents, as well as maintaining green space and public space in areas that may otherwise be relatively densely developed. Large regional parks, while continuing to provide recreational opportunities and green space, also attract visitors from a wide area. Such areas have the potential to create more conflicts with adjacent uses, in terms of traffic, parking, hours of operation, noise, etc. The principal public building located in Negaunee Township is the Township community building/fire station, which is located adjacent to the Negaunee Township Park. The community building contains governmental offices, a gym, and a kitchen. The gym and kitchen facilities are regularly used by residents for community recreation activities. Chapter 5 - Page 12 J �The Township community building and other public buildings outside the Township, which serve Township residents, are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6, Public and Community Facilities. As a rule, these buildings are located in population centers, and do not occupy large tracts of land. Their primary impact on land use is related to traffic and parking. The Marquette County Airport occupies a large tract of land in Negaunee Township. The presence of the airport affects land use in adjoining areas in several ways. The need to maintain a clear zone around the runway restricts the siting of tall structures or industries that might produce emissions, which interfere with visibility for aircraft; noise, vibration, lights, and traffic associated with airport uses may affect the desirability of adjacent properties for residential development; and roads and streets must be routed around the airport proper, which may interfere with local transportation patterns. These effects all vary depending upon the number of takeoffs and landings, the size and type of aircraft that use the airport, and the overall airport size. In its present configuration, the Marquette County Airport appears to have little adverse impact on nearby residential development or on the siting of industrial operations, and transportation facilities are adequate to support traffic to and from the airport. However, expansion projects to the airport, like extending the north-south runway to serve larger commercial airplanes, must contend with the problem of available land and the presence of exposed bedrock in several areas within airport property. As the result of expansion constraints at the existing airport and the closing of the former Air Force base at K.I. Sawyer in 1995, the Marquette County Board in 1996 decided that the County airport should be moved to K.I. Sawyer. The complete relocation of the airport to K.I. is tentatively scheduled for the middle of 1999. Examples of quasi-public land uses include churches, golf courses, and similar facilities owned by private enterprise, but are open to the public. These uses generate increased traffic on a seasonal, occasional, or intermittent basis, by providing facilities and services that meet the needs of local residents and contribute to the quality of life of communities and neighborhoods. The presence of quasi-public facilities, such as golf courses, can also affect property values. Churches are located throughout the urban area, in the cities and in the surrounding townships. Many Township residents attend church in Negaunee or Ishpeming. Besides serving as places of worship, churches often serve as community gathering places for social events and local meetings. The closure or consolidation of churches, as is currently being done within the Catholic Diocese of Marquette, can affect traffic patterns and the availability of gathering places; it can also have a less tangible effect on the character and cohesiveness of a community. Chapter 5 • Page 13 �5.9 Land Ownership As discussed earlier, land ownership in Marquette County and Negaunee Township greatly affects land use. Land in public ownership mean that less land is available for private development. However, public lands often provide many of the amenities which attract residents to rural areas in the first place -- wildlife habitat, green space, scenic beauty, etc. While public lands are not available for private development, it should be pointed out that typically public lands are those that are less suited for intensive development. Some areas contain wetlands, unstable soils, or other environmental constraints. Unlike other townships in Marquette County, Negaunee Township does not have significant acreage of public-owned land; however, the Township does have large tracts of corporate owned land. Of the corporate-owned land in the Township, about 5,532 acres are designated as Commercial Forest Reserve under the Commercial Forest Act. To qualify for a lower tax rate on CFR lands, the landowner agrees to maintain these lands in their forested state, and to leave the lands open for public recreational use. When the timber is harvested, or if the owner wishes to build a camp or home on the property, the land must be removed from CFR status. Major corporate landowners within Negaunee Township include Escanaba Paper Co., Benson Forest, Ltd., and the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company. These large tracts of land, which are open for public use, provide hunting, fishing, and other outdoor recreational opportunities that attract visitors to the area, in turn providing potential customers for retail and service businesses and affecting transportation patterns. Therefore, although the use of these lands does not include intensive development, development in other areas may be encouraged because of the presence of public and CFR lands. A less tangible effect is the impact on the overall quality of life in Marquette County -- few would argue that the lakes and forests of the area make the County a more desirable place to live. 5.10 Contaminated Sites The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is required by Part 201 of the Michigan Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, Act 451 of 1994, to identify, evaluate, and rank all sites of environmental contamination in Michigan. For several years, the DEQ was required to submit a list of these sites to the Michigan Legislature. However, recent changes to Michigan's environmental laws have changed this requirement to every five years. The most recent list of contaminated sites was submitted in April 1995. As defined by Part 201, environmental contamination means the release of a hazardous substance, or the potential release of a discarded hazardo~s substance, in a quantity Chapter 5 - Page 14 �that is, or may become, injurious to the environment, or to the public health, safety, or welfare. From a land use standpoint, the presence of environmental contamination represents a constraint on future development, and a threat to human health and safety. Besides affecting a specific site, some contaminants can enter groundwater and cause more widespread problems, such as water well contamination. It is desirable to identify and remediate contaminated sites quickly, so that potential hazards and land use constraints may be removed. In terms of future land use decisions, it is important that decisionmakers are aware of the potential for certain types of land use to cause environmental contamination. Most of the sites of environmental contamination identified in Marquette County are the result of past land use practices, and this illustrates that even when legal and accepted land uses are undertaken, the possibility of future impacts exists. In the list prepared in April of 1995, a total of five impacted sites and five leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) were identified in Negaunee Township. These sites are shown in Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Leaking underground fuel storage tanks have become a concern throughout the country in recent years. Many fuel tanks that met all installation guidelines at the time they were installed have deteriorated and allowed fuel to contaminate the surrounding soil. New guidelines for installing underground fuel tanks have been set up, and efforts are underway to identify and clean up leaking tanks. Chapter 5 - Page 15 �TABLE 5-3 SITES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP SAM SCORE SITE NAME Res Well Negaunee Area 21 U.S. 41 and Midway Ind. Park 21 FABCO, Inc. 28 LOCATION CONTAMINANT CATEGORY Section 27; T48N, Dichloroethane, Benzene Toluene, Xylene 1 R26W Section 23; T48N, Gasoline 1 Lead, Chromium, Phthalates, Arsenic 3 PCE, TCE, Aviation Fuel 3 Benzene, Methylene Chloride 3 R26W Section 23; T48N, R26W Marquette County Airport 19 Negaunee Twp GW Contamination 19 Section 28; T48N, R26W Section 35; T48N, R26W Source: MI Sites of Environmental Contamination, Vol 1, April, 1995; Michigan DEQ, June 1997. NOTES TO TABLE 5-3: Site Name: The site name is assigned for identification purposes only and is not necessarily a party responsible for contamination. SAM Score: A numerical risk assessment model, known as the Site Assessment Model, is used to rank all Part 201 sites, except leaking underground storage tanks. The SAM has a scale of O to 48 points, with 48 points representing the highest level of contamination. Therefore, a site with a SAM score of 25 would present more risk to the environment, health, safety or welfare than a site with a score of 20. Contaminant: PCB - Polychlorinated Biphenyl TCE - Trichloro Ethylene Status: Part 201 sites are placed in one of seven categories, depending on the action, if any, which has been taken towards cleanup. These categories are: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 - Inactive, No Actions Taken Cleanup Actions Taken or in Progress - Evaluation/Interim Response - Fund Cleanup Actions Taken or in Progress - Evaluation/Interim Response - Potentially Responsible Party/Other Cleanup Actions Taken or in Progress - Final Cleanup - Fund Cleanup Actions Taken'or in Progress - Final Cleanup Potentially Responsible Party/Other Cleanup Complete/Long-Term Maintenance - Operation & Maintenance - Fund Cleanup Complete/Long-Term Maintenance - Operation & Maintenance - Potentially Responsible Party/Other Chapter 5 - Page 16 �TABLE 5-4 LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUSTS), NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP SITE NAME STATUS LOCATION Marquette County Airport 198 Airport Road Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad 311 M-35 Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Frost Moving & Storage U.S. 41 East Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Negaunee Public Schools Bus Garage U.S. 41 East Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Terex-Lakeshore, Inc. 75 U.S. 41 Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Source: MI Sites of Environmental Contamination, Vol. 2, April, 1995 5.11 Wellhead Protection and Planning Wellhead protection is a planning and management approach for preventing contamination of public water supply wells. The objective of well head protection is to protect the area surrounding the public water supply wells by controlling potential sources of contamination within a designated zone - The Wellhead Protection Area. The Wellhead Protection Area is the surface and subsurface area surrounding a public water supply well through which contaminants, if spilled or deposited, will most likely pass and eventually reach the well or well field. Also known as the zone of contribution. On February 8, 1996, the Negaunee Township Board adopted a resolution to protect the zone of contribution to the wells or well field in compliance with the State of Michigan Wellhead Protection Program. This resolution is attached. The Planning Commission agrees to protect the Township's water supply by establishing zoning districts and regulations governing the use of land within and around the Wellhead Protection Area. The Township Water Department is in the process of developing a Wellhead Protection Plan. The Wellhead Protection Area will be incorporated into the Zoning Ordinance. 5.12 Land Use Trends Negaunee Township appears to be absorbing a substantial portion of the residential growth in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor. Windshield surveys show Chapter 5 - Page 17 �,. RESOLUTION No. W H P-1 NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP COUNTY OF MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN FEBRUARY 8, 1996 BACKGROUND Groundwater is an essential source of fresh water for the municipal water supply system of NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP. Virtually any activity on the surface of the ground which involves hazardous substances may contaminate groundwater, Once polluted, groundwater is difficult and sometimes impossible to clean. The natural microorganisms which help break down some pollutants on the surface of the ground and top soil layers are not present (or not present in significant quantities) in groundwater. The slow rates of groundwater flow, ranging from one foot per day to one foot in fifty years, limit dilution or dispersal of contaminants. Groundwater contaminated by today's land uses and activities may remain contaminated for hundre_d s of years. RE1?0LUTION: WHEREAS, the TOWNSHIP OF NEGAUNEE recognizes the importance of its groundwater supply as a natural resource used for drinking; and WHEREAS, it is within the responsibility of the TOWNSHIP OF NEGAUNEE as a public supplier, to consider the health, safety, and welfare of its customers, and WHEREAS, groundwater contamination can and does occur as a consequence of a variety of land use activities; and · WHEREAS, it is desirable to preserve arid protect the quantity and quality of our groundwater resources to assure a continued safe, adequate, and useable . supply, now and in the future; and WHEREAS, the protection of current and potential future sources of groundwater is worthwhile from the standpoint of resource protection; and WHEREAS, state and county laws and regulations require certain land uses to obtain permits and approvals for construction and operation; and WHEREAS, local government officials, through adopted zoning ordinances, have the legal authority to review and/or approve land uses for the purposes of meeting the needs of the state's residents for natural resource protection and public services, including public water supply; NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that NEGAUNEE TOWNSIIIP does hereby agree to take action to protect their immediate wellhead area and to take steps to determine the zone of contribution to the wells or wellfield in compliance with the State of Michigan Wellhead Protection Program; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the TOWNSHIP BOARD request the establishment of a "budget line ilem" for determining the zone of contribution to their wells or wellfield at such time that funds become available. Adopted this Ayes Supervisor, Charles Prusi /../ . ., Nays Clerk, Mary Grobar V 17a () �that many new subdivisions have been developed in recent years, along with new residential development outside of subdivisions. The urban sprawl, which occurred in the 1970s, '80s, and early '90s in portions of Marquette, Sands, and Chocolay townships from the City of Marquette, is now moving into portions of Negaunee Township. In addition, the Township proximity to the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming and the presence of two storage basins help to make the area more desirable. While this development has added to the Township property tax base, studies in other parts of Michigan have shown that substantial new residential development does not generate enough new tax revenue to cover the cost of providing services. In the case of development in areas where sewer and water are not available, the costs of providing services may not be that high at this time; however, if additional services are needed in the future, the scattered nature of this development could make provision of municipal services very expensive. There are some areas with mixed land uses that potentially may result in land use conflicts. Examples include areas of mixed industrial, extraction, and residential use in the Eagle Mills area, and areas where residential subdivisions have been developed close to, or within, prime forested areas. If past trends continue, the number and total acreage of prime forested areas in the Township will continue to decrease, although much of these areas are currently protected as Commercial Forest Reserves (CFR) under the Commercial Forest Act. Because of the presence of these large tracts of CFR lands in the northern part of the Township, development will probably continue to be concentrated in the southern and central portions of the Township. The proximity to transportation corridors, shopping, and other amenities also influences this trend. Due to the nature of local employment and commuting patterns, future development will continue to be oriented toward the private automobile. 5.13 Issues and Opportunities Physical features can serve to constrain growth and development. In Negaunee Township, steep slope and bedrock areas are the primary physical features that affect development. The residential development in or next to areas currently in forestry use could lead to future land use conflicts; for example, nearby homeowners to a logging operation may find the equipment noise and continuous logging truck traffic a nuisance. The Township has the potential for some further commercial development along U.S. 41/M-28; however, suitable space along this highway corridor is running out. Chapter 5 - Page 18 �With the relocation of the County airport to K.I. Sawyer in 1999 and CR 553 designated as part of the priority north-south highway corridor through the central U.P., increased traffic will likely occur along CR 480 from the crossroads to the Negaunee/Ishpeming area. As a result, there is a potential for future commercial development along this stretch of road. The relocation of the County airport away from Negaunee Township will mean that the current airport land will need to be redeveloped for other uses. If new industrial and commercial facilities move to the existing airport site, the availability of infrastructure, such as roads, water, and sewer, will become an issue. The residential development within the Township should continue to expand northward from U.S. 41/M-28. South of this highway corridor there is not much suitable land available for further residential developments. Permanent and seasonal residential developments should continue in the northern portion of the Township near the Hoist and McClure storage basins. As residential developments in the Township continue to expand northward into the outlying areas, the cost of providing community services, like garbage collection and fire/police protection, will increase. There is the potential to redevelop the former Pioneer Pellet Plant and adjacent land for industrial use, especially with the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company's (CCIC) recent announcement that the remaining equipment and facilities at the site would be dismantle and sold within five years. CCIC has also indicated that the reclamation process at the site would continue. The Township park and community building are located on an 80-acre parcel, of which only a small portion is currently developed; thus, there is the possibility of developing new recreation facilities at the site in the future. Chapter 5 - Page 19 �6.0 COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES 6.1 Introduction Services and facilities provided by local government are vital elements of a community's progress and well-being. Services include police and fire protection, municipal water and wastewater systems, and solid waste disposal. Community facilities include local government buildings, libraries, and maintenance and storage facilities. As a part of the comprehensive planning effort, Negaunee Township community facilities and services were reviewed and evaluated as to their present condition and adequacy to meet the present and future needs of the community. These facilities are shown on Map 6-1. 6.2 Municipal Community Facilities and Services Township Office: The Negaunee Township Hall (Map No. 1) is at 42 M-35, just south of the junction with U.S. 41/M-28. The building was constructed in 1970. It houses offices for the Township, a kitchen, an overflow room, a gym, two conference rooms, a furnace room, a cloak room, and a janitor room. The Township employs a full-time office manager. Governmental business, including Township Board meetings, Planning Commission meetings, elections, etc. is conducted in the Township Hall. The building is also used for private social gatherings, meetings of local organizations, and recreational activities for both youth and adult programs. Other Township Buildings: Three Township-owned facilities are located within the vicinity of the Township Hall: Department of Public Works Storage/Garage: This facility is at 58 Forest Drive, just north of the Township Hall (Map No. 2). The vehicles housed in the facility include: three snowplows, a garbage truck, a pickup truck, and a backhoe tracker. The available space at the facility is inadequate for current requirements. Water Department Garage: This Water Department facility is located on the same parcel of land as the Township Hall, next to the elevated water tower (Map No. 3). It is used to store the vehicles and equipment used by the Department. It is also used to store any overflow equipment and vehicles. Building and Recreation Committee Facility: A garage is located behind the Township Hall (Map No. 4). Half the facility is used for storing vehicles and equipment and as a workshop, while the other half is used for concessions for ball games and social gatherings at the Township Park. The concession portion of the facility has indoor restrooms. Chapter 6 - Page 1 �Fire Protection: Negaunee Township Fire Department provides fire protection to all of the Township. The Department fire hall is located along M-35, connected to the Township Hall (Map No. 5). The Department is staffed by 29 volunteers, who are paid mileage for responding to fire calls. It operates two tankers (1990 and 1997), a pick-up (1986), and a fire unit vehicle (1986). Mutual aid agreements exist between the Township Fire Department and the fire departments in Ishpeming, Marquette, Richmond, and Sands townships, and the cities of Ishpeming and Negaunee. The adequacy of fire protection is evaluated by the Insurance Service Office (ISO) Commercial Risk Inc. through the use of the Grading Schedule for Municipal Fire Protection. The schedule provides criteria to be used by insurance grading engineers in classifying the fire defenses and physical conditions of municipalities. Gradings obtained under the schedule are used throughout the United States in establishing base rates for fire insurance. While ISO does not presume to dictate the level of fire protection services that should be provided by a municipality, reports of surveys made by its Municipal Survey Office generally contain serious deficiencies found, and over the years have been accepted as guides, by many municipal officials in planning improvements to their fire fighting services. The grading is obtained by ISO based upon its analysis of fire department equipment, alarm systems, water supply, fire prevention programs, building construction, and distance of potential hazard areas, such as the central business district, from a fire station. In rating a community, total deficiency points in the areas of evaluation are used to assign a numerical rating of 1 to 10, with "1" representing the best protection and "10" representing an essentially unprotected community. Class 9 usually indicates a community without effective public water supply and hydrant protection. The fire insurance rating for Negaunee Township is 6/9. Where classified areas have a split classification, the determination of the first listed protection class is five road miles or less to responding fire station and with hydrant within 1,000 feet, while the second listed class is five road miles or less to responding fire station, and with hydrant more than 1,000 feet. Municipal water: A portion of Negaunee Township is served by a municipal water system. The remaining areas of the Township use private wells. Negaunee Township provides municipal water service principally to residents living within the area one mile north and south of U.S. 41/M-28. The system consists of two wells and a 200,000-gallon elevated storage tank. The wells are located in an area north of CR 492 and east of M-35 (Map No. 6), while the sto?age tank is located on the same property as the Township Hall (Map No. 7). The wells at maximum use have the capability of pumping about 792,000 gallons per day. The current use is only about 85,000 gallons/day, which shows there is the capacity to expand the service area within the Township if needed. Chapter 6 - Page 2 �The Township would like to install a water main under U.S. 41/M-28 at Brebner Road and loop the line back to Midway Drive, which would improve the service of the system and reduce freezing problems. In the area next to the airport, the installation of a main water line under U.S. 41/M-28 would enable the Township to serve the water needs of future commercial or industrial developments. The Township would also like to construct a second water line from the wells, which would improve the flow and allow an additional 40 residential homes in the M-35 vicinity to connect to the system. Wastewater treatment within the Township is accomplished though on-site systems (private septic systems), except the airport. The airport is served by the City of Negaunee wastewater system. In 1992, a four-inch diameter sewer line was constructed from Negaunee's Sioux Court lift station to the airport, about a distance of 2.5 miles. The main reasons for this connection were the volumes of wastewater being produced at the airport and the types of materials that needed treatment (including various chemicals). The sewer line serves the airport's terminal building, hangers, fire truck building, and the former AMR facility. The line can handle up to 70,000 gallons per month. 6.3 Other Community Facilities and Services Law Enforcement: Negaunee Township residents depend on the Marquette County Sheriff Department and the Michigan State Police for police protection; the Township does not maintain its own police force. The Marquette County Sheriff Department operates out of a facility at 236 West Baraga in the City of Marquette. The department is staffed by 19 road patrol officers, two detectives, a lieutenant in charge of operations, an emergency services administration lieutenant, an undersheriff, and a sheriff. It also employs 27 correction officers, a jail service officer, a jail reimbursement officer, a community correction coordinator, a community relation coordinator, a community safety coordinator, and seven support staff. Eight marked cars, five unmarked cars, and seven four-wheel drive vehicles are available for road patrol and investigative work. The Michigan State Police Post/District Headquarters is located along U.S. 41/M-28 within the Township. Currently, the facility is staffed by 17 troopers and eight supervisory and investigative personnel. The Michigan State Police are in charge of enforcing state laws and investigating accidents and crimes. The cities of Negaunee, Ishpeming, and Marquette each maintain police departments that will respond to calls outside the city limits if requested by the Sheriff Department or State Police. However, their primary responsibility is to the cities, and when used it is generally in a backup capacity. Chapter 6 - Page 3 �Emergency Medical Services: Within Negaunee Township, the primary emergency medical service is provided by the Marquette County Sheriff Department Rescue Unit, whose facility is located along U.S. 41/M-28 within the Township. The Rescue Unit provides non-transporting Basic Life Support, which under the State Department of Consumer and Industry Services qualifications must have at least one EMT-B (Basic) accompany the rescue vehicle for each emergency response. The Rescue Unit is staffed with two Medical First Responders, eight EMT-B, 3 EMT-S (Specialist), and two EMT-P (Paramedic). A rescue truck is used for responding to emergencies. A typical rescue unit vehicle is outfitted with specialized rescue equipment including vehicle extraction equipment. Rescue Units are not licensed to transport patients, but must instead rely on other agencies for transport. Negaunee Township is in the primary service area of Marquette General Hospital. This transporting unit provides advanced life support care for patients being transported, which requires that at least one EMT-Paramedic and one EMT-Basic be on board each ambulance run. Secondary transporting service is provided by Richmond Township Emergency Medical Service. Individual First Responders must complete 117 hours of training, pass a state certification exam, and complete 30 continuing education credits during each three year period. First responders are trained in techniques that enable them to stabilize and treat a patient until more qualified medical personnel with transporting capabilities arrive on the scene. Persons with EMT-B certification complete 240 hours of training, and must also pass a certification exam and complete continuing education credits. EMT-Bs are trained to stabilize patients, and to immobilized and treat injuries. They are qualified to be part of an ambulance staff if the unit they serve has transporting capabilities. An EMT-S must be a licensed EMT-Band complete an additional 110 hours of training, which includes intravenous therapy and advanced air way management techniques. EMT -P is the highest level in the pre-hospital medical technician field. Paramedics must complete over 800 hours of training and clinical work to be licensed at that level. 911 System: Marquette County has an "enhanced" 911 dispatch system in operation throughout the County. Emergency calls for fires, medical emergencies, crimes, and other emergencies are accomplished by dialing the number 9-1-1; these calls go to the central dispatch location at the State Police Post in Negaunee Township, where the location of the call is displayed. The appropriate responding unit is then dispatched. The Marquette County Sheriff Department Emergency Rescue Unit, Marquette General Hospital, Richmond Township EMS, and other County Emergency Medical Service units are dispatched through central dispatch. Marquette County Airport: The Marquette County Airport is located just north of U.S. 41/M-28 in the central portion of Negaunee Township. The facility was established as the County airport in 1957; previously it was a utility airport. It is one of seven airports in the U.P. that provides local commuter and corporate charter service. The airport is served by Northwest Airlink, United Express, and Skyway. The County is planning to Chapter 6 - Page 4 .~ ? �relocate the airport to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base by the middle of 1999. The Township is trying to keep a general aviation airport at the site, if the county airport is moved. Road Commission: Roads and streets in Negaunee Township are discussed in more detail in Chapter 9, Transportation. The majority of roads in the Township are county roads, maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission. The Township is responsible for part of the cost of improvements to local roads, and improvement projects are scheduled by the Road Commission based on funding availability and the priority of requests submitted by townships. County primary roads, such as Midway Drive (CR 502) and CR 510, are the responsibility of the Marquette County Road Commission (except snowplowing), and state trunklines, such as U.S. 41/M-28 and M-35, are maintained by the Road Commission in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Transportation. Health Care: Residents of Negaunee Township must look outside the Township for health care services. However, two hospitals and a variety of medical professionals are located within a few miles of the Township. Marquette General Hospital, with 397 beds, is located in the City of Marquette, while Bell Memorial Hospital, with 69 beds, is located in the City of Ishpeming. Physicians in the area provide a broad spectrum of health care services, including cardiology, dermatology, urology, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, etc., along with family practice. Dentists, optometrists and ophthalmologists, and other specialties round out that range of choices for local residents, and home care and hospice services are available from offices located in the City of Marquette. Education: Negaunee Township, Richmond Township, and the City of Negaunee comprise the Negaunee School District, the second largest school district in the County in terms of enrollment at 1,620 students in 1997-98. The district has four schools: Lakeview (City of Negaunee) and Pineview (Palmer), which house kindergarten through fifth grade students; Negaunee Middle School (City of Negaunee), sixth through eighth grade; and Negaunee High School (City of Negaunee), ninth through twelfth. Enrollment in the school district has dropped since K.I. Sawyer AFB closed, with the peak enrollment occurring in 1993-94 school year. The district-wide enrollment trend is as follows: 1989-90, 1,674 students; 1990-91, 1,663 students; 1991-92, 1,690 students; 1992-93, 1,703 students; 1993-94, 1,753 students; 1994-95, 1,707 students; 1995-96, 1,668 students; 1996-97, 1,635 students; and 1997-98, 1,620 students. School district officials have not identified any major needs or deficiencies with regard to educational facilities in the school district. Routine maintenance projects are carried out on an annual basis. Local residents looking for higher education opportunities can turn to Northern Michigan University, located about ten miles from the Township in the City of Marquette. Northern offers baccalaureate and masters degree programs, as well as technical training in a variety of fields. Other institutions of higher learning in the Chapter 6 • Page 5 �Upper Peninsula include Bay de Noc Community College in Escanaba, 65 miles away; Gogebic Community College in Ironwood; Michigan Technological University in Houghton; and Lake Superior State University in Sault Ste. Marie. Library Facilities: Negaunee Township is served by the City of Negaunee Public Library within the city hall facility. The Township is also served by the Ishpeming/Carnegie Library and Peter White Library via the MICHICARD program. The MICIDCARD program allows individuals served by a library in Michigan that participates in the program to obtain a card that allows them to check out printed material from other participating libraries. The Negaunee Public Library is located at 319 West Case Street in the City of Negaunee. The facility serves the City of Negaunee and Negaunee Township. It has over 30,000 volumes available, with an annual circulation of approximately 35,000 volumes. The Ishpeming/Carnegie Public Library is located along Main Street in the City of Ishpeming. It has a service area that includes the City of Ishpeming and Humbolt, Ishpeming, Champion, Tilden, and Ely townships. The facility has about 69,000 volumes available, with an annual circulation of about 61,000 per year. The Peter White Public Library is located at 217 North Front Street in the City of Marquette. This facility is the largest public library in the County, with 126,000 volumes and an annual circulation of about 300,000. It serves the City of Marquette, and Ewing, Turin, West Branch, Sands, Chocolay, Wells, and Marquette townships. Solid Waste Landfill and Recycling: In Negaunee Township, weekly curbside pickup of residential and commercial solid waste is provided by Chic Sanitation of Champion Township. The Township finances this collection based on monthly fees charged to occupied residential dwellings and businesses. Residential dwellings are charged $8 per month for the service, while businesses are charged either $20 or $34 per month, depending on the size of the operation. Bills for the service are sent out quarterly. The Township receives about $34,000 per year from the fees collected for the service. In 1995, the Township generated a total of 1,470 tons of solid waste, which was an increase of 381.56 tons from 1992. The Marquette County Landfill is located on a 210-acre parcel of land in the northwestern corner of Sands Township. The landfill began operations in December of 1989. The landfill can handle Type II waste (residential/household waste) and Type III waste (demolition debris). The Marquette County Solid Waste Authority, organized in 1987, owns and manages the landfill. The appointed seven member authority includes: three representatives at large; three members designate4 by the Marquette City Commission; and one member designated by the Sands Township Supervisor, who serves as chairperson. The landfill receives about 50,000 tons of solid waste per year. The landfill has a life expectancy of 20 years. Waste entering into the landfill comes from all 23 units of government in the County. The waste collected from these entities is either Chapter 6 - Page 6 F' �directly hauled to the landfill or hauled to one of several transfer stations in the County and then brought to the landfill. With Negaunee Township, a voluntary recycling program began in October of 1997. Recycle items are sorted and placed on curbsides by Township residents for collection by Chic Sanitation twice a month. The following materials are collected for recycling: newspapers, magazines, catalogues, clear glass, tin and aluminum cans, plastic milk jugs, corrugated cardboard, and used motor oil. The recyclables are hauled to the City of Ishpeming Recycling Center. 6.4 Other Public Facilities and Services Besides community facilities and services provided by Negaunee Township and Marquette County, a variety of state and federal offices and some private providers offer services and facilities to residents of Marquette County and beyond. State and Federal Offices: Marquette County is the location of many state and federal agencies, especially district, regional, and U.P.-wide agency offices. State agencies located in the County include: the Office of Aging Services, Department of Agriculture, Department of Civil Rights, Department of Community Health, Department of Correction, Department of Environmental Quality, Lottery Claims & Regional Office, Department of Management & Budget, Michigan Employment Security Agency, Marquette District Court, Marquette Forensic Lab, Michigan Rehabilitation ServicesMichigan Jobs Commission, Department of Natural Resources, Secretary of State, Michigan Family Independence Agency, State Police, Department of Transportation, and Department of the Treasury. Federal agencies with offices in the County include: the Department of Agriculture, Department of Army-Corp of Engineers, Coast Guard, Department of Commerce, U.S. Courts, Department of Justice, Department of Labor Mine Safety & Health Administration, Department of Army 996 Engineer Co., Department of Transportation, District Court Magistrate, Drug Enforcement Administration, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Interior, Department of Labor, U.S. Marshal Office, Small Business Administration, and Social Security Administration. Electrical Service: Electrical service in Negaunee Township is supplied by Marquette Board of Light & Power and Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPCO). Marquette Board of Light & Power serves most of the Township. The company supplies power to residential, commercial, and industrial customers within the Township. The rate for electrical residential customers is 7.55 cents per kilowatt hour for the first 1,000 kilowatt hours used per month and 5.51 cents there after. Seasonal residential customers are charged 7.55 cents per kilowatt hour for the first 12,000 kilowatt hours used per year and 5.51 cents per kilowatt hour over 12,000 kilowatt hours per year. Electrical service monthly rate for small commercial and industrial operations (needing 25 kilowatts or more) is 6.47 cents per kilowatt hour for the first 1,500 kilowatt hours, 4.71 cents for the Chapter 6 - Page 7 �next 13,000 kilowatt hours, and 4.41 cents for over 15,000 kilowatt hours. Larger commercial and industrial operations demanding 200 kilowatts or more have rate of 4.54 cents per kilowatt hour. UPPCO provides electrical service to the northwestern portion of the Township, principally in the Hoist Storage Basin area. The company's rate for year-round and seasonal residential dwellings is 8.51 cents per kilowatt hour. Natural Gas Service: SEMCO Gas Company provides natural gas service to Negaunee Township. A natural gas distribution network makes gas available to the Township one to two miles north and south of U.S. 41/M-28 and along M-35 to CR 480. Most of the rural portions of the Township, however, do not have access to natural gas service. Residential customers pay 41.63 cents per 100 cubic feet of natural gas for service. Small commercial and industrial service is 41.19 cents per 100 cubic feet, while larger commercial and industrial is 40.89 cents per 100 cubic feet. Telephone and Cable Senice: Local telephone service in Negaunee Township is provided by Ameritech Corporation. The long distance service can be obtained from several carriers that serve the area. Bresnan Communication Company provides the Township with cable television service. Cable service is provided to a majority of the southern twothirds of the Township. 6.5 Issues and Opportunities The Township water system has significant excess capacity over current usage. As a result, the Township could extend this service to parts of the Township that are currently served by individual private wells. This may be especially beneficial for any future commercial or industrial developments in areas currently not served by water. The Township would like to increase the flow of its water system north of U.S. 41/M-28, which would allow it to better serve the households and commercial/industrial establishments currently using the system and provide enough flow for future extensions of the system. Most of the current growth in the Township is occurring north of U.S. 41/M-28. With the lack of space available at the Department of Public Works garage facility, the Township would like to construct a larger facility. Overall, Negaunee Township public and community facilities provide sufficient capacity and are in good repair. Chapter 6 • Page 8 ~ ~ �7.0 HOUSING 7.1 Introduction The housing characteristics of Negaunee Township are important elements of the comprehensive plan. The physical location of housing determines the location and cost of many public services and facilities. Also, housing characteristics are related to the social and economic conditions of the community residents. The information presented in this chapter will provide Township officials with information about the current housing stock as well as identify significant changes which have occurred in the housing needs. Information is presented about structural and occupancy characteristics. The end of the plan provides a housing strategy to address Township housing needs, including priorities, activities to be undertaken, and sources of funding. 7.2 Housing Characteristics Housing Unit Trends: The 1990 Census count of total housing units in Negaunee Township was 1,093. From 1970 to 1990, the number of housing units in the Township grew by 39.8 percent. The majority of this growth occurred between 1970 and 1980. In the 1970s, the housing stock grew by 326 units, or by 33.1 percent. Marquette County followed a similar trend with a majority of its growth, 39.4 percent, occurring between 1970 and 1980. The CUPPAD region also experienced a majority of its growth during the 1970s with a housing unit increase of 29.9 percent. TABLE 7-1 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1970-1990 Area 1970 1980 1990 Negaunee Township 658 984 1,093 Marquette County 21,898 30,530 31,049 CUPPAD Region 61,798 80,271 85,650 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 19701 19801 and 1990 Census of Housing, General Housing Characteristics, Michigan Chapter 7 - Page 1 �TABLE 7-2 PERCENT CHANGE IN OF HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1970-1990 1970-1980 1980-1990 1970-1990 Negaunee Township 33.1 10.0 39.8 Marquette County 39.4 1.7 29.S CUPPAD Region 29.9 6.7 38.6 Area Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 19701 19801 and 1990 Census of Housing, General Housing Characteristics, Michigan Occupancy and Tenure: In 1990, 77.3 percent of the housing units within the Township were occupied and 22.7 percent were vacant, representing 845 units and 248 units, respectively. An occupied housing unit is the usual place of residence of the person or group of persons at the time the Census is taken. The percentage of occupied units in the Township is lower than the percent of occupied housing units for Marquette County, which was 81.9 percent. The percentage of occupied housing units is slightly lower than the CUPPAD region, where 78.2 percent of the total units are occupied. Of the total occupied units, approximately 87.7 percent were owner occupied and 12.3 percent were renter occupied. TABLE 7-3 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS, OCCUPANCY AND TENURE, 1990 Negaunee Township Marquette County CUPPAD Region No. % No. % No. % 1,093 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Occupied 845 77.3 25,435 81.9 66,996 78.2 Owner 741 87.7 16,332 64.2 48,760 72.8 Renter 104 12.3 9,103 35.8 18,236 27.2 248 22.7 5,614 18.1 18,654 21.8 For Rent 6 2.4 449 8.0 1,177 6.3 For Sale 14 5.7 237 4.2 837 4.S Rented or sold, Not Occupied 1 0.4 185 3.3 544 2.9 16,096 86.3 Units Total Units Vacant•• ~ Other* 227 4,743 91.S 84.S ource: u.s. Hureau of the Census, :STJ.f 1A, HlJUj amt HUU5. *Includes seasonal, recreational, occasional use, migrant workers, and others. **Includes seasonal and recreational. Chapter 7 - Page 2 �FIGURE 7-1 TOTAL HOUSING UNIT TREND, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1970-1990 1,200 1,093 1,100 984 1,000 900 800 700 658 600 500-t---------------+---------------; 1970 1980 Year Sow-ce: U.S. Bureau of Census, for year cited. Chapter 7 - Page 3 1990 �A total of 22.7 percent of all housing units in the Township in 1990 were vacant. The vast majority of these are seasonal and recreational homes. Presently, the lands surrounding both the Hoist Basin and the McClure Basin are zoned Forestry, which allows for seasonal dwellings. A number of seasonal homes have been constructed in the area; but some are being used on a year-around basis. Use of a dwelling in the Forestry zoning district as a year around dwelling is a conditional use, requiring approval from the Negaunee Township Planning Commission. The rental vacancy rate, computed by comparing the number of units for rent or for rent or sale to the total number of available renter-occupied units was 6.3 percent. The vacancy rate for available owner-occupied homes was only 2.0 percent. Units in Structure: In 1990, of the Township's 1,093 total housing units, approximately 72 percent were one-unit detached or attached units. This figure is higher as compared to the City of Negaunee and Marquette County, but slightly less as compared to the central U.P. region. (There is only one reported "attached unit" which is commonly called row house, double house or house attached to a non-residential structure.) Mobile homes make up about 12 percent of the housing stock in the Township; this figure is considerably higher than the city of Negaunee, Marquette County and the region. TABLE7-4 UNITS IN STRUCTURE, 1990 I Negaunee Township Units # Negaunee City # % I CUPPAD Region Maniuette County # % # % % 1, detached 787 72.0 1,333 64.5 20,005 64.4 61,240 71.3 !,attached 1 0.1 19 0.9 1,542 5.0 1,881 2.2 2 8 0.7 276 13.2 2,165 7.0 4,710 5.5 3 or4 16 1.5 82 4.0 1,204 3.9 2,206 2.6 5 to 9 2 0.2 115 5.6 1,083 3.5 1,862 2.2 10 to 19 11 i.o 83 4.0 951 3.1 1,514 1.8 20 to 49 0 0.0 1 0.1 542 1.7 1,032 1.2 50 or more 0 0.0 80 3.9 537 1.7 1,152 1.3 Mobile home or trailer 129 11.8 37 1.8 2,330 7.5 7,344 8.6 Other 139 12.7 41 2.0 684 2.2 2,709 3.2 Total 1,093 100.0 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 ~ Source: U.S. Bureau o( the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF lA, H041 Chapter 7 - Page 4 �FIGURE 7-2 UNITS IN STRUCTURE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1990 80% 72.0% Vt:c"""' I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _:!_II 70% 60% I----------------jIl i \.?, 50% I 40% I 30% l I l 20% 11.8% 12 7'¾ 10% 0.1% 0.7% 1.5% 1.0% 1.0% Source: 1900 U.S. Bureau of the Census Chapter 7 - Page 5 l �According to the 1990 Census of Population, there were a reported 139 housing units classified as "other'' units in Negaunee Township. This category refers to living quarters occupied as housing units that do not fit other categories; examples are houseboats, railroad cars, campers, and vans. The Planning Commission feels this figure is in error. Comparing this figure to the number of "other'' units reported in the rural west end townships, the 139 figure seems quite excessive: Ely Township 116; Humboldt Township 31; Ishpeming Township 48; Michigamme Township 22; Republic Township 17 and Tilden Township 24. During the process of conducting the census, the census enumerator may have recorded seasonal or recreational units as "other''; there were a reported 188 vacant seasonal or recreational units for the 1990 Census. (According to the 1980 Census, there were no "other'' type units reported for the Township.) ~ Age of Housing: Almost 32 percent of the Township housing structures were built between 1970 and 1980. This period represents the largest housing construction period of the Township during the past 50 years. The median year that houses were constructed in the Township was 1970. The majority of the houses in the city of Negaunee were built in 1939 or earlier (median year built was 1939). Marquette County also experienced a housing boom during the 1970s with 26 percent of the housing stock constructed. The median year of houses built county-wide was 1970. However, almost 30 percent of the county housing stock was built in 1939 or earlier; the majority of these houses are found within the three cities as well as several mining communities. New house construction in Negaunee Township during the 1980s accounted for about 18 percent of the total housing stock; most of these houses were constructed between 1980 and 1984. Comparing construction activity to both the City of Negaunee and Marquette County, the Negaunee Township house construction figure is higher. According to building permits issued between 1991 and 1997, 141 new housing units were authorized to be built within Negaunee Township. All but two of the building permits issued were for single-family dwellings. If constructed, these new houses would account for about 11 percent of the total housing stock in the township. Chapter 7 - Page 6 •~ �FIGURE 7-3 HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR STRUCTURE WAS BUil T, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP 1939 or Earlier 8.7% 1980 - 1990 18.3% 1940 -1949 11.3% 1950 - 1959 13.2% 1970 - 1979 31.6% 1960 -1969 16.9% Source: 1990 U.S. Bureau of the Census Chapter 7 - Page 7 �" Table 7-5 HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR STRUCTURE WAS BUILT, SELECTED AREAS Negaunee Township # Negaunee City # % Marquette County # % # % CUPPAD Region % 1980 to March 1990 200 18.3 185 9.0 3,270 10.5 11,553 13.5 1970 to 1979 345 31.6 308 14.9 8,110 26.1 20,048 23.4 1960 to 1969 185 16.9 167 8J. 4,160 13.4 9,606 11.2 1950 to 1959 144 13.2 133 6.4 4,152 13.4 9,740 11.4 1940 to 1949 124 11.3 93 4.5 2,146 6.9 7,319 8.5 95 8.7 1,181 57.1 9,211 29.7 27,384 32.0 1,093 100.0 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 1939 or Earlier Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H25 Household Type and Relationship: The U.S. Census categorizes households into three types: family households, non-family households, and group quarters. In 1990, 100% of the 2,368 Township residents lived in households and none were in group quarters. The percentage of persons living in households was higher than the region and the State. Of the total household residents in the Township, approximately 90 percent lived in family households while 9.2 percent lived in non-family households. A family household is one where there are two or more persons related by birth, marriage or adoption. A non-family household is a person living alone or with nonrelatives only. TABLE 7-6 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND RELATIONSHIP, 1990 Negaunee Township Units Marquette County CUPPAD Region No. % No. % No. % Total Persons 2,368 100.0 70,887 100.0 177,692 100.0 In Households 2,368 100.0 66,359 93.6 171,279 96.4 In Family 2,150 90.8 57,073 80.S 150,47S 84.7 Householder 669 28.3 18,054 , 25.S 47,520 26.7 Spouse 597 2S.2 15,143 21.4 39,921 22.S Child 829 3S.0 21,790 30.7 SS,19S 31.1 Grandchild 10 0.4 434 0.6 1,165 0.7 Chapter 7 - Page 8 �TABLE 7-6 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND RELATIONSHIP, 1990 Negaunee Township Marquette County CUPPAD Region No. % No. % No. % 40 1.7 860 1.2 2,336 1.3 Non-Relatives s 0.2 792 1.1 4,338 2.4 In Non-Family Households 218 9.2 9,286 13.1 23,141 13.0 Householder Lives Alone 148 6.3 5,984 8.4 16,714 9.4 Householder Not Alone 30 1.3 1,397 2.0 2,762 1.6 Non-Relatives 40 1.7 1,905 2.7 3,665 2.1 0 0 4,528 6.4 6,303 3.5 Institution 0 0 1,528 2.2 2,986 1.7 Other 0 0 3,000 4.2 3,317 1.9 Units Other Relatives In Group Quarters Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing P0l 7 & STF 3A. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of female- headed families more than doubled (126% increase) from 23 families to 52 families. During the same time period, the number of male-headed households decreased from 36 households to 25 households (31% decline). The number of householders living alone more than doubled from 68 to 146 (114% increase). Overall, the number of households increased about 19% from 1980 to 1990; at the same time population decreased by 3.1 percent. This means that housing demand has remained steady despite a declining population. If population increases in the future, housing demand will be even greater. The type and cost of housing required in the future may be affected by the fact that much of the growth is occurring in oneperson or single-parent families. Chapter 7 - Page 9 �• TABLE 7-7 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FOR NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1980-1990 1990 1980 Number Household Type Percent Number Percent 627 88.1 668 79.1 568 79.8 591 70.0 Female Householder 23 3.2 52 6.2 Male Householder 36 5.1 25 3.0 Non-Family Households 85 11.9 177 20.9 Householder Living Alone 68 9.6 146 17.3 Householder 65 or Over 29 4.1 46 5.4 Family Households Married-Couple Family Total Households 712 845 Average Household Size 3.08 2.80 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, P003, P016, and HOl 7A; and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1, 003, 016, 022, and 035. Household Size: The number of persons per occupied housing unit in the Township decreased from 3.08 in 1980 to 2.80 in 1990. The Township 1990 figure was more than the County and the CUPPAD region. The number of persons per occupied housing unit also decreased in the CUPPAD region. The smaller household sizes within these areas followed a national trend. This phenomenon is the result of smaller family sizes and an increase in single parent families. TABLE 7-8 PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD, 1980 AND 1990 Persons Per Household Area 1980 1990 Negaunee Township 3.08 2.80 Marquette County 2.49 2.61 CUPPAD Region 2.78 ' 2.64 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population & Housing, 1980 & 1990. Housing Values and Rents: The median housing value of owner-occupied homes in the Township in 1990 was $48,200. This figure was $9,800 higher than Negaunee City, Chapter 7 - Page 10 �$3,400 higher than the County, and $8,150 higher than the CUPPAD region. With the exception of Marquette Township and Sands Township, the bordering localities have lower housing values than Negaunee Township. TABLE 7-9 COMPARATIVE MEDIAN OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING VALUES FOR VARIOUS AREAS, 1990 Area Median Housing Negaunee Township $48,200 Negaunee City $38,400 Chocolay Township $57,900 Ishpeming City $33,800 Ishpeming Township $44,800 Richmond Township $32,100 Sands Township $60,900 Marquette City $50,700 Marquette Township $51,800 Marquette County $44,800 CUPPAD Region $40,050 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, Table H023B. The median rent for Negaunee Township in 1990 was $252 per month. This figure was lower than the figures for both the County and the CUPPAD region. The $300 to $349 rent category accounted for 22.3 percent of renter-occupied housing units in the Township, which was the largest category. This figure was higher than the median rent figures for both the County and the CUPPAD region. Chapter 7 - Page 11 �. TABLE 7-10 CONTRACT RENT SPECIFIED RENTER-OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS, 1990 Negaunee Township % No. Value CUPPAD Region Marquette County % No. % No. Less than $100 3 3.2 201 2.3 655 3.8 $100 to $149 8 8.S 601 6.7 1,529 8.8 $150 to $199 12 12.8 882 9.9 2,225 12.7 $200 to $249 20 21.3 1,474 16.6 3,339 19.1 $250 to $299 13 13.8 1,381 15.S 3,027 17.3 $300 to $349 21 22.3 1,051 11.8 1,998 11.4 $350 to $399 5 5.3 783 8.8 1,320 7.6 $400 to $449 2 2.1 627 7.0 806 4.6 $450 to $499 2 2.1 318 3.6 386 2.2 $500 to $549 0 0 107 1.2 149 0.9 $550 to $599 0 0 86 1.0 95 o.s $600 to $649 0 0 44 0.S 61 0.3 $650 to $699 1 1.1 23 0.3 36 0.2 $700 or More 0 0 27 0.3 22 0.1 No Cash Rent 7 7.S 1,294 14.S 1,812 10.4 94 100.0 8,899 100.0 17,460 100.0 Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF ~ H032. ~ H032B. TABLE 7-11 MEDIAN CONTRACT RENT, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Area Value Negaunee Township $252 Negaunee City $239 Marquette County $273 CUPPAD Region $236 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF Chapter 7 - Page 12 �7.3 Financial Characteristics In 1989, about 7.2 percent of the population of Negaunee Township was below the poverty level. Slightly more than 74 percent of this population was under the age of 55 years, and 25.7 percent was 55 years and older. Almost a quarter of township residents had incomes below 199 percent of the poverty level. This figure compares favorably to 35.3 percent for the County and 36.5 percent for the CUPPAD region. Table 7-12 PERSONS BY POVERTY STATUS BY AGE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1989 Year Above Poverty Level Under 55 Years 55 Years & Over Total Total Below Poverty Level 1,853 127 1,980 344 44 388 2,197 171 2,368 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, Pll 7. TABLE 7-13 PERSONS BY POVERTY STATUS, SELECTED AREAS, 1989 Negaunee # Below 50% of Poverty Level Marquette County % # % CUPPAD Region # % 53 2.2 2,842 4.3 6,967 4.1 Between 50% & 99% 118 5.0 5,530 8.3 15,187 9.0 Between 100% & 149% 114 4.8 7,250 10.9 19,445 11.5 Between 150% & 199% 305 12.9 7,854 11.8 20,187 11.9 200% & Over 1,778 75.1 42,922 64.7 107,876 63.6 Total 2,368 100.0 66,398 100.0 169,662 100.0 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P121. Negaunee Township median household and family income levels were $32,076 and $35,492 in 1990. These figures were higher than those for Marquette County and the CUPPAD region. The per capita income level in the Township was $12,257; this figure is higher than the county figure of $11,025 and $10,653 for the CUPPAD Region. Chapter 7 - Page 13 �. TABLE 7-14 INCOME LEVELS, SELECTED AREAS, 1989 Income Below Poverty Level Median Income Area Household Family Per Capita Income Negaunee Township $32,076 $35,492 $12,257 7.2 S.7 Marquette County $25,137 $30,249 $11,025 12.6 10.7 Michigan $31,020 $36,652 $14,154 13.1 10.2 % of Persons % of Families Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A; P080A, P114A, P107A and P123. A popular method used to gauge the affordability of a community's housing stock is the percentage of income spent on housing related costs. Generally, no more than 25 percent to 30 percent of the household income should be used for these costs. In Negaunee Township, approximately 37.4 percent of the renter-occupied households paid more than 25 percent of their income for rent. In terms of owner-occupied housing units, about 16.8 percent of homeowners in the Township paid more than 25 percent of their income on housing costs. TABLE 7-15 HOUSEHOLDS BY GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Household Income Less than 20% 20-24% 25-29% 30-34% Over 35% Less than $10,000 0 0 0 3 20 $10,000 to $19,999 3 7 0 0 8 $20,000 to $34,999 19 6 0 0 0 $35,000 to $49,999 14 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 39 13 0 3 28 $50,000 or more Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, BOSO. Note: Gross rent is the sum of contract rent and utility costs. Chapter 7 - Page 14 • J �TABLE 7-16 HOUSEHOLDS BY SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COST AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Less than 20% Household Income 20-24% 25-29% 30-34% Over 35% Less than $10,000 7 0 14 0 21 $10,000 to $19,999 Sl u s 0 s $20,000 to $34,999 75 28 30 7 4 $35,000 to $49,999 89 17 0 3 0 $50,000 or more 147 15 0 0 0 Total 369 72 49 10 30 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H059. Note: Selected owner costs is the sum for real estate, taxes, property insurance, utilities, and regular monthly mortgage payments. 7.4 Selected Housing Characteristics In 1990, 5.8 percent of the housing units in Negaunee Township lacked complete plumbing facilities. This figure compared to 3.7 percent for Marquette County and 4.3 percent for the CUPPAD region. The higher percentage of units lacking complete plumbing facilities in the Township was probably the result of the large number of seasonal units. Three point one percent of the Township units lacked complete kitchen facilities, which was equal to the County total of 3.1 percent and near the CUPPAD region total of 3.7 percent. TABLE 7-17 SUBSTANDARD HOUSING, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Negaunee Township Marquette County CUPPAD Region Characteristic # % # % # % Lacking Complete Plumbing Facilities 63 5.8 1,140 3.7 3,680 4.3 Lacking Complete Kitchen Facilities 34 3.1 966 3.11 3,211 3.7 Overcrowded 21 1.9 427 1.4 1,042 1.6 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A: H021, STF 3A: H064, H042. Chapter 7 - Page 15 �Of the occupied housing units in Negaunee Township, 21, or 1.9 percent contained more than one person per room. The proportion of units with more than one person per room is slightly higher in the Township than both the County and the region. Units with more than one person per room are considered to be overcrowded; overcrowded housing and housing which lacks complete plumbing and/or kitchen facilities is considered to be substandard. The data presented indicates a high level of substandard units in the Township and County, based on lack of complete plumbing or kitchen facilities; however, the high number of seasonal units in rural areas is responsible for these relatively high numbers. There are no overcrowded homes lacking complete plumbing. There are only nine year-round homes that lack complete plumbing facilities. In 1990, 35.7 percent of the housing units in the Township relied on a public system or private company for their water source. This figure compared to 64.4 percent for Marquette County and 53.1 percent for the CUPPAD region. Individual drilled and dug well systems were the most widely used in the Township with 60.4 percent of the housing units. This water source was not as common in the County or throughout the region with 33.4 percent and 44.4 percent, respectively. Drilled wells are usually less than 1-1/2 feet in diameter, while dug wells are larger than 1-½ feet wide and generally hand dug. TABLE 7-18 SOURCE OF WATER FOR HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Negaunee Township Source # Marquette County # % CUPPAD Region # % % Public System or Private Company 390 35.7 19,991 64.4 45,494 53.1 Individual Drilled Well 612 56.0 9,205 29.6 34,872 40.7 Individual Dug Well 48 4.4 1,142 3.7 3,201 3.7 Some Other Source 43 3.9 711 2.3 2,083 2.4 1,093 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Total Units Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H023. In Negaunee Township, 88.8 percent of the housing units used septic tank or cesspool systems for sewage disposal. This figure compared to 3i.o percent at the County level and 47.1 percent at the regional level. Only 4.6 percent of the Township was connected to public sewer. At the County and regional levels, this type of sewage disposal system was used by 59.5 percent and 49.0 percent, respectively. Chapter 7 - Page 16 �TABLE 7-19 SEWAGE DISPOSAL FOR HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Source Public Sewer Septic Tank or Cess Pool Other Means Total Units # CUPPAD Region Marquette County Negaunee Township # % # % % 50 4.6 18,457 59.5 41,993 49.0 970 88.7 11,471 36.9 40,311 47.1 73 6.7 1,1211 3.6 3,346 3.9 1,093 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H024. In 1990, 34.9 percent of the occupied housing units in the Township used utility gas for heat. This figure was much lower than the figures of 60.0 percent for Marquette County and 57.2 percent for the CUPPAD region. Fuel oil and wood were also important heat sources in the Township. The rural nature of the Township accounts for having a large share of bottled gas users, as compared to the rest of the county. TABLE 7-20 OCCUPIED HOUSING UNIT HEATING FUEL, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Negaunee Township Source # % # % # % CUPPAD Region Marquette County Utility Gas 295 34.9 15,267 60.0 38,324 57.2 Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas 137 16.2 1,715 6.7 6,159 9.2 59 7.0 1,999 7.9 3,912 5.8 205 24.3 3,735 14.7 8,758 13.1 0 o.o 4 0.0 8 o.o 149 17.6 2,544 10.0 9,486 14.2 0 o.o 3 0.0 11 0.0 17 2.0 102 0.4 251 0.4 0 o.o 66 .3 87 0.1 845 100.0 25,435 100.0 66,996 100.0 Electricity Fuel Oil, Kerosene, etc. Coal or Coke Wood Solar Energy Other Fuel No Fuel Used Total Units Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H030. Chapter 7 - Page 17 �7.5 Areas of Development Several areas in Negaunee Township are currently being developed with new housing, are platted for housing, or are in the process of being platted. White Bear location in the north central portion of the Township, east of the Hoist Basin, is a location that is experiencing new residential growth. This new housing area is completely surrounded by land zoned for forestry use. Carlson Subdivision, in the northwestern portion of the Township, north of the Hoist Basin, has about 10-12 year around houses constructed. Access to the new subdivision is off North Basin Drive. There are a number of houses located on South Camp Road, off of South Basin Drive, that are used for year around residence. That section of South Camp Drive has been designated by the Marquette County Road Commission as a "seasonal road" and as such does not receive snowplowing services; to gain access to their houses the residents plow the road. New housing development is also starting to occur in an area along Kivela Road, just north of the City of Negaunee, with a few houses already constructed. Another area just north of the City of Negaunee is currently in the process of getting platted. This new subdivision, if approved, will be located along Heritage Drive, between the Marquette County Airport and U.S. 41/M-28. Dead River Storage Area: Longyear Realty Company owns a considerable amount of real estate within the Dead River system located within Negaunee Township, Ishpeming Township and Champion Township. Longyear Realty Company, for many years, has leased the lands to individuals through a licensing arrangement. There are about 375 licensees for a "camping site" within the three township area; about 150 are located within Negaunee Township at Hoist Basin. In 1995, when renewal of the licenses was being negotiated many of the "campers" began investigating the possibility of purchasing the lands from Longyear Realty Company. Longyear Realty Company has entered into a "Binding Purchase Agreement" with a newly formed company, Dead River Campers, Inc. to purchase about 4,500 acres. The final sale of the property is expected to be concluded in 1999. As part of the sale process, Dead River Campers, Inc. is surveying the individual camper sites in order to create individual lots, for which the "campers" will receive a property deed. The amount of land contained in each individual parcel will be used to determine the individual "camper's" share of the total ~rchase price; the "campers" will be purchasing their individual lot plus an interest in the vacant lands surrounding the areas where "camping sites" are located. There are about 500 acres within the three-township area on which the individual "camp sites" are located. The individual lots range in size from 1½ to 4 acres; the typical size is about 200 feet by 300 feet. Chapter 7 - Page 18 �There is a mix of housing types, some larger homes worth about $100,000 that could be used on a year around basis and a few dwellings that are basically two rooms used on a seasonal basis. Some of the "camping sites" are vacant land. There are about 4,000 acres that are vacant lands, that the members of the Dead Rivers Campers, Inc. will own. The camping association will be examining alternatives as to the use of these vacant lands. The association would like to keep the Basin area as pristine as possible and limit development. These areas are important to the Township in determining the amount of services (water, waste collection, etc.) needed in the future. 7.6 Issues and Opportunities The Township could be characterized as an area of owner-occupied single family houses generally built in the 1970s. One third of the housing stock were constructed during the 1970s. The value of owner-occupied houses is greater in the Township than the immediate adjoining communities, with the exception of Marquette and Sands Township. More than a third (37.4 percent) of renters within the township paid more than 25 percent of their income for rent, and 16.8 percent of the homeowners paid more than 25 percent of their income for housing costs. This may suggest that affordability may be a problem or issue within the township. The number of housing units within the township increased 10 percent from 1980 to 1990; during the same time period the population fell about 3 percent. The number of persons per household has also decreased during the past decade. With 18 percent of the housing stock constructed during the 1980s and approximately 141 housing units authorized for construction (representing 11 percent of the housing stock if all constructed) a strong demand for housing in the township is suggested. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of female-headed families more than doubled, while the number of male-headed households decreased. The number of householders living alone also more than doubled. The type and cost of housing required in the future may be affected by the fact that much of the growth is occurring in one person or single parent families. Approximately 12 percent of the housing stock in the Township are mobile homes. Though mobile homes offer an affordable form of housing to may residents, there are differences in the property tax assessments and other forms of housing. Generally, mobile homes to do appreciate over time and depending upon locations, are often Chapter 7 - Page 19 �. inconsistent with the surrounding neighborhood in terms of appearance and type of construction. Older mobile homes have also been found to be in need of repairs and rehabilitation work. There are some houses in the Township which are substandard, almost 6 percent of the housing stock lack complete plumbing facilities. These units may be for seasonal use now, but the possibility exists that over time, the houses may be converted to yeararound use. Housing growth is occurring in areas not presently served by the municipal water system. With the sale of the lands owned by Longyear Realty Company to an association, the property that was owned by one corporation may eventually end up in individual land ownership. There may be increased demand to allow year around residences in the area. Most of the area in the northern part of the Township is zoned as Forestry, which allows for seasonal dwellings with year-around homes as a conditional use. Several homes located in the Dead River Basin and McClure Basin areas were originally constructed for seasonal use, but over time they have become year around residences. To gain access to homes located on roads that have been designated as "seasonal roads" by the county road commission, residents are plowing the roads. This situation may pose problems for emergency vehicles as the roadway by not be wide enough. As more and more people convert homes into year-around use, there will be more demands for municipal services, such as garbage pick-up, school bus runs, snowplowing, etc. The Planning Commission, as part of the future process of updating and revising the zoning ordinance, needs to review and become aware of the changing and potential changing land uses occurring within the northern part of the Township. Chapter 7 - Page 20 r �8.0 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES The park and open space site facility recommendations for Negaunee Township are presented in this chapter. The purpose of the park and open space plan element is to provide the Township with a comprehensive and sound working guide that will direct the acquisition and development of parks and recreational facilities needed or desired to satisfy the demands of the Township residents. The chapter is intended to integrate the Negaunee Township Recreation Plan into this comprehensive plan. However, the Recreation Plan should remain the primary document used by the Township for any current and future park and recreation endeavors. A community recreation plan under the Michigan Department of Natural Resources regulation is a comprehensive recreation plan for a local unit of government, valid for a five-year period, and is required in order for the Township to participate in federal and state recreational funding programs. Annually, under these recreational funding programs, funds are made available to local communities by the MDNR through a competitive grant application process. The application deadlines for these grants are April 1st and September 1st. If a community recreation plan has expired, it must be updated by the community and then approved by the MDNR at least a month before these application deadlines to apply for a recreation grant. The Township current recreation plan is valid until 2000. The first portion of this chapter provides an inventory of existing parks, recreational facilities, natural resource assets, and historically significant places located within the planning area. Recreational facilities located in surrounding communities, which may be used by Township residents are also identified in this section. The second portion of this chapter details the Township current and future recreational needs, which have been identified as necessary or desired to increase the quality of recreation opportunities offered locally. Most of these needs were identified during the planning process when the Township current recreation plan was updated in 1995; however, some needs have been identified by the Township since that time. The final section of this chapter describes the recreational needs of the community in relation to standards set by the National Recreation and Park Association and Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. 8.1 Existing Recreational Facilities From a recreation standpoint, it is important that the Township provide a broad range of recreational opportunities to local citizens, as well as tourists. When identifying existing facilities, it helps to understand the types of facilities present. For convenience, the different types of facilities, in general, are explained below. Chapter 8 - Page 1 �.. Mini-Park: A park containing specialized facilities that serves a concentration or limited population or specific group such as tots or the elderly. Neighborhood Park/Playground: An active recreation site incorporating one or more open space areas designed for field sport and providing play apparatuses. The open space areas should be able to serve the needs of both youths and adults. Community Park/Recreation Area: Area of diverse environmental quality. May include areas suited for intense recreational facilities such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. May be an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation such as walking, viewing, sitting, and picnicking. Regional Park/Recreation Area: Area of natural or ornamental quality for outdoor recreation, such as picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, camping, and trail uses. It may include play areas. These types of facilities tend to attract individuals from outside the community. Within Negaunee Township boundaries, there are eight publicly owned park and recreation sites. These sites provide a wide spectrum of recreational opportunities that Township residents and individuals living outside of the Township can enjoy year-round. In August of 1997, an inventory of existing public-owned recreation areas and facilities was conducted. Some information in this section was obtained from the Township current five-year recreation plan, which was adopted and approved in 1995. Map 8-1 shows the location of each facility. Township-Owned Recreation Facilities 1. Negaunee Township Park: This regional park is located on a 71-acre parcel of land along M-35, about 1/4 mile south of U.S. 41/M-28. The Park is utilized yearround by local residents and individuals from surrounding areas. During the summer months, the baseball and softball fields located within the Park are used by local organized leagues for practices and games. These fields are often used by local residents when league teams are not playing or practicing. The Park picnic area is used for various parties and social gatherings. The Park crosscountry ski trail is a very popular attraction during the winter. It is used by local residents, ski organizations, out-of-town visitors, and the Northern Michigan University U.S. Olympic Training Center. Facilities at the Park include: • • • • • Basketball Court, Two Hoops Small Pavilion Warming Building/Concession Fenced-in Playground Area Slide Chapter 8 - Page 2 .,_ • • • • Tennis Court Cross-Country Ski Trail Storage Building Merry-go-Round Horse Swing Set �• 19 Picnic Tables • Two Grills • Four Dugouts • Two Lime Sheds • Seven Trash Cans • Wooden Multi Play Apparatus • Two Spring Play Apparatuses • Storage Garage • Volleyball Court • Snowmobile Trail Access • Five Bleachers • Two Benches • Fenced-in Regulation Size Little League Baseball Field • Fenced-in Babe Ruth Baseball Field • Fenced-in Softball Field • Cross-country Ski Trail (a new two-mile segment is located on adjacent corporate-owned land) 2. Negaunee Township Community Building: The Community Building is located next to Township Park on a two-acre parcel. The gym facility located within the building is used by local residents for playing basketball, shuffle board, table tennis, volleyball, and dancing. The following are facilities within the Community Building that are most likely used by individuals partaking in recreational activities within the structure: • Two Conference Rooms • Full Kitchen • Gym • Four Bathrooms 3. Kivela Road Recreation Area: This Township-owned community recreation area is located on a 40-acre parcel of land in the western portion of the Township, along Kivela Road. The ballfield at the site is used during the summer by local slow pitch softball leagues. Youngsters attending league softball games with their parents usually use the playground at the site. During the winter months, the Recreation Area's trail is used for cross-country skiing. Facilities at the Recreation Area include: • • • • • • • • 4. Baseball Diamond, with Fencing Restroom/Storage Facility Bleacher Basketball Hoop with Small Court Wooden Multi Play Apparatus Slide Swing Set Fencing Between Parking Area & Playground • • • • • • • Offstreet Parking Area Three Picnic Tables Two Benches Rotating Play Apparatus Swing Set for Toddlers Merry-go-Round Cross-Country Ski Trail Midway Drive Recreation Park: This one-acre neighborhood park is located along Midway Drive (CR 502), about ½ mile northeast of U.S 41/M-28. The Park is mostly used by local neighborhood children as a play area. Facilities at the Park include: Chapter 8 - Page 3 �• • • • • • 5. Basketball Court, Two Hoops Picnic Table Three Spring Play Apparatuses Small Swing Set Climbing Play Apparatus Rotating Play Apparatus • • • • • Small Grassy Area Trash Can Wooden Multi Play Apparatus Merry-go-Round Large Swing Set M-35 Property: Currently, the Township is proposing to develop a 20-acre parcel of land into a neighborhood park in the southern portion of the Township. The parcel is located on the east side of M-35, just north of CR 480. Facilities planned for the new park include a playground, basketball court, and tennis court. In 1998, the Township is planning to survey the site and construct an access road. The Township is actively looking for funding sources to complete the development of the new park. State-Owned Recreation Sites in the Township 6. McClure Storage Basin Access Site: The access site, located off CR 510 on a 1.03 acre parcel of land in the northern portion of the Township, is owned and maintained by the Michigan DNR. Public access is provided to the McClure Storage Basin and the portion of the Dead River between the Hoist and McClure storage basins. Facilities at the site include: • Hard-Surface Launch Ramp • Gravel Parking Area 7. Hoist Basin Access Site: The access site on the Hoist Storage Basin, located on a 1.82 acre parcel in the northern portion of the Township off CR 510, is owned and maintained by the Michigan DNR. The access site is located next to an Upper Peninsula Power Company hydroelectric dam. Facilities at the site include: • Hard-Surface Launch Ramp • Gravel Parking Area 8. • Vault Toilets • Vault Toilet Michigan Iron Industry Museum: This State-owned facility is located along Forge Road on a 30-acre parcel of land in both Negaunee Township and the City of Negaunee. The museum overlooks the site of the first iron forge in the Lake Superior Region, which spurred the Michigan iron industry that is still an important segment of the area economy. The facility interprets Michigan's rich iron mining heritage through exhibits of early iron ore mining artifacts, audiovisual programs, and outdoor interpretive paths. In August, the museum is the site of Iron Heritage Day, which includes concerts, lectures, and programs for the gifted and talented and Junior Historians. The facility, with a 96-seat Chapter 8 - Page 4 ,.-,_ ,........ �auditorium, is available for club meetings, special events, and church groups. It is open to the public seven days a week from May 1st to October 31st. 8.2 Nearby Recreational Sites The following is an inventory of recreational facilities outside of Negaunee Township that may be used by Township residents. The data was attained from recreation plans of communities that surround Negaunee Township. TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Description Site Acreage City of Negaunee Negaunee Ice Arena (City-owned) Full Sized Arena, Restrooms, Lobby, Four Locker Rooms, Summer Volleyball Court, and Hard Surface Parking Area 3.5 Community Play Field (leased to the school district by CCIC) Playground/Athletic Field, Running Track, Five Tennis Courts, Outdoor Volleyball Court, Playground Equipment, Totlot, 1,800-Person Capacity Stadium, Lavatory Facilities, and Concession Building 5.5 Miner's Dry (school districtowned) Wrestling and Weight Lifting Room, Lavatory Facilities, and Locker Room LaCombe Field (leased to the City by CCIC) Illuminated Softball Field, Lavatory, Storage Facility, and Open Field used for Football Practice and Soccer 3.3 Lions Field (leased to the City by CCIC) Baseball Field, Six Illuminated Horseshoe Courts, Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, Lavatory, Concession, and Storage Building 2.1 Baseball Field, Concessions, Lavatory, and Storage Building 5.0 Jackson Park (leased to the City by CCIC) Picnic Area, 12 Picnic Tables, Playground Equipment, Two Tennis Courts, and Six Horseshoe Courts 5.0 Miner's Park (City-owned) Picnic Area, Two Illuminated Basketball Courts, Playground Equipment, Two Horseshoe Courts, Green Open Area, Historical Markers, and Volleyball Court 5.0 Teal Lake Waterfront (City-owned) Picnic Area, Six Picnic Tables, 1000' Water Frontage, Boating with Electric Motors or Oars, and Fishing 21.0 Iron Town Field (leased to the City by CCIC) I 1. Chapter 8 - Page 5 �TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Description Site Acreage City Park I (City-owned) Band Shell 1.0 Eastwood Playlot (Two lots Cityowned, two lots leased to the City by CCIC) Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, and Open Space 1.0 Buffalo Hills Park (leased to the City by CCIC) Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, and Open Space 1.0 Ann Street Park (leased to the City by CCIC) Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, and Open Space 1.0 City Park Il (City-owned) Playground Equipment 1.0 St. Paul's Playground (churchowned) Basketball Court and Hard Surface Play Area 1.0 Negaunee Middle School (school district-owned) Gym, Outdoor Basketball Court, and Open Space 1.4 Negaunee High School (school district-owned) Indoor Pool, Auditorium, and Gym Lakeview Elementary (schooldistrict owned) Playground Equipment, Totlot, Two Tennis Courts, Basketball Court, Open Field, Multi-Purpose Room, and Gym Senior Citizen's Center (Cityowned) 15,000 sq. ft. Building Negaunee City Library (Cityowned) Michigan Room, Occasional Speakers, and Art and Craft Demonstrations Naturbahn 800 Meter Luge Run (leased to City by CCIC) Warming Shacks, Maintenance Building, Starting House, Equipment Rental, and Parking Lot Superior Nordic Training & Recreation Complex (leased to the Ishpeming Ski Club by CCIC) Ski Area, Five Jumping Hills, Lighted CrossCountry Ski Trail, Two Unlighted Cross-Country Ski Trails, Concession, and Storage Area (A portion of the ski trail is located in the City of Ishpeming) Chapter 8 - Page 6 17.4 5.8 60.0 �TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Site Description Acreage City of Marquette Presque Isle Park Two Picnic Areas, Cross-Country Ski Trail, Playground, Two Tennis Courts, Band Shell, Fishing, Shuffleboard, Horseshoes Pits, Gazebo, Breakwall with Lighthouse, Outdoor Swimming Pool, and Water Slide 312.0 Presque Isle Marina Boat Launching and Docking Facilities on Lake Superior 40.0 Marquette Mountain Downhill Skiing, Lodge, Luge Run, and Picnic Area Lakeview Arena Recreation and _Convention Facility used for Hockey, Skating, Concerts, Shows, Exhibits, etc. Superior Dome World's Largest Wooden Dome Containing Football field, also used for Trade Shows, Concerts, etc. I Mount Marquette Lookout Lookout View of the City of Marquette and Lake Superior, Snowmobile Trail, and Hiking Trail Marquette Township Sugar Loaf Mountain Area Nature Trail and Scenic Overlook NMU Forest (Longyear Forest) Nature Trail, Cross-Country Ski Trail, and Physical Fitness Trail Forestville Dead River Public Access Site Boat Launch on Dead River Little Garlic River Public Access Fishing Access Site City of Ishpeming City Playground I Two Lighted Ball Diamonds, Two Unlighted Ball , Diamonds, Four Lighted Tennis Courts, Two Unlighted Tennis Courts, Four Lighted Basketball Courts, Restroom/Locker Room, Warming Shelter and Restrooms, Natural Ice Rink, Playground Equipment, Stadium, Bleachers, Paved Track, Paved Field Event Areas, Lighted Football Area, Concession Area, Storage Building and Restrooms, Totlot Area, Four Horse.shoe Courts, Pavilion/Concession Area, and Little League Baseball Fields Chapter 8 - Page 7 80.0 180.0 5.0 56.0 �TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Site Description Acreage 260.0 Al Quaal Ball Diamond, Clubhouse, Pavilion Area, Restroom Building, Toboggan House and Slide, Ski Warming Shelter, Ski Ticket and Patrol Shelter, Ski Tow Building, Basketball Courts, Tennis Courts, Picnic Area, Picnic Equipment, Playground Equipment, 16 Horseshoe Courts, Three Downhill Ski Slopes, Three Cross-Country Trails, Snowmobile Trail, Lighted Sledding Area, and Playground Equipment National Guard Armory Gym and Pistol and Rifle Range National Ski Hall of Fame Museum and Display Area 1.0 Softball Diamond, Little League Diamond, Tennis Courts, Pavilion, Tot Lot, Restrooms, Concession Stands, Playground, Horseshoe Court, Shuffleboard, Volleyball Court, Basketball Court, Picnic Tables, and Grills 7.0 Ishpeming Township Ishpeming Township Sands Township Blueberry Ridge Pathway Trail System (Cross-Country Skiing, Mountain Biking, and Hiking) Marquette County Fairgrounds Exhibition Building, American Legion Building, 4H Building, Horse Show Arena, Two Cattle Show Rings, Horse Barn, Poultry and Small Animal Building, Large Live Stock Building, Office Building, Barrier-Free Restroom/Utility Building, Two Storage Structures, Power Outlets, Two Wells, Large Lighted Parking Area, Outside Speaker System, ½ Mile Oval Race Track, Mud Drag Strip, Paved Go-Cart Track, Large Carnival Area, Outside Horse Stall, Two Outdoor Pavilions, and Portable Bleachers 60.0 Source: Local Recreation Plans. 8.3 Historical Resources Below is a list of ten properties located within Negaunee 'Township and the City of Negaunee considered historical places. These properties are listed on the State Register of Historic Places, the National Register of Historic Places, or are identified by the Marquette County Historical Society as a historical place. Chapter 8 - Page 8 �1. Carp River Forge, Michigan Iron Industry Museum: This historic site is located along Forge Road, off CR 492, just north of the City of Negaunee's northeast limit. The Forge was constructed by the Jackson Iron Company at this location in the 1847. The Jack.son Iron Company was the first to establish an iron ore mining operation in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It developed the forge because of the difficulty of transporting bulk ore around the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie. It was thought the forge was the most economically feasible method of using the great reserves of iron ore. The forge converted ore directly into wrought iron without the usual intermediate step of smelting the ore into pig iron. Power for the forge and adjacent sawmill came from a dam built across the nearby Carp River. The first iron produced in the U.P. came out of this forge. The quality of the iron produced from the forge started the great Michigan iron boom, which economically and socially transformed the central U.P.. However, because of the climate and difficulties in supply and shipment, the forge was never a financial success. In 1854, the forge ceased operation, which was initiated by the construction of the Soo Locks. Once the locks were in operation in 1855, the ore could be shipped easier to the furnaces in the Lower Great Lakes. The site stayed in ruins for many years. However, a twelve-year crusade from local groups and politicians led to the construction of the Michigan Iron Industry Museum at the site of the forge operation in 1985 and 1986. It was officially open to the public in May of 1987. The Museum presents the history of Michigan's three iron ranges and the people who worked them through museum exhibits, audio-visual programs, and outdoor interpretive paths. The facility is administered by the Michigan Department of State, Michigan Historical Center, which has established a regional office at the facility for its museum programs in the Upper Peninsula. About 14,500 individuals visit the museum annually. The site of the forge was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1956 and a National historical place in 1975. 2. Lewis Henry Morgan: A plaque honoring early Marquette County resident Lewis Henry Morgan is located along CR 492 in the southeastern portion of the Township, near Morgan Creek. Morgan was a lawyer, anthropologist, biologist, and industrialist who came to the Marquette Range in 1855. He initially came to the area to help the Ely family with its plan to develop the first railroad. In July of 1863 he organized the Morgan Iron Company, which established an iron works, furnace, and village for workers near Little Carp River (Morgan Creek) and the Marquette & Ontonagon Railroad. In the company's first ten months of operation, it netted a profit of 200 percent, which enabled it to pay its indebtedness for land and machinery and declare a 100 percent dividend for the investors. In 1868, Morgan completed a book called "The American Beaver," which was the result of years of studying the animal. Morgan's greatest fame came from his studies of primitive societies, starting with his undergraduate studies on the Iroquois tribes at Union College. He wrote the following books on primitive societies: "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Chapter 8 - Page 9 �Family," in 1871 and "Ancient Society," in 1876. He is recognized as the Father of American Anthropology. The Marquette County Historical Society's plaque honoring this famous County resident was officially dedicated in October of 1992. 3. Burt's Discovery of Iron Ore: The site of the first discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region is located near Jackison Park in the City of Negaunee. William Austin Burt and his party of surveyors discovered this site on September 19, 1844, while establishing township lines and making geological observations for the federal government. 4. Iron Cliffs Company: This historical two-and-a-half story brick and sandstone structure is at 101 Pioneer Avenue in the City of Negaunee. Features of the structure include a mansard roof with cresting, polygonal bay, and tower. It was the structure that originally housed offices of the Iron Cliffs Company. The Negaunee Public Schools administration offices are currently housed within the building. It was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1975. 5. Jackson Mine: The historic site is located in the western portion of the City of Negaunee, south of Teal Lake. The oldest pit at the mine, the Pioneer pit, is located approximately ½ mile west of the intersection of Cleveland and Iron Streets, near the site that iron ore was first discovered in the U.P.. In 1845, the newly formed Jackson Mine Company sent an exploration party headed by Phil M. Everett to the Lake Superior region to investigate the mineral possibilities of the Lake Superior region. When it arrived at the Carp River, Narhu-gesucm a Chippewa chief, guided the members of the party in June of 1845 to this site where he showed them iron ore in the roots of a fallen pine tree. Because of this discovery, the Jackson Mining Company, of which Everett was a founder, began taking out ore at the site in 1847, which was the first iron mining operation established in the Lake Superior area. Between 1848 and 1924, the mine shipped 4,357,256 tons from the site. The Pioneer pit became inactive in 1924. The Jackson Mining Company became a part of The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company in 1905 because of increasing costs and declining ore prices. The mine was official recognized as a State historical place in 1956 and a National historical place in 1971. The historical marker dedicated to this mining site is located at Miner Park in the City of Negaunee. 6. Marquette Iron Range: The historical marker identifying the Marquette Iron Range as a significant part of the historic development of Marquette County is located in the north central portion of the City of Negaunee, at the intersection of U.S. 41/M-28 and Maple Street. The Marquette h-on Range was the first to be discovered and mined of the ore deposits in the Lake Superior region. Outcroppings of iron ore were first discovered by William A. Burt and his surveying party south of Teal Lake in 1844. The Jackson Mining Company began mining iron ore near the area of the first discovery in 1847, which was the first Chapter 8 • Page 10 " ..;., �mining operation in existence within the iron range. Most of the early mines were open pit operations. Underground mining did not occur within the range until after the Civil War. The Jackson Iron Company built a forge on the Carp River for producing iron blooms in 1848. The first iron product in the U.P. came from this forge. The Pioneer Furnace at Negaunee, built in 1857-1858, was the first actual blast furnace. However, most of the iron ore from the range was shipped out of the region to be smelted. In 1857, the construction of the Iron Mountain Railroad meant that ore could be moved easier to the Marquette ore docks. Once hauled to the docks, the ore was loaded on ships and carried through the Soo Canal to the iron and steel industries in the lower great lakes. The Marquette Iron Range was officially recognized as a State historic place in 1856. 7. Negaunee City Hall: This historical structure is located at the corner of Silver and Jackson streets in the City of Negaunee. In 1873, Negaunee was incorporated as a city, which was influenced heavily by the iron ore mining boom occurring in the area at the time. Forty-one years later, a red brick and white limestone with terra cotta detailing building was constructed as the Negaunee city hall. The structure was designed by John D. Chubb, a Chicago architect widely known in the Midwest, in a style reminiscent of the Renaissance. The building clock tower with its baroque elements is the most manifest feature on the structure. It houses all of the City departments, except public works, fire, water, and wastewater. It is also the location of the City public library. The building was officially recognized as a State historic place in 1979. 8. Union Railroad Depot: The depot is located at 420 Rail Street in the central portion of the City of Negaunee. In late 1800s and early 1900s, this wooden structure served as many as 18 trains a day. Negaunee was a very booming community during this period. In the early years of the development of the Negaunee area, there were few roads. The railroad development in this area and other parts of the U.P. made it possible for supplies to be shipped in and out of these areas. The establishment of a railroad system also catapulted the iron ore mining industry in the Marquette Iron Range area. In Negaunee, this and one other depot are the only depots that remain from this period when rail was the king of transportation. The depot is currently used by North Jackson Company, a scientific consulting business. The historic depot was official recognized as a State historic place in 1981. 9. Negaunee State Bank Building: This historic building is located at 331 Iron Street in the central portion of the City of Negaunee. This triangular shape two-story wood frame structure, faced with brick, was constructed in 1912 on the site of the Old Bank Building, which was a local landmark constructed during 1873 and 1874, and burned down in 1912. It was designed by architect Demetrius Frederick Charlton of Marquette, who designed many significant public buildings Chapter 8 - Page 11 �in the Upper Peninsula. The site served as bank from 1873-1874, 1881-1908, and 1909-1933. The Great Depression was the downfall of the Negaunee State Bank. After the failure of the bank, the building continued to house a variety of businesses, primarily insurance agencies and professionals, including lawyers, doctors, and dentists. Today, the structure is an antique shop. It was a very important part of the growth and development of the City of Negaunee. The structure was officially recognized as a National historic place in 1995. 10. Discovecy of Lake Superior Iron Ore: This plaque honoring the first discovery of iron ore within the Marquette Iron Range is located along Water Street, south of Teal Lake. It was at this location that on September 19, 1844 that a U.S. Government survey party led by William Austin Burt, inventor of the solar compass, encountered a highly magnetic area that caused a compass to point south while running the line between Townships 26 and 27 West. After this incident, Burt directed his men to search for the cause, and they fund lumps of high grade iron ore, thus discovering what was to become the Marquette Iron Range. These pieces of iron ore were the first to be found in the Lake Superior Region. Seven months later, the Jackson Mining Company acquired Section 1 and became the region's first iron mining company. In 1847, this company constructed the Carp River Forge, the first to make iron from Lake Superior ore. The Marquette County Historical Society plaque honoring the discovery of iron ore was officially erected in 1987. 8.4 Local Recreation Needs The Negaunee Township Recreation Plan (prepared by Sundberg, Carlson and Associates, Inc.), adopted by the Township Board in March of 1995, identifies needs and priorities for local recreation facilities and programs. Within the Plan, a specific recreation facility needs list and capital improvement schedule were developed by the Township Building and Recreation Committee, which are used by Township officials for making future decisions on improving existing park and recreation sites and developing new sites. Specific Recreation Facility Needs When the current Township recreation plan was updated, the Building and Recreation Committee and Township Board reached a consensus on the following facility needs for improving recreational opportunities within the Township, which were expressed through personal observation of Township residents using the TcJwnship park and recreation facilities, review of informal survey results, discussions with citizens and civic groups, and the holding of workshops and public meetings: Chapter 8 - Page 12 �• Negaunee Township Park • The existing Babe Ruth baseball field does not meet the requirements for sanctioned/tournament use. It is located in an area that would be best suited as a playground/picnic area. Relocate Babe Ruth Field and design to regulation/sanctioned size. • Existing playground is undersized with outdated equipment and there is insufficient room for expansion at the existing site. A picnic area should be located next to the play area, particularly one that would better accommodate young, elderly, and physically challenged. Relocate existing playground equipment to accommodate young, elderly, and physically challenged. • Existing and proposed ballfields cannot be properly maintained without irrigation facilities. Install water line to the baseball fields and new relocated park/playground to serve restrooms and provide field watering. • The cross-country ski trail for beginners is insufficiently lighted to safely allow skiing after dark, which arrives early in winter months. Provide lighting for the cross-country beginner's trail. • The community building has insufficient space to house a sizeable game room which is in high demand. Expand the existing community building northward to accommodate a game room wing. • Not all of the existing playground facilities can accommodate the physically challenged. Most were constructed before ADA requirements. To the extent possible, upgrade all existing playgrounds to facilitate persons with disabilities. Both the Kivala Road Recreation Area and the Negaunee Township Park have disabled accessible toilets. • Negaunee Township enjoys the unique advantage of beautiful inland shoreline. The preservation of that shoreline for future generations, as well as for the recreational benefit of Township residents and visitors, is of primary importance. The Township Planning Commission should review zoning and other land management tools that could be used to protect shoreline and/or create public access. The Township Board should encourage and endorse MDNR improvements to the two existing MDNR public access sites. • The Township has limited funds for recreation improvements. As a means of conserving scarce funding resources and to afford a variety of opportunities, develop a multi-use, all season, recreation trail system. Chapter 8 - Page 13 �• Snowmobiling is becoming popular throughout the region and is gaining wide appeal in the Township. The County has an excellent trail system, a main segment of which cuts east-west through the Township between Marquette and Negaunee near CR 492. Particular attention should be given to upgrading the trail that provides access between the CR 492 trail and the U.S. 41 area where commercial services are found. Actively participate in the continuing effort of the local snowmobiling organizations to develop permanent and safe trails. • The Township's only tennis court is located south of U.S. 41/M-28 at Township Park. The highway acts as a barrier, separating the Township into north and south segments. There is a need for a court north of the highway. Study the feasibility of constructing a court at Midway Park and Kivela Road Park to serve neighborhoods located north of the highway. • Some geographic areas in the Township do not have any park facilities, particularly the neighborhoods in the southern part of the Township. To meet this urgent need, develop the M-35 park on Township-owned land in the south part of the Township. • The existing Kivela Park cross-country ski trail is laid out for intermediate to advanced use, which discourages and/or results in unsafe use by beginners and youngsters. Reconfigure certain trail segments to reduce the number and/or radius of the curves to accommodate beginners. • The many homes along Midway Drive coupled with relatively heavy traffic volumes and shared use of roadway by motorists and bicyclists have resulted in an unsafe situation. There is the need to provide a safe means to cross U.S. 41/M-28 and provide bicycle accessibility to the Township Park/Community Center. A bikeway along Midway Drive with a connection to the Township Park/Community Center will decrease bicycle - motor vehicle conflict and increase safety. • To protect park users from the elements, construct a pavilion designed to house a variety of activities. • The Township does not currently have an ice rink. Increasing use, cost, and harder to schedule ice time at other facilities has resulted in more demand for a Township facility. Develop an outdoor ice rink to meet this need. • The existing habitat complex around Morgan Pond is in danger of being altered with a significant loss of wetland acreage and deterioration of the existing impoundment. Support the proposed mitigation project sponsored by Empire Iron Mining Partnership that will improve environmental characteristics to increase the quality and variety of recreation experiences in the area. Chapter 8 • Page 14 �Recreation Development Schedule The Township Building and Recreation Committee used the above list of specific recreation facility needs to formulate the following capital improvement program or development schedule for implementing the Township's current recreation plan. The Township Board approved this development schedule and agreed that it should be followed as nearly as possible, unless extraordinary circumstances develop. TABLE 8-2 RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Project Status Year Kivela Road Park ski and nature trail improvement. 1995-96 Completed Plan and design portions of Morgan Pond. 1995-96 Abandoned* Design and develop improvements at Township Park, which includes relation of playground and new equipment, baseball field relocation/upgrade, ski trail lighting, water line, and environmental remediation. 1996-97 Planned Develop safe and permanent snowmobile access trails from the existing trail system along CR 492 to the Township's commercial area on U.S. 41 to allow provision of services used by the sport. Design trails for multi\year-round use where possible. 1996-97 Planned New neighborhood park including construction of a playground area, parking lot, basketball court, and picnic area at the south M-35 Recreation Area. 1998-99 In Progress Develop a bike path along Midway Drive to Township Park/Community Center. 1998-99 Planned Construction of year-round multi-purpose pavilion including roof, slab, and removable wall panels at Township Park. 1999 Planned Develop multi-purpose tennis court at Midway Drive Park. 1999 Planned Develop outdoor ice rink. 1999 Planned • The project was abandoned because Empire Mine could not get approval from the State. Source: Negaunee Township Recreation Plan, 1995. 8.5 Recreation Needs Standards One method to assess community recreation needs is the standards system. Standards developed by the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) provide a scale Chapter 8 - Page 15 �I against which an existing recreation system can be measured so that guidelines for future needs can be created. Standards correlate the amount of acreage needed to adequately provide land for recreational uses to the community population. Standards for Recreation Open Space: Open space needs are usually assessed using space standards, the most common and widely used measure of a recreation system's adequacy. Total park and recreation space is usually expressed as acres per population. These space standards are useful in assessing current and future open space needs and demand (Table 8-3). A community park system under NRPA standards should have a minimum of 6.25 to 10.50 total acres of developed open space per 1,000 population. Negaunee Township with a population of 2,368 would have to provide between 0.59 to 1.18 acres of mini parks, 2.37 to 4.74 acres of neighborhood parks/playgrounds, 11.84 to 18.94 acres of community parks/recreation areas, and 11.84 to 23.68 acres of regional parks/recreation areas to meet this standard (Table 8-4). Existing Public Open Space: Negaunee Township possesses over 146.85 acres of publiclyowned recreational land. The breakdown of this recreational land includes: 0.0 acres of mini parks, 1.0 acres of neighborhood parks/playgrounds, 42.0 acres of community parks/recreation areas, and 103.9 acres of regional parks/recreation areas (Table 8-4). Comparing the NRPA standards with the number of acres of recreational land found in the Township, the Township has excess acreage of land in community and regional parks/recreation areas, but is lacking in neighborhood park/playground and mini park acreage. However, many communities find that their need for recreational opportunities and open space can be met by facilities in nearby communities, while sometimes a community may be providing recreational opportunities and open space for neighboring communities. For example, regional recreation areas with many natural resource attributes are usually not found in urban areas but in rural townships. These types of recreation areas usually accommodate beyond the needs of the local residents. Conversely, rural townships would typically not include more intensively-developed recreation facilities, such as large indoor sporting complexes, but residents of these townships could possibly access such facilities in nearby urban communities. The NRPA standards would indicate that the total acreage of recreation land in the Township is adequate for the current population. However, other factors should also be considered when planning for future recreation developments. Chapter 8 - Page 16 - �TABLE 8-3 LOCAL AND REGIONAL RECREATION OPEN SPACE STANDARDS Park Type Service Area Size (Acres) Acres/1,000 Population Uses Mini Park < 1/4 mile radius 1 or less 0.25 to 0.5 Specialized facility that serves a concentrated or limited population or specific group such as tots or seniors citizem Neighborhood Park/Playground 1/4 to 1/2 15+ 1.0 to 2.0 Area for intense recreation activities such as field games, court games, crafts, play equipment, skating, picnicking, etc. Community Park/Recreation Area Serving several 25+ neighborhood. 1 to 2 mile radius 5.0 to 8.0 Area of diverse environmental quality. May include areas suited for intense recreational facilities, such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. May also be an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation, such as walking, viewing, sitting, and picnicking. Regional Park/Recreation Area Serving several Communities 1 hour driving time 5.0 to 10.0 Area of natural or ornamental quality for outdoor recreation, such as picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, camping, and trail use; may include play areas. 200+ Source: Roger A. Lancaster, Ed. 1983, Recreation, Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, Alexandria, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association. Chapter 8 - Page 17 �I TABLE 8-4 EXISTING PUBLIC OPEN SPACE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Type of Park Land Area Standard (Acres) Park Land Area (Acres) Mini Parks No Site Found Within the Township 0.0 Subtotal 0.0 0.59 to 1.18 Neighborhood Parks/Playgrounds Midway Drive Recreation Park 1.0 Subtotal 1.0 2.37 to 4.74 Community Parks Negaunee Township Community Building 2.0 Kivela Road Recreation Area 40.0 Subtotal 42.0 26.64 to 23.68 Regional Park Negaunee Township Park 71.0 McClure Storage Basin Access Site 1.03 Hoist Basin Access Site 1.82 Michigan Iron Industry Museum I Subtotal ITotal Park Area 30.0 I 103.85 I 146.85 I I 11.84 to 23.681 61.69 to 115.281 Note: Does not include lands or facilities in State or National Forests or Parks Source: Roger A. Lancaster, Ed. 1983, Recreation, Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, Alexandria, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association. 8.6 Park Accessibility The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) identified specific standards that would insure that persons with disabilities have the same opportunities to fully participate, live independently, and be economically self-sufficient within society. The Act is comprised Chapter 8 - Page 18 �of five sections: Employment, Public Accommodations, Transportation, State and Local Government Operations, and Telecommunications. Title II of the ADA, Public Accommodations, is relevant to the level of accessibility and equal provisions of service at publicly owned outdoor recreation sites. This title states that discrimination against persons with disabilities is prohibited in all services, programs, or activities provided by public entities. The general requirements set forth under this section came into effect on January 26, 1992. Remodeling or new construction of facilities and buildings had the same deadline date to become accessible to the disabled. In existing buildings and facilities, nonstructural changes to improve accessibility were required by January 26, 1992, while all structural improvements of the facilities and buildings were required by January 26, 1995. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 requires that "reasonable accommodation" be made to the needs of the estimated one in five people in this country who are disabled. That is, all public and private goods and service providers and employers must remove all structural and communication barriers from facilities, or provide alternative access where feasible. Currently, there are no written standards for making outdoor recreation facilities totally accessible to the disabled. Many suggestions on outdoor recreation facilities accessibility have been made; therefore, recommendations regarding outdoor play equipment, picnic facilities, boat docks, pathways and trails, have been incorporated into this plan. Recommendations regarding buildings, restrooms, slopes of ramps, and parking stalls should be seriously considered. These types of facilities all have current standards set by the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. ADA Standards: Accessibility is another factor that should be taken into account when determining recreational needs in Negaunee Township. Often, existing recreational sites are not completely accessible according to the ADA standards. Restrooms, pathways, parking, and general accessibility of all amenities must be examined closely over the next few years to assure that all people are given the same opportunities within the community. Where more than one restroom facility exists, at least one must be accessible by persons with disabilities. In some cases, this would require minimal remodeling; in others, it could require substantial modification. At least one picnic table and one grill designed to accommodate persons in wheelchairs should be available at each park. These facilities should be identified with a sign showing the universal symbol of accessibility. Chapter 8 - Page 19 �I At least one in 25 parking stalls should be designated for disabled parking. These stalls must be the closest spaces to the park or facility entrance and have a direct route to and from the stalls. Spaces must be 96 inches wide with a clearly marked adjacent access aisle of 60 inches and an unobscured vertical sign that shows the universal symbol of accessibility. Slope of these spaces and aisles cannot exceed 1:50. Stable barrier-free pathways which provide linkages from one recreation amenity to another should be provided at outdoor recreation facilities. These pathways must be at least 36 inches wide, and a 60 x 60 inch passing space or turnaround must be provided every 200 feet. If a pathway level changes more than ½ inch, the pathway must be ramped. If the level changes is between ½ inch and ¼ inch, the levels must be beveled. Where water fountains are available, spouts should be no more than 36 inches above the finished floor. If the fountain is freestanding or built-in and does not have a clear space underneath, a clear floor space of 30 to 48 inches alongside the fountain for a parallel approach must be provided. Wall or post mounted fountains must have a clear knee space under the fountain of at least 27 inches high by 17 to 19 inches deep by 30 inches wide. Controls must be located at the front edge of the fountain and operable with one hand without twisting the wrist. A complete guideline list based on standards set by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 for various types of facilities and recommendation established by the USDA Forest Service for improving the accessibility of recreational areas are detailed in Appendix A at the end of the plan. 8.7 Issues and Opportunities Negaunee Township offers sufficient recreational opportunities in terms of outdoor recreation activities. In addition, within a short distance of the Township, other units of government offer facilities that provide opportunities that may be lacking within the Township. The Township park and recreation sites offer local and out-of-town outdoor enthusiasts a wealth of opportunities. Some playground equipment at the Township-owned parks is deteriorating and unsafe. A list of current and future needs has been developed by the Township Building and Recreation Committee using input from Township residents and organizations. The Committee used this data in the development of the To\Mship's current recreation plan five-year capital improvement program, which identifies long-range needs. The Township should follow this improvement program as closely as possible and if necessary, make changes via an amendment to the Plan. Chapter 8 - Page 20 ~ �Some parks and recreation facilities may not be fully accessible in accordance with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. The Township should continue pursuing the development of a neighborhood park on the 20-acre parcel of Township land along M-35 in the southern portion of the Township. The parcel is located within the vicinity of a large residential area. Currently, residents living in this area have to travel over two-miles to the nearest park facility. A few historically significant sites are located within the Township. These sites offer a link to the community's past for current and future residents. There is considerable amount of shoreline along the McClure and Hoist storage basins. In the near future there will be increased pressures for purchasing these lands for residential development as year round or seasonal dwellings. There is the need to preserve and protect some lands around the basins as park lands for future generations to enjoy. The Township should investigate the possibility of purchasing lands along the shorelines. Chapter 8 - Page 21 �9.0 TRANSPORTATION Transportation is necessary for the effective movement of people and goods within and outside an area. It plays a vital role in the facilitation of an area's economy, land use, and development. This section of the plan presents an inventory of the existing transportation facilities in Negaunee Township and the surrounding area, and discusses future transportation needs and concerns. Included in this section are descriptions of the various elements of the Township road system, commercial port facilities, airport, railroad facilities, transit service, and inter-community bus service. 9.1 Road System Michigan Public Act 51 of 1951 (Act 51) says that all counties and all incorporated cities and villages must establish and maintain road systems under their jurisdiction, as distinct from state jurisdiction. This act divides the road system in counties into the following five categories (the legal systems of roads): state trun~ine, county primacy, county local, city/village major, and city/village local. It also provides for the distribution of Michigan road funds to counties and incorporated communities according to formulas that consider, among other things, the mileage in their respective legal system. The following are general descriptions of the Act 51 classifications. Map 9-1 depicts roads according to Act 51 classification, with the addition of private roads. State Tnmkline Highway: The state trunk.line system is made-up of state (M) and federal (U.S.) highways, which connect communities within a county to other areas within the state and locations outside the state. These roadways provide the highest level of traffic mobility for the traveling public. In Negaunee Township, U.S. 41/M-28 and M-35 are classified as state trunk.lines. These trunk.lines account for 9.3 miles, or 15.1 percent of the Township public road system. U.S. 41 is an important north/south highway corridor in the central Upper Peninsula. It runs from Copper Harbor in the Keweenaw Peninsula, through the cities of Marquette and Escanaba, then to the City of Menominee and beyond, and connects the U.P. to the Milwaukee and Chicago urban centers. M-28 is the major highway that links the Township to the eastern and western portions of the U.P. It runs along the northern half of the U.P. from Interstate 75 (near the City of Sault Ste. Marie) to the City of Wakefield. The segment of M-28 from the community of Harvey to the intersection with U.S. 141 in Baraga County runs with U.S. 41. A multi-lane stretch of U.S. 41/M-28 extends from the City of Marquette to just west of the Chapter 9- Page 1 �• City of Ishpeming in Marquette County, including its entire length within Negaunee Township. r--.....I M-35 is an important north/south state trunkline that links the Township to the cities of Menominee and Escanaba to the south. It runs along Lake Michigan from Menominee to Gladstone and then northwest through the communities of Rock and Gwinn to the U.S. 41/M-28 intersection in Negaunee Township. Within the Township, the highway runs from U.S. 41/M-28 to the Richmond Township northern limit, about one mile south of CR 480. The portion of M-35 within the Township serves as an important link between U.S. 41/M-28 and CR 480, especially for commercial traffic. This segment of highway is characterized as winding, steep in some locations, and having surroundings that are mostly residential in nature. State trunklines are maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission under contract with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The only exceptions to the maintenance responsibilities include traffic-control considerations such as some signage and painting of centerlines. All maintenance costs are funded by the State. Construction projects are also funded by the State with contracts given by MDOT to private contractors. County Road System (Primacy and Local): By law (Act 51), the county road system is broken into primary and local roads. As a result, all functions related to the county road network, such as financing and road commission activities, are based on the primary/local road classification. The primary road system consists of those county roads of greatest general importance. These roads facilitate the movement of traffic from smaller to larger population centers within a county in areas not served by state trunklines. The primary system also serves as an important supportive road network for the trunkline system. Currently, primary roads make up 13.4 miles, or 21.8 percent of the public road system within Negaunee Township. The roads in the Township classified as primary are CR 480, CR 492, CR 502, and CR 510. These roads are maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission (except snowplowing), whose primary funding source is the Michigan Transportation Fund. ~ All other roads not classified as primary are considered local. The local road system contains the most miles of road in a county road system, but has the lowest level of traffic. The roads in this system are typically considered township roads. A total of 38.8 miles of roads within Negaunee Township are classified as local, which make up 63.1 percent of the public road system. Ten miles, or 26 percent of the local road system in the Township are unpaved or gravel roads. The Road Commission is responsible for all the routine maintenance on these roads, except snoWJ11owing. This task is done by the Township public works crew. The State has proposed the jurisdictional takeover of some county primary roads and city/village major streets throughout the State. Within Negaunee Township, the state Chapter 9- Page 2 ... �~ identified CR 480 and CR 492 as candidates for takeover. Most of the roads selected are important all-season roads. Under the plan, the State would be responsible for the maintenance and construction costs associated with these roads, which would be paid with the funds allocated annually for each road through the Michigan Transportation Fund (MTF). If enacted, the State would likely contract out to the lowest bidder for routine maintenance and construction work on the selected roads. The county road commissions and cities and villages throughout the State, including the Marquette County Road Commission, are generally opposed to this proposed takeover. A large portion of the revenue that these units receive annually through the MTF for maintenance and construction work would be taken away. Many road commissions and cities and villages rely on funds allocated through MTF for roads in the primary/major system to offset the lack of funds received for roads in the local system. 9.2 Private Roads Within Negaunee Township, a few residential areas are currently being served by private roads. The maintenance of these roads (snow plowing, grading, dust control, drainage ditch maintenance, etc.) is the responsibility of the residents living along these roads, who usually either accomplish these tasks on their own or through a contract agreement with a private entity. The Road Commission will not provide any maintenance service to privately owned roads. The presence of private roads may affect some services provided to the residents living along these roads, such as fire protection and emergency services. Access for fire and emergency vehicles on private roads can be difficult, especially if the roads are badly maintained, narrow, and/or lack enough space for turning around. As further development occurs along private roads, the possibility of conflicts between residents living along these roads and the community in which they live is more likely. To remedy these problems in the future, a community can stipulate in its zoning ordinance or land division ordinance that private roads serving new residential areas conform to certain dimensional and maintenance standards. 9.3 National Functional Classification of Roads The National Functional Classification is a planning tool developed by the Federal Highway Administration, which is used by federal, state, and local transportation agencies. It classifies streets and roads according to their function along a continuum that indicates the greatest mobility/greatest access to property. Roads that provide the greatest mobility are classified as principal arterials. Minor arterials, major collectors, and minor collectors follow in this continuum. Roads classified as local provide the greatest access to property. The placement of roads into these categories is determined by the relationship to traffic patterns, land use, land access needs, and traffic volumes (Table 9-1). Map 9-2 shows the National Functional Classification Road System for Negaunee Township. Chapter 9- Page 3 �I The major difference between the functional classification scheme and the one established by Act 51 is that the functional classification breaks down a county road system into more categories. All roads in the functional road classification that are arterials (principal and minor) and collectors (major and minor) are considered either state trunk.lines or primary roads in a county road system under Act 51. The main reason for breaking a county road system into functional classifications is to provide a more useful tool for planning purposes. Principal Arterial: The main function of a principal arterial road is to move traffic over medium to long distances, often between regions, as well as between major economic centers, quickly, safely, and efficiently. In Negaunee Township, the sole roadway that is classified as a principal arterial road is U.S. 41/M-28 (Map 9-2). As mentioned previously, U.S. 41 and M-28 are two vital highways that run through portions of Negaunee Township, Marquette County, and the Upper Peninsula. M-28 is an east/west link across the entire U.P. that serves as an important route for visitors. U.S. 41 is an important north/south highway corridor in the central U.P., used heavily by businesses and industries in this portion of the U.P. and northeastern Wisconsin for hauling raw materials and finished products by truck. Minor Arterial: Minor arterials are roads that move traffic over medium distances within a community or region in a moderate to quick manner. They distribute traffic between collector roads and principal arterials. Within Negaunee Township, M-35 is the only segment of road classified as a minor arterial. Collector Roads: Collector roads provide access between residential neighborhoods and commercial/industrial areas. They should provide a more general "area to area" service rather than specific "point to point" function. Collectors usually serve medium trip lengths between neighborhoods on moderate to low traffic routes at moderate speeds. They distribute traffic between local and arterial roads, usually between home and the following: work, places of worship, school, or those places where business and commerce are conducted. Map 9-2 shows the location of Negaunee Township collector roads. These roads serve to funnel the rural traffic from outlying areas of the Township into the urban portion of the Township and the City of Negaunee, while facilitating the neighborhood to neighborhood traffic. Within Negaunee Township, CR 480, CR 492, and CR 510 are classified as major collector roads. The Township has no roads designated~s minor collectors. Rural Local Roads: The predominant function of roads classified as local is to provide direct access to adjacent land uses. Local roads serve as the end for most trips within a Chapter 9- Page 4 �~ community. All streets that are not classified as arterial or collector are classified as local roads. Local roads should be designed to move traffic from an individual lot to collector streets that in turn serve areas of business, commerce, and employment. Local roads should not be designed or located in such a manner that they would or might be used by through traffic. Chapter 9- Page S �■ TABLE9-1 NATIONAL FUNCI1ONAL CLASSIF1CATION Classlncallon Principal Arterial System Minor Arterial Road System Cha racteristlcs Function Serve corridor movements having trip length and travel denslly characteristics Indicative or substantial statewide or Interstate travel. Serve all, or virtually all, urban areas or 50,000 and over population and a large majority of those with population or 25,000 and over. Provide an Integrated network without stub connections except where unusual geographic or traffic now conditions dictate otherwise Link cities and larger town and form an integrated network providing Interstate and lntercounly service. Be spaced at such intervals, consistent with population denslly, so that all developed areas or the State are within a reasonable distance or an arterial highway. Provide service to -corridors with trip lengths and travel density greater than those predomlnantly served by rural routes whose design should be expected to provide for relatlvely high overall travel speeds, with minimum Interference to through movement lnter-conimunlly, primary traffic movement Typical% or Surface System Miles 'Iyplcal % of surface street vehicle miles traveled Continully Direct Land Access 2 to 4 30 to 55 Continuous Limited-major generators only 4 to 8 15 to 20 Continuous Restricted-some movements may be prohibited; number and spacing or driveways controlled 20 to 35 Not necessarily continuous; should not extend across arterial Safely controls; limited regulation Secondary-land access Primary Intercommunlly, Intrametro area, traffic movement Secondary-land access Collector Road System Major: Provide service to any county scat not on an arterial route, to the larger towns not directly served by the higher systems, and to other consolidated schools, shipping points, county parks, Important mining and agricultural areas; llnk these places with nearby larger towns or cities, or with routes or higher classlncatlon; and serve the more Important lntracounly travel corridor. l\,Pnor: Be spaced at Intervals, consistent with population density, to collect traffic from local road and bring all developed areas within a reasonable distance or a collector road; provide service to the remaining smaller communities; and link the locally important traffic generators with their rural hinterland. Primarycollect/distribute traffic between local and arterial sysl.em Secondary-land access Tertiary inter• neighborhood traffic 20 to 25 Local Road System Serve primarily to provide access to adjacent land; and provide service to travel over relatively short distances as compared to collectors or other higher systems Land access 65 to 75 5 to 20 None Safety controls only Source: U.S. Department or Transportation, Federal ffighway Administration, mghway Functional Classincatlon, Concepts, Criteria and Procedures, 1989. Chapter 9- Page 6 ~ ~ ~) �9.4 Condition of Roads in the Township The Marquette County Road Commission uses the Paser System for evaluating and rating the surface condition of the paved roads under its jurisdiction. This system rates road surfaces from a scale of 1 to 10, with "1" indicating very poor condition and "10" indicating excellent condition.* It gives communities and road commissions an indication of the appropriate maintenance method for each road segment under its jurisdiction. The following details the proper road surface maintenance method based on the Paser System rating scale: rating 9 & 10, no maintenance required; rating 7 & 8, routine maintenance, cracksealing, and minor patching; rating 5 & 6, preservative treatment (sealcoating); rating 3 & 4, structural improvement and leveling (overlay or recycling); and rating 1 & 2, reconstruction. Tables 9-2 and 9-3 show the surface condition of all of the paved primary and local public road segments within Negaunee Township. Under the Paser System, the condition of the paved roads in the Township would average a score of "5", which would indicate that the Township paved road system overall is in fair condition. Twenty-one miles, or 49.6 percent of the Township paved road system rated less than a "5", which indicates a substantial portion of the road system needs to be either repaved or totally reconstructed. None of the primary or local road segments within the Township were given a rating better than "7". Besides the paved road system, the Township has 10.1 miles of roads surfaced with gravel or dirt; these are generally seasonal roads or roads that receive very low levels of use. * Paser System rating for paved road surfaces 10: Excellent 9: Excellent 8: Very Good 7: Good 6: Good 5: Fair 4: Fair 3: Poor 2: Very Poor 1: Failed Chapter 9- Page 7 �TABLE 9-2 CONDffiON OF PAVED PRIMARY ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Local Name Location Miles Surface Rating CR480 Negaunee City limit to Sands Township limit 2.98 4 CR492 Negaunee City limit to M-35 1.09 3 CR492 M-35 to Marquette Township limit 2.39 4 U.S. 41/M-28 to U.S. 41/M-28 2.23 4 CRSlO CR 502 to Hoist Road 1.76 4 CRSlO Hoist Road to CR JW 0.76 s CRSlO CR JW to Basin Drive 1.76 3 CRSl0 Basin Drive to end of pavement 0.49 6 CRS02 Midway Drive Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1997. Currently, no segments of county primary roads within Negaunee Township are scheduled for improvements in the next few years. However, the Road Commission has indicated that the segment of CR 492 from M-35 to the Township eastern limit is part of its long range list of road segments that need to be improved. In addition, the Road Commission has indicated that the heavily traveled CR 480 will need to be scraped down and repaved within the next ten years, so that the structure of the base of the road does not deteriorate. TABLE 9-3 CONDffiON OF PAVED LOCAL ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Local Name Location Miles Surface Rating CRJAE Club Road CR JA to Gun Club 0.15 s CRJRC Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JR to end of pavement 0.11 4 CRJPD Industrial Park Road U.S. 41/M-28 to Midway Rental Gate 0.19 s CRJAA Acocks Drive CR 492 to end of pavement 0.33 7 ~ CRJAC South Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.96 6 CRJAD Heritage Drive CR JB to Township line 1.11 6 CRJB Sandy Drive M-35 to CR JQ 0.30 s Chapter 9- Page 8 �TABLE 9-3 CONDITION OF PAVED LOCAL ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Local Name Location Miles Surface Rating CR JB Forge Road CR JQ to U.S. 41/M-28 0.37 4 CRJB Airport Circle U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JC 1.17 5 CRJB Airport Circle CR JC to CR JBU 0.40 6 CRJB Cedar Lane CR JBU to CR JD 0.26 5 CR JB Wilderness Road CR JD to end of pavement 0.43 4 CRJBU Cedar Lane CR JB to end of pavement 0.19 6 CRJC Kivela Road CR JA to CR JB 1.29 7 CRJF East Buffalo Road CR JJ to Township Line 1.00 5 CRJG Jarvi Road CR JRE to end of pavement 0.41 3 CRJH Hoist Road CR 510 to end of pavement 1.56 5 CRJI Mapleridge Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.51 7 CRJJ Annex Road M-35 to CR 480 0.37 5 CRJJG Grimes Road M-35 to end of pavement 1.27 6 CRJJK Valley Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.70 5 CRJJL Mattson Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.25 7 CRJJN Snowfield U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JJO 0.58 3 CRJJN Carrie Road CR JJO to end of pavement 0.62 7 CRJJO Snowfield Road CR JJN to urban boundary 0.57 4 CRJJO Snowfield Road Urban boundary to end of pavement 0.04 4 CRJM Meadows Road CR 492 to township line 0.70 2 CRJP Link Road CR JB to U.S. 41/M-28 0.10 5 CRJP Airport Road U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JPA 0.18 6 CRJPB Perala Court U.S. 41/M-28 to end of pavement 0.16 7 CRJQ Forge Road CR JB to township line 0.52 4 Brebner Road CR 502 to U.S. 41/M-28 0.07 4 Pond Road U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JRA 0.11 3 CRJR Chapter 9- Page 9 �TABLE 9-3 CONDffiON OF PAVED LOCAL ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Location Local Name Miles Surface Rating CRJR Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JRA to CR JRC 0.31 4 CRJR Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JRC to end of pavement 0.07 7 CRJRA Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JR to end of pavement 0.03 4 CRJRB Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JR to Auto Glass Parking 0.06 4 CRJRD Pumphouse Road CR 492 to gate 0.09 6 CRJRE Old 480 Road CR 480 to end of pavement 0.57 3 CRJW Necjec Road CR 510 to end of pavement 1.87 7 Longyear Drive CR 502 to Longyear Drive 0.73 6 CRJX Mitchell Road CR JA to private drive 0.35 2 CR JAB North Basin Drive CR 510 to end of pavement 1.86 4 CRJA North Road Negaunee Township to CR JX 2.91 5 CRJA North Road CRJX to CRJK 0.26 6 CRJA North Road CR JK to CR JAC 0.36 5 CRJA North Road CR JAC to CR JI 0.39 4 CRJA North Road CR JI to end of pavement 0.24 3 Pine Run CR JR to Pine Run 0.57 6 Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1997. Each year the Township Board develops a priority list of local roads in the Township with the most crucial need of repair, which is based on requests and complaints that members of the Board receive from residents. The following road segments are currently on this list: CR JA (North Road) from CR JK south 0.11 miles; CR JA (North Road) from CR JK north 0.20 miles; CR JQ (Forge Road) from the southern terminus north 1,000 feet; CR JF (East Buffalo Road) from CR 480 west 1.0 miles; CR JRE (Old 480) from CR 480 north 0.53 miles; and CR JG (West Jarvi Road) from CR JRE west 0.40 miles. All these projects call for repaving, with so~e of them possibly requiring some reconstruction. Chapter 9- Page 10 r �9.5 Condition of Bridges in the Township Three public bridges are located on county roads in Negaunee Township. These bridges are located on CR 510, CR JAD, and CR JA, as shown in Table 9-4. All these bridges are over 50 years old, with the bridge along CR 510 over the Dead River the oldest at 77 years. The CR 510 bridge is currently listed fourth on the Road Commission's top ten priority list of bridges in most crucial need of repair or replacement. It scored a 44.0 under the federal bridge rating system. This rating system determines the condition of bridges using a scoring scale of 1 to 100, with a score of "100" indicating the bridge is in perfect condition. The federal government uses this rating system as one of the determining factors for its deficiency bridge fund. A bridge must score less than "80" to be eligible for this fund. TABLE 9-4 NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP BRIDGES Name/Location ADT 1921 51 tons 1,256 44.0 44 1946 - 100 58.2 22 1934 - 550 77.7 Width (feet) 271 20 CR JAD over the Carp River, 0.02 miles north of U.S. 41/M-28 49 CR JA over the Carp River, 1.5 miles north of U.S. 41/M-28 37 CR 510 over the Dead River, 2 miles north of U.S. 41 Federal Rating Posted Rating Length (feet) Year Built Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1996. 9.6 Financing The Marquette County Road Commission bears the major responsibility for construction and maintenance on all the roads in the County, except within the jurisdiction of the incorporated communities. The road commission's funding sources are the State of Michigan through the Michigan Transportation Fund (Public Act 51 of 1951); Federal funding (ISTEA) various state and federal grant programs; local units; and miscellaneous sources. Figure 9-1 shows the breakdown of the road commission's sources of revenue, while Figure 9-2 shows the expenditures. State Funding: State funding for roads is based on Public Act 51 of 1951. This Act established the Michigan Transportation Fund, which allocates these funds from motor vehicle registration fees and motor vehicle fuel taxes. The state uses a special formula to distribute funds to all county road commissions (Figure 9-3). A formula based upon road classification, road mileage and population is used to determine the amount of funding received by each road commission. A percentage of the funding received by each road commission is also set aside for engineering, snow removal, and urban roads. In Chapter 9- Page 11 �1996, the Road Commission was allocated a total of $4,214,785 from the Michigan Transportation Fund. The breakdown of the proceeds from the additional four cents per gallon gas tax that was levied by the State in the summer of 1997 goes as follows: one cent goes for debt reduction, one cent goes into the state critical bridge program, and two cents go into the Michigan Transportation Fund (MTF). Of the amount going into MTF, 39 percent goes to the State's county road commissions. The current Act 51 will "sunset" in September of 1998. It is possible that the current proportions of funding distributed to road commissions and cities and villages may change. Additional sources of revenue from the State for road improvements in the County come from the Michigan Transportation Economic Development Fund (TEDF). This program was enacted in 1987 by the state to help in the funding of highway and road projects necessary to support economic growth. The mission of this program is to enhance the State's ability to compete in an international economy, promote economic growth in the State, and improve the quality of life in the State. The fund is divided into the following categories: Target Industries (Category A), State Trunkline Takeover (Category B), Urban Congestion (Category C), Rural Primary (Category D), Forest Road (Category E), and Urban Area (Category F). The Marquette County Road Commission uses category D and E funds, while the County urban areas receive Category F funds. Category A can be applied for on a case-by-case basis if appropriate economic development projects exist. Category B has been eliminated, and Marquette County does not qualify for Category C funding. The Marquette County Road Commission usually draws from TEDF Category D and E, while working with the cities of Marquette, Negaunee, and Ishpeming in utilizing the Category F funds for urban area improvements. The Category D fund is used to complement the existing state trunkline system with improvements on connecting local routes that have high commercial traffic, to minimize disruptions that result from seasonal load restrictions, and to increase the interchange potential between modes. Counties wanting to draw from this fund must have a population of under 400,000 and submit roads that are Rural Primary. The funds obtained through the Category D program must be used on projects that bring road segments up to all-season standards. The revenue in the Category E fund is used for road projects that aid the safe and efficient collection of forest products. Counties that are eligible for this fund must contain a National Lakeshore, National Park, or have 34 percent or more of its land in commercial forest. Marquette County meets all the criteria for Category D and E funds. The Category F fund is available to cities and villages that have a population of 5,000 to 400,000. In Marquette County, the Marquette and N~unee/lshpeming urban areas qualify for this fund. The revenue source for the TEDF program comes from state fees for license plates and driver licenses, except category C and D funds, where 55 percent of the revenue source comes from the federal ISTEA fund. In 1996, the Road Chapter 9- Page 12 �Commission received $305,196 from the state through the TEDF program. Like Act 51, the TEDF program sunsets in September of 1998. Federal Funding: Federal grant funding was made available to the State of Michigan through the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), which was signed into law in December of 1991. This new vision for surface transportation in the United States was established by Congress to maintain and expand the transportation system in the nation; promote a strong financial base for transportation, so industries stay competitive and strong; emphasize safety; protect the environment; improve the quality of life; and advance technology and expertise. Over half of the revenue for the State TEDF Category D funded projects comes from the ISTEA program. The TEDF Category D fund is the largest source of grant money used by the Marquette County Road Commission for improvements to its primary road system. The Road Commission also receives money from the ISTEA-funded Surface Transportation Program (STP). This program is mostly used by the road commissions in the state for meeting the required 20 percent local match for TEDF Category D funds. In 1996, the Marquette County Road Commission received $740,231 from federally funded programs. Congress is currently considering several options for either replacing or reauthorizing ISTEA. The extension of ISTEA will expire in 1998, and new legislation will be required to continue federal funding for transportation activities. Local Funding: The Marquette County Road Commission can contribute up to 50 percent of the funding necessary for construction or reconstruction projects on County local roads, primarily using monies from the Michigan Transportation Fund. The remaining portion is contributed by the township in which the road is located or by other sources. In 1996, the Road Commission received $106,514 from townships in the County for improvements to the local road system. In Negaunee Township, a millage has been established for covering the Township's share for improvements to roads within the local system. This one mill millage assessment was approved by Township voters in 1978 for a ten-year period and renewed in 1988 for another ten-year period. In 1998, the millage was again renewed. In fiscal 1996/1997, the Township road fund accumulated $36,922 from taxes collected through the millage. From fiscal 1991/92 to fiscal 1996/97, the Township spent on average $31,338 per year from its road fund for various local road improvement projects. Annually, the Road Commission receives funds for the upkeep of its local road system, which primarily comes from the State Transportation Fund. In 1996, the Road Commission spent $2,502,495 for the upkeep of the local road system, which was $563,894 over what was allocated to it. As a result, it bad to transfer money from the primary road fund and other sources to pay for the excess local road expenditures. Winter maintenance cost (snow removal, salting and sanding costs, etc.) alone on the County local road system in 1996 was $982,715. Chapter 9- Page 13 �FIGURE 9-1 MARQUETTE COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION REVENUES, 1996 Other 3.8% l&R CS 16.5% FF 3.6% TEDF llMTF □ CLu •cs BIOther Note: MTF, Michigan Transportation Fund; TEDF, Transportation Economic Development Fund; FF, Federal Sources; CLU, Contributions from Local Units; CS, Charges for Services; l&R, Interest and Rents; NP, Note Proceeds; and Other. Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1997. Chapter 9- Page 14 �FIGURE 9-2 MARQUETTE COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION EXPENDITURES, 1996 NCO HMPR NEE 5.3 % •• ~~~~· •• AE ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ 3.6% STNM 2.5% HMLR STM11.4% •••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••• 23.9% MPR ••••••••• MLR ■ HMPR iiMLR IIISTM ■ STNM 1111 NCO Note: HMPR, Heavy Maintenance, Primary Roads; HMLR, Heavy Maintenance, Local Roads; MPR, Maintenance, Primary Roads; MLR, Maintenance, Local Roads; STM, State Trunkline Maintenance; STNM, State Trunkline Nonmalntenance; AE, Administrative Expense; NEE, Net Equipment Expense; and NCO, Net capital Outlay. Source: Marquette county Road commission, 1997. Chapter 9- Page 15 �F1GURE 9-3 BASED ON ACTUAL COLLECTIONS INCLUDING LOCAL ROAD PROGRAM FOR PERIOD OF 8/04 • 7/95 COUNTY ROAD COMMISSIONS AVERAGE UNIT VALUES AMOUNf FOR DISTRIBUTION LESS: ENGINEERING SNOW REMOVAL 10% URBAN ROAD 4%LOCAL RESIDUE MILEAGE TRANSFERS NET FOR DISTRIBUTION 416,575 $382,881,444 WEIGHT TAX COLLECTIONS LAST 4 QUARTERS $491,589,424 $450,980,664 811,519 3,733,833 45,098,066 18,039,227 0 COUNTY MILEAGE AS OF 7/31/95 PRIMARY Ml LOCAL MI URBAN MILEAGE AS OF 7/31/95 PRIMARY Ml LOCAL Ml 26,327.99 62,561.98 3,497.79 6,927.56 3,497.79 $33,905,969 $45,098,066 6,927.56 10% URBAN ROADS URBAN LOCAL SHARE URBAN LOCAL MILEAGE I $491,589,424 = = $382,881,444 75% TO PRIMARY ROADS 10% PRIMARY ROAD MILEAGE NET FOR DISTRIBUTION $95,720,361 $43,074,162 25% TO LOCAL ROADS 15% EQUALLY TO EACH COUNTY $0.44 PER DOLLAR COLLECTED I $28,716,108 $1,616 PER MILE 75% WEIGHT TAX COLLECTIONS $287,161,083 $9,694 PER MILE URBAN PRIMARY SHARE ratio: 6x Primary mileage to lx Local mileage $11,192,097 $215,370,812 = 26,327.99 = PRIMARY MILEAGE I 83 $1,091 PER MILE = 1/83 EACH COUNTY $518,966 PER COUNTY $18,039.227 4% LOCAL $113,759,588 TOTAL LOCAL I $73,943,732 I 35% ON POPULATION Chapter 9- Page 16 ) •) = LOCAL MILEAGE 165% LOCAL ROAD MILEAGE $39,815,856 62,561.98 3,840,521 POPULATION $1,182 PER MILE = $10.37 PER CAPITA �9.7 Sub-State Area Long Range Plan In January of 1995, the Michigan Sub-State Area Long Range Plan was developed by the Corradino Group, for the Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT), as a 20year statewide plan that detailed the suggested improvements to the State transportation system and created a funding priority list. In the Upper Peninsula, the two major transportation improvement recommendations in the plan were the enhancement of north-south travel to central and western U.P. counties and improving the traffic flow along the U.P.'s heavily traveled east-west highway corridors. For the first of the two above-mentioned major recommendations for the U.P., the Long Range Plan suggested road improvements, such as bypasses and passing lanes, along existing north-south routes (M-95, M-35, or U.S. 41) in the central and western U.P., or the possible creation of a new route (U.S. 41 directly north from the Village of Powers to the community of Gwinn). The pressure for improving the north-south traffic flow through this region could become more of an issue once K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base is completely converted from military use to civilian use and the proposed improvements to north-south highways in northeastern Wisconsin become a reality. County Road 553 between Gwinn and Marquette, may become an important future link in an improved central U.P. north-south highway corridor, if connection to K.I. Sawyer becomes economically significant. In 1995, the Central U.P. Regional Transportation Committee took the lead in a regionwide study to determine the best option for a priority north-south corridor in the central U.P. MOOT provided the Committee technical support during the study period. The goal of the study was to get local consensus to identify a priority north-south corridor. The Committee established local focus groups in the four counties that the study impacted the most, which included Menominee, Delta, Dickinson, and Marquette counties. These focus groups discussed the issues, concerns, and opportunities relative to a priority north-south corridor in a series of meetings. The outcome of these meetings was the establishment of local consensus from each of the focus groups on how a priority corridor should run through their respective counties. The Regional Committee used this local consensus to establish a primary route that went south to north from Menominee to Marquette using U.S. 41, M-35, and Marquette CR 553, with a spur along U.S. 2 from Powers to Iron Mountain, and a secondary route from Iron Mountain to Marquette using M-95 and U.S. 41/M-28. A document that described the planning process undertaken to come up with a priority corridor was then sent to MOOT and the State Transportation Commission for review. It is hoped that this process motivates MOOT and the Transportation Commission to commit to detail studies on improving traffic flow through segments of the chosen priority corridor. The decision in the above-mentioned planning process to include CR 553 from Gwinn to Marquette as part of the priority north-south corridor in the central U.P. may persuade the State to change CR 553's classification to a state trunkline. If this happens, the Chapter 9- Page 17 �State will probably change the classification of the stretch of M-35 from Gwinn to the U.S. 41/M-28 intersection (Negaunee Township) to a county primary road, which would likely be opposed by the Marquette County Road Commission because of the additional responsibility that would result from the turnover. The State Long Range Plan options for improving the east-west corridor through the U.P., the second of the two major recommendations, involve either M-28 from Ironwood to Sault Ste. Marie or U.S. 2 from Ironwood to St. Ignace. These two east-west highways are heavily travelled commercial truck and tourist routes in the U.P., which have significant traffic congestion problems, especially within the urban centers along the routes. The creation of passing lanes and the bypassing of urban centers along one or both east-west highways is suggested for areas known for bottleneck traffic. However, unlike the first of the two major recommendations in the long range plan, no local or regional pressure has yet been put on MDOT for further studies of east-west traffic flows across the U.P. 9.8 Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) The Michigan Sub-State Area Long Range Transportation Plan indicates the need for an all-season transportation network in Michigan. The integration of state, county, and city roads is very important to industries and communities throughout the State. The development of a State Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) is being proposed through a cooperative effort by MDOT, the County Road Association of Michigan, the Michigan Township Association, and the Michigan Municipal League. It is the intent of this effort to identify a network that will aid county road commissions and communities in determining priorities for maintaining and upgrading roads to all-season standards and to ensure that the best possible road system exists to deliver goods from the source to market. This new road system would also benefit the growing tourism industry, which is a large part of the State's economy. The Secondary Commercial Network will compliment and coordinate with the state trunkline system. The east/west running CR 480, which connects the Negaunee/Ishpeming urban area to CR 553 and U.S. 41 in the eastern portion of Marquette County, is an example of a link in a Secondary Commercial Network. Within Negaunee Township, because of its geographical location within the County, there are very limited opportunities to connect to roads from other counties; however, at the county level efforts should be made to develop such a network by working with local business interests and governments. The County should make sure that roads designated are not subject to any restrictions for commercial vehicles. The Michigan Department of Transportation should be contacted for mapping and technical assistance during the development process. MDOT will also be useful in promoting continuity during the development of the SCN, especially where roads in the system pass through different governmental jurisdictions. Chapter 9- Page 18 �9.9 Traffic Volume Traffic Counts: The analysis of present traffic volumes is beneficial for determining the traffic conditions within a community. Traffic counts are usually presented as an average daily traffic (ADT) figure, which is calculated for a particular intersection or stretch of roadway. The Michigan Department of Transportation provides highway volume counts for selected state roads and streets annually. The traffic counters have been placed in 22 locations along U.S. 41/M-28, Business U.S. 41, Business M-28, and M-35 within Negaunee Township and the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor. The average daily traffic volumes for these locations in 1975, 1983, and 1995 are listed in Table 9-5 and are shown on Map 9-3. The traffic counters located along Business M-28, west of the City of Ishpeming western limit (Ishpeming Township) and Business U.S. 41, south of the Washington Street/Front Street intersection (City of Marquette), were the only counter locations within Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor that saw a decrease in average daily traffic from 1975 to 1995, with a decline of 11.1 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively. The largest growth in average daily traffic in the urban corridor during this period occurred along U.S. 41/M-28, west of Croix Street (City of Negaunee), and U.S. 41/M-28, west of the City of Ishpeming western limit (Ishpeming Township), which experienced increases of 240 percent and 100 percent, respectively. Twelve out of the 22 trunkline counter locations within the urban corridor experienced an increase of 30 percent or greater from 1975 to 1995. All three of the counter locations within Negaunee Township saw an increase in traffic during this period; however, the traffic levels at the counter located along U.S. 41/M-28, just west of the Township eastern limit, declined by 17 percent from 1983 to 1995. Besides this location, significant declines in traffic volumes within the urban corridor occurred during this U-year period along U.S. 41/M-28, east of Grove Street (City of Marquette); Business U.S. 41, south of the Washington Street/Front Street intersection (City of Marquette); Business M-28, west of the City of Ishpeming western limit (Ishpeming Township); and U.S. 41/M-28, west of Grove Street (City of Marquette). These declines in traffic volumes may have been the result of construction activities occurring along these segments of highway. The trend over the past 20 years i.n the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor has seen a fairly significant increase in traffic levels along U.S. 41/M-28, while the other trunklines either have experienced a slight increase or stayed relatively the same. The moving of the County airport to the former K.I Sawyer AFB should affect the future traffic patterns in the corridor area. Highway segments like M-35 from U.S. 41/M-28 to CR 480 will likely see a significant increase in traffic when the airport moves, while other segments like U.S. 41/M-28 from Marquette to Negaunee may experience a decline in traffic. Chapter 9- Page 19 �TABLE 9-5 MARQUETTE/ISHPEMING/NEGAUNEE URBAN CORRIDOR, AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNTS, 1975, 1983, AND 1995 Average Daily Traffic Route Counter Location 1975 1983 1995 % Change % Change % Change 1975-1983 1983-1995 1975-1995 U.S. 41/M-28 Just N. of the City of Marquette S. limit 10,000 15,800 19,000 58.0 20.3 90.0 U.S. 41/M-28 S. of Division St., City of Marquette 20,000 18,900 23,000 -5.S 21.7 15.0 U.S. 41/M-28 E. of Grove St., City of Marquette 10,000 18,900 13,000 89.0 -31.2 30.0 U.S. 41/M-28 West of Grove St., City of Marquette 10,000 14,900 13,000 49.0 -12.8 30.0 Bus. U.S. 41 S. of Washington St./Front St. 18,000 20,300 17,000 intersection, City of Marquette 12.8 -16.3 -5.6 Bus. U.S. 41 W. of Washington St./Front St. intersection, City of Marquette 12,000 12,100 12,000 0.8 -0.8 0.0 Bus. U.S. 41 E. of U.S. 41/M-28 intersection, City of Marquette 11,000 16,000 15,000 45.S -6.3 36.4 U.S. 41/M-28 Just E. of the City of Marquette W. limit 18,000 25,400 32,000 41.1 26.0 77.8 U.S. 41/M-28 Just W. of Negaunee Twp. E. limit 18,000 25,400 21,000 41.1 -17.3 16.7 U.S. 41/M-28 E. of M-35 intersection, Negaunee Twp. 11,000 14,200 18,000 29.1 26.8 63.6 2,100 6.7 31.3 40.0 11,000 14,200 17,000 29.1 19.7 54.S U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Baldwin Avenue, City of 12,000 12,500 16,000 Negaunee 4.2 28.0 33.3 Bus. M-28 N. of Main St., City of Negaunee 7,000 7,000 7,QPO 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bus. M-28 Just E. of the City of Negaunee W. limit 5,000 5,000 5,700 0.0 14.0 14.0 M-35 S. of the U.S. 41/M-28 intersection, Negaunee Twp. U.S. 41/M-28 Just S. of the City of Negaunee N. limit 1,500 1,600 Chapter 9- Page 20 �TABLE 9-5 MARQUETTE/ISHPEMING/NEGAUNEE URBAN CORRIDOR, AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNTS, 1975, 1983, AND 1995 Average Daily Traffic Route % Change % Change % Change 1975-1983 1983-1995 1975-1995 Counter Location 1975 1983 1995 5,000 10,000 17,000 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Croix St., City of Negaunee NA 13,600 16,000 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Deer Lake Rd., City of Ishpeming 100.0 70.0 240.0 NA 17.6 NA 6.7 28.0 Bus. M-28 E. of Pine St., City of Ishpeming 5,000 6,000 6,400 20.0 Bus. M-28 W. of Pine St., City of Ishpeming 5,000 5,000 NA 0.0 NA NA Bus. M-28 W. of the City of Ishpeming W. limit, Ishpeming Twp. 4,500 4,700 4,000 4.4 -14.9 -11.1 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of the City of Ishpeming W. limit, Ishpeming Twp. 7,000 8,700 14,000 24.3 60.9 100.0 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Bus. M-28 intersection, Ishpeming Twp. 8,000 8,500 11,000 6.3 29.4 37.S Source: Michigan Department of Transportation, Annual Average 24-Hour Traffic Volumes, 1975, 1983, and 1995. 9.10 Public Transportation Public transit service within Negaunee Township is provided by Marquette County Transportation System (Marq Tran), which was established in 1982. From 1982 to 1985, Marq Tran served all areas in Marquette County that were outside the cities of Marquette and Ishpeming, which were served by Marquette Transit Authority (MTA) and Ishpeming Transit Authority. In 1985, the County's three transit operations consolidated into the current Marq Tran system. Marq Tran is a non-profit mass transportation service, which receives revenue for its operation from state and federal operation system funds (48 percent), fare box (20 percent), county-wide millage, contract fares, transit pool reimbursement and interest, and other income. Within Marquette County, Marq Tran has 27 vehicles available for service, 22 of which are equipped with wheelchair lifts. Marq Tran provides door-to-door service to residents of Negaunee Township. Buses housed at the Marq Tran main headquarter facility in the City of Marquette and the senior center in the City of Ishpeming serve residents of the Township. The buses from Chapter 9- Page 21 �these locations are operating seven days a week, with weekday hours from 6:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. and weekend hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Marg Tran has a zonal fare system setup for its door-to-door service, with half fares given to seniors, disabled, and students. The Ishpeming route is a fixed bus route that runs from the City of Marquette to the City of Ishpeming, with stops along the route in Marquette Township, Negaunee Township, and the City of Negaunee. This fixed route runs seven days a week from 6:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., with 12 round trips Monday through Thursday, 15 round trips on Friday, nine round trips on Saturday, and four round trips on Sunday. Marg Tran charges a oneway fixed fare of $0.90 for the general public and $0.45 for senior citizens, disabled, and students for the route. Tables 9-7 and 9-8 show the ridership levels along the Ishpeming route and Marg Tran as a whole from 1991 to 1996. During this five-year period, the total number of passengers along the Ishpeming route dropped from 51,547 to 50,100, a decline of 2.84 percent. The passenger levels during this period peaked in 1992 and then steadily declined. The overall Marg Tran ridership levels followed a similar trend, with a 2.19 percent decline in the total number of passengers using the transit service between 1991 and 1996. The door-to-door and contract services saw substantial declines in passenger numbers during this period. The tremendous increase in ridership within the other category from 1995 to 1996 was primarily the result of Finn Fest held in the City of Marquette in the summer of 1996. Marg Tran buses are frequently used by college students, elderly, and commuters in the Township as an alternative mode of travel. The bus service is also used by Township residents that are Mental Health clients and/or that are participating in the Special Service Program that helps senior citizens and disabled persons with unmet transportation needs. Marg Tran has a contractual agreement with the County to make three runs per day, Monday through Friday, to the Community Mental Health Work Center located along Midway Drive in Negaunee Township. Marg Tran, Delta Area Transit Authority (DATA) and Alger County Public Transportation (ALTRAN) started providing intercity public transit service to Negaunee Township and Marquette County in early 1998, which is part of the regional bus service funded through a Michigan Department of Transportation grant. Regional Transportation or RTRAN is a cooperative effort between DATA, Marg Tran, ALTRAN and Schoolcraft County Public Transit to broaden the scope of bus service provided in the central U.P. The three public transits will connect the cities of Escanaba, Iron Mountain, Marquette, Munising, and Manistique. Marg Tran and DATA use M-35 as the regional route connecting Marquette to Escanaba, with stops in Marquette, CR480/553 Crossroads, Kountry Komers near Gwinn, Little Lake, Rock, Perkins, Gladstone, and Escanaba. Three round trips run per Chapter 9- Page 22 �day, with a oneway fare costing $8.00. Marq Tran runs a regional route along U.S. 41/M-28 and M-95 between Iron Mountain and Marquette, with stops in Marquette, Negaunee, Ishpeming, Channing, Sagola, and Iron Mountain. Two runs are made each day with a way-fare of $8.00. ALTRAN operates a route along M-28 from Marquette to Munising, with stops in Sand River, Deerton, Shelter Bay, AuTrain, and Christmas. Three runs are made each day, with a one-way fare of $5.00. The public transit authorities each received a 24 passenger capacity bus to be used for the RTRAN route. The public transit authority's goal is to have at least seven or eight passengers per trip use the service, which means the buses will be running at about 30 percent capacity. The target customers for the regional bus route are college students, the elderly, employees at various operations along the route and individuals seeking medical care at one of the facilities along the routes. TABLE 9-7 RIDERSHIP LEVELS, ISHPEMING FIXED ROUTE, 1991-1996 Year Number of Passengers 1991 51,547 1992 54,068 1993 52,200 1994 50,700 1995 50,300 1996 50,100 % change 1991-1992 4.89 % change 1992-1993 -3.45 % change 1993-1994 -2.87 % change 1994-1995 -0.79 % change 1995-1996 -0.40 % change 1991-1996 -2.84 Source: Marquette County Wide Transportation System, 1996. Chapter 9- Page 23 �TABLE 9-8 MARQ TRAN RIDERSHIP LEVELS ; 1991-1996 Fix Routes Other Total 1991 309,754 210,829 52,966 8,996 29,848 7,115 1992 330,146 233,639 49,495 8,464 30,719 7,829 1993 322,988 234,178 48,916 7,496 26,185 6,213 1994 307,983 225,811 44,757 8,701 23,317 5,397 1995 294,980 213,997 43,332 9,336 21,605 6,710 1996 302,970 209,137 42,746 9,853 23,054 21,180 % change 1991-1992 6.58 10.82 -6.55 -5.91 2.91 10.03 % change 1992-1993 -2.17 0.23 -1.17 -11.44 -14.76 -20.64 % change 1993-1994 -4.65 -3.57 -8.50 16.07 -10.95 -13.13 % change 1994-1995 -4.22 -5.23 -3.18 7.29 -7.34 24.32 % change 1995-1996 2.71 -2.27 -1.35 5.53 6.71 215.65 % change 1996-1997 -2.19 -0.80 -19.30 9.53 -22.8 197.68 Door-toDoor Specialized Services Contract Services Year Source: Marquette County Wide Transportation System, 1996. 9.11 Inter-Community Bus Service Inter-community bus service in Negaunee Township is provided by Superior Transportation, which in 1997 took over routes previously operated by White Pine Company. Superior operates two fixed routes in the Upper Peninsula. The north-south route runs along U.S. 41 from Calumet to Milwaukee. The south bound bus along this route stops at 11:40 p.m. at Jim's Jubilee in the City of Negaunee, while the north bound bus along this route stops at 3:50 a.m. The east-west route runs along U.S. 2 from St. Ignace to Duluth, MN, and does not pass through Marquette County. To use the eastwest bus route, residents in Marquette County would h~ve to take the south bound bus to Rapid River in Delta County, or drive to Rapid River or Iron Mountain to catch either the east or west bound bus. Chapter 9- Page 24 �9.12 Port A port is located in the City of Marquette, approximately 10 miles to the east of Negaunee Township. The port is an important shipping point for iron ore pellets from the Empire and Tilden mines. Pellets are transported from the mines by rail, and then shipped to steel mills in the lower Great Lakes region. Commodities such as coal and salt are shipped into Marquette via the port. The iron ore from the Empire and Tilden mines that is bound for the Marquette port is transported by rail along lines that run across Negaunee Township. Table 9-9 lists the tonnage of commodities by type that were received through the Marquette port for each year from 1990-1995. An average of 10,066,833 tons of cargo each year were hauled out of the port during this period, with iron ore accounting for about 75 percent of this tonnage. Currently, nearly 50 percent of the iron ore mined in Marquette County is hauled by rail to the Escanaba port for shipping out. However, with Algoma Steel's recent announcement that it intends to take additional iron ore tonnage from the Tilden Mine beginning in 1998, the total amount of iron ore shipped out of the Marquette port should increase in the coming years. TABLE 9-9 WATERBORNE COMMERCE, PORT OF MARQUETTE, 1990-1995 Commodity CoaVcoke 1995 1991 1,556,000 1,332,000 1,547,000 1,584,000 1,894,000 1,934,000 - - - - - 1992 1993 1994 1990 Petroleum 8,000 Chemicals 250 1,000 868,000 689,000 603,000 855,000 874,000 1,069,000 5,873,000 6,413,000 9,041,000 8,022,000 8,245,000 7,933,000 - - - - - - Stone/sand/salt Iron ore/scrap Other crude material Primary manufactures 57,000 1,000 250 250 - - - - - 1,000 - - - - Other cargoes 250 - - - - - Total tonnage 8,364,750 8,435,250 11,191,000 10,461,000 11,013,000 10,936,000 Food products Equipment/machinery Source: Michigan Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Planning, Freight Transportation Planning Section. Chapter 9- Page 25 �9.13 Air Transportation The Marquette County Airport is located in the central portion of Negaunee Township, just north of U.S. 41/M-28. This site became the County airport in 1957; previously it was a utility airport. The airport is one of seven airports in the U.P. that provides commercial passenger air service. It is classified as a ''transport airport" facility. Such airports have a primary runway of 4,500 feet or longer, and are capable of handling jet aircraft. The Marquette County Airport maintains two paved runways: the east/west runway is 6,500 feet in length, and the north/south runway is 3,000 feet in length. The airport provided passenger jet service before the airline industry was deregulated in the early 1980s. Deregulation made it unprofitable for many airport facilities in the country the size of Marquette County to provide jet service. The scheduled passenger levels at the Marquette County airport would have to dramatically increase for jet service to be profitable. The Marquette County Board of Commissioners has decided to relocate the County airport to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The date of the relocation has not yet been finalized, but it is believed that it will occur sometime in the middle of 1999. The next chapter will give more details on the relocation of the County airport to K.I. Sawyer and the future of the existing airport and property in Negaunee Township. 9.14 Railroads Railroads were one of the dominant forces shaping early industry and settlement in Marquette County. Rail transportation was necessary to carry iron ore from the County's many mines to ports at Marquette and Escanaba, where it was then shipped to steel mills and smelters. Communities often formed near the mines and/or where railroads were established. Rail service in Negaunee Township is provided by the Wisconsin Central LTD (WC) and Lake Superior & Ishpeming (LS&I) Railroads. An east-west rail line runs through the southeastern portion of the Township, just south of U.S. 41/M-28. The portion of this line that runs from the City of Negaunee to Eagle Mills is Wisconsin-Central owned, but is also used by LS&I. A fee is paid by LS&I each year to have the right to use this segment of track. Just east of Eagle Mills at Diamond Junction, the WC track continues to run east-west, while the LS&I separates from the jointly used track and runs northsouth and then east-west through the northeastern portion of the Township. Within Eagle Mills, LS&I operates a rail yard facility, which is used for switching cars and storing cars and locomotives. Another segment of rail line runs southwest-northeast from Eagle Mills to the City of Negaunee. This segment of track is owned and used jointly by WC and LS&I. In the City of Negaunee, it connects with the heavily used iron ore pellet rail line that links the Tilden and Empire mines to the ore docks in Escanaba. Chapter 9- Page 26 �From this interchange, the iron ore line runs northwest-southeast right through where Negaunee Township, the City of Negaunee, and Richmond Township intersect. The profitable iron ore rail line was owned and operated by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Co. (C&NW) from the 1860s until April of 1995, when it was purchased by the Union Pacific Railroad Company, as part of a nationwide takeover of the entire C&NW system. About two years later, WC purchased this line along with rest of the old C&NW lines in the Upper Peninsula and Northern Wisconsin from Union Pacific. Wisconsin Central purchased the additional lines because it provided an opportunity to consolidate and more efficiently move freight. Within Marquette County, the Empire and Tilden mines are the main customers for both WC and LS&I. As mentioned above, the WC main iron ore line runs from the mines to the ore docks in Escanaba. The LS&I iron ore rail line, on the other hand, runs from the two mines to the ore docks in Marquette. The iron ore hauled to these docking operations is then loaded onto ships and transported to steel mills at Soo, Ontario and along the lower Great Lakes. In 1997, about 8 million tons of iron ore was hauled by LS&I, while WC hauled about 6 million tons. In addition to iron ore, WC hauls pulpwood, logs, iron scrap, fly ash, clay, and crushed limestone on its lines serving Marquette County. However, iron ore should remain the dominant commodity hauled by both WC and LS&I within the County in the foreseeable future. ~ With the recent acquisition of the old C&NW lines, Wisconsin Central is currently proposing to abandon the east-west rail line that runs from where LS&I splits (Diamond Junction) in Negaunee Township to Munising. WC is currently not hauling any freight along this segment of rail line. All the freight from this line is being shifted to the newly acquired rail line that runs from Partridge Junction, just north of the Empire Mine, to Escanaba. Wisconsin Central's main reasons for proposing abandonment of the Diamond Junction to Munising line are that there are no customers along this stretch and that the old C&NW line better serves its existing customers in Marquette and Baraga counties because of the distance and time savings. 9.15 Non-motorized Transportation Facilities In the past decade, a push around the country has been going on for the construction of facilities that serve non-motorized modes of transportation. This movement has been mainly fueled by the recent increase in the desire of individuals to be more physically active and the oil crises that occurred in the past. Non-motorized transportation facilities, such as bike lanes and walkways, provide individuals a safe alternative mode of transportation to vehicle and transit. Within Negaunee Township, the only example of a non-motorized facility is the wide shoulders provided along CR 480. The wider shoulders make bicycling, walking, and other non-motorized activities easier and safer along this heavily used county primary road. Currently, residents living along Midway Drive and North Road are requesting the Township and Road Commission to construct Chapter 9- Page 27 �wider shoulders along their respective roads. However, the roads would have to be entirely repaved in order to add wider shoulders, which the Road Commission has indicated is not financially feasible with its current budget. 9.16 Issues and Opportunities Negaunee Township should continue to prioritize local road improvement projects and work with the Marquette County Road Commission to schedule these projects as local and road commission funds become available. The renewal of the Township's road millage assessment will provide continued township funding is available for local road improvement projects. The townships around the State are lobbying the state legislature to include them in the Act 51 formula, which if changed will have a substantial impact on the future distribution of funding available for improvements to local roads. The new residential developments occurring in the northern portion of the Township, near the Hoist and McClure storage basins, will likely increase the level of traffic on CR 510, which will have an impact on the surface condition of the road. The recommendation to include CR 553 between Gwinn and Marquette as part of the priority north-south corridor through the central U.P., together with the County Board of Commissioners' decision to move the County airport to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB, will most likely increase the traffic levels along CR 480. Thus, the County, the Road Commission, and the communities served by CR 480 should work together to assure that this County primary road is maintained to a satisfactory level. Traffic counts taken by the Michigan Department of Transportation at several locations along state trunklines within the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor indicate that traffic volumes have increased along almost all segments of trunklines within the corridor area from 1975 to 1995. MDOT and the communities within the urban corridor need to use this data in making any future decisions on improving the traffic flow through the corridor area. An increasing amount of commercial traffic along M-35 between CR 480 and U.S. 41/M28 may become a significant issue in the Township in the near future, especially since this segment of road is winding, crosses a major railroad and travels through residential areas. Based on the Paser System analysis of the current surface conditions of paved road segments within the Township, about 50 percent of the paved road mileage within Negaunee Township is in need of resurfacing or reconstruction. The condition of roads in other townships in the County are either similar or worse. The Marquette County Chapter 9- Page 28 �Road Commission's current sources of funding for making improvements to the County road system, especially the local system, are just not adequate. As a result, the Road Commission and local communities need to continue to pressure the state and federal governments to increase revenues to improve the County road system. The Township needs to address potential problems and conflicts with residents who live on private roads. The Township needs to adequately provide notice to residents concerning the level of community service that will be provided, such as snowplowing, school bus pick up, road maintenance, law enforcement road patrol, and emergency services. If ridership continues to decrease on the Ishpeming fixed route that runs from the City of Marquette to the City of Ishpeming, Marq Tran may consider reducing the frequency of these services, thereby reducing the service potentially available to local residents. The new Regional Transportation (RTRAN) system will provide residents of Negaunee Township an alternative to the automobile for medium distance intercity travel or commuting within the central U.P. The aging of the local population could result in future needs for additional transportation services for the elderly and/or disabled. The recent acquisition of the Union Pacific rail lines by Wisconsin Central will likely improve the rail service provided to industries within Marquette County using rail to transport freight, especially the industries in the County that were clients of WC before the acquisition. The acquisition allowed WC to consolidate some rail lines within the U.P., which has resulted in a more efficient freight moving rail operation. With the County decision to relocate the County airport from Negaunee Township to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB, the Township and the County should coordinate their efforts with the Township Planning Commission for the reuse of the existing airport property. The development of non-motorized transportation facilities within the Township, such as bike lanes and walking paths, will promote non-motorized forms of transportation as a vital part of a community transportation system. · The Township, along with the Road Commission, should look for funding sources, like the Michigan Transportation Enhancement Program, for repaving Midway Drive and portions of North Road with wider shoulders to accommodate non-motorized forms of transportation. With Algoma Steel's recent announcement that it plans to take additional tonnage of iron ore from the Tilden Mine in the coming years, the levels of iron ore transported to the Marquette port by the LS&I railroad should increase. Chapter 9- Page 29 �10.0 MARQUETIE COUNTY AIRPORT 10.1 Introduction The Marquette County Airport has been located at the present site in southern Negaunee Township since the 1950s. Prior to that time, the airport was in southern Sands Township, at the location of the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The airport was moved to Negaunee Township in 1957, when the military base was established, and has undergone a series of improvements and expansions since that time. Following the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB in September 1995, the Marquette County Board voted to relocate the Marquette County Airport to K.I. Sawyer. 10.2 Existing Marquette County Airport The existing Marquette County Airport occupies approximately 650 acres north of U.S. 41/M-28, just north of the northeastern corner of the City of Negaunee. Access to the airport is provided by U.S. 41/M-28, which bisects the Marquette-Ishpeming-Negaunee urban corridor. The area around the airport contains a variety of commercial and industrial uses along the highway, with residential uses and forest to the north and west. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the current airport has two runways. The east/west runway is 6,500 feet in length, and the north/south runway is 3,000 feet in length. The configuration of the runways is sufficient to handle many jet aircraft; however, the airport is currently used only by turboprop planes with a maximum capacity of about 40 passengers. Buildings at the existing airport include the current passenger terminal, a former terminal building used by the Federal Aviation Administration and by the Fixed Base Operator(FBO) for the airport, and several industrial-type buildings and hangars. The buildings previously occupied by the Simmons Airlines Maintenance Facility have been vacated as a result of the move to the new AMR Eagle Regional Aircraft Maintenance Center at K.I. Sawyer, and will revert to County ownership once the move is complete. The existing terminal contains passenger check-in and baggage handling facilities, rental car counters and a gift shop downstairs, with a restaurant and office space in the second floor. The former terminal also contains office space. As of early 1998, three commercial airlines serve the Marquette County Airport. Mesaba Airlines (Northwest Airlink) provides service to Detroit and Minneapolis, where Northwest Airlines maintains hubs that provide access to connecting flights. Midwest Express (Skyway) offers service to Milwaukee and connecting flights. Great Lakes (United Express) offers service to Chicago O'Hare and Detroit. American Eagle (American Airlines) served the area until August 1996, when passenger service was discontinued due to a decline in passenger volumes. Skyway began serving Marquette County a few months after American Eagle discontinued service. As of February 1998, Chapter 10 - Page 1 �there have been reports that American Eagle may be interested in resuming passenger service to Marquette County. ,,--...,. I Passenger, cargo and air-carried mail volumes at the Marquette County Airport have fluctuated over the past 20 years, as a result of several factors. The number of total scheduled passengers (both enplanements and deplanements) at the Marquette County Airport increased steadily from the 1950s through the 1970s, as shown in Figure 10-1. With the advent of deregulation in the early 1980s, passenger volumes at all U.P. airports dropped significantly. Many smaller airports throughout the country lost jet service at this time, and service since the 1980s has been provided by smaller turboprop planes. Since 1980, the number of scheduled passengers at the Marquette County Airport has fluctuated, but the overall trend was upward until 1993, when over 104,000 scheduled passengers passed through the airport. Since 1993, passenger volume dropped to near the 1990 level, but has since begun to increase again. The drop in passenger volume from 1993 to 1995 may be largely attributable to the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. During this time the County experienced a decline in population, an increase in unemployment, and an atmosphere of uncertainty as to what the future might bring. However, the last couple of years have seen a decrease in unemployment to the lowest level in over 25 years, and while base closure has certainly affected the local economy, the impact so far has not been as severe as many feared it would be. This may be at least partially responsible for the recent increase in air travel. It is interesting to note that the Marquette County Airport has experienced more enplanements (departures) than deplanements (arrivals) in most years. Several factors may be responsible, including cancellation of flights or diversion to other airports, causing persons to return to an airport other than Marquette; one-way air travel, with passengers returning by other means; and one-way travel with no return trip. This trend of enplanements exceeding deplanements is also found at other U.P. airports. In addition to the scheduled passenger service available at the airport, charter services are available, and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources keeps a plane at the airport for use by state employees needing travel to Lansing or other areas. A number of local pilots also keep planes at the Marquette County Airport. The number of passengers on charter flights varies significantly, with data available only since 1988. In 1989 charter passenger volume (enplanements and deplanements) peaked at 8,754; in 1992, only 683 total passengers used charter flights. From 1993 to 1996, charter passenger numbers were fairly stable, ranging from 1,16°'in 1996 to 1,453 in 1995; in 1997 there were 824 total charter passengers. In the late 1980s and 1990, charter passengers equaled about 11 percent of the total scheduled passengers; during the last few years, charter flights have accounted for less than 2 percent of passenger volume. Chapter 10 - Page 2 �.--- ~ ,,[ 0 f) TABLE 10-1 PASSENGERS AT U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS Airport 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Marquette County Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 67,951 33,718 34,233 75,210 37,171 37,039 78,116 39,094 39,022 88,520 44,050 44,470 103,575 52,223 51,352 104,537 52,500 52,037 95,925 48,148 47,777 79,412 40,015 ·39,397 83,205 42,052 41,153 82,048 41,900 40,148 Delta County (Escanaba) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 40,269 21,464 18,805 21,442 10,865 10,577 26,094 13,476 12,618 28,197 14,366 13,831 31,929 16,301 15,628 29,986 15,163 14,823 37,895 19,055 18,840 35,913 18,270 17,643 42,131 21,549 20,582 41,304 20,627 20,677 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 38,247 18,676 19,571 17,396 8,683 8,713 21,216 10,634 10,582 16,735 8,288 8,447 20,113 10,085 10,028 23,396 11,724 11,672 21,214 10,562 10,652 21,092 10,579 10,513 19,686 9,870 9,816 13,654 6,787 6,867 Houghton County Memorial Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 49,330 24,796 24,534 41,615 21,167 20,448 45,568 23,099 22,469 42,748 21,547 21,201 42,556 21,165 21,391 37,888 18,917 18,971 40,969 20,558 20,411 40,762 20,484 20,278 45,468 22,885 22,583 47,687 23,974 23,713 Twin County (Menominee) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 20,098 10,211 9,887 2,118 1,056 1,062 3,224 1,624 1,600 3,534 1,811 1,723 3,597 1,834 1,763 2,999 1,491 1,508 2,927 1,297 1,330 1,525 704 821 182 72 110 na na na Gogebic County Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 23,990 11,533 12,457 5,889 2,996 2,893 10,155 5,072 5,083 8,301 4,194 4,107 8,220 4,074 4,146 9,727 4,870 4,857 8,702 4,330 4,372 6,413 3,183 3,230 5,341 2,670 2,671 3,128 1,548 1,580 Chippewa County International (Kinross) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 21,657 10,736 10,921 1,077 5,017 5,060 17,354 8,844 8,510 17,493 8,814 8,679 19,489 9,849 9,640 18,099 9,139 8,960 17,947 9,244 8,703 18,826 9,545 9,281 17,409 8,821 8,588 10,192 5,227 4,965 Chapter 10 - Page 3 �FIGURE 10-1 TOTAL SCHEDULED PASSENGERS, U.P. AIRPORTS, 1970-1997 120,000 D 100,000 D □ D □ 80,000 D □ . Ill Cl) CII C m 60,000 (V 0. 40,000 20,000 ,,r . . -"::(. I I 1976 1978 0 1970 1972 1974 ~ r===t I , - I t---1 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 I I I 1992 1994 1996 Vear -<>- Chippewa County -a- Delta County -tr-ford _._ Hougton County -0- Marquette County -+-Twin County ~ Gogebic County Source: MDOT, Bureau of Transportation Planning, lntermodal Section, 1997. Chapter 10 - Page 4 ) ) ) �D t) TABLE 10-2 AIR CARRIED CARGO AND PACKAGED FREIGHT AT U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS (POUNDS) Airport 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 288,200 74,600 213,600 69,565 24,642 44,913 73,534 22,864 50,670 79,819 26,871 52,948 61,128 21,323 39,805 82,688 21,268 61,420 77,851 28,730 49,121 54,978 21,417 43,561 53,683 16,264 37,419 305,800 93,060 212,740 50,600 21,000 296,000 956,088 248,559 707,529 949,206 316,153 633,053 1,084,357 539,605 544,752 1,542,412 770,625 771,787 1,527,072 688,713 838,359 1,051,536 458,682 592,854 893,797 342,689 551,108 1,086,531 419,369 667,162 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 486,232 142,553 343,679 23,400 4,000 19,400 1,039,821 432,777 607,044 1,237,587 515,529 722,058 1,544,203 602,838 941,365 1,621,980 575,414 1,046,576 1,772,130 577,370 1,194,760 1,767,087 558,079 1,209,008 2,040,446 709,929 1,330,517 2,548,431 950,734 1,597,697 Houghton County Memorial Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 265,579 100,696 165,063 94,000 48,000 46,000 194,394 99,110 95,284 223,292 99,174 124,118 271,098 109,388 161,710 328,483 119,821 208,662 403,160 92,305 310,855 368,979 93,714 275,265 548,061 217,204 330,857 809,544 329,105 480,439 Twin County (Menominee) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 150,029 41,980 108,849 1,800 400 1,400 240,324 148,152 92,172 303,903 162,762 141,141 303,227 164,172 139,055 372,002 191,473 180,529 388,966 219,507 169,459 508,996 276,649 232,347 704,307 394,910 309,397 659,415 367,090 292,325 Gogebic County Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 62,555 15,432 47,123 6,092 562 5,530 142,721 61,664 81,057 158,140 60,545 97,595 171,340 73,824 97,516 189,522 78,623 110,899 230,176 97,011 133,165 170,443 68,972 101,471 304,226 125,072 179,154 356,313 177,499 178,814 103,550 40,421 63,129 22,800 5,600 17,200 5,708 2,018 3,690 3,791 1,803 1,988 7,937 2,906 5,031 4,731 1,074 3,657 7,190 753 6,437 6,682 2,468 4,394 2,987 1,340 1,647 4,206 2,403 1,803 1980 1985 Marquette County Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 495,648 101,447 394,201 Delta County (Escanaba) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Chippewa County International (Kinross) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Chapter 10 - Page 5 �FIGURE 10-2 TOTAL AIR CARRIED CARGO & PACKAGE FREIGHT (LBS.), U.P. AIRPORTS, 1970-1997 3,000,000 ...--- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----, 2,500,000 2,000,000 Ill -g 5 1,500,000 a. 1,000,000 500,000 0 1910 19n 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Year -<>- Chippewa County -o- Delta County --ts- ford ~ -o- Marquette County -+- Twin County Houghton County ~ Gogebic County Source: MOOT, Bureau of Transportation Planning, lntermodal Section, 1997. Chapter 10 - Page 6 ~ ) ) �The amount of air carried cargo and package freight handled at the Marquette County Airport peaked in the mid 1970s, and generally declined until 1990 (Figure 10-2). Since then, the amount of cargo and freight has remained fairly constant at between 50,000 and 100,000 pounds per year, as shown in Table 10-2. The amount of incoming cargo and freight far exceeds outgoing cargo and freight in most years, with incoming (deplaned) freight averaging 65-80 percent of total volume. The amount of cargo and freight handled at the Marquette County Airport is significantly less than at other area airports; Delta County Airport handled over 1 million pounds in 1997, while Ford Airport in Dickinson County handled over 2.5 million pounds. The amount of air carried mail was, until 1980, a fairly significant factor at most U.P. airports. From the 1950s until 1980, the Marquette County Airport generally handled between 27,000 and 280,000 pounds of mail per year, averaging about 60,000 to 80,000 pounds per year. Since 1980, however, the amount of air carried mail has dropped to none in some years to a high of 6,951 pounds in 1990, as shown in Table 10-3. Mail that is handled locally is almost entirely outgoing mail, with little or no incoming air carried mail in most years. This trend occurred at most U.P. airports; some airports have seen air carried mail cease entirely. Most air carried mail is now delivered by truck to larger airports, where it is then placed on airplanes, virtually eliminating the use of smaller airports for air carried mail. 10.3 K.I. Sawyer Facilities K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was established during the 1950s, and during nearly 40 years of existence was home to fighter planes, bombers, and tankers. The location of the base, with access to polar routes to the former Soviet Union, was considered critical during the Cold War years. With the end of the Cold War, the U.S. government began to reassess the need for military facilities. Legislation was adopted calling for review of military facilities by an independent panel known as the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission, and reviews were conducted in 1991, 1993 and 1995. The 1993 closure list, which was signed by the President in June, 1993, included K.I. Sawyer. At the time closure was announced, B-52H Stratofortress bombers and KC-135A Stratotankers were based at K.I. Sawyer. Military employment at the time closure was announced was approximately 3,600, with an additional 1,100 civilian and contract employees. Over the next two years, personnel and equipment were transferred to other Air Force facilities, and the process of conversion to civilian uses was begun. When the base officially closed on September 30, 1995, four businesses were already located at the base, providing a handful of jobs for area residents. Chapter 10 - Page 7 �TABLE 10-3 AIR CARRIED MAIL, U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1980 Marquette County Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 18,300 16,956 1,344 1,117 1,115 2 6,951 6,951 0 5,929 5,929 0 5,666 5,666 0 2,995 2,991 4 3,747 3,733 14 7323 7218 105 4933 4703 230 2,966 2,616 350 Delta County (Escanaba) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 16,921 15,339 1,582 14,176 14,176 0 3,304 3,304 0 3,010 2,979 31 2,809 2,809 0 3,547 3,547 0 2,887 2,741 146 2528 2524 4 2852 2852 0 4,192 4,136 56 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 834,411 22,240 812,171 24,272 19,810 4,462 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Houghton County Memorial Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 18,736 18,736 0 5,261 3,008 2,253 1,479 1,479 0 1,738 1,738 0 1,856 1,856 0 2,416 2,350 66 3,184 3,012 172 2529 2483 46 2978 2455 523 2,313 2,288 25 Twin County (Menominee) Total Air Carried !\jail Enplaned Deplaned 25,653 25,483 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Gogebic County (Ironwood) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 156 19 137 140 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 242 242 0 671 634 37 547 476 71 440 440 0 659 659 0 1,429 1,429 0 25,657 6,971 18,686 4,661 2,719 1,942 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Chippewa County International (Kinross) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 1985 1991 Airport Chapter 10 - Page 8 ~ ) >i) ) �K.I. Sawyer encompasses about 5,200 acres, containing a 12,300-foot airstrip, associated taxiways and approach aprons, two control towers, over 300 industrial and commercial buildings, and over 1,600 housing units. Some of the buildings are currently occupied by industrial or commercial enterprises, or by individuals and families; over 300 housing units were occupied as of February 1998. Buildings and facilities not owned or leased by private companies or individuals are still owned by the U.S. Air Force, and a "caretaker'' agreement provides for operation of certain facilities and protection from deterioration. The Air Force, under the caretaker agreement, operates the water and sewer systems, and provides for resource and fire protection and general maintenance of the unleased portions of the base. Unoccupied buildings have been "pickled," with plumbing systems drained and winterized. The primary focus of the caretaker agreement, with regard to unoccupied facilities, is to prevent significant deterioration. Industrial and commercial firms located on the former base include the following: a sawmill with over 100 employees and utilizing 90 million board feet of timber per year; a regional aircraft maintenance facility employing over 200; a manufacturer of electronic switches that employs over 50; several smaller manufacturing firms, contractors, etc.; and a golf course, veterinary clinic, medical clinic, day care center, and bank. The aircraft maintenance facility at Sawyer represents an expansion and relocation of the former Simmons Airlines facility located at the existing airport. Now known as the AMR Eagle Regional Aircraft Maintenance Center, Inc., the facility occupies four buildings at Sawyer. A Memorandum of Understanding negotiated between the County and AMR Eagle in 1996 calls for improvements to these buildings and the airfield to be made by the County, as well as a County buyout of the remaining balance due on the Simmons buildings at the County airport. Grant funds from the state and federal government have covered the majority of the cost of the building improvements. 10.4 Airport Relocation A base reuse plan was prepared during the time the base was being closed, and one of the recommendations of that plan was that the Marquette County Airport be moved to K.I. Sawyer. The County Board gave a tentative endorsement of that recommendation, passing a resolution to move the airport if such a move could be shown to be economically feasible. In August 1996, a new resolution was passed, stating that the airport would be moved. Greiner, Inc., the consulting firm who prepared the base reuse plan, was retained by Marquette County to prepare a reuse plan for the existing Marquette County Airport. The plan, completed in August 1996, examined issues related to reuse of the property, including environmental contamination, legal issues related to property ownership, the impact on current airport tenants, and potential alternatives for reuse. The study also makes recommendations regarding a marketing strategy for the property. Chapter 10 - Page 9 �Environmental contamination is known to exist at six locations at the airport. These sites include the former VORTAC/Fire Training Area, the former bulk fuel storage facility, two sites associated with the Simmons Airlines facility, and the two septic fields. The recommended course of action is to conduct further sampling to identify the extent and nature of the contamination, and identify remediation measures. The property on which the airport is situated consists of several parcels which were acquired at various times during the development of the airport. Several of these parcels were acquired from The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company (CCIC), which retains repurchase rights in the event the property should be offered for sale by the County. CCIC has indicated that it is not interested in repurchasing these parcels. Parcels which were acquired with funding from the Federal Aviation Administration typically require reinvestment of the federal share if those parcels are sold. However, Marquette County is working with the FAA to waive the reinvestment provisions in this case. All tenants utilizing space at the airport in 1996 were contacted with regard to their willingness to move to Sawyer. The majority of the commercial tenants, including Northern Michigan Aviation, the rental car companies serving the airport, WLUC-TV and others, expressed willingness to relocate if the airport is moved. Some tenants, however, such as Northern Michigan Aviation, said they would prefer to remain at the present location. Several of the tenants who keep private airplanes at the airport expressed concerns, or indicated they would be unwilling to relocate. Concerns were primarily based on uncertainty regarding cost, according to the reuse report. Reuse options recommended by the study include housing development, office space, recreation, and limited commercial and industrial uses. The existing terminal and former terminal were identified as suitable for office space, while the portion of the property which fronts directly on U.S. 41/M-28 would be most desirable for commercial use. Some hangars appear to be relocatable, and were recommended for relocation to Sawyer; hangars which are not relocatable could be used for storing vehicles or equipment. The study identifies a sports complex containing tennis courts, exercise rooms, weight training, etc. as a possible recreational reuse for the former Simmons hangar. Initial alternatives identified by Greiner included a golf course and correctional facility; the County Board directed the consultants not to consider these alternatives further. Although the airfield facilities at K.I. Sawyer are in good condition and were wellmaintained, extensive modification is required to make the airfield suitable for use as a civilian airport. The single most costly item is the construction of a new passenger terminal, estimated to cost over $3 million. Other improvements include relocation and upgrade of runway lights, installation of new instrument landing (ILS) and automated weather observation (AWOS) systems, fuel farm improvements, runway approach lighting, and other relatively minor improvements. Chapter 10 - Page 10 �The County has been awarded grants from the Economic Development Administration and the FAA to cover the cost of many airfield improvements at K.I. Sawyer. Relocation and upgrade of runway lights, the new ILS and AWOS systems, design of the new passenger terminal, fuel farm improvements, and a portion of terminal construction are included in these grants. A second grant is being applied for to cover the remaining cost of the new terminal, as well as other airfield and non-airfield items. Delays in the application process for this grant have resulted in pushing back the target date for moving airport operations. Original projections were to have the airport operational at Sawyer by the end of 1998; current expectations are that the airport will move in mid to late 1999. Since the decision to move the airport was finalized in August 1996, occasional concerns were expressed regarding this decision. The level of concern appeared to increase in the fall of 1997, with questions being raised about the cost of the move, weather conditions at Sawyer, the lack of a crosswind runway at Sawyer, and the increased distance from the urban corridor. Some groups and individuals are also concerned about the potential effect of the move on the local tax base, and the impact on the economic health of the urban corridor. A group of local physicians has expressed concern regarding the distance from Marquette General Hospital, and have asked that the Negaunee Township location be available for air ambulance use. Negaunee Township stands to lose tax revenues as a result of the move, and there is concern that there will be a loss of businesses at and around the airport. Negaunee Township officials and others have also expressed a desire to see airport operations continued at the Negaunee Township location, even if the County airport is moved. They believe that an industrial airpark may be feasible, and that a private entity may be willing to operate the facility without state or federal funding. The County Board has taken the position that airfield uses at the current site should not be permitted once the airport is moved. Although many of the questions now being asked with regard to airport relocation should perhaps have been addressed to a greater extent during the decision process, it would appear that the Marquette County Board is unwilling to reconsider the decision. The grants which have been obtained from EDA and the FAA are predicated upon the airport moving, and a significant amount of funding from those grants has been obligated. The AMR Eagle maintenance center move to Sawyer is nearly complete, and several hundred thousand dollars in grant funds have been expended for that project. At the very least, continued operation of the maintenance facility at Sawyer would require maintenance of airfield operations at Sawyer even if the airport does not move, resulting in a financial burden to the County. In summary, it appears unlikely that the decision to move the airport will change. Chapter 10 - Page 11 �10.5 Issues and Opportunities A decline in scheduled passenger volumes occurred since 1993, although most recent figures indicate that this decline may be turning around. The possible return of American Eagle passenger service to Marquette County could increase options for local air travelers. The amount of cargo and freight handled at the airport has declined considerably since the mid 1980s, but has stabilized in recent years. There are several sites of environmental contamination at the existing airport, which may affect the ability to reuse the property for other uses. The proposed move of the airport to K.I. Sawyer would result in a loss of tax base in Negaunee Township, as personal property is moved from the site. The airport relocation could offer a long-term opportunity to increase the local tax base and diversify the local economy by developing the existing airport property for residential, commercial, industrial and recreational uses. If redevelopment is unsuccessful, however, the long-term issue could be one of blight and deterioration of the former airport facility. The relocation of the County airport may affect the traffic pattern in and around Negaunee Township, with increased use of CR 480 and M-35 to travel to the Sawyer location. The potential loss of traffic on U.S. 41/M-28 could have a negative effect on businesses in the urban corridor, particularly in the area near the existing airport. It is uncertain what effect the airport relocation may have on freight and cargo volumes and passenger volumes. The increased distance form the urban corridor may mean that alternate means of shipping or travel will be used, or that other airports outside the County will be utilized more by local residents and businesses. · As businesses associated with the airport, such as the AMR maintenance facility, move to K.I. Sawyer, local residents who work at these businesses may move from the Township in order to be closer to their place of work. Chapter 10 - Page 12 �11.0 GOALS, POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES 11.1 Introduction Throughout the preceding chapters of this plan, detailed information has been presented defining the historical trends and current situation in Negaunee Township. This background information has helped the Planning Commission to gain an understanding of the forces which have shaped the growth and development of the Township to this point. In order for a community to have a sound plan for growth and development, it is essential that goals be set. Such goals are broad statements which reflect desired future conditions, and are based on the background information, assumptions, alternatives and policy variables presented earlier. More specific policies and objectives are then developed, which define actions which can be taken to implement the goals. The final stage of the planning process, which is implementation of the plan, begins once the goals, policies and objectives have been defined. The first step in plan implementation is the adoption of this plan by the Planning Commission following a public hearing and consideration of any public comments received. Plan implementation continues through adherence to the goals, policies and objectives set forth in this plan. It should be emphasized, however, that these goals, policies and objectives are not "cast in concrete." While the planning commission has developed these goals, policies and objectives based on the best information available, and the needs of the community at a point in time, changing needs and desires within the community, or changes in the local population or economy may mean that these goals, policies and objectives will need to be re-evaluated. This plan must remain flexible enough to respond to changing needs and conditions, while still providing a strong guiding mechanism for future development. The Planning Commission, Township Board, and Township staff, together with other groups, organizations and individuals, can use this plan as a dynamic decision-making tool, and should assure that the plan is referred to frequently and updated periodically. To assist in understanding the nature of the goals, objectives and policies presented on the following pages, the following definitions are presented: Goal: A broad statement of a desired future condition, the generalized end toward which all efforts are directed. Goals are often stated in terms of fulfilling broad public needs, or alleviating major problems. Goals are generally difficult to measure and are idealistic. Chapter 11 - Page 1 �Policy: A statement of position or course of action which provides a means of obtaining a stated goal. Policies are factual in nature, and can be measured by the impact they have on existing conditions. Objective: A specific attainable end derived from a related goal or policy to be accomplished within a specific time. When attained, they represent significant and measurable progress toward a goal, thus providing a means of evaluating progress. 11.2 Economy Explanation: The Township is located in the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban area. Expansion of the urban area from the Marquette area bas and will continue to come into the Township. The Planning Commission should carefully review the zoning ordinance in order to accommodate future economic growth. Service and retail jobs are the largest employment sector county-wide, as well as for Township residents. The mining industry is an important part of the local economy. Redevelopment of the soon to be vacated County airport will offer the opportunity for possible commercial and industrial uses as well as an increase in the tax base and employment levels. The former Pioneer Pellet Plant facility is also an area for possible industrial use. A private industrial park is located within the township. Provide a diversified and stable economy within Negaunee Township. Policies: 1. Encourage businesses and industries already located in the area to remain in the community, and encourage the expansion of these firms, except in cases where such uses are nonconforming, or where those uses do not comply with state and federal standards. 2. Where nonconforming uses and/or violations of state or federal standards exist, encourage firms to become conforming and come into compliance, in order to retain the existing economic base while reducing land use conflicts and potential for negative impacts on the environment. 3. Insure that adequate sites are available for new developments or expansions of existing firms. Considerations of the adequacy o~a site should include the types of municipal services that could be provided. Chapter 11 - Page 2 �c::,., 4. If and when the Marquette County Airport vacates its present Negaunee Township location, encourage the reuse of the airport property for commercial, industrial and residential uses. 5. Encourage the appropriate and orderly commercial development along US41/M28. 6. Encourage the development and maintenance of the infrastructure and services which support the orderly development in the township. 7. Encourage the cleanup of sites of environmental contamination so that contaminated sites can be made available for development and potential health hazards can be eliminated. Cleanup for commercial or industrial reuse may be easier, due to less stringent requirements compared to sites for residential development. 8. New developments should be encouraged to occur in so-called "brownfield" sites rather than creating new developments in previously undeveloped areas. 9. Development served by private roads should be built to County road standards. The Township should not recommend roads for inclusion into the County road system unless they are already built to County Road Commission standards. 10. Encourage commercial developments in areas that can be served by the municipal water system. ~ ,,-----..._ Obiectives: Work with the Marquette County Economic Development Corporation and the Lake Superior Community Partnership along with governmental units to promote economic development throughout Marquette County. 2. Examine the present zoning designations of the area where the present County airport is located to determine if areas should be rezoned to encourage an compatible mix of commercial, industrial and residential uses. 3. Continually examine and identify areas within the Township that would be suitable for industrial and commercial use. 4. Expand the existing water service area to serve existing and planned commercial establishments. 5. Actively promote and expand the industrial and commercial base of the township. Chapter 11 - Page 3 �11.3 Natural Features Explanation: The natural features of the township can both inhibit and encourage development. Bedrock outcroppings, areas of steep slope and certain soils can limit development. Water features, especially the Hoist and McClure Basins, attract new residential development. Goal: Preserve and enhance the natural environment of Negaunee Township. Policies: 1. Protect the ground and surface waters from contamination from improper sewage disposal practices. 2. Ensure that the use of the land and the intensity of the use is suitable to the natural environment. 3. Encourage the reuse of existing industrial sites rather than creating new developments in previously undeveloped areas. 4. Encourage the cleanup of environmentally contaminated sites in the Township, to remove potential threats to human health and safety and to the environment. 5. Define areas where the natural environment may constrain land use, such as areas of shallow bedrock, high water table, etc. 6. Discourage inappropriate development in areas which are vulnerable to future onsite septic system failure and groundwater contamination. 7. Identify development constraints within waterfront areas, where pressures for development may be the highest and the environment is potentially more fragile. Objectives: 1. Work with the various agencies to protect ground and surface waters from contamination caused by point and non-point sources of pollution. 2. Utilize detailed soil survey information, and wetlnd maps when making rezoning decisions, in order to insure that lot sizes, setbacks and other requirements are sufficient to protect the natural environment. Chapter 11 - Page 4 . �3. Using zoning and other land use controls, encourage a pattern of land use which minimizes environmental impact, encourages economic growth in appropriate areas, and maintains the natural features of the community. 11.4 Land Use Explanation: Historically, land use in the area has been influenced by the mining industry. Commercial development has occurred along the US41/M28 highway corridor. Newer residential development is also taking place around the two storage basins. Though the majority of the lands in the Township are forested, the Township contains the second highest concentration of urban and built up lands of any township in the county. New subdivisions are occurring north of US41/M28, reflecting the trend of developing residential areas in rural outskirts of urban areas. Known areas of contamination may adversely affect development; sites need to be remediated. Establish a land use pattern in Negaunee Township which minimizes land use conflicts, provides for development in areas where adequate facilities exist or can be provided, and protects the health, safety and welfare of Township residents. Policies: 1. Access from both commercial and residential developments onto state trunklines and other heavily-traveled roadways should be limited in order to avoid traffic congestion problems and alleviate safety hazards. 2. Encourage commercial developments to utilize shared driveways to limit the number of access points onto busy roadways. 3. Encourage the preservation of open spaces and the rural character in the outlying portions of the Township. 4. Discourage the spot zoning of commercial and industrial areas within the Township. 5. Ensure that the zoning ordinance is consistent with the physical limitations of the environment, such as soil suitability, slope, etc, and with the ability to provide municipal services, such as water and sewer. 6. Coordinate land use activities with the adjacent municipalities of City of Negaunee and the Townships of Ishpeming, Marquette, Sands and Richmond. Chapter 11 - Page S �7. Protect both the ground and surface waters from contamination caused by improper or failing septic systems 8. Encourage greater density in areas that are served by or have the potential of being served by the Township water system. 9. Encourage the preservation of open space for the enjoyment of Township residents. 10. Encourage new and expanding industries to locate in areas where appropriate services are available and surrounding uses are compatible. 11. Encourage new and expanding retail and service firms to locate in areas which are easily accessible. Objectives: 1. Review the existing zoning ordinance to ensure that the ordinance provides for the proper, and orderly development of commercial and industrial areas within the Township. 2. Review the existing zoning ordinance to ensure consistency with physical characteristics of the environment. 3. Strongly enforce the zoning ordinance to ensure that land use is consistent with the land capability and suitability, the ability to provide services and the desired future condition of the Township. 4. Eliminate the use of privies and holding tanks as a means of on-site sewage disposal. 5. Where possible, new and existing commercial developments should construct a frontage road along US41/M-28 to serve their establishments. 11.5 Housing Explanation: The predominate housing type is the single family, owner-occupied home. Seasonal homes have been constructed in the northern area of the Township, especially around the Hoist and McClure Basin area. With the sale of the Longyear Realty lands to private individuals, there will be increased demands fQJ" year round residences and other development. Other housing developments are taking place in areas not served by municipal water. Housing demand in the Township will likely remain strong in the future. Chapter 11 • Page 6 �Encourage the creation of an adequate supply of affordable, safe and sanitary housing, offering a choice of housing types. Policies: 1. Encourage new housing developments to locate in areas zoned for residential developments which have the capability to provide needed services. 2. Mobile homes offer an affordable housing option for many people. 3. Educate the public regarding federal and state grants and loans that are available to the public for rehabilitation of single and multi-family housing and for the purchase of homes. 4. Private roads serving residential developments should be constructed to County Road Commission standards. 5. Encourage the orderly and appropriate development of the waterfront lands and areas in the northern area of the Township. 6. Encourage continued development and maintenance of single-family houses, in a variety of sizes, styles and settings. 7. Encourage the rehabilitation and maintenance of existing housing stock to provide safe living conditions and prevent deterioration and blight. Objectives: Establish minimum lot sizes that do not degrade the environment. 2. As seasonal homes become year-around homes, the Township should establish reasonable standards including wells, permanent septic systems, suitable access roads, sufficient right of way and type of road surface. The zoning ordinance should indicate that the Planning Commission is the body to grant such a request through the conditional use permit process. 3. Residential zoning districts should provide for a variety of densities; denser development should be in areas where utilities and natural features are suitable for such development. 4. Continue to enforce local ordinances regarding blight and deterioration, to eliminate hazards to public health and safety. Chapter 11 - Page 7 �11.6 Transportation Explanation: Two highways (US41/M28 and M35) serve the Township, along with a network of county roads. The private automobile remains a primary means of local transportation. With about 50 percent of the paved roads in the township in need of resurfacing or reconstruction, continued maintenance and improvements should be of prime concern. There are a number of private roads that have been constructed that provide access to existing or newly created subdivisions or lot splits. Ridership on the Marg Tran Ishpeming route has declined in recent years. At present the County airport is located in the township, but will soon be relocated to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB. The relocation will have an impact on the transportation patterns of those using the new airport. Goal: Provide a transportation network which provides for the safe and efficient movement of people and goods throughout the township. Policies: 1. Encourage the Marquette County Road Commission to consider local priorities when funding and scheduling road projects throughout the county. 2. Encourage the improvement of inadequate and substandard roads in the township. 3. Private roads serving residential developments should be constructed to County Road Commission standards. Objectives: 1. Continue working with the Marquette County Road Commission in setting road improvement priorities. 2. Improve and upgrade the inadequate and substandard roads within Negaunee Township. 3. Communicate to MDOT and State legislators concerns the Township has regarding the impacts to the Township regarding any state takeover of local roads. Chapter 11 - Page 8 �4. Develop a connector road between Midway Drive (CRSlO) and US41/M-28 to alleviate traffic congestion problems. 11.7 Community Facilities and Services Explanation: The Township provides a number of municipal services to its residents, including fire protection, refuse collection, and road repairs. Municipal water is provided within a limited area one mile north and south of U.S. 41/M28 and; the current system capacity is adequate to expand the service area. Other services are provided by other levels of government, such as the City of Negaunee for library, County sheriff for law enforcement and emergency medical/rescue services. The availability of such services are a critical part of community quality of life and also play a role in economic development. Goal: Provide public services as desired by Township residents at the least possible cost and, at the same time, protect the health and well-being of Township residents. Policies: 1. Make needed improvements to the Township public water system. 2. Provide adequate fire and police protection to all areas of the Township. 3. Continue to work with the Marquette County Landfill Authority and other agencies to solve the solid waste problems. 4. Provide sanitary sewers within the Township as dictated by growth. 5. Utilize state and federal grants and/or loans to secure funding to expand and/or provide municipal water and sewer services. 6. Develop a multi-year Capital Improvement Plan for the Township, to be used as a Jong-range planning and budgeting tool. Objectives: • 1. Install sanitary sewer service to the more densely populated areas of the Township. 2. Work with the City of Negaunee in utilizing its wastewater treatment plant to provide sanitary sewer services to Township residents . Chapter 11 - Page 9 �3. Expand the water service area to include the US 41 corridor. 4. Install a second outlet from the well field and along County Road 492 to provide water to LS&I railroad property and businesses and households on M-35. 5. Install a water main under U.S. 41/M-28 at Brebner Road and loop the line back to Midway Drive, which would improve the service of the system and reduce freezing problems. 6. Construct a second water line from the wells, which would improve the flow and allow an additional 40 residential homes in the M-35 vicinity to connect to the system. 7. Budget and construct a new Department of Public Works garage facility. 11.8 Recreation/Historical Explanation: There are eight publicly owned park and recreation sites within the township which provide a wide spectrum of recreational opportunities. There are a variety of recreational facilities located in communities adjacent to the Township. Many of the historic sites in the area are directly related to the early iron mining industry. Several of these properties are listed on the state or national register of historic/ places. Establish a community-wide system of parks, open space and recreational facilities that will provide adequate, convenient, and high quality recreational opportunities on a yearround basis. Policies: 1. Ensure that existing and newly developed residential areas are provided with adequate and accessible park and recreational facilities. 2. Correlate new recreational development with land capability and suitability. 3. Provide safe and adequate accessibility to all community park and recreational areas for pedestrians and bicyclists as well as motorists. 4. Develop multi-use and/or year-round use recreatk>nal facilities when such uses are compatible or seasonal in nature so that the benefits from expenditures for recreation can be maximized. Chapter 11 - Page 10 �5. Design recreational areas and facilities that eliminate deficiencies set forth in this Plan. 6. Make full use of State and Federal assistance programs to develop recreational areas and facilities. 7. Promote the development of bicycle paths and snowmobile trails in appropriate areas. Develop a snowmobile trail system so as not to disturb existing residences. Objectives: 1. Develop facilities at existing park sites to meet community park and recreational needs. 2. Develop Township-owned land to serve "Neighborhood Park" recreational needs. 3. Construct bike paths on Midway Drive (County Road 502) and on North Road (JA). Goal: Provide a system of recreational opportunities in Negaunee Township which will adequately accommodate all of the Township age groups and target populations, including handicapped and physically impaired. Policies: 1. Develop active and passive recreational areas and facilities which serve needs of elderly, minority, or special populations. 2. Ensure that minimum levels of recreation services are provided to all Township residents. Utilize standards, surveys, and other methods to determine needs. Objectives: 1. Develop recreational facilities to provide for barrier-free access and conformance with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 and other applicable State and Federal regulations. Goal: Encourage the preservation and expansion of recreational shoreline and other waterbased opportunities for water-oriented recreation . • Chapter 11 - Page 11 �Policies: 1. Promote and endorse efforts to improve or maintain the water quality of the McClure Basin and the Hoist Basin, as well as the other Township recreational lakes and streams. 2. Encourage efforts directed at improving both the visual and physical characteristics of shoreline areas through sound environmental and engineering practices. 3. Take advantage of opportunities to expand and develop public access and other facilities which further encourage boating, fishing, and other water-related uses of the reservoirs and streams as deemed appropriate. 4. Improve the environmental characteristics of the Morgan Pond area including the preservation/creation of wetland acreage, to increase the quality and variety of recreational experiences. Conserve, protect, and beautify other natural resources in the Township. Policies: 1. Ensure that environmental and aesthetic qualities of the Township are considered when planning for park and recreational development. 2. Preserve and maintain natural drainageways and other natural resource areas in and around the Township. 3. Encourage the preservation of sites with historic or architectural value. 4. Preserve and enhance the diversity of the ecosystem and historic integrity of the Morgan Pond area. Encourage cooperation and coordination with the school district and other recreational service providers. Chapter 11 - Page 12 �Policies: 1. Coordinate recreational planning and implementation of activities to avoid duplication of services and effort so as to make optimal use of financial and other resources. 2. Encourage cooperative or joint development of facilities by adjoining communities. 3. Encourage cooperation with the MDNR Forest Management Division regarding mutual planning concerns for the Hoist Basin and support improvements to the public access sites. 4. Encourage cooperation with the Marquette County Natural Resources Commission and Planning Commission regarding mutual planning concerns. 5. Encourage cooperative community/school projects to improve and expand recreational facilities at the public schools. 6. Encourage recreational opportunities consistent with this Plan which fill deficiencies indicated in City, County and State recreational plans. 7. Encourage review of Township plans by the County, regional planning agencies, and surrounding local governmental units. Goal: Encourage continued involvement of Township residents in planning for park and recreational development. Policies: 1. Develop greater community involvement in current and future recreational plans. 2. Conduct public meetings to encourage citizen input in developing the Township Recreation Plan. 3. Encourage participation of elderly and handicapped citizens at park and recreational meetings. 4. Hold annual public meetings to review, revise, and maintain a realistic and workable Township Recreation Plan. 5. Promote positive attitudes towards recreation in the Township. Chapter 11 - Page 13 �6. Encourage volunteer efforts by citizens and/or service clubs whenever feasible in all aspects of recreational area development, operations, and maintenance. Upgrade existing, and develop new, tourist-oriented areas and facilities. Policies: 1. Encourage greater involvement of the private sector in recreational development including financing. 2. Encourage major landowners to consider the potential in the recreational use of their holdings; such as conservation easements, or developing recreational facilities. 3. Encourage the development of tourist service facilities (i.e., grocery stores, laundries, and similar facilities) in areas which have high concentrations of tourists but are remote from permanent population centers. 4. Encourage further development of the State and Federal lands within the Township for tourist use. 5. Encourage improvement of the Township, County, and the regional transportation network to accommodate the increasing tourist traffic. 6. Encourage improvement of the Township's attractiveness to vacationers. 7. Encourage the development of snowmobile and hiking trails in appropriate areas in such a manner as not to disturb existing residences. Chapter 11 • Page 14 �APPENDIX A The guidelines in this appendix are based on the federal requirements for the compliance with the ADA of 1990 and suggestions from the USDA Forest Service for accessible outdoor recreation. Local codes may vary and should be reviewed before any new construction or remodeling is undertaken. They contain only a portion of the accessibility guidelines necessary to be in compliance with the ADA. and should not be used as the only source when analyzing accessibility needs. (Source: Accessible Design Handbook, CashCallahan & Company, 1991; and Design Guide for Accessible Outdoor Recreation, USDA Forest Service, 1991). Space Allowances & Reach Ranges The minimum clear width for single wheelchair passage must be 36 inches continuously and 32 inches at any one point (e.g., doonvays). The minimum width required for two wheelchairs to pass each other is 60 inches. Where the floor space allows only forward approach to an object, the maximum high fonvard reach allowed is 48 inches above the finished floor and the minimum low forward reach must be no less than 15 inches above the finished floor. There must be no obstructions. Where the clear floor space allows parallel approach by a person in a wheelchair, the maximum high side reach allowed is 54 inches above the finished floor and the low side reach must be no less than 9 inches above the finished floor. There must be no obstructions. Although people with walking aids (e.g., canes, crutches, walkers, guide dogs) can maneuver through a clear width opening of 32 inches, they require 36 inch wide passageways for comfortable gaits. Crutch tips extending down at a wide angle are a hazard in narrow passageways where they might not be seen by other pedestrians. A width of 36 inches provides a safety allowance for both the disabled person and for others. A person with a seeing eye dog or a semi-ambulatory person requires the same passing widths as a person in a wheelchair. Accessible Routes Accessible routes within the boundary of the site must be provided from public transportation stops, accessible parking, accessible passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance they serve. Accessible route(s) must connect buildings, facilities, and spaces that are on the same site. The minimum clear width of an accessible route must be 36 inches except at doors where the minimum clear width must be at least 32 inches. Where an accessible route has less than 60 inches clear width, passing spaces of at least 60 by 60 inches must be located at reasonable intervals that do not exceed 200 feet. The intersection of two corridors or walks is considered a passing space. Accessible routes serving any accessible space or element must also serve as a means of egress for �emergencies or connect to an accessible place of rescue. These areas of rescue must comply with the requirements established by the administrative authority having local jurisdiction. Changes in levels along an accessible route which are greater than 1/2 inch must be ramped. Changes in levels along an accessible route which are between 1/4 and 1/2 inch must be sloped 1:2. Changes in levels along an accessible route 1/4 inch or less can remain. Protruding Objects Protruding objects must not reduce the clear width required for an accessible route or maneuvering space. Objects protruding from walls (telephones, etc.) with their edges between 27 and 80 inches above the finished floor must protrude no more than 4 inches into walks, halls, corridors, passageways, or aisles. Objects protruding from walls with their leading edges at or below 27 inches above the finished floor may protrude any amount; provided the minimum requirements for accessible routes are met. Free standing objects mounted on posts between 27 and 80 inches above the finished floor may overhang a maximum of 12 inches. All walks, halls, corridors, passageways, aisles, or other circulation paths must have 80 inches clear headroom. Where vertical clearance of an area adjoining an accessible route is reduced to less than 80 inches, a guardrail or other barrier must be provided. Parking Each parking lot provided for employees or visitors is required to have accessible parking spaces. Accessible parking spaces must be the closest spaces to the building's accessible entrance. Check with the municipal zoning department for the total number of parking spaces required in your lot. The rule of thumb is as follows: ii 11:...' �Total Parking in Lot 1 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 75 76 to 100 101 to 150 151 to 200 201 to 300 301 to 400 401 to 500 501 and above 1001 and above >:, Minimum # of Accessible Spaces 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 percent of total spaces 20 plus 1 for each 100 over 1000 Accessible parking spaces must be at least 96 inches wide with a clearly marked adjacent access aisle of 60 inches. Two spaces may share a common aisle. The access aisle must connect directly to the accessible route. Spaces and aisles must be level with no slope greater than 1:50. All accessible parking spaces must have an unobscured vertical sign that shows the universal symbol of accessibility. ' Provide one in every eight accessible spaces, but not less than one, for van parking. This space(s) must have a minimum of a 96 inch wide access aisle and a minimum of 98 inches vertical clearance. Signage designating the spaces as "van accessible" must be provided below the symbol of accessibility. Passenger Loading Zones Where passenger loading zones are provided, at least one must be accessible. The accessible passenger loading zone should be the closest to the accessible entrance and have a minimum vertical clearance of 114 inches. The international symbol of accessibility must be displayed at the passenger loading zone. The pull up space must be level with a slope no greater than 1:50. A pedestrian aisle must be adjacent to the passenger loading zone and it must be at least 5 feet wide and 20 feet long. A curb ramp must be provided where a curb occurs at the passenger loading zone. The pedestrian aisle and parking surface must be firm and slip resistant. The slope of the accessible route adjoining the ramp must be no greater than 1:20. The width of the curb ramp, not including the flared sides, must be at least 36 inches. The slope of the flared sides of the curb ramp must be 1:10 or less. iii �Curb ramps must have flared sides or must be protected by a band rail. Provide detectable warning on curb ramps that contrast with the walkway. The material used must be an integral part of the surface and consist of raised domes with a nominal diameter of 0.9 inches, a nominal height of 0.2 inches and center to center nominal spacing of 2.36 inches. Where grate opening occur, openings must be 1/2 inch or less and openings must be placed perpendicular to the usual direction of travel. Ramps Any part of an accessible route with a slope greater than 1:20 will be considered a ramp. The maximum slope of a ramp in new construction should be 1:12 or less. The maximum rise of any run should be 30 inches or less. The cross slope of the ramp should be no greater than 1:50. The ramp surface must be non-slip. All grating openings must be 1/2 inch or smaller and must be placed perpendicular to the usual direction of travel. The clear width of the ramp must be at least 36 inches. A level landing must be provided at the top and bottom of each run. The landing must be at least as wide as the ramp and at least 60 inches long. Where ramps change direction, the landing must be at least 60 by 60 inches. A handrail on either side must be provided if the ramp rises more than 6 inches or is longer than 72 inches. The handrails must be continuous and fixed so they do not rotate or rack. The top of the handrails must be between 34 and 38 inches above the ramp surface. At the end of the handrails there must be at least 12 inches of level handrail beyond the top and bottom of the ramp segment. All handrail ends must be rounded and returned smoothly to the floor, wall, or post. The diameter of the handrails must be between 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 inches. All wall-mounted handrails must be mounted with exactly 1-1/2 inches between handrail and wall. ' Where ramps or landings have drop-offs, provide a 2 inch curb, wall, railing or projecting surface to prevent people from falling off ramp. Design ramps with proper drainage so that water will not accumulate on surfaces. iv �Stairs All steps must have uniform height and tread width in any one flight. All risers in accessible routes must be closed. Treads should be a minimum of 11 inches measured from nosing to nosing. osings must not project more than l•l/2 inches. Where nosings project, bevel undersides to prevent tripping. Stairways must have continuous handrails on both sides of all steps. Handrail should continue at the top and bottom of stairs. At the top, the handrail must continue on a level plain for a minimum of 12 inches; at the bottom, the handrail must slope for a distance of at least the tread width and then continue on a level plane for a minimum of 12 inches. All wall-mounted handrails must be mounted with exactly 1-1/2 inches between the handrail and the wall. Handrails must be secure and not rotate. The diameter of the handrail must between 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 inches. Outdoor stairs must be designed so that water does not accumulate on walking surfaces. Doors and Gates Where revolving doors occur along the accessible route, provide an accessible door or gate. A doorway with two independently operated door panels must have at least one active door panel with 32 inches clear opening maneuvering space. An accessible door must have a 32 inch clear opening measured between the face of the door and the door stop on the latch side. Provide 18 inches or more of clear space on the operable side of the door. Floor must be level at all doors in the accessible route. Where two doors occur in a series, provide a vestibule of at least 48 inches plus the width of the opened door swinging into the space. All thresholds should be level or have a bevel of not more than 1:2. All door handles, locks and latches must be operable with one hand and without twisting the wrist. Hardware should be mounted no higher than 48 inches above the finished floor. The door closer must take at least three seconds to move from 70 degrees open to a point 3 inches V �form the latch. Interior doors must have an opening force of 5 pounds or less. r The opening force of exterior doors must be determined by the appropriate administrative authority. Entrances The accessible entrance must not be a service entrance unless the service entrance is the only entrance. The accessible entrance must be connected to accessible parking, passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks. Where vertical level changes between 1/4 and 1/2 inches occur along the route, the edge must be beveled with a slope of 1:2 or less. Where vertical level changes at the entrance are greater than 1/2 inch, provide a ramp, curb ramp, or platform lift. Drinking Fountains Fountains that are free standing or built-in and do not have clear space underneath must have a clear floor space alongside the fountain for a parallel approach of at least 30 by 48 inches. Fountains that are wall or post mounted must have a clear knee space under the fountain apron of at least 27 inches high by 17 to 19 inches deep by 30 inches wide. The spout of the fountain must be no higher than 36 inches above the finished floor. The water stream must be at least 4 inches high to allow the insertion of a cup under the stream. Spout must be at the front of the unit with the water flow parallel or nearly parallel to the front edge of the fountain. Controls must be located at the front edge of the fountain. Controls must be operable with one hand and without twisting the wrist. Restrooms Toilet Stalls Accessible toilet stalls must be on an accessible route. ' The stall must be at least 60 inches wide. Where toilets are wall mounted, stall must be at least 56 inches deep. Where toilet stalls are floor mounted, stall must be at least 59 inches deep. A clear opening of 32 inches measured between the face of the door and the edge of the partition vi t:,.._' �on the latch side must be provided when the stall door is open 90 degrees. Where the door swings into the stall, provide at least 36 additional inches in the depth of the stall. Where stall door opens out and at the end of an aisle, provide at least 18 inches of maneuvering space at the latch side of the stall door. Install grab bars 33 to 36 inches above the finished floor. Grab bars must be secure and not rotate in their fittings. Mount toilet paper dispenser no more than 36 inches from the back wall and at least 19 inches above the finished floor. Toilet paper dispenser must allow continuous paper delivery. The centerline of the toilet must be 18 inches from the wall or partition which has the grab bar location. The top of the toilet seat must be between 17 and 19 inches above the finished floor. Flush controls must be mounted no higher than 44 inches above the finished floor and on the wide side of the toilet area and be automatic or operable with one hand. Urinals Urinals must have elongated rims mounted no more than 17 inches above the finished floor. Provide 30 by ~8 inch clear space for forward approach to the urinal. Urinal shields which do not extend beyond the front of the urinal rim may be provided by 29 inches clearance between the two panels. Flush controls must be automatic or operable with one hand. Controls must not be mounted higher than 44 inches above the finished floor. Lavatory The lavatory rim or counter surface must be no higher than 34 inches above the finished floor. A clearance of at least 29 inches from the finished floor to the bottom of the apron must be provided. Provide a clear floor space of at least 30 by 48 inches in front of the lavatory for a forward approach. Provide a clear floor space of a least 17 inches under the lavatory. Hot water and drain pipes must be insulated or covered. The faucet must be operable with one hand and without twisting the wrist; self closing type valves vii �must remain open at least 10 seconds. Where valves are self closing, provide that the valve remain open for at least 10 seconds. l\Iirrors Provide at least one mirror with the bottom edge of the reflecting surface no higher than 40 inches above the finished floor. Dispensers Provide at least one of each dispenser type on an accessible route. Provide at least 30 by 48 inch clear space to allow either a fonvard or a parallel approach to the dispensers. Where a fonvard approach is provided, the highest operable part must be no higher than 48 inches above the finished floor. Where a side approach is provided, the highest operable part must be no higher than 54 inches above the finished floor. All dispensers must be operated with one band and without twisting of the wrist. Pathwavs There must be an accessible route linking accessible parking and passenger loading zones with the accessible building entrance. The accessible pathway must be free of steps and stairs. The accessible pathway must be at least 36 inches wide. If the pathway is less than 60 inches wide provide passing spaces at least 60 inches ,tide and 60 inches long at inten'als not exceeding 200 feet. Provide at least 80 inches of clear bead room along pathway. Objects mounted to the wall between 27 inches and 80 inches must not protrude more than 4 inches into the space. The accessible pathway must be 36 inches wide alongside the protruding object. Accessible pathways must be firm and slip resistant. The slope of the accessible pathway must be no greater than 1:20. Where walkway levels change, the vertical difference betweeil- them must be less than 1/4 inch. Changes in level between 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch anywhere on the accessible route must be beveled with a slope of 1:2. Changes greater than 1/2 inch must be ramped. viii �The transition from the curb ramp to the walkway, road, and gutter must be flush and free of abrupt changes. \ Boating and Fishing Facilities Piers Adjacent to Boat Ramps The pier should have nonslip materials on surface to aid in transfers. Access to pier site should be across a barrier-free path. The access ramp to a dock should have a slope no greater than 1:20. A 60 inch turn-around area should be provided on the pier. Fishing Piers Railing should be provided along one side of the structure with sections at 32 inches high for sitting and 42 inch high for standing. A 2 inch high curb should be in place around the perimeter of the pier; 4 inch curb is recommended where no railing is provided. Access to pier site should be across a barrier-free path. The access ramp to a dock should have a slope no greater than 1:20. ' A 60 inch turn-around area should be provided on the pier. Picnic Area At least one disabled accessible table and grill should be provided within the picnic area. Picnic tables should be placed on level hard surface. Grills and picnic tables should have a clearance of 36 inches. Grills should rotate and have a paving texture around them. Plavground Area Plenty of space between play apparatuses should be provided for proper maneuvering of wheelchairs. Playground areas should have play apparatuses that can be used by youngsters with poor coordination and slow muscular action and reaction. Surfaces under play equipment should provide adequate protection from injury but still allow for barrier free access to the equipment. ix �APPENDIX B NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN MAPS ' Map 2-1 Map 2-2 Negaunee Township 1990 Median Age Negaunee Township 1990 Population Density Map 4-1 Map 4-2 Map 4-3 Negaunee Township Bedrock Geology Negaunee Township Surface Geology Negaunee Township Soil Associations Map 6-1 Negaunee Township Community Facilities Map 8-1 Negaunee Township Recreation Sites Map 9-1 Map 9-2 Map 9-3 Negaunee Road System Negaunee Township Functional Classification of Roads Marquette/Ishpeming/ egaunee Urban Corridor, Average Daily Traffic, 1975, 1983 and 1995 �Map 2-1 Negaunee Township: 1990 Median Age :_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_ ·:···············. · Legend N t ~30-31.9 32-33.9 34-35.9 ~36-37.9 ~38-39.9 -40&over ::::::::::::::::::;jNo Population Water Bodies .50 1 1.5 __J 0 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 12 ■ �Map 2-2 Negaunee Township: 1990 Population Density ., -t,._., • • • • . • , .•.. • • • • • •• •• • • ' ... • •. ~- • • • ..•. • • •I • . • • • • • • • • • . •• • • • • • • •• ''• • . • . • • • • • .. • • • • • •• •• • • • • • .1 ••• • • • ,e • • • • • I • •11 Je • • • • "IC"\ ~· ' • •• • •• • ••••• • • • • •• .·t.. . I I • . • ':l... ...... . .• • • • • • •. . • •• . • • .. .•• • • . . •• • • • •• •• ••• • •• • • I . .... t • • , • • • • . • • • • • ••• • • .• • • •• • ... . . • • .·:r·~ ... ... • ,•' ' ,.. •• t • - .. -• • • • •• • • •• • •••• •• •• •• • • • • , •• • • • • • •• • • • .• -.,r• • • • •• • • • • •• •• ,• - • • . ..• . - •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • , .... • 0 =5 People 1 .so Miles Compiled By: C PPAD, 1998 . • •• • • • ·, •• • • •• • • . . • ~ . Density Ratio • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • •• • .. . . . ... • Pj.· .. •t • • • - . .• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• •• •• •• '•• •• • • . • , .• •1 • • • • • I .. • • • •• • • • •• N • 1.5 • �Map 4-1 Negaunee Township: Bedrock Geology I \ N i ocolay Group Granitic & Gneissic ~ Michigamme Formation Siamo Slate & Ajibic Quartzite L J Volcanic & Sedimentary 0 .50 I 1.5 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �Map 4-2 Negaunee Township: Surface Geology Classification Outwash ~Wetlands Glacial Till-Bedrock .50 1 1.5 ~ Compiled By: CUPPA D, 1998 Miles �Map 4-3 Negaunee Township: Soil Associations 7 N i *See Text for Descriptions 0 .40 .80 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 1.2 �Map 8-1 Negaunee Township Recreation Sites .., LS"! Lunt !..Ale ll•h.lw1nK1ln L:il:c ---F CurpRin:r Miles 0 .5 Numbers Cited in Text N A Produced By CUPP AD Regional Commission 1997 �) ) ) Negaunee Township Base Map re:.•~------ .., =-:c:.:.:=:.::=·· ,. "' +-~ N l -\ i I ~ ~ ---"- ~ I , __ ~-F.t-OFag cClure~ 0__ " · I' '15+. \...~~ ) . :/ I / Clue!). ~ Rd. ,, k· ii I\ ' Snowt1e1d. •·_J---c_ ~do- r._ .. .. ,1111/ ,. , ~ , ~ b__ ,<CV " - ~ - /~ • ·~ ' : - - '-•=-• -• ?'"" -1>1r-.:- - - i i ._9 I -~ ~ (Jl\J) ·1 ... '-~ r !1\__ r-"I _J Heartwood Subdivision Area Legend c=:]Township Border ! ]City Border ----Rivers · -Water Bodies ++-+ Railroads -State Trunkline --County Primary - -County Local ···Private Roads 0 .4 .8 1.2 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �) Map 6-1 I Negaunee Township Community Facilties ;· N l ~ -:.8..~-y•~j~ .r-1 / ~ RU. East (JD) _,,._r- -~I / J}lf -------, ,ss I ~~<-' ( \ S 41 < ' ------ . --------- ---------- ---------- '""'------ 1/ ~ --- - - ____,, / ) I )_ - --------- ~ / ,:;,/ © - 1.) 'L, CQ,pR~ • ''- _ • - ~ d ~it~ • ~ ---.) ____,,--- :?i,,,, I .\ ~,'- --¼~ ,.., '-._ Ca1p!!_i,•er - Conummity Facility l = Township Hall 2= Dept. of Public Works Storage Garage 3= Water Dept. Garage 4= Buildi11g am! Recreation Committee facility 5= fire I Tall 6= Water Wells 7= Water Storage Tank 0 --- Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 .4 .2 Miles ---- .6 - �) l ) ) Map 9-1 Negaunee Road System . '-- ... +-~ ' - N -\ I ' ---------i"('~ ~-- ~ ' !lo~, . "- ~ - I s/?'c___ ~ l o a : a g, ;I ,,•< ,:)' i; r>'' '/5 ~'!,....~ ( I "- f.i )Ql!.SbRd. ?- II i ~ • / ~ ~~-~--~ !, lb _ )"' )' i:i. L. ,=o ,~=. =- ~ '~ D :-f +--"-'- __ vv,'\..r..... , -,,.., I --_,, • ' - ....._ ~ fS/.-/ ~ ~ I ._____ ;> ◄ -11,'.-----'' «a I ~mvmill l?H ._, - T'YY L/J - ~1 , \I . (_JJl)) -, Buffalo &! (If '- r ~ ,, :1'. Ji_ · - - - _J Heartwood Subdivision Area Legend -State Trunk.line --County Primary - -County Local -· · Private Roads 0 .4 .8 1.2 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �7 Map 9-2 Negaunee Township Functional Classification of Roads ;r- - - - ... +-~ '- ~ ~ .._.,\'..'le _ N / Sooth ,, r., ~ ,~~ -\) ~ ! -i• ~ ~ "~· ----~.r· cOure~torag .. -(l ' !'"-{, ~ 'lS l _ ~~ ( \_~ s1 7~ ~ ~~ · ~ / ' <iJL&L(JJOJ _,,i-: ) ~ ·-,~--~ '.d . E ' - -~ I ~ ~ U\1. {M\ct•·•~ 0( ~ -' 1 ~ ~ I' ~, I i Heartwood Subdivision Area Legend Principal Arterials - -Minor Arterials ......... ·Major Collector - - - Minor Collector - -Local Roads 0 .4 .8 1.2 Miles ompiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �Map 9-3 Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee Urban Corridor Average Daily Traffic, 1975, 1983, and 1995 Ishpeming N Negaunee I Ely 8000 [8500] {11000 Sands ' Tilden Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 Richmond � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Negaunee-Twp_Comprehensive-Plan_1998 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CUPPAD Regional Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998-11 Title A name given to the resource Negaunee Township Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Negaunee Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the CUPPAD Regional Commission in November 1998. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Negaunee Township (Mich.) Marquette County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/16b67a174818593c0fb8d0877f3e2da0.jpg a72944be8a56031a99585ed6da4657db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00123 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1921 Title A name given to the resource Neglected Temple of Heaven buildings Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of two outbuildings making up part of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China's Forbidden City. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides China Forbidden City (Beijing, China) Temples Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/64f26488084a767fd8b343cddeb81a92.jpg d1e5db5520086ae70aa64e74b13596ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_K269-0028 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-12-01 Title A name given to the resource Neighborhood Church in Kane County, Illinois Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a church nestled among houses on a neighborhood street in Kane County, Illinois. In the photograph, signs are posted on the side of the street that read, "Watch for Children" and "Speed Limit 30." Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Kane County (Ill.) Churches--Illinois Neighborhoods--Illinois--Kane County Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/df73adef1541c5b7476e8596899cf24a.jpg 444db8c904c00069211058f16f3d6058 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D100-0034 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-03-08 Title A name given to the resource Neighborhood in Grand Rapids, MI Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a neighborhood street view of houses during winter in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Neighborhoods Winter Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/015c6310fb69f771716e4cfebfec1b3a.MP3 5de30092c966ab3e3edcab11d105c9f8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3dbba063ac53c3e26dbec59161701d92.pdf 72892a941b3c61852f5a2ca985a4d895 PDF Text Text Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 1 Ken Kutzel: Okay. This is Ken Kutzel, I’m here today with Neil Atherton at the old schoolhouse in Douglas Michigan on uh, July 27th 2018. This oral history is being collected as a part of the Stories of Summer Project which is supported in part by a grant from the National Endowments for the Humanities Common Heritage Program. Thank you for taking the time to talk with me today, I’m interested to learn more about your family history and your experiences of summer in the Saugatuck Douglas area. Can you please tell me your full name and spell it? Neil Atherton: Good morning, my full name is Neil D Atherton N E I L, D, A T H E R T O N. KK: And then do you use any accents when spelling your name? NA: No. KK: Okay. Alright uh, Neil uh, tell me about where you grew up? NA: [clears throat] I grew up in Illinois and, in the Milwaukee area and then uh, came to the Saugatuck area to open up a store in 1982, and had the store Hoopdee Scootee for a number of years and then closed the store um, Labor Day of 2016. KK: Okay, and what are some what are some of the most vivid memories you have of um, your time here? NA: Uh, the vivid memories are is that we started a a business with not a lot of money and we thought we would come to this town and do some things that were creative and a little bit different and being kind of a snug little fishing village way back then, um, we bought a property on Mason Street at 133 Mason from Linda Holmes who was a owner of several properties here and in the real estate business um, her shop was full of bomb boxes and brass and a lot of nautical goods and we decided that we wanted to not sell that, and wanted to something a little bit on the crazy way out side. So, we decided that seeing as we were on a side street that we needed to get attention for someone to come off of Butler to Mason, so we came up with, or actually my partner Jim Yarro came up with, mannequin legs which we extended from the second floor of the building and it which became an identification direction for many people that visited this destination store over the years. Um, from that we opened up the store, and uh Linda because we did not have a lot of money, uh, gave us 30, 30 cents on the dollar. So we sold bomb boxes and we sold anchors and we sold a lot of things we didn’t care to sell and then, we decided to start bringing in some Flamingos, which really didn’t fit in Saugatuck but it created a lot of verbal conversation. From that, we bought boxes of flamingo feathers, actually turkey feathers from Philadelphia that were died hot pink, and we used that as an attention getter to put feathers all over our store. Needless to say, we became very popular and a lot conversation throughout the community because in the winter months people would pick up the feathers on their boots, walk outside in the in snow and where you’d go in different places you’d always see pink feathers in the snow banks which was free advertising and people asked where they were from. That became, became our journey uh, Hoopdee Scootee was and became a destination store for many many people and our, our, um most recognized uh, reputation was uh, unique, different, and if we did anything we not only sold a lot of things, but we sold laughter and laughter became our identity. So, when people would come to town and say, we have to go to that store it’s the one with the legs, we gotta, it’s just crazy. Come in, the music’s loud but its fun and we used to have people stand in line to come into our store, we had a doorman and at one time we were up to 12 employees, um, its was great place for people to buy cards �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 2 and clothing and gifts. We even went into adult gag gifts um, but I would say the, the greatest thing about Hoopdee Scootee is that we always had product that nobody else had that was creative and different and that brought people in and exposed them to other things other than anchors and little, uh nautical town which is great, but we wanted to be a little bit different. KK: Okay, great. Um, why exactly did you choose Saugatuck? NA: By accident. Um, we both my partner Jim Yarro and myself lived in Chicago in downtown Chicago and I was a Vice President of Chicago Display Company and uh, the display company lost a major uh, account which was my responsibility, Im not going to take responsibility for losing the account but, we lost an account and I was not affordable to the company and being not only a Vice President there, I was also asked by the President of the company who I knew on a personal basis, if I would not resign but consider looking for a different position. So, we walked out and went to the Lake Michigan shores and sat there and Jim said to me, ‘What do you want to do?’ and I said, ‘You know I’ve always wanted to open up a gift store’ and I have a good education and uh, some degrees and I said, ‘I don’t know if I can do that, I think I should be going into the corporate world again’ and he said, ‘Well what would you like to do? I said, ‘I really would like to do this’ so he says, ‘I know of a town called Saugatuck that’s a resort town that we could go to’ and we came to Saugatuck, and we found out there was a place called the Douglas Dunes and we went to the Douglas Dunes and we spent the evening and walked around town and Linda Holmes showed us her building that was, that we leased with the option to buy and after being here 1 year, uh, we did buy the building from Linda and Hoopdee Scootee was off and running. KK: Okay, great. Um, what was your first impression of the area? NA: Well like anybody else there’s not much not to like here. Um, the ambiance of it, the quaintness of the town, um, and every small town everybody knows your secret before you do so therefore you got to be used to that. But other than that, it’s a it’s a destination town for people to enjoy life and this town certainly has all that to offer. KK: Good! Can you share any particular memories about living here? NA: Memories of living here, when we first got here there, we used to um, Marro’s and Linda and some of us we wanted fireworks and so we took jars and we wrapped them with paper and said ‘Fireworks Fund’ and we passed them out to everybody in town [clears throat] and some of the people in town donated more than other and we came up with enough money to have fireworks, better then what they had in the past. Then we promoted and went on the, the uh Venetian Weekend and got involved with so many things of people competing with boats and making that a celebration, another reason for people to come for a good time, um. We were very much involved in the Red Barn and for their 25th anniversary um, I, with Kyle, uh and Loretta created a birthday party celebration for their 50th anniversary and I collected some favors from the restaurants and everybody in town and asked if they would donate food, and prizes and we would have a fundraiser to buy new seats and air conditioning for the Red Barn, and on the 16th which was February, which was a June 15th we had a big party at the Red Barn the only problem was is that a lot of people had left and gone home for the weekend and we weren’t sure if we were going to have a successful event. As a result it was more than successful, people stayed over, we raised lots of money and the Red Barn benefited by a lot of hard effort from a lot of people. KK: Great, um, were there any places, restaurants or institutions that uh were kind of special to you? �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 3 NA: Yeah. Marro’s. And I will tell you why, not only was the food good and not only are they friends but I have friends that have restaurants that I’m not mentioning for no other reason but to answer this question. Marro’s was next door to us and a lot of people would come to our store and shop and look for cards and the rest and we were going to do a PA system into this thing to call Lynn and say, you know call us when their reservation is ready because they’re shopping in the store and I don’t want to lose the sale. So we worked off of their crowds and as a result, because of Marro’s they really helped our business to grow. KK: Yeah, well that’s, kind of when businesses can work together like that… NA: …True, true, true story. KK: Yeah, I believe you, I am, listen and remember your store, I spent a lot of money there. NA: Yeah, that’s why I could close and go to Florida. KK: Maybe at this point it would be uh, um, I’m going to ask you, would you please tell us the story about when the Hoopdee Scootee legs were stolen? [10:26] NA: Yeah I don’t remember the exact year but I know that I was um, the, the legs were, were very well known because they always put a smile on people’s faces and when the bus tours would come through they’d always come back, back to the store and they would take pictures, hang out the window and they would point to the legs if the Duck Boat was going around and ‘This is a destination of you haven’t been there’ but the legs became and identification to um, not only promoting our store but kind of for the town. Um, it’d be a little difficult probably today to do that, we didn’t get permission to put them out there, back then we didn’t need it and so we just hung these mannequin legs out and there was a time when, um women’s groups were really offended and against that because they were women’s legs and they wanted us to put men’s legs out there if we were going to have women’s legs. We had people picketing in front saying it wasn’t, uh, supposed to be up, that isn’t the rule of the town. So, we had to, to fight some adversity and not that we won, we were able to keep them up there for all these years. The legs, um, were stolen, and we weren't even aware of the fact until I was out in front of the store and some customer walked by and said, where your legs? I said, what do you mean? I looked up and I said, you know what, I have no idea. So I went in, I talked to Jim and Laura and they said no, and I said, you know what, I’m, I’m going to call a television station, because these legs are the identification to the town, and I'm also going to call the police department and let them know that something was stolen. And in the antrum thing, being a pretty much of a promotion guy and great part of my blood and thinking, I thought, I don't want to get the police here too soon without the television station being here. So I waited for the Kalamazoo television station, which is, it's left my name… KK: Yeah, its channel 17 I think. NA: Yes, and uh, I called them and told them, they said we'll be right down. So when they got there, I called the police. They were making the report and I asked the uh, young lady, if she would mind going up and sitting in the window where the legs were with her legs out and giving the newscast. And we were, we were lucky enough to get over six minutes on primetime TV at six o'clock, which I could never even afford to do, and it was a great discussion about the loss of the legs. Well, we offered a, a uh, �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 4 thousand, or I think it was $1500, something. A hoard of money for, for it and it was on the television quite a bit and it was talked about, it was quite the hub. Well, just so happens that um, one of the people in town that was uh, uh a regular, um, had swiped the legs as a joke and it got to be a little bit nervous for him because it started to get to be a big deal and now he didn't want any part of it. So he took the legs and threw them in the dumpster at Roly Peterson's yacht club at the north end of town. And when we found that out, um, I decided that I would call the channel to come down and write a story on them returning and I called the police department, they said, well, you can go and pick them up and I said I'm not picking these up, I need somebody to go over there, and so they did. And the policemen department was always good to us, always. They were always there when we needed them and they were our right hand of security in Saugatuck. And so, um, the guys came over to the store opened up the trunk, the legs were in the trunk, the, the television station was there, they got a picture of the legs. I had to back the car up so they get a picture of our name Hoopdee Scootee again and we were on television again. Then Labor Day weekend, Connie Chung, I believe, had a news thing and something to the order of concluding it with on a, uh, on a, on a lower, had something to the effect that with the legs being taken, she used it for part of her commentary. So she said, and on a lighter note to conclude the Memorial Day weekend, this is not the exact copy, but this is what I remember. Um, a, a small town in, in Saugatuck, Michigan, one of the stores have mannequin legs that were stolen and it was just kind of a kinky thing to bring up to, to end the weekend. So we not only got publicity from the television stations, we've got on national TV. My son in California called and said, geez Dad, I just saw your, your stuff on television. So that's how we began, it was a great store. It was a store where, um, uh, if you couldn't get a smile on your face, you were either having a bad day or you were crabby. [00:15:52] KK: Okay. You mentioned to me once before, uh, along with that story that the mannequin legs were somewhat damaged? NA: Yes. KK: Okay, so do you want to tell about that please? NA: Yeah, the, the legs had been damaged and there was, I don't know if it's still existing, but at that time the only mannequin repair place was in Michigan. So we sent the legs off to them and they repaired them and then they went back up. Every year she had a different outfit on, some years she was in gowns and tops. Other years she was in combat boots. It was a visual that you, as a result, people would come by to see what she had on the following year. Um, great promo, but a great thing for the city because, uh, at that as well put on smiles, on people's faces, just like the store did. KK: Okay, thank you. Uh, Neil, uh, did you have any contact with people from Oxbow? NA: Yes. KK: Okay, can you talk about that a little bit? NA: Um, Oxbow, Joyce Petter was one of the first people that I really meant when we came to town and she had beautiful galleries and she had beautiful um, art, and the more I researched and looked into it, I found out that Saugatuck is really a well-known and, um, superior, art town with many galleries and lots of creative input. Um, I lived in Milwaukee and I was at one time there, one of the chairs for the �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 5 Milwaukee Arts Festival. So I had had a, had a background um, in the arts and fundraising and the rest and um, pursued a number of different ways to promote art in the area. Um, attended the Oxbow celebrations, where, um, local artists and students were able to put their art on for sale and the local people and others who came, we'd buy it as a fundraiser. KK: Okay, great. Um, let's see uh, and this is going to be LGBT related because this is part of what we're doing uh, with the summer thing. NA: Okay. KK: Uh, well let's see well, well we talked about your first impressions of the area. Uh, were you aware when you moved here that the Saugatuck area was somewhat welcoming of the LGBT community at a time when other places we're not? NA: Absolutely. KK: Or, was it really at that time? NA: It was. KK: Okay. NA: And we knew of, of that and um, being a gay man with a partner, uh, I will not say I moved here because of the gay community, but it's certainly made our life a lot easier because um, of the fact that we were a gay couple. We had some problems in the beginning with those that either didn't understand or didn't want to understand and that was okay because, um, when you're a straight person in life and you don't choose to be gay, but you face the reality that you are, you then become a minority. And it's real tough when you like who you are and now you're a minority and then what you have to do is you get past all that. Well this town created that, where you didn't feel like a minority here. You were, you were a part of the community. We had people coming in from all, they drop off flowers, they’d bring in fish. It was like owning a student union and we had one lady uh, in town that had a difficult time with us being here. And uh, her name was Gladys Column and she owned stores, or she was an elderly lady, very nice, and she was next door. And whenever there were cigarette butts on the street or things that weren't right, she would come over and yell in our door and throw the cigarette butts in because we were a gay couple and she didn't want us to live there and say, oh, Gladys, now you need to take your medication, and we were always there to help her even though she was angry. So, um, Saugatuck is a town for everybody. Um, but it's a great place for, um, gay couples to be welcomed in to this city as today they are in most anywhere in the United States. [00:20:21] KK: Okay. What made uh, Saugatuck Douglas different from the other lakeshore communities? �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 6 NA: [Pause] It was small. Um, had really good history. Um, had great feelings when you were here because you had probably the number one beach in the whole United States. We've won lots of awards for that. Um, and the comfortability of meeting other gay people at that time, which wasn't as always so easy in other places. So, um, yeah, I would say that's the reason. KK: Great, uh, what were the local destinations for the LBGT community? Remember, we're going back, you know. NA: What were the local? KK: Yeah the destinations, where did they hangout? NA: Um, Douglas Dunes. It was the, it was the largest gay resort in the Midwest. Um, it was clean. It was classy. Uh, it, it represented the gay community and eliminated some of the stigmas of negative because it was a very positive, um, environment. It was well accepted, not totally, but within this community because Saugatuck being in the arts and having so much, uh, so many um, artistic, uh, places to go if they're not art galleries. But of courses you can take and, and creative people. And there's a lot of very educated, um, men and women that have had major jobs in this country who are very bright, who come here to live for the luxury of not only the visual of being here, but being in a community where there are other creative gay people and men with common denominators. I'm not saying this whole town is gay because it isn't. It's a town for everybody. KK: Okay, great. Uh, destinations that were uh, you know, LGBT friendly, what was it and where the advertised is LGBT friendly? NA: No, not to my knowledge. I mean, you don't have to, I'm a big person on not throwing something in somebody else's space. As they learn about the people here, then they become comfortable because of the people. KK: Great. Thank you. Um, be, um, well, I think you answered this, but I'm going to ask it any way. Beneath the surface, was Saugatuck Douglas accepting of the LGBT community and why or why not? NA: It, for myself, very much so. KK: Okay. NA: Um, there was one point in my life where I was, uh, I'm going to promote, uh, a weekend and I learned to do it when we did the parade for 4th of July. And I came up with a theme, Saugatuck makes me happy. And the idea was that whether you are gay, straight, little, big old or whatever, whatever makes you happy about Saugatuck dress up and be yourself. And there were some negatives because they said it was too much of a gay theme. And it became quite a conversation piece in town where some of the um, locals objected to it and some of the locals were in favor of it. And, um, I remember people getting up from the Council board and walking out and I thought, you know, what am I doing here? So I politely backed off because I had only been here for a short time. I didn't want to create any problems �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 7 for the city or for ourselves. And we decided to let it go. Other than that, we never had any, any confrontation. And as the time has gone on and where we are in 2018, um, there's a major comfortability factor for anybody to be here, gay or straight or whatever. KK: Okay, great. You don't have any memory of the blue tempo. You came here after that, didnt you? NA: Right. KK: Okay. So that we don't need to go there. And um, how would you describe Saugatuck Douglas to somebody who's never been here, and I know you've touched on that, so. NA: Well with the hub and the franchises an America and, and the texting and no one knows what a tree fort is. Nobody knows what it is to go fishing. Know what it is to take a walk in the woods. You don't know what it's to be on the beach. And I'm not saying I'm making this as a generalization, but today's society has changed and Saugatuck has all that and it's a great escape from a lot of things in life, stress and other things because you can come here and just enjoy life and all the god given things that we are able to, to uh, appreciate. Um, that's what I think Saugatuck is. I think that's why Saugatuck has been here for all the years. I think that's why it has survived the rollercoaster ups and downs of our country. And I know that it will survive just as long as it's been here for generations to come. That is my feeling. And I think that if you ask people, you would probably get about a 95%. Right. [00:25:48] Kk: Okay, uh, in what ways has the area changed over the time that you've been coming here? NA: Are’s changed in a number of ways. Because you know, people have opinions. And, um, if I were to uh, say that I came to Saugatuck, um, to, uh, be supported by a small town, um, that would be an unfair statement because you, you have a base and there are only so many people that can support you and if you're going to have a successful business, you need support from other parts of the United States, from Saint Louis, from Detroit, from Chicago, from Indianapolis, from northern Michigan. And that was our base. That was where we were bringing people in. And in the beginning we had the boat races and we had a lot of wealthy young, successful people coming to this town and they had dollars to spend. As time went on, generations changed the boat people weren’t coming. We had um, a time when motorcycles were big from Harley Davidson. And then there was a big push to bring families. It's a great family town. But today coming back, I see more families in Saugatuck than I ever have before. I think that that's great for the city as a retailer, I think its okay, because we need all denominations. Those with a lot of money to spend those with some money to spend. And those that don't want to spend any money. But I've seen the curve going towards more of a family directed city than it was when we first got here, and were in business. That's, that's really true. KK: And, was Hoopdee Scootee open all year? NA: No, we were open from April until Christmas. �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 8 KK: Oh, okay. NA: Um, and our business was strong and struck, was the strongest, um, in the summer months. We tried the, the winter business season in back in the good old days, um, it was difficult to sell all your Christmas stuff and have it in the basement for the next year and not have that money returning things. So we pretty much closed um, in October and had the luxury of going down to Florida where we live and then come back in the spring and we were open seven days a week. We're open every night until 10 o'clock. And because we had bills, we had people to, to take care of. KK: Yeah, I'm sure, you said you had a big staff. Um, let's see. Let me see what I have any, well you, you really covered uh, most of it. I guess one of the questions is, um, what was your impression of law enforcement in Saugatuck Douglas? And I know you touched that. NA: Well, law enforcement in Saugatuck Douglas, I, I, I, I was, we had two police departments. The Saugatuck Police Department was the police department that I was the closest to and I was the closest to them because I needed their security and support and we really supported them and they were a bunch of good Joe's and they were good policemen and they followed through and they made us feel secure. Personally at this particular time I find it, um, not as secure because of the change that was just made. Um, our manager who lives in Fennville, the policemen have to come from Allegan to come in and, and secure the people. Well, what is that? KK: So you're talking about the fact that Saugatuck got rid of its police department. NA: Yeah. KK: And is like contracting it out. NA: Right, I’m against that, I'm against it. I have a building here and I don't think it's for the better of the city or the people and with the tax base in this city, which is healthy in both cities, it costs a lot of money to live here, costs a lot of money to own a building, and those dollars should be going and allocated for our security as well. Not just garbage pickup or someone to take a trip. [00:30:19] KK: Okay. Thank you very much for, you know, telling me your feelings. I, I do understand because I live here too. Uh, who did you socialize with in the summer? NA: I didn't have any friends. Nobody liked me. No, I'm kidding. [Laughs] KK: I would find it impossible. NA: You have to say that. What did we socialize? Actually we socialized with our customers because we worked all the time. �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 9 KK: That’s what it sounds like. NA: We had, we, we owned a student union. If you went to college, or in high school, you ever had a student union where everybody meets? That's what our store was people. People, but they would come in and they would stay and they'd talk and they'd be there at 10 o'clock. Back then I could pour them a glass of wine and more wine they had the more they bought. Um, no, that was a joke, but it was true. Um, but it was, it was a place where we tried to create a social life, but unless you can pay back, if you're going to accept an invitation, you want to be able to pay back. And we didn't have that opportunity because we worked seven days a week. So it was, our store was our life. KK: Yeah. Well, and, and, and I know myself every, any time I’ve gone in there. You were there, so. NA: Yeah, I was. KK: Yeah. Uh, what are some of your hopes for the future for yourself? NA: My hope is for the town to keep growing, that we have a few franchises here which somehow snuck into this town. I fought hard to eliminate franchise, especially when the McDonald's, I don't have anything against to Mcdonald's. I have a lot against franchises coming into our town and taking away the ambiance of what Saugatuck is all about if you want to be out on the highway, you want to be somewhere else, but let's keep this little fishing village, a, a cute and quaint and as classy as it's always been. And um, my, my other hope is, is that, uh, people will always come here with the enjoyment of the experience of being here a short time or long time and come back another time. It's always been that way. That's been the history. Once you come to Saugatuck, you're going to come back. Yeah. And I like that for forever. KK: What do you think are some of the greatest needs currently facing the community? NA: [Pause] From a retail standpoint? I mean, we've been out of this for a couple of years. I always felt that there wasn't the coordination or, uh, I think competition builds business, but I never felt that there were many people that were all working on the same team. Um, if you were in, in, uh, business here and you were successful, uh, you are the target of trying to get what he had, where he was going, which is fine. But I, the community was never one where all the retailers other than the associations we were with, um, really supported each other and said a lot of nice things. It’s all competition. That's fine, because I'm going to win because that's how I feel. KK: Yeah. NA: Um. KK: Okay. NA: Yeah. �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 10 KK: No, I understand what you're saying. Uh, remembering that this interview will be saved for a long time. When uh, when someone listens to this tape 50 or more years from now, what would you most like them to know about your life and the community right now? NA: Well, my life is um, spectacular. Um, I could've stayed in the corporate world, but I chose to go into a more creative world, which was 35 years of my life. I have the good fortune of having a son and a daughter. And through that I have two grandsons that um, are keeping me and will keep me younger and thought and mind. So I have that luxury, and now I have the luxury of making an interview and talking openly and honestly so that someday when my grandkids come to this town, they'll see those legs hanging, and they'll have seen some information from my son and they could listen to a recording of their grandfather and say, yeah, that was exactly who he was. KK: Well, let me, you know, for, for posterity here, let's talk about where are the legs now? NA: The legs are now here at the school. KK: Okay. [00:35:00] NA: We had, we had um, many options because they were a popular thing and uh, we were going to donate it to the um, fundraiser for the gay community, which does a lot for, um, a lot of people in this community that was started by Carl Jennings and Larry Gammon years ago, which we all support and still do. And there were other organizations for, um, cancer and for a number of things, but we felt that the best thing would be to have the legs because we were here for such a long time and we were at destination store. We got letters from different senators complimenting us when we closed the store, that it was a destination for store for Michigan and that we were complimented on bringing a lot of people to share, not only Saugatuck, but the other things that Michigan had to offer. So it was a nice reward. KK: And uh, by the way. We're really, really pleased to have them here, they are hanging in our stairwell. NA: In pink! KK: Yup. And uh, she's got quite an outfit on. NA: Yeah, and she’s not wet in the rain. KK: [Laughs] But uh, you know, at the, they still are here for people to come and see. NA: Right. So when you come to the library, take a look at the legs, there's a wonderful little plaque down there and we're soon going to have some other information, for you to read. KK: Okay. Uh, any advice for a young person who may listen to this tape? �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 11 NA: Yeah. Go with your dream. You can, there's nothing you can't do if you want to do it. I, I love money and I am a materialistic guy and I gave all that up to come here and sell stuff. When my father saw this store the first time when he came to visit, he loved the town cause the golfer, he was a golfer. So this was a great town. But he said, what are you doing? You got all this education, you got a store full and nothing anybody needs, why are you doing this? You got a family to support what you're doing? So go with your dreams and there's no free lunch, no free lunch. You got to work for it and you've got to work hard. KK: Okay. And you know, uh, kind of to finish up, is there anything else that you'd like to share that I might not have asked you about? NA: Um, yeah, the good health and wishes of anybody that comes here so they enjoy the day. KK: Thank you. Uh, Neil, thank you so much for sharing your memories with me. And, uh, this concludes our interview. NA: Thanks. [00:37:46] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-AthertonN-20190727 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atherton, Neil D. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Neil Atherton (Audio interview and transcript), 2018 Description An account of the resource Neil Atherton grew up in Illinois near Milwaukee and came to Saugatuck in the early 1980s. He and his partner Jim Yarro operated the gift shop Hoopdee Scootee from 1982 to 2016. In this interview, Atherton reminisces about Hoopdee Scootee, creative advertising, the art community, and being openly gay in a small town. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kutzel, Ken (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Gay men Sexual minorities Oral history Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Stories of Summer project, Kutsche Office of Local History. Grand Valley State University Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6bfdbf94b2a8deac85f81e3f77387f1e.jpg b4cbf5df2c9fa1bbaeeeb346a514d6eb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1221 Title A name given to the resource Nelson British battleship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Nelson British BB (battleship), October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1645c14563bf28ad2ff66ba34ecc2c9c.mp4 6bdd4d9f16ad89ec4873a215b78e8237 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8f8830e891b4b868c95d859dcdb6c8a5.pdf ffd231e7d19f933bddfe1e84e5524289 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Vietnam War Interviewee’s Name: Bruce Nelson Length of Interview: 53:54 Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Sam Noonan Interviewer: “We’re talking today with Bruce Nelson of Hutchinson, Minnesota. The interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay, Bruce you can start with some background on yourself, and to begin with where and when were you born?” Born in ’49 in Wabasha, Minnesota. Raised in Kellogg, just seven miles south. Interviewer: “Alright, and what was your family doing for a living when you were a kid?” Dairy farm. Yep. Interviewer: “And then did you grow up on that farm?” Grew up on that farm, my father died when I was fifteen. Interviewer: “So did you stay on the farm at that point?” No, I didn’t. I was sent to a private school, in Hutchinson, Minnesota, and that’s where I met my wife – future wife. Interviewer: “Okay, let’s see – when did you graduate from high school?” 1967. Interviewer: “Okay, and then what did you do after you’re graduated?” Oh, I don’t know – set the world on fire like any other graduate. Got married the following year and got drafted the year after that. Interviewer: “Okay, did you have a job at that point?” Yes I did. Interviewer: “What were you doing?” I worked in a foundry. In the summertime, we made castings. And my job was a shaker, they called it. And I’d take the castings out of the molds that they were in and take the sand, and that would be reused. �Interviewer: “Okay. So that period there… ’67, ’68, ’69, were you paying much attention to the news from Vietnam, and that kind of thing?” (1:34) Um, I was going to a trade school at the time to become an auto mechanic, so during the second year I became – you know, broke like everybody else, and had to go work, and that’s when Uncle Sam sent me a letter. I was no longer - had, have any student deferment. Interviewer: “Okay, alright so you were – because you were in school at that point that’s sorta why you didn’t get drafted right away?” Correct. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. So now you get your draft notice, and when do you have to report?” Boy, I don’t remember the specific dates, but it’d be in June sometime. Interviewer: “Of ’69?” Yes. ’69. And we were married at the time, and.. [my] wife drove me to Wabasha, you know, date of birth, and I rode on a bus to Minneapolis. And then I got sent on a train to Seattle. Interviewer: “Okay, now did they process you in Minneapolis?” Yes. Interviewer: “Okay did you have a physical there?” Yes. Interviewer: “Okay. Now how serious a physical was it?” Ha! I don’t know, basically you strip down with a bunch of other guys in the same room, and you know, you do the cough test and basically if you’re warm, you’re in. Interviewer: “Right. Did you notice anybody trying to get out of it one way or another?” No. Interviewer: “Okay. Some places that happened, some that didn’t.” You know, [we were] just mostly farm kids. Interviewer: “Mhm. Alright. And so where did they send you for basic training?” Well they tried to send me to Seattle, but I had written down on, I don’t know, one of the forms they have that I was a conscientious objector. Which meant I automatically became a medic. Which is what I wanted to do. And so after a few weeks of harassment in Seattle, they flew me to Dallas and I took a bus to Fort Sam, which is [in] San Antonio. �Interviewer: “Yeah, okay. Now had you ahead of time done anything – I think we were talking before, off-camera a little bit about your church or whatever you had, some idea that you were—” (3:51) Yeah, um… Desmond Doss, who was a medal of honor winner in World War 2, was kind of my… I don’t know, hero – as far as a medic goes, and I went to training at the church offered to, how to become a, you know, a good medic and what to expect. Interviewer: “Okay, now when did you do that?” I went two years, actually – one I was a junior in high school during that summer, which would’ve been ’66, and again in ’67 right out of high school. Interviewer: “Okay, and so was that kind of in anticipation that you might get drafted or…?” Yeah. I mean, everybody I knew was getting drafted so… Interviewer: “Okay, so you had that in your background, you kind of knew what to ask for and what to put on the form, and—” Sure. Interviewer: “Alright. So how did spend – so you were actually at Fort Lewis then, for a couple of weeks first. How did you spend your time up there?” Trying to explain to the people in charge that ‘I was right and you were wrong.’ Which is very difficult. Interviewer: “So how did you manage to win that argument?” There was no choice, in my mind. It was either I was [a medic] or I wasn’t. Very direct, you know and then they had to go through their records and make sure that I was, you know telling them the correct story. And I eventually won. Interviewer: “Okay. Alright, so now onto Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio – what was the basic training like for medics?” More harassment – oh, for medics? Interviewer: “Well, I guess what did you get first?” Takin’ me a while to boot this up in my head. The first few months is just you know, drills and more harassment and that sort of thing. So the real training for medics didn’t start ‘til the latter, I think it was a three-month course. And then we were taught the basic emergency medical procedures, you know how to stop the bleeding, how to put splits on fractures and that sort of thing. And we gave each other shots, so we used each other as guinea pigs. �Interviewer: “Just to back up a little bit to the first part, the basic training part – were all of you there – you’re all gonna be medics, was that…” Correct. Interviewer: “Now, did you do weapons training?” No. Interviewer: “Okay, now did they just kind of exempt the conscientious objectors from that, or did you just not do it at all?” I don’t think we really did it at all. We weren’t all conscientious objectors, so I can’t speak for everybody but I did not receive any weapons training – born on a farm in the woods, out in the river and you know, coon hunting as a kid and all that, so I was familiar with weapons, just not weapons of war. Interviewer: “Right. So that wasn’t part of your training program, now did they in those first weeks there, you said there was a lot of harassment, is this the kind of spit-andpolish discipline stuff or?” Yeah. You know, you gotta have your shoes polished, and spit-shines and all that good stuff and your clothes wrinkle-free and… so yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, and how easy or hard was it for you to adjust to just being in the Army?” (7:45) I was just doing my time. You know, it was – I don’t know, there wasn’t much of an adjustment … it was more of a duty. Interviewer: “So you just did what they told you to do?” Yeah. Stay out of trouble and you’ll be fine. Interviewer: “Now were there people that you were training alongside who were having more trouble or were trying to push back?” Well there’s always show-offs. Yeah, just let ‘em go and they can make fools of themselves by themselves. I usually stayed clear of those kind of people. Interviewer: “Okay. And then from there you’re getting – the training that you’re getting as a medic, are they preparing you really to be a combat medic or is this more hospital duty stuff?” Combat medic. Interviewer: “Okay. What would they – do they take you out into the field at all?” �Yeah, but that was mostly for endurance. There were no actual… everything was like make believe, it was all pictures. There was no real hospital work or anything like that. Interviewer: “And they didn’t have you out on a mock battlefield or anything like that?” Towards the end they did, and then there was live fire that you had to, you know low crawl through and – but everybody did that. Interviewer: “Now did they tell you anything about priorities, for sort of ‘who do you treat first’ or that kind of thing, the triage or did that not come there?” No. That was not addressed. Interviewer: “Okay, cause I guess the Navy corpsman serving with the Marines that was part of what they got, but they had a different program than what you had.” Yes, they were more hospital trained – my brother was a corpsman in the Navy for four years, and he’s fourteen years older than I am, so I got to be raised on his stories. So I probably had a better idea of what to expect than most. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. So how long did your training last?” Well all of it together was six months. Interviewer: “And then you get to the end of that six months then what happens?” (10:14) Get your orders! My entire class got sent to Vietnam. Don’t remember the correct number, probably a hundred-and-something, my class. Interviewer: “Okay. Now do they give you leave to go home first?” Yeah. Was it one month, I believe. Yeah. Interviewer: “Now had your wife come down to Texas while you were in training, or did she stay up in Minnesota?” Basic was, she stayed in Minnesota. AIT she came down, so we had a little apartment off-base. Interviewer: “Now were you able to live there, or just go there on weekends?” Weekends - you know, when I could sneak off. (laughter) Interviewer: “Yeah, I guess you have a little more freedom in AIT than you do when you’re in basic.” Little bit, yes. Interviewer: “Okay, and now alright – then did you go back to Minnesota before you went overseas or did you—” �Yes. Went back there and you know, just spent time with family and that kind of thing. Interviewer: “Alright, now at this point I mean how much did you know about Vietnam?” Just what was on the news. You know, didn’t really watch the news – I knew of it and you know, didn’t know what to expect at that time. Interviewer: “So when do you actually go to Vietnam?” It was before Christmas, so middle of December somewhere. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. And how do they get you to Vietnam?” I flew from Minneapolis to I believe it was Oakland, San Francisco area. There was a base there that we flew to, the – took to Hawaii and then Wake Island and then Vietnam. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you get to get off the plane on those – when it stopped over?” No. On Wake Island we did, cause there was a fuel stop and it took time to refuel the jet. It was a regular commercial jet, United Airlines. Interviewer: “And what did Wake Island look like?” Well, when we landed we were wondering if there was any land there to land on, because we just could see the waves, we got closer and closer and just before touchdown there was some land, and yeah very small. So we walked around there, and I knew my history and what had happened there. Interviewer: “Well, you can’t really get lost there too easily.” You can’t get lost, nope. Interviewer: “Alright. So then back in the plane, where do you land in Vietnam?” (12:48) I can’t remember the exact name, it was next to Saigon. Interviewer: “Okay, well Tan Son Nhut is the big airport, and there’s bases that long been in Bien Hoa, and so you probably landed at one of those.” Yeah. Really didn’t know where I landed at the time. While we were there we were kind of corralled, you know, and into a – kind of a warehouse setting where we would receive our orders. And the friend I had made during basic training, he and I stuck together like twins. So we always stayed in the back, we didn’t hear everything that was going on and we wound up staying there for several weeks, avoiding things like you know, K.P. duty and all that stuff. (laughter) Interviewer: “Well did you have to sort of report for roll call in the morning and—” �Yes! And then we would, you know – always in the back, you know, always kind of go with the crowd and then we kinda, you know slip into a bunker ‘til everything was calmed down and… Interviewer: “So how were you gonna be notified of your assignment?” That was the problem. Finally we went and asked why we hadn’t received orders and well, we hadn’t heard the part where we’re supposed to turn in our records. Interviewer: “Oh!” So he and I, got sent to the 101st together. Interviewer: “Okay. So basically you were just allowed to kind of drift around on the base for several weeks, and this just—” We were almost like tourists. And without any money, you know, cause there was no pay if you don’t have a location. Interviewer: “But I guess you could still eat? Cause you’re not paying for your food, yeah.” Yeah, sure. There was a mess hall. Interviewer: “Alright, and nobody in particular noticed you?” No! Nobody cared. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. So now you finally do get assigned, you’re sent to the 101st, now once you are assigned do they just send you right up to where they’re operating?” You bet, it was a quick trip. Interviewer: “Okay. And how did you get up there?” We flew in a C-130. Yeah, very noisy plane. Interviewer: “Yeah well it’s a cargo plane.” It was a cargo plane, there was canvas seats that had been folded down from the outer wall and we’d sit on those. Interviewer: “While you were at the base outside of Saigon, did it ever get mortared or rocketed or was it quiet?” There were occasional – they’d try and hit the airfield, to blow holes in the tarmac – which was corrugated steel. Interviewer: “But was that some distance away from where you were?” I thought so. �Interviewer: “So it didn’t bother you too much that that was happening?” No, it’s kind of along the perimeter and yeah, it’s… yeah. And we were in a bunker when that started happening. (15:59) Interviewer: “Alright, now you go up – when you are assigned to the 101st airborne, do you know what unit in the division you’re gonna go to, or is that still up in the air?” No. Interviewer: “Okay. Now what part – I guess for people that don’t know anything about Vietnam, what part of the country were you operating in?” We were probably thirty miles north of Hue, the old capital. Interviewer: “Okay, so kind of the northern end of South Vietnam? But still south of the DMZ by some ways.” Yep. Interviewer: “Do you know what base you landed at initially? Camp Eagle, or did you go to Evans, or?” I think it was Camp Eagle. Interviewer: “Yeah probably, cause there’s a big airfield—” Cause it was a bigger base, yeah. Interviewer: “Okay. So you land there, and you get there and you don’t know what your assignment is yet. What do they do with you once you arrive?” There were a few days of in-country orientation. Interviewer: “So what did that consist of?” Boy, you’re really digging in the cobwebs here, huh… just what and what not to do. You know, don’t go the villages, stay away from the local ladies, you know that kind of thing. Interviewer: “Okay. Did they take you out on like a little patrol or something like that? Or have you stand bunker guard?” No, we stayed pretty much on base. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. So it was just a welcome to Vietnam orientation. And then from there now do they give you your assignment?” Yes. �Interviewer: “Okay. So what unit were you assigned to?” (17:37) 2nd 319, Artillery. And out of Camp Evans. Interviewer: “Okay, so 2nd Battalion, 319th Artillery, and which battery were you in?” I was in headquarters battery. But I bounced around with the other ones, depending on needs. Interviewer: “Alright. And of course, you’re there as a medic?” Correct. Interviewer: “Okay. Now when you joined the unit, what kind of reception do you get, what happens with you?” Um, I was assigned to a doctor. And I pretty much stayed with him by his side for nine months, that’s where I learned a lot. Hardly ever left Camp Evans. You know, [I] was introduced to medics that had been there for ten months and they’d tell their stories and I’d sit and listen, you know, taking it all in. So my duties are pretty much: I ran the pharmacy, I did sick call, with the doctor we would – at that time they were holding MEDCAPS, that’s where we’d go out into the villages around Camp Evans and hold clinics, I guess you’d call it. And I would screen the Vietnamese that were there, as to their needs, and they were the ones that got to see the doctor or I’d take care of them if I could. Interviewer: “Alright, so you got up there – so you’re with the MEDCAPS for instance, okay so would you go out into the villages or do you..?” No we went out into the villages, me, Doc, and one guy for security. So, you know, we wouldn’t go real far out, I guess the longest we’d be is maybe an hour drive in a jeep. Interviewer: “Alright, and what kind impression – what did the place look like if you’re driving out there in Vietnam outside of the base, what were you seeing?” In the villages it’s… [a] shantytown. I mean everything was just kind of… put together halfassed, you know it’s just… open markets, smelly, and then the nicer villages had built us kind of a – well it had a roof. You know, so you were out of the sun. And you would have the cross for… you know, that was their hospital basically cause there was none there. So we treated anybody that came. Interviewer: “And what kinds of ailments or things were you seeing—” Lot of it was rashes, there were some injuries from, you know, shrapnel, those needed to be cleaned and I usually got that kind of job. And Doc would get the serious stuff, coughing, you’d go see Doc – I didn’t do coughs. (laughter) Interviewer: “And the people, were they mostly old people, women and children?” (21:33) �A mix. Interviewer: “Okay. I’d probably do thirty immunization shots for the kids, you know, twenty to forty in each village. We’d probably see around thirty adults, adults would be you know, teenagers and up. Interviewer: “Now how did the Vietnamese sort of treat you or behave toward you when you’re doing this?” Respectful. We didn’t know if they were you know, on the right side or not cause there was no identification so you know, we could’ve been treating the enemy for all I know. I know in some of the villages when we’d – we’d usually leave Camp Evans about ten in the morning, and after sick call. And we’d get to the villages, they’d have their nighttime kills displayed on the outskirts of town. You know, kind of where you’d put the sign of the name of the village in the States, they’d have their dead displayed. Some were in full rigor. Interviewer: “Okay, so the rigor mortis – stiff, yeah? So these were sort of the Viet Cong they had killed the night before?” Supposedly, yeah. Interviewer: “So you know you’re in a war zone.” Yeah it’s… yeah. Interviewer: “Did you ever have any problems when you were out doing those MEDCAPS?” No. There was never any, for me anyway, any – I didn’t feel threatened, and yet we were very cautious. Interviewer: “Okay, so that’s one piece of that job, alright. Now what was daily life like on the base?” (23:36) Routines. You know, same thing, same place, everyday. There was none of the, you know formation stuff you got back in the States. I don’t know, I felt as though I had won a prize getting’ to be stuck with Doc cause you know, we actually had a permanent spot. Interviewer: “Now did the base – I mean, did the base get attacked at all?” We’d get a few rounds every now and then, more of a harassment, so you know, I basically spent most of my time in… it wasn’t really a bunker, and yet it was several layers of sand on corrugated steel for our roof. And then we had ammo boxes filled full of sand for the walls, and then between the two would be a little screen and some canvas we could roll up and down. Interviewer: “And so how many men would sleep in a place like that?” �Never really counted ‘em! The only time I really had any interaction with other men is if they needed help, other than that I pretty much stayed available. Interviewer: “So there wasn’t a team of medics there together?” No, generally there were two. As they came in, or were going back home, they’d come in and they’d spend a few weeks and we’d either say goodbye or orient new guys. Interviewer: “And were there different shifts, so that there was always a medic on duty or were you just kind of it?” It was me, me and Doc twenty-four seven. Interviewer: “Alright, and you were really just treating the people who were serving on the base?” Yes. Like if they went out [on] R&R I’d have to make sure shots were up to date, nonemergency issues were dealt with at the aid station, so they’d fly in on their own rather than us going out to the base. Interviewer: “Okay, so if you’re dealing with men from the different batteries in the battalion, that would be when they would come back to Camp Evans?” They would come when they needed help. You know, something that the medics out in the field couldn’t fix they’d come in to the aid station. Interviewer: “And would this normally be illnesses or non-combat injuries that you’re treating?” Correct. Interviewer: “Cause I guess there’s a whole separate process for the ones who get wounded badly.” Yeah, usually they’re dealt with by the medics and then they’re helicoptered to you know, medevac into the – wherever they need to go. Interviewer: “Yeah, they go to the hospitals and those kinds of things. So you’re, to a certain extent, insulated from some parts of the war so you’re a part of—” (26:37) Yeah well, one of the – don’t remember the name of it – anyway, the casualties would come in, they’d drop ‘em at the.. I wouldn’t call it a hospital, but they did surgery there. Emergency surgery, so yeah they were constantly flying in and out. And I’d go over there and talk with the guys every now and then, so we knew who belonged where. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you or the doctor ever sort of help out if a lot of casualties came in at once?” No, we pretty much stayed available for our guys. �Interviewer: “Alright, so to what extent did you pay attention to what was going on in terms of where the batteries where and what they were doing?” Well once or twice a month I would visit each battery and make sure that the supplies were, you know, were adequate for their needs. You know, stuff like that. Interviewer: “So would you fly out to the firebases then?” Yeah, in a helicopter. Interviewer: “Okay, and do you remember which firebases you went to?” Did I know? Interviewer: “Yeah.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, which ones – where did you go?” I went to all of them! In rotation, depending, you know – I’ve been on Ripcord before the final days, so… Interviewer: “Were you on – did you go to Ripcord at all in July of 1970 when the siege was going on, or had you been out there just earlier than that?” I had been out at least once a month, from when they – the 2nd 319 took over. They were only one of two batteries on the hill. Interviewer: “Right. And that battery was the one that got blown up on July the eighteenth, when the Chinook crashed there.” Yeah. I don’t remember exactly where I was, somewhere around the aid station, I wasn’t – I don’t think I was in the aid station, I was in the housing bunker, you know. Interviewer: “Were you on Ripcord when that happened, or?” Oh yeah. I was right there. I was probably within twenty-five, thirty yards. Interviewer: “Okay, so what do you recall from that day? You said you were in the housing bunker, so you were just…” (29:15) Well I knew where it had landed and I thought, ‘oh boy, this isn’t good.’ So ‘course right away they hollered ‘Doc!’ you know, so I go running over there and there’s already one running away and I took him into my bunker and was treating him and pretty soon another guy dove into my bunker, and then there was another one, and another one. And stuff started cooking off, so it seemed like a half hour or more but I’m sure it was just minutes, cause it doesn’t take long to cook off that stuff. The last guy that dove in was covered in blood, and I had a can of coke, and �actually he was the door gunner of the, of that Chinook that got shot down. And he had jumped out and slid down a hill, you know, he got all kinds of – that was our dump, you know, we’d walk it to the side and just throw it over the hill, so he was cut up from all the debris. And he’s in the book, and I had issues with his recall. And so I was on a mission on the first Ripcord reunion I went to, he wasn’t there. So the second one I landed on him. (laughter) Interviewer: “Alright, so did he just tell a story differently there?” Well yeah, you know everybody views things differently, and what had happened is we could see the rounds, from the ammo dump flying by the opening in our bunker and I thought, ‘boy, we’re in a bad spot,’ so didn’t take us too long to – we have to leave. So, and none of the other guys knew where the headquarters was and I says ‘I know where it’s at, follow me and we’re not stopping for nothing,’ and we’re going as fast as we can. And the guy that was the door gunner from the Chinook was last out the door, and he didn’t get any more than out the door maybe five feet, and boom – he gets blown into the concertina wire. Well I’m already you know, at least a fourth of the way to the headquarters bunker, and I turn around and look, and he’s pulling himself out of the concertina wire, he got cut up kinda bad, but he’s okay – scratches. And he recalled that I had left him there – and that wasn’t the case. Interviewer: “Did you go back and check on him, or did you just look and see how he was doing?” He was free from the wire, and he could run, and we were on our way in. So that whole thing took you know, five seconds maybe, but it’s a memory that’s burned into my head. Interviewer: “Sure. So basically helicopter crashes, and it’s carrying a load of ammunition – kind of lands on the ammunition—” Lands on our ammo dump, yeah. Interviewer: “And then the ammunition is kind of right near where the gun positions are, and so then the ammo blows up?” Well yeah, the ammo blew up and a lot of rounds landed in the … where the … were, you know. Interviewer: “So you heard the initial crash, and then did you look out to see what was happening, or just hunker down and?” There was no hunkering, there was – heard the crash, and ‘Doc!’ and away I went. Interviewer: “Okay, that’s right, they call – and that’s a standard thing they train you as a medic right, somebody calls for Doc, you go. So you’re going out, rather than back in. Okay, so once you get your group now back, did you get taken to the talk, or did you [get] taken to bunkers in that area—” Stayed and talked. And I went out when needed. That’s where I first met Doc Harris, we had a surgeon on Ripcord which was very rare. And we went on a casualty, and I thought we kinda quit working on him too soon, and he seemed, ‘well, there’s nothing more we can do,’ and he passed. Never saw him again, ‘til a reunion. (34:12) �Interviewer: “Alright, now did you leave Ripcord that day or did you stay on it?” Nope, stayed that rest of that day and it was afternoon when I went down. And the stuff was cooking off, CS gas, in my haste I’d left my gas mask so we just you know, hunkered down. Interviewer: “So did you stay overnight there, or did you..?” Okay, yeah… stayed overnight, stuff cooked off for quite a while, including the – you know, where the guns were. And I’m thinking to myself, ‘we got nothing to protect ourselves with.’ That was our ace in the hole, so just kind of – all night kind of waiting for the end. Interviewer: “Now were you able to fly off the next day?” Yes. I was the last one off of 319, along with the company commander and a couple of other guys, I don’t remember who they were. But I was stuck next to the used to be Captain Rich and he was replaced by someone I can’t remember. Interviewer: “Mhm. Right, cause Rich had been wounded at some point.” Yeah, he got wounded all the time - he got something like six or seven purple hearts. Interviewer: “Alright, okay. So then, you’re flying off – when you flew off, was the enemy shooting mortars at you at that time?” Yeah, they were trying to hit the pad where we were getting on and off, so… I was never so glad to leave any place in my life. Interviewer: “Okay. And then were back at Evans then, when the actual evacuation [of the base] took place?” Yes. We flew back and I remember it like a cow tank, you know, they’re kinda rectangle? And it was full of ice and beer when we got back. You know, sort of, ‘here you survived, here’s a treat.’ Interviewer: “That’s of course – so the battery personnel—” That’s at Camp Evans. Interviewer: “Yeah, and that’s sort of for your battery—” For our battery. Interviewer: “—they come back. And then a few days later the whole base gets abandoned.” The next day. You’d have to ask someone else who was there at that time. I think the engineers were there and they had bulldozers, you know, finished off what was left and— Interviewer: “I’m not sure they did that, the sequences seems to be they evacuated everybody on the 23rd of July and they bombed the place.” �Yes. To smithereens. Interviewer: “From where you were did you observe anything of the whole process, all the helicopters coming and going to evacuate the base, or did it seem like business as usual then?” (37:38) It was business as usual. Helicopters would be flying in and out of the camp hospital. Interviewer: “Yeah, that’s happening all the time anyway.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. And then after that as far as you could tell did things quiet down, or did your job just stay the same?” My job stayed the same. Back to normal. Interviewer: “Okay. How much communication did you have with people back home while you were out there?” None. I called my wife twice, through the hand radio. Interviewer: “Okay so explain how that works, if you wanna call home and you’re in Vietnam?” Yeah, well you have to call home when it’s daytime there so that means it’s nighttime in ‘nam, so about two or three in the morning, you know, I’d get on the phone and wait for the ham operator to get the connections and then it was … over, so it was inconvenient. Interviewer: “Okay, well did you write back and forth a lot?” Yeah, some. Mostly, ‘I’m still here.’ Didn’t give any details, ever. The only thing I ever said about Ripcord is, ‘I got a good story for you when I get back.’ That’s all I mentioned. Interviewer: “Okay, now were you able to take an R&R while you were there?” Yes, but it was before Ripcord. I met my wife in Hawaii for our second anniversary, so we spent the week together. Interviewer: “Alright, and what was it like having to turn around, go back to Vietnam?” Not good. I’d already been on Ripcord, so I knew what was going on. Interviewer: “Yeah, you just gotta do it.” Pretty quiet ride, going back. Interviewer: “Alright, okay – now did you work with the same doctor the whole time or did he—” �First nine months. Total respect for him. Replaced by another doctor, who thought he could walk on water, and we didn’t get along very well. So the last three months were not as nice. I don’t remember his name. Interviewer: “Yeah, I mean – what kinds of things would he do that were…” Oh he had it on… you know, menial things for me to do. You know, just trying to keep me busy rather than doing nothing, just busy, nothing. Interviewer: “Alright. Now did he go out on the MEDCAPS too?” (40:18) No, he did not. Just me and the original doc. Interviewer: “Alright, now did the MEDCAPS continue after the first doctor left?” They did. Interviewer: “Okay – but the doctor didn’t go on them?” No. Interviewer: “So were you still going out yourself, or were other guys doing it?” No, it stopped. Everything changed. You know, new boss. Interviewer: “Alright. Now did you go into any of the larger cities or towns in Vietnam, did you get into Da Nang or any place like that, or did you just stay at Camp Evans?” No, I got into Da Nang but that was usually when I flew somewhere else, got to see my wife in Hawaii and fortunately I got to do another leave and I went to Hong Kong with one of the medics from B battery. Interviewer: “What was Hong Kong like?” A relief. Lots of bars, so just exploring the town. We booked a train thing up to the mountain and you know, touristy stuff. Interviewer: “Yeah. But some place where no one wants to shoot at you.” Correct – well, it was a week. We stayed a week yeah, so a week with nobody shooting at you was good. Interviewer: “Alright. As you’re thinking over the time that you spent in Vietnam, are there other memories or events or impressions that kinda stay with you that you haven’t really talked about yet?” We’ll leave ‘em buried. �Interviewer: “Okay. That’s entirely up to you. So now as you were getting toward the end of your tour, [were] you counting down the days for – keeping a calendar or anything like that?” No, it’s in my head, you know. Two digit midget, one digit midget, that sort of thing – countdown. I never got to one digit midget. I got two weeks early out, and I took it. They dangled an E6 in front of me, and I went before the board to get an extra rank and I would’ve had to extend… nope, I’m out of here. Interviewer: “Okay. So basically they were offering you a promotion if you stayed longer.” If I stay, yeah. (laughter) Interviewer: “So you’re gone. Now how do you get back to the states?” (43:06) Flights. We’d go to Japan and then to Seattle, on you know, a regular airline again. Interviewer: “Now where did you fly out of Vietnam from?” I believe it was Da Nang. Don’t know for sure, but one of the bigger airbases. Interviewer: “Okay, and when you get on the plane and it takes off is there a point when everybody cheers, or was it quiet?” It was quiet until we felt secure from getting shot down, yeah. And then we pretty much collectively gave the nation the finger. (laughter) Interviewer: “Okay, and so you go to Japan, and then from Japan…” To Seattle. Interviewer: “Alright, and what do they do with you once you get to Seattle?” We were issued new clothing, and I believe we were issued orders of where we were to go. And then we had another leave, I know we had time to get to that destination. I have one thing that my wife reminded me of this morning – you make friends on the plane. You know, similar experiences. So we decided to go out to eat together, don’t remember if it was breakfast or dinner, supper, but we went out to eat. And we were sitting there and the waitress was taking our order, and all the sudden what seems to be the manager comes over to our table – he says, ‘Gentlemen, we’re gonna have to ask you to leave – we don’t serve your kind here.’ That was my welcome home. Interviewer: “Wow.” We were in uniform, cause you had to wear your uniform to get your flight, and so yeah. Interviewer: “Welcome back to the United States. Okay – now at the airport, were there any problems – did you have troubles in the airports or was it just this guy?” �We weren’t there that long. It was like you get off the bus, you go to the terminal, and you wait and off you go. Interviewer: “Okay, but you didn’t see any protestors when you got there?” No – just the manager of the restaurant. Left a foul taste of Seattle in my mouth. Interviewer: “Alright, and then you go back home to Minnesota at that point, and then…” They weren’t all that way. I sat next to a lady that, we had a little talk and before we landed she asked if I had a ride to where I wanted to go, I said no, and she says, ‘well, I’d like to take you.’ So there were good people. Interviewer: “Good happens too. Okay, and now what is your next assignment? Cause you’ve still got some months left on your enlistment.” I tried to stay in Minneapolis cause they actually had need for a medic, but no, … Fort Sam. So we go down there and there’s medics crawling out of the woodwork, and I get initially stuck on a warehouse with two other, or three other medics and we comped gas masks once a month. Rest of the time we played cards. Interviewer: “Wow – how long did that last?” Three months. And the last three months I transferred out of that bunch and got into a group of guys that, once a day we would give a film – whatever they were learning that day, to new recruits. And occasionally we would have hands-on stuff. These were, I think they were Green Beret guys, I don’t really recall. They were not medics, but they learned our craft. And we would have goats and we’d put ‘em under sedation and we’d shoot em, and then they would practice you know, trying to keep em alive – keep it alive. And then at the end of their training, we would dispose of them. And for that we’d get the rest of the day off. ‘Course we were held to secrecy like everything else. (47:25) Interviewer: “What impression did you have of these guys that you were training?” They’re guys just like me. They got a better education than I got. You know, they were better prepared. Interviewer: “Cause I guess all of the special forces types had to have medic training cause they wouldn’t have any—” They worked in smaller groups, to my knowledge at that time. Yeah, the training that we had was wholly inadequate for what we actually experienced. Interviewer: “So there wasn’t really enough in terms of – cause you weren’t mostly treating combat casualties.” No. �Interviewer: “But—” On Ripcord I was. Interviewer: “Yes. Now for the rest, so your regular duties at Camp Evans was your training adequate or were you still a little—” It was adequate for that. But I was by a doctor, so I learned a lot from him. And we did have some casualties at Camp Evans you know, on the occasional mortar that we’d get. Interviewer: “Yeah. And did you have to learn things about tropical diseases and so forth once you were there?” Oh yeah, yeah. So I got to know what kind of creams and ointments and pills and – never was very good with the names but I could identify the.. by sight. Interviewer: “So when do you actually get out of the Army?” June of ’71. I’m in a hurry to leave. (laughter) Didn’t get my medals, barely got a uniform, you know dress screens I think I left with – I still got the coat, and they finally let me go and I was officially gone. I drove nonstop home, from Texas to Minneapolis. Interviewer: “Alright, so your wife didn’t come down while you were—” She was with me for the last six months, yeah. We rented an apartment which took half my – you know, we didn’t make that much. My whatever they call it, pay stub or… that’s all fuzzy stuff you know, it’s— Interviewer: “Now did she have a job while you were down there?” She did, yup. Interviewer: “And did you have any kids yet, or did that come later?” Nope, no kids. We waited quite a while, I had to kind of – for lack of a better word, stabilize. Interviewer: “Yeah, what’s the readjustment process like, just being back in the States and civilian life?” (50:12) Cold. I’ll give some instances – I was embraced by my father-in-law when I left. So I was expecting that same embrace coming back. Never got it – it’s almost like I had a disease. Trying to find employment was interesting. I don’t know, after about a dozen applications I finally realized that I should not put down my time in service, that I was a Vietnam veteran. Then I got a job. So that was interesting. Interviewer: “Did you have any of the kind of PTSD reflexes about things or was that not a problem for you?” �I was a bit skittish, yeah. Still I’m somewhat heightened by surroundings, and little things get my attention quickly. Still don’t like getting in corners. Interviewer: “Now what kind of work did you go into?” Well actually I took the first job I could get which was sweeping floors in a cabinet shop. They couldn’t keep me busy, so I went to the bench. And pretty soon I was on my own, then I entered an apprenticeship program and three years [later] I was a journeyman and I’d had enough of being cooped up in a room. So I went to management, didn’t like that, and I started my own shop and stayed with that for almost twenty years. Interviewer: “Alright, now as you look back at your time in the service, how do you think that affected you or what did you take out of it, positive or negative?” Attention to detail – which was important in work. Didn’t really talk about it for twenty years, I mean it just didn’t happen. So didn’t start talking about it ‘til I was installing a set of cabinets for a customer, and at the tail end he says, ‘you’re a Vietnam veteran, aren’t you?’ Yes I am – and so was he. And we talked for two days, and that was when I started to begin my journey out of my secret life I held in my head. Interviewer: “Alright, well I appreciate your willingness to share this story now, that’s—” 2011, you wouldn’t have said ‘hi’ to me. I mean, I wouldn’t have said ‘hi’ to you – I would’ve denied this interview. Interviewer: “Okay, well, … keep coming back. Actually it does make for a good story and one that adds some more pieces to the puzzle, and gives a view – one kind of set of duties people had in Vietnam, so thank you for taking the time to share it.” Ripcord was only, you know, ten days of my life. But it was a game-changer. Interviewer: “Yeah, alright. That should be a wrap.” [END] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NelsonB2321V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nelson, Bruce Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-07 Title A name given to the resource Nelson, Bruce (Interview transcript and video), 2019 Description An account of the resource Bruce Nelson was born in Wabasha, Minnesota, in 1949, and graduated high school in 1967. After he graduated, Nelson briefly attended a trade school to become an auto mechanic, but could no longer afford it, so he went to work in a metal foundry. Without a student deferment, he was drafted in June of 1969. He identified himself as a conscientious objector in his Army paperwork and was then sent to Fort Sam Houston, Texas for field medic training. In December of 1969, he was flown into Vietnam near Saigon where he drifted around the base for a while until he was assigned to accompany the 2nd Battalion, 319th Artillery, Headquarters Battery of the 101st Airborne Division operating just north of Hue at Camp Eagle. His duties included running the base’s pharmacy, working as a doctor’s assistant, and helping screen Vietnamese civilians who wanted access to local American Medical Civilian Action Programs (MEDCAP). He also made routine flights out to all the major forward fire bases to deliver supplies via helicopter to the troops. He was at Fire Support Base Ripcord in July of 1970 when a supply helicopter was shot down and crashed into the base’s ammunition depot only a short distance from the bunker he was operating in. After the crash, and exacerbated by diminishing ammunition, Nelson and the men at Ripcord felt as though the end was near for them. So, they hunkered down to survive the chaos before being evacuated the next day. After nine months, he was assigned to a different doctor to assist for three months. Towards the end of his deployment, Nelson declined the Army’s offer of promotion if he was to extend his service and was soon flown back to Seattle, Washington. For the remainder of his service, Nelson remained at Fort Sam Houston, working sparse hours in a military warehouse and training recruits for the Special Forces. In June of 1971, he officially left the service and, in his rush to leave, did not collect his military medals or his full dress uniform. His status as a military veteran hindered his ability to acquire a job, but once he began neglecting his military service on job applications, he got a few small jobs before opening his own shop. Nelson believed the service taught him to develop a greater attention to detail while repressing his wartime experiences to the outside, civilian world. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e5a52eff36c0523d32e7f7e583641498.mp4 c4bf91abc06a562446734c704ba26967 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e35b7ff92a07afb27b6569f59b6cedd.pdf 09818a0c6812640ca13dea49a7584c3e PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Larry Nelson World War II 1 hour 6 minutes 34 seconds (00:00:16) Early Life -Born in Warren, Ohio in 1924 -Grew up in Warren and attended high school there -Father was an accountant -Mother was a housewife -Father worked for Republic Steel Corporation -Kept his job through the Great Depression -Still was affected by pay cuts -Grew up an only child -His father was very interested in flight and aircraft and took Larry to air shows and airports (00:01:35) Start of WWII and Military Involvement -Remembers that his father followed the war in Europe before America got involved -He eventually got involved with the military because of his father’s interest in the war -Mother wasn’t happy about his joining the military -In 1942 he signed up for the Air Cadets at Ohio State University -Sponsored by the U.S. Army Air Corps -Had tried to enlist in the Navy and got told that he was only eligible for the Army -At Ohio State University ROTC (rear officers’ training corps) was mandatory -Being in the Air Cadets satisfied that requirement -Remembers sitting at his desk doing homework when his father told him about Pearl Harbor -Remembers how somber his father was and didn’t grasp the severity until later -Started noticing friends joining the armed forces -He joined the Army with an understanding that he would be deferred for four years -Two months later after joining his deferment was cancelled (00:04:43) Army Air Corps Primary Training -First phase of training was primary training in San Antonio, Texas -Was sent there in February 1943 -Primary training was essentially an accelerated form of Army basic training -Given physical and mental tests -Passing those put him on the track to becoming a pilot -Based on your test you would either become a bomber pilot or a fighter pilot -He was selected, and wanted to be a fighter pilot -Had been inspired by the air races that he had seen as a kid -Primary training consisted of a lot of physical training during the first few weeks -Spent most of the time running and doing calisthenics -Primary training lasted about two or three months (00:08:32) Army Air Corps Flight Training -Sent to Chickasaw, Oklahoma for fighter pilot training -Trained with Fairchild PT19: open cockpit, low winged, and fun to fly �-First part of pilot training lasted two months -Trained with sixty other trainees -Fair amount of them dropped out because they couldn’t grasp flying -Had civilian instructors training them -One was a Czech military pilot (00:10:50) Army Air Corps Basic Training -After Chickasaw they started training with the Vultee BT 13 Valiant -Learned how to perform aerial maneuvers in the BT 13 -Flight training in the BT 13 was accelerated -Had to be ready to move onto the advanced course in two months -Because of this the Air Corps wanted men who had had some college experience -Some trainees just couldn’t keep up during basic training or others died -During this second part of training they were operating out of Coffeyville, Kansas -Soldiers nicknamed it “Coffinville” because of high rate of trainees dying -Flew training missions at night and cross country -Prepared for flying at any time and to anywhere -At each base during training he always had to find two things for downtime: -A girl to date and a restaurant that could make him a BLT and a chocolate shake -Remembers dating a banker’s daughter -Got to drive the father’s brand new car as a result (00:14:36) Army Air Corps Advanced Training -Went to advanced training in Texas -Worked with the AT6: high powered training aircraft -Got introduced to flying the P40 fighter plane -Had to learn how to fly it on his own -No room for an instructor to fly with him -Flying the P40 was an extremely different experience -Incredibly powerful aircraft -Remembers the first time he took off in one -Most trainees were skilled enough that by advanced training accidents rarely if never happened -Trained with thirty other trainees -Same soldiers that he had started with (00:17:41) P47 Thunderbolt Training -After advanced training he was sent to Bruning, Nebraska -Began training with the P47 Thunderbolt -Larger, heavier aircraft -Once again had to learn how to fly it on his own because it was a single seat aircraft -Started off by simply learning how to fly the aircraft -Later graduated on to learning how to properly fly in formation (00:19:18) Weapons Training with the P47 Thunderbolt -Sent to Pierre, South Dakota for weapons training in the P47 -Skip bombing: flying in low and skipping a bomb into a target -Strafing a target with machine guns -Tow target: One plane towed a target while the other planes shot at the moving target -Never encountered female pilots during his training -There weren’t very many training accidents during weapons training �-Some pilots did crash on a rare occasion during a dive bombing training run -Learned how to skip a bomb into a hangar -Also was taught how to properly use wing tip gas tanks as skip bombs -After two months P47 training was complete (00:22:12) Deployment to Europe -After completing all of his training he was sent to Baton Rouge, Louisiana in August 1943 -Spent a month there practicing and preparing to be deployed -Remembers that the place smelled like oil -Sent to Norfolk, Virginia to board the Queen Elizabeth troop transport with 15000 other soldiers -Took five days to travel from the United States to the English Isles -Moved quickly because they didn’t travel with an escort -Landed in Glasgow, Scotland -Started to get organized and prepared to set up in England -Remembers doing kitchen duty on the ship and plucking feathers off of chickens -Remembers a soldier from Texas snuck a coyote pup on board with him -Wound up flying a few missions with him -Eventually got killed by being run over by an Army truck -Seasickness was a problem on the voyage over (00:26:55) Getting Established in England -After Glasgow, Scotland they were moved to Shrewsbury, England -Thunderbolt base was nearby -Became active after D-Day happened -Ten pilots were selected to be the replacements for the 78th Fighter Group -Spent a month in Shrewsbury, England -English men didn’t care for the American men -Visited London -English girls and older people welcomed the Americans -Got attached to the 78th Fighter Group in Duxford outside of Cambridge -He was part of the 82nd Squadron -Practiced his flying for a month while waiting in Duxford (00:30:23) First Missions -First mission that he took part in was a “maximum effort” missions -All available aircraft were called up to participate -He was given a clunker P47 and it couldn’t even really get airborne -Crashed into the trees at the end of the runway -Wasn’t injured or blamed for the plane crashing -Afterwards was assigned a brand new P47 -Second mission a week later went very well -He was able to keep up and do what he was supposed to do -Ran into forty German Me-109s while escorting American bombers -Managed to scatter the enemy fighters and complete the mission (00:32:57) Mission Conditions -Usually sent out three squadrons with each bombing run -One squadron would attack ground targets while the other two protected the bombers -The squadrons would swap during missions to attack and defend -When one attack run was over another squadron would swoop in �-He and the other P47s never really had planned targets -Looked for “targets of opportunity” -Remembers targeting trains specifically during missions -Bombers targeted the cities of Munster and Cologne especially -Always managed to avoid bombing or strafing the Cologne Cathedral (00:34:38) Encounters with the Enemy and Aircraft Quality -Remembers the first, and only time that he shot down a German aircraft -It was the jet powered Me-262 -Able to catch it just as it was taking off -Allies had better pilots, better planes, and there were more risk takers in the ranks -All in all it made for a better air force -Used the P47 not only for attacks and defending bombers, but also for dogfighting -In December 1944 they switched from flying the P47 to flying the P51 Mustang -Mustang was easier to fly -Lighter, more powerful, and more nimble -The German Me-109 was comparable to just about anything the Allies had -The German Fw-190 was not as good as the other German aircraft -The German Me-262 was fast, sleek, and one of the first jet fighters -Pilots weren’t very good though and it was terrible on gas (00:39:24) Interactions with the English in Duxford -Community around Duxford was a typical English one -Small town, more to do in Cambridge -Lots of pubs to attend in the area -Remembers that the ceilings were so low you had to duck -Went to dances fairly regularly (00:40:18) Flight Conditions -Sometimes got woken up at 4 AM because you were one of the scheduled pilots for that day -If it was a “maximum effort” mission everyone got up at the same time -On the days that you flew missions you were rewarded with a fresh egg for breakfast -Considered a luxury and a treat -Bomber crews had to be up at 2 or 3 AM -Took off first then the fighters took off later and caught up to them -Fighters flew above and below the bombers for optimum defense -Usually created massive formations of aircraft -Flak posed a far greater threat to bombers than to fighters -Does remember one fighter next to him taking a direct flak hit though -Usually flew at around 15,000 feet -German fighters usually looked for isolated groups of bombers that weren’t as defended -Strategy was to fly straight at the German fighters, opening fire to scatter them -Flew from right after D-Day all the way up to Victory in Europe Day (May 8, 1945) -Flew sixty six missions (00:45:19) Relationship with Other Soldiers -Squadron lost a fair amount of guys -Either killed or shot down and he never found out what happened to those shot down -Tried to ignore the absence of those that were shot down, made it easier -By the end of the war he and one other pilot were the only original members left �-He never got hit by enemy fire -Had a ground crew of three personnel -A crew chief, an armorer, and a weapons technician -Armorer and armorer’s family later attended his wedding -Maintained a strong connection over the years -Made lifelong friendships with other pilots that he met during the war (00:48:33) Awareness of the War’s Progress -He and the other soldiers were kept fairly well informed of the war’s progress -Regularly shown maps showing the advancing Allied frontlines -Given briefings that gave details of how much progress the Allies were making -Read the Stars and Stripes military newspaper -Also offered news telling how the war was going for the Allies (00:49:08) Battle of the Bulge -When the Battle of the Bulge began their flight activity increased -Some pilots had to fly two missions a day -Frequency of “maximum effort” missions increased -Allied soldiers wore colored vests to denote that they weren’t enemy targets -Also usually had soldiers on the ground coordinating targets for pilots -Tanks and railroad cars took top priority for attacks -Focus was denying armored firepower and supplies to the Germans -.50 caliber armor piercing incendiary rounds were extremely effective against tanks -Bombs were still the weapon of choice against armor though -Winter weather made it harder to fly missions -Snowstorms and low clouds were highly detrimental to visibility (00:52:05) Other Details and Later Missions -Didn’t like to fly over -Remembers flying raids against the V2 Rocket facility located at Peenemunde -Started flying missions to Berlin in January 1945 -P51 allowed for longer range due to better fuel capacity -Attacked everything that they could around and in Berlin -Missions to Berlin were extremely long (00:52:55) USO Shows -Movie stars would routinely visit the base as a part of the USO shows -Got to meet the movie star Marlena Dietrich -Got an autograph from her -Also got to see Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Francis Langford -Remembers that it was always a big occasion when a USO show was on (00:55:12) End of the War and Coming Home Pt. 1 -Looked forward to the end of the war in Europe -But knew that he would have to go and fight in the Pacific and Japan -Got sent to Santa Anna, California after two weeks of leave -His orders were to be deployed to Okinawa -After the atomic bombs were dropped that deployment was cancelled -He was sent to Fort Thomas, Kentucky to wait to be discharged -Those with the most “points” (combat time, commendations) got out first -He was one of the first ones discharged �-Recommended to go to the University of Pennsylvania -Passed their tests but found out he would have to go for four years -They wouldn’t accept any of the credits from Ohio State -Returned to Ohio State and got his degree in two and a half years -Remembers when President Roosevelt died -Everyone was extremely somber -News travelled quickly concerning that -Didn’t know much, if anything about Harry Truman (00:57:23) Details about Rank and Other Memories of the War -By the end of the war he was the most experienced pilot left in his squadron -His position was element leader -Equivalent to a 1st Lieutenant in the Army -Led four planes in an element -Two pairs per element and each pair tended to work independently -Had a few close calls during his time in the service -Oddly enough nothing really during combat, but during his training missions -Got lost flying over the Gulf of Mexico once -Was able to find his way to Corpus Christi, Texas and land there (01:00:31) End of the War and Coming Home Pt. 2 -Before Germany surrendered he knew that the war in the Pacific would drag on longer -He was in England when Germany surrendered -Went back to the United States on a much smaller ship -Only capable of carrying a couple hundred soldiers -Landed in Norfolk, Virginia and took a train back to Ohio for a couple weeks leave -Always was astounded by the level of organization necessary to carry out the war effort -Traveled across the country to California by train in club cars -Took the Santa Fe Scout to California -No air conditioning in the cars, humid, and no air circulation -Allowed to stop in towns along the way to get food at restaurants -Remembers that troop trains took priority on the tracks (01:03:50) Life after the War and Reflections on Service -When the war ended and he was discharged there was no push to reenlist -Military made it very apparent that the decision was entirely his -He chose not to reenlist -Knew some pilots that stayed in and went on to fly jets for the Air Force -At Ohio State University he majored in accounting-general business -Got an accounting job in Kalamazoo, Michigan and moved there -Worked in accounting for thirty six years -Still lives in Kalamazoo -Military gave him direction in life -Wife was the first girl that he met at Ohio State -Had two classes together during his junior year -They’ve been married for sixty seven years � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NelsonL1650V Title A name given to the resource Nelson, Larry (Interview outline and video), 2014 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nelson, Larry Description An account of the resource Larry Nelson was born in Warren, Ohio in 1924. He grew up there and attended high school there. After graduating from high school he attended Ohio State University, and after Pearl Harbor was bombed he decided to enlist in the Army Air Corps to become a fighter pilot. Beginning in February 1943 he trained at San Antonio, Texas; Chickasha, Oklahoma; Coffeyville, Kansas; back to Texas; Bruning, Nebraska; and wrapping up at Pierre, South Dakota. In 1944 he was sent over to Europe as a P47 Thunderbolt pilot where he joined the 82nd Squadron of the 78th Fighter Group stationed in Duxford, England. During his time in war he escorted bombers on raids to Munster and Cologne, asset denial missions all over Europe, and wrapped up flying a P51 Mustang during the Battle of the Bulge and conducting bombings raids on Berlin from December 1944 to VE Day. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Air Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06-23 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/245242e85d4417bfb2dbcf0fc50d2127.jpg 09a253a272675704c80747f499010e81 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_3_006 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937-03-02 Title A name given to the resource Nervi sea coast at east end Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the Nervi sea coast. Stone archways and paths are visible along the coast. Subject The topic of the resource Italy Nervi (Italy) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives