68 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6119c8f9913e7d5dc4d6566454f0c51e.jpg f38ce0f128261096ac1aa9165fbf4f40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Lincoln and the Civil War. PS1707 .C6 1893 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0223 Title A name given to the resource The Copperhead Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Margaret (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The Copperhead, by Harold Frederic, published by Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ff44d03a33df3a99c2306d5e7c4f0a73.jpg fa778f67ea894bdd41a0999df16a0f14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0446 Title A name given to the resource The Haunts of Familiar Characters in History and Literature Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Margret (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The Haunts of Familiar Characters in History and Literature, by G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1898 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ea3bc9a66ffbf16c71f3140a6cb38c61.jpg fb71f6ad2a19c9b1b73dcce3e2486a39 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS2067 .A1 1899 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0447 Title A name given to the resource The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Margret (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, by Washington Irving, published by G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1899. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9af0d7398d7aaa01dc26326a85d1cb78.jpg 09bf7acedecb73150105b27a0b16ed0f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS3517.S5 U53 1903 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0460 Title A name given to the resource Under the Rose Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Margret (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of Under the Rose, by Frederic S. Isham, published by The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1903. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1903 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0ddf34117183630198601de254db2183.mp3 a289f21bfa455dc1f89be5333f785cd4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/92dddc6b5bd6489d989989cc151a9f99.pdf 995546d8fa3da6386ac14d963392493e PDF Text Text Jean Hays Arnold- Interview by Eric Gollaneck October 4, 2018 0:03 EG: This is Eric Gollaneck, and I’m here today with 0:07 JA: Jean Hays Arnold. 0:09 EG: At the old school house in Douglas, Michigan, on October the 4th, 2018. This oral history is being collected as part of the Stories of Summer Project which is supported in part by a grant provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities common heritage program. Thanks, Jean for taking the time to meet with us today. I’m interested in learning more about your family history and experiences of summer in the Saugatuck Douglas area. Can you say your full name again and spell it for us? 0:40 JA: Ok. Jean Marie Hays Arnold. J-E-A-N M-A-R-I-E H-A-Y-S A-R-N-O-L-D. 0:52 EG: Fantastic. Thank you. Uh, and any special accents when spelling your name? 0:58 JA: No. 0:59 EG: Ok. Great. So, jumping right in. Tell us a little about growing up in Saugatuck Douglas, and your experiences here. 1:09 JA: Ok. Wow. That leaves it wide open. All right. Um, I guess what I wanted to do also is tell where I grew up. That’s my reference for my memories, which is my address at 177 St. Peters Drive. And we moved there in about 1964. So that is where I spent my childhood and 1:35 EG: And this is in, this is in Saugatuck? 1:38 JA: Douglas actually 1:39 EG: Or in Douglas. Ok. 1:40 JA: Yeah, so, um, some of my earliest memories just in the general area are that, um, I would like to play in the area what’s now West Shore Court, Hamilton, which connected to St. Peter’s Drive, and there was a military tower at one time, that’s gone now, that I would climb up to and look out, and it was very fun. It was like my own little personal fort. And um, had a lot of fun there, and it happened to be right next to where the famous root beer barrel was. 2:20 EG: Right. Right 2:21 JA: But, at the time it was closed in the sixties already. When, when I knew of it, but I had fun running around, and sneaking and peeking into the little 2:34 EG: [laugh] �2:35 JA: There was a little, there was a little associated house to the barrel 2:38 EG: yeah 2:39 JA: And so I had fun there, and before all the warehouses and the boat storage was the Hamilton, West Shore Court, um area, it was very open. I did a lot of kite flying in that area believe it or not. You could not fly a kite there now. And, um, also the Parish family sticks in my mind as having a house and a very distinctive tower, which I don’t know if that was the tower or the military tower was behind the name of Tower Marine. Which is the marina 3:19 EG: Ok. Sure 3:20 JA: Down below the hill. And um, on the hill, just is where we would park or we would sit and watch fireworks over Lake Kalamazoo. 3:33 EG: Right 3:34 JA: When I was a child, so that kind of covers that general area 3:40 EG: Right. Right, and just to back up, it was really interesting about the military tower. We’ve done other interviews and uh, young, young people being up there has come up, and during World War two, watching, and this is the same tower, and observation tower. 3:56 JA: Oh. Observation tower. Yes 3:59 EG: For plane spotting. For watching military aircraft. So how old would have been when you were flying kites and climbing the tower and exploring this area. 4:07 JA: Oh this, this was, probably 8,9,10 4:14 EG: mmhm 4:14 JA: In that time period 4:15 EG: yeah. 4:17 JA: Young, but not real 4:18 EG: Independent 4:19 JA: Yeah exploring the area. 4:19 EG: out there, doing your own thing, exploring the 4:22 JA: Yeah. It was fun. Um, also in that area, um, in the mid 1960’s the Keewatin came into the area. And I, I pretty much had the Keewatin pretty much as the backdrop of my �childhood and where I lived, because we were on a bit of a bluff on St. Peter’s Drive, there. Um, down below they had pulled the Keewatin up. So, um, that’s been, that’s always kind of been the backdrop for me as I said. And when I became, was approaching thirty years old, I said, “Either I’m going to be married, or I’m going to have one whale of a party.” So I thought, what better place to have a birthday, uh, 30-year-old birthday party than the Keewatin? 5:20 EG: Yeah 5:20 JA: So, so, I did that 5:24 EG: [laugh] 5:25 JA: It was a party for 50. Prime rib dinner. Catered by, get this, the Terra restaurant. 5:32 EG: wow 5:32 area. JA: Where I worked when I worked when I was 16, in the back, in the salad and dessert 5:38 EG: Right 5:38 JA: So I thought, oh, they must cater my event 5:42 EG: Right. 5:43 JA: I shall have my event right next to where I lived practically 5:48 EG: Right 5:48 JA: Um. We had a 6 pieced band in the ball room area. And the dinner, and it was all videotaped at the time 5:58 EG: Yeah 5:59 JA: So that was a really grand event. I had a ball gown and the whole thing so. 6:05 EG: Right? You did this in style 6:07 JA: Yeah. So 6:07 EG: And this is your life moment with the Keewatin and Terra and 6:08 JA: [laugh] yeah. It was really perfect. 6:13 EG: All this history. Yeah. �6:14 JA: So, little did I know 24 years later I would get married. But, at the time, I thought I’m going to do this and do it right, so. I’ve actually had two receptions in my life, so that was fun. Ok. I think that is kind of the area, um 6:32 EG: Let me, let me ask you a little bit. Do you remember when the Keewatin arrived? Is that a memorable. 6:38 JA: That was 1964, 5, or 6. Very soon after we moved in. I think we moved in first and then, and then the Keewatin came along 6:52 EG: What was the reactions to people, or your reaction to that then when this ship, you know lake, lake steamer just arrives in town? 6:57 JA: Oh, I mean you can imagine. Yeah. Well, we, for sure, had to have a tour and had more than 1, 2, 3, tours because it was a very special landmark, of course, for the Saugatuck, Douglas area 7:13 EG: Yeah. Yeah. 7:14 JA: Huge and really kind of a loss. Kind of a piece of Saugatuck, Douglas missing now, because it had been here for so long. I think just recently in the last, maybe five years 7:21 EG: Right. Yeah. A number of decades. 7:28 JA: It was, uh, removed 7:28 EG: I think it was, yeah. Within that time frame. 7:31 JA: Yeah. It’s been significant to the area and to me, for sure in particular 7:37 EG: Right. So changing, changing eras 7:41 JA: Yeah. Definitely 7:42 EG: yeah. 7:44 JA: So, um, otherwise, I would, I tried to think of some of my earliest memories of, and trying to keep it focused on summer. 7:52 EG: Yeah. And we can, we can talk about other things as they come as well. So that’s fine, but, uh 7:58 JA: ok, um, 7:59 EG: Did you have something else specific, or you could talk about school. Did you go to the Douglas school? �8:06 JA: Oh, Douglas Elementary School. Of course, yeah. Um, some of my classmates went to St. Peter’s, to the Catholic school for a while, and then eventually we all joined up during the elementary years because the St. Peter’s closed down. And it’s funny St. Peter’s Drive, we lived on St. Peter’s drive. We lived right next to the school and the church, but I did go to the public school. So, um, yeah. I don’t know so many memories having to do with Douglas Elementary School. Um. 8:44 EG: Did you walk to school, or get rides, or bike, or? 8:49 JA: I remember the bus. I did take the bus, but good heavens. I could have taken the bike. Uh, the biking was, very significant, I think for me and the Saugatuck Douglas area to um, get to your destination. I never really needed transportation or a car later on because Saugatuck and Douglas was really bike riding easy distance. So you’d bike ride wherever you needed to go. Which was really fun. And then thing about biking from Douglas to Saugatuck, you cross the bridge, there’s kind of swampy land on either side. And I had a bit of a traumatic experience every time I went from Douglas to Saugatuck sometimes. I would be waving my arms above my head like this as I’m speeding, speeding like the Wicked Witch of the West on the bike because there are red winged black birds 9:48 EG: Ok yeah. 9:48 JA: That took up residence, uh particularly on the, what would I say? The west side. And they would dive bomb my head. 9:56 EG: Sure 9:58 JA: Land on my head. So it was a bit traumatic, and I’m waving my hands above my head wildly to try and to veer the blackbirds away, so that sticks in my head, of course, because the, the blackbirds were terrorizing me, so a bit of a downside to biking. But still 10:16 EG: Right, er, passers. I’ve not heard that story, but that’s a great description of passing the bridge 10:20 JA: [laugh] yeah. So. 10:23 EG: Did, primarily bike in the summer I guess then 10:29 JA: Oh yeah. Absolutely. Biked. Yeah. That’s the way to get around, and it gives you independence as a kid to 10:38 EG: For sure. 10:39 JA: That was fun. Parents provided me with a five speed. I don’t know if they even have five speeds anymore, but that was big at the time �10:50 EG: Definitely. That’s good for these hills, good for the, good for some of these hills getting around as well. 10:50 JA: Yeah. Around late 60’s [laugh] yeah 10:54 EG: If you go down to the beach, then you can make it there and back. Yeah 10:59 JA: Uh, one other thing, backing up to the Keewatin, I remembered was at one point, probably pretty early, probably late 60’s they had, they used the life boats off the Keewatin in life boat races. And my mom was on a crew of one of the life boats, and I believe you even tried to, or it was requested if you could try to dress in period type costume if I’m not mistaken. I’m not sure about that. 11:32 EG: I think, I think we have photos that are mentioning it 11:36 JA: Do you? Yes! 11:37 EG: Because I’ve seen those boats, and I’ve wondered what are, what are those? What’s going on? 11:41 JA: Yeah. 11:42 EG: That must what those are, yeah. 11:44 JA: I wonder if it, if it was for a significant Saugatuck event maybe. I’m not, I’m not sure if it was 11:50 EG: Yeah. The centennial 11:52 JA: Centennial, or something like that. So, uh, yeah. My mom was in that along with Carol Frikengust (?) and Frey Whiteman (?), that I remembered. So. Ok. I’m just kind of looking here to see, um, real young memories, I guess anytime in the summer, um, I took swimming lessons when I was maybe 5 or 6 so at Goshorn Lake. Pottawattamie Beach. In that area. So. Um, I don’t know if they do that anymore, but I remember jumping off a dock, and it was sink or swim basically. 12:40 EG: [laugh] 12:44 JA: Um, after you had your little, you know, floating on the shoreline and head in the water and all that, so, uh, but Goshorn Lake and Pottawattamie Beach and course near to that the Dune Scooner (?) rides, taking a Dune Scooner (?) ride. Now those have been around huh, my whole life probably 13:04 EG: A long time, for sure. Yeah. 13:05 JA: [laugh] yeah. So all in that area is a big memory to me. �13:10 EG: Was that something that you did on a regular, like did you do it once a summer basis or if people came to visit or with friends or tell me a little bit about that experience as you remember it. 13:20 JA: Yeah. I think, oh. I, I, was really young at the time, but it really made an impression on me. And, um, the whole mystery surrounding the Singapore. Um, yeah, and a few things about that area. And just going through the dunes at fast speed and sand, so it was really exciting and really fun. I don’t know if we did it so much, but I remember it being pretty significant in my little child 13:50 EG: Yeah 13:50 JA: mind, so 13:53 EG: Yeah. It’s such a strange experience that’s right there. 13:56 JA: yeah 13:57 EG: I mean you wouldn’t know driving through the area that that there’s this lunar landscape almost. This other worldly place 14:03 JA: Yeah. So really interesting. So. That is a little bit of, oh and also I remember, when I was very little, like that age too, my dad took me to Funk’s News Stand, on Butler to get a newspaper and get me a little stretch candy necklace. And so that was a big treat. 14:30 EG: Yeah 14:31 JA: And, um, Funk’s News Stand is no longer there. I recently run into the son of Roscoe Funk, and I forget the wife’s name. Paula. I’m not sure. 14:43 EG: And that was a regular stop. 14:44 JA: Yeah 14:48 EG: What newspaper? The Holland Sentinel? Or Grand Rapids or 14:52 JA: Yeah. Or even the Commercial Record, um possibly too, but I think it would be, my dad would read The Sentinel, the Holland Sentinel, or Grand Rapids Press for sure. So, that was a regular visit. 15:05 EG: You drove over there? From home? 15:08 JA: Yeah. Yup, yeah. So yeah �15:12 EG: How did you, what was the, one thing that is interesting in our interviews is people, the kind of separation, or distinct identities between Douglas and Saugatuck. 15:25 JA: Oh yeah 15:26 EG: Which is true somewhat today, but describe a little bit about that. How often did you go to Saugatuck, uh, what was that? How did you see the differences between those two places 15:38 JA: Yeah. It’s funny, in my organization of thoughts I started putting Saugatuck Douglas Douglas Saugatuck on, on, um topics that were in my mind. So that’s interesting. I should say that, um. And, and thinking about classmates, the classmates that lived in Saugatuck vs the classmates that lived in Douglas, and, um, yeah. That’s kind of a neat thing. Saugatuck was more flashy and, you know, Douglas was a little bit more subdued and, you know reserved like and, not fancy. But you know, Saugatuck was the big place where everything happened. And that’s, that’s what I kind of remember a little bit. We’d go to Saugatuck. It felt almost like I lived in Douglas, but Saugatuck and Douglas were all one as well. We just went to Saugatuck like it was our downtown 16:40 EG: Yeah. Was that on a, would you say on a daily basis. On a couple times a week, or weekly basis. 16:47 JA: Oh, all the time 16:48 EG: Yeah 16:49 JA: Yeah 16:49 EG: Yeah 16:50 JA: It was just like where we lived 16:52 EG: Yeah. 16:52 JA: So yeah. It was pretty neat. Um, I, I have. Let’s see. Some things. Oh. Another young memory was, of course, boating is so huge in the area, with, uh Kalamazoo Lake, and my dad had a small boat. It was a motor boat which could be converted if you put the rudder in and put the mast up and the sail, it could be a sail boat. And we had our little orange life jackets, you know, they were all little orange life jackets back then. And, um, my mom, my dad, myself, and my brother. We’d have our little outing around the lake. So that was a special memory too, and on that side, also Mt. Baldhead of course is big in any Saugatuck and Douglas mind. Uh, going up the stairs. Running down the other side. Walking back to the area. And we’ve had more than one family picnic there, with roasting hot dogs and um having a little picnic by the water at the bottom of Mt. Baldhead’s stairs. So 18:05 EG: yeah. �18:06 JA: That was fun too. Yeah, 18:12 EG: Ok 18:13 JA: I, leading up to jobs that I had in the summer, because once I hit maybe 13, 14, 15, 16, um, jobs came about. Oh, I’m seeing that you had an elementary school thing. Douglas Elementary was very close to a little place called the Tasty Freeze. And that was a big destination of course. And that’s where I found I loved, uh, dipped top cones. Oh baby. That was, that was a treat. So I don’t want to forget Tasty Freeze. 18:50 EG: That’s great. Did you have a favorite? Did you have a favorite combination that 18:56 JA: Well, I always got the dipped top cone. I thought that was amazing how you could have milk chocolate 18:58 EG: Milk chocolate 18:59 JA: On your vanilla ice cream 19:02 EG: Yeah. 19:04 JA: That was fun, um, ok. Let me see what else here. I have memories, think. Uh, oh, I was baptized in the United Methodist Church on Mason and Griffith. So that is a little. It’s still there. So. I know about that. Um 19:27 EG: What, was church a regular, regular routine regular part of life? 19:30 JA: Oh my gosh. Yes. And we had to have gloves and a little purse, and possibly a hat, and little shoes, little Mary-Jane, patent leather probably. Oh. The biggest thing. This is not summer, but in winter time, I had a muff. You know the muff? Where you have a furry little tunnel where you can warm your hands. That, that was for Sunday, so, yeah. It was, that was when I was very young 5, 6. That kind of thing. So. 20:06 EG: And regularly went to church. Whole family? 20:08 JA: Yeah. Pretty much. Yeah. We started in the Saugatuck United Methodist Church. Moved eventually to (?) but up until I was 12, which would have been early 70’s, it was church every Sunday 20:23 EG: Yeah 20:24 JA: That’s how it was 20:24 EG: Yeah. �20:25 JA: Not anymore. So then after that it was not so much, so. Um, yeah. Let’s see. I guess I will go into jobs. Oh wait. There used to be a tennis court in Douglas. I’m kind of jumping all over 20:50 EG: You talked about that today 20:53 JA: yeah 20:53 EG: That’s all right. There’s no, uh, formula for this. There was the conversation we had this morning with another person about the tennis courts that were 20:54 JA: Um, oh did you? Yeah. My sister and I were there. Now there’s just a play park where it used to be I think, but my sister and I would go there and just lob, volley, whatever you call it, back and forth and that was a fun thing to do in the summer too, is the tennis court. 21:17 EG: Yeah. Tell us a little bit about for the folks listening to this down the line about your family, so your mom, you mentioned your mom and dad, your sister 21:27 JA: Yup 21:27 EG: Kind of say a little bit about that 21:29 JA: Ok. Uh, I’m the oldest, um, 3 years later was my brother, Dave, and then ten years later, or seven after my brother was my sister, Laura. And my brother was, um, mentally handicapped you could say or developmentally challenged, or however you want to word it. So that was a big impact on our family. My sister, she also went to Douglas Elementary and Saugatuck High School, and she graduated ten years after I did in 1989, so, yeah. So that’s kind of the makeup of our family, and a lot of the focus on my brother, which impacted the family quite a bit too. And he like to escape, run, drive his little car, or walking on foot, and I remember people in the area guiding him back home again, so. Um, that was kind of what was happening with us at the time 22:42 EG: yeah. But it, it sounds like a supportive community. Through all that 22:28 JA: Yeah. Yeah. Yeah 22:51 EG: That kind of village culture. 22:52 JA: Yeah. Yeah. Pretty much. I mean, we didn’t have a lot of neighbors at the time, but yeah, there were some helpful ones there so yeah. So, ok. I think maybe I will just touch on some jobs I had. My first job, very significant landmark in the area, I worked at Anchor Park. Have you heard of Anchor Park and the Island Queen? 23:28 EG: Yes. 23:30 JA: I was, that was that was the first of the paddle wheel, paddle wheel boats of the area. �Um, owned by Dick Hoffman, Dick and Debbie Hoffman and their kids, Tom, Annie, who was in my class, and Kate. And I was a crew. I think I was the one person crew for the island queen for pushing off and docking, so that was a big thing, going out into the lake 24:06 EG: Yeah. So you were on the boat. 24:08 JA: Yeah the whole time. I, I would even steer a little, bit so that was fun 24:10 EG: Yeah. 24:12 JA: I thought the world of Dick Hoffman. 24:13 EG: And you were about 14? You said. 24:15 JA: 13 and 14 I did it two years. The second year I had a little lemonade stand on the top deck. So that was fun [laugh] 24:24 EG: [laugh] 24:25 JA: And I remember, um, there were charter trips where big groups would rent the boat, and we’d go out to the basin, the area just before the lake, and go out into the channel. And they would get off the boat and have their parties or whatever, and Mr. Hoffman and I, there were mosquitoes galore. This was summer time 24:49 EG: yeah 24:50 JA: Beach water. 24:50 EG: It’s a marsh 24:51 JA: We’d hide under his military olive green wool blankets to keep from the mosquitoes. While everyone else was having a high old time we were trying to take a nap until they would all come back. So that sticks in 25:05 EG: Oh my goodness 25:07 JA: My mind, um, also with anchor park, they had not only the Island Queen, but they had mini golf. They had paddle boat rentals. Canoe rentals. I don’t know that they even had kayaks at the time. That’s probably a newer thing from the sixties 25:21 EG: Yeah. Probably 25:22 JA: Early seventies. They had darts and, um, Debby Hoffman, she was a wild one, and there was a boat, a large yacht that had a mermaid on the bow, that, they, you know the owners of this boat, they didn’t care. The mermaid was wide open in all her chest full glory and Debbie Hoffman didn’t really think that that was appropriate. And she got an idea that we were going to �take a bucket of red paint, a paint brush, myself and her daughter Kate, in the night with a flash light. We paddled all out to the mermaid on the front of this yacht and painted a bra on the mermaid. [laugh] So the mermaid was now acceptable, and we paddled back and Kate still remembers that. And that was oh, we were very stealthy, and we thought “Oh my gosh, is anybody going to catch us?” But you know nobody caught us. We got away with it, and the mermaid had a bra, so all was well with the world 26:40 EG: Was there, that’s an amazing story. Was there, was there any reaction to that? Did you wake up, this was in the night time? Was there, was there moon light so you could navigate across the water? 26:51 JA: Well we brought a flashlight. It wasn’t too far away from the park so we just paddled in the night and did our thing and that’s a memory 27:01 EG: Right. No reaction, no reaction. At the dis, at the discovery of this 27:02 JA: No, not, no. No. Unfortunately, it would have been good because I would have known we did that, so. 27:09 EG: yeah. Yeah. 27:11 JA: But it was fun. Um, so yeah. That was one of my jobs. That was my first job. And, uh, learning about 27:20 EG: How, how did you get that job? Was that just through, through your friend? 27:23 JA: Oh, no. I got that job, my mom and dad played volleyball at Saugatuck High School. I believe it was with Dick and/or Debbie Hoffman. And they must have gotten the word out that they had a need for the Island Queen and I remember my mom coming home and saying “Jean, how would you like a little job? I’ve heard that they could use somebody to help with the Island Queen.” And voila 27:55 EG: Yeah. That was it. That’s how it happened. 27:56 JA: That was it. And that really taught me a love for water, for boats, um, to this day I love it, so, um, you know, what you’re close to in your childhood. Just goes to show you what a long lasting impact it has. So, the area, the water, the boats. So yeah. It’s part of me. Yeah. So, um a little bit about Douglas, speaking of fun little stories, Douglas Beach, we went to Douglas Beach more than we went to the Oval Beach. Um, living in Douglas in particular, and just because it’s a little quieter, little more serene and, um, my dad chose Douglas Beach. And if you go to Douglas Beach there is usually a big rock. Huge rock. Either on the shore or in the water a little bit depending on the year and, um, the circumstances. But my dad proposed marriage to my mom on that rock. 29:10 EG: [laugh] �29:11 JA: So that is very significant too. So I always look at that rock and think about that. And later down the road I, I had my little swimming suit on and my mom, I think, took a little photo shoot, and I was on the proposal rock, um, getting pictures that I was there too, and so, that’s fun. Something like that, that will always stand there. Go to the Douglas Beach, see the rock and remember that 29:40 EG: Right. Right. Proposal Rock 29:42 JA: Yeah. Yeah. 29:43 EG: That’s a good name for that, that spot 29:44 JA: I don’t know anyone else that did that but, um, 29:48 EG: Yeah. They should. 29:50 JA: Yeah. 29:50 EG: Great idea. 29:51 JA: Um, we didn’t go to the beach in Saugatuck, but when we did, I loved to, or it was kind of a tradition to walk out to the pier and back from Oval Beach. That was a big thing, um, and I don’t know if it’s still, um, that way, but when I was younger, childhood time, I didn’t want to look to my right because there may be nude gentlemen in the dunes that don’t care whether someone sees them or not. So I remember not wanting to look to my right as I was going north along the shoreline 30: 35 EG: Right. Yeah. 30:36 JA: To the pier. That was, that was a little significant memory. Because that was already the gay population kind of staking their claim at the time to that area and doing what they wanted to do. 30:48 EG: Do- do finding out about that? I mean do you remember being warned about that? Or was it kind of self-evident when you went out there? 30:56 JA: Yeah 30:56 EG: Were there signs and things and tents and things, right? 30:59 JA: Oh there were bodies 31:02 EG: Yeah. You couldn’t miss it is what you’re saying? 31:02 JA: [laugh] �31:04 EG: [laugh] 31:08 JA: So then that’s uh, a little memory that stands out 31:10 EG: What was, what was some of the reactions to that among your, among your friends or family or neighbors? Or what was your recollection of that? 31:18 JA: Yeah. It, it was kind of well known. It was just kind of a given, but I felt a little embarrassed. 31:25 EG: It wasn’t hostility toward them from other people necessarily 31:30 JA: I guess there might have been some, but I think as a rule we here in Saugatuck and Douglas—yeah! 31:34 EG: Said live and let live. Yeah 31:38 JA: Why not? That’s one of the great things about this area 31:40 EG: just avert your avert your eyes. 31:41 JA: Yeah! Right! If you don’t like it don’t look 31:41 EG: If you don’t like—there—there’s other beaches you can go to. Yeah. 31:47 JA: [laugh] but or just carry on with your own business. And they’re free to do what they want to do was kind of the attitude 31:52 EG: Yeah. 31:53 JA: Yeah. It’s good. I like it. I did, as matter of fact, work at the beach house on a summer. Speaking of going into jobs 32:04 EG: Ok. Yeah. 32:05 JA: So, um, in the concession stand with the hotdogs and the hamburgers and the chips. 32:10 EG: Right. 32:10 JA: and pop and, um, did that, um, I happen to remember that, um, nothing 32:15 EG: Was, was that a fun job? 32:18 JA: It was a fun job. Of course. I mean, you see everybody and all the beach goers, and that’s a lot of fun �32:27 EG: Yeah. What were your hours like when you worked out there? Was it part of the day? The whole day? Sun up to sundown? Late at or 32:34 JA: Oh, um, yeah, it wasn’t extensive hours. It seems like maybe it was 11-4 or something like that 32:43 EG: Mmhm. Kind of a lunch. Kind of a lunch 32:44 JA: Yeah. 32:45 EG: Crowd. Afternoon snack. 32:46 JA: yeah. So that was kind of fun. And that was the beach house before the current one. Now we have the nice modern one. This was the old, maybe there are pictures of the old beach house out there so, yeah. The beach house. That was 33:05 EG: What did you —how many people worked there with you? 33:08 JA: Um, a couple I think. Don Treckingust (?) I remember worked, um, he was just a class below me. We worked together and, another one. So someone as at the front and someone was doing the burgers and it was a lot of fun. 33:25 EG: How, how old were you at that point? 33:27 JA: Oh, I think I was around 16, 15, 16, in there. Maybe 15. So, just a teenager 33:35 EG: Yeah. That sounds like a great teenaged job 33:38 JA: [laugh] I know! There were great jobs! 33:42 EG: Good nostalgia for them 33:43 JA: One that was not so great, or a couple of jobs actually. One job, uh, Timberline Motel, which I think is now the Starlight or something crazy like that. But Timberline Motel was owned by, um, parents of a classmate of mine. Debbie Clem. Her parents. And I thought I was going to be a maid at the Timberline Motel with my girlfriend and her family. Well, I found out very quickly I don’t want to clean bathrooms and make beds during a summer. That is not my idea of fun. So we crossed that off, 34: 24 EG: [laugh] 34:24 JA: And I think that might have been a week. My duration of maid at Timberline Motel. [laugh] Also, uh, waitress, when I was about 16 at a place called the Cousin’s Kitchen. Oh my word. I’m not cut out for top organization and you need pancakes, and you need a muffin, and you need butter over there, and syrup over there. This was probably a six table restaurant, and it just blew my 16-year-old mind. �34:55 EG: Yeah. 34:56 JA: This Cousin’s Kitchen, I think was in the, um, Peder Gallery. In the southern most section of the Peder Gallery they had a little breakfast lunch place. I should have been able to handle it but I, j, oh. It’s painful to this day, and I, I have had nightmares of waitressing the Cousin’s Kitchen restaurant 35:23 EG: Sounds like a humbling experience [laugh] 35:26 JA Yes. No waitressing, but that was another job trial. Um, of a teenager in the Saugatuck Douglas area. Um, got that, then when I was older, moved out after graduating. I worked at a little shop called Brigadoon. This was probably 1979, 80. And it was at the height of preppy-dom. And we specialized in monogramed sweaters. And I think they might even be coming back now decades later. So yeah. Polo Shirts. You know, um, whales on your pants, um, patchwork, madris (?), and all that. And we had customers interestingly enough that we would send products out to Chicago, to St. Louis, to Kansas City, um, just shows you how far reaching the visitors were that came to Saugatuck, shopped, and wanted things sent out to, back to their homes. So, that was interesting. Um, also, I worked at Carl Gables as a coat check girl for the old Crowe during the height of Disco time. So I thought I was born a little too late. I should have been born a few years earlier because there were all the Disco dresses and Disco suits going through, and I was missing it. I was a coat check girl, being 18. 37:10 EG: yeah 37:10 JA: I don’t, I couldn’t, I don’t believe I could get into the bar. But I could check coats 37:16 EG: Right 37:17 JA: So yeah. That was another little stint of mine. Coral Gables. 37:23 EG: Yeah. Now was this, was this a summer job? Was this, yeah. 37:26 JA: Oh, summer job, and July? 37:30 EG: Yeah 37:30 JA: Packed. Woo. Coral Gables was the kind of center of everything. Boats 37:37 EG: Even in, even in the late 70’s? I should say even, but in this moment we’re talking the late 1970’s or early 1980’s. Yeah 37:45 JA: Mm. Oh yeah. 37:47 EG: This was a dis- And Disco �37:48 JA: Yeah 37:49 EG: Disco. Disco came 37:50 JA: [laugh] can you believe it? 37:51 EG: In, in Saugatuck 37:52 JA: I know 37:53 EG: Yeah 37:54 JA: Hard to believe. It was really fun 37:55 EG: Well, do you have any particular customers or people, or types of people you saw coming and going in, in those places? 38:04 JA: Oh, well, of course. The few that were especially inebriated, but I don’t know any names. There weren’t any celebrities 38:11 EG: Oh, you don’t have to name names 38:14 JA: [laugh] 38:14 EG: just, I’m just thinking what, what people wore or or, 38:17 JA: Oh yeah 38:18 EG: Or kind of just the dynamics. The vibe 38:21 JA: Oh. Well, I mean, there were long lines to get in, and it was just, fun. People watching and seeing what they wear and the music blaring. And you know, visitors all over, and boats and people coming off their boats, and oh my gosh, it was just, it was the place. You know. El Forno (?) if you wanted fine dining, Old Crowe downstairs, the Rats kellar (?). So, um, it was fun to work there. 38:54 EG: It was kind of resort. Studio 54 38:56 JA: [laugh] 38:56 EG: On the Kalamazoo River 38:58 JA: Exactly. Yes. It was a lot of fun. Loved it, so, um, yeah 39:04 EG: Did you just work there the one summer? �39:06 JA: The one, the one summer 39:08 EG: Yeah. 39:08 JA: Yep. Yup. Um. Oh, another fun thing that people do at that time, in the summer, is play golf. At the time, at one time we had 3 golf courses. We had the Myro (?) which went with a motel, which had a huge, larger than life, very memorable, horse on its back two legs. Reared up. A white horse. I’ll never forget it. That was quite a landmark. 39:35 EG: This was at, this was the Myro Hotel? 39:37 JA: Myro Motel. Yeah 39:40 EG: OK 39:41 JA: At the intersection of the Blue star high way and the 130th or Wiley Road. And there is, there is still. I think it’s the Dunes Inn. 39:50 EG: Ok. So that same area 39:51 JA: Yeah. Same area. So there was an associated small golf course there, and of course the west shore, I believe it’s the West Shore golf course. Uh, with the Wick’s family ran that. And now that’s done and houses are going up and uh, and of course Clear Brook. So. Golfing, golfing is a big thing, and with friends 40:16 EG: Did you, did you spend time golfing then 40:20 JA: I did, but this was kind later on, but a fun summer activity that people gravitated back to Saugatuck for, even when I moved from the area to the Holland area um, I’d come back with my friends to the Saugatuck and Douglas area to hit the golf courses. So that was another draw to the area. Which was fun. Oh, and another big draw to the area which I’m sad to see go is Red Barn theater. Did anyone talk about Red Barn Theater? 40:48 EG: A fair amount. Yeah. Yeah, but tell us, tell us some of your experiences there. 40:49 JA: Yeah. That was, that was special. Yeah, in the summer time, uh, seeing a production there was, was, great, and we had big names coming from Chicago, and maybe New York even, uh, as guests. 41:04 EG: Yeah 41:05 JA: And seeing the production. And it was like our own Broadway, right here in Saugatuck Douglas and 41:13 EG: Such a unique setting I understand as well. Describe it, a little bit of that. Of the experience of going to the theater itself �41:18 JA: Oh. 41:19 EG: What the theater was like 41:20 JA: Yeah. I mean it wasn’t fancy. Just a barn. But, um, you know, you go in and they have little tables set up. They’d usually have little drinks, little snacks available, and um, oh, so, you’d go in and, um, it’s rather rinky dink. Right, but it’s magical because there it is. It’s a stage and production, and I wonder if I saw Harvey there. I think I may have seen Harvey, as one, but I have seen probably a handful of productions over my lifetime and that was always very special, and I’m sorry to see it go. Like, oh, darn. But a really good memory. Um, so, um, but going back to Saugatuck, um, the women’s club in Saugatuck was, I like, I like dancing. Hence I was by the Coral Gable’s Old Crowe. I liked dancing. And in the women’s club, the summer of 79 probably or 80, George and Joanne Gallis (?) who were famous for their dancing, held dance lessons in the women’s club in Saugatuck, and I, that’s where I first, uh, got exposed to ballroom dancing. And loved it. Loved them. I think Nicky, their daughter, is still in the area, and um, dancing’s always kind of been a thing with me and my name is also kind of known as Jean, Jean, the dancing machine. So that was part of it [laugh] 43:11 EG: [laugh] 43:11 JA: My teen years I loved to dance at the high school and then ballroom dance. And the dancing at the Coral Gables well, bi-curiously 43:23 EG: Right. You really did. I can understand the context for your comment about the disco 43:23 JA: yeah... [laugh] yeah. It was like oh 43:32 EG: That, and that moment passed as well 43:34 JA: yeah 43:34 EG: Disco didn’t live, didn’t last long enough 43:38 JA: yeah 43:39 EG: It sounds like. 43:40 JA: Exactly. 43:41 EG: yeah 43:42 JA: Um, also in Saugatuck I remember Lloyd J. Harris Pine company. My dad, every Christmas, ordered mince pies, which are kind of an unusual pie. Not your standard. And, uh, always Lloyd J. Harris and of course, now that’s the location for the Center of the Arts. So, um, �memories about that and having a manufacturing plant right in Saugatuck was kind of like whoa. Wow. So. 44:14 EG: Did you have any family or friends that worked there? 44:18 JA: Uh, no. Not, not anyone I knew. It seemed like it was more, almost, I’m not sure if this is right, but my impression of it was that it was more of uh, almost like a migrant or Hispanic, you know Mexican, kind of population that worked there. Maybe from Fennville area or something like that. It seemed to me. It didn’t seem to me like very many locals worked there. 44:48 EG: Like friends from high school or recent graduates. Not those people at all 44:52 JA: mm mm. Nobody I really knew or knew of worked there. And so my impression of it was that people outside of Saugatuck Douglas worked there. So that was interesting. Um. Yeah. Um, oh, another thing I don’t know if anyone else has mentioned, but there used to be a teen center that was open in the summer time where the Douglas Library is right now. 45:24 EG: So at the center across the street you mean? Or the 45:28 JA: yeah 45:29 EG: Yeah? Ok. 45:30 JA: Yea. So. Um, we had basketball in there. And just games and, um, Margaret Longshore was the one that kind of spearheaded that. And I always remember that, and I still see her at, uh gatherings of friends. 45:45 EG: Yeah. No kidding. What were, what were some of the other things you enjoyed doing there? Specifically. Hanging out with friends. Meeting with people 45:54 JA: Just kind of hanging out. Yeah. It was a place to call our own. And for teens that’s that’s kind of a big thing 46:00 EG: Did they have music there? Or TV? 46:02 JA: Oh music. There was dancing. We have a theme here 46:03 EG: Yeah. Ok. There we go [laugh] 46:07 JA: [laugh] So it was funny. It was called The PITS. And that was an acronym. P-I-T-S. And I cannot for the life of me remember what that stood for, but I’m going to have to ask Margaret when I see her next 46:23 EG: Yeah. Was that open year round? Or mostly summer? 46:27 JA: No. It was more of a summery thing �46:30 EG: Yeah. Ok. 46:30 JA: So, and it was like a big gymnasium inside before they turned it into a library so. It was, it was fun for the kids to hang out. Friends and so, yeah. Ok. Wow. Believe it or not my gosh, we’re, I think I’m out of time. I 46:52 EG: You must, you had some great material here 46:54 JA: I’m out. yeah. 46:54 EG: For sure. 46:57 JA: Believe it or not I think I hit on, on most of it 46:58 EG: Some uh, some great memories there. Few, a few things kind of tying that together or coming out of that, some of the things you said, so you had these jobs. You worked at the beach. You worked at the Coral Gables. On the Island Queen. What was it like growing up here as someone who lived their whole life in Douglas, and then this kind of influx of people from other places. What was that, what was the experience like? 47:25 JA: Oh. Yeah. It, it kind of felt like an invasion in the summer time actually. And, you know the store, which was Taft’s at the time would be bombarded. And grocery items would disappear because we have an influx of, of purchasing going on and, oh, there’s no parking which also led the benefits of biking, and um, just a big onset of hustle and bustle uh, in the summer time. Which has its fun aspects. The bustle and the people and the fun, but also it took away from, our being local and living there, took away our peace and our calmness of living in this relatively small village at the time. Um, locale, so it wasn’t always a welcome feeling. It was “Oh, here they come from Chicago, and Missouri, and Indiana, and Ohio,” and you at Douglas Beach, uh cars parked and um, people in for the summer, and you just look at all the license plates and see where everyone’s from. You know, all over. But primarily Indiana, Illinois, Ohio. Rounding Wisconsin. That kind of thing 48:57 EG: Did, did you have friends? Or did your friends living here have friends, family that they knew came back on a regular basis? Did you develop friends over, you know, that came seasonally? Or not so much? 49:08 JA: Oh. Um, gosh. I, what comes to mind is Brigadoon. And I don’t, I think I was only there one year, but there were familiar faces who were visitors, um, and we catered to them and knew them by name. Um, and they were not local. A lot of non-locals that, because I worked in local business, I was friends with them of course. And they were regulars and got to know them a little bit. Yeah. 49:46 EG: So yeah. So it was part of the excitement, but also brought its own baggage 49:51 JA: Yeah, pluses and minuses really but, like with anything. �49:57 EG: Do you have any sense of change over your childhood? This is kind of maybe a difficult thing to understand, because you’re developing see the world differently, but any sense of change in the community around that? Over the time period 50:10 JA: Oh my gosh. 50:11 EG: As you were growing up? 50:12 JA: Yes. What was sad to see was the unstoppable development going on in the past few decades as I’ve been away to, and just as I was leaving. Condos, condos, condos, condos, development and really taking away our quaint, small town, um, feel. With all these condos, that, to me in my mind, came to outsiders. Not really to locals as much and, so of course that was disheartening, and of course the struggle over the Dennison property and the Dunes and the Padnos, I, in-interest in that land and the development. As locals, I think that generally we could say we like our, our, our peace, and our calm and our small time feel, and we, I feel, resistant to any invasion of development and, um, it seems like it’s, of course it’s greed for money. It seems like and we suffer for it. They build and hopefully people will come. And it’s all about money, um, we suffer because it, losing what we want for ourselves and our environment. 51:44 EG: Yeah. So something you mentioned, you mentioned about the Keewatin and just the visible landscape right, and just the visible landscape of looking out there. And certainly the development just looks, to see that the development of those condos and things. 51:56 JA: Oh, yeah. 51:58 EG: It really has changed the visual landscape. 51:59 JA: Oh, big time. Yeah. Unfortunately 52:00 EG: Other, other changes. Just think about, you know as you were talking about Disco in the late 1970’s and high school and into the 1980’s. Uh, and you mentioned the dunes earlier, that area of town. What do you remember about the reaction to, uh, LGBT folks in Saugatuck Douglas? And maybe the dunes specifically which opened right in, right in those years? 52:35 JA: Hm. 52:37 EG: If, if anything. If anything stands out to you. 52:38 JA: Yeah. You know, there the first inkling of that type of thing, way back when, it must have been early 60’s is probably what others have talked about, I hope, is a place called the Blue Tempo or something like that 52:57 EG: Yeah �52:59 JA: I remember that, and that was a little bit of, I don’t know. Would you call it den of iniquity maybe? Or something going on. I knew that was something, woo, outside of the norm a little bit out there. Um, unusual things going on. I was very young. In the 60’s 53:17 EG: Right 53:17 JA: I was just a young child, but I remember that place 53:20 EG: Or people talking about it at least 53:21 JA: Yeah. 53:22 EG: Having reactions to that 53:23 JA: Yeah. That, that, that was hmm. And um, so I don’t have a lot of clarity on that because I was so young when that was happening. That’s my first exposure to something alternative to your normal, accepted, uh, standard lifestyle going on, so. But I think, I think it gave me, it opened my mind. That this is ok. Because of Saugatuck Douglas and its acceptance and that group, um, feeling comfortable in this area. Coming to this area and putting, frankly, a lot of money in this area. And improving the area. And, uh, embracing the arts. And embracing class and elegance, and really kind of doing good things for the area I think. So. That’s been a good thing. Live and let live and they have made a lot of contributions to the area, which I appreciate. 54: 37 EG: Yeah, yeah for sure. Yeah. I was just interested, thinking about the, the kind of timing of that. The reaction and being in high school 54:44 JA: Yeah 54:46 EG: And one way or another. But not really 54:49 JA: No 54:49 EG: Not all that remarkable 54:51 JA: Not, not 54:51 EG: Like the beach, it’s kind of like the beach story. Let people do their thing right? 54:55 JA: [laugh] yeah! It’s, it’s a good thing 54:48 EG: Do you remember much of being, just being a teenager, being a high school student. Were there, yeah, what was that like? What was the culture of high school, Saugatuck High School like in the 1970’s, late 1970’s? �55:10 JA: mm. Well, I what really stands out, one big thing is there was the old high school, and then there was the new high school. And the old high school, I was, um able to go. I was, um, 7th grade, which it was a 7th, 8th, and up high school, I went to 7th grade in the old high school. I was the last class to come in and to go there before they, they built the new high school. So um, I was really glad to have that experience. And there’s still cement steps that were put in place for the students to go back and forth to that high school yet. So that’s kind of a nice remnant of what was. Um, and the new high school was 8th through 12th. And that was where I spent most of the time, and it was very exciting to be in a brand new high school. Very modern, uh, lots of sports going on. I did track, I, I was a little bit of an outsider. I, I got along with other groups, but I kind of had a group of outsiders in a way, um, Wendy Strum. Steve Wa, and myself, and, so, um, I was the MC for the pep rallies. I was actually, strangely enough and maybe not, the senior class president for my class. So. What do you know? [laugh] 56:53 EG: How is this just coming up now? You should have started right there. 56:54 JA: I know. Yeah 56:57 EG: Yeah 56:59 JA: Yeah, so I, I was, I usually ran the dances at high school. You know. Because I was Jean, Jean the dancing machine, and the music, and we’d have music in the cafetorium. That was a new catch phrase at the time. We ate there, we had dances there, we had 57:19 EG: How, how often were those? How often did, every week or? 57:20 JA: Yeah. With the football season, it was at the time and um, pep rallies in the gymnasium. That was me on the microphone 57:29 EG: Firing up the crowd 57:30 JA: [laugh] Fired up and ready to go. Woo 57:37 EG: All the, all the, all of that. 57:39 JA: Yeah. Making posters. The whole thing 57:42 EG: What, what kind of dances? What kind of music were you all listening to? 57:48 JA: Oh yeah. Well 57:52 EG: Was Disco, was there any tension, was there a disco vs. 57:54 JA: Yeah, vs Rock. You know, we had Boston, and the Cars, and Led Zeppelin, and but what I liked was Michael Jackson, and I could pretty much cut a good robot in my day, so um, so, we had a variety. Had to have a variety of music, but I was more of the dancey, discoy, �because I was trying to get in on that. Because at the time, that was the disco time when I was in high school. So I’m trying to recreate that on a high school level. The dances 58:34 EG: yeah. Was that successful? Did you have followers? 58:36 JA: Yeah, somewhat. I mean, we had a variety of music. But there were a lot of hard rock people too, so. Yeah. So there you go 58:50 EG: So high school life. Um, graduated 58:57 JA: Yeah 58:58 EG: Left, left the area 58:59 JA: Senior trip we should say 59:00 EG: Senior trip. Talk about that. Yeah 59:03 JA: Senior trip. That was a summery deal. We went to Daytona Beach, Florida. [laugh] so 59:07 EG: [laugh] 59:08 JA On a bus, on a school bus with, I don’t know how we had music playing, but we did. And that’s where I remember the Cars and Boston and that type of music 59:20 EG: So you took a school bus from Saugatuck, Michigan to Daytona, Florida 59:21 JA: Yes. Can you believe it? 59:25 EG: How long did that take? 59:27 JA: Way long. Really long. 59:29 EG: Really, I mean that would by car that would be like 20 plus hours. Days. 59:34 JA: Yeah. So, I don’t know. We were on a budge obviously. 59:39 EG: Clearly 59:39 JA: Yeah. Yeah. 59:40 EG: No air conditioning? 59:41 JA: No. No you know we were �59:44 EG: This was in, this was in May or June when school got out 59:47 JA: Yeah. Yeah. So, um, at, well, oh boy that was fun. Um, once we were down there on the beach in our bathing suits, and the, the gift shops, and oh probably a little, you know, less than ideal behavior happening. Um, I was pretty, pretty goody two shoes you could say, but I know there was an all, not everyone was. 1:00:18 EG: This is in a, to compare with some earlier time periods we asked people too, and I’ll ask you, you know what sort of shenanigans were pulled? Did people get into? Maybe not yourself, but other people that you were high school with? I mean, what was, or didn’t they much, was there much, was there much issues with, and you don’t have to name any names or say anything you don’t want to share, but, uh, you know. Parties. Run ins with the law. 1:00:49 JA: [laugh] yeah. Oh no. 1:00:50 EG: Pranks. 1:00:50 JA: I guess I don’t know a whole lot of that because that was, that was not my circle. I wasn’t a real bad girl. I was kind of a good girl, which, eh, so that doesn’t lend to a whole lot of exciting, stories, but that’s what I got. 1:01:05 EG: all right. That’s totally fine. Yeah. Um, thinking kind of, you commented on a little bit on things that since have changed over time that you really valued about the community. Hopes for, hopes for the future of, of the community; looking ahead 1:01:30 JA: Oh, well, probably just continuing with the thought of, um, guarding against more development and preserving the quality of the area. And the, um, oh. What, oh, how do I want to say it. Preserving the good parts, the best things about the area. Not losing that to the greed and the development that I think probably continually pushes in on the area from someone trying to make a buck from our wonderful little Saugatuck Douglas area. We want to, we want to keep it wonderful. And, and the dunes area, and the environment, and preserving that because that is a real treasure. So yeah. Those are the two biggest things, I think. 1:02:30 EG: yeah. For sure. So, last, last question I like to ask, penultimate question, uh, we’re doing these interviews so they’ll be saved for a long time. Uh, imagine someone listening to this 50 plus years from now. That’s a long time. 2068 1:02:48 JA: [gasp] wow. 1:02:48 EG: You know, uh, what would you like them to know about your life and about the community, as you’ve experienced it? 1:02:58 JA: Hm. Yeah. Well, wow. Yeah. Somebody in the future. What do they need to know? Well, I, I would hope that it would still be similar. That they, the water would be a big aspect of it, the, the work of the area, and the inspiration of the area on artists. That’s really, I hope that is still going on. And that was a big part of it now. Um, and hopefully they can enjoy �the dunes. And enjoy the water, and still, I’m hoping that the elements that make Saugatuck Douglas so special are still intact and still able to be enjoyed and treasured. It’s like, oh, I’m getting, [laugh] 1:03:56 EG: [laugh] It’s powerful, it’s powerful stuff right? The sense of place here is so strong. I’ve got to ask you one more question to kind of follow up on that. Thinking about art, we didn’t touch on this at all, but growing up here, all of your experiences, kind of on the Kalamazoo and in this area, uh, what was your awareness of or any interaction you had with Oxbow or artists that came here? Uh, yeah 1:04: 24 JA: Well that’s a significant place is Oxbow, and it’s kind of a secret society art place, art school in a way. I mean, it’s not main stream. I mean, everybody kind of knows about it. Although they always have a wild representation in the parades for holidays, but, um, yeah. That’s pretty significant that that was established here in this area. Which accounts for the inspiration of this area to artists 1:04:57 EG: Yeah, do, do you remember much out of it, I mean what did you notice growing up. Particularly different states, as someone who grew up here, from childhood through adolescence and teenaged years. Do you have, do you have early memories of it, or was it just kind of always mysterious place? 1:05:17 JA: Yeah, memories but also you could drive through it and see some of the buildings, went through it. I don’t know that I knew anybody that attended there. It seemed like it was kind of an outsider um thing, that came locally to study there and be a part of Saugatuck in that way. So, um, but art has been a big part of this area. And here we are, sitting in a room full of artwork and watching dunes, so it’s kind of perfect, but um, art fairs, art shows. Always a big part of Saugatuck, and um, artists in the area. I mean, that’s huge. That’s how you, that’s a big descriptive of Saugatuck. So. 1:06:08 EG: Yeah. Anything, anything else in your notes that’s come up that you want to share that I haven’t asked you about? 1:06:15 JA: Yeah, well, one thing I mentioned last night, um, that just speaks kind of to the pride of being from here as a fact, like I said last night, when somebody asks where are you from, and I say Saugatuck, and they say “oh, wow? You’re from Saugatuck? That’s great. That must have been wonderful to group up in a place like that,” So the reputation of Saugatuck wherever I go, and they find out where I’m from, they have a positive, um, impression of Saugatuck. That it is a wonderful place to be, to visit, and someone at the time said she had responses of “You actually live there?” Because I think it’s a lot of understanding that this is a resort town, and we just have visitors come in, but, um, yeah, there are locals. There are native Saugatuck and Douglas people. And I was born in Douglas Community Hospital. So I am truly of the area 1:07:31 EG: Legitimate. Exactly legitimate Douglas, Doug, Douglas person �1:07:36 JA: Yeah, and Dad delivered me actually. Dr. Hayes is my dad. I should mention that. He was a prominent physician in this little area so 1:07:48 EG: Right, yeah, we didn’t, somehow skipped over that. Family connections. I can’t believe I didn’t circle back to that. 1:07:49 JA: Well you did ask me. I didn’t mention that so yeah. He set up a practice I think in 19, 1959, 1960. In that area. In Douglas actually. 1:08:00 EG: Is that, is that how your family came to this community? Was he from here? 1:08:07 JA: No. He wasn’t from here, but he went to Flint for his residency, I believe, and um, came to explore Michigan and really appreciated the coast line and the water. Considered Petoskey and maybe a couple others. And settled on Saugatuck Douglas, so. 1:08:30 EG: Where had he gone to school before coming to Flint? 1:08:33 JA: Uh, he was in Ohio. Ohio State. That, that system in, originally born in Kansas, so completely out of the Michigan area, but his residency took him here and he fell in love with Michigan, so. And my mom is an RN, and they met at Holland Hospital, and they settled here and the rest is history. [laugh] 1:09:02 EG: yeah. [laugh] Well this has been a wonderful interview. It was so great 1:09:05 JA: Oh, well thank you, Eric. I appreciate you having me, and your time 1:09:09 EG: That’s great 1:09:09 JA: I appreciate. Thank you 1:09:10 EG: That’s wonderful, well, all right. Thanks so much for, for your time, and, uh, this concludes the interview. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-ArnoldJ-20181004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arnold, Jeanmarie Hays Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-10-04 Title A name given to the resource Jeanmarie Hays Arnold (Audio interview and transcript), 2018 Description An account of the resource Jean Arnold describes growing up Douglas with many memories of various jobs she held as a teenager. She also describes her encounters with the LGBT community in the 70's Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gollannek, Eric (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Beaches Sailing Oral history Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Documenting the Histories of Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas, Kutsche Office of Local History Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1b64f55a7dbd7dc7175438b0a9709c80.mp4 865c0169efff1f1c763542b8b6293b15 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef13599ed0c98ada1c77d1bd4a3b3787.pdf 634482ef9c7f81791b753a0c9a998049 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University All American Girls Professional Baseball League Veterans’ History Project Interviewee’s Name: Lou Arnold Interviewer: “Lou can you start out by telling us a little bit about yourself, for instance, where and when were you born?” I was born in Pawtucket Rhode Island in 1925-May 11, 1925. Interviewer: “They have you in the book as being born in 1923?” I mean 1923. Interviewer: “Just checking on it. That will be the one time I can catch you up on something probably. You were born in 1923 and did you grow up on Pawtucket or did you grow up somewhere else?” I’m the thirteenth child and that’s why my numbers thirteen on my uniform. I was born in Rhode Island, Pawtucket and grew up in Rhode Island. Interviewer: “What did your family do for a living?” My father, at one time, had a cemetery. I don’t know what you call it, but he took care of it and people that came to be buried and my mother never worked. My father also taught a wood working school for a while. 1:12 Interviewer: “Was he able to keep his job through the depression?” No, as a matter of fact we lost our home during the depression. You know I was young then and I had all the kids in the neighborhood come over and I said,” We got a red flag on our house, we got a red flag on our house”. We didn’t know, my mother went to New York and we had no idea and that’s what it was, they were auctioning it off—yeah, that’s something to remember. Interviewer: “Did you stay in Pawtucket and just live somewhere else?” No, I stayed in Pawtucket and I played softball. I played softball for the “Opit Milk Maids” and we won the championship in softball and we changed it to different names like the “Townies” and different names, but they were all farm gals but myself. 1:59 Interviewer: “How did you hook up with them? How did you wind up playing for them?” They were playing at the ball park one night and we went to see them and my brother-in law’s brother was there and he said, “Lou, you ought to get in and play ball with them”, 1 �and I said, “oh, I don’t know, I just pick-up”, so I went—not to the tryout, but to the team, to try with the team and I played shortstop since the first time I went. 2:21 Interviewer: “All right, had you been playing a lot just around the neighborhood before?” No, not too much, but I had a brother who use to pitch to me and I played catch with my brother, but that team—I think I was fourteen or fifteen when I started on that team and I stayed with that team. Interviewer: “You stayed with that team. Now did they pay you?” No, it was just an amateur thing, but one thing we did—we played in Boston Garden maybe every other Friday night and that’s something that—I don’t know of any other team—Mary Pratt might have, I don’t know. We use to go to the Boston Garden on Friday night. 3:09 Interviewer: “That’s an old indoor arena.” Yes, that was a big deal to us you know to go. Interviewer: “Would you get a crowd to watch you play?” They had a pretty good crowd there, yeah. Interviewer: So how was it exactly that you wind up joining the professional baseball league?” I was with the “Townies” then, and they were playing the sailors down at Newport and they had a girl pitcher and the two women pitched against each other and we were there and we played and had a good time and when we came out this man walked up and he said, “hey Lou, how would you like to play professional baseball?” And I said, “Oh, wonderful, yeah, yeah”. We had never known him, well, he asked myself and three other girls, four of us. The other three went and they called me and said, “Oh Lou you should come out, you’d love it”, but you know, at the time I had a boyfriend in the service and stuff like that you know. 4:14 I hesitated and finally I said, “I think I’m going to go”. Well, my mother was a little upset and my father was too, but anyway, I went and I remember I took the train and went to Opa-locka, Florida. That’s where they had the spring training and that’s where we had old barracks to stay in and all that. It was very good and I don’t know if you saw the movie, but it was like in the movie, you get playing a game with different people and all of a sudden the roster is up there and you go and look at it and it’s sad—say you were next to me and I got on and you know we got to be good friends playing and the girl next to me couldn’t make it, she didn’t make it and she’s crying and I’m crying and I’m crying for her, but it was a wonderful, wonderful experience. 5:12 Interviewer: “So you were trying out for which team?” 2 �They were going to pick for the teams and the “Blue Sox” picked me and I stayed with them all the time. Interviewer: “Is that the South Bend Blue Sox?” Yes, the South Bend Blue Sox. Interviewer: “At this time you said you had been a short stop.” I almost flipped when I got out there and they had a man that worked with you on pitching and he said, “We’re going to make a pitcher out of you”. At the time I had a pretty good arm, you know a shortstop can throw them over pretty good and I think that’s what made him think that I’d be a wonderful, wonderful pitcher. Well, I don’t think I was a wonderful, wonderful pitcher, but you did as they said you know and the man worked with me and everything a lot, so that’s how I got to pitch. 5:59 Never, never played another position on a team, never got the chance. Interviewer: “What they were doing with you is what they do with professional male baseball players. They may start at one position, but then they said, “well, you have the skills to go over here and that’s what we need”, so short stops can become pitchers for the very reason that you did, they had good arms. See, you had a good arm and you learned to pitch pretty well.” I don’t feel I was a star or anything. Interviewer: “Now, at the point when you joined the league, this was the point when they had gone to overhand pitching. If they had been still been doing underhand or sidearm, would you have done that?” Oh I would have if they wanted me to, but I went out for shortstop you know. 6:47 Interviewer: “and when you were shortstop, the shortstops pretty much, they would all be throwing overhand normally wouldn’t they? Throw fast.” Oh yeah. Interviewer: “That was a little more natural.” In softball you have to throw that ball over there for shortstop. Interviewer: “How was the game you were starting to play, how was that different from the softball you had been playing back up in New England?” I never played softball here. The year I came out in 1948 they went over to— Interviewer: “What I’m asking is how was that baseball different from what you had been doing in the amateur league?” 3 �Well, for one thing, the bases were farther apart and the pitching mound a little away too and it was really exciting to be honest with you though I loved softball and it is hard to pick between the two of them because I enjoyed myself at softball and I played every single game and every single day that we played. 7:44 Interviewer: “Were you a little bit older than some of the other women?” Yes, I was twenty-five, I think, when I went in or twenty-four or something like that. I think it was twenty-five or twenty-six. Interviewer: “Did that make you almost a mother figure for some of them? Would you do things to help some of them adjust?” Oh yes, yes, oh yes and I use to talk and sometimes we would have a girl keep score one time back home and going to the gym and this girl said to me, “I never do anything but score keeping”, and boy I really told that kid I said, “you know, if you didn’t keep their score nobody would have their average, nobody would know what their hitting, you’re just as important as the girl that gets the home runs”. That kid looked at me as if to say, “are you crazy lady?” 8:46 I said, “I’m serious”, and it’s true, no matter what—even if you carry the water you’re carrying it for someone to get a drink and it’s going to help them to either get a base hit or strike somebody out or throw somebody out. No matter what you do it’s professional. I couldn’t believe you know, I think the first time I made sixty-five dollars a week and I left a job that I earned thirteen dollars and seventy-five cents a week. I made more than some of the superintendents back home. It might sound crazy, but that was a lot of money a week 9:26 Interviewer: “What did you do with your money?” Well, I sent money home to my mom and a lot of them went to college, which was a very smart thing. A lot of the ball players are college graduates, but I never went to college. Interviewer: “That gets a little farther in the story. Do you remember making the trip up to South Bend and arriving there and looking around?” Well not too much, I remember I went on a train from Rhode Island to Florida and you know never being out of Rhode Island, it was really, really “whew” I was afraid somebody was going to grab me, I don’t know, but when you got there and you met all the gals—you never knew what team you were going to be on and you didn’t even know if you were going to be picked, but it was a wonderful time and what an experience for kids from Rhode Island—we just never went—maybe Boston was the farthest we went, if we went then. 10:37 What a thrill, just absolutely. You know sir I’m going to tell you— ever since I played ball, from the first night I joined the South Bend Blue Sox, I never, never in my life missed a night without thanking God for that opportunity. I’m eighty-six today and that was a wonderful time of your life. It was the cleanest league, not that there were any dirty leagues or anything, but that was one of the cleanest leagues you would ever want to be in. It made you proud if you never got off the bench just to be 4 �there. The gals were just wonderful to me, absolutely wonderful and I was so scared, but it didn’t take long for them to get with me and everything, you know. 11:27 Interviewer: “Now how much sort of support did they give you? Were they still using chaperones, did they still have a lot of rules for you to follow?” Oh yes, the chaperones were very, very good though. We had to be in by eleven, eleven thirty depending on what kind of a game it was and you weren’t supposed to wear shorts or slacks off the bus or anything like that. We wore shorts on the bus because it was so warm, but we had skirts that we put on. You wore skirts almost all the time because you couldn’t go out anyplace unless you kind of sneak out the window. If we went to the park to have a hot dog roast or something we wore shorts or slacks, but that’s a little different. 12:12 Interviewer: “Where did you live when you went up to South Bend?” I lived at I’ll say South Bend; I lived there most of the time in houses, in homes. When you went, somebody had to, if you were a rookie, somebody had to take you as their roommate, one of the older ones, someone that wasn’t a rookie. That’s how you got into a room with someone. Interviewer: “Do you remember who your first roommate was?” Her name was Thompson, but I can’t think—I think her last name was Thompson, but I’m not sure. I wasn’t with her too long because they traded--they traded like crazy, but I had wonderful roommates. 13:03 Wonderful roommates and landladies, they were just—they would have pies made for us and lots—we were really treated wonderful. I never—I worked at Bendix for thirty years and I never even said that I played ball. There were maybe five of us that worked at Bendix and none of us mentioned playing ball and when they found out that we played ball they went insane. “You never told us you played for the South Bend Blue Sox” and stuff like that. 13:35 To us it was wonderful and not private, but to me it meant so much and I never felt I was a star or anything, but I use to pitch to the stars and they got better by hitting the ball. One gal came in and she said, “Lou, I never get to do anything, sometimes I throw at the bat”, and I said, “If they didn’t have you to throw to them, how are they going to keep their eye on the ball. You mean a lot to them and don’t think that you don’t. Don’t feel that way.” That helped a lot and who was I to tell them, that’s my opinion, I mean that’s how I felt and I got wonderful, wonderful friends out of it. 14:26 Interviewer: “I will tell you, as we were organizing the set of interviews etc. and planning to call even before we got here people said again and again, “You have to talk to Lou Arnold”, which means those friends of yours are real friends and they thought she was someone we should talk to.” I’ll tell you, I get very, very touchy about it, but you can’t believe the friends I got out of this league. You just can’t believe it and I feel that I could call any single ball player that 5 �I know and I’ve met off the ball field now or they could call me and they would give me their last dime and I would give them my last dime. 15:11 Interviewer: “Now let’s shift gears a little bit and let’s go into the business of playing ball. How many games would you play do you think in the space of a week during the season?” Oh, if I played one—I never played too many games, I don’t feel like I played too many games, but I was always in the bullpen. Marty McManus used to let me go to the bullpen every single night. He use to tell me to go there. Sometimes I would come out and they would do all right and sometimes they wouldn’t do too good and they would put someone else in. Interviewer: “Did you start a lot of games?” Oh yeah, I started some games and some I stayed in and some I had to come out. 15:57 Interviewer: “You did have a season when you went ten and two.” Oh that was in fifty-one. Interviewer: “How did that happen? Did everything just work right for you that year?” You know I had a one hitter in that year and Jean [Fout] had pitched a perfect game a day or two before and I was going for a no hitter and this girl that got the hit—it was the Texas league and you know what that is, but that team played behind me like they were shot out of a cannon. They caught everything and stopped everything and threw everybody out and all that, so it ended up a one hitter and I was so thrilled about it, besides we had a wonderful, wonderful umpire, Barney Ross, and I was pitching to this girl who wasn’t the best hitter and he called a strike a ball which meant a lot because we would not had our chance to get this Texas league, so I walked up to the thing, of course my catcher was yelling at him and I said, “Barney, I want to tell you something”, and he said, “yes Lou”, and I said, “You are going blind.” He said, “Lou, I want to tell you something, you go back to that mound and I’ll show you how blind I’m getting.” 17:14 I think he gave me a break on a couple of them after that though. Interviewer: “Now, in this league did you have a regular set of umpires?” Yea, Gadget Ward and Barney Ross, those are the two I remember because we had them the most and I can’t remember the ones out of town. Interviewer: “So, there were umpires that lived near or in South Bend?” Yes, they were both in South Bend and they were both good umpires, but Gadget, if you said one thing, “boom”. 6 �Interviewer: “On the whole, do you think the players in your league were better behaved than say our male baseball players in terms of arguing with the umpire or challenging them?” Oh yes, yes they were. Instead of giving certain signals to the crowd if they’re booing or something, they never—no. 18:11 Interviewer: “Did you feel as if you had to be better behaved than the men?” No, I don’t think any of us ever gave it a thought. I don’t think any of us ever gave that a thought. You would be surprised at the women that came out, good living women. We all wanted to win you know, we’d ride the other team, but I cannot say any bad things about the women and not because I played with them because I was with the South Bend Blue Sox and I never went to another team, but we met some gals after and we would go and have something to eat, which was really against the rules, but the manager kind of knew you know. 19:02 Maybe we would meet someone after the game and go and have something to eat, but that’s all. Interviewer: “Who was the manager while you were there?” My favorite first manager was Marty McManus, the Red Sox, remember he had the Red Sox? Then I had Dave Bancroft, then I had Jean Fout’s husband and I can’t think of his name now, we won with him. Marty McManus, he was a sweetheart, oh, he was so good. 19:38 Interviewer: “Now, did you learn from the manager and from the coaches?” Oh yeah, oh yeah, learn how lead off on the bases and stuff like that. Interviewer: “Could they help you with your pitching?” Oh yea, I had my own—not my own, but we had a pitching coach that worked with us and I don’t even know his name now, but he was a nice guy. Interviewer: “Do you know what kind of pitches you could throw?” Drops and curves and changeups and today I can’t even pick up a pencil, but really it was a---not I, but some of them would throw a double drop and double—Jean Fout, Jean Fout to me was the greatest of great. I mean, even if she pitched a game and we had a double header and someone was running, coach would say, “Jean, go in and play third base”, that girl never, never said a word, never balked at all and went right in. 20:53 Interviewer: “when you were going good and pitching well in a game, were you getting people out by changing speed and locations and fooling them, what were you doing?” 7 �I don’t know, I don’t know what I did, but I had a little skill, but I didn’t have what the others had and I’m not saying that trying to be nice, it’s true, I really don’t know, but I was so thankful I was able to stay there. Interviewer: “You mentioned, you started off by going down to their spring training. Did you go down to Florida for spring training every year?” 21:32 No, the next year they started having it in South Bend and some of the team went to— overseas, they went there for a while, I’m sure they told you about that. Interviewer: “Some went to Cuba.” Cuba, yes, and I’m glad I didn’t have to go there. Interviewer: “What kind of fan support did you have? Did you have a lot of fans coming to the games?” Wonderful. I remember the first game, I was there and we worked out in the field to start and we had the skirts on and I can still hear this guy up in the stands say, “Oh look at the outfits, oh, oh, ladies, ladies”. I think about the third inning he couldn’t believe those ladies slide and everything and he would come to every game, he was really impressed. I can still hear him, he would say, “beeeutiful” when we made a nice play “beautiful”. It had to change him because those women would slide and they come in and we called them “strawberries” and they would have blood running down their legs and we would stand in front of it and fan it when we were playing. The chaperones would put methiolate on it. 22:54 They would wrap it up and they would go right back out and if they had to slide again, they would slide. Interviewer: “You were a pitcher and you probably didn’t have to slide much did you?” No, all I had to try to do is get to first base and sometimes I did on a walk, I don’t know. I don’t remember much. Interviewer: “Now, you were on the team when they won two championships, what do you remember about Guy Kennedy? How did they do with championship series, did they have play offs with a lot of teams or the two best teams or what?” It starts with, I wish I could remember the name of it, but it starts with six teams, then four teams would play and then it gets down to two and when it gets down to two, that’s the big challenge and I think it was either three out of five or four out of seven. 23:54 Interviewer: “So it was a real series like a world series.” Yes, it was a series and I’m trying to think of the name of it, but I can’t. 8 �Interviewer: “Now, one of those championship seasons you played short handed. Can you explain a little bit why you didn’t have all of your players?” Well, I really don’t know and you’ll probably hear this story from somebody else, but this girl was an excellent second baseman—came in and it was close to the ninth inning and we were leading, I think it was the ninth inning we were leading, and she sat down on the bench and she took her shoes off. Well, the manager was out there and he saw her take her shoes off and he said, “hey shorty I want you to run for second base”, and she said, “take Betty Wagner, she can run as fast as I can”, and he said, “no, no, I said get in and run”, and she said, “Betty can do it”, like this, he said, “you’re out, you don’t need to come back”, so when he said that, three or four others said, “if you let her go, I’m going”, so we ended up with seven, eight or nine players, but we had fifteen all the time to start. 25:18 It was a shame because they were all good ball players and they walked out. Interviewer: “But you still managed to win the championship.” Yea, and that was a big deal you know for everybody, that was neat. Interviewer: “Now, over the time you were playing in South Bend and that’s 19481952, did the crowds eventually start to get smaller?” In 1952 they started to get smaller because you didn’t have to have the gas tickets anymore for gas. A lot of them would come in groups or by buses. One of our biggest games was the fourth of July game and I think we had ten thousand that day and they were sitting on the grass that went up like this and they were sitting on the grass out there, but we had a pretty big crowd. 26:15 Interviewer: “You were talking about gas coupons, you mean gas rationing ended?” Yea, when gas was rationed and when the war was over they didn’t have to have rationing and they could drive. A lot of them would come on the bus or they would come in groups and a lot of them walked. Interviewer: “do you think that television had something to do with it too? They could stay home and watch something and not come out and watch you?” Well I think truthfully, in the end, yes, television. Television didn’t really put us out, but like you said, there were a lot of things they didn’t do during the war and that’s how the league started. 27:12 You know, if you talk to the one in Grand Rapids, and a young man interviewed her, she wrote an article that’s great about the beginning of it and how it started and stuff. Interviewer: “That’s why we’re here talking to you because this is part of the Veterans History Project and we’re talking to people who can tell us about different aspects of American life during wartime and things that happened because of it.” 9 �That’s what it was and that’s how it started because Wrigley wanted to do something because so many young men were taken away for war. Interviewer: “Now at the time that you were recruited to come and join this league, had you ever heard of the league before? Did you know there were women baseball players? 27:56 No, I never heard of it and that’s why that man came up to me in Newport and said, “hey Lou, how would you like to professional baseball?” “Yeah, I’d love it”, kidding with him and never knowing that man was serious and then he went to three others and I believed it. Interviewer: “At the time you joined the league or while you were in it, did you think of yourselves and doing something maybe that was new for women to be doing or significant or was it only later maybe?” I wouldn’t say that any of us did. I don’t care what team it was or ladies in that league that didn’t love the game and played for the love of the game. It’s something when you play softball all your life and all of a sudden this baseball comes out, but I think they play for the love of the game. 28:53 A lot of them, I can tell you when we worked at Bendix, never, never did we mentioned that we played and when the people found out, lord a mercy, they were shocked. Interviewer: “Did they find out about this before or after the movie came out?” Before the movie came out because they started putting write ups in the paper and that and they read all the write ups, but by the time I was working—maybe it was after the movie, I’m not sure. Interviewer: “When did you retire from Bendix?” In 1952. Interviewer: “From Bendix, not from the Blue Sox.” Well, I went to Bendix in 1952, after the league, after we finished the league. I went to Bendix on October 6, 1952 because we had a chance of getting in there and then I retired in 30, 30 and out. 29:56 Interviewer: “So you would have retired then in 1982.” In 1982. Interviewer: “Was it while you were still working at Bendix that they began to talk to you about having played in the league or was it after you retired that they were all paying attention to you?” 10 �It was after I retired from work. We worked at Bendix quite a while, six of us, maybe eight and none of us ever mentioned that we played ball. It’s just something—you’re proud, but I just never said anything. Interviewer: “Now, when you look back at it now, do you think that maybe you wound up doing something that was kind of important or that you were some of the first women professional athletes in professional team sports in this country?” 30:46 You know, because everybody is telling you that—Now, I’m giving you my own opinion, everybody is saying, do you? I just met a lady now and she said, “You mean you played professional ball?” She was going to a wedding here and she said, “Oh, I’ve got to congratulate you”, but I never thought I would see a women’s professional baseball team and never thought I’d be on one, never and it was really, really exciting, but you know you have to come home and do your wash and you lived in private homes, but the people were wonderful to me. 31:28 They would make cookies for us and different things and chicken. Interviewer: “When you think back to that time and stuff, are there particular events or things that happened to you that come back to you that you haven’t told me about here yet?” Well, I don’t know if you ever heard of—Oh God, I can’t remember his name—he use to come to the ball games to the football games in an iron lung—Snite, Fred Snite Jr., his father’s a multi millionaire and he use to bring Fred Snite to the football games in an ambulance and they had the doors fixed so when you opened the doors it was all mirrored so he could see the place. He’s in an iron lung, so we were coming home from Tampa, after—we were there playing a game after we had our spring training, and this man came up to our train, our particular train where most of the gals were, and he said, “Is there anybody in here that sings Irish songs?” 32:35 None of us knew who he was, but the girls said, “Lou, Lou”, so myself Jo Leonard and Slats Meier, I think, the three of us went. We were walking through the train, we didn’t know who he was and he said, “My son, my son would love to sing with you”, and I’m thinking a little kid like this, so we went back and as we were going through this one train, it was full of oranges and grapefruits and everything and we got to the last train and the last train had a bay window, the whole back of it was a bay window and then and they had a railing like this, it was gold, and there he was in the iron lung. 33:19 There was his wife and two daughters there and a nurse and I was—I’d never seen anything like that and they said to stand right beside of him, so I went over and I stood there and I said, “Are we going to sing some Irish song?”, and he gasped yes because he couldn’t breath and we sang songs until we were blue in the face. We just sang all the Irish songs we knew and we had a wonderful time and they came out with cookies and ice cream for us, the people there. That was an experience I’ll never forget and then his father came up and gave us oranges and asked us if we wanted oranges or grapefruit. 33:59 That was so touching and so thrilling and when I’d see him at the game, they would have that backed up and he could see both teams. 11 �Interviewer: “So, he would come to your games too? You mentioned he went to the Notre Dame football games.” No, he could never get that thing in our games. Interviewer: “But he watched the Notre Dame football games?” Every—and his father’s got a beautiful building there dedicated to him, beautiful, Fred Snite Jr. Interviewer: “How did your own career end? Did you just decide to stop playing in 1952 or did they tell you were about done?” Oh no, I had an application in for Bendix. Eddie DeLauria, who was the head of the league for one time, was the manager of our team at one time, he said, “Why don’t you put your name in for Bendix Lou? I think they’re going to be hiring”, so I went back home and I got a telegram saying, “come, there’s a job for you at Bendix”, and that’s how I got into Bendix, by playing ball and that’s another thing I thank god for every night is Bendix. Very good money, very good insurance. 35:29 Interviewer: “Now, to look back on the whole thing now, how do you think that whole time playing ball affected you? You told us a little bit about that. Did it make you a different person? Did it change the course your life took?” It never changed me a bit sir. I never ever had so many friends. When we had our first reunion just another ball player, Shirley Stavroff, we’d sit in a chair, not like this chair, and watch people come in and wonder who it was and we were hugging people we didn’t even know, we thought it was a ball player. When we had our first—I think it was sometime in the early eighties, I’m not sure just when it was, but it was in Chicago and it was just fabulous and we use to wait a couple of years, but now we have them every year. 36:22 I wish I could explain the feeling when you see different ones and they say, “Oh, Lou you’re getting thin or Lou you’re getting fat”, and stuff like that, but it’s true, I think you could ask any of them—I feel I could ask any of them if I needed something and I think they feel they could ask me if they needed something, if I had it or if they had it. Interviewer: “One other thing that one of the other players had mentioned to me about you and that was that you had helped some of them just learn some basic manners and learn how to follow the rules. Could you talk a little bit about that? What did you do for them?” 37:05 Well I—did you interview Sue Kidd? Interviewer: “Yes.” Well, Sue Kidd, I haven’t been down to her home, her father had the grocery store, the post office and everything right in Arkansas, Choctaw Arkansas, and she came into the league and she was only a kid and she would walk by or you’d give her something and she never said please, thank you, excuse me, or anything and I thought, “How strange, 12 �that girl’s so—“, and we got to be pretty good friends and I said to her, “I want to tell you something, It’s not going to cost you a cent, but I’m going to tell you something and you better listen to me”, and she would say, “Yeah Lou, yeah Lou”, and I said, “You should learn some manners because you’re such a nice person and a good person, manners would really show what kind of a lady you are”. I don’t really work with her, but when she started coming by me she would say, “Excuse me Lou “ and “thank you Lou”. She caught on and she’s very, very polite now. 38:14 Very polite and I was being interviewed someplace on the radio in Grand Rapids I think it was and she was too, the two of us, So here we were and I got to interviewing and talking to the lady and waiting for Sue and sue said, “You know, I didn’t even know how to say excuse me”, and I almost fell off the chair and she said, “That lady there taught me manners”, and I’m sitting on the chair thinking, “Oh Sue dear, please”, but she has never forgotten that and she has thanked me at different times and I told her, “I’m proud of you Sue”. She was just a hick from the sticks. When she said that I thought I would fall out of the chair, but we’re good friends, very good friends. 39:10 Interviewer. “Well, I knew to ask that because she told me about it, so I thought I would get your side.” She said that to you? Interviewer: “Yes, that’s why I’m asking for your side.” I almost didn’t tell you to be honest with you. I thought, “I don’t want to mention Sue like that”. Interviewer: “Sue’s very grateful that you did it and she put that on record herself, so that just supports what you had to say about what a good bunch of people this is.” Yeah, they were, they were and once and a while we would go over to the boat house , boat club I guess and it was right across the river from our ball park and some would play the slot machine and we’d all jitterbug and have a swell time, but I really feel the manager knew it, but we always had to get back at a certain time you know. I think he really knew it, but I don’t know for sure. There were a lot of little things we did do, we weren’t “holier than thow” you know like picking up the gals at the hotel so they could come to the boat club and dance or have a few beers or something you know. There really wasn’t much drinking in the league. Not much that I know of, of course the team I was on there wasn’t. Let me see if there’s any other interesting—It was just—like now, not because I’m being interviewed, I don’t care if you don’t ever have to use it, to be honest with you that isn’t the point. I think it’s nice of you to ask me and it was nice of Dolly to tell you to ask me, but really makes me feel good to tell you what a wonderful league it was and it’s still a league to all of us you know. 41:06 Interviewer: “We’ve spent a fair amount of time with your group here just this week doing quite a few interviews and we have to agree with you that it really is a 13 �remarkable bunch of people, so I would like to thank you for taking a little time today to come and tell me about it.” Well, thank you for asking me, but I’m telling you and you found out for yourself, some of them are great, great people. 41:30 Interviewer: “that’s right.” 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was started by Philip Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during World War II to fill the void left by the departure of most of the best male baseball players for military service. Players were recruited from across the country, and the league was successful enough to be able to continue on after the war. The league had teams based in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, and operated between 1943 and 1954. The 1954 season ended with only the Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford teams remaining. The League gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball. Many of the players went on to successful careers, and the league itself provided an important precedent for later efforts to promote women's sports. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-58)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Sports for women World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Oral history Baseball players--Minnesota Baseball players--Indiana Baseball players--Wisconsin Baseball players--Michigan Baseball players--Illinois Baseball for women--United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-10-02 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58_LArnold Title A name given to the resource Arnold, Lou (Interview transcript and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arnold, Lou Description An account of the resource Lou Arnold was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1925. She grew up in Pawtucket and played softball with her brother and eventually joined an amateur league where she played for a few teams. After playing a game with a rival team in Newport she was invited to play for the All American League. Arnold played from 1948 to 1952 for the South Bend Blue Sox as a pitcher. One of her baseball highlights came during the 1951 season when she pitched a ten and two record and led her team to the championship that year. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Baseball for women--United States Baseball Sports for women World War, 1939-1945 Baseball players--Indiana Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-09-25 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-55)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a1632dbac23058a13d2be2b1c6df4b4.mp4 914675366a473c742e5cbe4a7925e9d6 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e75abccbe99d76cfdbcceb06a24d6064.pdf 2ff6051213d90d2588d99836a2dfb16b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Bob Arntz Length: 16:34 (00:15) Background Information • Bob was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on June 8, 1944 • He went to Greenville high school and worked on his father’s dairy farm • After graduating from high school Bob got a job working in a factory • He later enlisted in the Army at a recruiting center in Detroit in 1968 (4:30) Training • Bob was sent to Fort Knox in Kentucky in February of 1968 for training • He went through 8 weeks of basic training and was sent to Maryland • Bob went through another 14 weeks in mechanic school (7:20) Vietnam • Bob was sent to Vietnam in October of 1968 • He worked as a mechanic as a while, but did not enjoy the dirty work • He then worked driving semis for transportation all over the country • There were mines all over the place that they had to work to avoid • Bob drank a lot of beer while in Vietnam, but did not have many memorable experiences in the country (8:55) Fort Riley, Kansas • After serving in Vietnam, Bob was sent to a Fort Riley for about 15 months • The base was made up of very old buildings and Bob eventually moved off base �• While in Kansas he drove 10-ton semi trucks • Bob enjoyed living in Kansas and really liked the weather (11:20) After the Service • After being discharged, Bob moved back to Michigan to be with his family • It took him 1.5 years to find a decent job • He began working in Grand Rapids, eventually got married, and remained at the job in Grand Rapids for 15 years • Bob became a much more responsible person through his years in the service • He now believes that everyone should spend 1-2 years in the service � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arntz, Bob (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arntz, Bob Description An account of the resource Bob Arntz was born in 1944 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. After graduating from high school Bob worked in a factory for a while before enlisting in the Army in 1968. Bob went through basic training in February of 1968 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. After training at Fort Knox and in Maryland, Bob was sent to Vietnam in October of 1968. Bob drove semi trucks and helped transport supplies in Vietnam. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-06-26 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArntzB Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/720fabab02def6ba84239d2d0f9c56df.m4v 1cf67b158e49fd9627685566df1932d3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/55221b7a430d9bfa081c7f7319c725ce.pdf aa6e85c3d9aad4d0a32a1a4777a1cbf2 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Marc Aronson Vietnam War 2 hours 35 minutes 7 seconds (00:00:17) Early Life -Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 8, 1949 -His father was an insurance agent and worked in a family insurance agency -Mother was a housewife -He attended public schools through the ninth grade -South hills of Pittsburgh at Bethel Park -He took grades nine through twelve at a military academy (00:01:16) Military Academy -For high school he attended a military academy in the Shenandoah Valley -He began attending in 1964 -His father sent him because he felt that Marc lacked discipline and respect for authority -Class sizes were about fifteen to eighteen students -He most likely had, and still has, ADD which made some aspects difficult -The school was in the South, so being from the North it took some adjusting -First time he was introduced to Dr. Pepper, grits, and Moon Pies -It was a segregated school -Even the menial laborers had to be white -Lived in dorms at the academy -The school’s curriculum and protocols were modeled after West Point Army Academy -This meant that he received a lot of military training -Reserve Officers’ Training Corps instructors -Military style classes -Carried and trained with the M1 Garand or Springfield 1903 rifles -In high school he knew how to maintain an M1 Garand rifle -Graduated in 1968 (00:06:16) Awareness of the Vietnam War -He paid virtually no attention to the Vietnam War when he was in high school -At the military academy they didn’t have access to a TV or radio -Expected to be focusing on studying during the weekdays -On the weekends they drilled or went to religious services -He grew up in a middle class neighborhood in Pittsburgh -No one paid much attention to world events (00:07:33) Enlisting in the Army -After graduating from the military academy he decided to enlist in the Army -He enlisted in the Pittsburgh Federal Building -Signed on for the one hundred twenty day delay plan -This meant that one hundred twenty days later he would report for training -Enlisted in September 1968 -When he signed up a group of girls came with him �-Crying because they thought that he was going to get killed in Vietnam -They wound up following him to the restricted physical exam area -He doesn’t recall anyone trying to get out of serving (00:10:02) Basic Training -For basic training he was sent to Fort Jackson, South Carolina -Arrived there at 3 AM -Had his head shaved upon arrival -Processing took only about twenty four hours -The base’s barracks were from World War Two -Still heated by coal -Early during training the drill sergeant asked two questions -What is a guidon and who has a driver’s license? -He knew what a guidon was and had a driver’s license -He was placed in charge of protecting the unit’s guidon from other units -A guidon is a type of military pennant that comes to a point on the end -He took a general aptitude test upon entering basic training -Started early every day -Used to it from having a paper route as a child and from the military academy -Given only about twenty minutes to get dressed, get cleaned and get in formation -Went on four or five mile runs every morning -He didn’t come from an intensely athletic background, but it wasn’t too hard -After running went to the mess hall for breakfast -Expected to cross monkey bars and do pull ups before entering -Upon entering the mess hall had to line up and eat whatever you were given -After breakfast went to a variety of different Army courses and activities -Weapons training, marching, classes on protocol, or general military information -His time at the military academy prepared him well for basic training -He was already used to being disciplined and given orders -He trained with men from all over the country and from different backgrounds -Integrated unit -He came from a Jewish background, so he didn’t believe in prejudice anyway -Served with African-Americans, New Yorkers, Southerners -Basic training lasted eight weeks (00:20:55) Artillery Training Pt. 1 -After completing basic training he signed up for artillery training -His father had been an antiaircraft artillery soldier in World War Two -He felt that being in artillery would put him near the action, but not in the action -He was given a short leave home after basic training -After leave he reported to Fort Sill, Oklahoma for artillery training -Nine month course -December 1968 is when he arrived there -He did not enjoy Fort Sill -It was an older base with older buildings -It was either very hot, or very cold -It was a larger base -There was a small town nearby that soldiers would often go to on leave �-Full of bars, pawn shops, strip clubs and liquor stores (00:23:35) Noncommissioned Officer School -While at Fort Sill the recruits were told that the Army needed more sergeants -As a result of that a Noncommissioned Officer School was created there -He was told that if he signed up for NCO School there would be certain perks -Namely having a higher rank and getting paid more because of that -It was an eight week course -He chose to become a sergeant because it seemed like a better deal than being a private (00:25:02) Artillery Training Pt. 2 -At Fort Sill they received classroom training and field training on artillery -They primarily trained on the 105mm split-tail howitzer -For field training they would go out into the middle of nowhere near the base -Learned how to properly move the gun and prepare it for firing -Because of his NCO training he was training to be a crew chief -This meant he was responsible for calculating coordinates -Not that easy for him because he wasn’t very good at math -They had access to other artillery pieces, but pretty much stuck with the 105mm howitzer (00:26:40) Army Driver’s Training -When he was still in basic training he was able to take Army driver’s training -Consisted of learning how to drive the 2.5 ton trucks that the Army used -All he had to do to pass was successfully drive a quarter mile in a truck -One time at basic training he was assigned to drive the truck to the rifle range -He started to take a turn too hard and a sergeant intervened -This led to the truck flipping over -No one was seriously injured, but a few soldiers received broken bones -He was advised to basically stay out of sight for about two weeks -The injured soldiers were not going to be happy to see him -He didn’t get in trouble for the accident -A few colonels asked him what happened, and he explained -They basically just wanted to get him out of Fort Jackson and to Fort Sill (00:32:57) Incident in NCO School -Remembers one time when another soldier training to be a sergeant asked Marc for some aspirin -Marc had aspirin and gave the other soldier his bottle of aspirin -Little did Marc know that the soldier was intending on taking the whole bottle -Last that Marc saw of the soldier he was being taken to the hospital on a stretcher -It was a way of getting out of going to Vietnam (00:34:24) Deployment to Vietnam -At the end of training at Fort Sill they were all given a “dream sheet” -A checklist of U.S. Army bases in America and around the world that you could “pick” -Most soldiers were requesting Hawaii, or Germany -Marc knew that they were going to Vietnam no matter what, so he picked Vietnam -Shortly after the “dream sheet” they all received orders for Vietnam -He was allowed to go home for a short leave -He flew out of San Francisco bound for Vietnam -Stopped in Hawaii to refuel and was allowed off the plane for a couple hours �(00:36:15) Arriving in Vietnam -He arrived at Tan Son Nhut Air Base -He, and the other replacements, was afraid of getting attacked on the runway -After leaving the plane they were placed on buses and taken to their temporary quarters -The buses had wire cages over the windows to protect from grenades -He arrived in September 1969 -When he arrived he didn’t have any unit assignment -His first task at Tan Son Nhut was to go out and clean up the old, rusted barbed wire -While he was cleaning a lieutenant approached him and told him to stop -His job was to watch over the privates doing the work, not to do the work -He remembers seeing black smoke on the horizon and asking what it was -Learned that it was human waste being burned -During the early days there he remembers seeing a Vietnamese man defecating on the road -Perfectly normal to the other Vietnamese -He spent a week at Tan Son Nhut before receiving orders (00:43:20) Assignment to the 1st Infantry Division -He was finally given a unit assignment to the 1st Infantry Division (“The Big Red One”) -They were operating in a place called Di An -While he was with the 1st they would move around to different firebases -He had a spiral notebook and would keep a record of when and where they went -He was assigned to an artillery battery and to act as a crew chief -He was just considered the new guy -Nothing fantastic was done about his entry into the unit -Firing was sporadic when he joined his unit -They tended to receive fire missions (planned artillery attacks) at random times -Most of the time they just spent time sitting around being bored (00:46:18) On the Firebase -He remembers one firebase that his unit would get stationed at from time to time -Doesn’t recall the name, but remembers that it was on a flat plain -They received fire missions once and a while -Everyone would run to the guns and fire a few rounds then go back to doing nothing -At this particular firebase there was a friendly fire incident -Fortunately no one was hurt, or killed because of the mistake -He quickly realized that it had most likely been his error which caused it -He remembers that the firebase was consistently either hot, or wet (00:48:50) Plants and Animals in Vietnam -There were a lot of rats in Vietnam -He had to zip himself all the way up in his sleeping bag at night because of that -Otherwise the rats would start to nibble on your face or your stomach -During downtime soldiers would have tarantula fights, or races -Remembers one time at the firebase there was a contest to blow up a tree -It was an eyesore and 200-300 yards outside of the perimeter -The gun crew that could destroy the tree would be awarded a case of beer -The catch was that they could only use one round to destroy it -His crew was the only crew to hit the tree, so they won the beer -Aiming had been so good that it had been a direct hit �(00:51:55) Interaction with Vietnamese Civilians -He and other soldiers would occasionally leave the firebases and go into nearby towns -This gave them a chance to interact some with the Vietnamese -He remembers getting a haircut and massage at a Vietnamese barbershop -Drugs were sold freely and cheaply by the Vietnamese -He never engaged in that though -There were prostitutes in the areas that his unit was stationed -Remembers one instance where they drove through a rural area and stopped -All the soldiers left him behind in the truck and went over to a wooded area -Soon a soldier came back and asked if Marc wanted to pay for a prostitute -Marc declined -Only time that he distinctly remembers encountering blatant prostitution (00:54:25) Holidays in Vietnam -He remembers that on the holidays hot food would be brought in for the troops -On New Year’s Eve the artillery crews would fire flares straight up into the air -Similar to fireworks -On the holidays they usually had more whiskey and beer on base -For the most part men just wanted to be home when the holidays came around (00:55:40) Transfer to the 101st Airborne Division -His service with the 1st Infantry Division ended when Nixon began withdrawing troops -The 1st Infantry Division was a unit that had been selected to be brought home -Marc had a six month deployment commitment that had to be fulfilled -He had only completed four months of service -At this point he was told that he was going to be transferred to the 101st Airborne Division -Fairly indifferent to the transfer -After receiving transfer orders he was flown up north to the 101st operating area on a C-130 -The plane ride on the C-130 was not a comfortable one -On takeoff they had to elevate as quickly as possible to avoid ground fire -On landing they had to descend at a sharp angle also to avoid ground fire (00:57:11) Introduction to the 101st Airborne Division -He arrived at the 101st Airborne’s main base at Camp Evans -He received no introductory training upon his arrival -After landing at Camp Evans he was flown out to join the unit in the field via helicopter -Remembers that when he arrived in the field that it was late afternoon -The rear base for this area was Phu Bai -After leaving Camp Evans he was flown out to one of the nearby firebases -The artillery guns looked battered and neglected -He made a comment to the crew about that which was not received well -He adjusted to his new crew in the 101st over time -They eventually accepted him as their new crew chief -He didn’t make any friends because he was advised not to make any friends -Idea was that it a friend was killed in combat you would be too upset to function -His unit assignment was B Battery of the 319th Field Artillery of the 101st Airborne Division -He was still using 105mm howitzers (01:02:28) Operating in the Hill Country -His unit mostly stayed out in the hill country of Vietnam �-He very rarely returned to Camp Evans or Phu Bai -He was much busier with the 101st than with the 1st Infantry Division -Crews were expected to move faster -There was more tension -There was not as much downtime as there had been in the 1st Infantry Division -There was always a task of some kind to complete in the 101st -The gun crews were always short on people -In the 1st Infantry Division a normal crew was about six soldiers -In the 101st Airborne Division a normal gun crew was only four soldiers -At times a gun crew was only operating with two soldiers -Soldiers could be gone on sick leave, on R&R, drunk, or high (01:07:19) Drugs and Alcohol -Substance use didn’t really affect the overall effectiveness of the unit -There were two groups of soldiers: those who used drugs and those who drank too much -He remembers finding empty capsules around base -Vietnamese children would sell capsules of heroin or cocaine to American soldiers -He saw this more in the 1st Infantry because they were closer to cities -Being closer to cities meant that it was easier to buy drugs -He didn’t see that as much in the 101st Airborne because they were in the field more -Far more difficult to get hard drugs out in the middle of nowhere -Some soldiers would pay a helicopter pilot to buy whiskey and bring it back -He would occasionally drink beer, but he never did it in excess -Being a crew chief he had to keep the drinkers and the druggies from fighting each other -He doesn’t remember many, if any, soldiers opting out of their duties just to do drugs -Essentially soldiers would be incapacitated from drug use, but not done on purpose (01:09:48) Fire Missions -He never knew what the nature of the fire missions were -The only information he was given was the coordinates and how many rounds to fire (01:10:25) Transfer to Firebase Ripcord -His unit was eventually transferred to Firebase Ripcord -One day they received orders to go to a new a firebase -Firebase Ripcord held little significance to him at the time -They flew up to Ripcord and upon arrival started receiving mortar fire -It was an indication of things to come and that enemy presence was much heavier -His unit arrived on April 18, 1970 -The firebase had been established on April 11, 1970 -It had taken three attempts to establish Firebase Ripcord -First things he noticed about Ripcord was that it was noisy, dirty, windy and smoky -One of the first matters of business was getting his gun set up and building a bunker -The landscape at Ripcord was pretty unimpressive -It was just a bare, flat hilltop -Their missions were essentially the same as before: act as artillery support for the infantry -Upon arrival they were responsible for building up the sandbag fortifications -His crew started receiving fire missions before he even had his shelter built -The type of shelter that was built at firebases was called a “hooch” -It was a dugout space in the ground with sandbags on top to protect you from mortars �(1:16:12) – (1:19:54) Disc Hiccups (01:19:54) Enemy Contact at Ripcord -At 3 or 4 in the morning the Viet Cong or North Vietnamese would try to assault the firebase -Artillery crews would lower guns to be fired parallel to the ground -They used “beehive” rounds which contained thousands of flechettes -Highly effective and devastating antipersonnel rounds -He saw a lot of U.S. Cobra gunship helicopters and F4 Phantom jets flying air strikes -He didn’t see the use of B-52 heavy bombers until later in the war -Some days were quieter than other in terms of enemy contact (01:21:10) Beginning of the Battle of Ripcord -On July 1, 1970 the North Vietnamese began what would be the Battle of Ripcord -On July 1 he was so exhausted that he was sleeping through the incoming fire -He was woken up by a superior and ordered to go to his gun -Later learned that as he ran to his gun mortars were landing directly behind him -The action on July 1 would mark the beginning of a twenty three day siege -He wasn’t aware of what was happening to American infantry units out in the field -He didn’t learn about the company that was overrun at Hill 902 until later -There was constant helicopter activity around the firebase during the battle -He quickly became desensitized to the incoming fire (01:23:55) Leadership at Ripcord -He remembers giving an order to a soldier in his crew during the battle -The soldier went to the wrong area -That area took a direct mortar hit and the soldier was killed -Sometime during the siege he was moved to a different gun -Removed him from his native unit -He lost contact with the original men that he had served with -His commanding officer, Captain Rich, had done seven tours of service in Vietnam -He was friendly to Marc -Marc learned more about the man later in life -It made him more real than the myth he’d been built up to be at Ripcord -He had little contact with Captain Rich though because of the difference in rank -Officers were kept separate from noncommissioned officers (01:28:26) The Battle of Ripcord Intensifies -Over the course of July the bombardment by the NVA became more intense -Marc’s battery, B, was eventually destroyed in the fighting -The NVA began to make use of 120mm rockets -They originally thought that US forces were firing at Ripcord as part of friendly fire -Captain Rich grabbed Marc and led him to where the crater was -Captain Rich dug up a fin from a rocket and knew that it was a 120mm rocket -This was a total game changer for the battle -120mm rockets could destroy just about anything with relative ease -They started to receive more rockets as July went on -U.S. air strikes became more intense and more prevalent -Sometime during the battle the NVA fired a CS (tear) gas round into Ripcord -Marc put on his gas mask only to find that it was essentially useless -At one point Marc and another soldier had to carry a wounded soldier to the medical bunker �-They took him into an empty room and told him to wait for a medic there -As soon as Marc and the soldier leave the room is hit by enemy artillery -The soldier inside is killed instantly -As the battle went on he remember Captain Rich even getting more nervous (01:35:00) Chinook Helicopter Crash at Firebase Ripcord -On the morning of July 18 Marc was at his battery conducting a fire mission -He saw a U.S. Chinook supply helicopter coming in to drop off supplies -Noticed that the Chinook was on fire -Saw that it was rapidly descending, so he ran for cover -The Chinook wound up crashing into the ammo cache causing munitions to go off -Marc was able to seek shelter with other soldiers while the ammunition exploded -He had to wait there for a few hours for all of the ammo to explode -At the time he felt cowardly for not doing anything to help -But in retrospect he realizes there was nothing to be done -At the time Marc thought that the crash was going to be more catastrophic than it was -The helicopter was carrying a rubber bladder -Water was carried in these giant rubber bladders -Incidentally fuel was carried in an identical bladder -Marc thought the rubber bladder was fuel and was preparing for the worst -Turned out that it was a water -By the time the ammunition had all detonated his battery had been destroyed -He had no gun, no “hooch” and no possessions -After the crash he didn’t have any real function left on the base -He was given a helmet, a flak jacket and a M16 rifle and told to stay out of the way -He was able to catch some much needed sleep and that afternoon woke in a panic to artillery fire -Learned quickly that it was American artillery fire being fired away from the base (01:42:45) Leaving Firebase Ripcord -He left Firebase Ripcord on July 22, 1970 -The next day, July 23, Firebase Ripcord was abandoned and destroyed by U.S. B-52 bombers -He left Ripcord by way of helicopter and was taken back to Camp Evans -At Camp Evans he was allowed to make one phone call, so he called home (01:43:28) Contact with Family -While he was at Ripcord he was still able to receive mail -In the process of receiving mail he started to receive “get well” cards -This confused him since he hadn’t been wounded, or gotten sick -When he arrived at Camp Evans after the Fall of Ripcord he was able to call home -This was accomplished through a short wave radio relay system -He was able to get ahold of his family in Pittsburgh at 3 AM -Told his mother that he was okay -Learned that he’d been mistakenly reported wounded which explained the cards (01:46:07) End of Service with 101st Airborne Division -After Ripcord he didn’t stay with the 101st too much longer -He had initially signed up for a three year commitment to the Army when he enlisted -He had decided to extend his time in Vietnam -He signed up for an extra six months in Vietnam, but after that he was completely done -It just so happened that a few days after he signed up for that, Ripcord happened �(01:47:49) Going Home on Leave -He was able to return home for thirty days of leave -He didn’t experience any harassment from anti-war protestors -He returned to welcoming friends and family -While home on leave he was able to attend a friend’s wedding -While home on leave he was issued his Liquor Control Board card -This enabled him to purchase alcohol in Pennsylvania -He accepted that he was going back to Vietnam -He knew that it would only be for six more months (01:50:24) Returning to Vietnam -Upon his return to Vietnam he signed up to work on a different artillery gun -He was assigned to the 8 inch and 175mm self-propelled artillery guns -Essentially a tank, but with an artillery cannon instead of a tank gun -The prospect of being in self-propelled artillery was exciting to him -He was assigned to the 25th Infantry Division -Operating in the northern part of South Vietnam, just south of the demilitarized zone (01:51:15) Serving with the 25th Infantry Division -His unit didn’t move around as much as he had during his previous tour -The artillery pieces were too big to move -It wasn’t necessary to continuously move them because of their range -The 175mm could reach up to twenty three miles -The 8 inch could reach up to ten miles -He worked predominantly with the 175mm -He learned how to properly load the gun -Learned that the recoil was so powerful you could be knocked off the tank -Powder bags for each round weighed one hundred pounds -This cannon happened to be fed with a hydraulic system -The explosion was always incredibly loud -It took much longer to load and to fire -The bases that they were operating out of were much farther away from civilian centers -One of the bases, Camp Carroll, was located directly south of the demilitarized zone -They were so close to North Vietnam they could see NVA troops across the border -They were able to raise their flag at the same time the NVA raised their flag -They would fire a few artillery rounds at each other and then take a break -To Marc the whole thing seemed fairly absurd and stylized -His last six months in Vietnam were basically spent on the demilitarized zone (01:54:50) End of Service -His time in Vietnam ended on April 30, 1971 -Towards the end of his service he volunteered to be an infantryman -He was curious about taking part in the incursions into Cambodia and Laos -He was interviewed for the position of being a general’s driver -His request was ultimately denied -At the end of his service he didn’t know whether they were firing into Cambodia or Laos -At the end of his service he noticed that the war was definitely winding down -Drug use became more prevalent in those last six months -Race issues started to crop up more between the black and the white soldiers �-To him the whole idea of being divided over race seemed pointless -Soldiers would naturally form their own groups -Rural soldiers, city soldiers, and black soldiers -By the end of his service the Black Power movement was in full swing -To him, race was irrelevant: if you can do your job, I don’t care what you are -Fragging became more prevalent -That is the assassination of a superior officer by a subordinate -The sergeant major of his unit had an attempt on his life -It was usually done using frag grenades to make it look like an accident -By the end of his tour he was just concerned with not being the last American killed in the war -He’d heard stories of men who died on their last patrol -This created animosity towards the superiors which led to fragging -He, and other soldiers, began to question whether or not the war had been worthwhile -Despite the combination of morale issues the unit was still able to work effectively (02:00:36) Leaving Vietnam and Coming Home -When it was time to go he simply saw that it was time to go -There was nothing sentimental about the departure -He flew from Vietnam to Fort Lewis, Washington -On the way over they stopped in Anchorage, Alaska to refuel -As soon as they left Vietnam everyone on board the plane was in a great mood -At Fort Lewis he was processed out of the Army and given a medical screening -Learned that he had lost about 10% of his hearing -Didn’t really affect his life though -He has a spot on his leg that causes him pain from time to time -Medical personnel didn’t have an answer for it -He attributes it to when he crashed the truck in basic training -At Fort Lewis he was given a plane ticket for a flight to Pittsburgh -When the cabin door closed it sounded like a NVA 82mm mortar exploding -Caused him and the soldier next to him to jump -They shared a laugh afterwards -When he arrived home nobody knew that he was coming -He was able to surprise his father at the insurance agency (02:04:30) Life after the War -He decided to go to college on the GI Bill -He bought a Datsun 240Z sports car -He had been sending money home to save up for it -It was only $3600 new at the time -He bought a bright orange one -He attended college at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York -He had no real urge to go to college; it just seemed like a thing to do -He majored in business -He was placed in an engineering fraternity -During his second year a plane landed on the campus -For only $16 he could take flying lessons, so he did -During his second year of college he decided to leave -He didn’t feel like he had any direction in school �-He felt bored being in school after being in combat -After leaving college he got an apartment in Pittsburgh -Lived with a roommate who was a Liquor Control Board agent -Neighborhood was so bad they would take a pistol to go to the Laundromat -During that time in Pittsburgh he got a job at a Hickory Farms store -He was fired from that job because they wanted young girls to sell their products -He got a job at an Arby’s in downtown Pittsburgh -He was one of their first employees -Stayed there for a while -During that time he would work from 6 AM – 2 PM -After work he would go and continue his flying lessons (02:09:27) Working for the Family Insurance Agency -One day he got a call from his father saying that help was needed at the insurance agency -His first job was making rubber seals and setting type for official documents -He also did various odd jobs for the company -He started off in the mail room -This was all part of a five year apprenticeship program -After a while he was able to work his way up to the front room -He has been working for the agency for forty two years (as of the time of the interview) (02:10:59) A Good and a Bad Time in Vietnam -During his time in Vietnam he found that war has a strange beauty to it -One of the better times was the New Year’s Eve he spent in Vietnam -He remembers being on a firebase on top of a hill drinking with his comrades -The artillery and the infantry were shooting flares into the sky as fireworks -He remembers watching all the other units in the area doing the same -One of the bad times was while he was travelling from one area to the next -He was in a 2.5 ton Army truck with a group of other soldiers -One of the soldiers had to relieve himself, so he stood up and urinated off the truck -This soldier wound up urinating on a couple of Vietnamese girls going by -They were understandably upset, but couldn’t do anything to retaliate -He remembers that that was the definitive “ugly American” experience -Only other time similar to that was the incident with the prostitute (02:15:10) Reflections on Service Pt. 1 -His time in the Army and in Vietnam gave him quick exposure to the “real world” -He was able to see Vietnam, Hong Kong and Australia (the last two while on R&R) -It gave him a chance to be around men from all over the United States -For him it was jarring to go back to suburban America -He feels that a lot of people would benefit from that kind of exposure -He doesn’t believe that his service necessarily made him a better person -Feels that it just made him more worldly and realistic -He never had to visibly shoot and kill anyone -There is one experience involving a Vietnamese mortar team that has stuck with him -There was a mortar team down the hill from a firebase -They fired on it and definitely killed both of them -At the time it didn’t affect him, but later on he has had remorse -Realizes that they both had families and were just following orders �-He doesn’t have any interest as being seen as an “old fashioned” veteran -Meaning marching in parades or being involved with veterans’ groups -He has never felt the need to go spend time with old “war buddies” -His service has made him more pragmatic and direct in his approach to tasks -His brother calls him jokingly “Sergeant Marc” -He doesn’t see the point in debating a task, just get it done -His approach wasn’t always appreciated because it tended to be unorthodox -This in turn has forced him to be more patient (02:23:50) Moments of Peace -He has only had two moments of peace in his life -Always had a hard time finding the chance to be still and contemplative -Once was while flying back to Pittsburgh in his own plane at dusk -The other time was in Vietnam while he was at Ripcord -There was a lull in the fighting prior to the battle -He remembers watching the sun rise and looking out at the landscape -He could see the peaceful land and the South China Sea -No signs of battle, or a human presence -It was surprisingly beautiful (02:28:40) Reflections on Service Pt. 2 -He didn’t really think about his experiences too much after they were over -He had always been open about talking about his experiences -During a divorce he was contacted by Keith Noland who was writing about Ripcord -It was one of the few times that talking about Ripcord shook him -He didn’t suffer from PTSD, but that phone call had a profound effect on him (02:31:00) Ripcord Reunions -He attended the 30th Ripcord Reunion that was in Shreveport, Louisiana -Most of the men had been in the infantry, so he didn’t really know anyone -Captain Rich showed up, so Marc got a chance to see him again -He felt more emotional attachment to the event than to the people -He went to the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania reunion for a few hours -He always felt alienated at reunions having been in the artillery and not the infantry -He is (at the time of the interview) considering going to the Myrtle Beach Reunion (Oct. 2014) -He might be more inclined to go since other artillery veterans are going -The one reunion he definitely wants to attend is the 50th Ripcord Reunion -To him it seems essential since a fiftieth anniversary is always a landmark moment � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_AronsonM1657V Title A name given to the resource Aronson, Marc (Interview outline and video), 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-07-09 Description An account of the resource Marc Aronson was born in 1949 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and attended a military academy in Virginia and graduated in 1968. In September 1968 he enlisted in the Army in Pittsburgh and soon after he began basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina where he also completed Army Driver's Training. After the eight weeks of basic training he attended artillery training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma beginning in December 1968 where he received training on the 105mm howitzer and also attended Noncommissioned Officer School there making him a sergeant and also making him the crew chief for a gun. In September 1969 he was deployed to Vietnam where he served with the 1st Infantry Division operating out of Di An. After four months of service he was transferred to B Battery of the 319th Field Artillery of the 101st Airborne Division. During his time with the 101st he was transferred to Firebase Ripcord where he witnessed the battle and eventual fall of Ripcord. After his time with the 101st he was transferred to the 25th Infantry Division where he worked with 8 inch and 175mm self-propelled artillery tanks near the demilitarized zone, and returned home and was discharged in 1971. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aronson, Marc Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/99a57a9182382e390ce95c4aa1c7796f.pdf ab02f019e52543e5a9ddecea6d567b80 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Charles Nedwin Ash (00:31:33) (00:38) Before service • Lived South Haven, MI • 10 brothers and sisters • Drafted into war o Didn’t want to go (02:36) First day in service • Bus with 50 other service guys • Went down to a fort in Kentucky (03:35) Schedule • Get up at 5 am • Run 6 miles • 6 hour shifts • Slept in small beds • Stationed in Japan, fought in Korea (05:41) Combat in Korea • Saw combat; was in Korea for about a year and a half • Ash was with a tank company o Before assigned that, just a regular soldier (07:49) Korean culture • Hard because didn’t understand the language (09:55) Holidays • Celebrated the same as would at home • Small tree that soldiers could decorate with ornaments, etc. (10:45) Most memorable moment • Made sergeant o Felt great! Got to be the boss (11:50) Leaving the service • Big bulletin board which would have posts saying who was staying and who got to go home (12:20) Final days • Made a lot of good friends • Kept in touch with 3 or 4 of them o John Brown (Detroit) o Chuck Lewis (Tennessee) (13:28) Home • Happy, always good to be home • Celebrations – like a birthday party • Not too difficult to readjust �(15:56) Reflections on Army experience • Would like to go back and visit Seoul, Korea because they were very friendly • Got to go places when in the Army • Favorite part was coming back home • Least favorite part was worrying or having to shoot somebody • Learned how to use a rifle and swim (19:05) Experience as an African American • When went to training camp in Kentucky, felt lots of prejudice • Did not go into to town by himself – it would be stupid to • Segregation in restaurants (indicated by the signs) (23:15) Weather and guard duty • Monsoon rains • Rained 30 days straight; always in the rain • Guard duty was about 3 times per week (24:45) Army life • Army was desegregated (26:00) Correspondence • Letters from family along with cookies and candy (27:10) Chaplains • Lots of chaplains in Army • Ash went to church every other day � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ash, Charles Nedwin (Interview outline), 2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ash, Charles Nedwin Description An account of the resource Charles Nedwin Ash is a Korean War Veteran who served in the United States Army from July 1952 to July 20, 1954 in Japan and Korea. In this interview, Ash discusses his time in the service and also what it was like to be an African American during that time. Ash briefly shares some stories of the prejudice he faced in Kentucky and being promoted to Sergeant. For his time in Korea, Ash received the Korean Service Ribbon with two bronze service stars, the UN Service Medal, and the National Defense Service Medal. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ash, Lauren (Interviewer) Forest Hills Eastern High School (Ada, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American African-American soldiers Japan Korea Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-06-05 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AshC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/066c981a78e01cc813145ff0d256d6c2.pdf 7f8c129de54c3e47511381b4c4722787 PDF Text Text REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ·:: ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS �I I I I I LOCATION COUNTY CLARE MISSAUKEE I I I \,osco GLADWIN I I I 1 I J~ 1 I SAGINAW OSCEOL~ - - - - 1 MECOSTA BAY .' ;l MOUNT PLEASANT us M20 :131 1 I \ISABE~~~-- 1 us 27 I I I v I l ~ : • ""\ -": -. •., ,:.} '. - • - . ~ ::!-4 \ . -· --· THE ASSOCIATION OF CLAfd: COUNTY:LOCAL PLANN1t,11, COMMISSIONS 'I JUNE 1HE ~R EPAR ATION OF 1HIS ._.AP '41AS FINA N\[;) •N PAH ~ r 1·H(f)UG~ /, COMPR El-lf 111S!Vf I> ;_ f'II\I Nll'l. ii GRANT • ROM THE. OiPARTMENT OF HOUSING ADMfNISTEkt O l:H ti.N O URBAN THE. S lAl f .)I- ()E ·J f:. 1()Pti,IFN r MtC~iG AN , 1978 CL.ARE COUNTY MICHIGAN I I �Mark A. Wyckoff 400 Everett Dr. Lansing, M,ich. 4891'5 ,,, FROM THE LIB RARY Of le.tanning & Zoning Center, Inc. REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Clare County Michigan Prepared by Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. Planning, Research & Env ironmental Design Consultants June 1978 The preparation of this report was financed, in part, through a Comprehensive Planning Grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, administered by the State of Michigan. �BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET 1. Report No. MIP-ACCLPC - 01 1 4.Tiile and Subtitle REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Clare County, Michigan 3. Recipient's Accessio n No. 5. Report Date June 1978 6. Au thor{s) Assoc1at1on ot Clare County Local Planning Comm1ss1ons & Parkins Roaers,i. Associates, Inc. Plonnina Consultants 9. Performing Organization Name and AddressAssociation of Clare County Local Plan 7. 8. Performing Organization Rept. No. 10. Pro;ect/Ta sk/W;rk Unit No. ning Commissions, c/o Chairman, Nial D. Resseguie 8245 E. Long Lk. Rdi.c------,-------""""4 11. Contract/Grant No. Harrison, Mich 48625 & Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc., 925 Book Building, Detroit, Michigan 48226 P-416-220 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Donald Peto, Ott1ce of Intergovern- 13. Type of Report & Period Covered mental Relations, D:epartment of Ma:nagement & Budget, Lewis Cass Builing 2nd, Ffoor , P.O • . Box 30026, Lansing, Michigan 48909 7-1-77 to 6-30-78 14. 15• Supplemencary Notes Correlates and summarizes previous 701 Community Planning Assistance grants and unassisted County and Township planning projects. Abstracts This Plan contains surveys, analyses and evaluation on the natural resources and environment, population, economy, housing characteristics, land use, organizational structure, transpor.totio.n facilities and utilities relating to Clare County. Recommendations ore made on future desirable land use needs to . serve the County's future population in the year 2000 . Implementation measures are presented -including a recommended five-year Continuing Planning Program. 16. 17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 170. Descriptors Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms 17b. Planning interpretations of soils information, prime agricultural and prime recreational lands, industry mix and employment structure projection, sector concept for land use planning. 17c. 18. C0SATI Field/ Group Availability Statement Release Unlimited Copies Available F ORM NTIS-3s lREv. 10·731 ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO. 19 •. Security Class (This Report) UNCI A<;;STFTFn Security Class (This P21ge UNCLASSIFIED 21. ·No. 20. 22. THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED of Pages Price usc;:oMM-Dc s2es-?74 �TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Tobie of Contents. List of Tables List of Charts . List of Maps General Summary 111 V IX XII XII XIV History Historical Perspective Historic Preservation . 1 2 Environmental Characteristics Climate Drainage . Major Lakes, Ponds, and Streams Soils and Surface Geology Bedrock Geology • Su.r face Geology Soil Associations . Topography Water . Soil Hydrology Agricultural Interpretation of Soil Associations Forest Cover . Fragile Environmental Areas . Conclusion 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 l1 12 12 12 13 13 14 Population Characteristics and Forecast Past Population Growth Trends . Population Composition Population Distribution, Density and Migration Population Forecast 15 15 20 23 Economy Introduction Employment and Income Distribution Business Activity • Agriculture Anticipated Urbanization and Future Space Needs 37 Housing Study Introduction Existing Housing Characteristics 40 40 V 28 28 31 34 �TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Housing Study (cont.\ 47 Housing Supply Needs Housing Needs Analysis Housing Environment . Statement of Goals Housing Assistance Programs 51 53 57 58 Existing Circulation and Transportation Characteristics Introduction Regional Setting . Road Inventory Characteristics of the Road System . Airport Facilities. Rail Facilities Trucki ng Facilities .. Publi c T ronsportation Conclusion Public Utilities, Facilities and Services Introduction Recreatiqnal Faci Ii ties Librar· e 5 . Police Protection Fi re Protectior. Ambulance Services . Hospital Services. Mento I Hea Ith Dental Care Schools Elect ricity 59 59 60 63 64 66 66 66 66 68 68 69 72 73 75 75 75 76 76 76 Goals and Policies Polici e s and Procedures for Decision-Making Citizen Awareness and Participation Control! ed Development Agriculture and Land Use Business Industry Transportation Environmental Utilities • Organizational Cooperation 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 85 85 land Use Pl an Introduction Existing Land Use 87 87 '· VI �TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Land Use Plan (cont.) 90 94 Clare County Land Use Patterns. Urban-Rural Land Use Conflicts. Future Land Use Plan . Concepts of the Plan . Existing Factors Influencing the Plan Planning by Development Sectors Land Use Control Conclusion 95 95 99 100 105 105 Organizational Analysis Introduction Structure of Counties• County Functions . County Administrator. County Board of Commissioners 107 107 108 111 ··- L · -: ·- -1-12 f:.: .. Implementation - Continuing Planning Program Introduction Organization . The Continuing Planning Process Components of a Continuing Planning Program Maintenance and Updating of Planning Data 11 7.. . . - ' ; ; -·.: :,-:11-8 ·. ' c120· .~· l2'1-· · · i 21 :. ·. - APPENDIX Environmental Assessment Introduction Environmental Impact Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects Alternative to the Plan Irreversible and Irretrievable Committment of Resources Applicable Environmental Controls . · ·• ,· ~-Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Tobie A A A A A A A A A - l, Value of Housing, Clare County, 1970 - 2, Housing Characteristics, Clare County, 1970 - 3, Type of Structure,Clare County, 1970. - 4, Count of Housing Units with Complete B·othroom Fqcilities, Clare County, 1970 - 5, Source of Water, Clare County, 197-0 . - 6, Heating Equipment, Clare County, 1970 - 7, Year Structure Built, Clare County, 1949 to 1970 - 8, County and State Median Values, Clare County, 1970 - 9, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roi 1, Cl o re County . vii j . . . . ,, . ,., • · 130 13Q ::-,.. :- : . ·-.- l3.2 - --: :: 132 .-•. , 133 , ., 133 134 135 l36 :\ ·,, . . •· l37 · · . · · '138 . ·139 140 141 142 l ', �TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue d) Table A - 10, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, City of.Clare Table A - l l, True Cash Value of Real and Personal _Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, City of Har~ison Table A - 12, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Arthur Township . Table A - 13, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Franklin Township Table A - 14, True Cash Value of Real a nd Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Freeman Township Table A - 15, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Frost Township . Table A - 16, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Garfield Township . Table A - 17, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Grant Township . Table A - 18, True Cash Value of Rea l a d Personal Property as Determined from-Assessment Roll, Greenwood Township Table A - 19, True Cash-:Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessrnent Roll, Hamilton Township . Table A - 20, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Hatton Township. Table A - 21, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Hayes Township . Table A - 22, True Cash Value of Rea l and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Lincoln Township Table A - 23, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Redding Township Table A - 24, True Cash Value of Real a nd Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Roll, Sheridan Township Table A - 25, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessment Ro ll, Summerfield Township Table A - 26, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessmen t Ro ll, Surrey Township. Table A - 27, True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as Determined from Assessmen t Roll, Winterfield Township TableA-28, Township School Millage, Clore County, 1977 I. 1 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 · Clare County Drains, Clare County, Michigan, 1978 162 Application for Plan Examination and Building Permit Construction Code Authority, Clare County -r • 164 viii �LIST OF TABLES Table No. Inventory of Lakes, Ponds, and Streams. 4 2 General Soils Mop Legend, Clare County 6 3 Comparative Population Growth, Clare and Surrounding Counties, 1940-1976 . 16 4 Age Composition, Clore County, 1930-1970 17 5 Median Age, Clore County and Other Regions, 1950, 1960 and 1970 . 19 Population Per Household, Clare County and Other Regions . 20 Population Trends by Local Municipality, 1950, 1960, and 1970 21 Natural Increase and Net Migration, Clare and Surrou nd ing Counties, 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to l July, 1976. 24 9 Population Projections, Clare County, 1990 and 2000 25 10 Employment, Clare Area and State of Michigan, 1977 and 1985 6 7 8 11 29 Employment Projections, Clare County,- 1974, 1980 ahd , 1990 • • • •-•• ., .' 12 .. C · 30 . .. Effective Buying Income and Distributtoti ; Clare County, 1974-1976 • I <• 32 13 Retail Sales Data, Clare County, 1974, 1975 and 1976 33 14 Wholesale Trade Area, Clare County, -1967 and 1972 . 33 15 Selected Service Data, Clare County,, J.967 and 1972. 34 16 General Agricultural Statistics, Clare County, 1964, 1969 and 1974 . 17 Types of Farms, Clare County, 1954, 1964 and 1974 . , . '··~ ix 36 �LI ST OF TABLES (Continued) Table No., l8 livestock Production and Sales, Clare County, 1954, 1964 and 1974 . 36 19 Shopping Area Standards Related to Population and TimeDistance . 38 20 Owner Occupied Housing Value, Clare County, 1970 . 41 21 Housing Characteristics, Clare County, 1970 42 22 Housing Units by Type (Occupied and Vacant al I Year), Clare County, 1970 42 23 Bathroom Facilities, Clare County, 1970 43 24 Sewage Disposal, Clare County, 1970 44 25 Source of Water, Clare County, 1970 45 26 Heating Equipment, Clore County, 1970- 45 27 Building Permit Statistics, Clare County, 1977 • 49 28 Projected Housing Supply Permanent and Second Homes, Clare County, '1970-1980 . 50 29 Household Income levels, Clare County, 1976 52 30 Elderly and Non-Elderly Low Income Households, Clare County, 1976 52 31 Street Mileage Within Incorporated Communities, Clare County 60 32 Inventory of Roads and Surface Types., Clare County, 1976 62 33 34 . _Commercial Aircraft Serving Tri-City Airport, May, 1976 65 Moy 65 Single-Plane Airline Service From Tri-City Airport 1976 ' • "' X f \ �LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table No. 35 Page Standards for Specific Recreation Activities, Clare County 70 36 Inventory of Natural, Scenic, and Historic Sites 71 37 Desirable Library Standards, Clare County 72 38 Schooi Districrs,J Ciore County, i977 39 Existing Land Use, Clare County, 1978 40 Updating · Procedures . .I Tl 91 125 XI - - -- ~ ~- �LIST OF CHARTS Chart No. Lot and Plat Approval, 1870 -1978, Clare County. 119 Suggested Organizational Structure 2 97 LIST OF MAPS · Follows Page Map No. Existing Environment 4 Water Resources . 2 Surface Geology . 3 General Soil Map 4 Agricultural Land 5 Maj or Forest Types 6 Soi I Conservation Areas . 5. 5 13 14 14 Population 7 Population Distribution . 22 8 Housing Study Area location 55 9 Road Classifications 62 Traffic Volumes . 63 10 Facilities and Services · 11 Natural, Scenic and Historic Sites 70 12 Fire, School and Hospital Service Areas 73 Land Use 13 Existing Land Use 90 14 Approved County Plats, 1870-1978 96 xii �LIST OF Mtl..PS (Continued) Follows Page Map No. Land Use (cont .) 15 Soil Limitations . 100 16 Cultural Limitations . 100 17 Combined Physical Limitations . 100 18 future Land Use . 101 xiii - - --~ �GENERAL SUMMARY �GENERAL SUMMARY REGIONAL SETTING *Clare County is located in northcentral Michigan and is primarily a rural-farming and recreational area. *Clare County's growth wi 11 come about not as a result of being near a regional urban growth radial nor because of absorption by an expanding large city, but rather as a rural resort area. *U.S. 27, U.S. 10 and M-61 Freeways can be e)(pected to play an important role in the County's residential and industrial development. *Clare County in the future will be subjected to two major economic forces: development pressures and rural stability. ENVIRONMENT *Glaciation has been the dominant force creating the surface formation in Clare County *Clare County relief {elevation of land surfaces above sea level} varies from hilly land in the central townships to gently rolling land in the surrounding portions of the County,. *The soils of Clare County are varied and have a direct relationship to the development potentials and problems in the County, *Clare County contains approximately 400 lakes and ponds, both natural and man~made. Of these 60 are between 20 and 388 acres. *There are 29 miles of major streams and 302 miles of tributary streams flowing within Clare County. *In terms of natural land capability, Clare County is abundantly endowed with diversified soils, crop land, topography, bodies of water and mineral and organic soi I resources. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND FORECAST *Clare County experienced a relatively consistent but rather slow population growth between 1940 and 1960 {9,163 in 1940 to 11,647 in 1960). *Population growth in the 1960's significantly increased with an average yearly increase of approximately 600 persons. The 1970 population was 16,695 people. *Between 1940 and 1970, the age distribution of the County dramatically changed. Fol lowing national trends the most obvious change in the · age distribution within Clare County has b.een the large growth in the proportion of young people up to 1960. By 1970 dramatic increases of older citizens {55 + years) were noted. ~n the future, a large proportion of the new families will be in the 55 years or older age group. School age children continued to increase in the 1970's, but should increase more slowly during the 1980's. *The population distribution of Clare County is generally concentrated in the Cities of Clare and Harrison and the Vi I Iage of Farwel I and around several major lakes. The greatest population density occurs xiv -~· ... �POPULATION CHAR AC TERISTICS AND FORECAST (Continued) in the City of Clare (1,224 people per square mile) and the lowest in Summerfield and Freeman Townships (each having 5.9 people per square mi le). Reviewing the center of population within the County from 1940 to 1960 a shift toward the City of Clare indicates that population had been growing more rapidly in the southern and western portions of the County. This trend reversed in the l 960's and early 1970's and will gradually locate in the central area portion of the County in the Hayes Township area. *In review of the growth in the 1960 1s and the known placement of growth generators in the County (e.g., freeways, utility systems, proposed developments), the 1990 population projection is for a population of between 34,000 and 37,000 people. By the Year 2000, the County's population is expected to be approximately 45,000 to 50,000. ECONOMY *The purpose of the economi C base study is to analyze the industrial, commercial and agricultural sectors of Clare County, the three generators of economic growth within the County. In 1977, over 8,700 people were employed out of a total work force of 9,675. Employment within the non-manufacturing industries is expected to increase the most rapidly through 1990. *It is projected that by the Year 2000 over 4,000 additional people will be employed in Clare County. *The Retai I and Wholesale Trade and Service Industries in Clare County are not as specialized as these industries are in more urbanized areas. The sales volume and number of employees per establishment are both considerably less than the State average. *The total number of farms in the County has decreased steadily during the 1954-1974 period as has the total land area in farms. However, the value of farm products and the total production of lrvestock and livestock products has increased during these 20 years due to more intensive methods of farming. HOUSING STUDY *The purpose of the housing study is to identify housing related problems in Clore County which may impair the type, quality and quantity of the future County housing stock. *As of 1970, the last Federal Decennial Census, there were 11,061 dwelling units in the County. In 1970 more than half of all the homes were bui It for either seasonal use or were vacant and used occasionally. *In 1970, nearly 44 percent of the houses were constructed since 1961 while an additional nine percent were constructed in the 1950 decade and another four percent were constructed between 1940 and 1949, the remaining 22 percent being constructed before 1940. As of 1970, only 56 percent of the total dwelling units were less than 10 years old. xv �HOUSING STUDY (Continued) *There is a shortage of rental housing in the County. TRANS PORT A Tl ON *Five interchange areas off U.S. 27 are integral to Clare County's Development *In Clare County there are large clusters of homes in need of improvement. Zoning and land use plans and bui Iding and construction codes should be reviewed periodically to determine if they are realistic. However, once they are updated, they should be closely fol lowed and enforced. *In order to provide a continuous road system through Clare County, new road connections must be provided. Because of the soil conditions and topographic variations in some areas of the County, feasibility studies by the County Road Commission are required. *A program of taking periodic traffic counts along the County Primary Roads should be initiated by the County Road Commission. This will provide necessary information to develop a road improvement program in the County. PUBLIC UTILITIES, FACILITIES AND SERVICES *Clare County has sufficient regional recreation areas located in the County to satisfy future needs based on recreation standards. However, resort-recreation areas in Clare County receive intense use by people living outside of Clare County and crowded conditions exist. *Clare County's natural physiography and its location in north-central Michigan provide the potential for greater recreational development in the County. ,..., *Clare County hos a great potential for tourism with likely success in vacation cabins, cottages, comping grounds, picnicking, fishing, golfing, hunting, and hunting preserves. *Clare County should encourage the tourist industry in the C0..1 nty to expand rather than develop new County recreation areas. *An organization of recreation related businesses should be organized to explore common concerns of the tourist industry in Clare County. *The County should consider preparing a tourist development plan which would iclentify areas for tourism in the County and which could provide information to be used by potential investors. * A promotional mop showing the present recreation resources and foci Ii ties avai Iable to visitors in Clare County should be prepared. *The existing library system consists of three separate libraries all funded to some extent by the County. *Improvement and expansion of the existing library system should soon be implemented to meet the growing County population. *Two ambulance services operate within Clare County. XVI �PUBLIC UTILITIES, FACILITIES AND SERVICES (Continued) *Clare O steopathic Hospital is the only hospital located within Clare County. Eleven docto rs are on staff. Seven dentists work in Clare County. GOALS AND O BJECTIVES *Urban development in Clare County should be concentrated in distinct urban areas. The scattering of population throughout the County means that services are provided at a high cost to the taxpayer or not provided at all. *Clare County includes eight school districts the largest of which is the Harrison School District. *Agricultural uses cannot compete with urban land u3es and therefore must be protected. The concentration of population in the County is one important way to protect agricultural land. *Primary urban areas in Clare County should be encouraged so that it can achieve a size which can support a wider variety of services and cultural activities. *Clare County is bountiful in natural assets which should be preserved for recreation use of residents in the County of Michigan. *The objective of the County should be to encourage al I local municipalities to adhere to the goals of the County in reference to various land uses. LAND USE *The existing residentiat land in the County amounts to about 29,680 acres. About 1.7 percent is single-family in character and 81 percent is in rural lots. Concentrations of residential development occur in the City of Clare and Harrison and the Village of Farwell and surrounding · many lakes in the County. The remainder of the housing is randomly scattered along Section arid Quarter Section Line roads. *Approximately 600 acres are used for commercial purposes within the County. About 20 percent of the commercial acreage is located in the City of Clare and Harrison and the Vi IIage of Farwell with the remaining 80 percent scattered in the townships. · *The location of manufacturing land uses is not evenly distributed throughout the County. Concentrations of manufacturing land uses are found in and around the City of Clare and the Village of Farwell. Of the approximately 4,070 acres of industrial land usage, only 0.1 percent is in manufacturing, warehousing and storage. The remainder is in extractive indu3tries such as gas and gravel extraction. *Forested land is the predominant land use in Clare County with approximately 195,000 acres in large forested lots. *Other land uses in Clare County include Transportation and Uti Ii ties (12,000 acres), Public, State-Owned Land (43,650 acres), and Water (3,200 acres) and Agriculture (75,720 acres) • . ,:.· . xvii �LAND USE (Continued) *The scattering of urban development throughout a rural area generally results in the gradual dis.c ontinuance of farming. There is evidence that the scattering of urban uses in rural areas of southern Clare County is occurring. *The Future Land Use Plan is based upon the sector theory of development. Broad areas of the County are identified as having dist:nct characteristics which indicates a dominant type of land use within a sector. The County is divided into five sectors: high intensity development, low intensity development, conservation, agri culturol, and rural development sectors. *Examining physiographic features (soil percolatio~, slope and cultural limitations) in Clare County reveals that there are extensive areas in the County which should avoid urbanization. Large portions of the County are unsuitable for urban development. *High intensity land uses, medium density residential, industry, commerce are recommended near major thoroughfares and urban settlements. *Moderate and low density residential development are proposed in and around the Cities of Clare and Harrison and other existing urban communities *The agricultural sector is extensive and stretches from the north to the south primarily along the eastern areas of the County. *The conservation sector (e.g., State-Owned land, private parks and recreation areas) ore indicated in two broad areas in the County. The first area is in the north and northwest where the state-owned and forested areas are best suited to recreation use. The second area extends north of the City of Harrison in an area including large portions of Frost and Franklin Townships. . OR GANI ZATI O NAL *The fact that County officials have managed to perform their duties so ANALYSIS well is a tribute to their capabilities and not a result of the present organizational structure as defined in the Michigan Constitution and State laws. *There are seven members of the Board of Commissioners in Clare County. *In 1974 Clare County voters set a fixed millage limit of 15 mills. *Clare County has more than a two million dollar budget. *The County Home Rule Act, Act 293, does not have the potential to substantially improve County governmental operations. * A County administrator could help make the County's operations more efficient. *The Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions is unique to Clare County and can continue to serve the region. -~- . xviii �IMPLEMENTATION *Due to the nature of Clare County's rapid growth, comprehensive planning is becoming increasingly necessary. *A County Planning Department should be formed in Clare County and work in con junction with the County Bui Iding and Health Departments. *The Regional Comprehensive Plan should be periodically revised and updated to keep pace with Clare County's growth and changing nature. *All local governmental units within the County should work together toward achieving well planned and coordinated growth • .as:· "' XIX • �HI STORY �HISTORY Historica I Perspective Clare County is one of the few areas in Michigan which remained relatively untouched and unused in its early years. The first people to make use of the area were the Indians who played a significant role in Michigan's history, but their activity was very limited. The Indians did not have any permanent settlements .in the Clare County area. A few scattered families did live in the area but it was only used to traverse the State in an east and west direction. Because of this minimum use of the area by the Indians the COlntyremained in a relatively natural state up until the time of the first white settlers. In 1840 Clare County was approved as a county by the Lansing Legislature and was at that time named Kaykakee, meaning 11 Pigeon Hawk 11 in Chippewa Indian Language. In 1843, the name Kaykakee was changed to Clare by an Irish surveyor, Henry Nicholson, who was devoted to his County Clare in Ireland. The documented history of Clare County begins in 1866 with the settlement of the Wilkins family in what later became Surrey Township. At the same time, the Crawford family settled near what is now Dover in the northeast corner of Grant Township. The entrance of these families was nearly concurrent; however, the Crawford settlement (Dover) is credited as being the first settlement in Clare County. l The first settlement of an industrial nature in the County was Hinkleville, a community which was established for the purpose of lumbering in 1868. Hinkleville was located near the intersection of U. S. 10 and the Tobacco River, a mile and a half east of what is now the Village of Farwell. It was here that the County's first impromptu County Seat was located. Today, Hinkleville is overgrown with grass, weeds and trees. Slowly, between the years of 1870-1980 settlers formed the existing township government units which are still in operation today. The prime reason for migration to the Clare County area was the forest cover resources base which existed in the County. Because of the great resource in trees, it was quite natural that the various related lumber industries developed, and even complete lumbering towns in strategic areas of the County. Many of these towns and industries have long since disappeared. The railroads, which were a necessity to the lumber industry, followed the lumber camps and consequently opened the way for additional settlers with interests other than lumber. The railroad lines were instrumental in determining the prosperity of such towns as Farwell, Clare and Harrison. In 1879, Harrison was platted by the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, resulting in the County Seat being moved to Harrison from its original location in Farwell .2 During the time new development was occurring, significant changes in the physical environment were made. Many acres of land were completely stripped of tree cover. Mass removal of trees and ground cover led to increased sedimentation which altered drainage patterns, thus beginning the cycle of environmental change due to human use. Also, access to forest areas by means of the lumbering trails, promoted additional settlement to those areas. l Forrest Meek, Michigan's Timber Battleground, (published in conjunction with the Clare County Bicentennial Historical Committee), 1976. 2 clare County Environmental Study, Student Water Publications, Michigan State University, 1971. - 1- �In more recent years, the County's economic emphasis has changed and lumbering does not hold the dominant position that it once held. Agricultural activi-ty, and more recently, recreational activities, have replaced it as significant factors in the County economy. The development of roads and, more recently,the high speed freeways have all had a large role in shaping the development of Clare County. Population has been increasing and with this increase more environmental concerns have arisen. Clare County Today History has had a vast impact on Clare County and the role that is plays in the State. The fact that Clare County is the "Gateway to the North" still remains as a concept that will have a significant influence on the path that Clare County follows in the future. The County has ties with the northern portions of the State as wel I as with the southern sectors. County residents must choose which role they ore going to follow in the future and the particular life-style that they desire. Growth brings benefits but it also brings significant problems, unless the growth is well planned for by the residents for it is their home and their responsibility. Hopefully, what is included in this document wil I aid in providing incentive to Clare County officials and residents to work for a better environment. Historic Preservation There are no historic sites in Clare County which are on the National Register of Historic Places. However, in December 1977, the Lincoln Township Hall was approved by the Michigan History Department as a historic site. The development plans of this Regional Comprehensive Plan will not adversely affect any historic sites. -2- �ENVIRONMENT �ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS The various land capabilities in Clare County exert limiting or accelerating effects upon prospects for future growth of the County. Man's natural environment influences url:>an and rural growth. This development should never be the result of poor planning decisions. A knowledge of these natural features of the land is, therefore, necessary in formulating sound planning principles for the County. The features characteristic of Clare County which are considered include climate, drainage, water resources, soil characteristics, topography and mineral and organic deposits. Climate A humid continental climate is characteristic of Clare County. The annual mean temperature is 43° F ., and the average annual precipitation is 32 .64 inches. The growing season averages 143 days per year. The mean July temperature is 69° to 70° F., and the mean January tempera.ture is 19° to 20° F. Early and late frosts have at times caused some damage to crops. Drainage The Muskegon Watershed and its tributary streams drain about half of Clare County, while the Cedar and Tobacco Rivers join the Tittabawassee River, a major stream flowing eastward into the Saginaw River. The Muskegon River drains westward into the Saginaw River. The Muskegon River drains westward into Lake Michigan. Clare County is consequently subject to a major drainage divide with waters flowing both westward and eastward into Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Major Lakes, Ponds, and Streams There are 29 miles of major streams and 302 miles of tributary streams flowing within Clare County. The County also has approximately 400 lakes and ponds, both natural and man-mode . Of these, 60 are between 20 to 388 acres in area, and 191 are between 2 to 40 acres in size. There are 11 public fishing sites. The State of Michigan has two 40 acre public easement sites for fishing along the stream banks within the easements. (Refer to Table l, Inventory of Lakes,. Ponds, and Streams.} The major rivers, creeks, and lakes are shown on Map 1, "Water Resources. 0 Soils and Surface Geology Past development of Clare County has for the most part been controlled by its soils. Given today's limited utility facilities throughout the County, the soils are still controlling its development. Controls, however, are being based upon a greater base of knowledge and the restrictions established by law and enforced by the Clare County Health Department. These factors have combined to create a settlement pattern running across the middle of the County from the northeast corner to the southwest corner. This prime development area covers about one half of the County and the only limitations to its complete development are those areas of excessive topography. The area in the northwest corner of the County is primarily well drained, drovghty sand to poody drained sands and muck. The droughty sands present development problems in terms of on site -3- �TABLE 1 INVENTORY OF ~AKES, P.ONDS, AN.D STREAMS :,.,. ~~ Loentlon Ro\11\d Dnlley Locn (Big) Ciut Arnold 17N 3W 2 17N 'JW 3 \. Otter Shnmrock Clear Dco.r llnlf Moon No Nnm •a Thh'tcen Mill Pond . Surrey I ~ Three Lnkcs Crnnbcrry (Dig) Mud (DI~) Mystic no.~:i Elcht I"<tlnl Crooked Perch BlufC Grey Viol! Bccbo Ltly Shinalc Gcorgo Bungo Bertha Perch Hemlock , I Silver i\lo~wny 1131g) Spring 25, 0, 40.0 75.0 : 41. 3 141, G(l) 17N 4W 5 17N 4\V 0 17N4WO, 0, lG 17N 4W 18 · 22.0 120,0 17N 4W 26 17N 5W 5 50. 0 76,0 17N5W5,G G2,5 17N5W5,6 13N SW 31, 32 I I ~ I 32,0 17N SW 0 17N SW 13 so. 0 32,0 17N SW 2G 17Ns·w21, 44, 8 22 17N GW 2, 11 57,0 203, 0 17N GW 4, O, 1G 210,0 17N OW G .4 1.0 17NGW1G 511, 0 17N OW 17; 10 17N GW 100 307,:; 20, 20, 30 17N GW 21, 264,0 22,23,27 50,0 17N GW 23 17N6W25 43. 5 17N GW 27, 46.0 34 20, 0(2) lON 'JW 25 18N 2W 30 18N 4W 14, · 51, 0 23 · 18N SW 3 20!!, 0 31,0 18N SW 7,8 10N SW 8, ' 134. 0 16,17,21 18N, 5\V 21, 45,0 22 43, 0 18N SW 22 18N SW 20,20 25,0 18N 5W 29 • 20. 0 18NSW30 51.S 10N GW 2,3 52.0 18N GW 10, 35.0 11 Dcscrlt!tlon or Wntcr Nnturnl Nnlurnl Naturnl Nnturnl Nnturcl Lnko Lnkc Lnkc Lnko Lnko Nntural Nnturol No.lur:il Nnturnl Natunl Lnko Lnko Lnkc Lnkc Lake Present Uso . ,, Nrunc of Wntcr Windover l'antioh, pike Doc nnd Tom PMflsh P:inti!Jh Losl I Panfich Pantish Dodi:e No Nnme Swallow Dov. Townllno Springwood 12 Pnn!lch Nntural Loko Natural Lake Nnturol Lako Art!Clcinl Lako Spr!.ngwood I 1 Howlnnd Crnnborr,r . Naturol Lake Nllturnl Lnko Arnold Noturnl Loko Nlllurnl Lnko Nnturnl Loko PMClah, plko Nnlurnl Lnkc I>o.n!lsh, pike Locntlnn I Dutld Suthorland Long (LlUlo) 10N GW 11, 1-1 lON GW 23, 24,25,26 lON GW 20 0 33 1!lN 3W 10 l!lN 3W 10, 30 10N 3W 10 l!lN 3W l!l 10N 3W 28, 20 19N 3W 20 lON 3W 34, 35 10N4W1,' 12 10N 4W 2 20N '1.W 35 . 10N 1W 10, 21, 20 10N4W22, 23 10N4W21, u~c ~ De~erlpt!on or Wntcr so. 0 Nnturnl Lnke 187. 0 Naturnl Lnk<: 34,0 Nnlur:il Lnkc 25. 0 20, 0 Nntur:il Lnkc Naluro.l LllkC 2G,O 20. o 70,0 Arllficlnl Lake Nnturnl Lake Naturnl Lnkc 32,0 34,0 Nntural Lnke Nnturnl Lake 2nG. 0 Naturnl Loko Pll.l'l!!sh, pike 110,0 Nnturnl Lnko Pike, troul 175,-1 Nntur:,,1 L:iko Pnnflsh, trout 42,0 Notur:11 Lnko Pnntl6h 43,0 Nntur:il Lnko l'nn!ish, trout 22,0 40,0 Nnturol Lnko Nntural Lnke 30, 0 N:iturlll Lnkc 24, 0 ' Nntural Lake Pn.n!ish 210.0 N:i.turnl L:ike P:i.n!ish, pike '72,0 32,0 Nat'ural L:1kc Natural Lake 2G3, 0 Na~ural Lake 62, 0(3) Nntural Lake Prc5cnt l':l.l'l!loh, pike P:ill!lsh l'n.ntish, trout 22 N:ituro.1 Lnke :PnnClsh, trout Deer Elbow Natural Lnke . NlllUrlll Lnke Nntur:i.1 Lnko 15 Trout Pnn!lsh Panrish lialtMoon Natural L:i.ko Loni: (Bia) Noturol Loke N:iturnl Lnke Naturnl Lake Notural Lnko Pan!lsh, pike Rice Pond Haskell Pan!ish, pike • . Panflsh, pike Lnkc Lnko Lnko Lokc Lnke Lako Fur Farm Cr:,,nbcrry Nnturnl Lnko Naturol Natural Natur.il Nnturnl Natural Natural 19N 4W 23 • 20N 3W 10, P~flsh, plke Po.r.ri11h · 20N 3W 11, 14 20N 4W 22, 23 20N 4W 22, 2G,27,35 20N 5\V 12 20N SW 13, 24 20N sw·21, 28 20N GW l 21N 6W 38 SOURCE: An Aper:ilsal or Potentlnl Outdoor Rcerc:it!on:il Deve1oement in Clnrc County, Nov. lD68, (1070 Rc;,rintl �. --- - purification of effluent. The remainder of the soils have a high water table or will not support foundations. In. the southeast part of the County the soils tend to be well to poorly drained, moderately fine textured soils with moderately low to very slow permeability. The result is the development of on site disposal foci lities are very costly because of the extensive tile field and the amount of aggregate necessary to have such a system function. This area of the County, however, is best suited to developments of an agricultural nature. Bedrock Geology The geology of the County is divided into two basic segments. These segments are: (1) bedrock, and (2) surface geology. This report, however, will not deal with bedrock geology because there is up to 800 feet of overburden consisting of surface geology. This means the bedrock geology of the area has little influence in terms of development except for gas, oil and high delivery water wel Is from the Saginaw Formation. Presently, natural gas resources are being developed in Lincoln and Winterfield Townships. Surface Geology The surface geology of Clore County was laid down during the glacial period of this region. As a result, three basic types of formations exist. These are: {l) Moraine)' (2) Outwash, and (3) Till Plain. The Moraine is composed of undifferentiated Punctino sand, clay-gravel and silt, Outwash being comprised of sand and gravel, and Till Plain-clay and silt. Map 2 shows the various types of surface geology in Clare County. The Moraine area of the County underlies prime development soils of the County. While there is slightly less area of Moraine than prime soil, the basic cause can be attributed to the erosion which has taken place since the recession of the glacier. The Outwash formations lie in the northwest part of Clare County along with a small area of Till Plain. As with the Moraine, this area's soil is related directly to this formation • . Being basically sand and gravel it is droughty, or where it is underlain by silt or clay, it has a high water table and is relatively wet. These wetlands are associated with the Muskegon. River Valley which runs through the Outwash area. The Ti II Plan is located in the southeastern segments of Clare County and contains the clay and silt deposits of the County. This area would be a prime development area just as the Moraine area is, except that it needs urban utility facilities to support development. Soil Associations A complete soil map for Clare County was completed in 1976 by the Clare County Soil Conservation Service. Map 3 graphically shows the nine soil associations as they are found in the County. (See Table 2 for legend.) This general map is useful in understanding the soil groups on a generalized County scale. Soils in different parts of the County can be compared and areas found suitable for certain types of land use can be delineated. The map is not in sufficient detail, however, to permit detailed land use planning involving soils on individual sites. However, the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, which maintains an office in the City ·of Harrison, has a complete collection of detailed soil maps drawn on aerial photograps to aid in detailed soil work. -5- �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON ,,. COUNTY . ., I ' I I . "' FRANKLIN FROST \ C \ l,AYES 4 > ENWOOD I- !HARR~ • > z => 0 (.) I- z => z 3: Q < ..J • 0 0 < • •..J (!) 0 w ~OLN 0 (/) 0 ..... ' HATTON ~ • "' ARTHUR ~ . ' .; . ~ t . ~ ~ • !SABELLA WATER COUNTY RESOURCES . Oilii JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS -~s Tl"'!( PREPARATION OF H-11s "4AP FINANCED IN PART THP.00GH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPARTMENT Of HOUSING AND URBAN AOMINISTE ~ED BY DEVELOPMENT, THE STAT( OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1 �SURFACE GEOLOGY ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~moraine- undifferentiated ,_____~loutwash -sand O ~ • 1 :t • II and :::;:;:;:::::::::::=::::;:;:;::ti 11 plain -clay and sand, c1ay, gravel and silt gravel si It 2 JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS TH( PREPARATIO"-' OF Hos -.t:..P WAS F INANCED IN PA~l THRfJU~!oi A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM T •• E. O(PARTJt,1ENT Of HOUSING AND URB AN AOMINISTEfiEO BY OEVELOPM(NT, THE ST ATE OF MICH IG AN - CLARE COUNTY ' MICHIGAN �SOILS GENERAL MAP NUMBERS . MAP AND PATTERNS CORRESPOND WITH TABLE 2 ~ . .,, . 1 ! Uilb JUNE, 1978 -THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS - - - - ·- THE PREPMfArlON OF THIS MA>-' WAS Flri.4riCEO IN p;..,;,r • Tt-lR0UGH A COMPRE HENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM TH E DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT t AOMINISTEFiEO BY THE STATE OF MICHtGAJrr,j CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN �TABLE 2 GENERAL SOILS MAP LEGEND CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Area Soil Association · Percent of County -· 1 Gladwin, Wheatley 2 Nontcalm, Menominee, Nester 3 4 1% Drainage Soil Texture level Somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained. Sandy and loamy 15 level to rolling. Well drained to moderately wel I drained. Sandy and loamy Menominee, Iosco, Kawkawlin 11 level to gently Well drained to somewhat rolling poorly drained. Sandy and loamy Nester, Kawkawlin, Sims 14 level to rolling Wei I drained to very poorly drained Loamy 29 level to steep Somewhat excessively drained and well drained. Sandy I °' Topography ...... 5················ :::•:•. :::::•:•:•:•:•:•. G rayca I m, Mo ntca I m 6 Grayling 8 level to steep Excessively drained, extremely droughty. Sandy 7 Rubicon, Croswell, AuGres 9 level to rolling Excessively drained to somewhat poorly dmil'"!ed. Sandy 8 Mancelona, Gladwin 4 level to gently Excessively drained and rollihg somewhat poorly drained. Sandy and Ioamy 9 level Muck ...:~:::, 9 •·············· :~~::~::«: Lupton, Ma r k ey Very poorly drained *Soil Survey of Clare County, Paul Corder, Soil Conservation Service, 1976, United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation wit h Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. �For example, because of percolation problems found throughout the County, all development requiring the in;tallation of septic tanks should be checked against the data available at State and local agencies. On the other hand, the general soil map is useful for County-wide planning programs. Agricultural programs, urban development, highway planning and recreational developments can be better evaluated using this map. In addition to the outline in Table 2, (the nine soil associations in Clare Count~, the physical qualities of soils comprising each association are described below. Association l: Gladwin-Wheatley. This Association consists of nearly level, somewhat poorly drained to very poor drained sandy and loamy soils, that have sandy and gravelly substratums. These nearly level soils occur on old glacial lake beds and outwash plains. Differences in elevation between the soils ranges from one to five feet. · Association l occupies about one percent of the County. About 40 percent of this map unit is Gladwin soil, 35 percent is Wheatly soil, and the remaining 25 percent are soils of minor extent. The Gladwin soil is slightly higher in the landscape than the Wheatley soil. It lies on the slightly higher broad flat areas and drainagewayse The Wheatley soil lies on the wet drainageways and broad wet flat areas. The Gladwin soil is somewhat poorly drained, and the Wheatley soil is poorly and very poorly drained. Both these soils have a seasonal high water table, and low available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the somewhat excessively drained Mancelona soil, the somewhat poorly drained Au Gres, Colonville, Iosco, and Kawkawlin soils, and the poorly and very poorly drained Brevort and Roscommon soils. These types are used mainly for woodland, pasture, or idle grassland. For most uses, the excess wetness of these soils is the major limitation. This map unit does have good to fair potential for pasture. The excess wetness is so difficult to overcome that the potential is fair to poor for cultivated crops, woodland, wildlife, and recreational uses, and poor for most engineering uses. However, there is a good to fair resource of sand and gravel. Association 2: Montcalm-Menominee-Nester. This Association is composed of nearly level to rolling, wel I drained and moderately wel I drained sandy and loamy soils, that have sandy and loamy substratums. Most areas of this Association are hilly, but a few areas are fairly flat. This area has few streams, rivers or lakes. Association 2 occupies about 15 percent of the County. About 40 percent consists of Montcalm soi I, l O percent each of Menominee and Nester soils, and the remaining 40 percent are soils of minor extent. The Montcalm soil in most places is slightly higher in elevation than the Menominee and Nester soils. All these soils lie· on hills to fairly flat areas with slight rises. The Montcalm soil is well drained, and the Menominee and Nester soils are well and moderately well drained. The minor soils in this map unit include the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm soil, the moderately well drained McBride soil, and the somewhat poorly drained Iosco and Kawkawlin soils. This map unit is used mainly for pasture, woodland and cultivated crops. For most uses, the susceptibility to erosion and the variable texture of these soils are the major limitations. -. 7 - �Association 2 does have good potential for pasture and woodland. It has fair to good potential for cultivated crops and upland wildlife and variable potential fo~ recreational uses and engineering uses, depending upon the soil and the use. Community development on the flatter areas of Montcalm soil have good potential, while the other areas within this map unit have fair to poor potential. Recreation uses on the flatter areas of the Nester soil have good to fair potential, while the Montcalm and Menominee soils hove fair potential. Association 3: Menominee-Iosco-Kawkawlin. This Association is nearly level to gently rolling, well drained to somewhat poorly drained sandy and loamy soils, that have loamy substrotums. These nearly level to gently rolling soils occur predominantly on till plains and moraines, but some areas are outwash plains. Most areas of this map unit are nearly flat with some slight rises. This mop unit has few lakes, streams or rivers. It is higher than the Grayling map unit in elevation and lower than the Graycalm-Montcalm map unit in elevation. Association 3 occupies about 11 percent of Clare County. About 30 percent of this map unit consists of Menominee soils, 25 percent Iosco and Kawkawlin soils, and the remaining 45 percent are soils of minor extent. The Menominee soil in most places is higher in elevation than the Iosco and Kawkawlin soils. It lies on the higher areas that consist of slight rises and hills. The Iosco soil lies on the very gentle knolls and the Kawkawlin soil lies on the nearly flat area. The Menominee soil is well and moderately well drained. The Iosco and Kawkawlin soils are somewhat poorly drained, and they have a seasonal high water table. The minor soils in this map unit include the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm and Melita soils, the well drained Montcalm soil, the well and moderately well drained Ubly soil, and the poorly and very poorly drained Brevort soil. This map unit is used mainly for pasture or woodland, but some areas are cultivated. For most uses, the excess wetness, the susceptibility to soil blowing and the high clay content of these soils ore the major limitations. The high clay content of these soils substratums cause moderate shrink-swell potential, and moderately slow permeability. This Association does have good potential for posture, and good to fair potential for woodland and upland wildlife. It has fair potential for cultivated crops, if the Iosco and Kawkawlin soils con be drained. It has fair to poor potential for recreational uses and engineering uses. Association 4: Nester-Kawkawlin-Sims. This Association is nearly level to rolfing, well drained to very poorly drained loamy soils, that have loamy substrotums. These nearly level to rolling soils occur on till plains and moraines. Most areas of this map unit are fairly flat with some slight rises, but some areas have several hills. This map unit is lower in elevation than the GroycalmMontcalm map unit~ It is above the Lupton-Markey map unit and the Gladwin-Wheatley map unit in elevation. This mop unit occupies about 14 percent of the County. About 55 percent of the Association consists of Nester soil, 20 percent Kawkawlin soil , 10 percent Sims soil and the remaining 15 percent ore soi Is of minor extent. The Nester soil in most places is higher in elevation than the Kawkawlin and Sims soils. The Kawkawlin soil lies on the flat areas with slight rises. The Sims soil lies on the low-lying wet areas and depressions. The Nester soil is well and moderately well drained. The Kawkawlin soil is somewhat poorly drained, the Sims soil being poorly and very poorly drained. The Kawkawlin and Sims soils have a seasonal high water table. Flooding· is frequent on the Sims soils. The permeability is moderately slow in the Nester and Kawkawlin soils, and slow in the Sims - 8 - �soil. All these soils have a high available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the we! I and moderately wel I drained Menominee soil, the somewhat poorly drained Iosco soil, and the very poorly drained Markey soil. Association 4 is used mainly for cropland and pasture. Cash crops, dairy herds and beef herds are the main fanning enterprises. For most uses, the excess wetness, erosion susceptibility and high clay content of these soils ore the major limitations. This map unit has good potential for woodland, and certain types of wildlife. It has fair to poor potential for most recreational uses and for most engineering uses. It has good to fair potential for cultivated crops and pasture in general. The undrained areas of the Sims soil has poor potential for cultivated crops. Association 5: Graycalm-Montcalm. This Association is nearly level to steep, somewhat excessively drained and wel I drained sandy soils, that have thin sandy and loamy bands. These nearly level to steep soils occur on till plains, moraines and outwash plains. Areas of this map unit range from fairly flat areas to very steep hilly areas. This map unit has few streams and rivers, but it does have several lakes. This map unit occupies about the highest elevation in Clare County. Association 5 occupies about 29 percent of the County. About 45 percent of this map unit is Graycolm soil, 25 percent Montcalm soil, and the remaining 30 percent are soils of minor extent. The Graycolm and Montcalm soils ore about the same in elevation, but the Graycalm soil is usually slightly higher in most places. Both these soils lie on broad flat plains with slight rises to hilly and steep uplands. The Graycalm soil is somewhat excessively drained, and the Montcalm soil is well drained. - They both have rapid penneability and low available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the excessively drained Grayling soil, the wel I and moderately well drained Menominee soil, the moderately well drained McBride soil, and the very poorly drained Markey soi I. This map unit is used mainly for woodland, but few areas ore cultivated, or are used for pastu.r e. For most uses, the susceptibility to soil blowing and erosion and the droughtiness of these soils are the major limitations. The rapid penneability of these soils may cause pollution of the ground water from septic tank absorption fields. These soils also have corrosivity to concrete, and cutbanks that cave in excavations. Association 5 does have good potential for woodland. The Graycalm soil is a fair source of sand. This map unit has fair to poor potential for cultivated crops, wildlife, and recreational uses due to the major limitations listed above. The potential for pasture and engineering uses gets increasingly poorer as the slopes increase in length and height. Pastures and community development on the flatter areas of these soi Is has good potentia I, the hilly to steep areas have f~ir to poor potential. Association 6: Grayling. This Association is nearly level to steep, excessively drained, extremely draughty sandy soi I, that has a sandy substratum. .l This nearly level to steep soil occurs on outwash plains. Most areas of this map unit are fairly flat, but some areas have steep hills to low hills. This map unit is usually higher in elevation than the Rubicon-Croswell-Au Gres map unit and the Lupton-Markey map unit. - 9 - �This map unit occupies about eight percent of the County. About 80 percent of Association 6 consists of Grayling soil, and the remaining 20 percent are soils of minor extent. The Grayling soi I lies on broad plains with slight rises to steep hills. It is extremely droughty due to its very rapid permeability and very low available water capacity. The minor soil in this map unit include the moderately well drained Croswell soil, the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm soil, and the well drained Montcalm soil. This soil has poor potential for cultivated crops, pastures, woodland, wildlife and recreational uses due to the extreme droughtiness of the soil. Using the soi I for woodland is usually the best choice due to the deep rooting capacity of the trees. Community development on the flatter areas has good potential, while the hilly to steep areas have fair to poor potential due to the slopes. This map unit is a good source of sand. Association 7: Rubicon-Croswell-Au Gres. This Association is nearly level to rolling, excessively drained to somewhat ·poorly drained sandy soils, that have sandy substratums. These nearly level to rolling soils occur on outwash plains and til I plains. Difference in elevation between the soils ranges from about 1 to 10 feet. Association 7 occupies about nine percent of the County. About 30 percent of the map unit is Rubicon soil, 20 percent Croswell soil, 20 percent Au Gres soil, and the remaining 30 percent are soils of minor extent. The Rubicon soil in most places is higher in elevation than the Croswell and Au Gres soils. It lies on the hills and higher broad plains with slight rises. The Croswell soil lies on the lower flat areas with slight rises. The Au Gres soil lies on the lowest flat areas. The Rubicon soil is excessively drained. The Croswell soil is moderately well drained, and Au Gres soil is somewhat poorly drained. All of these soils have rapid permeability and low available water capacity. The Au Gres and Croswell soils have a seasonal high water table. The minor soils in this map unit include the excessively drained Grayling soil, the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm and Melita soils, the somewhat poorly drained Iosco and Kawkawlin soils, the very poorly drained Markey soils and the poorly drained Roscommon soil. This Association has good to fair potential for woodland. Cultivated crops and recreational uses have fair to poor potential due to the wetness and droughtiness of the soi Is. Engineering uses and pastures have a variable potential, depending upon the soil and the use. The Rubicon soil - 1 has good potential for community development on the flatter areas and fair potential on the hilly areas. The Crosell and Au Gres soils have fair to poor potential for community development due to their wetness. All the soils have poor potential for wildlife. These soils are a good source of sand. Association 8: Mancelona-Gladwin. This Association is nearly level to gently rolling, somewhat poorly drained, sandy and loamy soils, that have sandy and gravelly substratums. These nearly level to gently rolling soils occur on outwash plains. Most areas of this map unit are fairly flat, but some areas have slight rises to low hills. These soils usually lie fairly close to streams, rivers and lakes. They are at the same elevation or ore slightly lower in elevation than the adjacent till plain and moraines. This map unit occupies about four percent of the County. About 50 percent of Association 8 consists of Mancelona soil, 15 percent Gladwin soil, and the remaining 35 percent are soils of minor extent. - 10 - �The Mancelona soil in most places is slightly higher in the landscape than the Gladwin soil. It lies on the flat areas with some slight rises, to low hills. The Gladwin soil lies on the slightly lower flat areas and drainageways. The Mancelona soil is somewhat excessively drained, and the Gladwin soil is somewhat poorly drained. The Gladwin soil has a seasonal high water table. Both these soils have low available water capacity, and moderately rapid permeability. The minor soils in this map unit include the excessively drained Grayling soil, the somewhat excessively drained Graycalm soil, the somewhat poorly drained Colonville soil, the very poorly drained Markey soil, and the very poorly and poorly drained Wheatley soil. This Association has good potential for pasture, and it is a good to fair source of sand and gravel. It has fair potential for cultivated crops and upland wildlife, and good to fair potential for woodland. It has fair to poor potential for most recreational uses, and a variable potential for engineering uses depending upon the soil and the use. The Mancelona soil has good potential for community development on the flatter areas and fair potential for the hilly areas. The Gladwin soil has fair to poor potential for community development due to the seasonal high water table. Association 9: Lupton-Markey. This Association is nearly level, very poorly drained mucky soils, that have sandy and mucky substratums. These nearly level soils occur on bogs within till plains, outwash plains and moraines. Differences in elevation between the soils ranges from 0 to 3 feet. These soils usually lie next to streams, rivers and lakes. They are below all the other map units that surround them in elevation. This Association occupies about nine percent of the County. About 35 percent of the map unit is Lupton soil, 35 percent Markey soil, and the remaining 30 percent are soils of minor extent. The Lupton and Markey soils are about the same in elevation. They both lie on wet mucky areas. Both these soils have a high water table that frequently floods the soil surface. They also have moderately slow permeability and a high available water capacity. The minor soils in this map unit include the moderately well drained Croswell soil, the somewhat poorly drained Winterfield soil, the poorly and very poorly drained Evart soil, and the very poorly drained Loxley and Greenwood soils. This map unit is used mainly for woodland, but some areas are in marsh grass or bush covered. For most uses, the excess wetness and the instability of these soils are the major limitations. Association 9 does have good potential for wetland wildlife. The excess wetness and the instability of the soils are severe limitations, and they are so difficult to overcome that the potential is poor for cultivated crops, pasture, woodland, recreational uses and engineering uses. Topography The topography of Clare County for the most part is gently rolling. However, there are areas of extreme topography in the County. Generally, these topographical extremes lie in the morainal areas and should be an asset to this area. Since this topographical relief lies in the area with the greatest potential for growth, these slopes will serve to insure separations between development areas. - 11 - �The recreational development potential of Clare County is enhanced by its topography. The basic reason is related to the minimal relief in the majority of the urban areas of the State. For the most part, however, the topography of the County offers very few constraints to its development and in fact heightens its potential. Water Ground water supplies in Clare County seem to be adequate to serve the needs of the County. There have been no reported water problems to this point in time on deep wel Is, in terms of insufficient supplies or extreme mineral content. Driven wells around the lake areas where the heaviest concentrations of recreational residences occur have been causing the Clare County Health Department concern. Soil Hydrology The hydologic characteristics of Clare County's soil can be expressed in terms of water-retaining capacity and soil infiltration rates. Soils with high moisture-retaining capacity and low infiltration rates, for example, the Nester, Kawkawlin and Sims soils, are more likely to require artifical drainage. In contrast, crops grown on soils with very low moisture-retaining capacity and high infiltration rates such as the Grayling soil would be more likely to respond to irrigation and would seldom require artificial drainage. These same soil moisture characteristics also have important considerations with respect to the operation of septic tanks. Soils with high moistureretaining capacity and low infiltration rates are often unsuitable for such uses. Presently, most of Clare County relies upon ground absorption of effluent (liquid sewage) as the main means of sanitary sewage disposal. If the soil in a given area wil I not readily absorb or transmit such liquids, and if other feasible means of waste disposal are unavailable, it will have a restricting effect on the County expansion. The Architectural Standards Division of the Federal Housing Administration lists sandy and gravelly soils with no sand-clay mixtures among those most suitable for domestic septic tank installations. Generally speaking, a soil is considered unsuitable for sewage disposal purposes if it contains clay intermixed with fine-grained compacted sand or silt. Even where soils do not readily permit internal drainage, a septic tank field may be installed, if the length of drain tile is adequate to insure absorption of the effluent waste at a rate compatible with existing sanitation codes. Usually, this is unsound economically since excessive amounts of land must be devoted exclusively to waste disposal. The final determination of the suitability for septic tank disposal is best provided by a percolation test which measures the obi lity of a soil in a given area to absorb liquids at a rate commensurate with applicable health standards. Generally, the soils in the southeastern corner and northwestern edge of Clare County are among the least desirable for septic tank installations. Agricultural Interpretation of Soil Associations Fol lowing extensive cutting of timbered areas, much of the land in Clare County was turned over to agricultural usage • .The lighter sandy soils covering about two-thirds of the County could not support intensive agriculture! activity; and, consequently, much forming was discontinued. The remaining one-third of the County is characterized by the Nester-Kawkawlin Soil - 12 - �Association and is capable of supporting agricultural uses under proper management practices. It is intended by Clare County that part of its best agricultural land be protected to ensure its availability in future years. It is also intended that, where possible, this land be used as additional open space between municipalities and resort-oriented urban concentrations. The better agricultural areas in Clare County are delineated on Map 4, "Prime Agricultural Lands. 11 In 1964, farms covered about 110,370 acres or approximately 30. l percent of Clare County land. By 1974, only 20. 7 percent or 75,730 acres of the County's land was in agricultural use. The contribution of crop agriculture to the County economy has declined substantially. Increasing individual productivity, especially through the use of modern technology, has made it possible for fewer farmers to produce more from fewer acres. This situation has resulted in fewer operators and a need for less farm acreage. The number of farms in Clare County has decreased from 573 in 1959, (467 in 1964), to 374 in 1974. The average size of farms has increased from 206.4 in 1959 to 236.3 acres in 1964, and then decreased to 202.5 acres in 1974. Increasing property taxes could play an integral role on the future of Clare County's agricultural production. Forest Cover Clare County hos approximately 53 percent of its land area dominated by forest cover. Two basic forest associations exist in Clare County. These are: (1) Northern Associations, and (2) Southern Associations. The breakpoint for these associations is about midway through the County. Along this breakpoint and for a limited distance on either side there is a mixture of the two associations. The forest cover throughout the County is second growth developed since the eastern white pine harvest of the late l800's and early 1900's. As a result, much of these timber resources have not reached maturity. The next decade or two will see a considerable amount of this forest cover reaching maturity. Selective cutting will increase the growth rates in these areas and this type of operation is now in progress. The abandoned and ungrazed agricultural lands will and are now becoming reforested. Aerial reseeding would speed this process but such a program is highly unlikely. Map 5, compiled by the United States Forest Service, indicates the major forest types in Clare County and their approximate locations. Fragile Environmental Areas Numerous lakes dot the face of Clare County in a band running from the northeast part to the southwest part of the County on both sides of the watershed divide. In the past many more lak es existed in the County but inte~sive forest cutting and subsequent burning caused heavy siltation of these lakes which are now bogs. Most of the lakes in the County were affected in the same way just after the lumbering area, but due to their depth and the surrounding topography, they were not as severely affected. In the "White Birch Lakes of Clore" development in Lincoln Township, several of these filled in lakes were dredged to create new lakes. If the existing development of the County continues, a considerable amount of lake reclamation work could take place. In existing lakes this activity could have some adverse effects upon the productive capacity of the lake. This would be caused by the removal of the breeding and food producing areas of the lake which lie in the narrow band adjacent to the shore. This type of reclamation program could make the lakes more vulnerable to excessive recreational development. - 13 - �. ' MISSAUKEE COUNTY I '...1~·"'-.· i',t;• • ..I: COUNTY ..1 ,:!.-.: ~ -. I l :s.•.• ROSCOMMON I ""'"···· ..,.., ~;'~ifili .jfi_ D ==*~ ••····• -· --:: ~: .. m:,· ····· ·•-•::..... ' •: !• . . FF AN KL IN __.. SU MM':RFIEL D ·•···· ..... • / , ~ •:~::::::· ::;J;:~ ;: 11--+-~1---1---+---~-~l--+---1---4--+=-r.:;~~dl---+--t~-t--, ,...-+--t--1r~ :! : • . :! : . :! : 1 · $ · = : • ; § • ; • ~ =• ~ l : « ~· ~ «, i . ~ J . --t-:~m ··•1•••·;·•1 o . 11••········ . , . ~ ... ·.••;,. =-~ ·•·.•:.•:• •• :.•••:•.:.••• • ••••• ••• ·1· 0 N :;e; •:::::;~:: ..~-l---'._,..+--i~+~b..J.:.=-.k.;.:-:d--- •:!:!:!: . •• ••::::!:!:!:: •••• ~•:.:!.:!:!:!:; • . •• "'-- ::::::: -;::::::::: :===~====~ z:::::, ' ,::::? -:;:;:: r. ❖•❖:~ -.bJ~..fill--f-+--1-IH--t--.-Ht-A_Mi ~ l~~ .!t...r.t- T.....1:❖•,!!•':; •::::;:;~ ~:-·•~···· 0 •❖!•~•!• .!❖!❖::: H A Y ES :•:❖:-:• '·::::::::.=~ Sr..~. - ·•···•···· ❖:.-:~:• ~- RI DD NG ,-::.::;:. ,c.;•••• .,- ~--:: ,,:.• ... • •••••• .... ··-~•.•·· •• .•...,~···.. •••, - 11=.::ffl. .•.❖:. H) ....•PN .·~'"'····· =~==· m •-•r,;• ,s:: ;s ·•:• =··• ........ . ········•:• IJ .•!• ........~• ··'I".· ·•·· .... ... •• ~. •f!.e• [•··" •• .•J!.V.•.• . .J LI NC OLI~ ~ :~•·····•9\:, tt,.......... ..: ..•.•.~ • • :::::::::: :::::::~:; ::=:=::::: ::::&::: ··=~:4!~ ~==:=:i· ········· ···•······ ~~== : :~: : : \ ... C ····•"!fl .. i!•!❖ ••., 0 II.I 0 ,n G .. FFIELD SURR 0 I • I I SABELLA COUNTY AGRICULTURAL LAND Soils Best Suited for , or in Agricultural Production JUNE , 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLA RE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE ·"'RE PARAT ION OF THI<; MAP WA S FINAN CED IN UAF-i T ft.iR0UG H A CO MPREHEN SIVE PLA NNIN G GRAN T FROM THE Of.PA RT MENT Of HOU SIN G ANO URB A N OE YEL OPMENl , A OMIN I S TEJ<[ ['I BY '!' HE S TA Tt. Of- MlCH IGJl N CLARE COUNTY , MICHIGAN 4 z �MAJOR ;:::.:•:•:•:•:•:•::::::.:.:::: white, red, :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:·::·:·:·:: ma pie, f jack beech, FOREST TYPES pine oak, birch hickory ~ - - - - ) aspen, birch ~ DUI 1 • JI .. JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE' PREPARATION OF HUS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THR0UGH A CO MPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM TME DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN AOMINISTEFfEO BY THE STATE OEVELOPhf(NT, OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 5 �This overdevelopment by recreational homes could cause two very real problems. These problems are: {1) overuse of the lake because of the number of users housed in the lake development and . (2) degradation of water quality. Degradation of water quality will develop because of the soil conditions and the pan or seal provided by a clay bed varying from three feet to 60 feet or more below the surface of a porous overburden. Purification of effluents in the porous soil areas is minimal. The effluents wovld move downward to the clay pan and then laterally into the water of the lake. This very problem is now being recognized on those lakes which have had seasonal recreational home developments for a number of years. Map 6, prepared by the Clare County Soil Conservation District, represents the land considered by the District to be most sensitive to erosion and soil problems • . The areas denoted on Map 6 are very much the same as those areas considered prime agricultural lands. Of the townships having land considered as susceptible to soi I problems, Winterfield, Sheridan, Hatton and Hamilton Townships have zoning ordinances to ensure proper site, size and use and in all five of the townships most of the land delineated on Map 6 is presently zoned for agricultural luse. Conclusion At the present time, Clare County has a considerable amount of open land. However, the various factors of soil, climate, topography, lakes and streams, and forest cover, and the highway network focusing on the southern boundary of the County have generated o demand for land within the County. This demand is for recreational land ranging from large land holdings for clubs to smaller properties for "second homes." The majority of the second home market has centered upon the many lakes throughout the prime development land of Clare Coonty. In the past, this lake development was prevalent bvt the major occupants were persons from the immediate area. In the early 1900's, Farwell and Clare residents and some others from cities in the region developed second homes along the lakes in the southwestern corner of the County. A few lakes in the County have, however, developed differently. Budd Lake and Little Long Lake just east of Harrison have been developed with permanent residences. This type of development, however, is limited in the County. Whether the lakes are developing as permanent or as second homes, the extensive nature of the development, in terms of distribution, will and is causing some real problems. Many of the lakes now have resident lake associations connected with them. These persons are concerned because of what is happening or could happen to their lakes. Such concerns are for pollution, siltation and similar problems related to the environment. The permanent residents, however, seem to have a real advantage in that (1) they reside on lakes all year round; (2) they ore more acutely aware of what has been happening, and (3) they are in a better position to do something about it. While protective measures are being sought in those areas now built-up, the areas now undergoing development will be generating new and possible problems. The cause is related to the private nature of the development. These recreational developments were largely developed in a basically free market place without the guidance of land use planning and zoning which is now in existence in a majority of Clare County's townships. As this type of development continues in the townships without development guidelines, future problems can be compounded. This intensity will increase because of sheer numbers, whether they are people, cottages, homes, miles of streets or any other method by which one measures growth which leads to overuse and degradation. - 14 - �- -·-- --- MISSAUKEE I - -- - COUNTY I ROSCOMMON I COUNTY F ROST FF ANKLIN SU MM:RFIEL D ' /1 HAMILTON RI DD NG I\. ~ , !SABELLA COUNTY SOIL I .·.······ .:.:.:...r .=.-.:.. ...J. t.:.·_·_· ·.·.·_·_·_ ·_·r·~·~n-r:·=: Ii CONSERVATION AREAS ~ 1 • ,11 .. JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARA TION OF THI S t.l:A P 'lrAS flNAN C(O IN PAR T THR'lUGH A COMPR(HENSIVf PLANNING GRANT FROM T HE DEPARTMENT OF HOUS ING AOM l NI S TEi:.tfO BY A NO URBAN THE STATE DE VELOPMENT t OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 6 �POPULATION �POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND FORECAST Urban planners in a rural area are principally concerned with the physical development of the community. Although physical development is the primary consideration, it is the people who must I ive in the environment suggested by the planners. Therefore, it is for the people that urban planning is undertaken. People are the most important resource in any community. The population serves as a market and labor force. The size of the population will affect the amount of homes and commercial services that are needed. The size, type and number of community facilities relate to the number of people who use them. Certain segments of the population have different needs. The young require schools; the labor force needs sh9pping facilities and employment opportunities; and the elderly may need moderate or low income housing. · A study of the population reveals the growth potential of an area. This study contains the size, composition, distribution and density of Clare County's population. The County's population is a variable element, changing from decade to decade. With each changing decade 7 the County1s population has, concurrent with the national, State and regional trends, altered in its characteristics. From these variations, County population trends can be evaluated. As an aid in developing long-range plans for the County, 1990 and 2000 population forecasts are made. Past population trends and expected future growth generators provide the basis for these population projections. These forecasts permit quantifying future land use and needs. Past Population Growth Trends Clare County experienced a rather steady but consistent growth during the years 1940-1960. Its population increased from 9,163 to 11,647 in these two decades, at an average of approximately 1,240 people per decade. Its rate of growth during these 20 years exceeded that of only four counties in the surrounding 8 county region(Gladwin, Mecosta, Osceola and Roscommon). However, Clare County's rate of growth was less than al I the other counties and the State and nation. {See Table 3.) It must be concluded that resort-recreational pressures spilling over from the Cities of Detroit, Lansing, and the Tri-Cities had not yet reached Clare County in 1960. In addition, many people were migrating from rural areas such as in Clare County during these years and this trend accentuated the growth in urban areas. During the 1960 decade, however, Clare County experienced the most rapid growth rate of all governmental units {see Table 3), due primarily to a net migration of resort residents. This is evidenced by the high rate of growth of 43.3 percent in the County during the years 1960-1970. This rate of growth, was considerably greater than the figure of 13.4 percent in the State of Michigan and 15.7 percent thr9ughout the nation during these same years. It must be concluded that during the 1960-1970 decade a shift from urban to rural areas began to affect the population growth trends in Clare County and will continue to lead to a net migration into the County during the 1970 decade, as is evidenced by the 1976 population estimate of a 34.2 percent increase in population in only six years. This rate of growth is exceeded by only that of Roscommon County which is stil I in an emerging state of development. Population Composition Age group distribution of a population is important to community facility planning. Planning for such facilities as schools, parks and public services is contingent upon this population break- - 15 - �TABLE 3 COMPARATIVE POPULATION GROWTH CLARE AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES, 1940-1976* 1940 County 1960 1950-1960 Percent Change l July 1970 1960-1970 Percent Change 1976 1970-1976 Percent Change a Clare 9,163 10,253 11 •9 11,647 13.6 16,695 43.3 22,400 34.2 Gladwin 9,385 9,451 .7 10.769 13.9 13,471 25. 1 17,000 26.2 Isabella 25,982 28,964 11.5 35,348 22.0 44,594 26.2 51,400 15.3 Mecosta 16,902 18,968 12.2 21,051 11.0 27,992 33.0 34,400 22.9 Midland 27,094 35,662 31.6 51,450 44.3 63,769 23.9 67,500 5.9 8,034 7,458 · -7 .2 6,784 -9.0 7,126 5.0 9,200 29. l 13,309 13,797 3.7 13,595 -1.5 14,838 9. 1 17,800 20.0 3,668 5,916 61.3 7,200 21.7 9,892 37.4 15, 100 52.6 5,256,106 6,371,766 21.2 7,823,194 22.8 8,879,862 13.5 9,104,100 2.5 131,669,275 150,697,361 14.5 178,464,236 18.4 203, 183, 103 15.7 Missaukee Osceola °' 1950 1940-1950 Percent Change Roscommon State of Michigan United States N/A N/A ·Ir U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population, Michigan (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950, 1960 and 1970 issues). aProvisional estimates to the nearest hundred as presented in Michigan Statistical Review, · 1977 edition. N/A Not available. �down. The many decades of change through which the population of Clare County has evolved are most evident in the population characteristics. These are changes which can be witnessed each year -- the growing number of school age children, the in-migration of young families into the County and the increasing number of elderly residents. With the construction of two or three new subdivisions, the population composition of any municipality or township could greatly be altered by the addition of large numbers of young families with children or concentrations of elderly residents requiring special services. Age Distribution The age of Clare County's population dramatically changed over the 30 year period between 1930 and 1960, and again during the years 1960-1970. This shift in the age distribution of the County is presented in Table 4. TABLE 4 AGE COMPOSITION CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1930-1970* Age 1930 Percent of Total Population 1940 1950 1960 1970 0- 4 5 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 29 30 -44 45 - 54 55 - 64 65+ 10. l 21.7 9.3 12.3 17.0 9.9 9.6 l 0. l 10.2 20. 1 9.7 15.0 17.0 10.9 8. l 9.0 8.0 21.5 9.3 10.3 14.9 10.8 12.0 13.2 11.3 20.4 8.3 11.7 19.3 10.4 9. 1 9.5 12.6 20.6 8.2 10.3 16.9 10.9 8.8 11.7 *U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970. The most obvious change in the age distribution within Clare County has been the tremendous growth in the proportion of older people. The "Baby Boom" of the late 1940 1 s and 1950 1 s did not drastically affect Clare County. To better understand the age distribution of the County's population, age groups that demonstrate the same facilities and housing needs, and that have other similar characteristics are grouped together. Four major age categories and a subcategory are thus formed: Pre-School (0-4). -- This age group provides a short-range indicator of future school enrol 1ment. Children have been placing an increasing strain on school facilities as the size of the pre-school age group has been increasing both numerically and as a proportion of the total population. School Age (5-19). -- This group places the greatest burden on community services. Education and active recreation facilities ore just two of the many services that this age group requires. The obi lity of a community to keep its young people after they finish their education is most · important to the stability and well-being of the community. The community must provide a -17 - �reason, such as employment opportunities and a desirable living envi ronment, for young people to stay in a community . Labor Force (20-64). -- This age group is the foundation of the community. They are , for the most part, the property owners and taxpayers and they make th e y make the major contribution to the financing and management of local government. Family . Formation (20-44). -- This is a subgroup of the labor force category. Persons in this subgroup are valuable contributors to economic activity in the community in that they constitute a large body of consumers of goods and services. There is a direct relationship between the size of the family formation group and the size of the pre-school and school age groups. This subgroup also requires good housing, fire and police protection, recreational facilities and other municipal services. Senior Citizens (65 and over). -- This age group places special demands on the community for passive recreation uses, transportation facilities, specialized hospital facilities, housing and other such services. The Pre-School age group (0-4) increased from 10. l percent of the total population in 1930 to 12.6 percent in 1960 and then dropped to 8.0 percent in 1970. The increase from 1930 to 1960 was the result of the large number of babies born after World War II. The national birth rate then decreased during the-1960 decade. However, there are more women of child-bearing age than ever before. In the- future, the proportion of pre-school children to the total population may not increase, but the numerical number of pre-school children will. However, due to the increasing median age of the County a large influx of pre-school children is not expected. Pre..; school demands in the County should remain relatively constant or slightly increased over the next several decades. The proportion of School Age children (5-19) slightly decreased between 1930 and 1960 but increased to its highest level in three decades in 1970. This recent increase resulted from the children born after World War II. As they enter the school system, this age group will constitute a greater percentage of the total population. In fact, the 1970 decade should _w itness greater demands on junior and senior high school facilities than ever before. Numerically, school age children should continue to place even greater burdens on the school system over the next two decades. · The Labor Force group (ages 20-64' years) and the Family Formation subgroup (ages 20-44 years) decreased slightly as a proportion of the total population during the years 1930 to 1960 as the pre-school age group increased. By 1970, the proportion increased by about two percent in the Labor Force group and dec~eased nearly two percent to the Forni ly Formation subgroup. The elderly increasingly represented a greater proportion of the County's total population during the 30 years fol lowing 1930. In 1970 as this age category was at its highest proportion to the total population in over four decades. The numerical population in the 65 and over age group in the County increased even faster than the percentage indicates due to the dramatic overal I County population increase. The national trend of people living longer and the natural preference of many elderly people to retire in their 11 old 11 resort homes accounts for this large absolute increase. The elderly group is anticipated to continue to increase numercially within the County. As this age group becomes larger, so do the responsibilities of government in meeting their specific needs. · - 18, - �None of the age groups have an imbalance of males or females. The sex composition of Clare County wi 11 have Iittle effect on the development plans of the County. Median Age Over the past two decades, a national trend in the median age of the population has been evolving, revealing a constantly younger population. The major reason for the decreasing median age exhibited on Table 5 is the post World War II "Baby Boom" which boosted the national birth rate up to about 124 per 1,000 women in the 15-44 age group. The nation's birth rate has witnessed a sharp decline in recent years which may reverse this trend. Between 1950 and 1970, the national median age fell from 30.2 to 28.3 years of age. During this same time span, Michigan witnessed an even greater decrease in the median age, fol ling from 29 .8 years in 1950 to 26.3 years in 1970. However, a decrease of only 0.5 years was witnessed in the micro-region median ages. The micro-region's median age was 28. 9 years in 1950 as opposed to 28.4 years in 1970. Clare County witnessed much the same trend from 1950 to 1960 and had a less dramatic median age decrease compared to the national, State and microregion median ages. However, the median age of its residents took a sharp turnaround during the 1960 decade and increased 2 .4 years to 30. 9 years in 1970. TABLE 5 MEDIAN AGE CLARE COUNTY AND OTHER REGIONS, 1950, 1960, AND 1970* Year u. s. Michigan Micro-Region Average 1950 1960 1970 30.2 29.5 28.3 29.8 28.3 26.3 28.9 27.3 28.4 Clare County 35.5 28.5 30.9 * U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, Michigan, 1950, 1960, and 1970. Household Size The national trend towards the reduction of persons per household which has been evident in the last few decades, reveals smaller family sizes resulting from the decrease in the birth rate and a probable increase in the proportional number of households of elderly citizens. Between 1950 and 1960, as revealed in Table 6, the ratio of persons to households in the United States declined 0.09, from 3.38 to 3.29 while a decrease of 0.21 to 3. 17 occurred during the 1960 decade. During the same time period, Michigan's proportion of persons per household, which was higher than the national figure, fell from 3.48 to 3.42 to 3.27. The micro-region's average household size also decreased between 1950 and 1970, from 3.50 to 3. 17. Clare County followed the micro-region's pattern of decreased household size between 1950 and 1970. The County's ratio of persons per household decreased .36 from 3.46 to 3.10 for this time period. This phenomenon can be attributed to the growing percentage of one and two member elderly households. -19 - �TABLE 6 POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD CLARE COUNTY AND OTHER REGIONS, 1950, 1960, AND 1970* Year u. s. 1950 1960 1970 3.38 3.29 3. 17 Michigan 3.48 3.42 3.27 Micro..:Region Average 3.50 3.42 3. 17 Clare County 3.46 3.33 3. 10 * U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, 1950, 1960, and 1970. Population Distribution, Density and Migration In addition to developing a knowledge of the number and composition of inhabitants living in the County, analysis of the distribution of the population, population densities and population migration is also important. This wil I assist in developing recommendations where community facilities, such as schools, parks, libraries, and hospitals are needed. Population Distribution Population trends in the various localities of Clare County offer an indication of the distribution of people. Table 7 illustrates the population of the last three Federal censuses for the incorporated municipalities and townships. The principal communities in 1970 were the City of Clare, Hayes Township, Grant Township, Surrey Township, and the City of Harrison. The population distribution of Clare County is generally concentrated in the southern and central portions of the County, and around several major lakes. The remainder of the population is generally along the Section or Quarter Section Line roads of the individual townships. However, a more meaningful presentation of the population distribution on the County level can be exhibited by the center of population technique. · The center of population is that point which may be considered as the center of population gravity in Clare County. It is that point upon which Clare County would balance if it were rigid plane with each person in the County being assumed to have equal weight and to exert an influence on a central point proportional to his distance from that point. Map 7 shows the center of population for the County by decade from 1940 to 1970. Assuming that the County's population were evenly distributed, the cent er of population would be identical to the geo.g raphical center of the County (the point where Greenwood, Hayes, Lincoln and Hatton Townships meet). The actual center of the population lies to the southeast of this geographic center. The center of population for Clare County in 1970 was located in Section 16 of Hatton Township. This implies that the County's population is greater in the southeast area of the County. This would reflect the existence of the City of Clare and the population growth of Grant Township. The southern variance between the geographic center of the County and the center of population indicates that the present population of the County is more heavily concentrated in the southern townships. - 20 - �TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS BY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 1950, 1960 AND 1970* 1950 1960 1950-1960 Percent Change 2,440 2,442 .08% Harrison 884 1,072 21.3 1,460 36.2 Farwell '694 737 6.2 777 5.4 Arthur 433 420 -3.0 475 13. l Frankl in 243 251 3.3 374 49.0 Freeman 165 127 -23.0 212 67.0 Frost 404 338 -16.0 607 79.6 Garfield 511 686 34.2 938 36.7 Grant 937 1, 328° 41.7 1,754 32. 1 Greenwood 327 255 -22.0 362 42.0 Hamilton 445 513 15.3 796 55.2 Hatton 268 295 10.0 460 56.0 Hayes 437 606 38.7 1,842 220.5 Lincoln 225 345 53.3 645 87.5 Redding 293 200 -31.7 281 40.5 Sheridan 696 712 2.3 863 21.2 Summerfield 110 119 8.2 214 79.8 1, 138 1,653 45.3 2,338 44. l 285 -4.0 335 17.5 11,647 13.6 16,695 43.3 Community 1970 1960-1970 Percent Change 2,639 8.1% Cities and Villages Clare Townships Surrey Winterfield Clare County 297 10,253 ' *U.S. Decennial Censuses, 1950, 1960 and 1970. aPart of Grant Township annexed to Clare City. - 21 - �In reviewing the center of population movement over recent decades, several facts are revealed. First, the center of population shift has been relatively slight from 1940 to 1960, indicating a stable rural population. No significant concentrations of population in any one area of the County ,,, have had an overwhelming pull on the center of the County's population. Second, the cent~ of population had been moving in a general southwest direction until 1960. Population in.Pn::ases, ' therefore, have been slight-!y greate r in the southern and western portions of the Coun ty until 1970 and then the Hayes Township area began to attract a larger proportion o-f fhe County's growth. ---- The shifts in the center of population by decade hove been in a linear southern pattern. From 1940 to 1960, the pull was from the south. From 1960 to 1970, the_populotion center indicates a large pull toward the northern and central townships. In general, however, the center of population indicates that the population in the County is remaining relatively close to U. S. 27 probably because of its direct link with the metropolitan areas in downstate Michigan. The most important shift in the County's center of population would be that which resulted from 1960 to 1970. Increased housing development and greater population increases indicate that urbanization is increasing at an even greater rote. The growth center of population technique assumes no population to be residing in the County at the base date of 1960. · Therefore, only the distribution of new population growth between 1960 and 1970 is considered. The growth center of population over the last decade is located in Section 34 of Hayes Township. The 19601970 growth center when compared to the geographic center of the County indicates that the growth is increasingly locating in the central portions of the County. The City of Harrison and Hayes Township ore gaining most of the new growth in the County. Population Density The population density of the County is another means of describing population settlement. Map 7 shows population densities by municipality for Clare County as computed in 1970. The greatest densities occur in the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Vil loge of Farwell. The City of Clare has the greatest density with approximately 1,224 people per square mile. The Village of Farwell is next with approximately 621 people per square mi le and the City of Harrison with 365 people per square mile. The townships display lesser densities than the two Cities and the Village of Farwell; Hayes Township has the greatest township density, with about 54 people per square mile. This higher density in Hayes Township reflects the high concentration of resort housing surrounding the many lakes in the Township. Grant and Surrey Townships also rank high with 48.7 and 43.4 people per square mile, respectively • . The lowest densities ore recorded in Summerfield Township and Freeman Township, each having 5. 9 people per square mile. Population Migration Natural increase and net migration rates of population for Clare County constitute an important segment of the population. The number of births minus the number of deaths (for a specific time period) is called natural increase. If all other factors remain constant, the-natural increase would represent the net increase in this specific time period. However, the population of any area is not stable, so, in order to determine the number of people coming into or going out of an area, the term "net migration" is used. Net migration i.s simply the total change in popula- - 22 - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON COUNTY ~---------------------------------------------------~-------------------------------------·- ----- ------~----------------------~----------------- ------------------------- --~-----------------------·- -------------~--------------------------------------· - ~-------------------------~------------_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-----=-----= """-:.-: :f....:f3.A:t.tlfitt: ----::._-_ = WINTERFIELD _-_-_:-.:....: rncIS-.T :-- ----_-:--- - ,... ---_-_-_-_-_-_---_---_-_-_---_-_ - SUMMERFIELD --------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - 1----------------------- --- - ------------~--------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - ~---------------- ------------- - - - - - - - . - - - - :::---77.-:-.:-:-.-:-:-.-:-::-:-:.~---- ~------------~------------.,_ ____________ _ 1--------------i--------------,__--:....""GREENW000--- --_-_: r-------------------------r-------------------------- - rl I •1z ::::::, IHARRISOf t--------------,..... ____________ _ ~------------• z ------------- ll lllll I • --------4=-===~====~=-=-~~:=-:==-==:-=-::====:-=-::F-~~~~~~==~ -z 0 REDDING 0 0 I- ::::::, -: ______ -------:--------------____-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-- __-_-__________ - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I- ·- - ,_----- _-_-_-:_-:_-_::_- 0 ~ < ~;:~:Hc-=----<~=---=fg:§-=======~ k=====~~~=~=l ~ ~ ------:_-:_-_-_-:_-_-:_=] --=--==~=:f:f=~~==~~=-== --=---=:~ C -I 0 w u Cl) 0 FREEMAN ·- --~ ----- ·- ······················•·:ffi.J8~!B·l·\:l~°f¥·.·.·.•··•·-:-.•. :::':· ' :' ' :::' !SABELLA .. ·: .. COUNTY POPULATION DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIC ·• • & POPULATION CENTERS 1970 Density ( pop./sq.mi) CJ Geographic Center of the County 20- 30 Population Center by Decade 1960 - 1970 Growth Center ,- ~ -....: ; - . i THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS 0-10 10 -20 30- 50 50-100 100 - 6 50 ·- I JUNE, 1978 !lli iii 650 or more TH£ PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WA S fl NAN CED IN PAR T Tl-4R'1UGH A COMPREHE NSIVE PL ANNIN G GRAN T FAOM TH [ OEPARTM[P'IIT OF HOUSIN G AND URBAN DE VE LOP MfN T , A OMINI S TEk [ f'i BY THE ST AT E: OF MI CHI GAN CLARE COUNTY , MICHIGAN 7 �tion minus the natural population inc rease. The resulting figure is the number of people that migrated into or out of that area during the specific period of time. Table 8 shows the natural increase and net migration for 1960, 1970 and the estimated net migration for July 1, 1976 wi t hin Clare and su rrounding counties. Net migration (total population minus natural increase) provides a measure of population move. ment. Clare County's net in-migration from 1960 to 1970 was 4,073 people, and from 1970 to July I, 1976 estimate was 5,400 people. When compared to the surrounding counties Clare . County's net in-migration ranks high. During the 1960 to 1970 time period , only Mecosta and Isabella Counties had a greater net in-migration . During the 1970 to July I, 1976 time _period Clare and Roscommon Townships had the highest net in-migration of 5,400 people each. This was a fig ure almost twice as great as Clare County's east and west neighbors Osceola and Gladwin Counties. Again, this net influx of population is a result of the high resort nature of Clare County and its attractiveness to retired and elderly persons. Population Forecast An estimate of the future population of Clare County is one of the most important and basic steps · in the overall planning process. The need for future land uses and community facilities cannot be assessed if the number of future residents is not projected. There are no truly accurate methods of predicting future growth since growth is based on different variables. However, historic growth provides one basis for projecting future growth. Historic growth projections, however, must be modified to reflect future growth generators that wil I affect future population growth. The continuing planning process shot.Ad provide a periodic review and restudy of long-range plans. Therefore, these predictions can be adjusted to reflect changing conditions within the County. Five different population projections are considered for Clare County's estimated population in 1990 and 2000. These projections are shown in Table 9. Michigan Department of Management and Budget One source for projections for future population of Clare County is the comprehensive studies undertaken by the Michigan Department of Management and Budget in October 1974. These projections were mode using data for birth rates, number of women in child-bearing years, death rates, and recent migration trends. Through this method Clare County's population projection for 1990 is 36,817 people and for the Year 2000 at 49,159 people. Region VI I "208" Planning Projection The East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region's 208 Area-Wide Waste Treatment Management Program population projections included Clare County. The report, published in March 1977, estimated that the 1990 population of Clare County would reach 41,950 and the Year 2000 population would reach 59,550. These projections are quite liberal since the estimated July 1976 population was only 22,400 and in the 11 208 11 report Clare County's population is estimated to attain approximately 28,000 people by 1980. Arithmetic Projection The arithmetic method of projection is based entirely upon the assumption that the exact numerical growth in the past decade will continue on into the next decade. From 1960 to 1970 Clare County - 23 - �TABLE 8 NATURAL INCREASE AND NET MIGRATION CLARE AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES,. 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to l July 1976* 1960 to 1970 Countl 1 N .i:,.. 1970 to l Juli'.'.. 1976° Population . Natural Net Population Natural Change ____ Increase ___ Migration ______ Change ____ Increase Net Migration Clare 5,048 975 4,073 5,700 300 +5,400 Gladwin 2,702 873 1,829 3,500 400 +3, 100 Isabella 9,246 5,076 4,170 6,800 2,600 +4,200 Mecosta 6,941 2,406 4,535 6,500 1,300 +5 1 200 Midland 12,319 9,937 2,382 2,700 4,600 -900 Osceola 1,243 1,090 153 3,000 700 +2,300 Roscommon 2,692 38 2,654 5,200 -200 +5,400 Missaukee *Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1976), Series P-25, No. 461, and Series P-26, No. 23-76 and No. 23-75. 0 Provisional estimate rounded to the nearest hundred as presented in Michigan Statistical Review, 1977 edition. �TABLE 9 POPULATION PROJECTIONS CLARE COUNTY, 1990 AND 2000* Projected 1990 Population Michigan Department of Management and Budget Region VII 11 208 11 Planning Projection Arithmetic Projection Straight Line Projection (1960-1970) Planning Advisor's Projection Projected 2000 Population 36,817 49,159 41,950 26,791 34,283 34,000-37,000 59,550 31,839 49, 127 45,000-50,000 *Compiled by Herman Raad, Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions' Planning Advisor, March 1978. increased its population by 5,048 people. Simply adding 5,048 three times gives the Year 2000 projection of 31,839. This projection is considered to be very conservative. Straight Line Projection The straight line projection (1960-1970) simply extends the County's population into the future by the same increase as was experienced during the last decade (approximately 43.3 percent). The 1990 Clare County population would then be about 34,287 people, with the Year 2000 projection at 49, 127, very close to the projections established by the Department of Management and Budget. Projection by Township Planning Advisor Growth projections based upon historical growth patterns fail to consider new developments which will affect growth in the future. At best, historical growth projections provide the lower limits for expected future population size. Growth generators such as freeways, utility systems and new employment centers stimulate growth in an area. The extent of new growth that these generators stimulate depends upon many variables. One of the more important variables is the location, extent and direction of regional growth trends. Clare County is located within a morning's driving range from most of the population in Michigan. Both U. S. 27 and U. S. 10 (linkages to heavily populated areas) ensures that if people are going "up north" there will be good chance of driving to Clare County. The rural attractiveness and ease of access to populated areas ensures a rapid and steady growth rate for Clare County. a Population Projection for 1990. -- Several significant growth factors will mature by 1990. These include: 1. The vast amount of recreational and vacant units in the County, if filled,would have more than double the 1970 population of 16,695 to 39,686. - 25- �2. Expansion of industrial parks. 3. Expansion of sewerage facilities adjacent to developed lake areas and incorporated communities. 4. Urban renewal rejuvenation in the Ci ties of Clare and Harrison and the Vi I I age of Farnwell 5. A number of Federally assisted elderly housing apartment complexes. The exact impact that these new growth factors will have on Clare County is difficult to numerically project. It is certainly anticipated that the growth rate in the 1960's will continue into the 1970's and probably equal the 1960-1970 growth rate. It is estimated that the growth rate will be between 42 and 54 percent from 1980 to 1990, for a 1990 pop_ulation of between 34,000 and 37,000 people. PopulaHon -Projedion for the Year 2000. -- The growth genera~ors for the Year 2000 are anti cipated to further mature and develop. In addition new factors could arise such as: l. Early retirement and additional recreational needs for the middle class worker. 2. High transportation costs which could force people _to spend limited time driving to reach a vacation or cabin site. Clare County is aptly cal led "The Gateway to the North." 3. Development of additional services and light industrial concerns drawn by the already stable population and generally lower pay scale than in the metropolitan areas. It is therefore anticipated that between 45,000 and 50,000 people are expected to live in Clare County by the Year 2000. It is not essential that a population projection be absolutely accurate. A population projection provides the planning program with a general basis for determining the extent of future land areas and community facilities. The Clare County Planning Commission and the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions should periodically evaluate the actual growth of the County in relation to the projected County growth. In this manner, the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Plan can be accelerated or decelerated to meet actual County growth. For the purpose of future planning, a Year 2000 population of 45,000 to 50,000 will be utilized. The ultimate population growth over the next two decades will be greatly influenced by County and local municipal officials. The various ways officials have to influence growth include: 1. Physical change in Clare County, as well as economic change, will be influenced by highway development by the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation and the Clare County Road Commission. 2. The quality and quantity of services, particularly sewerage and water supply facilities and street development, wil I significantly affect County population changes. 3. The cost of homes and living conditions also affect decisions of families as to their location. A wide price and rental range of housing generally attracts people with a range of interests and ability to pay for or rent homes and other living accommodations; a restriction of cost range will likewise restrict the number of available - 26 - �buyers. Land use controls such as building codes, zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations influence the rate and type of population change. 4. ·Solutions to the problems of solid waste disposal, storm drainage and other development problems surrounding lake areas are essential to additional housing construction. 5. A pleasant environment supplying adequate recreation facilities, preserving open land areas and redeveloping older urban areas can attract people to an area. These are some of the important factors which will directly influence population growth in the County. How and when County decision makers provide workable answers to these factors will greatly celermine the population growth of Clare County. - 27 - �ECONOMY �ECONOMY Introduction The purpose of an economic base study is to analyze the various generators of economic activity within a community. An understanding of the resultant employment structure which stems from these particular generators forms a ba_sis upon which sound planning programs may be developed. Clare County is presently changing from a farming-oriented community to one whose future will be determined, to a large extent, by resort pressures emanating from the Cities of Detroit, Lansing and the Tri-Cities. Therefore, the first section of this study consists of this study and projected future industry mix and employment structure within the County. The agricultural sector of the economy is discussed in the second section, while an analysis of the effect that urbanization will have upon the local governmental units within the County is included in the final section. Employment and Income Distribution State and Regional Employment Projections Over an extended period of time, the economy of Clare Cou~ty will be affected not only by internal changes but also by forces originating at the regional and State level. Therefore, a general description of the employment structure within the State of Michigan and the Clare County Region}and projections for the year 1985 are presented in Table 10. 4 This projection was completed by the Michigan Department of Commerce in 1976. During the 1977-1985 period, the largesr increases in employment throughout the State are projected to occur in the Durable Goods Industry, Government and Retail Trade and are also projeded to develop the most rapidly in the Clare County area . Employment Projections for Clare County In Table 11, employment by industry within Clare County during the 1974 period is presented along with estimates for the years 1980 and 1990. 5 Employment within the non-manufacturing industries is expected to increase the most rapidly through 1990. Retail Trade employment is expected to increase from 925 in 1974 to 2,048 by 1990. Employment in construction (an indicator of County development) is expected to take a healthy increase during the 1980's and 1990 1 s. Employment within the manufacturing industries are expected to increase approximately 33 to 39 percent by 1990. Employment growth in Clare County is not projected to be as fast as population growth. By the Year 2000 there is projected to be between 45,000 and 50,000 residents in Clare County or approximately 7,290 more households. Between 1974 and 1990, there is projected to be a total increase 3 4 5 consists of Clare, Arenac, Gladwin, Gratiot, Iosco, Isabella, Roscommon Counties. Midland, Ogemaw, and 1970 Census 4th County Population Display Program. The 1980 and 1990 projections were derived by assuming that the present growth trends in employment would continue through 1990. · - 28 - �TABLE 10 EMPLOYMENT CLARE AREA AND STATE OF MICHIGAN, 1977 and 1985* Clare Area I !:i Emplotment 1977 Emplotment Civilian Labor Force Employment Unemployment Rate 111,536 · 99,918 11,608 10.4 1985 Employment Projection a State of Michigan 1977 Employment (1,000) Employment (1,000) Projection 1977-1985 Change Number (1,000) Percent 32.2 26.9 78.3 4,145.140 3,807.500 338.360 8.2 4,935.590 4,637.160 298.640 6. l 794.45 829.66 -39 .72 -2. l 19.2 21.3 -11.7 f977-1985 Change Number 35,937 147,473 26,864 126,764 9,096 20,704 3.7 14. 1 -- Percent Wage and Salary - lv\cmufacturing Ind. Durable goods Ind. Non-durable goods Ind. 75,203 22,990 7,801 15, 189 90,513 21,985 8,834 13,151 15,310 -1,005 1,033 -2, 130 20.4 -4.4 13.2 -13.4 3,457.600 1,130.220 908.040 222. 180 4,361.630 1,323.910 1, 106.760 217.140 904.03 193.68 198.72 -5,04 26. 1 17. 1 21. 9 -2 .3 Non-Manufacturing Ind. Construction Retail Trade 34,343 4, 195 12,496 46, 146 6,325 17,329 11,803 2,130 4,833 34.3 50.8 38.7 1,706.070 126.400 546.590 2,235.770 180.960 669.320 529.70 54.56 122 .73 31. 1 ·43_2 22,5 Government 17,871 22,383 4,512 25.3 621.470 801. 990 180.52 29. l *Source: Civilian Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment Forecasts Multi-County Balance of State Areas, Malcolm S, Cohen, Harold T. Shapiro, Arthur R. Schwarts, Alan Kett and Philip Mirowski, May, 1977. aConsists of Clare, Arenac, Gladwin, Gratiot, Iosco, Isabella, Midland, Ogemaw, and Roscommon Counties. �TABLE 11 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS CLARE COUNTY 1974, 1980 and 1990* Employment Projections 1974 1980 1974-1980 Percent Change 1990 19'80-1990 Percent Change Manufacturing Industries 67 84 Lumber and Wood Products 67 84 25.4 113 34.5 Fabricated Metal Products 40 50 25.0 67 34.0 Jvlochinery, except Electrical 73 92 26.0 124 34.8 Electrical Equipment and Supplies 134 169 26. l 227 34.3 Transportation Equipment 227 . 286 26.0 384 34.3 19 24 26.3 32 33.3 121 153 26.7 205 34.0 Print and Publishing 11 13 18. l 18 38.5 Other Non-Durable lvbnufacturers 16 20 25.0 27 35.0 120 201 67.5 336 67.2 58 108 86.2 192 77.7 825 1,346 45.5 2,048 52.2 1,007 1,883 87.0 3,344 77.6 Other Durable Manufacturers Food and Kindred Products 113 Non-Manufacturing Industries Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Other *Source: Research and Statistics Division, Michigan Employment Security Commission; Civilian Labor Force and Emp!_oyment Estimates, 1970-1973. This chart originally appeared in the 11 Clare County Solid Waste Management Plan 11, prepared by the E.C.M.P.D.R. for the Clare County Board of Commissioners, May, 1975, pg. 28. - 30 - �in employment of 4,299 jobs in the County. New employment opportunities within Clare County do not entirely account for the population growth in the County. A majority of those migrating to Clare County do so for retirement and not to find employment. Income Distribution The level of effective buying income and the distribution of families within the various income categories is a direct result of the industry mix which generates the economic wealth of a community. The level of household income is the single most important indicator of the economic well-being of the residents. Data documenting these figures for Clare County during the 19741976 period are presented in Table 12. Du ri ng these three years, the level of household income in Clare County has been steadily growing. Clare County has a growing proportion of family incomes in the $15,000 or over category and a decline of households earning less than $8,000. However, these statistics do not take into consideration income which is earned, but not recorded. In many agricultural and rural communities, commodities such as fruit, vegetables, meats and dairy products are produced by the individual family and their expenditures for these necessities are thus reduced considerably. Also, housing is often less expensive in rural communities. In actuality, the "standard of living" in Clare County may be as high or higher than the average throughout the State, but complete living standard statistics are not available. Business Activity The characteristics of the business establishments of Clare County are similar to those of establishments which are located in a rural county (e.g., they are smaller in size and do a smaller dollar sales volume per establishment that similar establishments located in more industrially oriented and populous counties). The Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Village of Farwell provide shopping and convenience goods for the majority of County residents. However, to obtain specialized goods and services, County residents must travel to the Mount Pleasant area, and,, in some instances, to the Tri-City (Midland/Bay City/Saginaw) area and the Lansing areas. Reta ii Trode The amount of employment in Retail Trade is directly related to the population size within the area serviced by the retail establishments. Also, the general trend throughout the State and the nation has been for a decrease in the number of retail establishments, while both the number of employees and dollar sales per establishment have been increasing. These trends are most evident in areas where shopping centers with large stores ore replacing the downtown business establishments. In Table 13, dpta on Retail Trade in Clare County is presented. During the 1974-1976 period, retail sales hove been steadily increasing for most retail services. Both furniture and automobile sales have increased the highest during this period. As could be expected in a rapidly growing retirement and recreation area, food sales and restaurants have nearly kept pace with the overall retail sales increase for the period 1975-1976. There is a great diversity of goods within Clare County attracting sales of its rapidly expanding population as is evidenced in a steady retail sales growth; 5.8 percent from 1974 to 1975 and 16.0 percent from 1975 to 1976. - 31 - �TABLE 12 EFFECTIVE BUYING INCOME AND DISTRIBUTION CLARE COUNTY, 1974-1976* Total Effective Buying Income (Thousands) Median Household Income Family Income Distribution: Percent of Families Within Each Income Categort $0-2, 999 $3,000-4 1 999 $5 I 000-7 I 999 $8, 000-9 I 999 $10, 0QQ-14, 999-$15 1 000+ 1974 $58,491 $7,612 $69,169 $8,389 $79,739 $9,292 14. 1 16.6 12.5 22.9 12.3 N/A N/A N/A 10. 9 24. 1 17. l N/A N/A N/A 9.9 23.5 23. 1 21.6 1975 I w I',,) 1976 -- I *Sales and Management Magazine (1974, 1975, 1976 editions). N/A - Not available. �TABLE 13 RETAIL SALES DATA CLARE COUNTY, 1974, 1975 AND 1976* (Thousands) 1974 Food Eating and Drinking Places General Merchandising Furniture and Appliances Automotive Drug $13,133 Total Retail Sales $55,467 N/Aa 2,352 2,779 9,168 1,570 1975 Percent Increase 1976 Pe rcent Increase $15,093 14.9 $17,161 13.7 7,196 1,820 2,990 8,760 1,736 N/A 22.6 7.6 -4.5 10.6 8,454 1,999 3,523 10,875 1,849 15.9 9.8 17.8 24. 1 6.5 $58,687 5.8 $68,050 16.0 *Sales and Management Magazine (1974, 1975 and 1976 editions). aN/ A - Not Available . Wholesale Trade Employment in Wholesale Trade is not as closely related to changes in population as is Retail Trade. Wholesaling activities are often understated as certain manufacturers sell directly to the ultimate consumer and do not use brokers, or the wholesaling activities are consolidated with other functions. Data on Wholesale Trade within Clare County is documented in Table 14. It is evident that wholesaling activities are rapidly expanding within Clare County as the dollar sales, the number of stores and the total payrolls have increase dramatically. Wholesalers usually are located where the products are produced, near the market or· at the intersection of several main arteries of transportation. Clare County has the advantages of excel lent transportation access to populated areas in "downstate" Michigan. TABLE 14 WHOLESALE TRADE AREA CLARE COUNTY, 1967 AND 1972* (Thousands) Sale Number of Stores Total Payrolls 1967 1972 $8,447 · · 13 354 $16,031 . · 29 1,197 Change Numerical 7,584 16 843 *U. S. Census of Business, 1967 and 1972, Wholesale Trade, Michigan. -33 - Pe rcent 89.8 123. l 238. 1 �Selective Services A.s the expendable income of the population increases and people have more leisure time, the demand fo r services increases. Thus, over the past decade, the service industry has become the fastest growing industry throughout the nation. In Table 15, data in presented on these ."selected services. 11 TABLE 15 SELECTED SERVICE DATA CLARE COUNTY, 1967 AND 1972 * Kind of Business 1967 Hotels, Motels, Etc. Personal Services Business Services Repair and Auto Services Motion Pi cturesa Recreationa Legal Services 25 49 13 19 3 9 b Number of Establishments Change 1972 Numerical Percent 20 -5 -20.0 34 15 78.9 16 N/A N/A 7 *U. S. Census of Business, 1967 and 1972, Selected Services, Michigan. aCombined for the 1972 Census. 6 Not reported in 1967. N/A - Not Available. The type and number of Selected Service establishments within Clare County is indicative of a northern resort community where a large percentage of commercial enterprise comes from service oriented business. A.s the County population keeps increasing, larger establishments wil I be more numerable and will provide more specialized services. Agriculture General Agricultural Activity The purpose of the analysis of the Agricultural sector of the economy is to present a general description of Clare County's agricultural productivity and then to determine the primary concentrations of this activity within the County. This analysis will guide future planning programs as it will serve as a basis upon which to make decisions which will arise when the forthcoming urban pressure dictates that some land must be taken out of agricultural production. Data on the number of farms and acres in production throughout Clare County during the 19641974 period are presented in Table 16. The agricultural trends in Clare County followed the national and State trends as the total number of farms and the land area in farms decreased during this period. However, the value of all products sold and the value of the products sold - 34- �per fam, both increased during this 10 year interval. These trends are a result of both inflation and a more intensive and efficient method of farming. The average number of acres per farm decreased from 236.3 to 219.0 acres during these 10 years as some farms were platted and sold off acreage. TABLE 16 GENERAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS CLARE COUNTY, 1964, 1969 AND 1974* 1964 Number of Farms Land Area in County (Acres) Land Area in Farms (Acres) Average Size of Farms (Acres) Value of Land and Bui I dings Per Farm Value of Land and Bui Idings Per Acre Cropland Harvested (Acres) Value of Al I Agricultural Products Sold Average Sold Per Farm Livestock and Livestock Products Sold Crops Sold Forest Products 1969 1974 346 467 366,080 110,375 236.3 394 366,080 89,013 225.9 366,080 75,730 219.0 20,571 32,943 66,870 87. 15 28,979 14 1. 81 23,048 306 25,778 2,885,750 6,179 3,141,114 7,972 4,817,000 13,922 2,476,204 357,741 2,719,318 392, 187 3,751,000 912,000 *U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, Michigan (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1964, 1969 and 1974 issues). The number of the different types of farms in the County as classified by the U. S. Census of Agriculture for the years 1954, 1964 and 1974 for which data is available, are documented in Table 17. Livestock showed the smallest percentage change during these 20 years. A large decrease occurred in the number of Dairy and General farms and in the number of Miscellaneous and Unclassified farms. Field Crops and Cos Grain farms show a slight increase from 1954 to 1974. Livestock Available data illustrating the trends in livestock production in the County for the 1954-1974 period are presented in Table 18. The total number of cattle and calves decreased slightly during the 1954-1964 period while the total value of livestock and livestock products produced increased. From 1964 to 1974 the number of livestock farms and number of cattle per farm increased substantially as did the value of livestock products for the same period. �Dairy In 1954, 311 dairy farms existed in Clare County; by 1974 the number dropped to 65. Although the number of farms has drastically dec reased,the value of dairy products sold from Clare County markedly increased. (See Table 18.) This reflects larger more efficient dairy farms in 1974 than those 20 yea rs ago. TABLE 17 TYPES OF FARMS CLARE COUNTY, 1954, 1964 AND 1974* Type of Farm Field Crops (other than fruit and vegetable) Cash Grain Other Field Crops Vegetable Fruit Poultry Dairy Livestock General Miscellaneous and Unclassified 1954 1964 5 13 12 1 13 1974 26 19 2 5 2 311 175 67 35 175 99 55 392 l 65 81 6 2 *U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, Michigan (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954, 1964 and 1974 issues). TABLE 18 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SALES CLARE COUNTY, 1954, 1964 AND 1974* Cattle and Calves (number) Hogs and Pigs (number) Sale of Dairy Products Milk Sold (pounds) Poultry and Poultry Products Sold 8,365 3,215 $647,637 14,364,095 13,691 2,929 $2,135,000 N/A $91,525 N/A 7,097 3,624 $1,349,570 32,361,867 $100,291 *U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, Michigan (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954, 1964 and 1974 issues). N/A - Not Available. - 36 - �Anticipated Urbanization and Future Space Needs Urbanization The preceding two sections have discussed past, present and expected future economic trends within the County. The conclusions arrived at in these sections are used to determine what effect the future expected changes will have upon the local governmental units within the County. Change in population per square mile, a density factor, is a good criteria of how rapidly various communities are being urbanized. Two paths of increasing population densities are emerging in Surrey and Grant Townships. One is following the route of Old U. S. 10 Highway westward from the City of Clare through the Townships of Grant and Surrey and the Village of Farwell. Another path of increasing population density is along U. S. 27 through the Cities of Clare and Harrison and the Townships of Grant and Hatton, Hayes and Frost. Hamilton Township is also beginning to experience increased population pressures. The low densities in the western and northernmost townships in Clare County are mostly attributed to the relatively greater distance and driving time from populated areas, and the lack of a direct route from these townships to a larger city. The largest area of conflict with urbanization in the County is expected to occur in the Townships of Arthur and Sheridan. Both have rich farmland and are agriculturally oriented and are desirous of maintaining their farmland. The conflict arises because both townships have ready access to the U. S. 27 Freeway and are within commuting distance from the Cities of Harrison · and Clare and employment centers in the Tri-Cities area. There is a large proportion of State land devoted to recreational purposes in Redding, Summerfield and Winterfield Townships. This trio of townships will remain primarily forested and will also continue to exhibit large landholdings. Due to their isolated locations, it is expected that, at least for the next 10 years, the Townships of Greenwood, Franklin and Freeman will only experience a slight comparative increase in urban concentration, notwithstanding the fact that Clare County is one of the most rapidly expanding counties in this part of Michigan. Future Potential Space Needs Industrial and Commercial. -- The 1990 employment projections indicate that there will be an increase in the number of employers in Clare County. Clare County has two industrial corporations in Clare and Harrison and there is a possibility of the Village of Farwell developing an industrial committee. In 1977, the City of Harrison was awarded a Public Works Administration Grant for development of a 18 acre site with public water, sewage and gas facilities. The County is also fortunate to have Mid-Michigan Community College which offers a large choice of vocational training programs. Large gas storage areas have recently developed in the Townships of Lincoln and Winterfield. Depending greatly upon the future energy needs of Michigan and the United States, these Townships could be dramatically changed. Land for industrial expansion is available in Clare County. However, in most areas of the County, water and sewer lines needed for industrial purposes are lacking. In summary, with all the vacant land in the County, there will be no problem in meeting the future additional space needed by new and expanding firms. As long as proper zoning codes are enforced throughout the County, industrial expansion can provide a greater tax base for the community with a minimum of destruction of open space. However, some utility expansion will be needed. - 37- �The largest concentration of commercial establishments is in the Cities of Clare and Harrison. Originally, Clare served as a "community 11 shopping center for the County but recently the City of Harrison has been expending in terms of services. In Table 19, the recommended population needed for the different sizes of shopping centers is documented. TABLE 19 SHOPP I NG AREA STANDARDS RELATED TO POPULATION AND TIME-DISTANCE * Shopping Area Composition Population Served Service Area Neighborhood Center Supermarket or smal I variety store are major tenants with total floor space of at least 20,000 square feet for all uses. 3,000 to 25,000 depending on density of population. Neighborhood or population necessary to serve an elementary school. Community Center Major tenant of junior department store. Tota I area for all facilities should be 10 to 40 acres. 15,000 to 100,000 population. One to three miles radius. Regional Center Two (2) major · department stores. Site size 40 to 100 acres. 100,000 to 400,000 population. 30 minutes driving time. *Adapted from standards established by Urban Land Institute; Santa Clare County, Commercial Land Needs (November 1964); and International City Managers Association, Local Planning Administration (Chicago, Illinois, 1959). By Year 2000, the County's population will be approximately 45,000 to 50,000 people which will require the present retail shopping base in the County to expand. Expansion will occur by existing retail stores becoming larger and new stores locating in the County. Existing commercial development in the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Village of Farwell throughout the County will generally meet the demand for neighborhood shopping centers and in certain instances for a part of the community center needs. With the trend today towards planned shopping centers, Clare County can anticipate receiving some small neighborhood shopping centers. These will occur where the population growth is the greatest. Shopping centers have tremendous advantage in retailing goods. Parking is plentiful, convenient and free. Shoppers can do a wide range of shopping at one location by walking through a variety of stores. Central business districts in existing population settlements will have a diffi- - 38 - �cult time to compete with new shopping centers particularly in the Harrison area where growth is expanding a long Clare Avenue ("old II U. S. 27). The three incorporated communities presently act as small community shopping centers. They will have to revitalize their central business districts if they hope to successfully compete with shopping centers and strip commercial growth in the future. Regional facilities are presently located in the Mount Pleasant and the Tri-Cities areas. These communities will continue as the regional shopping facilities for Clare County in the near future. Housing. -- As the population increases, so does the demand for housing. It was noted in the income analysis that the residents of Clare County are primarily in the "lower to low middle income" ranges. It has been traditional in American society, especially in generations which have recently migrated from a farm, for middle class families to own their own home. However, with the present money market and high interest rates, many people, especially young couples, cannot afford a single-family home and must rent a dwelling of some type or live in a mobile home. If the approximately 27,300 additional people that will live in Clare County by the Year 2000 (22,700 in 1976 vs. 50,000 in 2000), all chose to live in single-family residences, at an average of 3.1 persons per household, approximately 8,806 additional dwellings would be needed and I at an average of 2 .5 persons per household, 10,900 more dwellings would be needed in the next 22 years. It is impossible to accurately determine what proportion of the future population will desire multiple or single-fomi ly residences. With the large supply of part-time vacant housing in Clore County, any of which could possibly be converted to permanent homes, not all the additional homes need be constructed. Both the construction and construction supply industries should profit from the housing demand in Clare County. Realtors and other people depending on land development as a source of income should also prosper in the future. Care must be taken to insure that the interest of a small industry does not cause any deterrent to the planning and coordination of future County growth. - 39_ �HOUSING �HOUSING STUDY Introduction The purpose of the Housing Study is to analyze the problems that confront the residents of Clare County in relation to the adequacy, supply and price of housing. Recommendations of objectives that will help alleviate existing housing problems and will prevent this recurrence in the future wi 11 be presented. Various elements of the overal I housing environmental and special residential areas in Clare County will also be analyzed. This Study 1s purpose is not intended to solely project future housing needs but to analyze the characteristics of its existing housing stock affecting the supply and demand of housing within the County. Existing Housing Characteristics Housing Stock In ]970, there were 11,061 dwelling units in Clare County. This represented an increase of 3,028 units over the 1960 figure of 8,033.6 Many of the structures within the County are rela tively new. Approximately 44 percent of the 1970 County housing stock was constructed in the 1960 decade. Nearly 23 percent of the County's total 1970 housing units were constructed in the 1950 decade. The remaining structures were divided among 11 percent in the 1940 decade cmd 22 percent before 1939. Detailed local unit analysis is included in the Appendix of this document. In general, the quality of the County housing sto ck appears to be in need of im provement in spite of its age. However, an in-depth structural quality study of the entire County's housing stock should be undertaken to determine what the present condition is of these dwellings since the Census data is based upon a sample of the total number of units and the surveys are often undertaken by inexperienced personnel. Only with a detailed survey could there be a determination of exact locations of structural deterioration and remedial action taken. There is a high turnover rate of housing within certain areas of the County. Th is is indi coted by the 1970 Census data. As of that year, 52 percent of the homes were either vacant for occasional use or strictly seasonal cottages. This proportion is more predominant in the recreationally oriented townships of the County as the lakefront developments characteristically have small lake lots and high density resort housing. · Housing Value Although the definition used by. the Census Bureau is clear, the validity of the reported dollar value as an estimate of property valuation is a subjective measurement and may be questioned. 11 Value" is the respondent's {owner's) estimate of 11 How much the property would sell for on today's market. 11 Value data is limited to single-family housing (one unit structures),. detached and attached, that are located on 10 acres or less, or on properties which also have a business establishment. Cooperatives, condominiums, and trailers ore also excluded from the value tabulations. 6 1nforrnation provided by the East Centroi Michigan Piann1ng and Deveiopment Region, Saginaw, Michigan. -.40- �TABLE 21 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Units Number Percent Built for Seasonal Use Occupied Year Round Vacant for Rent Vacant for Sale Vacant for Occasional Use Other Vacant Rented or Sold but not Occupied 1,741 5,345 161 179 4,837 499 32 13.6 41.8 1.3 1.4 37.8 3.9 12,802 100.0 Total .2 *U. S. Census of Population and Housing; provided by the East Central Michigan Planning and Development Regional Planning Commission. The large number of seasonal homes is indicative of Clare County's resort nature. The large percentage of resort housing is heavily influenced by large numbers of seasonal homes in Hamilton and Hayes Townships possessing 40.6 and 31.3 percent, respectively, of all the resort homes in Clare County. Housing Type The predominate type of housing unit in Clare County is single-family dwellings. In addition, in 1970 there were 491 year-round mobi I e homes in the County. TABLE 22 HOUSING UNITS BY TYPE (OCCUPIED AND VACANT ALL YEAR), CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Number Percent Single Family Duplex Multiple Family Mobile Homes 10, 199 92.2 247 124 491 2.2 4.5 Total 11,061 100.0 Type 1. 1 *1970 U. S. Census, Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census; 4th Count Summary Tapes. - 42 - �In 1970, over 40 percent of all of Clare County's single-family homes were located in Hayes, Garfield and Lincoln Townships. These three townships are also the townships which possess large clusters of homes adjacent numerous lake developments. Surrey, Grant and Frost Townships cumulatively comprise 21.0 percent of Clare County's single-family housing stock. The Cities of Harrison and Clare, the only two cities in the County, house 15.4 percent of the County's homes; and the remaining 2,353 homes were almost equally distributed in the remaining nine townships. Of the total 247 (1970) duplex units in the County, 124 were located in the City of Clare and 33 were located in the City of Harrison. Six townships in the County possessed the remaining 90 duplex units. In 1970, the multiple family dwelling units were concentrated in the Cities of Clare and Harrison with a combined total of 76 multiple family dwelling units out of a total 124 such units. Nearly a quarter of all the County's 1970 mobile homes were found in Hayes Township. The 1970 Census information indicated 104 mobile homes in Hayes Township, or 21.2 percent of the County's 491 mobile homes. The Township Planning Advisor estimates that in 1978 there are nearly 1,000 mobile homes in the County, 350 in Hayes Township alone. Plumbing Facilities Plumbing foci Ii ties include toilet and bathing equipment and water supply facilities. The characteristics of these fixtures are measurements of housing quality. Housing units considered as having all plumbing facilities are those which have piped hot and cold running water inside the structure, a flush toilet, and a bathtub or shower inside the structure for use only by the occupants of the unit •. TABLE 23 BATHROOM FACILITIESa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* None or Half Bathb 1 1--1/2 2 2-1/2 Bath Baths Baths Baths 3 or More 3,682 6,532 496 277 50 50 Total ·: Uni ts 11,087', *1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. a , Based on 15 percent sample calculations. blncludes facilities also used by occupants of another unit. The 1970 Census reported that 3,682 or 27.8 percent of Clare County's year-round housing did not have complete bathroom facilities. The problem of insufficient or total absence of plumbing facilities will become more serious if the present trend of seasonal home conversion to year-round units continues throughout the County. - 43 - ,.;.· . �Allied to plumbing facilities are those housing characteristics which describe the various methods of residential sewage disposal and the different sources of water supply. These characteristics are also elements of housing quality, for many persons place great value on publicly provided sewer and water services. Sewage Disposal Residential sewage disposal is handled through three basic methods: (a) Public sewer. (b) Septic tank or cesspool. (c) Some other means, ordinarily a very primitive method such as a priv y, chemical toilet, or running a sewer line from the housing unit directly into a creek, lake, swamp, etc. TABLE 24 SEWAGE DISPOSALa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Unit County Total Public Sewer 1,050 Septic Cesspool 7,093 b Other 2,944 Occupied and Vacant Total 11,087 * 1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes . aYear-round units. Based on 15 percent Census sample. bOther includes units on individual sewer lines running directly to creek, lake, o r swamp . According to the 1970 Census, only 9 .5 percent of all Clare County's year-round units were tied into a pub Ii c sewer system; 86.3 percent of these homes used a septic cesspool system, and the remaining 26.5 percent relied upon some other means of sewage disposal. Source of Water In 1970, nearly 18 percent of Clare County's 11,087 homes relied on a public water or private water system; al I but 8.8 percent were so provided in the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Vi II age of Farwel I. Homes with water supplied by a individual well constituted 80.2 percent (8,897 homes) of all the homes in Clore County. Only 221 occupied and vacant year-round homes relied upon a creek, river or spring directly. Two townships, Frost and Lincoln, had 54 · homes each relying upon a primitive method of water supply. - 44 - -~· ... �TABLE 25 SOURCE OF WATERa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Public System or Private Companyb Unit Individual Well 1,969 Clare County Other 8,897 Total Units C 221 11,087 *1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. aBased on 15 percent calculated sample. b Common source supp I ying · water to more t han f.rve units. . cWater obtained directly from springs, creeks, rivers, etc. Heating Equipment Heating equipment, like plumbing facilities, is a measure of housing quality. The types of heating equipment discussed here represent the principal kind of equipment used in each housing unit. The U. S. Census Bureau in its survey of heating ·e quipment utilized eight separate classifications. For simplicity, these have been reduced to four major categories: (a) Central heating equipment, whether hot water, warm air, or electric; (b) Room heater without a flue; (c) Other types which include room heaters with a flue, pipeless furnaces, stoves, fireplaces, and portable heaters; (d) . Not heated. TABLE 26 HEATING EQUIPMENTa CLARE COUNTY, 1970* Central Heating Unit 3,534 Clare County Heater Without Flue 256 Other Types Not Heated Total 7,142 129 11,061 *1970 Census of Housing, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. aBased on a 20 percent sample. Occupied and Vacant Year-Round Units. I. In 1970, 32.0 percent of all the year-round units in Clare County were equipped with some form of central heating system (83.4 percent of these were warm air type). Only 256 of all ' • •• ~· . • 'l t... . the yecr-iounv units rel:e'-4 upon non-tiued room heaters. Uver b4 percent of the County;s ~ ~ - 45- . ~--- �year-round units relied on other types of heating facilities (about 57. 1 percent of these were heated with flued heaters). Al I but 129 homes in Clare County were heated in 1970. Most of the homes built since 1970 rely on some form of central heating. Mobile Homes The mobile home is one aspect of the housing supply which is often overlooked. In 1975 about 9.9 million people lived in more than four million mobile homes.7 Now more than two percent of the United States pouplation live in mobile homes. The mobile home industry has inherited the lower-priced market and this year wi 11 sel I about 95 percent of new homes under $25,000. 8 Mobile homes are, therefore, beginning to have great impact upon the low-cost housing market. Mobile homes may range from 12 feet in width to 70 feet in length. Two 12 foot wide mobile homes can be placed together and may have wel I over 1,200 square feet of floor space. New · mobile homes, fully equipped and completely furnished, range in price from $7,500 to $18,000. The double wide homes may range from $9,000 to $30,000. Prices may vary according to size, style, and quality of the unit. The Veterans Administration makes loans for mobile homes with a maximum limit of $12,500 financed over a 12 year period. An additional $7,500 maximum loan may also be obtained to purchase a site for a mobile home. A total of $20,000 may be borrowed for a 15 year period. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insures loans on mobile homes up to $12,500 with a maximum repayment period of 12 years and 32 days. The mobile home must meet construction standards as determined by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. FHA does not insure loans on seasonal mobile homes. Today, there is little to distinguish the mobile home owner from those who own conventional homes. Many mobile home units may be used as second homes. Twenty percent of the total mobile home shipments are assumed to be in this category. 9 Considering that the "typical income for the mobile home family in 1974 ranged between $6,000 and $9,000 (and) about 25 percent (of the owners) were over 65, 11 10 Clare County appears ripe for mobile home development. The Township Planning Advisor estimates that there are approximately 1,000 year-round mobile homes in Clare County as of June, 1978. 11 7 8 9 Sylvia Porter, "Mobile Homes Affordable," The State Journal, August 8, 1976. carl Norcos, "Mobile Homes - The Most for Your Money," Detroit Free Press, Parade Magazine, September 12, 1976. . u. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook N. 428, Projections of Demand for Housing by Type of Unit and Region, May 1972. lOSylvia Porter, "More About Mobile Homes," The State Journal, June 10, 1976. 11 This estimation is derived from assumptions made from bui Iding permit statistics for the year 1977 and from population estimates. In 1977 alone an additional 144 mobile homes were placed in Clare County (not all are assumed to be permanent Clare County residents) • - 46- .. - �Seasonal Housing The discussion of housing growth characteristics has heretofore grouped al I housing units in Clare County with no distinction made between year-round and seasonal dwellings. Yet, there are ample reasons for examining the two types separately. First of oil, seasonal homes are highly restrictive in their intended use, and often inadequately constructed, equipped, or maintained for year-round occupancy. As such, it is unrealistic to include these units with the County's year-round housing resources. In 1970, the U. S. Census Bureau determined that there were 1,737 seasonal homes, however, there were also 5,716 homes classified as vacant. Many of the homes classified as vacant were also used as seasonal homes. This means that approximately 58 percent of Clare County's homes were classified as either seasonal or vacant in 1970. The large number of seasonal units hinders the provision of public services throughout the County. Concentrations of dwelling units that would normally be capable of supporting public services are unable to do so in Clare County due to the large percentage of seasonal homes. The owners of seasonal homes, being temporary occupants, are often hesitant to pay for public services, thereby making any system too expensive for the year-round residents during the non-peak seasons. The result of this situation is a lack of pub Iic services in areas where environmental conditions often demand them. Housing Supply Needs In the three decades previous to 1960, only a small portion of the population increase in Clare County was due to an in-migration of people. However, from 1960 to 1970 Clare County's population increased an estimated 10,748 persons. Of this total increase, 88 percent was due to a net inflow of people from other counties. 12 The pleasant living conditions, abundant recreational opportunities, and absence of urban problems have induced many people to reside in the County and commute to the City of Midland or as for away as the Tri-Cities or Lansing areas for employment. Clare County's history as a resort area has helped spur the in-migration of elderly persons, many of whom move into their "vacation home" permone,:itly after retirement. Existing Supply The County's 1970 population of 16,695 is projected to increase to approximately 26,000 by 1980 and to about 36,000 by 1990. If these additional people were to live in single-family homes at an overage of 2.81 persons per household, l3 an additional 3,300 homes would have to be made available by 1980 and on additional 3,300 homes would be needed between 1980. and 1990. According to the East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region in its 1975 Housing Inventory, Clore County in 1970 had a total of 12,802 housing units. Of this total, 13.6 percent, or 1,741 units, were classified as seasonal residences. From the remaining 11,061 yearround housing units, 348 were for sole or rent. The remaining 10,713 units were composed of 5,368 second homes and 5,345 occupied households. Removing the homes which were considered 12 See Chapter, Population Characteristics and Forecast. . , 13compu,ea . ,. I Ioy ca~, r ... ,... t I M· I ! P' • . d' Deve,opment i- · . ·• . '-'.en_~ ., , \!C:n,gan ___ ,annrng an Region; originally presented in Technical Guide For Housing Plan, Preliminary Draft, 1978, p. 21. - 47 - -~- �substandard due to deficiencies in plumbing and deterioration, only 7,298 year-round homes in 1970 were considered available. The problem with this analysis is that consideration was not given to the actual amount of seasonal and second home~ which will potentially be available by 1980. This large number of pc;>tentially avai !able homes is an important factor in Clare County's future housing supply. · Supply Projection Methodology In order to accurately project the 1980 supply, the number of housing units to be· made available through construction or renovation must be tabulated. The first step in aci:omplishing this task is to determine the average rate of construction or renovation for the various types of building activities. Actual building permit statistics are needed to serve as a base. However, only in 1977 are complete records available. (See Table 2 7.) Building activity prior to 1977 will have to be estimated. (The Department of Commerce estimated that 1,302 housing units were constructed from 1970 to 1975, however, the source of their information indicated voluntary reporting of permit activity. No accurate record~ were kept during that period for any Clare County community.) Estimations of potential 1980 housing supply were made from 1977 building permit statistics and through discussions with the Clare County Building and Health Departments. 14 Through discussions with the Clare County Building and Health Inspectors it was determined that 1977 was not a "typical" year for County development. It was ascertained that 1977 had a more rapid rate of mobile home development than the previous six years. Permits for housing construction and additions were also higher than they had been in prior years. Fewer cabins were constructed in 1977 as well as fewer improvements on existing second homes. Incorporating 1977 permit data and the observations of two wel I informed department heads, an average yearly rate of development for each type of building activity was determined. Each class of activity was then calculated as to the ratio of permanent to second homes. Table 28 summarizes 1980 supply projections~ Potential 1980 Standard Housing Supply As indicated on Table 28) it is estimated that an additional 1,400 mobile homes will be moved into Clare County during the 1970 decade. It is approximated that 63 percent of the mobile homes moving into the County will be used as secon.d homes, and a total of 518 additional permanent mobile homes will be added to the housing stock. It is also projected that approximately 70 cabins wil I be built per year or a total of 700 additional resort or second homes by 1980. Approximately 15 percent of these units, 105 units, are estimated to be used permanently. In 1977, 109 single family homes were constructed. This high figure is not indicative of the County's early development when seasonal home construction was stil I in its heyday. It is anticipated that an average of 125 permanent homes will be constructed yearly during the 1970 1 s, or a total of 1,250 additional homes by 1980. In 1977, more than one-half of all the building permits issued were for additions and improvements to existing structures. The Clare County Building Inspector estimates that 60 percent of all additions made in Clare County are intended to prepare a second home for permanent occupancy. The Building Inspector further estimates that 25 percent of all the improvements made in Clare County are intended to convert a second home for permanent use. It is estimated that 14 DLicussions held during Month of May; 1978. - 48 - ,· �TABLE 27 ---Unit Town sh i_es: Arthur Frankl in Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamil-ton Hatton Hayes I .p.. Lincoln --0 Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey .,,, Winterfield BUILDING PERMIT STATISTICSa CLARE COUNTY 1977* Mobile Homes 2 Addition Cabinb House 1 6 4 6 1 9 15 .• 19 17 20 16 Pole Barn Improvem~~GC!I~ge Total 6 0 1 2 14 20 42 5 3 5 12 9 15 23 29 74 98 5 2 6 3 14 46 6 41 5 73 0 15 5 22 5 35 12 60 33 246 9 l 6 11 3 6 8 29 5 2 l 4 4 0 1 10 0 20 4 4 4 3 13 0 6 10 11 30 4 33 32 32 107 16 0 l 27 2 0 0 13 l 19 8 26 8 85 20 144 218 43 109 114 249 877 11 Cities: -Clare Harrison Farwell County Total *Clare County Building Department, M-lrch, 1978. Compiled by Township Planning Advisor. aFreernan, Hamilton, Lincoln and Grant Townships and the City of Clare had their own building inspector during 1977. 6A ccibin is considered to be a seasonal residence of approximately 720 or smaller. clmprovements include porches, fireplaces, breezeways, roofs and similar alterations. �TABLE 28 PROJECTED HOUSING SUPPLY PER!vlANENT AND SECOND HOMES CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1970-1980* Type of Construction Mob ii e Homes Yearlt Occurrence b Actual 1977° Estimated 1977 Yearly Average Seasonal or 2nd Homes Permanent Percent Total No. Percent Number 144 184 110 63% 882 37% 518 Cabins 43 55 70 85% 595 15% 105 Houses 109 161 125 6% 6 100% 1250 Addif'ions 218 316 291 N/A N/A 60% 1746 Improvements 114 166 169 N/A N/A 25% 422 I u, *Disc ussions with Clare County Building Department and Clare County Health Department, May 1978. 0 a 1',, Table 28 bFreernan, Hampton, Lincoln and Grant Townships and the City of Clare's building activity was estimated by the following methodology. 1. Freeman Township's building activity was assumed to be the average of the construction activity during 1977 in Summerfield, Winterfield and Redding Townships. 2. Hamilton and Lincoln Townships collectively compose 11 percent of the County's housing units. Thus, for all the types of building activity an additionat 11 percent was added to account for Hamilton and Lincoln Township building activity. 3. The level of activity for the City of Clare was assumed to be the same as the level of activity for the City of Harrison. cDue to the rising building costs occurring :throug.h ~-: the State and Nation none of the homes larger than 720 square feet are considered seasonal or second dwellings. N/A - Not applicable. Additions or improvements to existing seasonal or second homes would not increase the number of available seasonal or second homes. �,( an additional 2,168 permanent standard quality homes will be made available through renova. t io n of existing second or seasonal homes. Supp ly Summary As indicated in Table 28, an estimated 4,041 housing units will be added to the County's housing stock by 1980. Including this figure with the 3,758 standard year-round units available in 1970, 15 the assumption can be made that 7,799 housing units will be available in 1980. If the projected population reaches 26,000, as is estimated, and if the projection of household size is correct (2. 81 people per household), a total of 9, 253 housing units wi 11 be needed. An additional 370 housing units, approximately four percent of the housing stock, should be added to the projected need to accommodate for mobility and vacancy. In comparing the supply and need calculations it is determined that Clare County will have a shortage of 1,824 standard housing units by 1980. Employing the 2.81 population per household estimate, 5,125, County residents, or nearly 21 percent of the County's 1980 population, will be housed in substandard housing. In the following section housing needs wi 11 be addressed to determine the special needs of elderly persons, low income persons and renters. Housing Needs Analysis Different population groups have different needs. The needs of the elderly are not the same as the needs of low income families or renters, although they are sometimes very much related. An elderly retired couple does not require the same size house that a young family with children would require. Low income families may be composed of both renters and elderly people and are many times limited by their low income to have a wide range of housing choice. Elderly/Non-Elderly Household Needs The Department of Health, Education and Welfare estimated the elderly population (60 years or older) for each county in the United States as of July 1, 1975. 16 This estimate indicated that 18.7 percent of Clare County's population was over 60 years old in 1975. Assuming that the ratio of elderly to non-elderly persons will remain the same, 4,762 people in Clare County will be over 60 years old in 1980. If al I elderly households have two members, 2,382 homes wil I be needed for elderly residents. If the average household size is less than two, an even greater number of homes will be needed for elderly citizens. Low and Moderatre Income Household Needs The determination of what constitutes a low or moderate income household is estimated by the Community Development Act of 1974 to be 80 percent of the median household income for the moderate income househord and 50 percent below the median income household for the low income household. In 1977, the 11 Survey of Buying Power" 17 was published in which the median household in.come for every county in the nation was tabulated. "Effective buying income" (EBI) excludes personal taxes and social security payments and, therefore, does not necessarily reflect 15 16 East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region, Housing Inventory Analysis, 1975. oepartment of Health, Education and Welfare Publication (OHD) 77-20085, 11 Estimates of the 60+ and 65+ Population for Counties and PSA's: 1975, ,\,Uchigan. 1711 Survey of Buying Power," Sales and Marketing Management, July 25, 1977 pp. C-102-C-110 • .,.. - 51 - �11 total 11 income. However, Clare County's EBI does reflect a general ability to pu rchase goods and is consequently used in this document as the base for calculating low and ve ry low income levels for 1976 (Table 29). TABLE 29 HOUSEHOLD INCOME LEVELS CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1976* 1976 Median Effective Buying Income $9,292 Low Income Level Very Low Income Level $7,434 $4,646 *"Survey of Buying Power, 11 Sales and Marketing Management, July 25, 1977 and East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region calculations. TABLE 30 ELDERLY AND NON-ELDERLY LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1976* 1976 Clare County Households Below Median Income a Elderly Non-Elde rly Total 41% 4, 181 6,492 Low Income Elderly Non-Elde rly Total 3,881 4,041 30.5% Very Low Income Elderly Non- Elderl y Total 3, 114 2, 171 20.3% * "Survey of Buying Power, 11 Median Household Income Data, 1976; Department of Housing and Urban Development, Percentage Distribution of Households, 1974; and Township Planning Advisor's calculations. a As a percent of total County population. In 1974, the Department of Housing and Urban Development produced statistics as to the percentage distributions of households at various income levels for elderly and non - elderly populations. This statistical breakdown for Clare County is shown in Table 30. Nearly 88 percent of Clare County's elderly population earned less than the 1976 median effective buying income of $9,292. A general rule of thumb is that a person can afford approximately twice their yearly income for housing. Table 30 indicates that the 1980 housing market in Clare County will most likely be for homes valued at less than $20,000. Clare County's large group of very low income residents will probably require financial assistance to be able to enjoy a suitable living environment. Many of these low income people could also be forced to live in rental housing. Considering the fact that housing costs are escalating out of the reach of many low or moderate income families, an increasing demand could occur for rental homes. In 1970, 12.9 percent of the standard available homes in Clare County were rented. If the same ratio holds true in 1980, 3,354 County residents will be potential renters. Assuming an average household size of 2.81 - 52 - ..;.·" �pe rsons for rental homes, l, 194 rental units will be needed in Clare County in 1980. Housing Environment Housing quality deteriorates for many reasons. Poor original construction and lack of proper maintenance are two major reasons. However, much more is involved than just poor maintenance and construction. Deteriorating housing is a much broader problem. The environment in which housing is located is vital to its existence. Several factors will be examined which affect the housing environment. Incompatible Land Uses Incompatible land uses are uses of land which tend to adversely affect one another. Concentrations of deteriorating homes appear in those areas where the lack of, or the improper administration of zoning creates conflicting land usage. The National Commission of Urban Problems made the following statement concerning the link between poor housing and conflicting land usage: "A common characteristic of a deteriorating area is a mixture of land uses not conducive to a neighborhood of homes. 1118 Land use in close proximity to residential areas has a major impact in determining the desirability of these areas for living. A heavy industrial area generally presents a poor environment for housing. However, it is conceivable that a light industrial plant using few raw materials and generating limited traffic could exist quite well near a residential area. Most commercial uses generally tend to adversely affect the residential environment. Notable exceptions to this may be found. The only real answer is that each individual case must be carefully examined so as to determine its functional needs. The objective must be to obtain a mix of uses which exist compatibly with each other; not to be totally segregated uses . Such total segregation can only lead to a sterilized community with living, working and shopping areas linked only by automobile. The answer must be reached carefully with the specific goal of grouping uses according to their needs and functional characteristics with each case given individual consideration. Inadequate Neighborhoods It is difficult to determine what makes a neighborhood inadequate. Certain answers to the problem may be due to the absence or presence of needed neighborhood facilities. The availability of schools, parks, etc., has much influence in determining the desirability of neighborhoods as living areas; however, the exact forces which determine a neighborhood's qua! ity are not always related to the availability of facilities. . Poor Subdivision Developments 11 While poor construction is in large measure responsible for new slums, poor land use regulaHons, and particularly poor subdivision design standards and review have played a large part in speeding deterioration of new housing developments. 1119 Many of the problems of poor subdivisions are at least bound to the fact that virtually no regulations or controls were in effect when the growth 18 Report on the National Committee on Urban Problems to the Congress and the President "Building the American City, 11 Washington, D.C., 1968, page 6. ' 19 The American Society of Planning Officials, "Problems of Zoning and Land Use Regulation, 11 Washington, D.C., 1968, page 18r - 53 - ,.c;!· .. �occurred. Recently adopted zoning ordinances for many of the County's communities provides standards for orderly residential growth. 2 0 Also, the County Building Code adopted in 1975, as administered by Bill Randle, helps ensure quality construction of new units. (See Appendix for sample building permit.) Subdivision regulations should be employed only to designate the broad framework development should follow, not to dictate specific details of design. Regulation must seek to provide minimum design criteria with enough flexibility to allow good developers to provide sufficient facilities to ensure the future stability of their developments. Problems Associated With Land Speculations "The transfer of land for profit has been necessary to the functioning of the American economic system, and is generally defended on the ground that it helps to ensure that land is being put to its most economically productive use. 11 21 Today, however, land speculation is generally considered a primary cause of many land use problems. In this regard, the National Commission on Urban Problems found: 11 The ever rising cost of land has unquestionably been a factor in increasing the cost of housing, and it, therefore, decreased the supply of low and moderate cost accommodations. 11 22 Constant pressure is exerted by land speculators for measures to rapidly increase the value of their holdings. Measures which bring about this rapid increase are often in the hands of Township officials. Placement of schools, water and sewer lines, streets, highways, and public services of all kinds affect the value of land. Pressure is frequently exerted on Township officials by speculators to place public facilities at locations which will bring the most direct benefits to their holdings. The net effect of this process is an illogical and uncoordinated growth pattern. Statement of Problems Rising building cost is a prohibitive factor when planning new construction. Because of the high cost of labor and materials, builders make a low profit margin on low priced housing. Therefore, many builders prefer to limit their construction to houses that exceed $20,000. As a result, high building costs are particularly responsible for creating a lack of low and moderate priced housing. There are numerous families in Clare County that cannot afford to rent or buy suitable housing. The problem could be partially remedied if better job opportunities were made avai Iable at both the Township and County level. There is an acute shortage of rental housing in Clare County. As a result of current high building cost and the demand for low priced housing (i.e., less than $20,000) rental housing demand has taken a sharp increase during the recent years. Since there is a shortage in this 20 zoned communities in Clare County as of June 1978 are Surrey, Sheridan, Arthur, Hatton, Lincoln, Freeman, Hayes, Hamilton, and Frost Townships. The Townships of Winterfield, Summerfield and Franklin have ordinances very close to adoption. Both the Cities of Harrison and Clare have adopted zoning ordinances. 2 1Amencan • Soctety • . orr pl.ann1ng • Of.nc,a1s, r• • 1 op.cir, page 66 . 22 American Society of Planning Officials, op.cit, page 68. - 54- -~•. ' �type of housing, any families attempt to remedy this problem by purchasing mobile homes. During the pa st decade, the number of mobile homes in Clare County inc reased from 122 in 1960 to 491 in 1970, and to an estimated 1,000 permanent year-round mobile homes in June 1978. The lack of suitable mobile home parks, creates a problem in itself. As a result, trailers are scattered throughout the County many being improperly installed and lacking adequate sanitation facilities. The increasing trend to convert seasonal homes to permanent residences could create a detrimental effect on the living environment in Clare County. Many older residents who owned a resort home in Clare County are retiring permanently in their seasonal homes, many of which are located on very small lots. If this trend continues, sewage and other public service problems could drastically increase, especially surrounding the heavily developed lake areas. Another problem created by seasonal home conversion to year-round residences is that many people find that the old cottage is just too smal I to adequately meet their permanent living needs. Because of this, many people are building their own additions, many times overlooking building code requirements. Part of the problem could be that Clare County adopted the State BOCA Building Code in the latter part of 1974. Up until that time, there were no building specifications for a homeowner to go by. It is assumed and hoped that as time goes by more people wil I be aware of,and adhere to, the County administered Building Code. Limited financial resources of the County which results in the basic inability to afford adequate expertise in the areas of -planning, revenue, code enforcement, etc., is a major and serious obstacle to the complete solution of the local housing problem. This situation necessitates coordinated efforts and requests for State, Federal and related aid. These financial inadequacies are particularly critical in the area of sewer construction and financing and providing adequate staff and administrative budgets for potential code enforcement programs. In general, there is a lack of understanding concerning the intent of such reasonable land use controls as zoning and subdivision regulations. This misunderstanding could create an opposi.tion to regulatory control. Windshield Survey Analysis There are many residential subdivision developments in Clare County which exemplify the housing problems previously mentioned. Early in 1978, the Planning Advisor completed windshield surveys of five residential areas representing a variety of problems common to many Clare County neighborhoods. See Map 8. Area 1: Eight Point Lake. This Garfield Township development surrounds the largest lake in Clare County. The Eight Point Lake area is one of the most expensive property areas in the County. Al I roads immediately servicing the lake are gravel. The majority of the homes are on the lake side of the road. Many of the established seasonal residents, or new permanent residents, are forced to build their garage or storage sheds across the street from their home due to the very small lake lots. The majority of the homes are in good condition; however, because of of the high ratio of seasonal residents, many of the homes are in need of minor repair. Small lot sizes and an increasing tendency toward gross covered front lawns requiring fertilization has helped speed the growth of algae. Eight Point Lake has a Lake Association and every few years the Association hires a firm to cultivate the seaweed. A majority of the homes are vacated during - 55 - ,.i.· "' �MISSAUKEE COUNTY I I ROSCOMMON 1 I COUNTY \ WINTI RF IELD F ROST ' FF AN KL IN SU MM~RFIEL D RI DD NG I\. r . - HI TTbN ~ L-l-_)_~.._._~~..,~---1-~..-~l'l!!-4-~~-+-,~'--.1-t--+..,:G_ift-A-fll\rT,-t--;--r-r--,r--r--. ~ IA:o F F IE L D SU RR I y \ I) II, -~ ~ .I Kf··"":=1__,._-t---_,, / I !SABELLA COUNTY HOUSING STUDY AREA @ housing f LOCATIONS study area ~ ~ • Olli 3 • • JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS TH[ PRf P-,RATION OF Ho$ AAAP WAS FINAN CED IN PART T..iR0Utjj,,j A CO MPREHENS IVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTM ENT Of HOUSING AND URBAN OEVELO;,M[NT, AOMINISTEkE'C BY THE STATE OF MICHIG AN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN a �the winter; but during the summer months the road surrounding the lake is inundated with parked cars. A small neighborhood store serves the immediate needs of the residents, but the nearest commercial district supplying a variety of services is the City of Evart in Isabel la County more than 10 miles away. Area 2: Hil I Haven. This residential subdivision development occupies large portions of Section 6 in Surrey Township. The area is adjacent to M-115 giving its residents easy access to the Village of Farwell and the City of Clore. This is one of the few large scale residential developments (larger than 320 acres) which does not surround a lake (three lakes are near Hill Haven Subdivision but are not included in the development). Hill Haven is composed of nine subdivision plats the first of which was approved in 1962 and the lost approval was granted in 1974. When this development was started small homes of less than 700 square feet on lots less than 12,000 square feet were sold at a package deal of less than $5,000 with minimal downpayments. This type of development attracted many resorters to capitalize on the "bargain." There are approximately 260 homes in Hill Haven. Many of the homes have deteriorated considerably since their construction in the early 1960's. "For Sale" signs and broken windows are everywhere. The character of the ·development has changed . from a recreation-resort oriented community to housing primarily low income families many of whom seem to have school age children. Improvement of the area would require large amounts of money. However, many of the homes are too small and were constructed too poorly to justify large expenditures of housing rehabilitation money. Area 3: Dodge Lake and Townline Wilds Subdivision. Area 3 consists of nine platted subdivisions, seven subdivisions in the Dodge Lake development and two in the Townline Wilds development. Townline Wilds No. 1 was approved in Section 19 of Hamilton Township in 1954. The Townline development has 322 platted lots and the Dodge Lake area has 716 platted lots for a potential residential area of 1,038 lots. These developments consist of lots much less than 12,000 square feet. This is one of the original resort areas in Clare County . Today, over 700 single-family homes and mobile homes are clustered around six smal I lakes. A small commercial area has developed on the corner of Dodge Lake and Townline Lake providing. limited retail serives. Many of the seasonal homes are being converted (mainly by retired persons) for use as permanent homes. This could potentially pose a health problem because the lots are too small to accommodate the sewage needs of a permanent population. Also, the six lakes surrounded by development are in danger of recreational overuse. Area 4: White Birch Lakes of Clare. The White Birch Lakes development is located in Sections 26, 27, 35 and part of 34 in Lincoln Township. This is the most recent large-scale subdivision development in Clare County. · This development consists of six subdivision plats, the first of which was approved in 1970 and the last being approved in 1972. The development provides a total of 1,356 one and two acre lots. The roads traversing this development have 66 foot easements, a community center and a posted security guard at the development's entrance. White Birch Lakes of Clare appears to have been geared toward residential area in the County. However, in 1974, the project culties and went into receivership and at present its future is in only about 90 have been developed with residential structures. developing a more affluent experienced financial diffiquestion. Of the 1,356 lots Of the homes that were con- �structed many appear to be in the $30,000 or over range and are consequently beyond the price range many Clare County residents can afford. This and the fact that second home ownership is becoming increasingly expensive probably added to the development's financial problems. White Birch Lakes of Clare could have become a model for other potential residential developments. This development has a set of stringent subdivision regulations to ensure that scattered mobile homes or substandard houses are not constructed. Area 5: Arnold Lake (Hayes Township). Arnold Lake is in Section 2 of Hayes Township. This development represents a unique approach; on the west side of the lake tbere are four separately owned developments. The first of these subdivisions, Jay Woods Subdivision, was approved in 1956 and contains 42 lots with an average lake front lot depth of 240 feet. This large lot size was rare among resort areas in Clare County in the last 1950 1 s and early 1960 1 s. Six years later -~ch's Subdivision was platted to include 21 lots with an average lakefront lot depth of 270 feet. Keeping in mind the fact that Hill Haven Subdivision (Area 2) was developed at the same time with 150 feet long lots. In 1967, Jay Mar Subdivision No. 2 was approved, platting an additional 26 lots with an average depth of 200 feet. Finally, in 1970 Hughes South Subdivision was platted to allow for an additional 13 lots in the area's development. As of September 1977, only 34 homes were developed on the west side of Arnold Lake. There were no mobile homes in the development, and very few homes are for sale. The homes on the lake lots generally start around $40,000 and up depending upon the lot and residence. This area is also out of the pri-ce range of many Clare County residents, but considering the relatively small number of lots involved, the area will probably not face the same financial difficulties White Birch Lakes experienced. Statement of Goals The main housing objective of Clare County is to provide adequate housing for all its citizenry. Therefore, consideration of the following goals must be met if the objective is to be realized. 1. Enforce and adopt reasonable controls that wil I serve to guide private development along orderly lines. (a) Uniformly administer and enforce local zoning ordinances so that new residential construction will conform to adjacent land uses. (6) Analyze the possibility of preparing subdivision regulations so that land subdivision wil I meet minimum health and safety lot standards to accommodate new home construction. (c:) Continued enforcement of building codes so that future construction will meet minimum safety standards. 2. Provide adequate information concerning the availability of housing to all income levels. 3. Work with local groups which are seeking information and assistance on housing programs. - 57 - ,.;,.·"' �4. Update existing local housing studies and information on housing conditions on a yearly basis. 5. Provide technical assistance to local builders and contractors on site ide ntification and financing. 6. Enc0urage builders to construct more and better qua Iity low and moderate income housing. 7. Participate in planning programs at the regional level which would help the County and its townships in qua! ifying for assistance programs. 8. Analyze the feasibility of preparing a Waste Water and Sewage Collection Facility Plan. 9. Employ local tax credits to achieve housing code compliance. 10. Utilize Federal and State housing subsidies. 11. Provide input and work with the Clare County Housing Commission. 12. The Regional Comprehensive Plan should be revised as necessary and implemented. Housing Assistance Programs There is presently existing in Clore County a housing assistance program sponsored by the Clare County Housing Commission. Through their program (approximately $380,000 for fiscal year 1977-1978) existing housing, substantial rehabilitation and new construction may be partially or wholly financed. Elderly housing and direct loans for residential rehabilitation, and direct and insured loans for elderly and low to moderate income housing are presently available. Mr. Ron Jessup, the Clare County Housing Director, should be contacted at his office in the Clare County Courthouse, phone number 539-2761 for specific program guidelines and policies. - 58 - ...t-·" �TRANSPORTATION �EXISTING CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORTATION CHARACTERI-STICS Introduction Transportation facilities play an important role in the growth of any area. Without proper access within the community and to surrounding areas, residential, commercial and industrial development may never occur. By the same token, improved transportation routes in adjacent areas could have a negative effect on a community's economic base if the community too did not evidence transportation improvements. Competition is an economic fact of life in governments. Historically, competition has always occurred between nations, states, counties, and even local municipalities. Competition has also occurred between modes of transportation and those who are responsible for those modes. From the very exploratory beginnings of this hemisphere in the 16th Century, settlements have competed with each other for the largest share of commerce. As the towns and villages grew along the water tributaries in this nation, as well as around the Great lakes, they competed with each other. As the nation grew, a faster mode of transportation than water was needed to carry both passengers and goods. Thus, the railroad, with the aid of Federal subsidies, became the prime mode of transportation. Towns and villages sprouted and grew wherever train stations were located. In the early 20th Century, the-invention of the automobile again changed the transportation habits of the United States· and indeed the entire world. With the advent of the automobile, new roads and highways had to be constructed to transport volumes of people to areas not settled before. These areas, located away from the water tributaries and the railroad lines, were then settled. The highways were used to transport goods to markets away from the water and rail hubs of commerce, thereby lessening their importance. It was found by businessmen that it was cheaper and faster for a truck driver to de! iver goods to the doorstep rather than wait for a train to unload and then find another mode of transportation to deliver goods the remainder of the distance to the place of business. In the future, air transportation is expected to become an important carrier of both freight and people. However, today it is the automobile and the truck which carry the bulk of people and goods to their destinations, and therefore the road system, on which these modes of transportation depend, is the foundation upon which economic growth is governed. Regional Setting Clare County boundaries are located approximately 170 miles north of downtown Detroit, 15 miles north of Mount Pleasant and 30 miles northwest of the Tri-Cities (Midland, Bay City, Saginaw). One State Highway (M-61) and two U. S. Freeways (U. S. 27 and U. S. 10) directly link Clare County to Detroit, Flint, Lansing and other major urban areas in the State. These routes will remain an important part of the transportation system connecting Clare County with neighborhing communitis even though other thoroughfares and freeways may eventually be bui It through the County. - 59 - �Road Inventory Not all roads provide the same function for carrying traffic. Motorists with their destination or origin outside of the County will generally travel on regional thoroughfares. These highways are generally indicated as State routes and are engineered for fast-moving traffic between major population centers. Roads which are designed to provide links between major land uses relating to employment, shopping and residential uses within the County are considered as County Primary roads. These roads which provide access to abutting property are considered local roads. An inventory of these three types of roads and their condition in Clare County is included in Tables .3] and 32. Regional Thoroughfares Regional thoroughfares, as found in Clare County (see Map 9), are M-61, U. S. 10 and U. S. 27. There were over 80 miles of State trunkline in Clare County. Table .31 shows the number of trunkline miles in each of the three incorporated communities and the total street mileage of the communities. It is interesting to note that the communities al I possess urban trunk line mileage. TABLE 31 STREET MILEAGE WITHIN INCORPORATED COMMUNITIES CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Incorporated Community Urban Trunk line Maior Local Total Clare Harrison Farwell 3. 11 3.47 1.25 3.68 4.22 2.63 16.62 13.96 4.64 23.41 21. 15 8.52 Totol (Miles) 7.83 10.53 35.22 53.58 *State of Michigan, Deportment of State Highways and Transportation, Twenty-Fourth Annual Progress Report, Report No. P 62, (Lansing, Michigan, 1975), pp. 66-87. Michigan Highway 61 (M-61) connects the Cities of Gladwin and Marion and traverses the entire width of Clore County, cutting directly through the center of the City of Harrison. Michigan Highway 115 (M-115) begins on the west side of the City of Clare near the U. s. 27 Freeway. It travels north from this location through Farwell north through Cadillac and on to Frankfort, Michigan. U. S. 10 links C_lore County to Midland and l-_75. 1-75 goes through Detroit and all the way to the State of Florida. To the north, U. S. 10 links Clare County to Ludington. The Old 10 is now a County Primary road and links the Village of Farwell with the City of Clore. u. s. U. S. 27 is a major limited access thoroughfare that traverses the center of Michigan from Mackinaw City through Lansing to Indiana. ,~· .... �Since the function of the regional thoroughfare is to provide a means of moving goods and people in a relatively quick fashion and at t he same time being accessible to most of the residents in the County, it is apparent that these regional thoroughfares are spaced in a manner that does in fact make them readily accessible to people in Clare County and linking the County with urban concentrations in lower Michigan. County Primary Roads The designation of a Primary road is made by using two criteria. The first is location (e.g., they serve as connecting links between major thoroughfares as well as other ccmmunities). A second criteria relates to the amount of traffic volume carried by the road. The transportation network of any county would be adversely affected were it without an adequate Primary road system. Map 9 indicates the location of County Primary roads in Clare County. The County Primary road system is established by the Clare County Road Commission after approval by the Michigan Deportment of State Highways and Transportation. By designating a road as part of the County Primary road system, the County can obtain Federal and State highway · funds to help maintain said road. Taking an overall view of the County Primary road system in Clare County, the major problem is the lack of adequate improved Primary roads within the County and also a lack of continuity in the road network itself. The location and condition of the Primary road system in Clare County overall is better in the southern and central sections of the County. North of the M-61 Highway, the County Primary road system is more random in spacing. There are numerous jogs, even in major roads, as wel I as combinations of different road surfaces, including gravel. The road system appears to have developed without any real thought or design. In other words, the road system simply happened. For example, Old State Road is a County Primary road which may be utilized as a north-south access to M-61 Highway. Most of Old State road north of M-61 is gravel and is in poor condition during the Spring wet season. County Loco I Roads Under the Michigan Highway Law (Act 51 of 1951, as amended) all roads unde r County jurisdiction other than Primary roads are considered County Local roads. The County Local roads are perhaps a more vital link in the transportation network than might be imagined. Obviously, if the local roads of a county are in such poor condition as to impede good accessibility to the Primary roads, then the Primary roads, and indeed the regional thoroughfares themselves, are rendered of reduced value to the person wishing to gain access to them. Local roads comprise the largest portion of the total road mileage in the County. There are over 760 miles of Local roads in Clare County. Just over 27 miles of the Local roods are paved . while about 647 miles ore gravel and nearly 92 miles are sand trails. (See Table 32.) For the most part, the Local roads form a grid system with Section Line and Quarter Section Line roads comprising the bulk of the local road system. - 61 - ~- "' �TABLE 32· INVENTORY OF ROADS AND SURFACE TYPES CLARE COUNTY 1976* Paved Trunkline a Couniy Primary Roads Couni•y Local Roads Total Sand Trails Percent of Total Miles Total Percent of Total Miles Percent of Total Miles 81. 96 100.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 81.96 7.6 140.61 59.4 96. 16 40.60 0.00 0.00 236.77 21.8 27. 13 3.5 647. 16 84.5 91. 96 12.00 766.25 70.6 249.70 23.0 743.32 68.5 91. 96 8.5 1084. 98 100.0 Miles Category Gravel Percent of Total I 0- *Clare County Road Commission, Road Systems Tabulation, Apri I 16, 1976. l'v a Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report, Report No. 162 (Lansing, Michigan, 1975), pp. 36-37. ,:. �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON I l I l • I l r-' I I r---' I w INTER RIEL D t--------.. - ,,,, __ J_ ~ •T- ---~ \ ------, \ I "' l t,_, I 1 I , " I .. I ' FRANKLIN F O{ T SUMMERFIELD I I r>.,""-----1 I I .. ----r-.-J COUNTY --., I I I I I •' I I HA ES •~ z :::, 0 u I I '----, I C \ .J 0 w 0 , 'r•-- r ..' Cl) 0 I l I I I ,-l-------~ I --T------- • ----I l' I I ---L- -&1.j.6-fi I l I IS AN I I FA~ e l-t~ : 1 I I I \ I I I ,, I l l I I - =-,- --+----- I I I '\ us 0 ARFIEL ~ l I I I I I I 1 I I I ELL A ' COUNT Y ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS ~ T ' T T • WWW _ Principal Arterials _ Rural Arterials _____ Rural • Collectors Interchange Areas • THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS JUNE, 1978 THE PREPARATION OF TMIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART T.-.R()UGH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT Of HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AOMINISTE l,[D BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 9 �Characteristics of the Road System The nature and effectiveness of any road system is governed by a number of factors, such as traffic volumes, major accident locations and the condition of the pavement. All these factors are related when considering the adequacy of a road system. Traffic Volumes Traffic volumes for thoroughfares in Clare County are shown on Map 10. The Michigan Department of State Highways took traffic counts for the State Highways in 1974. U. S. 27 Highway has the greatest traffic volume in the County with a 24 hour average traffic flow of 8,300 vehicles per day near the Mannsiding Road interchange in Hatton Township. It is this exit which receives heavy commuter traffic to Mid-Michigan Community College. The least travelled State Highway is M-61 four miles west of Gladwin County. This Highway primarily establishes a link in the State system of highways and goes through a rural area. Traffic on the new U. S. 10 Freeway west of U. S. 24 in Clare County will increase as the Freeway connection is more known. The highest traffic volumes in 1974 were near the City of Harrison which corresponds with the rapid development central Clare County is experiencing. Major Accident Locations Accident locations primarily occur on heavily travelled roads. However, traffic volumes are not a directly proportional cause of accidents. Freeways generally carry the greatest traffic volume at very high speeds, and yet, they are among the safest roads in the overall road system. High volumes of traffic generally emphasize poor highway designs or inadequate signalization. The traffic hazard areas in Clare County are not due only to high volumes of traffic. The greatest . traffic hazards relate to poor intersection design, numerous ingress and egress points onto highways and inadequate pavement. The traffic hazards near crowded lake developments {Cranberry, Eight Point, Dodge Lake, etc.) occur because these roads generally have very poor visibility at the intersections and many times there are no stop, speed or yield signs to control traffic. During the summer months, traffic accident rates increase dramatically due to substantially higher traffic volumes and a lot of people who are simply not familiar with Clare County's rural road network and its peculiarities. Commercial uses along a highway allowing a larger number of ingress and egress points are also partially responsible for the traffic hazards associated with Old U. S. 27 near Harrison. The area west of the City of Clare and between the Village of Farwell has numerous curb cuts and higher traffic volumes and numerous commercial uses. As traffic volumes increase on County roads, the inadequacies of the road system will become more evident. Some of the common problems associated with the highway system in Clare County are: - 63 - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON WINTERFIELD COUNTY FRANKLIN FROST SUMMERFIELD ~00 GREENWOOD >- HAMILTON I- z :::, REDDING •I- 0 (.) r2200 z :::, z 0 0 :il: 0 < ..J < .J (.!> 0 LL.I LINCOLN 0 ARTHUR fl) 0 HATTON GARFIELD GRANT SHERIDAN FAR~ !SABELLA COUNTY 4200 TRAFFIC VOLUMES average daily traffic volumes 1974 and 1975.,,... ~ 1l,.' •killii 3 " JUNE THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY : LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS 1 1978 10 THE' PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED lN PART THR()UGH t. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPI\RTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT t AOMINISTEF<EO BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY ' MICHIGAN �facilit ies, or services available. In terms of passenger jet travel, a resident of Clare County would optimumly use the Tri-City Airport located approximately 10 miles from Saginaw. The next nearest air carrier facilities are located in Alpena to the north, Traverse City to the northwest, Grand Rapids to the southwest, Lansing, and Detroit to the south. Tri-City is served by two certificated airlines -- North Central and United -- and by one commuter carrier -- Air Metro. Table 33 provides a list of aircraft which are utilized and their passenger capacities. Table 34 lists all destinations by single-plane service from TriCity. TABLE 33 COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT SERVING TRI-CITY AIRPORT, MAY 1976* ·Airline Typical Passenger Capacity Equipment Douglas DC-9-30 Convair 580 Boeing 727-100 Boeing 727-200 Boeing 737-200 Beech 99 North Central North Central United United United Air Metro 100 50 96 124 91 18 *U. S. Civil Aeronautics Board. TABLE .34 SINGLE-PLANE AIRLINE SERVICE FROM TRI-CITY AIRPORT, MAY 1976* Non-Stop One-Stop Two-Stop Three-Stop Alpena Chicago Cleveland Detroit City Detroit Metro Flint Grand Rapids New York City Traverse City Denver Marquette Minneapolis Pittsburgh Tampa Toronto Kalamazoo New Orleans Reno South Bend * Air Metro Airlines, North Central Airlines, United Airlines. - 65- �1. Roads which intersect at less than a 60 degree angle can be considered as possible hazard a reas. Turning movements at such an intersection ore very difficult to judge and poor judgement by motorists will create a traffic hazard. POOR GOOD _JL 2. Interruptions in traffic flow due to staggered intersections of major roads will create problems when traffic volumes increase along these roads. Off-set roads of less than 150 feet are a problem to traffic flow. Traffic must make several turn ing movements which conflict with traffic moving on the through road. This may delay motorists from making turns, thus stacking up traffic and creating congestion. POOR GOOD L 3. Traffic signalization at highway intersections and intersections with railroads should be constantly checked to ensure its adequacy in handling increased traffic volumes . 4. Stripp commercial, industrial and residential development along major roads should be carefully controlled to ensure proper ingress and egress onto major roads . Airport Facilities Clare Municipal There are three airport facilities in Clare County. All three are under private ownership. The Clare Municipal airport is located one mile northeast of the City of Clare. It has one lighted bituminous runway and two unlighted turf runways which are mowed. Snow is removed from the paved runway during the winter. The airport is attended during the day and has a beacon but no radio facilities. Services include gasoline, major airframe and power plant repairs, rental car agency, and taxi service. Harrison This airport is located 2.3 miles NNW of Harrison and is closed from November 1 to April 1. It has three turf runways maintained by mowing. The airport is attended during the day but has no beacon, lights, or radio facilities. Services include gasoline and taxi service. Scott Airstrip This airport is located one mile west of Lake Station and has one turf runway which is unlighted and maintained by mowing. The airport is attended intermittently and has no beacon, radio - 64_ �Rail Facilities There are two roil facilities now serving Clare County, the Ann Arbor Railroad, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail road (Chessie System). The Ann Arbor Railroad extends from Toledo, Ohio to Frankfort, Michigan passing through Clare County. The Ann Arbor Railroad experienced financial problems resulting in their bankrupticy and in 1977 was subsidized by the State of Michigan to become a part of the Michigan Interstate Rail road Company. The end point, a car ferry in Frankfort, has been experiencing more business in recent years than past trends would have indicated. This could be a good sign for the "old" Ann Arbor Railroad and Clare County. The Chessie System operates one of the most extensive railroad systems in Michigan. The line that cuts through the City of Clare also goes through the Cities of Midland and Saginaw and stops at Ludington. The Chessie System has recently petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to stop service at the car ferry in Ludington. The effect on Clare County of such approval is not as yet known. Trucking Facilities The trucking industry is an important sector of transportation and greatly affects the economic status of Clare County. A general complaint in the County is that the truck lines do not adequately serve the County. Adetailed investigation should be undertaken to arrest this situation . Public Transportation Public transportation in Clare County is limited to bus and taxi services. There is no railway passenger service. Public transportation in the County is limited to those types which can utilize streets and highways. These carriers can be divided into two types: intercity buslines and taxi and limosine services. · Both the North Star and Greyhound lines serve Clare County both using the maior thoroughfares as their routes, thereby, providing access to the more densely populated areas of the State. Clare County does not have a fixed route or demand response transportation system other than one privately owned cab system. County officials should recognize the importance of public transportation especially considering the rapid population growth of elderly and retired citizens within the County. Roscommon and Gladwin Counties al ready have demand responsive public transportation. Conclusion A good transportation system is essential to the economic growth and well-being of any region. -·- An effective system.jn_s_l!:ic;!_e s varieties of transportation including highways, railroads and airports. A balanced network of transportation enables people and goods to move within and through a region quickly and efficiently. In today's world, the mobility that transportation permits is vital to the shopper, worker, inudstrialist, store owner, farmer and visitor. - 66- �The presen t transportation system in the County was developed over many years. For the most part, this transportation system primarily served rural areas, where demands were small. Summarizing Clo re County's existing circulation and transportation system, several conclusi ons can be reached: l. Clare County has an existing system of County Primary roads that, by and large, do not reflect an ease of travel for the motorist. It is characterized by continual stops and turns, with intermittent stretches of pavement. 2. With the advent of large-scale development, the existing road network will not adequately carry the volume of traffic that will be required of it. 3. Traffic hazard areas exist at locations where heavily populated lake areas have been allowed to develop with little or no consideration as to how to handle the traffic they wi 11 generate. 4. There are two rail facilities in Clare County providing inadequate service. 5. Clare County ha the County. three private airport facilities. Public air transit is found outside Recognizing that the present system of transportation within the County must be improved to adequately meet future needs, how is a future transportation system to be developed? It is obvious from existing development patterns that major transportation facilities providing the greatest mobility to markets attract urban uses. Thus, at the intersections of U. S. 27 Highway with M-61 and U. S. 10 Highways, the two largest urban centers in Clare County are located. Along these three highways, especially at intersections, strip urban development is concentrating. Improvements to the transportation system in the future are likely to affect development in a similar manner. Because transportation is so important to the growth pattern of development, a piecemeal apprach is undesirable. As Clare County faces the 1980's and 1990's, major development decisions must be made. Where should development occur? How much development is desirable? How soon should it occur? The Land Use Plan addresses itself to these very decisions. Through the Land Use Plan, decisions of where development should occur and the intensity and type of development are presented. This provides an overall scheme of development for Clare County. --67 - ,.,;.··· �PUBLIC FACILITIES UTILITIES, & SERVICES �PUBLIC UTILITIES, FACILITIES AND SERVICES Introduction Clare County is undergoing an accelerating population growth. As more people move into the County, more services will have to be extended. Community facilities are directly related to the increase in population. This makes it essential that the Clare County officials thoroughly study the existing community facilities of the County and have an understonding of future needs. In this way, rational decisions can be made on the location and siz:e of such facilities. Budgeting needs can be anticipated and the level of services in Clare County can be main~ tained. Without such a study, it is all to easy to underestimate needed facilities and be unprepared when it becomes necessary to provide them. Recreational Facilities More and more people are seeking recreational opportunities. All levels of government have some responsibility for providing recreation areas for people. The local communities concentrate on smaller parks and recreation facilities for the enjoyment of their constituents. Activities are related to active play areas or passive recreation pursuits such as picnicking. Counties generally provide large- regional recreation areas where multiple recreation pursuits for the entire family can be--provided. Usually, special facilities for hiking, swimming, snowmobiling, horseback riding or similar activities are provided. Thus, the County augments local recreation programs by providing large areas for specialized facilities. Basically,_. regional kinds of facilities serve larger geographic regions such as county or multicounty areas. The uses associated with them span the full range of recreational facilities, including all the facilities mentioned in the formerly noted areas plus hunting, fishing, and con~ servation of natural resources. Regional parks are intended to serve as a vehicle for bringing about a more desirable configuration of the urban environment. Regional foci Ii ties and parks may be State, Federal, regional authority, county or multi-county development. Recreation Standards How much land is needed for recreational use? It should be obvious that any attempt to resolve the problem posed must go beyond the concept of mere physical space available. Recreation in its most comprehensive sense includes visual and physical settings; it includes land, buildings and various types of recreationc;il apparatus, equipment and facilities. Recreation, moreover,. is aesthetic as well as physical. It can be man-made or it can be natural. It can be used by man or left as nature's storehouse to achieve a balanced eco-system. A basic minimum area for regional parks or reservations is 15 acres per 1,000 population. Such a standard should provide a minimum recreation opportl•nity to Clare County residents. The size of the site may vary depending upon its function. This standard does not take into consideration specialized features of a region such as commercial recreation potential or special land forms or physical features. Both these considerations must be kept in mind when discussing Clare County. These two features may make it desirable to go beyond the 15 acres per 1,000 population guide. - 68 - . ~· . �To further delineate regional recreation standards, specific activity standards are provided in Table 35. These standards are general and may not specifically apply to Clare County today . . But as the County continues to gain in population, the more important it becomes to apply these standards to Clare County. A program of mutual cooperation between the public and private sectors would be beneficial to the development of the County. These would serve to decrease the costs of recreationaJ development by the public sector of the economy. In addition, such private developments would serve to spread the recreational usage of lands and stabilize the natural environment. Map 11 shows the location and types of existing recreational developments, cind Table 36 inventories Clare County's natural, scenic, and historic sites. Recreation N aeds Even though Clare County has a large number of acres devoted to public recreation, there appears to be potential for greater recreation development in the County. Such development could either be public or private recreaf'ion. The public sector is heavily dependent upon state owned land. At this time there ore no proposals known for future expansion. However, there would still be considerable potential for commercial recreation development. Instead of developing new County recreation areas, the tourist industry in Clare County should be encouraged to expand. Clare- County should assist in developing tourism in the County. Clare County does not presently have a large commercial recreation industry. Various camps by church groups and the Boy Scout and Girl Scouts of America have the greatest development in the County. Approximately 4,000 acres of land in Clare County are developed for pri vote and semi-pri vote camps. Clare County has a greater commercial potential than just as a campground area. A number of potential recreation activities in Clare County have a high potential. Recreation activities having a high potential for success in Clare County are vacation cabins, cottages and homesites, camping grounds, picnicking, fishing, golf, hunting and hunting preserves, and natural and scenic views. County government can help provide the initiative in getting the private sector interested in developing tourism. An organization of recreation-related businesses should be organized similar to a Chamber .of Commerce. Possible existing Chambers of Commerce could organize the founding of a special tourist committee. This committee could explore the common concerns of the tourist ind~stry in Clare County and provide a great deal of information and guidance. Libraries Libraries provide a number of services to the community including education, entertainment and information. Every level of government is involved in library service. Many areas have local library services as well as county and state service. Many local communities are too small to acquire, house, bind and circulate books or run special library programs without County-wide financial assistance as is the case in Clare County. The system of promoting libraries in the County is unique in that two city libraries and a township library receive a certain amount of County Revenue Sharing money (the amount is not set and varies annually). A county supported library system can be extremely important to developin h • · • Cl are County. g a compre ens1ve l .b 1 rory service in ...-- 69 - �TABLE 35 STANDARDS FOR SPECIFIC RECREATIOi'\J ACTIVITIES CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Type !>pace Requirement For Activity per Population Ideal Sized Space Required Activity Major Boating Activities 100 acres/50, 000 popu Ia ti on 100 acres and over Hiking, Camping Horseback Riding, Nature Study 10 acres/1,000 population 500-1 ,000 acres One 18-hole course/50 ;000 population 120 acres Picnicking 4 acres/1,000 population Varies Passive Water Sports, including Fishing, Rowing and Canoeing 1 Lake or Lagoon/25,000 Golf 1 acre/1,000 population population Minimum of 20-acre water area Indoor Recreation Centers 1 ocre/1 ,000 population 1-2 acres Outdoor Theaters on Band Shells 1 acre/1 ,000 population 5 acres * Adapted by Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. from Joseph DaChicara and Lee Koppelmann, Planning Design Criteria (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969). - 70 - �I MISSAUKEE COUNTY ROSCOMMON ® COUNTY @) ® WINTERFIELD 3 l FROST SUMMERFIELD @ FRANKLIN @ overnight A trailer park @ girl scout A camp . fr,...... 19 .A.overnight ove.r.n I g ht A trailer park 1A girl scout .camp © ~•~Nr• GREENWOOD overnight trailer park >- A~ AMIL TON bicycle rentals I- z ::, 0 HA~SO REDDING •I- A golf course HAYES. overnight trailer park A z u trout fee fishing A over'lJjAf trailer A ::::, z 0 .:: (.) 0 < -' 0 ® © w LINCOLN (.) / (I) @ 0 ski area A t boy "'scout camp < ..J overnight . Jrailer park ARTHUR HATTON(D .A.boy scout camp FREEMAN .A.horse riding ® golf 1,,.course A yw~a camp GAR F.J. ELD_____,,_ /g' four camps '=/ ( boys & girts) A GRANT overnight trailer park SHERIDAN FAR~® Ski 1,,. area !SABELLA COUNTY NATURAL, SCENIC AND HISTORIC SITES @ natural, _scenic and historic sites NUMBERS REFER TO TABLE IN TEXT f ~ ' • bbl .A. private recreational l developments 3 • • JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL Pl.ANNING COMMISSIONS TH[ PREPARAT10111 OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN P.tUH Tl-fWJUGt-i A COMPAEHENS i VE' PLANNING GRANT FR0'4 THE OEPMHMEtH OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, 40MINISTEHEO BY . THE STATE OF MICHIGAN ' CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN ' 11 Cl �TABLE 36 INVENTORY OF NATURAL, SCENIC, AND HISTORIC SITES TYPE OF AREA LOCATION TOWNSHIP HIGHWAY SIZE OF AREA ScenicHistoric Hatton Old 27 2 acres 2Leot_a_ _ Historic Summerfield Sec, 10, 11 Comer of 1232 & 1233 3 Historic Sec. Franklin 13 18 & Meridith Grade NAME OF AREA 1 County Park with Historic Marker DESCRIPTION OF AREA PRESENT-USBOF AREA . Developed picnic area alone creek. Has flowing well and Historic Marker. Lumbering Period Towns: Meridith 300 acres Small community tl ,at was cnce noted lumbering town, Villa,e 40 acres Small comm~ity that was once noted lumbering town. Village 4Temple Historic Redding Sec. 21 , 22 61-11 miles &O acres W. of Harrison Small community that was once noted lumbering town. Village 5Harrison Historic Hayes Sec. 20, 21, 22 61-old 27 County seat that was noted lumbering town. Town 6Dodge Historic Hamilton Sec. 19 Townline 500 acres Rd, & Co. 458 Lake development for seascnal dwellings. Community 7Lake George Historic Lincoln Sec. 7, 8, 17 Bringold Ave, 5 mi. south of 61 Lake development for seasonal dwellings. Vlllsge 8Hatton Historic Hatton Sec. 29 Hatton Rd, & Harrison Grade 9Lake Historic Garfield Sec. 23 Co. 436 S. of 80 acres 10 Crooked Lake Lumbering period town. 1OFarwell Historic Surrey Sec. 25, 26 10 - 4 mi. 1000 acres west of Clare Town that was mce noted lumber town. Town 11 Hinkleville Historic Grant Sec. 30 10 - 1-1/2 mi, E. of Farwell Old lumbering village site alona RR grade. Wildland 12Clare Historic Grant Sec. 34, 35 10 and old 27 1000 acres Town that was once noted lumber town, Town 130ld Fur Farm nooding NaturalScenic Summerfield 4 ini •. w •• Sec. 28 • 1 mi. S. of Haskell Lake Mich. Dept. of Nat. Res, flood· ing project. Wildland 14Muskegon River High Banks NaturalScenic Summerfield Sec, 17 3 mi. W. of Haskell Lake High south banks along the Muskegon River Wildland Natural.Scenic Summerfield Sec. 12 2 mi. E . of Leota High gravel hill overlooking Rice Pond and Muskegon Wildland 15Rice Por,4 L"OOkout 2000 acres 500 acres 5 acres 200 acres 5 acres 200 acres Foundations of lumbering commu • Wildlife nity along route of old RR grade. 16Meridlth Grade HistoricScenic Hayes & Franklin Old lumber RR grade, Co. Roadway, Trail 17Leota Grade HistoricScenic Hayes & Summerfield Old lumber RR grade. Co. Roadway, Trail 18Harrison Grade HistoricScenic Grant, Hatton & Hayes Old lumber RR grade. Co. Roadway, Trail 19Michigan Gas Storage Scenic Winterfield Sec. 34 1-1/2 mi. E. of 61 Natural Gas Pumping and Treatment operation. 2OGreat Lakes Gas Transmission Scenic Lincoln 2 mi. S. of Lake George Natural Gas Pumping and Treatment operation. Sec. 20 SOURCE: ~ Appraisal of Potential Outdoor Recreational Development - 71 - in Clare County, Nov. 1968. (1970 Reprint) �Library Standards There are a number of nationally recommended standards for libraries. Table 37 indicates these guidelines for communities of between 35,000 and 100,000 population. This fits Clare County's projected population of about 45,000-50,000 people by the Year 2000. However, when applying the standards to Clare County, a major factor must be kept in mind. Clare County does not have all its people concentrated in one area. Therefore, the County will have to disperse its facilities throughout the County as is presently in effect. When applying the standards to Clare County, the population which the standards are being applied to must be carefully analyzed to determine their urban and rural nature. In other words, these standards cannot be applied to the total County population without modification. TABLE 37 DESIRABLE LIBRARY STANDARDS CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN* Population Size Book Stock - Volumes Per Capita 35,000 - 100,000 2.5-2.75 Number of Seats · Per 1,000 Population 3 Total Sq. Ft. of a Main Library .5 - .6 * Joseph L. Wheeler and Herbert Goldbar, Practical Administration of Public Libraries (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), p. 554 . Police Protection The State of Michigan is divided into 83 counties. Each of these counties has a sheriff who is responsible for policing the unincorporated areas of their county. In addition, Michigan sheriffs maintain custody of county jai Is. Standards There are no adequate standards regarding manpower needs. The extent of manpower requirements must be based on a number of fadors such as density of population, crime statistics (e.g., type and frequency of crime), roads to be patrolled and other controlling factors. Thus, this study makes no attempt to establish a desirable level of manpower. The standard for jail capacities has been established by the Michigan State Department of Correction. They recommend one prisoner space per 1,000 population. Existing Conditions The Clare County Sheriff's Department consists of 11 fut I time officers plus three part time marine patrol officers. The Department generally operates two patrol cars during the day only one patrol - 72 - �car between 12 a.m. and 8 a.m. Augmenting the Sheriff's Department are the State Police Posts located in Mf. Pleasant and Houghton Lake, which both have jurisdiction in Clare County. The service area of these State Police Posts are divided by M-61. The Post in Mt. Pleasant has 33 men on full time duty and generally has a car on patrol everyday south of M-61 in Clare County. The Mr. Pleasant Post also aids the City of Clare by taking all police calls into the City between 4 p.m. and 8 a.m. and dispatches the local police cars. The Houghton Lake Post has 13 men on full time duty and has primary responsibility for the area north of M-61 • The summer months are the most demanding for police protection. A marine patrol is dis- · persed to all recreational lake areas. In addition, the thousands of visitors to the County in the summer months add to the amount of road patrolling and other police activity. Summer months are also the time when the Sher if f's Department is the most understaffed. The Clare County jail is located adjacent to the Clare County Courthouse along M-61 Highway on the west side of the City of Harrison. The j ai I has capacity for 24 prisoners. There are two dormatory cell areas which house eight prisoners. In addition, there are four maximum security cells and a bullpen. The jail has no separate facilities for women. Thus, women prisoners are kept in other county jails near Clare County which have facilities for woman and charge the County $20 per night for their accommodations. There are no records on the number of women arrested in Clare County in 1977, but it is estimated that there were not enough to warrant a need for women jail facilities. In 1977, the daily number of prisoners ranged from 12 to 15. In 1977 a total of 942 prisoners were housed at the jail. Even though the jail seems to be large enough to handle Clare County's needs, some changes might have to be made. The State Department of Correction says that a jai I should have an exercise yard, a cafeteria and a law library. Clare County's jail does not have any of these facilities, nor is their room on the present site to accommodate these changes. Fire Protection There are five volunteer fire departments in Clare County. The Cities of Harrison and Clare and Surrey, Lincoln, and Garfield Townehips have a volunteer department. Fire protection for the other units of government is arranged through a number of contractural agreements. Winterfield and Freeman Townships use the services of the Marion Fire Departments. (See Map 12). All fire departments are dispatched from the Clare County Sheriff's Department. Sheriff The County Sheriff, who is an elected constitutional officer, is the chief law enforcement officer in Clare County. In addition, he administers the County Jail. He also coordinates the functions of the County law enforcement agency with that of the State Police and the local municipalities within the County. Many law enforcem~nt studies prepared for other counties have recommen.d ed a county-wide agency which would consolidate all such departments within the County. One · fact always brought up by the local municipalities in such discussions is that the County Sheriff is an elected and not an appointive office and many local municipalities were reluctant to place power in an official over whom they have little control . and who will not necessarily be re-elected :ven if he is very competent. However, it is worth noting that if conditions p-ermit, a County-w_,de law enfor~e.ment agency consolidating all such agencies in the County would be the best to implement eff1c1ent law enforcement measures. - 73 - �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -~ ..... ._.... ___ _ 7-- I --7 I '---r-1 I 1 I I I I I• I I I -r I I --,..L--~= -~:;;_;::;_;;:_;:;::::;:::I I I I _ FIRE, _._,__. ___ ....,._ 0 SCHOOL AND HOSPITAL SERVICE _AREAS __ fire service area boundry school · district boundry hospital service area· boundry ~ ·•au,~ • 12 JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART Tl-tR0UGM A COMPREHENSIVE Pt.ANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPARTMENT Of HOUSING ANO URBAN OEVEU)PM£NT' AOMINISTE~EO BY THE STATE OF MICH IGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN .... �At the present time, the Clare County Sheriff's Department furnishes police service on a contractural basis to Lincoln Townehip. The Sheriff's Department provides two full-time men and Lincoln Township pays salaries and bought a car for their use in the Towns hip. This is one method of implementing a County-wide law enforcement agency. This has proved beneficial to the area serviced and the County itself. It is recommended that such a policy be encouraged whenever possible throughout the County. Dog W:.:irden The Dog Warden in Clare County is a department that is operated through the SheriffBs Office. Phone calls from the public for this department are placed directly to the Sheriff's office, who then relays them to the Dog Warden. The operations of the animal control department appear to be very efficient in Clare County. In 1977, one full-time employee and truck were dispatched to 1,432 animal complaints. Clare County Public Health Department Clare County instituted a Public Health Department in 1969 in conjunction with Arenac, G!adwin, Isabella, Osceola and Roscommon Counties and formed the Central Michigan District Health Department. Each County has a branch of this agency in its respective county seat. The Clare County branch is housed in the Clare County Courthouse in the City of Harrison. This Public Health Department has responsibility for several functions, including environmental health and the control of communicable disease. The Central Michigan District Health Department has a full-time staff of over 60 personnel representing a variety of disciplines. In Clare County there is a full-time staff of five and one part-time public health nurse. Basically, Clare County's health department serves two functions: environmental health and an individual health program. The environmental health aspects of the Health Department are handled by two full-time sanitarians. At an interview conducted in March, 1978, it was mentioned by the sanitarians that over 20 various duties are performed in relation to environmental health. These duties range from ensuring properly installed septic systems to inspecting foster core centers. Before a building may be constructed anywhere in Clare County, a health permit must first be obtained before a building permit may be issued. This type of check and balance system helps insure that Clare County can be safe in the knowledge that the environment of the County is carefully watched. The public health of Clare County is in the hands of two full-time and one part time public health nurses. It is their responsibility to conduct health clinics, and provide preventive treatment to various Clare County residents. The nurses also visit certain County resident's homes. In addition to these services, the Health District has a group of technicians to visit all six counties and perform glaucoma and hearing tests. The money for both of these services comes from a variety of sources. The Clare County Board of Commissioners annually approve funds which are then pooled to the district office in Mt. Pleasant. The District Office then uses the money from the six counties, and other federal and state funds, to operate its district office. Through pooling of iesources Clare County is bener able to provide health care and preventive health care to its residents than if the services were to be paid solely from limited County funds. -74 - �Ambulance Serviceg There are two amSulance services in Clare County. O,e is located in the City of Clare and is privately owned, subsidized by the County and dispatched out of the Clare Nursing Home. The second service, United Rescue Service, is a volunteer operation maintaining its base of operation in the City of Harrison. As Clare County's population expands, a corresponding improvement of the ambulance services should be made. The need of elderly persons is different than those of the median age county resident. Considering Clare County's poren.tial as a retirement community, careful watch should be maintained to insure an increasing improvement of ambulance services. . I Serv1ces . 23 Hosp1ta According to the Michigan Departme11t of Pub.lie Health, Clare County is included in three health facilities services areas, shown on Mop 12. These areas are fluid, but major changes are unlikely. Most of Clare County is served by Clare Osteopathic and Central Michigan Community Hospitals. Clare Osteopathic has 64 licensed beds and Central Michigan Hospital has 115 currently licensed beds with 30 licensed beds soon to be available. Franklin, Hamilton and Arthur Townships are classified as being in the Gladwin Area and Midland Hospital Center Service Areas. Gladwin Area Hospital has 42 licensed beds and Midland Hospital Center has 239 licensed b~ds. Winterfield and Redding Townships are included within the Cadillac facility service area. The Clare Osteopathic Hospital is the only hospital located within Clare County's boundaries. There are 11 doctors on staff of whom nine are Doctors of Osteopathic medicine, one is a medical doctor and one is a pediatrist. The Hospital has five emergency treatment rooms. {two were recently added in a new hospital addition). In 1975 the Michigan Cooperative Health Information system reported 66 licensed practical nurses {49 percent working full time, 17 percent working part time, and 34 percent inactive}; 75 registered nurses (32 percent full time, 31 percent part time and 37 percent inactive) in Clare County. . Mental Heafth Clare County is a member of the Central Michigan Mental Health ·District (Clinic}. The Clinic is a non-profit, publicly funded atency offering mental. health services to the resideni•~ of Cl are, Isabella, Mecosta and Osceola Counties, and is administered by a Board appointed by the County Commissioners of each respective county. The Board operates under authority from the State Department of Mental Health {Act 258, P.A. 1974.) The Board is funded jointly b the four counties and the State of Michigan. Some Program components are currently being y , · 23 A 1 1 · I Survey o,-~ H,osp1,als, • ~ • Mic. • •• h":gen D ' • o f ruo11c. n I I• Hea,tn, '"' I nnua epcrrm.enr LJivision of Health Facility Planning and Construction, 1975, provided by East Central Michigan Health systems Agency, Inc., May, 1978. . i-· "' - 75 - �supported by federal grants. The Clare County Clinic consists of two clinical psychologists, one aftercare treatment counselor, one clinical case worker and one social worker. In addition, the Clinic utilizes the services of a psychiatric consultant. The cost of service is determined by an individual's ability to pay, no person being refused service because of an inability to pay. The Clare Clinic is located in the basement of the Clare County Courthouse. Dental Care According to the Michigan Department of Liensure and Regulation (as of March, 1978) there are seven dentists in Clare County. The City of Clare has four, the City of Harrison two, and the Vi I Iage of Farwell has one dentist. Schools Clare County includes eight school districts (Map 12), the largest of which is the Harrison School District. In 1977 the Harrison District composed 37.88 percent of the total Clare County equalized valuation (Table 38). In 1977 this amounted to nearly $72 ,000 ,000. Of the 10 governmental units within the Harrison District, Hayes Township ;had nearly 32 percent of the entire Districts evaluation, and including the City of Harrison, nearly 46 percent of the School District is supported. The second largest school district is the Farwell District. This District has over 36 percent of the entire County's equalized valuation. Within the Farwell District five County governmental units are included. Lincoln Township composes over 35 percent of the District's valuation. The Clare School Districts's taxable base is 17 .16 percent of the entire County's equalized valuation. Within the District more than 53 percent is supported by the City of Clare. The remaining five school districts support schools located outside of Clare County and compose corn?aratively smal I percentages of the County's valuation. Electricity 24 Consumers Power Company supplies most of Clare County's electricity . In speaking with representatives of the Company, it was learned that no major problems exist and improvements in the system are made continually in accord with development trends and projections. Three-phase service is provided along major highways (all-y.,,eather roads) and throughout the urban areas. Single phase services is provided along most county roads. Consumers Power representatives: addes that the general backbone of electrical power in the County is the Consumers Power Company which can supply electrical service sufficient to handly any major development providing 24 nootnI r.. O A r I • '-oopera r r•1ve an d Tir1• 1....0unty r El1ednc • ,-. • supp,y I I • • v •..)< c ec t r1c '-ooperat1ve e1edr1c1iy ro a small number of Clare County residents. .,... - 76 - - �TABLE 38 SCHOOL DISTRICTS CLARE COUNTY, MICHi GAN, 1977* School District Farwel I Harrison Governmental Units Equalized Valuation Freeman Garfield Grant Lincoln Surrey $ 8,353,212 12,757,750 6,277,242 24,462,491 16,948,097 12. 14 18.55 9. 13 35.55 24.64 TOTAL $68,798,792 100.00% 357,168 5,348,150 8,002,670 6,536,032 10,691,048 3,397,148 4,647,229 27,200 10,015,300 22,791,267 0.50 7.45 11 • 14 9 .10 14.89 4.73 6.47 0.04 13.95 31.73 $71,813,212 100.00% Arthur Franklin Frost Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Summerfield Winterfield Harrison City Hayes TOTAL Beaverton Arthur Gladwin Arthur Hami Iton TOTAL Evart Freeman Marion Redding Winterfield TOTAL Winterfield 959,986 100.00 1,634,959 1,308,110 55.55 44.45 $ 2,943,069 100.00% $ 100.00% 16,000 3,248,059 9,208,154 TOTAL McBain Percent of Clare County Supported School District TOTAL Clare Arthur Hatton , Grant Sheridan Clare City TOTAL *Clare County Equalization Department, 1978. -77- 26.08 73.92 $12,456,213 100.00% $ 54,700 100.00% 1,005,832 1,023,500 7,779,855 5,193,620 17,526,219 $32,S-29,056 3.09 3. 14 23.92 15.97 53.88 100.00% �proper notice and financial arrangements are made. .; - 78 - �GOALS & OBJECTIVES �GOALS AND POLICIES . . Policies and Procedures for Decision-tv\:::iking The Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions (ACCLPC) realizes that planning is a continual process, and that planning decisions must be made intelligently when the need arises. It is imperative for Clare County to have a wellplanned guide of pol icy statements at the time of development so that sound planning decisions wi 11 be made and executed. I It is the ACCLPC's intention to place its major emphasis on careful review of the quality, design, and effective functioning of proposed developments. The County intends that its planning program shall deal effectively with evolving reality, not prematurely with only a projected possibility. In order to accomplish this, Clare County shal I place special emphasis on the process leading to decisions, and shal I seek c~nsistency of action through mature decisions instead of through premature, baseless decisions. Planning decisions mean environmental change. The process for decision - making, a procedure for change, shat I be consistent and unchanging, even though the process may be different every time. In brief, that process shall always follow this basic two-part sequence: 1. Statement of public intent (Comprehensive Plan, Goals and Poli cies). 2. Legal procedures to see that the intent will be realized (Zon ing Ordi na nces, Subdivision Regulations, Building Codes, etc.). The planning process in Clare County, however, shal I be continuous and timely. The ACCLPC recommends certain design and use standards, as wel I as any other basic criteria, for arriving at future decisions, and they may adopt deta iled plans for I imited areas within the County. These may be adopted periodically as part of the evolving comprehensive plan, or whenever it becomes necessary to make clear the public intent and the basis for a future decision. Goals and Policies The comprehensive planning elements wil I be guided by statements of long-range Goals and Policies set forth during the progression of the Comprehensive Planning Program. They are to be adopted as an expression of the pub! ic intent of the ACCLPC. These statements will serve as the basis for the resultant Comprehensive Plan. Citizen Awareness and Participation Goal: Policies: Instill within the citizens of Clare County, the desire to be actively interested in community functions and the future of the County. To maintain and encourage the free flow of communication among governmental agencies and the citizens of Clare County. - 79 - �To continually inform the citizens through news media of various County events and prob Iems. To encourage the formation of civic imp_rovement organizations, technical committees and citizen advisory groups to actively strive for county betterment. To actively engage various county lake and neighborhood·associal'ions to overcome local problems and collectively engage in solving countywide problems. To strive for better attendance at local meetings when significant issues are discussed and decisions are made. Control Ied Development Goal: Policies: Control Clare County population density and amount of land coverage in accord with predetermined capacities of County utilities and service facilities. To encourage major areas of residential development to occur in close proximity to established communities so that utilities and services may be economically provided. Where development continuous to existing sewer and water systems is impractical, steps should be taken to encourage large lot development so that individual septic and well systems can be uti I ized effective Iy. To support a County-wide ordinance that demands high standards and quality on mobile home installation. To strive to eliminate marginal or temporary housing units in deteriorating conditions. To provide for development of mobile home parks {year-round occupancy) where access is direct and the road surfaces dustless. Parks should be easily accessible to fire protection vehicles. To ensure future construction of standard subdivisions on land having soil characteristics suitable for that use. To prevent or discourage scattered development of non-farm permanent residences along outlying roads of rural agricultural sections of the County, To insist upon good design of residential areas al lowing for freedom from the noise and danger of high speed or heavy traffic, for safe pedestrial circulation, safe play areas for children, and for the logical grouping of homes to form neighborhoods of sufficient size to permit efficient installation of utilities and community services such as schools, shops, and churches in nearby !ccations. - 80 - -~ =-- __- - �To encourage the construction of residential structures in accord with high standards, as can be set forth in local building and health codes. To inform local real tors that low cost "budget construction" will produce County liabilities over a period of time. Agriculture and Land Use Goal : fvlaintain and preserve the most productive agricultural soils of Clare County, and regulate future land uses to provide maximum benefits to citizens of the County. Policies: ' To protect the prime agricultural lands of the County by preventing scattered rural housing. Such housing tends to increase the assessed value of adjacent land and results in higher taxes for the farmer. The withdrawal of farm land from cultivation because of increased value for urban use eliminates its agricultural productivity as effectively as if its topsoil were carried away by erosion. · To help identify opportunities for· private landowners and commercial enterprises to make profitable investments in various facilities and areas of the County. To encourage conversion of open land to intensive uses when all necessary urban services may be prov ided, and when sufficiently large tracts are planned, to insure future utility of the entire tract and all adjacent land, as well as all highways serving both . To discourage intensive development on steep, rugged areas as well as very poor drained bottom lands having poor permeability or soil stability. To careful I y control and regulate new growth adjacent to lake areas to help enhance and enrich the I ives of County residents, as wel I as improve the image and attractiveness of the County as a whole. Business Goal : Policies: Encourage the growth of business and commercial activities in incorporated as well as unincorporated areas, in harmony with anticipated population growth in or near existing c9mmunities. To strengthen existing business areas where future potential can be justifiably maintained or expanded. To recognize the need for broadening the activity and the growth of retail business within existing commercial centers of incorporated communities. To strive to maintain, and upgrade where necessary, the quality of merchandise and services of all business in Clare County. - 81 - �To prevent the diversity and h~phaza rd arrangemen t of business as "strip development sectors" along highways and County Primary Roads. To encourage new business developments to locate in Clare County in unincorporated areas adjacent to or within easy access of principal and minor arterials when such development would not conflict with objectives and policies of neighboring communities or urbanized concentrations. To encourage combined investment of public and private capital in the future development or rehabilitation of central business district areas within the various existing communities as needed. To create an awareness of the importance of central business districts, their impact upon the local economy, and the need for planning their future development. To promote performance standards for business areas, as wel I as all other uses, to prevent undue amounts of noise, smoke, or glare. To encourage business enterprises to locate with direct or limited acc_ess to existing or planned major collector or arterial streets. To· promote standards for adequate off-street parking for commercial developments. · To locate and design commercial areas to avoid: 1. Commercial traffic on residential streets. 2. Commercial activity noise. 3. Unsightliness created by signs, backs of but.ldings, trash, etc. 4. Fumes and odors. 5. Glare from exterior lighting. 6. Unccntrol I ed runoff of surface waters. Industry Goal: Policies: Encourage growth of industrial uses within the County in order to diversify and strengthen the tax base and to provide employment for the permanent Clare County population. To promote a diversity in the size of industrial concerns, both large and small. To require adequate regulation and control of industrial pollutants through the adoption of local zoning ordinances. -82 - - -- --~-- - - - = - -- -- - �To promote new industrial developments through a close I iaison among municipal, County and industrial promotion representatives. To ensure and protect industrial development from the encroachment of incompatible land uses. To serve industrial areas with adequate utilities. To provide adequate parking and loading space in industrial areas. To encourage industrial park development with areas set aside for expansion when necessary. To encourage vocational training in the educational system. To foster and encourage the development of smal I "homegrown 11 industry having the long-range potential of becoming principal employers in the Clare County area. Transportation Gaol: Policies: Maintain and further develop effective and efficient transportation facilities to meet the needs of an increasing population . To disapprove individual lot access from intensive development to any arterial or collector highways where the loss of highway efficiency is likely to occur. Sufficient open land b~ planned adjacent to existing roadways to enable further acquisition and widening. To require al I intensive development to have interior systems of local circulation. To encourage the design of internal local streets that will effectively prevent their use by through traffic . To support all County group efforts toward realizing new or improved air travel foci I ities to handle the needs of the entire County area and vicinity. To protect the areas immediately surrounding existing or proposed airport from the noise and hazards of low-flying planes during landing and take-off. This shal I be done by promoting land use in the immediate vicinity area for nonresidential uses . To promote electrical signal s and/or crossing gates at intersections of highway-railroad grade crossings considered potentially dangerous because of heavy traffic or congestion. To promote rail sidings in the County with loading ramps that meet industria I require men ts. - 83 - , ·" ., �Environmental Goal: Policies: Protect the environment of Clare County from sporadic and hap hazard use. To encourage programs of soil conservation by lending full support to al I agencies involved in this endeavor. To encourage efforts to improve the physical appearance of vacated mines so that reclamation for possible recreational or residential purposes may be undertaken. To encourage complete cooperation in watershed improvement programs in order to improve their recreational potential. To preserve wild I ife areas wherever feasible. These areas should include pub! ic hunting and fishing areas for County residents as wel I as visitors. To preserve significant scenic, geologic, and historic features for the enjoyment of present and future generations. To integrate both public and private recreation development in a cor_nplementary relationship of activities and land use to enable the County to realize its full recreation potential. To use public access easements to allow public access to land or water for hunting, hiking, and other recreational purposes. To provide scenic views and roadside picnic grounds throughout various parts of the County for use by local residents as wet.I as travelers or vacationers passing through or going · to Clare County. To enforce flood plain or watershed district regulations to preserve attractive stretches of rivers and streams in their natural state and to control flood damage costs by restricting development . in areas subject to flooding. To develop pleasant, clean and uncrowded places along Clare County lakes where families can picnic and enjoy their leisure hours. To prese~e portions of lake and water areas where stands of trees, stretches of beach, or natural swamp habitats exist. To require highways near shorelines be planned and platted so as not to impair recreation, scenic or fish and wildlife assets. To use conservation or scenic easements to keep land in its natural state, to provide open space or buffer zones around parks, and to preserve natural countryside along highways. - 84 - �To seek a balance among various kinds of resources and areas within Clare County. To help preserve areas of natural drainage courses through a coordinated open space program in order to protect such areas. Utilities and Services Goal: Policies: Develop public facilities and services to adequately service the anticipated growth of Clare County. · To provide personnel to handle·a continuing planning program as well as provide services for help in enforcement of local zoning ordinances, and other similar regulations. To maintain an awareness of the increasing problem of adequate and diverse water supplies, storm drainage and flood control in Clare County . To develop an action-oriented comprehensive program on County water and sewage facilities to meet present and future needs. To determine the growth potential of Clare County and program improvements to adequately meet ensuing demands. To enlarge pol ice and fire facilities, personnel, services, and equipment' to keep pace with popu lotion growth. To encourage new development in areas having access to pub I ic centralized treatment foci Iiti es. To effectuate or implement a Continuing Planning Program to keep data current and make continuous evaluations of any deviation from the projected course of growth established in the Regional Comprehensive Plan . Organizational Cooperation Goal: Policies: Cooperation with internal community groups, technical committees, advisory bodies, adjacent municipalities and counties, state authorities, and all independent commissions, boards and governing bodies, and assist in the creation of a well-planned and organized future for the whole of Clare County. To maintain an awareness of events and actions in surrounding areas that may affect Clare County . To maintain an awareness of all private and governmental financial assistance potentially available for Clare County. To recognize the fact that what occurs in Clare County affects surrounding areas. - 85 - �To request pub! ic agencies, community and lake associations, service clubs, conservation organizations, farm bureaus, etc., to encourage all individuals of the County to protect and enhance the scenic qualities of any of their holdings. There must be participation and cooperation among these groups and the County residents to produce positive results. To develop working relationships between the Clare County Planning Commission, adjoining County Planning Commissions, and the Association of Clare County local Planning Commissions. - 86 - ~ •. �LAND USE �LAND USE PLAN Introduction I Clare County is located in the north-central part of Michigan's southern peninsula. An ·imaginary I ine running east to west through northern Clare County is generally cited by those traveling north as a tran;itional zone between southern agricultural lands and the northern evergreen forests. 25 The County is within short driving distance from Lansing and the Detroit metropolitan area. Both U.S. 10 and U.S. 27 pass thr9ugh Clare County, offering excellent driving conditions for metropolitan residents attracted to the County's recreational opportunities. Live in the country-work in the city. This way of I ife is becoming more attractive to many families. But, as so often happens the more families who seek the country, the less country there is to find. Unfortunately, man destroys the very essence of what he seeks. More people result in more roads, more homes, more business, more factories and more pollution. It does not take a conscious effort to pervert nature, but only the thoughtless attempts to achieve a better life. It does not take hundreds-of thousands of people to ruin a glen or brook or lair of some wildlife, but only the abuse of a handful of well-meaning families. Clare County is delicately balanced between remaining a beautiful, unspoiled area or · becoming an urbanized community whose cancerous development de£poils the landscape. How can Clare County mcintain its balance? Is there no way to prevent growth? Roads and buildings will be built. If the development is certain, must the beauty of Clare County be lost? If the answer is yes, Clare County will be ravished. Development will occur in a helter-skelter pattern across the face of the County. Pollution ~wil I become worse; forests wil I be cleared; farm land wil I be subdivided. The County will in t~uth be ravished. Not all at once--not all 366,000 acres. The development will be scattered; nowhere in the County wil I it be possible to escape the presence of development. And yet, so I ittle development will actually occur. How can Clare County maintain a balance between a beautiful countryside and an urbanized area? The answer presently being sought is through planning. If the influx of people is a certainty, then minimize its negative effects. If the scattering of development creates problems, then concentrate the development. If the land area in Clare County is truly worth saving, then regulate development to protect the land. All these are easier said than done, but what is the alternative? The uncontrolled scattered developments of the past may become the development patterns of the future unless conscious efforts through planning bring about a rational pattern. Existing Land Use The existing patterns of land use provide the base from which the Future Land Use Plan is prepared. Both land use survey and analysis are essential for describing the intensity of land utilization, the patterns of development, growth pressures, and the ( 25 - From a student report on the Land Use of Clare County, Michigan State University Resource Development 816, Spring, 1967. - 87 - �emerging direction of future physical growth. The composition and analysis of this information constitutes a most elemental and necessary description of the County's environment. Land is a precious resource. The present usage of land in the County represents investments by several generations. In order to protect these investments, especially in view of accelerating land use development, sound and effective planning must be accomplished. Accordingly, this.analysis stresses the relationship between urban and rural development. It was quickly realized from the beginning of the land use survey that differences between urban areas (e.g., incorporated communities) and farm areas are not as clear as they once were. Nature itself provides a balance between land, water, forest, and wildlife. All too often the spread of urban development into rural areas has destroyed this balance, resulting in floods, storm damage, water shortages or water pollution. Many of these negative occurrences to which "built-up II areas have subjected themselves are directly attributable to the failure to properly relate urban development to the natural environment. Through effective planning, it is hoped to make the natural forces work for developing areas and not against them. Only in this way can nature's balance be protected. •;;, The existing land use survey has recorded how man uses the land within Clare County. By studying what has been done to or placed upon the land, officials can make decisions on how to provide a healthful, efficient, and attractive environment. What County, Township and City decision makers do today limits and shapes the possible alternatives of tomorrow. Inventory of Clare County Land Use Population characteristics, when correlated with the land use data, reveal useful information. Also, by using the existing land use information as a base, updated comparisons indicate trends that are shaping the County's rural-urban complex. Ultimately, data collection and technical reports are aids to the understanding of the forces exerting strong influences on the growth of communities; and to help formulate decisions encouraging a better living environment. A classification of land uses is necessary to provide a common understanding of the material presented. Land uses can generally be grouped into major categories such as residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural. These categories are not conclusive enough for the purposes of this study, and a further breakdown is necessary. The following is a description of the various land use classifications used in this study. Residential This catego1y includes areas in which dwellings with their accessory buildings occupy the major portion of the land and consist of the following sub-categories: - 88 - �Single-Family Residential. --These areas in which single-family dwelling units and their accessory buildings are located. This category cilso includes mobile homes located on individual lots or in mobile home parks • .Single-family residential units, 20,000 square feet or less, seasonal homes, including mobile homes located especially around lakes, are included in this category. Rural Residential.--This is an area that is used primarily for residential purposes. For purposes of this study, a rural residential lot is deemed to occupy up to ten acres. Commercial Land areas where goods are distributed or personal business services are provided are considered commercial uses. This category includes the retail sale of goods (e.g., grocery stores, gas stations and drug stores, businesses providing services such as restaurants, banks and real estate offices, and commercial transit lodging places (e.g., hotels, and motels). Industrial. --Industrial uses are land areas with or without buildings where one of the fol lowing operations is conducted: tv\:inufacturing, Warehousing and Storage. --tvbnufacturing includes land areas with or without buildings where raw or semi-finished materials are processed, fabricated and/or manufactured. Warehousing and storage of materials includes uses enclosed in a building or not. Open storage, such as concrete block, farm equipment, junk cars and waste material and municipal dumps are con sidered industrial uses because of the possible nuisance factors associated with them. Utility industrial uses such as gas storage stations are included in this category. Extractive.--Areas in which sand, gravel, clay, peat, or rock are excavated have been placed in the Extractive category. Included are the gravel pits used by the Clare County Road Commission and private excavations. Transportation and Utilities Transportation uses encompass all dedicated surface righr-of-way, including highways, freeways, railroads and airports, which are used for the movement of people and goods. Utilities include both public and private facilities providing general services, such as electric power stations, gas regulator stations, sewage treatment plants, radio stations and other facilities of this nature. Forestry, Public, Ouasi-Publ ic and Recreation Land areas and facilities, such as schools and government buildings, which are available to, or used by, all the people within a particular service area, are considered public uses. Also included in this classification are areas and buildings that are used by a limited number of persons with particular interests and who do not have profit as their main motive (Quasi-Public a_nd Recreation). This category includes churches, the County - 89 - �Fair Grounds, sportsmen's clubs, Boy and Girl Scout camps, parochial school camps and other similar uses. Recreation uses such as bowling alleys and movie theaters, because of their smaller size and functions, are placed within the commercial category. Permanent or seasonal residents on non-agricultural land larger than ten acres are considered forestry land uses. Areas covered by water and forested areas are also considered in the broad category of forestry. State-Owned Land Land areas owned by the State, with or without structures, that serve the recreation needs of the public or provide open land areas under conservation management, are included in this category. Agri cu Iture This classification is applied principally to areas for crop land, permanent pasture land, and land lying fallow but which indicate cultivation at an earlier date. Due to the variations in the agricultural practices of farmers, in terms of land cultivation, this classification is flexible for specific parcels. Clare County Land Use Patterns Traveling through Clare County, the visitor receives the impression of vast areas of farm land, woodland, open land areas, richly scenic areas and isolated grouping of homes located near primary road intersections. Along highways are scattered residential, commercial or industrial land uses which become more frequent as the visitor approaches the City of Clare, the City of Harrison and the Village of Farwell. The effect upon the traveller of an open, rural coun_ty can be seen on Map 13, Existing Land Use, Clare County. Land uses, especially residential development, are widely dispersed throughout the County. Table 39 indicates the amount of area that these uses occupy within the County. Residential Land Use The existing residential land in Clare County amounts to about 29,860 acres, or approximately 8 .2 percent of the total County area. Of the residential land about 20 .3 percent is single-family in character and a 79.7 percent is comprised of larger rural lots. Apartment and townhouse development is so infrequent that it is not considered by this report as a major County land use. The residential development found surrounding many lakes in the County is characterized by very smal I lot sizes. The majority of this type of concentrated development occur in the Townships of Hayes, Hamilton, Lincoln Garfield, Surrey and Grant. While the origina I purpose of the majority of these cottages was for seasonal use, there has been a trend in recent years to convert these units into year-round homes. This trend has created - 90 - -~.. �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ». :}J iif f:j:;mi:; n:I1 in~ f I j•'• lm I~ = icJ :JC·[ :t·']t::, r~ ~}ilfe.J1❖~•❖tf -:oN IJ:I ., ,: t)f ~•::J::Cs 1 %:,.-. t -., .:,::Iii i i :lii/!liliii iii::::::::i;i ._._.:._-:. i i i ~f iii!~/~;i;~ ~ ~i~i~i~i~ :-:-:,:-::_ :!;illJ1l ?J{} - - "1 ~ z .·••· mlid!!fi!i! i ! fi!i!i!i!!!!E!i!!!! I ,,,,:,:,,,4 \ YIES - ~ - - - -- - :If!Il@ItJIt/1 :~:~:~:t+=~:~: ::· ·· tll ll ji[ililililI .•:•:t :•::!!!!!!!i/J!:!:!:!:i!i :;:;::::::::::J:::::::; :::!:!:!:i;l !i!i!i!i!ii=== H tlllitr LIIN § ' i }l : : :===:I}!\?! :;:'.:J~iifr1i~~~., .-.· >- :;:;:){ ff { ,. ,. : H ; ,, ❖❖ 0 /} T )::: t : :i: I • :):: :=:~:=: - ❖:•:-:-:- ~~~I jili •:•:•:• .·.·.·.·1·· ::::::::::f: ~~{~~~ ~~ :::::::~: !SABELLA COUNTY LAND EXISTING Q_.:_.J.,;.:,_;~ ••-.:•~~- RE C REATION :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: A G R I C U L T U R E ~~m S TA T E OWNED USE LAND .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: INDUSTRIAL ( WAREHOUSING, MANUFACTORING,) EXTRACTIVE AND STORAGE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESIDENTIAL (SINGLE FAMILY & RURAL) FORESTRY & PUBLIC LAND COMMERCIAL 0 ~ a 3 4 ~ JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARATI ON OF THI S MAP WAS F INAN CED IN PA R T THR 0 UGH A CO MPREHEN SI VE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSIN G ANO URBAN ADM INI S TERE D BY THE ST A T £ . >;:. DE VEL OPMENT, OF MI CHI GAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 13 �a pollution problem around some of the lakes in Clare County. Mobile homes are also found scattered within many lake developments. The use of very small lake frontage lots without adequate utilities has increased health and sanitation problems. Overcrowding of the lakes should be avoided, or optimum use of lakes for recreational purposes may be jeopardized. Lot sizes in the incorporated communities are understandably smaller because of the presence of municipal facilities. However, elsewhere in the County where sewers have not as yet been installed, there is a potential hazard of water pollution due to the increasing trend of seasonal home conversion to year round residences. f'.iany of the lake front lots are less than 8,000 square feet in size which did not pose a problem when only one of four lots were regularly used. During the peak summer Clare County's population more than triples. Most of the seasonal residents own homes near the County's lake and stream areas. TABLE 39 EXISTING LAND USE CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1978* Land Use Acres 29,860 Residential 6,060 Single-Family 23,800 Rural Residential 600 Commercial 4,070 Industrial 230 Manufacturing, Warehousing and Storage 3,840 Extractive 12,000 Transportation and Utilities Forestry, Public, Quasi-Public and 195, 180 Recreation 48,650 State-Owned Land 75,720 Agriculture TOTAL 366,080 acres Percent of Tota I 8.2% 1.7 6.5 .2 l. l •1 1.0 3.2 53.3 13.3 20.7 100.0% Pollution problems are forcing some communities within Clare County to consider sewage systems. In this regard both Lincoln and Hayes Townships prepared Facility Plans in 1976 to consider alternative courses of action. In both units the cost was a prohibitive factor and no action was taken. However, Grant Township is now considering possible coordination with the City of Clare to extend sewer I ines to the Five Lakes Area • As a result of the early settlement patterns of large parcel ownership, lots are fairly evenly distributed throughout the County along Section Line and Quarter Section Line - 91 - �Roads. Lot size is not as significant with rural lots because the land surrounding the residences usually belongs to the owner of the house. ·when proSlems of water supply or sewage disposal arise, the large lot owner is not faced with as great a dilemna since he is in a position to re-drill a new wel I or construct a new tile field on his surrou!'lding land. As implied in the above statements regarding residential lot sizes where no public water or sewage disposal foci! ities exist, the minimum desirable lot size requirement is dictated to some degree by the soil conditions present. Because of the potential water pollution problem created by septic tanks on small lots, the Clare County Health Department must be contacted before any construction may begin. Commercial Land Use Approximately 600 acres, or about 0.2 percent of the County's total area, are used for commercial purposes. About 20 percent of the commercial activity is located in the Cities of Clare and Harrison and the Vil loge of Farwell, with the remaining 80 percent scattered in the townships. The City of Clare has the largest number of acres in commercial use for an incorporated area. The Townships of Grant and Hayes have the greatest commercial acreage among the townships in Clare County. The concentrations of commercial land uses as represented on the lvbp 13 evidence the early settlement pattern within the County. Forestry and Agricultural interests were dominant within the County and small towns established primarily as service centers for the surrounding farm and forestry areas. Commercial areas were established within these towns. Today, many problems, such as deterioration of old buildings and lack of parking areas, threaten to relegate these commercial areas in competition with commercial land uses locating along major highways outside of the urban areas. This second type of commercial development pattern is beginning to occur within the County primarily along the two-lane state highways. Transportation and Utility Land Uses About 12,000 acres or 3.2 percent of Clare County, are occupied by transportation and utility land uses. Of the acreage, about 94 percent is included in road and railroad rights-of-way, with the remaining six percent in utilities. This small acreage of land in uti Iiti es in generally scattered throughout the County. Road and railroad rights-of-way comprise about 11,280 acres in clare County. Within incorporated areas, the Cities of Harrison and Clare have the most acreage devoted to this type of use as may be expected. The amount of transportation land uses is normally directly proportional to city or village size. Road and railroads rights-of-way within individual townships vary little in the amount of land used. Most of township roads in the County basically consist of Section and Quarter Section Line Roads. There is little variance from township to township in the amount of land used for roads, reflecting the basic rural nature of the County. Townships which ore crossed by railroad lines or include sections of State highways are slightly above the township average for land in rights"'"Of-way. Grant, Hatton, Hayes - 92 - �and Frost Townships acreage in rights-of-way are high because of the U.S. 27 and U.S. 10 Freeways. Grant Township because of the U.S. 10 right of way and two ma ior ramps, has the highest proportion of rights-of-way land exit than any other Township in the County. Other transportation uses in the County include three airstrips. One airport, Clare Municipal, having three runways, is located northeast of the City of Clare. A smaller facility, Harrison Airport, also having three runways, is located northwest of the City of Harrison. There is also a smal I airstrip near lake Station. As industrial uses increase in the County, better air facilities will be needed. Forestry, Public, Quasi-Public and Recreation Land Use Approximately 195, 180 acres of land within Clare County ore devoted to forestry, public, quasi-public and recreation land use, constituting 53.3 percent of the total County land. Wop 13 shows areas devoted to this category. Within this classification, forest covered land accounts for approximately 95 percent and public, quasi-public and recreation land uses compose the remaining five percent. Generally, most of the public and quasi-public uses are situated near the Cities of Clare and Harrison. These uses include smal I community parks, governmental structures, churches, post offices and schools. The townships contain the majority of the cemeteries and township meeting halls. Schools now used by Clare County children are generally located- in- the Cities of Clare and Harrison or in the Village of Farwell . Recreation land uses are dispersed throughout the County. These consist of rural camps, Boy and Girl Scout camps, golf courses, public access to lakes, roadside parks and sportsmen's clubs. Forest land is generaliy found in greater concentrations in the western and northern areas of the County. Forestry areas are also intermingled with residential and ~griculturol uses creating an effective buffer strip between potential conflicting land uses . Forestry land serves in the County's recreation needs for hunting and snowmobiling areas. State-Owned Land In addition to the recreation facilities mentioned in the previous section, State land within the County also provides recreational opportunities for County residents and those of surrounding counties alike. State land in Clare County covers approximately 18,650 acres, or about 13.3 percent of the County's total area. Industrial Land Use There are approximately 4,070 acres in Clare County devoted to industrial land use, which is about l. l percent of the total County land area. Of the total industrial land uses, extractive industries account for about 94 percent, with the remaining six percent in manufacturing, warehousing and storage. - 93 - �The distribution of manufacturing land is not evenly spread throughout the County, but rather it is concentrated primarily in and around the City of Clare; however, both Harrison and the Village of Farwell also have manufacturing areas. These concentrations become more evident when viewing the generalized patterns of indus~rial development portrayed on the /v\ap 13 for the County. Isolated parcels of manufacturing land within the townships are usually open storage areas for farm equipment or junk. Several industrial uses within the County occupy large acreages of land due to open storage. These include the Michigan Consolidated Gas Company properties in Winterfield and Lincoln Townships, and adjacent the C & 0 Railroad Tracks in Grant Township. Extractive industries use the greatest amount of land in the industrial category. The majority of this land consists of gas and oil extraction. Extraction of gas and oil is the most predominate in Lincoln and Winterfield Townships, however, numerous small one acre extration sites are located throughout the entire County. Agricul tura I Land Agricultural land is the second most predominant land use in Clare County following forestry land. Of the County's total land area, approximately 75,720 acres, or 20.7 percenf·, are found in farming use. Most of the farm land is found in the Townships of Sheridan, Arthur and Winterfield. The amount of land in farm production is decreasing each year. Consumption of agricultural land is expected to increase at an increasing rate as residents and business interests relocate in the County. However, the expanding population of Clare County requires increasing amounts of fresh fruit, vegetables, and milk (preferably locally produced to help maintain a stable economic base in the County). Urban-Rural Land Use Conflicts Throughout this report, reference has been made to· urban and rural land uses. Urban land uses represent man-made improvements characteristic of development within cities or villages. Such development, for the purposes of this study, include Single-Family, Commercial, /v\anufacturing, Warehousing and Storage, and Transportation and Utility land use. Rural land uses are associated with agricultural and forestry practices and open land areas that are not occupied by permanent structures. For the purpose of this study, such uses include the land use categories of Agriculture, Rural Residential, Extractive Industry, State-Owned Land and Forestry and Recreation Land. If all the urban land uses were massed together in one area, less than the area of one township (36 square miles) within Clare County could accommodate all of the urban growth presently located within the County. Agricultural land uses (those areas actively being formed) if placed all together would be equivalent to over three townships within the County. Agricultural land uses (those areas actively being formed) if placed all together would be equivalent to over three townships within the County. In addition, Rural Residential lots would be about equal to a township and the remainder of the County area would be in forest and state-owned land use. The rural character of Clare County is predominate. - 94 - �The inf! uence within an area of urban and rural development is not proportional to their size. It is the experience of most developing areas in the State that urbanization is accomplished through a cessation and replacement of farming activities. However, the cessation of farming is not always fol lowed by immediate use for urban development. Increased land values and land speculation can make it unprofitable to continue farming land which was once farmed and therefore becomes idle. Yet, such land may not all be marketable for urban use. The scattering of urban development throughout a rural area generally results in the gradual discontinuance of farming. Reviewing fv4..ap 13, there is evidence that the scattering of urban uses in rural areas is occurring. This is particularly true of the non-farm, single-family land use. It has become common to locate single-family homes in rural areas. Commercial and industrial uses are locating along major highways adjacent the incorporated communities and throughout the rural areas. Future Land Use -Plan The saving of the landscape 1s only one reason a rational plan should be developed for Clare County. Another reason is economies of scale. Water pollution is less expensive to control if people settle in areas Jtith greater population densities. More services, such as fire and pol ice protection, can be provided with less expense. These and other savings and benefits are available to any community which is wil I ing to regulate itself. This self-regulation, as propagated through the plOJ1ning process, is the challenge that Clare County residents must accept very soon. The County is composed of numerous political sub-units, such as townships. The Land Use Plan cannot, and must not replace the local municipality's responsibility in developing its own planning programs. The County has numerous powers but ultimately development is best controlled by local units of government through zoning, subdivision regulations and local planning. The Future land Use Plan does not specifically indicate individual land uses, but provides an overall framework within which local municipalities must provide the necessary detail. For example, large residential areas are identified within the Plan, but no consideration is given to ancillary residential uses, such as schools, neighborhood recreation areas, churches, neighborhood shopping areas and other related land uses. Those specific uses and their locations are the proper responsibility of local municipalities. The Future Land Use Plan is an attempt to locate land uses of regional consequence for the forthcoming two decades. Its prophetic success will only be as great as the attempt of County and local officials to use the Plan, along with any subsequent justified amendments, as a working blueprint of future coordinated development within the County. Concepts of the Plan Th ere are 22,400 people on ~66, 080 acres in Clare County--one person for every sixteen acres. In 22 years, the ratio is I ikely to be one person for every seven acres. It will not be an overcrowded county, but the expected 45,000 to 50,000 people could possibly spoil much of the 366,080 acres. The overal I concept of the Future Land Use Plan is to concentrate growth in urban centers presently in existence. At the same time, the ccncen- 95 - -~ �centration of people will allow the farm areas and scenic areas to remain unblemished in the County. The City of Clare is the most important and largest urban community in Clare County. l'vbjor transportation foci! ities, community foci! ities and utilities presently exist in the City. The City of Harrison is the second largest urban center existing in the County and it too has transportation, utilities and community facilities. Located at the ce nter of the Co:Jnty, it is planned that the City of Harrison wil I become a secondary urban center, subordinate in size and function to the City of Clare. Surrounding these two urban centers, the greatest part of the increase in population is expected to Iive. The two communities are far enough apart that the eventual merging of these two urban communities can be avoided. There are numerous small settlements located throughout the County. Their growth should be limited. Their primary function is to provide services to small geographic areas within the County. Limited growth in these small villages and settlements will occur, but large population growth should be watched with caution. Clare County is a vast area. If urban development is to be concentrated, what will the remainder of the County be Iike 20 years from now? The Existing Land Use Study indicated that prominent land usage in Clare County included agricultural uses, recreation uses and estate or forestry development. Clore County is urbanizing, but urb::mization only has to locate in a small percentage of the land area. At the present time Clare County has a considerable amount of open land. However, the various factors of soil, climate, topography, lakes and streams, and forest cover the County's natural beauty and the highway network have generated a demand for land within the County. This demand is for recreationaf land ranging from large land holdings for clubs to smaller properties surrounding lake areas for second homes. Plat records since 1950 show the increasing demand for second home properties based upon the numbers of lots platted. Chart .I and tv'k:lp 1"4, shows the plat and lots recorded by year since 1870. This serves to trace the development of the County and its urban centers. The maiority of the second home market has centered upon the many lakes throughout the prime development land of the County. In the past this lake development was prevalent but the major occupants were persons from the immediate area. In the early 1900 1s, Farwel I and Clare residents and some others from cities in the region developed second homes along the lakes in the southwestern corner of the County. A few lakes in the County have, however, developed differently. Budd Lake and Little Long Lake just east of Harrison have been developed as permanent residences. This type of development, however, is limited in the County. Whether the lakes are developing as permanent or as second homes the extensive nature of the development, in terms of distribution, wil I and is causing some real problems. Many of the lakes now have lake associations. These persons are concerned because of what is happening or could happen to their lakes. Such concerns are for pollution, siltation and similar problems related to the environment. - 96 - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY I I ROSCOMMON t COUNTY .,:.:::::::: ::::*:::: / ::::::•:~: ::::::::::~ WINTI RF IELD F ROST ' . ., -.,;:, ::::.;:; «~ I Ht TT~¼.} ··········· IARlrHLR C .J 0 IU 0 (I) 0 I I SABELLA I • COUNTY APPROVED NUMBER OF APPROVED PLATS PLATS Plat ·-y ~liC:=>,,. ' • bllh ~ ;____.: 4,5&6 Plats -] 7 or more Plats - THE ASSOCIATION OF CLAR E COUNTY: LOCAL i>LANN l ~G COMMISSIONS PER SECTION 14 J UNI: , 1978 ·•Rt t->AHA ·• r.~ N .H· THI S M AP #A ':., • ttl AN l"; t ;J IN P M 1 . IR0UUH A r.n ~ Pi.f.'.~•tN ~tVl ~lfl '4N fNG GRA NT H-1 ,) M 1 1 , t- i•• t ll f PAR l ME N f f,f H0US t1'G ANO URB AN AOMINI S l[kF1 1 RY THf S lATE. )• " n E. i E L 0 PM f N ; , MIC HIGA N CLARE COUNTY ' MICHIGAN �0 I Ill 0 (\J (\J Ill .-- 0 .- ft'~• 0 Ill -·.,~....r1.~-~- -~ 0 "... m 0 (0 m .Jil:,.,.,,. __ ~ ··... en 0 w Q_ 0 0.. I' <! en 1I- ,'l I<! 1_J -_, z 16t[I .,... --- 0 I~ 0 I' :J I >-Iz -z 0 w > 0 ::J 0 0 w > 0 __. ~- ~... ([ n. a.. a.. a.. ~ ~ en en I- w er I0 a CD <! _J 10 iz ' u _J .. . 3~!103~ 3)1\17 ~ ';f - --_ ..... 3>1\17 .lNIOd 8 II0 _J ---- - ------.:;, t 0 oi .- 0 0 ... m ..,ii, NOSl!l!I\IH • - - - ---- ~ - H.11031131'1 S£8E ---"- ' 0 m m .- 0 m m ... 713M!IV.:I 0 (IJ ID (\J ... ID 0 (\J S7'11/\0t::ldd'lt ::10 t::1381/1JnN 97 0 .- - ~ · 3!1\17J ID (/) a: (\J <( . .-m w >0 _J n. 0 [I) m .- ~. ~~- NOSl!l!I\IH _ . . ., .•- I I <! 0 m ... -- -.iii ([ u 0 ID m ... ([ CJ) ... - 0 ~" om .-- �While protective measures are being sought in those areas now built-up, the areas now undergoing development will be generating new and possible problems . The cause is related to the private nature of the development. These recreational developments were instituted in a basically free market place without the guidance of zoning and other reasonable land use controls. If this type of development were to be allowed to continue in the County without guidance, future problems could develop. The intensity could increase because of sheer numbers, whether they are people, cottages, homes, miles of streets or any other method by which one measures growth which leads to overuse and degradation. To make a Future Land Use Plan for Clare County, a sector theory of planning was utilized. The sector approach to land use planning is specifically developed for urbanizing areas where the future land use patterns are not yet fully evident. Clare County is such an area. Sectors refer to the general intensity of land use within a given area. The specific land uses are not indicated; rather, uses of similar intensity and character are suggested for a sector. These intensities of land use are developed based upon various locational criteria {e.g., transportation systems, available utilities and phy siographic features). The advantage to the sector approach is that it provides flexibility to the Plan and permits the development of local policies and goals upon which to base more definitive development decisions. It relies heavily upon local administrators to provide zoning with performance standards and new techniques of planned unit and cluster developments. In addition, policies to commit pub Iic improvements in areas specifically designed as urban areas must be made by administrators. Thus, the major requirement for the sector pfan is a level of sophistication that must be achieved by administrators in order to fully utilize the concept. For Clare County, five sectors are proposed: high intensity development sector, low intensity development sector, conservation sector, agricultural sector and the rural forested sector. In addition, two zones in the conventional sense, reflecting major land use categories with regional significance, are indicated because they presently exist these are; the central business district, and industrial park sites open space. High Intensity Development Sector This sector allows the most intensive urban land uses in relation to employment {industrial and offices), services (commerce and wholesaling} and residences (apartments, townhouses and mobile homes). All these uses require excellent access as provided by a good, fast transportati9n system. In addition, a full range of utilities and community facilities is necessary. High intensity development is recommended adjacent to those freeway interchanges most likely to be provided with utilities and community facilities and along major highways which will have an attraction to intensive development. low Intensity Development Sector This sector refers primarily to residential areas and supporting uses,. such as churches , recreation and neighborhood shopping, Low intensity residential implies only partial - 98 - �utilities and facilities, and a lower density of two to four dwelling units per gross acre. Conservation Sector Clare Co'.Jnty has significantly large areas of hilly, wooded land; Much of this land is in pub! ic or quasi-pub! ic ownership today. Based on the physiographic features of these areas and the existing pattern of land use, further open space recreation uses should be encouraged in these areas. To help develop an economic base for these areas such uses as regional parks, camps, riding academies, summer rescrts, skiing, wildlife preserves and similar uses should be encouraged. Agricultural Sector Agricultural pursuits in Clare County provide a major source of income to County residents. The soil survey for the County indicates the northeastern and southwestern portions of the County as rich farm land. This area should be preserved through farm lot zoning of about 20 acres, an absence of utility systems and discouragement of future subdivision activities. Rural Forested Sector The demand for non-farm rural living is an evident desire of many people in Clare County. Such development should be allowed on large lot development (approximately five acres or more per dwelling unif"). Utilities and community facilities would not be needed to dny great extent. To lessen the dangers of water pollution, strict regulations regarding septic tanks would have to be enforced. Existing Factors Influencing the Plan Many factors affect the use of land. Types of land uses have differing location requirements. It is important when developing a Future Land Use Plan to be cognizant of the various land use requirements and their possible distribution throughout a County area. Physiographic Features The most important land use trend in Clare County in the next 20 years will be the increasing urbanization within the County. The location of urban development will have a tremendous impact on agriculture, recreation arecs and other land uses. It is therefore important to determine various natural I imitations which might affect the location of urban development. These natural limitations are not impossible barriers to urban development, but if urban development locates in areas which have high water table characteristics and poor soil percolation, or cultural limitations, then the cost of development will be greatly increased. These costs should be acknowledged prior to urban development locating within these areas. - 99 - �Wa rer Table Characteristics and Soil Percolation.--These factors are perhaps of greatest significance to urban development. Sewage waste may be handled in two common ways--individual septic tanks or municipal treatment. The former method involves a direct expense to individual property owners, while the latter is a longterm community expense for a system which is costly to build and operate. Whenever soils have good percolation, septic tanks are generally an acceptable means of treating waste products, provided that population density is not excessive. Poor percolating soils credte pollution prob I ems if urban development is permitted to Ioca te on them • /v\ap 15 indicates areas in Clare County which have the most serious percolation problems owing to water table characteristics and soil conditions. Certain of these areas are severe enough to warrant , urban development to be discouraged from locating there. An example of the problems which may arise if urban development locates in poor percolation areas is the subdivision activity adjacent waterbeds and on heavy clay soils used presently for farming. It must be realized that pollution problems can occur if not carefully watched, elsewhere in the County, depending upon the density permitted in an area. The more people concentrated in an area, the more necessary it becomes to have a sewage system. Thus, /v\ap 15 only indicates the most serious conditions related to the water table and soil percolation within the County. On the other hand, certain wetlands which might be otherwise drained for urban purposes and provided utilities might better be left in a natural state through use of township zoning regulations. Cultural limitations.--There are some large open areas where existing uses are unlikely to change. These uses are generally based upon public or semi-publk ownership and may be considered cultural I imitations. fvlap 16 indicates cultural I imitations in Clare County. For the most part, these areas consist of State-owned land. It would appear unlikely that this land would ever be used for urban development. Its value is in serving urban residents. Other areas in Clare County which wil I probably not be used for urban development include Boy Scout, Girl Scout and conservation club properties. Combined Physical Limitations. --Combining the factors which limit urban development in Cfare County, large areas of the County are actually unsuitable for urban growth. fvlap 17 illustrates this point. Urban development in the past has generally located where urban limitations were not greatly in evidence, as indicated by the fact that most cities and vii loges are located outside the areas demarcated as having urban I imitations. It would seem logical to locate future growth in a similar manner. Planning by Development Sectors The sector concept represented in the Plan does not mean that other land uses should not develop in a sector. Rather, the sectors imply that an area is best suited for a particular type of development and that local plans should reflect this consideration. In addition, specific land use zones are represented on the Plan around the Cities of Harrison and Clare. These specific land use areas recognize existing local plans for those two municipalities. Similarly, other local plans developed by municipalities - 100 - �Jt!r•:-:-=:=·=-·-·-:::::: :-=-·====· ........... ................... ........... ' •••• •• • ... # ::::tir=--····· SOIL ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: soi Is ~ • • .,, • LIMITATIONS adverse I y e f f ec t in g future development e 15 JUNE, 1978 ·- THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS TH[ PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THR0UGH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT Of HOUSING !.DMINISTEkEO BY ANO uqeAN THE SH.TE DEVELOPMENT, OF ~ICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN �I :::::::::: :::: .. ..· :::::::::::::: ·::::::::::::: :::::::: •:;; !ft) •:•:•:❖ CULTURAL LIMITATIONS ·· ·:•:•:•:•• ··········•: major pub I ic and semi - pub I ic ownership f ~ • • .Obi 3 ,. JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING CQMMISSIONS THE PREPARATION OF THI S MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THR()UGH A COMPREHEN SIVE PLANNING GRANT FR OM TH E DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTEkf D B't _T HE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 16 �.-: -:- ....... =:::::, . .=_.=~::.:-=:j·:::::::;:··.:_=.:·..:.. ·•···•·•··· ;::::::.. ··=.·.·.•.·:.·.=.:.=.=.=.:: ' 1 ili!llif/1t:1 111111:m::i :/t-.::.::·· COMBINED .::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: combined o ~ • • , " PHYSICAL cultural and LIMITATIONS soi I I imi tat i.ons e JUNE, 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY:LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS THE PREPARATION OF THIS '°'.AP WAS FINANCED IN PART TtiW)UGH A COMPAEHENSIV£ PLANNING GRANT FROM THE OEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AOMINISTEF<EO BY t.NO URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 1 - CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 17 �have been used to formulate the regional concept of land uses as presenteq in this Plan. High Intensity Development Sectors High Intensity Sectors represent the most probable areas of intensity land use development. A good transportation system is the primary location factor affecting high density development. Those areas in Clare County which have the best transportation access are the Cities of Harrison and Clare and the Village of Farwell. In order to allow a larger density, municipal sewer and water is necessary. Interchange Sector. --There are five interchanges along the U.S. 27 Freeway. Because they provide access to the freeway, they promote urban development. However, not all interchanges can be expected to attract growth. It is anticipated that the interchange near the City of Clare and the two interchanges south and north of the City_of Harrison (See lv\:ip 18) wil I attract considerable urban development • . Corridor Sector. --High intensive land use development also locates along major highways. These highways provide a good road system which is desirable for intensive land uses. The corridors' depth may vary by the type of land use. For example, commercial development may require 300 feet of depth, while high density residential may require 600 feet or more to permit good residential design. The important factor is that local municipalities recognize those highways while will develop as high intensive uses so that proper zoning controls with prudent site plan review can be effectuated. Certainly along such major highways direct access to the highway must be carefully controlled since numerous access points reduce the efficiency of a highway as well as create a traffic hazard from turning vehicles which conflict with through traffic. Future Land Use, Map 18, indicates several major highways in the County for high intensive uses. North of the City of Harrison Business Route 27 is shown as a high intensive land use corridor. Business Route 27 is presently two-lane facility within the City of Harrison. Other High Intensive Areas. --The Future Land Use Plan also indicates other areas as high intensive land uses (e.g., central business districts and industrial areas). Although these areas are high intensive land uses, the Zoning Ordinances for the Cities of Clare and Harrison ·cmd Hayes Township specified the use. Therefore, the Regional Land Use Plan ..indicates the .use qnd not the concept. The Central Business District in the City of Clare is the primary commercictl area within Clare County. Certainly the Year 2000 County projected population of 45,000 to 50,000 persons is not sufficiently large to warrant a competing regional shopping center in Clare County. Thus, th~ City of Clare business center should be strengthened as the regional shopping area in Clare County. In this manner, more shopping opportunities will be provided Clare County residents than if a competing center were promoted. ' - IOI - �MISSAUKEE COUNTY ;,::J :)fr~ > ,z ::, 0 (.) ...,<( 0 UJ (.) en 0 !SABELLA COUNTY FUTURE USE - 2000 LAND "'" SECTORS HIGH LOW -:;~·~::::::::~:~:❖~ ~:::: :::~.:~:::~ :· INTENSITY ZONES DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT C O N S E R V A T I O N~ INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL ,::;;:,:-:;;,:;:;;.:::::;;;:;;;:;;:: i R U R A L ~ •.__,: MILii- 4 FO R E S T E D " ·, JUNE. 1978 THE ASSOCIATION OF CLARE COUNTY LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSIONS 18 THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART htR0UGH A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANT FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTERED BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN �It shoLJld be the policy of the City of Clare and Clare County to promote the CBD area of the City. Redevelopment of the business center through rehab ii itation and renewal could provide sufficient off-street parking, a stronger commercial district, office uses and high density residential development. Another intensive land use in the City of Clare area is the industrial development proposed south of the City. The 40 acre, 16 site industrial park wil I be complete in the latter part of 1978. The central business district in the City of Harrison is another intemive land use development. It is a substantial business center which serves the central ar,d northern portions of Clare County. This business center wil I serve a secondary function to the City of Clare's business core. North of the City of Harrison, in Hayes Township, is located an 18 site industrial park. The park is served by paved roadways and other utilities. The area has some industrial development, is flat and is between the two U.S. 27 interchanges serving the City of Harrison. A second industrial park is presently being developed in the City of Harrison and should be complete with all facilities by August, 1978. A third intensive use is proposed in the Village of Farwell. Presently the Village is in a period of improvement. The voters of Farwell approved in tv\:irch of 1977 to accept a $400,000 sewer and water grant to improve their present system. Also, there is a good possibility rhat Farwell will be developing on industrial park. However, the Vil loge of Farwell lacks a zoning ordinance to control potential growth. The Village of Farwell should investigate preparation of a zoning ordinance and other reasonable controls to combat haphazard, untimely development. Low Intensity Development Sectors. --Low Intensity Sectors represent areas with varying degrees of development. For the most part, these sectors range from small lake front lot developments to very large rural lot developments. Both types of Low Intensity Development has its own character. Moderate Density Residentiol.--This sector provides for a moderate density of between three and six families per gross acre. These densities are possible in Clare County only because most of the areas in moderate density are seasonal residence areas. If more permanent residents move into these areas municipal utilities might be needed~ Moderate density development refers to single-family development on small lots in forested and lake areas and also townhouse development. A mixture of housing types and lot sizes will provide a heterogeneous community, allowing a mixture of age groups and income ranges. Planning for related land uses, (e.g., schools, neighborhood shopping centers and recreation areas) and their location is the responsibility of local planning. It is important for local municipalities to recognize the relation- . ship of their local plans to the Regional Plan. County roads and facilities should be provided in a regional concept. It should be the policy of local municipalities to require a full range of improvements (e.g., underground utilities, sidewalks, and paved roads) within the moderate density subdivision areas. These areas are urban in - 102 - �i nature and require such improvements. The Clare County Road Commission now requires that al I new residential subdivisions have paved roads. The unincorporated communities in Clare County are also proposed for moderate density development. Lake George and Meredith have already taken steps to insure coordinated growth through use of land use planning and zoning. A water and sewer pion was prepared for Lake George due to an increasing number of permanent residents. The pion was turned down by the Lincoln Township Board as being too expensive. To minimize potential health problems Lincoln Township should consider alternative water supply and sewage disposal systems. Lake Station (Garfield Township) however, hos not token any major steps to pion for its future other than that of a land use pion prepared for the Township in 1976. A zoning program should be undertaken in Garfield Township to ensure that Lake Station's a viable I iving and service oriented area. Large amounts of growth within or adjacent to these concentrations of development should not be encouraged. These areas primarily serve immediate service needs. Their character should not be encouraged to change since it is more economical and beneficial to the County as a whole to promote growth in the Clare and Harrison City areas. Low Density Residential. --It must be recognized that large lot subdivisions ore in demand. The number of families per acre may range up to three. These suburban densities do not always require o full range of urban improvements and municipal utilities. Where all utilities are provided, it may be feasible in certain areas to exceed this density range subject to detailed local site planning and based upon · specific land characteristics and potentials. The low density areas in Clare County are included within the Low Density Development Sector. Rura I Forested-Non-Farm In Clare County, there is considerable evidence of residential development locating in rural areas. Completely preventing this type of development is unrealistic. It, however, should be carefully watched. Urban improvements (e.g., paved roads, municipal utility systems,. fire and police protection and schools) cannot economically be provided as they could be in the urban areas of the County. In these rural areas, lot sizes should be in the range of one and two acres, but no larger than 10 acres. Lot splitting and subdividing should be controlled through zoning and subdivision ordinances. In many cases the rural areas are on the fringe of urban development. Land speculation and promotion con become detrimental to the future development of these areas if and when demand permits such development. It should be the policy of local municipalities to discourage subdivision activity in these areas by requiring large lots through ::oning and to discourage long, narrow lot splits {by requiring a minimum width to depth ratio for residential lots). Conservation Sector Two large areas in Clore County ore suggested as Conservation Sectors (See tvbp 18). Four outstanding features of these areas are the topography, woodiand, wetland and - 103 - �generally large acreage of State owned land, and lakes. In these areas, some land has over 12 percent slope and are not conducive to urban development. Winterfield, Summerfield, Redding, Freeman, Lincoln and Greenwood Townships comprise much of the Conservation area in the northern and western portion of the County. Heavily wooded areas and significant topographic variations characterize this area. Estate development (ten acres or more) and recreation areas (State parks, scout camps and private camps) typify the existing development. Such development preserves the natural beauty of the area and should be preserved and expanded in the future. The Conservation Sector expands into Hatton Township and includes the MidMichigan Community College due to its large wooded site and Camp Rotary a major Scout Camp. Parts of Frost and Franklin Townships comprise another Conservation area north of the City of Harrison. This area has a rolling terrain and is heavily wooded. Clare County has the topography and natural assets to develop as a regional recreation area. Seven mill ion people are within three hour's drive of the County and access by these people to the County is greatly enhanced by the e;xisting freeway system. Recreation and tourism has become one of Michigan's largest industries. It is possible for Clare County to take greater advantage of this industry and provide a new economic stimulus within the County. It should be a policy of the County to establish a committee to further investigate the recreation potential of Clare County. The Clare and Harrison City Chambers of Commerce and other organizations in the County could work with a County recreation committee to promote the idea of a recreation industry in the County. State and Federal agencies could also be contacted to lend assistance in this area. It should be the policy of Clare County and local municipalities to preserve and enhance the natural amenities of the Conservation Sector. Zoning Ordinances should be adopted in Redding and Greenwood Townships; the other townships in the Conservation Sector should strictly implement their existing ordinances. Agricultural Sector The primary agricultural land in Clare County is in the southern and eastern portions of the County. These areas have gently rolling terrain with fertile soils which are presently being farmed in many locations. The biggest problem in the Agricultural Sector relates to scattered residential developments. To help control this situation and protect the agricultural nature of the ar~, small lot residential development should be discouraged on active agricultural land. Two areas in the Agricultural Sector will have urban pressures. One such area is in Grant, Garfield and Surrey Townships. The concept of the Land Use Plan is to provide a broad open space area between the two urban areas in the County. Strong zoning ordinances will be necessary to discourage subdivision activity in this area. Certain areas around Lake Station and the U.S. 115 and U.S. 10 intersection may experience growth, but this growth should be concentrated and I imited. - 104 - �A second area which will hove urban""i:lgricultural conflicts is in the east Grant and west Sheridan Township areas. The soils to the east of the City of Clore are generally not conducive to urban development and a strong zoning ordinance can protect this area. Land Use Control Most townships in Clare County have zoning ordinances in effect. Those townships without zoning as of June 1978 are Garfield, Grant, Greenwood and Redding Townships. Within these townships, there are no regulations regarding the location of land uses. At present only Redding Township has not developed a Township Land Use Plan. The remainder of the townships do have (or will have before 1979) zoning ordinances in effect. Ten of the 12 zoned township's did so through the assistance of the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions. In forming the Association the township's were able to prepare their zoning ordinances in a basically uniformed manner. Thus, the district sizes and allowable development for the agricultural, forestry, recreation, commercial and residential areas do not conflict. It is now the responsibility of these townships to equitably enforce and when the need arises to properly update their Land Use Plans and Zoning Ordinances. Each township presently has its own part time Zoning Administrator. Consideration should be given to the cooperative effort of hiring a full time professional Zoning Administrator and enforce al I the zoned Townships in the County. The Townships of Arthur and Frost prepared their own Zoning Ordinances without the help of professional planning personnel. These Townships should consider revising the ordinances to take into account the standards their surrounding Clare County Townships have adopted • The Vil Iage of Farwell is the only incorporated community that does not have a zoning ordinance. In 1976 the Village Council approved a Future Land Use Plan but did not take action to prepare a zoning ordinance. Farwel I should adopt a zoning ordinance immediately, especially considering its high intensity development potential. Conclusion The Sector Theory proposed by the Regional Comprehensive Plan requires a high degree of responsibility on the part of local municipalities to place controls on the development of Clare County. It will take a large effort on the part of the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the Clare County Planning Commission to encourage loca·I leaders to adopt the concept of the Plan and to implement the Plan through proper land use controls. In some instances, the County will have to supply the needed expertise and I eadership for local municipalities. This may be done by developing model ordinances for local adoption, preparing a series of education meetings on the Association's Planning Program and developing methods for the County to share in the enforcement of local ordinances. As noted earlier, the fact that a particular existing industry, business or subdivision is omitted from the Future Land Use Plan does not mean new or changed land uses in the future cannot be recognized on more detailed, - 105 - �local municipal plans and zoning ordinances prepared under the guidance of the more general Regional Comprehensive Plan. The Future Land Use Plan primarily deals with 11 sectors 11 of land use intensity rather than individual land uses. Some communities may object to the fact that their area is not considered for urban growth. The Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the Clare County Planning Commission must convince such leaders that growth and bigness do not necessarily equate to qua I ity of I iving environment or even progress. Urban growth is a burden. Utility systems, road systems and community facilities must be developed where growth occurs. Problems of pollution, land use controls, increased assessments and taxation and numerous other problems will plague growth communities. Certainly more expertise in government is required. Most communities in Clare County need not be faced with such burdens; other communities cannot escape these problems and must face up to them. This Land Use Plan can only be achieved if County and local community leaders accept its challenge and work towards its accomplishment. - 106 - �ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS �ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS Introduction The Organizational Analysis is part of the implementation phase of the planning program in which definite proposals are made relating to the structure and organization of the present government in Clare County. It is not within the scope of this study to undertake a detailed time-study analysis of the several County departments but rather: to make recommendations relating to the overall structure of the present government organization. Recommendations contained within this study are not meant to reflect the qualifications or capacities of the individuals filling these affected positions. Structure of Counties Counties in Michigan, as in many other states, operate on a series of laws passed over an extended period (150 years in Michigan) even though revisions were made in the 1963 State Constitution. The present structure of County government in Michigan places both elected and appointed officials in office. The State Constitution spells out the functions and powers of these officeholders in Michigan. There is I ittle centralized authority as different government officials are not responsible to a single authority. The fact that County officials have managed to perform their duties so well is a tribute to their capabilities and not a result of the present organizational structure as defined in the Michigan Constitution and State laws. However, counties only have those powers delegated to them by the State. Their administrative structures and financial and service powers are explicitly spelled out in the State Constitution. Few court decisions have been made regarding the implied powers of the County so it is impossible to determine if they may be expanded beyond their present limit. Administrative Offices The State Constitution presently requires that the following offices be filled through a direct, partisan, county-wide election -- Clerk, Prosecuting Attorney, Treasurer, Sheriff, Drain Commissioner and Register of Deeds. 26 The Judges of the Probate, Circuit and District Courts are also elected. The people filling the above offices, with the exception of the jrJ dges, constitute the "executive" branch of the government in Clare County. It is quite evident that the lines of responsibility of these offices are set up to make the holders of the above offices directly responsible to the electorate instead of being appointed as the County residents directly determined who are the officeholders. Legislative Branch The County Board of Commissioners constitutes the legislative body of county government but also holds some administrative powers as delegated to it by the State laws relating to county government. The number of Commissioners within a county is governed by State law, depending upon the resident population as indicated following: 26 The Register of Deeds and the County Clerk offices may be combined . .... 107 - �County Popula t ion 0 - 5,000 5, 00 l - 10, 000 10,001 - 50,000 50, 00 l -600, 000 over 600,000 Ma x imum Number of Commissioners 7 10 15 21 25-35 At present, there are seven members of the Board of Commissioners in Clare County. Each member of the Bo:Jrd represents one geographic district of the County with approximately an equal number of County residents living in each district so that the one-man, one-vote principle is in effect. A committee composed of the County Clerk, County Treasurer, and County Prosecuting Attorney decided in 1971 that there will continue to be seven districts during the 1970 decade but the boundaries of the existing districts will change due to the new 1970 Federal Census. 27 The County Board of Commissioners has the power to set the budgets of most of the departments (a notable exception is the County Road Commission which receives its funds directly from the State collections of gas and weight taxes) and thus exercises financial control over most of them. However, as indicated, the holders of most County offices are elected and in this respect are not directly responsible to the County Board of Commissioners. tv\any advisory committees and boards are also appointed by the Commissioners and report directly to this body. In effect, these committee members do most of the work for the Board and make recommendations directly to it. · County Functions Service Functions of Counties Previously, it was felt by many political observers that with improved transportation and communication and more urban centers that service functions of the County would gradually disappear and give way to the more densely populated municipalities. However, just the opposite trend has developed. tv\any students of government now feel that the County is the best level of government to provide services. This increase in responsibility to County government has occurred as many services can be performed more efficiently and economically on a county-wide basis where economies of scale and possibilities of specialization develop (e.g., water and sewer systems and I ibraries). Also, in rural, unincorporated areas, the County is the logical body to provide these services as many townships do not have the financial resources to cope with the problems. The Federal and State governments have also realized the value of performing certain services on an area-wide basis and have encouraged the County role by providing grants · and aid to counties. In the future, the service function of the counties in Michigan will undoubtedly increase, especially in areas which ore becoming urbanized, as urban problems spill over municipal boundaries into the outlying areas. The services provided by the counties which are mandatory and required by the State consist of holding elections, maintenance of law and order, care of prisoners, providing courts, supervising pub Iic welfare, keeping vital records, maintenance of county roads, care of dependent and neglected children and the relief of indigents. ' 27 Clare County Clerk, April, 1978. �Permissive functions or those which the county is allowed but not required to perform include the construction and operation of parks, I ibraries, airports, hospitals, the provision of other health services, water and sewer systems and port facilities. However, counties cannot perform services for incorporated areas within boundaries unless these areas specifically give the county permission to do so. Financial Powers There are three basic sources of revenue for counties--property taxes, State allocations and Federal aid, and fees, fines and charges. The combined County property tax assessed by the townships, school districts, and the County is limited to 15 mills or $15.00 per $1,000 of State Equalized Valuation. With a referendum vote, the limit may be raised up to 18 mills. In 1974 Clare County voters set a fixed millage I imit of 15 mills to be distributed in the following manner: County Townships Clare County Intermediate School District School Operatinga 6 Mid-Michigan College 5.5 mills 1.0 mills .5 mills 8.0mills l.5mills aThe rate will vary depending upon the respective school district. 6 1ndicates an extra-voted millage. At present, there is no proposal to increase the mil loge over the present 15 .00 mil I I imit. The counties have no control over the amount of State aid refunded to them as the established formula upon which these disbursements are based is applied to the total dollars collected at the State level. Federal aid to counties depends upon the need of the county and the county's awareness of the Federally funded programs and its financial ability to raise its share when required to do so. The counties thus have no control over the amount of State or Federal aid available to them, but can further their own causes by pursuing certain programs (e.g._, State recreation and Federal water-sewer grants). ln relation to charges, fees and fines, I ittle control is established in the county except for the amount of various user charges which it sets. In relation to the total revenue picture, the amount of the property tax is the only area in which the county can influence its revenue intake to any large extent and an upper limit is set on this amount by the voters. At present, counties cannot establish and use non-property taxes such as an income, sales or value-added to obtain revenues~ Thus, no additional sources of tax revenue are available for use at the county level. The amount of debt which a county may pledge its full faith and credit is limited by the State Constitution to ten percent of the State Equalized Valuation of real and personal property, or about $19,000,000 in Clare County as of 1978. -109 - �Charter Counties The next question which needs to be answered is what alternatives and modifications to the present structure of government in Clare County are available? Act 293 of 1966 sets up the guidelines for Charter or Home Rule counties in the State as allowed by the .1963 State Constitution. At present, only two counties have sought to exercise the authority of the Act. Wayne County voters have twice rejected propositions to authorize a charter commission while ~ltas County voters, after having elected a charter commission, rejected, by a wide margin, the proposed charter. Since this alternate form of government exists in Michigan, the provisions of Act 293 are briefly discussed in this study. Administration The County Home Rule Act of 1966, or Charter County Act, requires, as in the statutes relating to general county government I that five offices--Clerk, Sheriff, Treasurer, Register of Deeds and Prosecuting Attorney--be filled by direct partisan elections. It . appears that the Drain Commissioner and Road Commission could be appointed or elected under a non-partisan system. No meaningful changes are made in administration by enactment of Act 293. Service Functions There is no fundamental difference in the service functions of the county under the general county or charter county act. The county is stil I required under the home rule act to provide the same mandatory services as under the existing structure. Also, any countywide services cannot be carried out in vii loges or cities without the permission of such incorporated areas under either county structure. Taxing Powers The cost of county services under County Home Rule would approximate those under the present governmental organization. Salaries and supplies are increasing and will continue to do so under either form of government. Also, the public will continue to demand more and better ser1ices regardless of the type of government which provides them. On the revenue side of the ledger, Act 293 offers the possibility of increased revenue from the same sources. The County could set up a ten mill tax limit in its charter. This is 4 .5 mills more than the present 5 .50 I imit voted in Clare County in 1974. No new county taxing powers are granted under the County Home Rule Act. Conclusion The County Home Rule Act, Act 293,does not have the potential substantially to improve operations in Clare County. This is the case not so much because of the Act's wording but because of the existence and nature of Michigan townships. Since World War II Michigan townships have advanced in legal status to the point that they approach the legal standing of Michigan cities. As a result, Michigan counties have no geographical - 110 - �territory or population over which they have exclusive control (except with respect to certain functions). The Michigan situation, then, provides a special dilemna for county home rule advocates. There are several alternatives. One, which is to confront the issue of township or city legal standings, would require a substantial political fight. A second altern~tive is to limit county powers to so-called "new" functions as they become apparent. Another is to assign certain aspects of individual services and regulatory functions to the county-an approach which could give counties a role as a "producer" or "wholesaler" of services while other units focus on the 11 del ivery II or "retailing 11 aspect of the service or function. County Administra tor One additional topic related to the structure of county government is the issue of whether to have a full-time Administrator, or Control Ier, depending upon the title used. At present, all County Administrators in Michigan are appointed. They obtain their legal power of office from the County Board of Commissioners. Clore County In Clare County, the growth of County services and expenditures has been steadily increasing. The 1978 budget allows for over $2,280,000 in expenditures of County funds, excluding the budget of the rood commission which is a separate entity. Thus, County government in Clare is at the present time a mil I ion dollar plus operation. At present, the administrative function of the government is directed by those members of the County Board of Commissioners on a part:-time basis. The fact that the County has maintained a high level of services at a reasonable expense is a tribute to the efforts of the members of this Board. In approximately 22 counties, a full-time administrative position has been created by the Board. His functions are to review the budget, handle personnel problems, be the purchasing agent and advise the Board on other County affairs. There hc1ve b-aen no studies conducted to determine the effect of such an administrator upon efficiency, costs and the level of government services. Much of · the effectiveness of such an executive is an individual matter which varies from county to county and is dependent upon two basic criteria: the ability of the person fil I ing the office and the power granted to this individual by the County Boord. Unfortunately, no quonti tative measure of these actual benefits exists as efficiency or output per dollar may increase but only with the spending of more money. It is recommended that the County Boord of Commissi.oners consider creating an office for a full-time appointed administrator when the County population and work load demands it. Such an administrator would be directly responsible to the controller or administrator. Also, Gogebic County, whose 1970 population was approximately 20,676 has a control Ier. Prior to 1969, any counties with a population greater than 75,000 could implement the controller act. However, this restriction was removed in that year, and since that time, the concept has been implemented and investigated by some counties with a population less than the 75, 000 figure. - Ill - �It is felt that such an administrator could significantly reduce the work load of the Board of Commissioners and act in an advisory capacity to the members of the Board. The powe rs of this administrator should be as broad as possible and exp! icitly defined. Since this office is created at the wi II of the Board, it can be dissolved if found to be unsatisfactory. No increase in efficiency can be expected if such a position is created but no power is granted to the officeholder. The duties of such an administrator would be to implement the pol icy decisions of the County Boord of Commissioners. He would be responsible for preparing the budget, handling labor negotiations, centralizing purchasing and organizing and staffing those departments over which he would have control. In many instances, an insight into the daily activities of the various departments is required to determine their actual needs and to see what improvements can be undertaken (e.g., shifting of personnel and work loads between various departments and the consolidation or improvement of specific services provided by the County). A county administrator could fulfill such a void that presently exists and would most Iikely more than pay his salary by increased efficiency and output. In effect, such an administrator would implement the pol icy of the County Board of Commissioners. He would perform the administrative functions of the Board and free them to make pol icy decisions. Board of Auditors The County can establish a Board of Auditors consisting of a one-; two- or three-man Board whose members are appointed by the County Board of Commissioners. The Board of Auditors has assumed the role of the full-time administrative agency in counties having such a body. Its functions are to advise the County Board of Commissioners on policies relating to budgets, established a centralized purchasing department, audit all claims against the County and be responsible for other functions not specifically · assigned to any other County departments (if desired. by the Board). The role of the Bo1:ird of Auditors would be one that overlapped considerably with a full-time executive. Therefore, it is proposed that no Board of Auditors be created for Clare County since the functions of such a body would be similar to that of a full-time administrator. ~ounty Board of Commissioners Number of Members The present governing body in al I counties is the County Board of Commissioners. This agency replaced the County Board of Supervisors in 1968 as the administrative board within all counties in Michigan. In Clare County, there were 27 members on the County Board of Supervisors. Included were the Township Supervisors and one or more city supervisors from each municipality, depending upon the population of the incorporated area. The number of commissioners wil I remain at seven during the 1970 but a change in boundaries will occur so that the one-man/one vote principle will remain in effect. It is felt that seven is a workable number for the County Board of Commissioners. It is also recommended that in Clare County, the number range between seven and 13 members, and always consist of an uneven number of members. Thus, the Board would not be too - 112 - �smal I to complete its work nor be too large and cumbersome. It is imperative that an uneven number of commissioners be apportioned so that inequities will not exist on issues coming before the County Board of Commissioners. It is understood that the number of commissioners only changes at the time of each Federal decennial census and that reapportionment is governed by a committee consisting of the County Treasurer, County Clerk and County Prosecuting Attorney. However, many proposals as to the number of districts are usually received. This recommendation, if fol lowed, would place some I imits on the number of commissioners and would estab! ish certain guidelines. Drain Commission This deportment is to a large extent financially outo:iomous as most of the Drain Commission projects ore financed via special assessment levies even though County drains at large ore paid from the County General Fund. Due to the very nature of its functions, it hos many contracts with the Road Commission. Also, it hos close contact with the Register of Deeds office. Planning Commission The Clare County Planning Commission is charged with the responsibility of making studies, investigations and surveys relative to the economic, social and physical development of the County, formulating plans and making recommendations for the most economic, social and physical development of the County; cooperating with all departments, State and Federal governments, and other pub I ic agencies concerned with programs directed toward the economic, social and physical development of the County; and consulting with representatives of adjacent counties with respect to their planning so that conflicting, overall plans may be avoided. A necessary part of any planning program is implementation. This is the stage through which many of the recommendations and policies contained in the Plan are put into effect. It is, therefore, recommended that the County Planning Commission establish workable channels through which planning recommendations can be implemented once the Comprehensive Development Plan is completed. ' These channels could take a variety of forms. A full-time planning staff could be hired and a planning department created. Planning services could also be made available through professional planning consultants. A monthly retainer could be us~d to provide planning expertise to local government for a specified number of days per month. The County Planning Commission could also appoint new committees among itself to study in depth sp~cific problems. Whatever channels are established, the County Planning Commission must remain sensitive to the needs of the local units of government. It is recommended that the Clare County Planning By-Laws be reviewed. Periodic review of such By-Laws can promote revisions which are relevant to the composition and policies of the Commission. Items which should be reviewed carefully are membership, duties of the Chairman, attendance and duties of committees. - 113 - �It is also recommended that membe rs of the County Planning Commission be given nominal per diem compensation for attendance at meetings. This compensation should be commensurate with that amount received by other similar committees. This will not only serve to reinforce the val ue and necessity of planning in relation to other County departments but may also increase attendance at meetings. Regular monthly meetings should be held to keep the County Planning Commission actively involved with the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and al I township planning and zoning changes. A~sociation of Clare County Local Planning Commissions The "Association" is a group of communities in the County which formed for the purpose of having land use plans, zoning ordinances and housing studies prepared. Act 245 of the Public Acts of 1945, as amended, enabled the Association to apply for 701 planning funds, thereby, helping the members afford professional planning expertise. Three annual 701 grants were awarded by the State to the Association in the years 1975-1978. During this period nine land use plans, five housing studies, 11 zoning ordinances and a Regional Comprehensive Plan were prepared (all were adopted except for Grant Township Zoning Ordinance). In most cases very little planning activity would have been completed by the local governmental units had there not been an in-house planning · advisor available to answer daily questions. The members of the Association may also avail themselves to the services of a professional planning consultant who is contracted yearly to perform specific duties. Both the planning advisor and consultant are paid through the 701 Planning Assistance Grant. The Planning Grant helps keep the Association in a sound financial footing. Every dollar collected in Clare County is matched by two federal dollars. This matching money allows many communities who could not otherwise afford to prepare professional quality plans to do so. Bu ii ding Dee9rtment As of November 6, 1974 the State of Michigan's statute mandated that a building permit be required for all structural work. In Clare County the Building Department is located in the County Courthouse in the City of Harrison and is manned by two full-time inspectors (one building and one electrical) and a full-time girl Friday. It is the responsibility of the Building Department to ensure that all structural work meets the State building code. This means that all new construction (including mobile home installation), changing of supporting or bearing sections, additions, demo! itions and the moving of structures cannot be done unless a permit is first obtained. Also, a building permit cannot be issued until the following conditions are met: 1) a zoning permit has been issued by the respective community (if applicable), 2) a sanitation permit has been obtained from the Health Department, 3) a floor plan and the other applicable details have been presented to the Building Official, and 4) a complete application and energy code worksheet had been comp Ieted • Thus, the Building Department makes sure that all new development complies with the applicable local and County regulations. For added insurance a minimum of three on-site - 114 - �inspections are performed after the permit has been issued to insure that the construction wi ll comply with the State building code. If someone fails to obtain a permit before starting construction a fee double the original building permit is charged. If any plumbing changes are needed a plumbing permit is required, the forms are available from the Building Department, but a State inspector is called out to perform this duty. If any electrical work is needed, an electrical permit is also required. The Clare County Board of Commissioners hired an inspector early in 1978 just to handle electrical inspections (he shares an office and secretary with the Building Inspector.) As the Building Department is presently set up it is an efficient organization. An improvement could be made, however, if a zoning administrator was also housed with the Building Inspector. Presently, each community that has zoning has its own zoning administrator. A more efficient system would be to have one professional full time administrator shared by all communities, rather than having 15 or 16 part time, wel I intentional but inexperienced laymen. Treasurer The County Treasurer is an elected County official with a myriad of duties. The Treasurer's office is the one County agency which experiences a peak work load in the spring and a lower volume- in the last two months of the year. At the present time, an additionaly part-time person is employed during the first few months following February 28, to handle this seasonal increase of work. One function of a County Administrator would be to transfer people from one department to another during this peak and slack work months. This could be done in the Treasurer's office but not without the advice of someone who has a day-to-day working knowledge of the various County departments which would be affected. Presently, as required by a Michigan State Statute, the delinquent tax rolls are turned over to the County Treasurer each spring. When the taxes are collected by the County, they ore distributed to the local municipalities and school districts. A State statute allows the County to pay the municipalities the money due them, and collect it themselves with all interest accruing to the County. This action saves bookkeeping for the Co'.Jnty Treasurer as the rolls do not have to be reviewed to determine where the money is to be distributed when collected. From this activity the County receives a four percent col Iection fee and three-quarters of one cent interest for each month of delinquency. Courts Counties in Michigan have little control over the number of judges of the Probate, District or Circuit Courts which are assigned to them. The State pays a large proportion of their respective salaries and determines their respective jurisdictions. Thus, Iittle administrative control is administered over them by the respective counties. Cooperative Extension Service The Clare County Office of the Michigan Cooperative Extension Service is located in - 115 - �the County Building in Harrison. Clare County, I ike other counties throughout the United States, has this educational arm extended from · the Land Grant College or University in their State. The funding of the Extension Service in Clare County is a joint effort by the Federal, State and County Governments. The Federal and State portions of the budget are funded through Michigan State University providing professional staff positions, bulletins, and other educational materials. Clare County supplies the office space~ office supplies, clerical staff, agent travel expenses and other office operational needs. The Clare Extension Office is staffed by a County Extension Director who has responsibility for total program direction and also works with Agriculture and Resource Development, a 4-H Youth agent and 4-H program assistant who work with boys and girls involved in the 4-H program. The extension office also has a Family Living Agent and Nutritional Assistant to work with families on family living programs and consumer marketing. The Cooperative Extension's programs are available to all Clare County residents. Complete support of all the resources at Michigan State University are available to provide these educaHonal programs. The Clare County Extension Staff is directly responsible to Michigan State University but is conscious of Clare County's needs and welcomes input from .Clare County residents on programs, program direction, evaluation, etc. The staff also works closely with other branches of County government, Township government, Churches, local organizations, etc. - 116 - �IMPLEMENTATION �IMPLEMENTATION CONTINUING PLANNING PROGRAM Introduction Due to the nature of urban growth today, increasing population makes continuing comprehensive planning necessary to guide orderly development, and to assure wise investment in future development. Planning must encompass economic and sociological considerations, land use inventories, and forecasts, community facilities plans, transportation plans, and capital improvements programming. Before improvements are made, it is vital to understand and thoroughly consider the interaction of each phase and the complete interdependence expressed by the word "comprehensive . " It is primarily due to this fact that Clare County has begun a comprehensive planning process, supported by County, State and local financing. As a result, many planning 'programs and inventories hove been initiated. However, planning is a continuing and evolving process. After the inventories, various analyses and forecasts ore made and final plans are prepared to guide future urban development. Reason will dictate that a continuing planning program is needed to keep data current and make continuous evaluations of any deviation from the projected course of growth established in the initital Comprehensive Plan and township plans would seriously affect future Goals and Policies as originally conceived. Therefore, the following Continuing Planning Program will guideline a framework for: Watching and charting the growth process in Clare County. Noting and evaluating deviations from the projected and recommended Comprehensive Plan and Township detailed plans. Quickly and accurately evaluating alternative suggestions on land use development. If Clare County's Continuing Planning Program is to evolve, requirements for this program should follow an established guideline. The suggested program consists of the following: 1. Surveillance-Keeping data inventories current while maintaining a continual watch over regional development and spotting and evaluating, as quickly as possible, the implications of any deviation from the projected course of development. 2. · Continuing Reappraisal-Checking for significant land use changes, and updating any corresponding elements. 3. Service Function-Provision of data from the planning program for day-today decisions. 4. Research-The development of improved procedures and forecasting abilities with the possible simplification of data requirements. 5. Annual Report-This phase is elaborated upon iater in this report. ' - 117 - �Throughout this guide of a Continuing Planning Program, time scheduled for the updating of various projects are given a bi-annually, annually, or over a period of several years. Because these time schedules are demanding and untried in Clare County, it may be desirable to alter them to develop a more realistic schedule and stil I conform with the intent of the total planning program. The alteration of these schedules wil I probably depend upon the rate at which urban development occurs in the County. Now that the County and its townships realize the planning pro.c ess is a reality and understand it· to be a necessity, the true success of the program will be the implementation of the recommended plans. If the plan in the Continuing Planning Program is to deal with reality, a procedure for obtaining official endorsements by all involved agencies should be integrated into the program, so that ultimate adoption is emphasized to complement plan preparation. Such endorsement may be generally assured by the following actions: 1. Complete involvement in the plan development by all Clare County, township and municipal agencies. Through such involvement, policymakers will sense the true basis and value of comprehensive planning. 2. Through the thorough understanding of the Goals and Policies of the program, the presence of bias, prejudice, political motive, or mere intuition will be removed as bases for pol icy decisions. 3. Encourage use of inventory and planned data. With the information gathered, private citizens and businesses can benefit directly in day-to-day decisions through their reliance upon available data. Organization One of the most crucial factors in the Continuing Planning Program is the establishment of an organization. In this manner, it can be assured that consideration will be given to all elements, and implementation of the proposed plan will actually occur. Understanding and cooperation between the local municipalities, townships, and the County must exist if they me to provide for the establishment of committees to effectively carry out a Continuing Planning Program. The participating agencies, committees, and commissions must determine the organization and structure of the agency best suited to local conditions. The Organization Chart, Chart 2, indicates the typical coordination of work of each participating agency and charts a flow of responsibility. Since the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the Clare County·· Planning Commission represents the interests of the aggregate population of the County, they can serve as the Coordinating Commissions or nucleus of the Comprehensive Planning Program. - 118 - ------ - - ------- -~. •. �CHART 2 SUGGESTED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE County Citizenry I I Local Government County Township Municipal Federal Government I State Government I Coordinating Commissions {Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and Clare County Planning Commission) Planning Director or Professional Sublet Services I I I I Technical Committees Ex-Officio Members ' ' I I I . I Planning Department Staff Citizen Participation Advisory Committees 119 ' �Policy formulation and overall direction of a Continuing Planning Program is carried out by the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and the County Planning Commission. Technical committees, which should be composed of professional representatives of various participating agencies, wil I provide technical guidance and assist the Planning Director in directing the program. Technical committees should be established to help handle all phases of Comprehensive Planning such as transportation, land use, open space, recreation, and community facilities. The Planning Director should assist and advise the Coordinating Commissions in reviewing policy matters related to the Continuing Comprehensive Planning Program. The most important function of the Coordinating Commission is to assure that all projects are undertaken in conjunction with development concepts adopted in the Comprehensive Plan. Perhaps the most difficult planning task is determining whether a proposed project is in accordance with plan concepts. This determination must rest with the Coordinating Commissions and the Planning Director as a major part of their functions. In addition to scheduled meetings, the County Planning Commission should meet any time the need arises to formally review and approve or disapprove proposed projects and/or programs. It is recommended that the Coordinating Commission maintain a full time secretary and Planning Director to effectively guide a Continuing Planning Program, and to qualify the area for available federal financial assistance. Depending on financial capabilities, consultants may also be on a retainer basis. The Continuing Planning Process The Continuing Planning Process provides for goal identification and periodic revision, constant awareness of development occurring in the County, maintenance of current data, re-evaluation and revision of the Comprehensive Plan as necessary, annual reviews, and a report. This is the process that continually achieves a useful, meaningful, and current program. This Continuing Planning Program should be organized by the Planning Director to function on an annual basis. The preparation of an annual report based on the various planning elements should culminate each year's work. An analyses of the County's past year's growth should be contained in this report, with recommendations for the ensuing year's course of action. Special studies and analyses of changes in development patterns must be done to meet the objectives of the program •. In many cases, spot analyses can provide a means for updating a program without necessitating major data collection operations. Through the use of technical comm_ittees, local communities as well as townships should update their data so the Coordinating Commissions are aware of changes, development characteristics and patterns. - 120 - . �As the Continuing Planning Program progresses, Clare County wil I undoubtedly develop new and better techniques to perform the essential analyses and updating. Components of a Continuing Planning Program Goals and Policies A major step in a Continuing Planning Program is the periodic revision of Regional Goals and Policies. These elusive Regional desires must be updated to reflect the Regional aims and assure that development progresses as intended. 3ecause these Goals and Policies determine the overal I application of planning recommendations, it is imperative they be reviewed yearly. This review will determine the extent of progress toward achievement and modifications needed to reflect changing desires. As a part of this overall definition and revision, Goals and Policies should be identified for at least, but not limited to, the following items: housing, business, and aesthetics of the Region. Goals and Policies based upon these items should reflect sound principles to meet short- and long-range needs of the area. Total acceptance of the Goals and Policies must be contingent upon period review so that no action taken by the Regional and County Planning Commissions conflicts with overall Goals and Policies. Whatever the Goals and Policies selected, they should be publicized and discussed from time to time to keep the general public informed. These Goals and Policies should have the support of the County and local (township, village, city) officials, as there would be little chance of implementing them without their approval and support. County Value Factors A continuous effort should be made to evaluate attitudes and values held by the County concerning matters that may be affected positively or negatively by the Comprehensive Plan. For example, if the County values a strong recreational system, a continuing planning effort can be made to provide County parks, beaches, fishing sites and recreational facilities, and to provide adequate access to these recreational areas. If the County values the preservation of historic sites, planning can help insure development from disrupting or encroaching upon such areas. It is not a simple matter to keep an accurate account of something as subjective as County value factors, but through contacts with key community groups observing what various individuals do and say, or through attitude surveys, it is possible to gain a workable understanding of those things that can be protected and enhanced through sound County planning. Maintenance and Updating of Planning Data One of the more difficult but necessary work items for a Planning Director is the assembly and tabulation of planning data from various sources. An efficient and reliable method for collecting and fit ing this data must be provided so the Regional and County Commissions are informed of al I new developments and their utilization. It is important that this system ...;-· - 121 - �be designed by the Commissions and their Director to incorporate and produce information useful for the Continuing Planning Program and be readily retrievable. Population-Economic Data It is vital to the Continuing Planning Program that population and economic data be maintained and kept current. Population-economic data form the major yardstick for determining whether the County is developing in accordance with projected patterns. Therefore,. one of the key elements of the maintenance program is to record and compare actual growth with the forecasts contained within this Comprehensive Plan. Further, it is desirable to determine any major changes which,. in the long run, would affect the overal I development of the projected land use pattern. Data should be summarized in tabular form with the incorporated municipalities responsible for their jurisdictions, and the County and Townships responsible for the unincorporated areas. Such as the Michigan tax statistics,. employment data, sales tax data, Motor Vehicle Registration data, building permits, and State and County population estimates would be helpful in maintaining this phase. The annual updating of the County O.E.D.P. would be useful. It is important to emphasize that gathering data and making inventories is costly. Only those items required for proper planning considerations should be inventoried and duplications of studies should be avoided. Land Use Land use should be planned on a parcel-by-parcel basis and continually coded in the same manner used in the initial township plans. All agencies utilizing land use data should agree upon a standard land use code (Michigan Land Cover/Use Classification System) and be requested to use this standard system for identifying and coding land use activities within the County. This procedure would also help simplify later groupings of data. N\apping Inventory The current mapping program should be continued, providing for the annual updating of base maps used in the Comprehensive Planning Program. It is suggested that information be kept current through the establishment of a "chain of communication 11. This communication would involve cooperation between the local township and municipal governments and the County government for reporting changes in inventory information. Keeping base map information current can be costly but, in the long run, it will be beneficial to the County. Without current County, township and municipal base maps, a Continuing Planning Program will have less long-range value. Transportation Facilities All modes of transportation directly or indirectly affect one another, and current knowledge of the status of each mode is necessary for proper operation and forecast of a balanced transportation system. Therefore, a continuing inventory of transportation foci! ities should include streets and highways, airlines, railroads, and any other mode of transportation in use. - 122 - �Because of their predominant role in the transportation system thoroughfares must be fully inventoried. The inventory should cover all physical and operational characteristics and contain functional classifications in accordance with the Comprehensive Plan. Information pertaining to existing capabi Iities, average speeds, and past accident records should also be gathered and analyzed. Such information is vital in recommending and evaluating improvements to the system. Community Facilities New schools, parks, recreational areas, and public buildings should be added periodically to the original Comprehensive Plan. In order to keep a Cont inuing Planning Program abreast of current data related to parks and recreational facilities, it is recommended that quarterly meetings be held by a technical committee consisting of a member of each Municipal Park Board (if established), a member of the County Park Board (if established) and a member of the state Department of Natural Resources. This technical committee should submit quarterly reports to the Planning Commission for recording current data affecting its Comprehensive Planning Program. Likewise, a representative from each school district in Clare County should become a member of a technical committee that would also submit quarterly reports to the County Planning Commission and the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions. Financial Resources The status of financial resources is important. In the majority of cases, there are always more improvements needed than funds available. Financial resources and expenditures should be under constant review to determine if the best possible use is being made of existing revenues. County Capital Improvements Program should be made by a technical committee consisting of the Planning Director, a member of the County Board of Commissioners, a member of the County Planning Commission, and a member of the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions. If existing revenues ore inadequate to meet costs of improvements recommended, other methods and sources of acquiring additional funds should be investigated. Law and Ordinances As public officials can act only where statutes permit, laws and ordinances are the basic means of protecting and enhancing the overall welfare of Clare County's citizens. This protection is afforded by pol ice regulations, building codes, zoning · ordinances, subdivision regulations, health standards and other resolutions and laws. Without properly planned control through the use of laws and ordinances, the probability of proper development is remote. Therefore, all laws and ordinances should be reviewed annually with recommendations to proper officials for revisions, amendments and/or additions needed to promote development in the best interest. - 123 - �f Annual Review and Report for a Continuing Planning Program The fol lowing are several reasons for recommending an annual report of the Continuing Planning Program: • It would form a permanent reference document for development of the County in terms of population growth and characteristics. • It would form an important source of trend information for all data collected during the Continuing Planning Program. • The annual report would keep all involved agencies informed and, at the same time, ensure the on-schedule undertaking and completion of the many functions of the program. Work completed during any given year by the staff, technical committees, the Regional and County Planning Commissions, as well as by a Planning Director should be condensed into an annual report. After approval by the Regional and County Planning Commissions, this synthesized report may be reproduced in hand-out copies for public consumption. The report wou Id also directly benefit the Board of County Commissioners and other legislative authorities in future decisions affecting Clare County. The fol lowing items are suggested for inclusion in this annual report: • Tabulation of the annual change in population and employment by type of activity. These changes could be compared to the conditions forecast during the original studies. Deviations should be analyzed and followed by recommendations for new courses of action. Continual updating of the original Comprehensive Plan and local plans and ordinances is imperative. • Major new developments should be described in both tabular and graphic form to indicate the direction of shifts in population and employment • • An analysis of public expenditures should include a listing of major projects undertaken in the previous year, and their effect on the economy and growth of the County • • Finally, on the basis of all data collected during the previous year, recommendations should be made for the major emphasis or thrusts in the program during the a, suing year. • These recommendations might include requesting concentrated efforts for delving more deeply into specific areas, or an immediate updating of plans in light of substantial deviations from the original projected trends. Financial Responsibilities of the Continuing Planning Program Maintaining current data in respect to the majority of elements of a Comprehensive Plan has been indicated throughout this repeirt. Maintenance of data can range from full-time, day-to-day operations for the County to part-time or intermittent operations for the local communities, townships, or County,. This maintenance and evaluation is a requisite for proper planning. - 124 - .;;· �Responsibility for coordination of a Continuing Planning Program should be assigned to local governments and to the County Planning Commissions. In order to supplement the Planning Department's budget the County, incorporated cities, communities and townships requiring services within the County should appropriate monies. This cooperation between the County and local governments would undoubtedly make possible the hiring of a qualified, competent planner or firm. It would also achieve coordination of all community, township, and County planning elements. Federal funds may be available for financing portions of a Continuing Planning Program on a matching basis. An investigation should be launched to determine the availability of such funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) or other government departments. Proper planning does not come cheaply, but the end result of a sound planning program over a period of years will repay the County tenfold. The following table, "Updating Procedures," lists in outline form the procedure, frequency, and responsibility of a Continuing Planning Program for the points previously discussed in Maintenance and Updating of Planning Data . Table 40 - UPDATING PROCEDURES Population Factors Procedures Frequency Responsibility l. Update current population historical trends, including in- and out-migration estimates by age groups. Annually Local, County & Association 2. Update in- and out-migration pattern data. 5 Years Local, County & Association 3. Maintain current population and number of house ho Ids. Continually Local, County & Association 4. Forecast future (5- and 20-years populat-ion by urba nized area, political unit · or census zones. 5 Years Local, County & Association Econof!1iC Factors (Could -be accomplished as part of the Annual O. E. D. P. Updating Process) Procedure l. iVointain current data on labor force for the study area; i.e., employment and unemployment as inventoried by place of residence by the Bureau of Census - 125 - Frequency Responsibility Continually Loco I, County & Association �Procedure Frequenct Responsibil itt 2. Currently M::tintain current data on employment for th e study area by category by place of work. These control totals should then be distributed by zone. (Suggested categories are manufacturing, services, trade, transportation-communication-util ities, and agricu Itura I -resources extraction.) 3. M::tintain current per capita income data (in constant dollars). 5 Years County & Association 4. /v\ointain current average family income by zone (in constant dollars). 5 Years County & Association · 5. M::tintain current truck ownership and car ownership through use of Bureau of lv\otor Vehicle Registration. Annually County 6. M::tintain current state sales tax receipts and bank deposits by city. Continually Association 7. N\::iintain current retail sales. Bi -annua II y County & Association 8. M::tintain current data on land values or tax duplicate of land and structures. Continually Local, County & Association 9. Maintain income consumption patterns. As Needed County & Association . 5 Years County & Association 5 Years County & Association '5 Years County & Association 5 Years County & Association Frequency Responsibility ·10 ~ Review area economic growth and development potential. 11. Forncast future (5- and 20-year) employment by category by zone of work. 12. Forecast future (5- and 20-year) total personal income in constant dollars and calculate per capita income. 13. Forecast future (5- and 20-year) average family income in constant dollars by zone. Local, County & Association Land Use Procedure l. /v\ointain current land usage parcel by parcel. Continually Local, County & Association 2. Prepare current pattern and update coded maps of land use for comparison with previous maps and pub I ic presentation use. 3 Years Association 3. M::tintain current land utilization by category. ,Annually Association 4. Prepare pattern or coded future land use maps. - 126 - 5 Years Association ~.:.· •. �Procedure 5. Document land use forecast procedures. Frequency Responsibi I ity 5 Years County & Association Freguency Responsibi Iity tvbp Inventory Procedure 1. Provide new aerial photographs at fiveyear intervals (stereoscopic). 10 Years County 2. Provide sectional enlargements of aerial photos, l 11 = 400' in intensively developing areas. 10 Years County 3. Prepare aerial mosaic. 10 Years County 4. tv\:i i nta in current County base maps. Annually Association 5. tv\:iintain current base maps of townships. Annually Association 6. Prepare large scale maps of other large . areas of interest and study industrial park development and display maps. As Needed Local, County & Association Note: Aerial photographs may be used to review and check land use maps. Transportation Facilifies Procedure Frequency Responsibility 1. Number new freeways, expressways, major and collector intersections. As Needed County & Association 2. tv\:iintain current map of inter-section numbers. Continually Local, County & Association 3. tv\:iintain current functional classifications of all roads and streets. ·continually Local, County & Association 4. tv\:iintain current physical characteristics of network by I ink on al I except local streets. Annually County 5. Review capacities of, all inventoried streets, and intersections. 5 Years County 6. tv\:iintain a current Ii.sting of deficient intersections for improvement scheduling. Annually Local & County 7. Prepare map showing present usagecapacity relationship of all streets and intersections. As Needed Local & County 8. tv\:iintain current ADT maps of area showing volumes of all streets over 1000 ADT. As Needed County & Association - 127 - I �Procedure Frequency Responsibility Annually Loco l , County & Association 9. Determine dangerous locations from accident spot maps. 10. tvbintain current data on airlines, railroads, inter-city bus· and truck lines as required to balance area transportation system 11. tvbke field reconnaissance of each segment of the proposed network to determine feasibility. 5 Years Local, County & Association 12. Provide current design standards for future network. 7 Years Loco l & County Frequenc}'.: Responsibil itt Annually Local, County & Association Frequenci Responsibil itt Annually Local & County 5 Years Loca I & County Annually Loco I, C aunty & Association Community Facilities Procedure l. tvbintain current maps locating the following community facilities:* Present and proposed churches Present and Proposed schools and school .districts Present and-proposed parks, open space and recreational facilities Historical sites and buildings Fire districts Other community facilities Financial Resources Procedures l. tvbintain current the following financial data: Real and personal property tax Bonded indebtedness Present and committed tax obi igations. Jvloximum tax ra'tes and bonded indebtedness. Other data as necessary 2. Prepare cost estimates of future (5 and 20 years) capital improvements. *Jvlony of these maps are maintained and periodically updated by existing local agencies. This information should be utilized as much as possible. - 128 - ... ~ �Procedure 3. Recommend a 5 year and 20 year fiscal program and implementation procedures. Frequency Responsib i Ii ty 5 Years Local, County & Association Frequency Responsibility Laws and Ordinances Procedure 1. Main ta in current inventory of changes Continually to zoning resolutions, setback requirements, bui !ding codes, and I icensing powers. Loco I, County & Association 2. Local, County & Association Re-evaluate al I development codes and Annually resolutions as they relate to future development plans to determine deficiencies. - 129 - �APPENDIX �ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Introduction The Regional Comprehensive Plan for Clare County is an overal I guide for the rational future planning of development in Clare County over the next 20 to 25 years. The Ex:sting Environment Analysis, analyzes the current conditions of the natural environment in the County, including an identification of existing environmental problems and potentials. The Land Use Plan element provides for desirable location of land uses to minimize land use conflicts, maximize economic and natural resources and provide for the County residents' housing, shopping and recreation needs. The Transportation Plan element analyzes the transportation system in the County and recommends future improvements, where necessary, to accommodate anticipated future transportation usage and to increase the safety and efficiency of the system. The Community Facilities Plan element analyzes and identifies deficiencies in the areas of recreation, schools, County administrative offices and pol ice and fire protection. Environmental Impact Clare County is essentially sparcely developed at present with only a few scattered small vacant lots and an increasing trend toward large rural lot development, thus there is virtually no environmental impact related to large scale development of vacant natural areas. However, the Plan does propose certain developmental policies in the Future Land Use Plan which calls for land use changes that would result in development of existing rural areas. High Intensity Development The proposed expansion of high intensity development north of the City of Harrison wil I eventually result in the development of many existing vacant areas. However, these high development uses will be subject to the Hayes Township Zoning Ordinance which requires proper setback and drainage. Also, the land which is presently proposed as Commercial on BR 27 north of the City of Harrison is a deteriorating large lot residential strip of development with interdispersed commercial and retail uses. In fact, high intensity development could improve the natural features through landscaping and planting of additional trees, shrubbery and grass. Low Intensity Development The Future Land Use Plan· also calls for some low intensity development in surrounding communities of Lake Station, Temple, Lake George and Meredith which at present have a number of deficient and substandard homes with small commercial cores providing some basic living services. Development in these areas could cause removal of several homes and the combining of some inadequate lots that in the end wil I benefit the environment by removing deficient structures, improving deficient lots, and providing population concentrations to support existing commercial areas. Additional development along U.S. 10, north of Farwell, Old U.S. 27 north and south of Harrison, approximately -130 - �500 acres directly west of the City of Clare, and the Five Lakes area are all expected to be future low intensity development sites. in Grant Township These areas are also presently in the stage of scattered commercial and more intensive residential use. The corridor on U.S. 10 northwest of the Village of Farwell is currently commercially zoned. High density residential areas abut this commercial corridor. A mobile home community is also included, as are many commercial uses and singlefamily residential lots. The area directly west of Clare has scattered commercial lots with Iittle natural ground cover. The area surrounding the Five Lakes development in Grant Township is also expected to flourish and develop to a more intensive area within the next twenty years. Two, five mile long corridors are expected to develop along Old U.S. 27 both north and south of the City of Harrison. Much of this land is already in small lot development with residential and commercial uses intermingled. Development of these corridors will be control Ied by zoning ordinances in both Hayes and Hatton Townships. Low Intensity Development is not planned to occur on large vacant properties and as such does not mar large acreages of vacant and previously untouched land. These areas are al ready located on the primary transportation system in their area of the County and no new roads would need to be constructed. In its developing stages the Low Intensity Sector will not need municipal services, however, when fully developed, in approximately the next twenty years, water and sewer services will probably have to be developed along the corridors and in the clusters of low intensity development in the various t?wnships. Exceptions to this proposed need might be the localities of Temple, Leota and Meredith which might not develop large concentrations of potential water and sewer users. Rural Residential Development Development in the Rural Residential Sector will be primarily large lot developments of one to ten acre lots and occassional estate-sized ·l ots. Sewer and water needs will not present themselves due to the large lot sizes and.the sandy conditions of much of the sectors soil. This Sector's development merely assumes that the existing pattern of subdividing and developing in these areas wil I continue and in fact that they should continue to al low ample land to be left for conservation and forestry uses. Most of the areas de! ineated as being in the Rural Residential Sector are already generally on smaller lots or larger tracts surrounded by ten acre or less size lots. The Future Land Use Section envisions that these existing residential areas be more fully utilized in the future. · The environmental impact of this development will destroy very little natural beauty of the large lots, which will accommodate an increasingly larger percentage of Clare County residents. If residential land is clustered in this fashion other more environmentally sensitive lands will not need to be developed. - 131 - �Agricultural Development Agricultural Development is expected to occur primarily in the south and south-west areas of Clare County. Much of this land is presently in agricultural use of some kind. The economic feasibility of a forested section of land being cleared for potential farm land is slight. With this fact in mind the Future Land Use Plan is expected to only minimally affect the environment in the Agricultural Development Sector. Conservation/Recreation Development The proposed acreage allocations in the Conservation/Recreation d istrict should be no less than ten acres in size. With lots this large environmental degradation should not occur. With densities this low, public facilities or utilities will not be needed. Wildlife habitats are generally found adjacent river basins and the only such area in Clare County is along the Muskegon River. In the Future Land Use Plan it is proposed that the Muskegon River area be untouched to allow the river basin to remain in its natural state. Concentrating urbanization on land in areas presently in various stages of development will have the effect of keeping the two major Conservation/Recreation areas in the most natural state possible. Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects The Plan will have minimal negative environmental effects because most of the Pion elements are aimed at improving the existing urban development. Relatively few changes in land use and densities are planned. The extent of the natural loss is confined to the removal of a smal I number of trees, shrubbery and grass normally associated with building a single-family home. There are no critical natural areas that will be disrupted. The effects on the man-made environment will potentially involve the widening of streets and the increasing of parking spaces in the incorporated communities. Alternative to the Plan The principal alternative to the planning program would be to take no action in the future, thereby allowing development to continue without the benefit of an overall guide or blue print. This is what happened in the past in Clare County. Numerous lake associations have formed to arrange for neighborhood and lake clean-up programs. Both Bud Lake in Hayes Township and Eight Point Lake in Garfield Township have hired a seaweed harvesting firm to improve their lakes. This occurance is the result of waste seeping into the lake in the form of phospherous and nitrogen. Both these elements feed the algea and seaweed growth in the lakes. The existing high density of single-family homes is too great for the lake environment to effectively handle with the implementation of various township zoning ordinances, lake areas and other environmentally sensitive areas wil I be protected from over development. The fact must be realized that Clare County will experience development in the future whether it is planned for or not. ~ 132 - �Relationship Between Short-Term Environmental Use and Long-Term Productivity Al I of the planning elements in this Plan are intended to provide recommendations and to project needs through the Year 2000. All recommendations are expected to be gradually implemented over the next 25 years. The recommendations made in the Plan are aimed at maintaining and enhancing the environment and long-term productivity of the County. Any short-term losses, deficiencies or inconveniences caused by the implementation of these recommendations, such as the removal of a few shrubs or bushes caused by maintenance and construction work, would be temporary and necessary to realize long-term benefits. Irreversible and Irretrievable Committment of Resources Numerous committee meetings and numerous hours of meetings wil I be the major resource committment. The total cost of the Regional. Comprehensive Plan's recommendations has not been calculated, as all of it awaits specific project planning; and much of the land acquisition will take place well in the future when additional people realize the beauty of I iving in northern Michigan. Surrounding the incorporated communities some natural resources (trees, grass and open space) will be lost, although most wil I be replaced through new planting and landscaping. Applicable Environmental Controls 1 Numerous controls are available to minimize any negative environmental effects that might be caused by these planning recommendations. Environmental Assessments with Federal and State review are required for any Federal Aid projects that might be implemented and, as part of these assessments, the Department of Public Works includes planned techniques designed to reduce negative environmental effects of a specific project. Numerous Federal and State agencies (including the Federal Highway Administration, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of the Interior, among others) require environmental review. Two specific County agencies, the Clare County Road Commission and the Clare County Drain Commission, may sometimes be included in review procedures. Finally there is local review through the Clare County Building Department which will not approve a building permit unless a health permit has first been obtained through the Clare County Health Department and unless the local zoning administrator has assured the County Building Department that the development does obey all rules of the township or community. Included within all township zoning ordinances prepared by the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions is a section requiring that the local community prepare a wetlands map denoting environmentally sensitive lands and prohibiting development on such lots less than ten acres and only then if the use does not involve any major construction. If major construction is involved a professional engi.neer will have to have to prove that the environmental effects are minimal. - 133 - �VALUE OF HOUSINGa CLARE COUNTY 1970 1~ =-=-=-=-========================-===-=====-----=----=-------------------=--=---------- -----==== -Unit Townships: _. w ~ Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Re dding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield $5,000 Less $5,000 9,999 $10,000 14,999 $15,000 ,$17,500 17,499 19,999 $20,000 24,999 $25,000 J4,999 $J5,000 49,999 7 0 0 0 60 4 7 0 0 0 26 9 $50,000 Total . morP ne: cup ie d (_b) 16 6 48. 27 7 2J 16 14 0 0 0 65 19 26 6 37 14 24 10J 116 27 18 115 59 169 72 12 16 29 225 1J 39 JS 0 JS 14 15 JI+ 59 19 18 97 19 6 20 7 0 12 8 17 5 47 J17 I 6 0 0 12 8 0 21 15 6 6 0 0 0 10 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 26 31 28 22 0 6 0 0 0 9 115 105 J2 41 J9 68 53 74 21 221 191 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 76 387 1 /_~ 2 5(, 71 f-. 7 450 J4 Cities: Clare Harrison 19 J2 137 County Total 0 415 1155 82 62 615 424 21 0 0 0 ---~v-71 580 321 30 91 County Median= $9,900 * 1970 Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. a Owner Occupied, Data limited to one family homes, detached or attached, vacant or for sal e , on less than 10 acres and no business property. Cooperatives, Condominiums, mobile homes, trailers excluded, Based on 10% sample, b Indicates data suppressed for confidentiality purpo s.e s, C Includes suppre sse·d data therefore County totals· are accurate ·. . �TABLE A-2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS CLARE COUNTY 197 o•, ================================== ===========r=========================================== Bu-iJ .t . Unit Occupied I :Vacant · Year Round Seasonal .f or· Sea·s o~al Vacant Migratory i Occupied & Vacant Year Round Year -Eo1~..ohst..rJJ.Ction Vacant For Occasional Use Other Vacant 37 9 · Total TownshiQs: _, w ., (.)1 'r. Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield t48 150 31 114 ,382 530 135 299 171 604 204 77 218 100 679 120 - 267 .33 5 706 543 159 - 4 .. - 203 155 262 552 1090 689 269 - 218 420 645 145 11 '-~ 358 264 2180 1077 203 265 344 1070 184 67 1270 828 101 32 244 985 JO 5 5 9 21 14 ~o 203 422 262 585 1095 r:;9 3 26 9 19 22 227 24 10 106L~ 2(4 2723 1077 203 8 265 JOO - 60 50 4 344 1229 184 4 985 935 12802 Ci ties: Clare Harrison County Total * 90.5 478 5345 24 - 911 322 24 28 1737 4 11061 4837 499 - 1970 Census of Housing, Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. ECMPDR Staff Calculations. ~ �TABLE A-3 TYPE OF STRUCTUREa CLARE COUNTY 1970• 1Unit 1 Unit Detached 1 Unit Attached 2 Units J-4 Units 5-19 Units - 7VIooIIe _______ _ 20-More Home Total Townshi.:2,s: w 0- Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Gre enwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield . 170 137 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 7 0 0 12 0 13 19 0 0 0 7 13 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 750 809 6 124 7 JJ 34 4 23 15 10164 35 247 JS 86 250 528 1046 631 2L/.6 352 229 2039 1031 203 260 336 977 170 0 5 8 JO 0 0 .o 28 18 0 24 27 39 23 6 203 155 262 552 1 09 0 689 2ri 9 J 58 14 264 2180 1077 203 265 . · J4i-11070 184 0 48 /.j,3 985 911 0 L~91 27 104 22 0 5 8 55 Citi e s: Clare Harrison County Total *Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes, aOccupied and Vacant Year Round. 0 11061 �TABLE A-4 COUNT OF HOUSING UNITS WITH COMPIETE BATHROOM FACILITI ESa CLARE COUNTY 1970•~ --=================o=============== ======================================================== Unit None or Half Bath 1 Bath 1 1/2 Baths 2 Baths 2 1/2 Baths 141 7 10 0 24 44 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 or More Baths Total Units 0 0 0 0 0 7 147 261 .537 1091 TownshiQs: ....w . ......;J (". Arthur Franklin 1''reeman Prost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamil ton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield , 57 48 72 15.5 373 34 112 70 532 37 197 71 770 110 15 14 0 6 18 0 0 0 32 4J 0 .5 0 13 7 149 13 689 708 128 52 3682 6.532 496 61 1358 489 159 · 58 2.53 174 47 193 J.58 668 579 155 0 277 201 31 775 23 0 :. 6 0 14 9 97 0 0 0 8 6 205 6 91 267 J78 262 · 219fi 107( 6 0 0 0 8 0 196 274 JJJ 1070 185 96 33 29 0 21 0 976 942 277 50 50 11087 Cities: Clare Harrison County Total * 1970 Census of Housing, U,S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. a Occupied and Vacant Year Round, Based on 15% Sample Calculations, b Includes -bathr~om facilities also used by occupants of another unit. �TABLE A-5 SOURCE OF WATERa CLARE COUNTY 1970* ----------===-----==-=-=====-=-=--==========-==-====-=====-==-==-=~=========~=====-=== Unit Public Systemb or Private Company Individual Well Otherc . ' ., .. .. Total Units Townships; _, w co Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hu.m :i.lton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Surnmerf ie ld Surrey Winterfield 0 193 147 261 12 0 0 11-1-7 468 1055 54 24 537 0 261 6 7 371 72 2103 998 0 0 15 12 15 10 24 670 2L~L1, 6 0 8 21 54 205 261 1091 691 267 378 262 2196 0 1076 196 5 274 0 0 0 196 269 324 18 722 167 886 586 90 0 349 7 976 942 1969 8897 221 11087 333 o. 24 1·,o 333 1070 185 Cities: Clare Harrison County Total ~~ 1970 Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes. ~ Occupied and Vacant Year Round, Based on 15% Cal ·u ulated Sample. Common source supplying water to more than 5 units. c Water directly from · springs, creeks, rivers, etc. �TAB1E A-6 HEATING EQUIPMENT CLARE COUNTY 197 o• i- -----==-=--=---=--=--=-~====-=---=-==-- ======--===-=-=-=--=---=------ =---=--=--=-==--~=-==-===- =Unit Steam or Hot Water Central Warm-Air Furnace Built-in Floor-Wall Electric Pipele.ss Furnace Units Room Heater with Flue Room FireplaceHeater Stoves without Portable Flue Heaters Not He at e d Tot a l TownshiQs: __, w '-0 ,. Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamil ton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield 5 7 0 0 29 19 0 14 16 58 0 0 25 0 JS L1- 68 92 0 116 218 406 SJ 88 72 386 96 0 90 0 J12 13 0 17 6 0 28 4 40 0 6 .30 J2 35 71 37 4 79 37 1J6 114 651 119 160 117 ~-17 511 828 95 ''. 87 161 76 41+9 ,.72 5 238 123 0 14 0 6 21 0 8 1J 22 0 88 33 50 J.1-G 24 0 29 13 15 1Li- 275 0 · 8 35 52 0 86 0 28 18 68 21 10 15 0 5 0 9 0 JJ 20J 155 262 552 J 090 5 ~89 0 14 9 18 358 264 21 80 1077 20J 26 S J4f+ 1070 184 10 209 0 0 5 0 1131 46 62 28 2.50 47 19 319 14 0 0 9 0 911 1080 256 20J8 129 1106 1 ·' 66 I+ 5 J 0 18 0 Ci tie 2 : Clare Harrison County Total * 1JO 51 396 47.5 4JJ . 2948 29 190 '70 . . •· , 0 985 :· 1024 1970 Census of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary Tapes, �TABLE A-7 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT CLARE COUNTY 1949 to 1970* ====================-=======-==================-===~==========================~==-====-· Unit 69-70 6 5-68 60-64 . 5' 7 36 7 33 27 6 71 79 183 159 41 80 79 245 60 31 45 309 177 15 26 131.J, 33 1,191 293 51 21 50-59 40-49 1939 or earlier Total Tow nshi.:2.§.1.. 1, _. ~ 0 ,. Arthur Franklin Freeman frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield 11 56 6 35 10 113 90 67 18 27 98 54 22 39 294 231 203 155 26 2 184 35 186 31 12 43 235 245 114 38 68 1 O5 318 382 51 27 127 311 33 JO 1-1,3 67 97 112 105 150 211 109 11-1-2 517 313 985 911 421 1,643 2,768 2,.526 1,198 2,505 11 , 061 58 35 6 12 50 24 0 24 16 35 0 86 l-1,6 32 . 63 552 105 39 23 68 90 12 92 64 73 96 47 144 21-1264 73 1,090 089 2(9 358 2(.4 2,180 1,077 203 265 J44 1,070 184 5 239 ()0 Cities: Clare Harri -s on County Total Source: 1970 Census of Housing U.S. Bureau of the Census l-1-th Count· Summary Tapes. * Bases on 20% Sample, �TABLE A-8 COUNTY AND STATE MEDIAN VALUES a CLARE COUNTY 1970* =---------==-=-=-=---=-=-==============-=----=--===-=-=-------------------=-----------=--=-----County State Median Value $9,900 Unit Total No. Number Owner Below - .. Occupied .· · _·$1 o, ooo .% Total Median Value $17,600 Number Above $10, 000•,• Number Below % ·. , · $17, ·500_ -~otal . ,,... . ' Number Above $17,500 Township_s: ~ _, r Arthur Franklin Freeman Frost Garfield Grant Greenwood Hamilton Hatton Hayes Lincoln Redding Sheridan Summerfield Surrey Winterfield 60 23 JS 47 269 317 22 151 14J 1-J,7 187 76 J87 142 142 76 68 71 67 450 N/A 16 67. 239 N/A 321 580 156 11,4 3064 1542 56 52 228 111 · 50 56 5J 88 7 2-.5 36 229 234 77 85 74 11 40 SJ 29 20 6 62 . 6 0 25 . 0 87 N/A 118 174 45 :··43 -: 24· 159 . 59 78 89 23 100 53 N/A 37 : . . Jl_ .. 6. . ·_ :55 167 70 325 1J6 56 )2 f.4 96 100 65 . 211 .- N/A 46 · 67 J6J N/A 424 207 376 208 .65 11J 1522 2400 78 664 :. 0 . 100 81 N/A Citieg: Clare Harrison County Total • i- 27 J6 . 50 1970 Cens u s of Housing, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 4th Count Summary·. aOwner Occupied, ECMFDR Calculations, 65 204 �Clare County True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-9 _____ 1972 __________ 197J __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ____ _ Real Pro:Qerty 16,101,439 Agricultural $13,881,664 16, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, ,,,, 120,57% Commercial 14,359,166 $12,726,71.3 % of yearly change 12.8% % of change '72-'77,, ,,., 85, 1+% Industrial $4,644,875 4,574,855 -1,5% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ,, ,,, 37 • 1+% Residential $122,109,168 143,063,975 17,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 114,7% Timber Cut Over11,061,9J? 17 l 146- ! i 5z % of yearly change 55,0% % of change 0 72-'77,, .,,, 96,9% $162,456,191 Total Real yearly change 1 ..... % of change '72-'77, •,,,, % of ~ 197,587,350 21.6% 91,8% 22,213,003 .38.1% 30,127,364 37,7% 28,77.3,814 -5,9% .30,619,1..1-26 18,485,867 28,7% 21,275,229 17, 5% 22,06.3,838 1.6'.1- 23,592,944 6,9% 4,809,958 5. 1% 1+,527,416 -5,9% 4,878,828 7,7% 6,J80,9JO .3 O. 81, 18.3 ,616 l 930 215,356,661 17.6% 217,080,5.32 228,iS08,J21 5,.3% 20,961,186 22.2% 2J,6J0,885 .1J,9%· 23 f 290 I 01+6 21,777,715 -6. 51- 247,167,932 25, 1% 297,503,8.36 20,3% 295,886,102 ,541 28.J% , 51 -2.4% 6. 4ot J11,64J,411 5,.3%- �City of Clare True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlF A-10 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 ____ --~--1975 __________ ;976 _____ ~ ____ 1977 _____ .. Real Pro:Qerty Commercial $7,638,942 198 If of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, ••. $2 J 464,606 Industrial 11 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, •• Residential $13,203,421 11·19 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'771 I I I I I 7,757,654 197 1,6% 8, 346., 874 194 7,6% 9 ;;088 ·, 599 •.· 189 8,9% 9,080,335 191 -, 1% 9,554,459 189 5,2% 2,268,822 14 -7,9% 2,707,480 16 19,3% 2,818,179 15 4.1% 2,933,924 15 4,1% 2,384,015 14 -18,4% ~J,3% 13,426,746 1129 1,7% 38,3% 15,197,428 11J8 13.2% 15,424,358 1128 1,5% 17,354,601 1134 12,5% 18,26J,JJ9 1135 5,2% 26,251,781 11,9% 27 I 331J136 4. 1% 29,368,860 7,5% 30,2 04,813 29,4% 3,366,300 412 3,969,200 421+ 1,580,144 343 1,657, /+34 168 3,809,600 23 4,682,400 23 1 J 8/+1 216 18 1,708,2L~O 10 1,472,399 2 1,495,399 2 1,528,465 2 1,579,839 25. 1% Total Real 23,453,222 $23,306,969 % of yearly change .63% 2 % of change '72-'77, ••• •• I , __, Personal Pro:Qerty ts $J,080,882 Commercial 2,970,775 206 202 II of parcels -46,2% % of change '72- '77 2 ,695,Lwo $3,271,000 Industrial 8 6 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,, ,, , · -47,8% 1,J.38,163 Utilities $1,333,580 1 2 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,, •• ~ 18,5% IO I I I I I 2 �City of Harrison True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-11 _____ 1972 __________ 1973 __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ Real Pro:2ert;y $2,188,400 Commercial 110 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change u72-'77. $4,463 Industrial 1 # of parcels % of yearly change Residential $9,353,767 # of parcels 1151 % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, ,,. 000,0 $11,546,630 Total Real % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22·· ,.o, 2,408,199 117 2,874,779 127 19. 1+% 4,433 1 - . 71% 10,083,199 1157 7,8% 51, 1% 4,433 1 0,0% 12,013,674 1155 19 .1% 98.2% 10o0% J2 o7% . 4,040,363 121 5,9% 4,338,274 122 7.4% -- -. 14,048,083 1145 17,8% 13,661,489 1147 -3,5% 14 120 434 1146 3,1+% 17,862,180 19.9% 17,701,852 - , 1% 18,458,708 4,J% 1,535,372 76 1,587,551 74 632,146 ?1 7 J4, 105 78 738,302 772,633 2 788,222 ,... 806,785 2 . 12 , 1+9 5, 8J 1 14,892,886 8 ,2% 19,2% 52,22£ Personal Pro~erty 1,280,274 $1,092,349 Commercial # of parcels 78 76 % of change '72-'77,.,,,, -32,8% $567 ,21.~4 · Utilities 635,705 2 2 If of parcels % of change,o,,,o 42.2% 3,814,097 127 .2 c., J J �Arthur Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-12 --~--!22~ __________ !22) __________ 122~----~-----1225 __________ 1226 __________ 1922 ______ Real Pro12erty Agricultural $2,124,092 2,339,000 230 # of parcels 20.5 10, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••• 122,5% 688,807 Residential $68.5,707 86 # of parcels 90 ,4.5% . % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,., ,, 172,0% 714,267 Timber Cut Over $881,167 106 # pf parcels 117 % of yearly change 18,9% % of change '72-'77,,.,,. 14. 5% 45,000 . Commercial 1 ·# of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, ,, .5. 8% ....; .p... u, , Total Real . $3,690,966 3,787,074 2,6% % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22•••~•• 102,2~ Personal Pro~erty $11,604 Commercial 1 # of parcels Utilities $224,894 236,149 # of parcels 9 9 % of change '72-'?7.,, •• , 17.4% 3,443,123 244 47,2% 4,327,4-37 239 25. 7% 4,448,100 245 2,8% 4,72.5,286 247 6 .2% 929,533 96 34,9% i , 1$87., 761 114 81.6% 1,646,300 11.5 -2,5% 1,865,284 119 13. 3% 849,022 106 18,8% 1,004,745 92 18,3% 991,600 90 -1,3% 1,008,600 91 1.7% 63,042 1 40, 0% .5.5,823 1 -11,5% 47,600 1 :..14. 7% 47,600 .5,284,720 39,.5% 7 ,07.5,706 33°9% 7,133,600 ,8% 7 I 646,770 7 .1% 248,657 259,133 8 266,427 8 269,847 8 1 0.0% 8 1! �Franklin Township True Cash Value of Real Personal l'roperty as determined from Assessment Roll TABI E A-13 _____ 1972 __________ 197J _________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1277 ____ _ _. ~ Real Property Agricultural $151,074 155,365 # of parcels 12 12 % of yearly change 2,8% % of change '72-'77,,,,,. 162,3% Residential $3,477,628 4,086,022 # of parcels 782 925 % of yearly change 17,4% % of change '72-'77,,,.,, 114.1% Commercial $172,.760 197,200 # of parcels 10 10 % of yearly change 14,1% % of change '72-'77., •••• J0,5% Ti mber Cut Over·· t,448,607 1,630,425 # of parcels 156 155 % of yearly change 12,5% % of change '72-'77,,,, .. 41.6% , Total Real $5,250,069 7,699,437 % yearly change 46,6% % of change '72-'77, ••••• 85,2% Personal Property Commercial $37,289 32,512 . If of par c e 1 s . 9 9 % chan~e '72-'77,,.,,, -J7.7% Utilities $677,616 767,188 II of parcels 8 · 8 % change '72-'77•••• ., -10,1% 487,000 22 213,4% 138,230 8 -71,6% 139,651 6 1,0% 396,201 9 183,7% 4,160,149 961 1,8% 6,~17,120 '1093 54,3% 6,964,670 · 1143 7,445,429 . 1174 6,9% 267,812 12 35,8% 241,08?. 11 10,0% 210,958 11 -12,5% 225, 40 0 11 6 . 8% 2,325,026 155 42.6% 2,340,37) 129 ,7% 2,294,945 126 -1,9% 2,05 0 , 600 117 10. 6% 7,239,987 -5,9% 9,i36,805 26.2% 9,400, 22 4 2,9% 9 , 72 1, 628 J, 4% 49,963 18 64,979 24 t6,093 19 23,221 821,943 8 808,054 8 608, 464 8 60 9 , 014 6 8,5% 1O �Freeman '1:ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll A-1 4 _____ 1972 __________ 197J __________ 1974 __________ 1975 _________ 1976 ___ ________ 1977 _____ Real Pro:12ert;y 665,200 Agricultural $517,400 21+ 24 If of parcels % of yearly change 2805% % of change '72-'77,,, ••• 135.6% Timber Cut Over 1,432,001 2,759,826 # of parcels 238 23~ % of yearly change 92,7% % of change '72-'77,,,.,. 100.5% $8,102,590 8,479,082 Re side ntial 2010 # of parcels 1999 % of yearly change 4. 6% % of change '72-'77•••••• 10,4% 72·,·000 Commercial ~ :•_: ~ '. ¢64 I 404 4 4 If of p·a rcels 11,7% %of yearly change ..... % of change '72-'77,,,,, • 15,2% ~ '-I 11,599,61{'.S Total Real $9,650,735 20.1% % of yearly change J.2,8~ ~ of change '22-'72,~•••• ~ersonal Pro:12erty 11,200 ·. :. -$11,200 Commercial 2 # of parcels 2 , % of change '72-'77,,,,,, J12.4% $1,980,853 2,915,495 Utilities 10 # of parcels 0 9 0 83,2% % of change 72- 77•••••• 5,000 Residential $5,000 1 . 1 # of parcels % of change '72-'7?,, •• ,. 0% 1,219,223 Jl+ 59,,4% 1,218, 801..J, 2,616,522 219 6,9% 2,860,555 223 9,3% 2,871,710 227 .38% 7 I 460 I 605 2020 -13,2% 7,906,274 2022 6,0% 8,943,667 2028 1J, 1% 7~-,430 64,865 74,200 750,200 24 1207% 1,i95,s13 JI+ 2,771,262 234 . l}1% 8,600,064 2012 1_,4% . ...,"' . .74 I OOQ . 4 2.7% 12,074,544 4.0% TJ\BIE 4 I 6% 11,347,370_. -6.0% . L/, -12.9% Jh -,'JJ% 4 :1.1.~. Ji,, 12,050,917 6.2% 1J,108,38i 8, 7% 4,876 14,276 12,788 46 ,1 88 4 5,305,571 5,562,412 15 3,045,580 13 3,629,532 10 5,000 1 5,000 5,000 1 5,000 4 . 15 4 1 4 1 �Frost Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-15 _____ 1972 __________ 197) __________ 1974 _________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ Real Pro12erty Agricultural 367,140 $326,223 # of parcels 34 37 % of yearly change t2,5% % of change '72-'77•••• ,. 126% 727,280 Timber Cut Over $795,570 81 # of parcels SJ -8,5% % of yearly change . % of change 0 72-'77, .,.,, 26.3% 7,736,763 $6,991,911 Residential 1312 II of parcels 1239 10.6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, •. , 7L~, 2% 217,300 Commercial $225,550 16 16 II of parcels -36,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 71,5% 26,001 Industrial $21,634 # of_ pn~cels 2 2 .% of yearly change 20.2% % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 91.5% Total Real $8,360,888 % of yearly change 0 ~ of change '22- 22••• ,,. Personal Pro~erty Commercial $59,280 # of parcels · 13 % of change '72-'77• ,i••• Industrial $37,944 # of parcels 1 % of change 0 72-'77, ,,,,, Utilities $1, J81, 006 4 # of parcels % of rh qnge '7?.-' 77, • , , , , 422,759 39 15.1% 828,808 39 96.0% 731,100 40 -11.8% 737,371 38 ,85% 957,261 83 31,6% 1,043,585 80 9,0% 917,761 1,005,055 73 8,769,030 1411 13.3% 12,079,743 1427 37,D;½ 11,420,686 1452 -5,5% 12,18J,J75 11+72 6 .7% 21~,5,188 19 12.8% J87, 891 20 58,2% 311.L~, 1 91 22 -11.3% 386,8 58 22 12,4% J0,047 2 15,6% 43,494 3 44.8% 38,211 3 -12,1% 41,438 9·, 074,484 8,5% 21.7~ 10,424,285 11+, 9% 14,383,521 38.0% 13,451,949 -6,5% 14,354, 095 6.7% 76,774 16 77.J% 44,909 1 91,539 32 100,5:1.9 36 31,887 26 105,080 16 82,678 2 82,678 2 1,819,392 1,847,572 4 1,847,572 4 1,333,936 4 1,546,166 4 12,0% 4 75 -12, 1% 9,5% s·.a% �Garfield Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABI.E A-16 _____ 1972 __________ 1972 __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ ..... .t,:.. '° Real Pro:2ert;y Agricultural 974,194 $491,994 68 # of parcels 37 % of ·yearly change 98,0% % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 221,9% Commercial 26.) I 46 5 $239 I 995 26 # of parcels 27 10 ,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 125,3% Industrial $10.5,670 112,977 ·3 If of parcels 3 % of yearly change 6.9% % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 34.2% Residential $13 I .574, 522 13,959,903 2089 # of parcels 22.50 2,8% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,.,,, 51,5% 1,084,860 Timber Cut Over $660,957 116 # of parcels 91 64, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 131,1% Real $ 1_5I07J11 J8 16,397,399 8,8% % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'27,,,,,, 60,7~ Personal Pro:2ert;y Commercial $118,987 138,199 # of parcels 29 . JO % of change '72-'77,,, ••• -17,4% Utilities $1,605,403 1,862,801 # of parcels .5 .5 % of change '72-'77., ,,,, -25.2% '11 otal 1,220,799 76 2.5,3% 2,116,938 73 73,4% 379,400 521, 01 .5 34 37,3% JO 42,9% • 1,.580,401 95 23,3% 1,583,504 95 9% 427,418 34 -18.0% 540,700 9 ~- __, 1~ 26. S?;,, 141,026 3 24·, 8% 137,172 17,184,265 . 2342 23, 1% 21,2.5.5,486 2J45 23,7% 19,981,846 2J84 -6,0% 20,564', JOO · 2389 1,J01,400 1,759,61$ 96 35,2% 1,55.5,931-J96 -11.6% 1 ,5?.7, 801 97 -1,8% 20,226,890 2J,4% 25,790,229 27,.5% 23,687,365 -8.2% 24,216,305 2, 2%, 14J I .599 .59 174,299 61.J, 109,499 .52 98,299 26 - 1,992,201 .5 2,086,701 .5 1,602,601 1,201,301 95 20,0% 3 -2,7% 141,766 2 3,J% 5 -3,3% 5 �Grant Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIF A-17 · _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ -u, 0 Real Pro:2erty 2,444,600 Agricultural $2,112,454 146 # of parcels 173 % of yearly change 15.7% % of change •72- 0 77.,, •.• 104.8% Commercial $917,691 972,974 # of parcels 49 49 6,0% % of yearly change % of change •72-•77.,,,,. 130,8% 9,244 Industrial $9,244 # of parcels 7 7 0.0% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••, 42.4% Residential 12,850,932 $9,374,698 1586 1510 ll of parcels % of yearly chan~e 37, 1% % of change '72-'77,,, ... 105,9% Timber Cut Over $178,651 305,545 # of parcels 17 . 25 71,0% % of yearly change % of .c hange '72-'77, ...• , 99-9% Total Real 14,637,347 $12,592,738 %· yearly change 16.2% fo of change '22- 0 72•••••• 102,4~ Personal Pro:2erty Commercial $299,049 265,677 # of parcels 34 31 % of change '72-'77•••••• -24.4% Industrial 34,622 · . $15,504 # of parcels 2 3 % of change '72-'77,, ,,,,5807.2% 780,248 Uttlities $718,62.5 # of parcels 7 . 7 % o~ change '72-'77,,,,,, 36.8% 2,703,400 157 10. 6% 4,2.56,585 151 . 57, 5% 3,968,576 159 -6.8% 4,326,201 144 9.0% 1,295,000 50 86,7% 1,416,039 51 9,3% 1,849,899 54 30.6% 2,118,400 9,759 7 5,6% 11,640 7 19. 3% 13,158 7 13,0% 13,160 7 ,02% 14,103,029 1685 9,7% 15,743,560 1682 11.6% 17,773,840 1686 12,9% 19,298,114 1713 325,569 17 16,6% 357,200 17 9°7% 311,751 21 2. 0% 279,279. 17 -10.4% 59 14,5% S. G,Y,. 16, 1+22, 939 12,2% 21 I 707 ! 053 32.2% 23,931,042 10, 2% 26,113,119 9, 1% 996,225 75 618,356 78 200,982 54 226,123 35 48,844 6 49,836 6 450,306 7 915, 8.56 848,862 · 7 890,619 7 926,342 7 982,822 7 5 �- - " ~ -- I Greenwood Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABI.E A-18 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974_________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ I ~ Real Pro:2erty 629,400 Agricultural $583,140 # of parcels 55 57 % of yearly change 7,9% % of change '72-'77,1,110 , 282,9% $18,800 21,400 Commercial 1 1 # of parcels % of yearly change 13. 8% % of change 0 72-'771.,1,1 480,9% $2 ,-6 00 2,600 Industrial 1 1 If of parcels % of yearly change 010% % of change '72-'771••1•1 29014% Residential $ 2,50.3,97.3 3,341,889 616 II of parcels 505 % of yearly change 33,5% % of change 0 72-'77• 111• 1 193,.3% Timber Cut Over $581 , 809 574,544 124 # of parcels ·124 % of yearly chahge -1,2% % of change '72- 1 77111111 118,9% iotal Real $1,690,322 4,569,833 % of yearly change 2J,8% ~ of change '22-'Z21, 111• 192,J~ Personal Pro:2erty 15,600 Commercial $7,000 # of parcels 2 1 % of change '72-'77;., •• , 172.1% 19,600 $12,000 Industrial 1 II of parcels 0 .3 % of change 72-'77, .00 581J% 1,804, 7.36 Utilities $1,792,090 # of par·cels 5 5 % of change '72-'77100101 18.3% I I 1,492,717 67 2,073,020 67 38.9% 2,135,931 68 ·310% 2,233,000 69 · 4 . 5% 48,000 2 73,237 1 109,200 5216% 87,000 1 18. 7% 10,457 4 .302 .1% 12 ,47.3 4 1913% 10,150 4 -18.6% 1 O, 150 4 0,0% 4,591,505 632 37 11-l-% 6,384,636 703 39, 1% 6,920, Oi-J-7 730 8, L~% 7,344,721 75 5 6 . 1% 1,20.3,807 127 10916% 1,358,726 110 12,9% 1,272,580 96 -6.J% 1,273, 6 00, 93 . 08% 7,303,286 5918% 9,902,092 l.9.J% 10,425,708 5,3% 1 O, 970 , 671 9,986 27,840 7 20,376 19 ,0 46 19,000 6 19,000 6 19,000 2 19,000 2 1,885,840 6 2,064,883 6 2,119,.336 6 2,120,3 94 13712% 1241.3% 5 6 1 25. 6% 5.2% 5 I 6 I ( I 11 �Hamilton Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-19 _____ 1972 __________ 1972 _________ 1974 __________ 197 2__________ 1976 __________ 197z ______ Real Property 1,367,200 Agricultural $1,371,800 # of parcels 131 132 % of yearly change ,34% % of change '72-'77,.,,., 124,7% 417,000 . Commercial $345,200 22 II of parcels 23 20,8% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, ,, 76.,?% $140,800 140,800 Industrial 2 2 # of parcels 0.0% % of yearly chan~e % of change '72- 77,, ,,., 74,J% Residential $8,541,399 9,073,999 # of parcels 1606 1725 6,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,, ,, , 80,4% I ~ Timber Cut Over 481,000 695,999 42 "'1 # of parcels 42 44,7% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, ,,,, 6,9% 12,962,198 Total Real $10,880,199 19, 1% % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22••••• • 82.6~ Personal Pro~erty $211,861 Commercial 238,833 # of parcels 15 13 , 17% % of change 9 72-'77,. ,,,. Utilities · $3,024,022 3,374,657 10 # of parcels 9 % of change '72-'77,,,,. JO, 1% 1,704,759 144 24.7% 3,435,493 139 101,5% 3,074,891 136 -10,5% 508,352 22 21,9% 680,005 22 33,8% 605,823 22 -j.0,9% 609,836 22 .66% 169,271 .2 20,2% 167,946 2 .--:,8% 171,675 2 2.2% 245,395 11,171,047 1750 2J,1% 14,809,545 1807 32,6% 14,972,005 1820 1.1% 15,411,545 1841 2,9% 719,645 38 3.4% .582,577 32 -19,0% .571, 597 32 -1,9% 514·, 192 27 -10,0% 14,273,074 10, 1% 19,675,566 37,9% 19,¼03,770 -1.4% 19,863,638 2,5% 244,179 282,555 30 271,011 21 212,219 15 J .,6.52·,631 9 3,325,9.53 9 3,933, 205 7 JO 3,546,323 9 3,082,670 138 ,OJ% 2 42.9% �Hatton 'J.1ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from · Assessment Roll TABlE A-20 _____ 1972 __________ 1973 _________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977_____ Real Pro12erty 1,039,780 Agricultural $759,984 21-8 # of parcels 57 % of yearly change 36.8% % of change '72-'77 • . , . , . 1JJ,O% $ J44, 800 Commercial 470 I 560 12 14 # of parcels % of yearly change 36,5% % of change '72-'77, .,,,, 55,5% 32,000 $31,200 Industrial # of parcels 4 3 2,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, .,,, -89,6% 2 , 86J,018 Residential . $2I8451 990 J 44 II of parcels J48 ,60% % of yearly change % of change 0 72-'77,. ,,,, 62,9% 1,055,847 Timber Cut Over $567,864 # of parcels BJ 79 % of yearly change 85~ 9% · % of change '72-'77,, ,,, , 149,9% $4,549,838 Total Real % of yearly change · ~ of change 0 22-'72,,, ,,, 5,461,205 20,0% 8J,9~ Personal Pro12erty $204,834 Commercial 255,442 16 17 II of parcels % of change '72-'77,.,,,. -52,0% Utilities $340,465 366,255 6 6 II of parcels % of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 22.7% 1,297,644 59 2,164,592 59 .1,804,935 5/-1- 1,770,509 53 . -1, 9%, 24. 8% 66.0% -16,6% 594,211 17 26.3% 535,498 14 -9,9% 529,905 536 ,31 8 15 1. 2% 37,488 4 17,2% 2,805 J -92,5% 3,243 J 15.6% 3,2 44 J ,OJ% J,425,581 352 19 ,6% 4,794,439 355 40,0% 4,294,570 415 -10, L~% 4,636 ,72 9 427 8, 1% 1,141,283 2 065 578 1, 417,842 92 · -J1. 4% 1,419,2 01 93 ,09% 85 8, 1% I I 8T' 81.0% 15 -2'5-7% 6,496,207 19 1% 9,562,912 47 ,2% 8,050,495 -15,8% 8 ,366, 001 39, 2%, 228,J04 35 293,782 37 '.1.J4,JJ4 15 98 ,384 12 374,386 461,126 395,659 417,821 I 6 6 6 6 �Hayes Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABLE A-21 ---- 1972 __________ 197] _________ 1974 __________ 197j __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ Real Pro32erty Agricultural $146,597 150,599 12 # of parcels 12 2,7% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, •••• 268,4% Commercial $1,315,962 1,235,534 62 # of parcels 72 -6, 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 77,3% Industrial 9,517 $9,517 1 1 # of parcels 0,0% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,, .• -J0,7% 21,549,690 Residential $20 I 607 536 lf of parcels 4495 ~-719 % of yearly change 4.6% % of change '72-'77,, ,,,, 84,7% 1,151,193 Timber Cut Over $433,968 110 # of parcels 113 %, of yearly change 165,3% % of change '72-'77, ••••• 324,8% 1 I Total Real $22-,STJ, 580 24,096,533 7,0% % of yearly change % of change '72-'22·•• ,,, 20,o~ Personal Pro~erty 41o,17 5 · $366, 01+7 Commercial 42 44 # of parcels % of change '72-'77••••·· 97,8% 117,000 · Industrial $117~000 2 2 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,,,. -40.2% $1,870,252 2,315,472 Utilities ' 6 ' 6 . # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 26.8% 525,700 51+4, 683 533,297 16 -2, 1%• 540,009 16 1,3% 2,158,800 72 74,7% 2,203,373 70 2,1% 2,290,098 70 3,9% 2,332,811 72 1, 9% 6,600 1 -30.·7% 6,534 1 -1,0% 6,600 1 1.0% 6,600 1 0.0% 32 I 97 0 I 880 4974 53, 1% 33,240,386 · 5018 6,9% 37,528,279 38,057,655 5073 1,983,500 116 72,3% 1,780,431 124 -10,2% 1,877,377 127 5,4% 1,843,576 127 -1.8% 37,645,480 39,775,407 5,7% 42,235,651 6,2% 42 I 780 1651 1,J% 458,429 42 409,188 94 290,429 77 721+, 602 54 70,000 4 · 70,000 1 70 000 1 2,437,237 6 2,157,729 2 370 931 3 12 249, 1% 56.2% 2,339,806 6 16 3,6% 50JL~ 6,5% 6 - /+%·' 1 ' 1 I I �~ Li n coln 'l 'ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Propert y as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-22 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ "\ u, u, Real Pro}2ert:y $16,260 49,981 Agricultural 2 1 # of parcels 20'7. 4% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ••••• 646,0% 169,480 $189,691 Commercial 14 # of parcels 19 -10.7% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••• 10J,4% 563,561 Industrial $735,179 · 10 2 # of parcels -23,3% % of yearly change % of change •72..:. 0 77,,. .. ,,211,.3% $12 I 404 I 44/+ 15,151 , 500 Residential 2960 3088 # of parcels 22, 1% % of yearly change ·% of change '72-'77, ,,,,, 76, 1% 1,650,329 Timber Cut Over $800,800 46 98 # of parcels 106 1% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,;,, 271,8% I Total Real $14,146,374 , % of yearly change ~ of change '22-'22•••••• 17I.58/+I851 24.J% 97,600 2 95,3% 124,051 3 27, 1% 122,1+00 3 -1,J% 121,JOO 3 -,90% 235,200 18 38.8% 383,925 19 63.2% 396,472 22 J,4% 385,900 22 2,7% 206,100 2 -63.4% 247,625 2 20.1% 208,800 2 -15,7% 2,288,428 3 996 .1% 22,416,376 3451 -8.4% 24,479,750 3446 9, 2% 20,938,480 31+56 -14,5% 21,850,119 3498 4.4% 2,231,poo 121 35,2% 2,799,570 123 25,5% 3,115,859 118 11,3% 2,977,635 118 4,4% 25,186,276 4J,2% 28,034,921 11,.3% 24,782,011 -11. 6% 27,625,382 11. 5% 80,086 40 76,609 45 42,102 JO 58,570 18 16,000 2 20,000 2 20,000 2 1 J, 60 0 1 22°1~ Personal Pro12ert:y 79,860 Commercial $45,290 20 24 # of parcels % of change '72-'77•••••• 29,3% .12,600 Industrial · $6,1+19 1 1 II of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 112,0% Residential $2,600 II of parcels 4 Utilities $16,723,400 17,890,454 # of parcels 8 8 %of change '72-'77•••••• 27.4% 17,499,5~8 · 9 21,053,920 9 22,228,124 . 8 21,297,664 7 �Redding Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-2J _____ 1972 __________ 197} ___________ 1974 ________ ·_197~ __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ____ _ Real Property Agricultural $143,000 354,200 # of parcels 29 29 % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,.,,. 294,8%147,7% Commercial $14,000 17,000 2 # of parcels 2 % of yearly change 21.4% % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 131.6% 1,711,400 Residential $830,520 # of parcels 417 394 . 106, 1% of year~y fhan~e 1/o. .of chg,nge 72- .7'2.~ ,_,., t,,-- 364 1~11s, ooo Timber cu~ Over ,8~~,5oo # of parcels 150 . 154 % of yearly change 37,4% % of change '72-'77,~, .• , 57,8% 1 ~ 1 J,200,bOO 'rot al Real $ 1,801,106 yearly change 77,7% % of change _'72-'77,,,,,, 212.~ Personal Property 25,400 Commercial $24,245 # of parcels 5 5 % of change '72-'77,,, ••• 210.0% 1,091,801 Utilities $1,226,782 # of parcels 7 7 % of change 0 72-'77•••••• 43,8% 429,891 539,849 29 25.6% 536,883 -,5% 29 5,2% 28,627 2 34,6% 28,914 2 -1,0% 32, 42.7 2 12 .1% 2,462,746 428 43,9% 1,104,594 154 -1.2% 3,303,823 473 31+. 2% 1,317, /+34 148 19,3% J,290,4JJ 517 -,4% 1,185,773 142 -10,0% 3,855,460 1 , 281+, OL!-O 1J4 8,J% 018, 500 25,6% 5,189,733 29, 1% 5,042,003 -2,8% 5,636,527 11.8% 28,160 15 26' 041+ 17 49,638 i2 75,168 12 1,306,202 8 1,1+23,385 8 702, L1,40 8 688,951 5 JO 21,L!-% 21,269 2 25,1% /..j,, ' % of .. / ' JO 56L1-,600 5L1-2 17.2% �Sheridan Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABI.E A-24 _____ 1972 __________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 197j __________ 197G __________ 12Z7 ______ ..... ,u, ·'-J Real Prc~erty Agricultural 4,065,381 $4,093,406 228 # of parcels 225 -,68% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,, •••• 57,4% $22,400 Commercial # of parcels 1 % of yearly change $2,462 2,600 Industrial 2 2 # of parcels % of yearly change 5.6% % of change '72-'77, •• ,,, 354,9% 1,321,000 $1,221,130 Residential # of parcels 134 135 8,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77, ••••• 120,3% Timber Cut Over $311,752 72.5,2.5.5 II of parcels 4-8 59 13·2,6% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77•••••• 138,0% 6, 1J6, 6 J6 Total Real $4,529,750 % of yearly change 35,.5% % of change '22- 0 22• ••••• 118,]% Personal Property Residential $111,446 118,507 # of parcels 26 24 % of change '72-'77••••••, 21-8% Utilities $. $29j,7$3 _. . .336' 063 # of parcels J J % of change '72-'77,,,,,. 31,9% , ' Commercial 66,400 II of parcels 2 % of change '72-'77,,,, •• 42.0% 5,885,714 235 4L1-, 8% 5,187,695 227 -11.9% 5,750,772 237 10.9% 6,41+2,931 21+2 12. o~r 11,18.5 2 117,.5% 9,431 2 -15,7% 11,200 2 18. G% 2,217,8.57 157 67,9% 2,129,252 186 -4. 0% 2,349,307 202 10,3% 2,690,199 216 14,5% 842,286 64 16, 1% 676,849 49 19,6% 841+, 271 43 24,7% 74-1 , 993 41 -12.1% 8,982,999 Li-6. 4% 8,004,982 -10,9% 8,953,781 11.9% 9,886,323 1 O. 4%• 176,377 125,123 131,937 32,000 1 42,9% . 5,142 2 97,8% 25 25 :J67,795 J 99,800 4 -365,095 I 25 135,788 . 24 3 372,595 J 387,595 98 It QQ 4 94,JOO 2 94,JOO 2 J I I �Summerfield Township True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABlE A-25 _____ 1972 __________ 1973 __________ 1974 ______ · ___ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ____ _ u, Real Property Agricultural 79,600 $33,300 10 11 # of parcels % of yearly change 139, 0% % of change '72- 1 77,, •.•• 157,7% Commercial $31,000 53,000 2 II of parcels 2 % of yearly change 71,0% % of change '72-'77••••••· 67,7% Residential $2,503-,731+ 2,910,999 fl of parcels 579 577 % of yearly changes 16,3% % of change '72-'77, •.••• 125.6% d; 6 00 Timber Cut Over i;)322, 564,002 64 . 64 II of parcels % of yearly change 74.8% ,% of change '72-'77,, •••, 173,3% 105,650 14 · 32, 7% 126,436 12 19,7% 83,704 7 -JJ,8% 85,800 7 . 2,5% 42,000 3 -20,8% 52,923 3 26.0% 52,000 3 -1.7% 52,000 3 0.0% 4,694,053 5,510,750 5,649,502 65 9 25,2% 881,700 62 • 25% ,t(- 3,822,509 590 6L1,5 31.3% 22.8% 651 17, I+% 581,040 68 1, 5% 710,194 63 879,500 61 2J,8% 4,551,199 26.2% 5,583,606 22,7% 6,525,950 16,9% 6,669,002 2,2% 29,932 12 35,253 12 15,920 6 14,JOO 4,520,390 7 5,085,742 2,559,178 2,619,01 4 10 22.2% 0) rrotal Real $2,890,634 3,607,601 24,9% ~ o.f change '22-'22··· ••• 1JO~7% Personal Property Commercial $16,951 20,058 # of parcels 7 7 % of change 0 72-Q77, ••••• -15,6% 3,605,501 Utilities $3,752,259 # of parcels 7 7 % of change '72-'77, .••.. -30,2% % of yearly change 8 8 3 �Sur r ey 'l'ownship True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABIE A-26 · -·___ 1972 _________ 197] __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 ______ Real Pro:r2ert;y Agricultural $271,342 20 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,••·•• Commercial $1,025,538 66 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change '72-'77 ••••• , Industrial .$292,000 # of parcels ,3 . % of yearly change % of change I 7 2- I 77 o Residential $12,670,704 # of parcels 1961 % of yearly changes % of change '72-'77., .• ,, Timber Cut Over $,596, 900 116 # of parcels % of yearly change % of change 0 72-'77 .••• ,, 'l'o±al ' Real . $14,856,h84 ~ of yearly change 0 ~ of change '22- 22, ..... Personal Property Commercial $ 517,778 62 # of parcels % of change '72-'77,,,, •. Industrial $ 5'-1-2, 899 II of parcels 3 % of change '72-'77.,, ••• $6,000 Residential # of parcels 1 % of change '72-'77 ••••• , Utilities $2,1.34,840 # of parcels 0 9 % of _phange 72- '77_..,., t _, lJ1 -0 I, JIIIIJ .... •· t I : I 493,600 42 81,9% 266,9% 1,129,000 73 10, 1% 119,3% 575,000 5 96.9% 141.7% 13,206,205 2068 4.2% 86.0% 1,102,681 116 84.7% 212,2%. 16,506,486 11,1% 633,266 41 28,3% 1,269,704 38 105,0% 882,794 J8 -30.5% 995,480 38 12 8% • 1,299,940 83 15.1% 2,218,.665 80 70.7% 2,008,262 8:L -9,5% 2,248,560 81 12, 1% 606,891 6 5,5% 872, .060 6 43,7% 671,370 705,800 7 5, 1% 17,398,_540 2119 31.7% ·22, 7 39, 4·54 2164 . 30, 7% 21,801,955 2152 23,563,464 2175 8 .1% 1,224,660 :·.119 11.1% i , 510, ·559 1,863,333 1Li,7 : 2J.~-% 1,863,662 14,5 ,02% 21,163,297 28.2% 28.·, 6"1 o ,.'-l'.42 35 ·. 2% 27,227,714 -4.8% 29,376,966 7 9%. 650,175 TJ4,·97l 137 592,331 109 773,89/1 71 12'-~ 23,3% 6 -2J.O% -'-1-, 1% I 0 22 -2~ 561,108 64 ··49,8% 686,007 4 -37-3% 1,000 1 -66,7% 2,193,878 10 146 1,910,801 14 i ,261,927 360,283 10 340,571 5 1,000 1,000 1 2,560 1 2,000 1 ,3;188,667 11 3,013,190 11 3,402,759 1. 2,407,776 11 111 12 �Winterfield Townsnip True Cash Value of Real and Personal Property as determined from Assessment Roll TABLE A-27 _____ 1972 __________ 1972 __________ 1974 __________ 1975 __________ 1976 __________ 1977 _____ Real Pro12ert;y Agricultural 926,199 $739,598 fl of parcels 95 99 25,2% % of yearly change % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 142,8% Industrial $825,500 827,JOO 16 16 # of parcels % of yearly change . 022% % of change '72-'77,,,,o, -1807% 1,276,799 Residential $1 I 197 973 262 /j of parcels 275 % of yearly change 6.6/o % of change '72-'77,,,,., 1J9,2% 1,286,699 Timber Cut O.ver ~)754,700 162 162 fl of parcels ·% of yearly change 70. 5% % of change '72-'77,,,,,, 74,1% J 0 ,. 0 1,012,781 102 9,3% 1,798,030 105 77,5% 1,761,160 114 -2,0% 1,795,760 11 4 2 .1 % 875,264 16 5,8% 1,096,303 16 25,3% 670,500 17 -38,8% 671,500 18 .15% 1,421,576 295 11,3% 2,664,607 2,765,000 '349 J,G% 2,865,021 357 1,419,960 187 . . 1 O,4% 1,880,935 176 32,5% 1,315,550 12L1, -JO, 1% 1,31 4 ,1 50 124 -. 117" 4,729,581 9,6% 7,439,875 57°3% 6,512,210 -12,5% 6,646 ,431 2. 1% 18,652,262 11 20,149,868 11 11,66_5,146 11 11 , 942 , 56.6 11 299 87, {-1-% 3. 6% ' 4,J16,997 $3,517,771 Total Real . 22 07% % of yearly change 88,2~ ~ of change '22-'22•••••, 14,159,656 Utilities $15,539,178 10 10 II of parcels % of change '72-'77,,, ,,, -2J,1% �TABLE A-28 TOWNSHIP SCHOOL MILLAGE CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1277 •~ SCHOOL DISTRICT BEAVERTON CLARE 32.106 42.116 EVART FARWELL GLADWIN HARRISON 32,206 36~ MARION MCBAIN TOWNSHIP ARTHUR FARNKLIN 36. 5.26 FREEMAN 3J,45 JS. 716 FROST 36. 526 GARFIELD J9.416 42.116 GARNT 35.416 . J6 .596_ GREEN\!IJOOD _, O• _, HAMILTON ~ ___42 ._116_ _ _ _ HATTON ____ ~- __ 6 I I -~--- --~ . 22-226 I 16. S96 HAYES _JL!._2_16 LINCOLN REDDING _ J2.22 42.116 SHERIDAN SUMMERFIELD }2.!...226 _]6 .416 SURREY WINTERFIELD J2.22 · J6. 596 JJ.2 41.116 CLARE HARRISON J 2• 296 a 0 c=, 0 E:l E:l OD ~ a::=J ~ • • • �Clare County Drains Clare County, Michigan 1978* NAME ANKNEY ALLEN BAILEY CORNWELL CROSTON COURTWRIGHT COOK COATS FLYNN FARWELL GILMORE JT GIB SON -- HICKOK HOWE HARVEY HERRING °'N HUTCHINSON JORDAN LOWER LARSON & ELLIOT LOOMIS JT LITTLE TOBACCO LAMONT LEITNER LAP0 LLOYD MARK BRAND MARION * • ~** MURPHY JT McGRAY McGIVERN TOWNSHIP ARTHUR GRANT SHERIDAN ARHTUR FREEMAN FREEMAN SHERIDAN ARTHUR Jb ARTHUR WINTERFlELD REDDING SURREY FARWELL CITY - TILE GRANT WINTERFIELD FREEMAN SHERIDAN SHERIDAN GRANT SHERIDAN GRANT SHERIDAN JO HATTON SHERIDAN ISABELLA CO. CITY OF CLARE CITY OF CLARE & VERNON TWP ARHTUR GARFIELD GRANT ARTHUR WINTERFIELD SHERIDAN LINCOLN SHERIDAN LENGTH SECTIONS J6-J 5-34 1- 2 15-22-21-lb 2-18 JO JO 1 2b-2 26 10-2-·]""4 . J0-Jl 2 5-b 2t 2 JJ 2200 ft t700 ft, Br 1 JJOO, 50 rds 120 rds b200 ft 22 ft 11,220 ft 4200 ft 20,845 ft 2840 ft CITY OF CLARE 12 1 ob6 ft 228 rds --rB'o rds in Clare Co. J2lb ft 2725 ft 12 2 rds SO rds 00 ft 22-15-15-21 22 24-2] 28 17-18 JiS 12-18-2 14-11 4b JO ft 2a20 ft tile .5.!± 00 ft lJ0 rds 2J7b ft 871 tile 2J48 ft Br zoo East '? �Clare County Drains (con't) NASS GRANT NASH FRANKLIN RANDALL WINTERFIELD RILETT SHERIDAN SHERIDAN SHERIDAN-CARROW STATE TRUNKLINE ARTHUR TONKIN JT ARTHUR TONKIN BRANCH REDDING & WINTERFIELD WHISKEY CREEK SHERIDAN WARNER * Clare County Drain Commissioner, April, 1978, _, ~ .I 10-11-1 2 2 12-1 14'--15-22-2] 22-20-21-12 18 16-12-8-5 10-11-2 ~o rds O rds J,200 ft 9 29J rds ]222 ft 108 ft I I I ' i, �CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN CONSTRUCTION CODE AUTHORITY APPL!CATION FOR PLAN EXAMINATION AND BUILDING PERMIT PROPERTY LOCATION_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~--~NUMBER_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ CITY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _TOWNSHIP_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ - - - . I BErnEEN_ _ _ _~---~-------'AND_ _ _--,-_ _ _ ___, _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ (cross street) (cross street~ LOT SUBDIVISION- - - - - - - - - -LOT- - -BLOCK- - -SIZE- - - - - - - - - - DIRECTIONS TOSITE -----------------~-------------- 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - TYPE OF IMPROVEMENT HOUSE CABIN ADDITION ALTERATION REPAIR FIREPLACE PORCH COST MOBILE HOME GARAGE CARPORT POLE BARN WRECKING MOVING OTHER COST OF IMPROVEMENT (INCLUDING LABOR) --TOTAL VALUE OF IMPROVEMENT ......•....- - PERMIT FEE .•...............•. : •.•...•- - - RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ONLY DIMENSIONS I WIDTH ........... -.................·.. LENGTH ............................. TOTAL SQUARE FEET FLOOR AREA ....... TOTAL LAND AREA, SQUARE FEET ....... NUMBER OF STORIES ........•......... TYPE OF FOUNDATION BASEMENT SLAB , - - CRAWLSPACE I - - POLES - - PIERS FOOTING DEPTH _ __ PRINCIPLE TYPE OF FRAME MASONARY (WALL BEARING) WOOD FRAME - - STRUCTURAL STEEL - _- REINFORCED CONCRETE OTIIER NUMBER OF BEDROOMS .•. NUMBER OF BATHROOMS: - - - - - FULL ... ·.............• PARTIAL .............. - - - - - ---_ _ __ _ _ __ _'_ __ _ _ __ MOBILE HOMES SIZE ...................••..• YEAR ........................ TYPE OF SET UP: PIERS ....................... SLAB ....................... . RIBBONS ..................... TYPE OF TIE DOWNS .......... . NUMBER PERSONS OCCUPYING .... TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL PUBLIC OR PRIVATE COMPANY PRIVATE (SEPTIC TANK, ETC.) 164 _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ --~------ r. I �LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY TO COMPLETE THIS SECTION: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL APPROVALS NOT REQUIRED REQUIRED 1 - ZONING 2 - FIRE DISTRICT 3 - POLLUTION CONTROL APPROVED DATE OBTAINED NUMBER BY .. 4 ....,. NOISE CONTROL 5 - SOIL EROSlON 6 - FLOOD ZONE i - WATER SUPPLY 8 - SEPTIC SYSTEM 9 _: VARIANCE GRANTED 10 - OTHER" NOTES and Data -(For department use) ' . : i - �ZOHIHG PLAN EXAMINERS NOTES DISTRICT USE FRDIH YARD SIDE Y AR D SIDE YARD REAR YARD NOTES IX. SITE OR PLOT PLAN - For Applicant Use t. =r .~=1· · _..,_ . ---~- - ; ~ ~ -I-- ··-. ·t::;::!::-,. ·- ,.._-r _... �!DEIHi FICA TION ~- --- - To be completed by all applicants Nome Moiling address - .\"umb e r. strt>f'l, city. and Stace- ZIP cod" T.,J. No. ' Owru,r or Lit>sse~ Bui Ide-,•'$ .L ie~nu, No. 2. Cor.tror::to, 3. A,chit-,ct or Engineer I hereby certify that the proposed work is authorized by the owner of record and that I have been autho.rized by the owner to make this application os his authorized agent and we agree to conform to all a pplicable lows of this jurisdiction. Signature of applicant Address OTHER REQUIREMENTS IF NO SEPTIC IS IN, A SANITATION PERMIT IS REQUIRED BY THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT BEFORE WE MAY ISSUE A BUILDING PERMIT. HAVE A SEPARATE DRAWING OF THE STRUCTURE SHOWING FLOOR PLAN, AND DIMENSIONS OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS. SET BACKS AND Lor RESTRICTIONS MUST MEET THOSE OF LOCAL ZONING ORDINANCES. ALL APPLICATIONS FOR PERMIT IN LINCOLN TOWNSHIP ARE REQUIRED TO BE SIGNED BY THE LINCOLN TOWNSHIP CLERK. I l I- - ~----- Application do,-,. �Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification System* Existing land use classifications, as presented in the Clare County Regional Comprehensive Plan, correspond with the Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification System. The Classification System presented below is intended to help provide standardized terminology, by means of a numbering system, for describing land use classes. and types of ground cover. Through use of this System all levels of government can be aided by means of s~andardized and organized land use information. Clare County's existing land uses, as illustrated·on Map 13, are compared below to the Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification System. Clare County, Existing Land Use Nomenclature Corresponding Michigan Land Cover/ Use Classification Number Agriculture 291 113 Residential 124 Commerical Recreation 193 146a Industrial 431 Foresty aLimited amounts of Use Classification Number 139 are also included. * "Michigan Land Cover / Use Classification System" as developed by the Michigan Land Use Classification and Referencing Committee, reprinted May, 1977. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Clare-County_Regional-Comprehensive-Plan_1978 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions, Clare County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-06 Title A name given to the resource Regional Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Regional Comprehensive Plan for Clare County, Michigan was prepared by the Association of Clare County Local Planning Commissions and Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. in June 1978. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Clare County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9444c6ac3ff9a8548d2238a48a78bd80.mp4 1f90759d55c153d3933159d92a8cc5fd https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3d6158c2982ed1cbd3bb1fc12cd0a0ab.pdf a962563f8e9a5ac1fb2a639019bccc73 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Richard Astrauckas (00:52:22) Pre-Enlistment (00:15) • Childhood (00:25) • • •Astrauckas was born in Manchester, CT on August 12th 1925. (00:30 Family (00:41) • Astrauckas’ father was a laborer for a mill while his mother worked for a meat company. (00:42) •Gives a brief background of his parents’ journey from Lithuania to America (00:51) Education (01:17) • • Astrauckas left high school at age 16 as a junior to pursue other things. He later went back and completed high school and got his GED. His Job (01:21) • Briefly mentions the responsibilities he received while working for an aircraft company and later duties in a hospital. (01:23) Enlistment/Training (01:41) • Background to Joining (01:44) • • • At age 18, he signed up for the U.S. Navy except that his mother wouldn’t sign the papers for him to go, so he later joined the Merchant Marines because the government was drafting men at that time. Briefly elaborates on his thoughts/feelings the day after Pearl Harbor was attacked. (02:07) Continued to stay up-to-date with war events as they unfolded before joining the Merchant Marines. (03:35) Why he joined (03:38) •Joined Merchant Marines in November 1943 because he couldn’t get into the Navy. Astrauckas remembered first being enthralled about the Merchant Marines as a boy after reading about trans-cable steamers. (04:26) • Where he went and trained (04:30) • Reported to New Haven, CT where he was told to report to Hoffman Island, NY for basic training. After basic he attended a 3 week course in cooking and baking. (04:45) Soon afterwards, the men were told that they �would be shipping out. • Astrauckas describes the Hoffman Island facility in some detail and a particular Austrian chef. (05:30) Active Duty (07:06) • 1st Voyage Activities (08:06) • Was shipped out from Hoffman Island in March 1944 and was sent o Baltimore, Maryland where he boarded a Liberty ship bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He mentions that the ship carried general cargo. (07:45) •From Halifax they went to Scotland where they joined up with another convoy of ships and from there went down to Island of Skye and back down to London, England. (08:10) •Astrauckas makes mention of a sailor named Emmanuel who gives him a brief sailing family history. (09:14) •Encountered no U-boat activity during their Atlantic crossing.(09:37) •About 750 troops quartered in the city of London including Astrauckas. While there he toured Hammond and London. (10:36) • Normandy Invasion (10:52) • Briefly describes events of June 5th 1944. (11:15) •On June 6th, 1944 he was one of many merchant marines to help in the transporting of troops through the straits of Dover to Normandy. The Germans kept up a continuous barrage of fire on their ships with their 6-inch gun barrels causing one ship to keel over at one point. (11:49) • Astrauckas related how he was listening to music while rockets fired from the ships to shore. (12:51) •Arrived at Normandy on D+1 and unloaded British/Canadian troops on Juno. (13:01) •Briefly describes the fierce battle environment that British and Canadian forces faced while pushing inland at Juno and Sword. That day his ship had made 7 transports and landed 750 Canadians ashore up until August 5th. (14:35) •Astrauckas mentions that his ship was hit by a torpedo or missile killing 2 British quartermasters. (15:35) Relates how they abandoned ship �and went over to the USS Woodwork. (16:37) Later on they returned to their abandoned ship to perform salvage operations and assess damages. Briefly describes what ended up happening to their ship afterwards. (19:02) • Living/daily life aboard ship (19:14) • Relates how he served in the officers’ mess aboard ship and how after that experience went to Glasgow, Scotland where he received retraining. (19:45) Boarded the RMS Mauretania for home. •Relates the treatment of German/Japanese prisoners and shares his thoughts on their treatment. (22:18) • 2nd voyage (23:07) • Took 15 days leave and then went to Baltimore where he signed up for a ship that departed from New Orleans. Took 36 days to go from New Orleans to New Guinea. (23:07) Anchored at Hollandia, New Guinea sometime in 1944. Briefly describes his time there. (24:17) Soon afterwards he went on to take part in the invasion of Luzon. (24:57) •His brief involvement in Luzon involved the unloading of supplies and men. Once that was completed he returned to Hollandia. All the while he was learning radio skills from ship radio operators. (26:08) • Other activities in America and abroad (28:05) • Astrauckas describes in vivid detail how he ended up back on Hoffman Island, NY and taking a 20-week course in radiology. (28:35) Following the end of the war, an officer kept him around so he could complete his studies. (29:15) •After getting his radio license he describes helping ship German prisoners-of-war from Houston back to Le Havre, Germany in Europe. (30:47) • Got his 1st ship and went from New York to Houston. (31:02) In Houston he became a junior officer and from there decided to go to San Francisco. (31:44) •Briefly describes contacting a friend and his interview with a certain Capt. Treadway. Afterwards, he was on per diem and full pay with no ship. (32:42) • Briefly mentions his part in taking a Mexican ship called, which later sailed from San Francisco to Mobile, Alabama where it was �decommissioned. (33:54) • Further mentions taking a train back to San Francisco where he signed a year’s contract to run a coast-island ship. His ship was responsible for transporting personnel from Honolulu to Gateway for R&R. (34:16) • Soon afterwards, he resigned from his post after 6 months, to finish high school. (35:10) Briefly mentions his plane flight from Honolulu to Oakland. (36:40) • Astrauckas mentions working a 3rd shift job while taking classes. He eventually got his GED and graduated from high school in 1946. (37:54) • • After seeing how his old-war buddies lived he decided to go back to the sea. Went to Brooklyn Army Base and resumed his duties sailing army transports. His responsibilities consisted ferrying personnel from Greenland to Baffin Island for 6 months. (38:12) Briefly describes his experience up in the Arctic. (39:08) • For a short time he worked for the American-Hawaiian Lines (39:57) and then mentions his participation aboard the American ship Coral Sea and their various stops at European ports. (40:54) •Astrauckas briefly mentions his involvement with the Marshall Plan back in 1948 to feed starving Greeks. (42:40) Describes the atmosphere and what Communists involvement in the area consisted of. Took a couple months for Greek laborers to unload food from the relief ships. (43:16) • Why he left the Merchant Marines (43:19) • Astrauckas left the service, in due part, because he had spent 7/8 of his time at sea while the other part was that it was time to cleanly cut his romance with the sea. (44:16) After the Service (44:17) • Life after the war (44:20) • • After being discharged, Astrauckas worked as a travel auditor auditing stores until 1950. (44:51) Military service after the service (44:53) • Astrauckas was drafted into the Army in 1950 for the Korean War. Finished basic training and was promoted from recruit to private. Upon completing basic he wanted to know where he was going to be sent. �(45:30) •Met with an army officer in Classification/Assignment office and found out that he couldn’t go to Korea because his parents had been Lithuanian and himself being 1st-generation American. (46:30) •Ended up going to Camp Gordon radio school where he went on to become an instructor there. (48:13) • Other Experiences (48:20) • After being discharged, he finds out that he was put on detached service in the signal corps. Spent his army career as a radio instructor from 50’ to 52’. (48:25) •Astrauckas goes on to describe attempts at further schooling at MIT or UConn but couldn’t because of financial reasons. (49:57) Meets his wife soon afterwards. • Further mentions his different career experiences and finally settling down to work for a telephone company because it only required 2 years of college education. (51:17) • Astrauckas wraps up by sharing his thoughts on his military training and how it gave him the self-confidence and persistence to do everything he set out to do. (52:22) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Astrauckas, Richard (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Astrauckas, Richard Description An account of the resource Richard Astrauckas served with the Merchant Marines from 1943 to 1948 during World War II and with the U.S. Army from 1950 to 1952 during the Korean War. He discusses his pre-enlistment years, enlistment and training in the U.S. and sea voyages abroad with the Merchant Marines. He describes his experience of the Normandy Invasion and carrying of supplies and cargo to European ports and elsewhere. Astraukas further mentions his involvement in Greece during the Marshall Plan and peacetime service during Korea. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Merchant mariner World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Merchant marine--United States Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-05-21 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AstrauckasR Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/015c6310fb69f771716e4cfebfec1b3a.MP3 5de30092c966ab3e3edcab11d105c9f8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3dbba063ac53c3e26dbec59161701d92.pdf 72892a941b3c61852f5a2ca985a4d895 PDF Text Text Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 1 Ken Kutzel: Okay. This is Ken Kutzel, I’m here today with Neil Atherton at the old schoolhouse in Douglas Michigan on uh, July 27th 2018. This oral history is being collected as a part of the Stories of Summer Project which is supported in part by a grant from the National Endowments for the Humanities Common Heritage Program. Thank you for taking the time to talk with me today, I’m interested to learn more about your family history and your experiences of summer in the Saugatuck Douglas area. Can you please tell me your full name and spell it? Neil Atherton: Good morning, my full name is Neil D Atherton N E I L, D, A T H E R T O N. KK: And then do you use any accents when spelling your name? NA: No. KK: Okay. Alright uh, Neil uh, tell me about where you grew up? NA: [clears throat] I grew up in Illinois and, in the Milwaukee area and then uh, came to the Saugatuck area to open up a store in 1982, and had the store Hoopdee Scootee for a number of years and then closed the store um, Labor Day of 2016. KK: Okay, and what are some what are some of the most vivid memories you have of um, your time here? NA: Uh, the vivid memories are is that we started a a business with not a lot of money and we thought we would come to this town and do some things that were creative and a little bit different and being kind of a snug little fishing village way back then, um, we bought a property on Mason Street at 133 Mason from Linda Holmes who was a owner of several properties here and in the real estate business um, her shop was full of bomb boxes and brass and a lot of nautical goods and we decided that we wanted to not sell that, and wanted to something a little bit on the crazy way out side. So, we decided that seeing as we were on a side street that we needed to get attention for someone to come off of Butler to Mason, so we came up with, or actually my partner Jim Yarro came up with, mannequin legs which we extended from the second floor of the building and it which became an identification direction for many people that visited this destination store over the years. Um, from that we opened up the store, and uh Linda because we did not have a lot of money, uh, gave us 30, 30 cents on the dollar. So we sold bomb boxes and we sold anchors and we sold a lot of things we didn’t care to sell and then, we decided to start bringing in some Flamingos, which really didn’t fit in Saugatuck but it created a lot of verbal conversation. From that, we bought boxes of flamingo feathers, actually turkey feathers from Philadelphia that were died hot pink, and we used that as an attention getter to put feathers all over our store. Needless to say, we became very popular and a lot conversation throughout the community because in the winter months people would pick up the feathers on their boots, walk outside in the in snow and where you’d go in different places you’d always see pink feathers in the snow banks which was free advertising and people asked where they were from. That became, became our journey uh, Hoopdee Scootee was and became a destination store for many many people and our, our, um most recognized uh, reputation was uh, unique, different, and if we did anything we not only sold a lot of things, but we sold laughter and laughter became our identity. So, when people would come to town and say, we have to go to that store it’s the one with the legs, we gotta, it’s just crazy. Come in, the music’s loud but its fun and we used to have people stand in line to come into our store, we had a doorman and at one time we were up to 12 employees, um, its was great place for people to buy cards �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 2 and clothing and gifts. We even went into adult gag gifts um, but I would say the, the greatest thing about Hoopdee Scootee is that we always had product that nobody else had that was creative and different and that brought people in and exposed them to other things other than anchors and little, uh nautical town which is great, but we wanted to be a little bit different. KK: Okay, great. Um, why exactly did you choose Saugatuck? NA: By accident. Um, we both my partner Jim Yarro and myself lived in Chicago in downtown Chicago and I was a Vice President of Chicago Display Company and uh, the display company lost a major uh, account which was my responsibility, Im not going to take responsibility for losing the account but, we lost an account and I was not affordable to the company and being not only a Vice President there, I was also asked by the President of the company who I knew on a personal basis, if I would not resign but consider looking for a different position. So, we walked out and went to the Lake Michigan shores and sat there and Jim said to me, ‘What do you want to do?’ and I said, ‘You know I’ve always wanted to open up a gift store’ and I have a good education and uh, some degrees and I said, ‘I don’t know if I can do that, I think I should be going into the corporate world again’ and he said, ‘Well what would you like to do? I said, ‘I really would like to do this’ so he says, ‘I know of a town called Saugatuck that’s a resort town that we could go to’ and we came to Saugatuck, and we found out there was a place called the Douglas Dunes and we went to the Douglas Dunes and we spent the evening and walked around town and Linda Holmes showed us her building that was, that we leased with the option to buy and after being here 1 year, uh, we did buy the building from Linda and Hoopdee Scootee was off and running. KK: Okay, great. Um, what was your first impression of the area? NA: Well like anybody else there’s not much not to like here. Um, the ambiance of it, the quaintness of the town, um, and every small town everybody knows your secret before you do so therefore you got to be used to that. But other than that, it’s a it’s a destination town for people to enjoy life and this town certainly has all that to offer. KK: Good! Can you share any particular memories about living here? NA: Memories of living here, when we first got here there, we used to um, Marro’s and Linda and some of us we wanted fireworks and so we took jars and we wrapped them with paper and said ‘Fireworks Fund’ and we passed them out to everybody in town [clears throat] and some of the people in town donated more than other and we came up with enough money to have fireworks, better then what they had in the past. Then we promoted and went on the, the uh Venetian Weekend and got involved with so many things of people competing with boats and making that a celebration, another reason for people to come for a good time, um. We were very much involved in the Red Barn and for their 25th anniversary um, I, with Kyle, uh and Loretta created a birthday party celebration for their 50th anniversary and I collected some favors from the restaurants and everybody in town and asked if they would donate food, and prizes and we would have a fundraiser to buy new seats and air conditioning for the Red Barn, and on the 16th which was February, which was a June 15th we had a big party at the Red Barn the only problem was is that a lot of people had left and gone home for the weekend and we weren’t sure if we were going to have a successful event. As a result it was more than successful, people stayed over, we raised lots of money and the Red Barn benefited by a lot of hard effort from a lot of people. KK: Great, um, were there any places, restaurants or institutions that uh were kind of special to you? �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 3 NA: Yeah. Marro’s. And I will tell you why, not only was the food good and not only are they friends but I have friends that have restaurants that I’m not mentioning for no other reason but to answer this question. Marro’s was next door to us and a lot of people would come to our store and shop and look for cards and the rest and we were going to do a PA system into this thing to call Lynn and say, you know call us when their reservation is ready because they’re shopping in the store and I don’t want to lose the sale. So we worked off of their crowds and as a result, because of Marro’s they really helped our business to grow. KK: Yeah, well that’s, kind of when businesses can work together like that… NA: …True, true, true story. KK: Yeah, I believe you, I am, listen and remember your store, I spent a lot of money there. NA: Yeah, that’s why I could close and go to Florida. KK: Maybe at this point it would be uh, um, I’m going to ask you, would you please tell us the story about when the Hoopdee Scootee legs were stolen? [10:26] NA: Yeah I don’t remember the exact year but I know that I was um, the, the legs were, were very well known because they always put a smile on people’s faces and when the bus tours would come through they’d always come back, back to the store and they would take pictures, hang out the window and they would point to the legs if the Duck Boat was going around and ‘This is a destination of you haven’t been there’ but the legs became and identification to um, not only promoting our store but kind of for the town. Um, it’d be a little difficult probably today to do that, we didn’t get permission to put them out there, back then we didn’t need it and so we just hung these mannequin legs out and there was a time when, um women’s groups were really offended and against that because they were women’s legs and they wanted us to put men’s legs out there if we were going to have women’s legs. We had people picketing in front saying it wasn’t, uh, supposed to be up, that isn’t the rule of the town. So, we had to, to fight some adversity and not that we won, we were able to keep them up there for all these years. The legs, um, were stolen, and we weren't even aware of the fact until I was out in front of the store and some customer walked by and said, where your legs? I said, what do you mean? I looked up and I said, you know what, I have no idea. So I went in, I talked to Jim and Laura and they said no, and I said, you know what, I’m, I’m going to call a television station, because these legs are the identification to the town, and I'm also going to call the police department and let them know that something was stolen. And in the antrum thing, being a pretty much of a promotion guy and great part of my blood and thinking, I thought, I don't want to get the police here too soon without the television station being here. So I waited for the Kalamazoo television station, which is, it's left my name… KK: Yeah, its channel 17 I think. NA: Yes, and uh, I called them and told them, they said we'll be right down. So when they got there, I called the police. They were making the report and I asked the uh, young lady, if she would mind going up and sitting in the window where the legs were with her legs out and giving the newscast. And we were, we were lucky enough to get over six minutes on primetime TV at six o'clock, which I could never even afford to do, and it was a great discussion about the loss of the legs. Well, we offered a, a uh, �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 4 thousand, or I think it was $1500, something. A hoard of money for, for it and it was on the television quite a bit and it was talked about, it was quite the hub. Well, just so happens that um, one of the people in town that was uh, uh a regular, um, had swiped the legs as a joke and it got to be a little bit nervous for him because it started to get to be a big deal and now he didn't want any part of it. So he took the legs and threw them in the dumpster at Roly Peterson's yacht club at the north end of town. And when we found that out, um, I decided that I would call the channel to come down and write a story on them returning and I called the police department, they said, well, you can go and pick them up and I said I'm not picking these up, I need somebody to go over there, and so they did. And the policemen department was always good to us, always. They were always there when we needed them and they were our right hand of security in Saugatuck. And so, um, the guys came over to the store opened up the trunk, the legs were in the trunk, the, the television station was there, they got a picture of the legs. I had to back the car up so they get a picture of our name Hoopdee Scootee again and we were on television again. Then Labor Day weekend, Connie Chung, I believe, had a news thing and something to the order of concluding it with on a, uh, on a, on a lower, had something to the effect that with the legs being taken, she used it for part of her commentary. So she said, and on a lighter note to conclude the Memorial Day weekend, this is not the exact copy, but this is what I remember. Um, a, a small town in, in Saugatuck, Michigan, one of the stores have mannequin legs that were stolen and it was just kind of a kinky thing to bring up to, to end the weekend. So we not only got publicity from the television stations, we've got on national TV. My son in California called and said, geez Dad, I just saw your, your stuff on television. So that's how we began, it was a great store. It was a store where, um, uh, if you couldn't get a smile on your face, you were either having a bad day or you were crabby. [00:15:52] KK: Okay. You mentioned to me once before, uh, along with that story that the mannequin legs were somewhat damaged? NA: Yes. KK: Okay, so do you want to tell about that please? NA: Yeah, the, the legs had been damaged and there was, I don't know if it's still existing, but at that time the only mannequin repair place was in Michigan. So we sent the legs off to them and they repaired them and then they went back up. Every year she had a different outfit on, some years she was in gowns and tops. Other years she was in combat boots. It was a visual that you, as a result, people would come by to see what she had on the following year. Um, great promo, but a great thing for the city because, uh, at that as well put on smiles, on people's faces, just like the store did. KK: Okay, thank you. Uh, Neil, uh, did you have any contact with people from Oxbow? NA: Yes. KK: Okay, can you talk about that a little bit? NA: Um, Oxbow, Joyce Petter was one of the first people that I really meant when we came to town and she had beautiful galleries and she had beautiful um, art, and the more I researched and looked into it, I found out that Saugatuck is really a well-known and, um, superior, art town with many galleries and lots of creative input. Um, I lived in Milwaukee and I was at one time there, one of the chairs for the �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 5 Milwaukee Arts Festival. So I had had a, had a background um, in the arts and fundraising and the rest and um, pursued a number of different ways to promote art in the area. Um, attended the Oxbow celebrations, where, um, local artists and students were able to put their art on for sale and the local people and others who came, we'd buy it as a fundraiser. KK: Okay, great. Um, let's see uh, and this is going to be LGBT related because this is part of what we're doing uh, with the summer thing. NA: Okay. KK: Uh, well let's see well, well we talked about your first impressions of the area. Uh, were you aware when you moved here that the Saugatuck area was somewhat welcoming of the LGBT community at a time when other places we're not? NA: Absolutely. KK: Or, was it really at that time? NA: It was. KK: Okay. NA: And we knew of, of that and um, being a gay man with a partner, uh, I will not say I moved here because of the gay community, but it's certainly made our life a lot easier because um, of the fact that we were a gay couple. We had some problems in the beginning with those that either didn't understand or didn't want to understand and that was okay because, um, when you're a straight person in life and you don't choose to be gay, but you face the reality that you are, you then become a minority. And it's real tough when you like who you are and now you're a minority and then what you have to do is you get past all that. Well this town created that, where you didn't feel like a minority here. You were, you were a part of the community. We had people coming in from all, they drop off flowers, they’d bring in fish. It was like owning a student union and we had one lady uh, in town that had a difficult time with us being here. And uh, her name was Gladys Column and she owned stores, or she was an elderly lady, very nice, and she was next door. And whenever there were cigarette butts on the street or things that weren't right, she would come over and yell in our door and throw the cigarette butts in because we were a gay couple and she didn't want us to live there and say, oh, Gladys, now you need to take your medication, and we were always there to help her even though she was angry. So, um, Saugatuck is a town for everybody. Um, but it's a great place for, um, gay couples to be welcomed in to this city as today they are in most anywhere in the United States. [00:20:21] KK: Okay. What made uh, Saugatuck Douglas different from the other lakeshore communities? �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 6 NA: [Pause] It was small. Um, had really good history. Um, had great feelings when you were here because you had probably the number one beach in the whole United States. We've won lots of awards for that. Um, and the comfortability of meeting other gay people at that time, which wasn't as always so easy in other places. So, um, yeah, I would say that's the reason. KK: Great, uh, what were the local destinations for the LBGT community? Remember, we're going back, you know. NA: What were the local? KK: Yeah the destinations, where did they hangout? NA: Um, Douglas Dunes. It was the, it was the largest gay resort in the Midwest. Um, it was clean. It was classy. Uh, it, it represented the gay community and eliminated some of the stigmas of negative because it was a very positive, um, environment. It was well accepted, not totally, but within this community because Saugatuck being in the arts and having so much, uh, so many um, artistic, uh, places to go if they're not art galleries. But of courses you can take and, and creative people. And there's a lot of very educated, um, men and women that have had major jobs in this country who are very bright, who come here to live for the luxury of not only the visual of being here, but being in a community where there are other creative gay people and men with common denominators. I'm not saying this whole town is gay because it isn't. It's a town for everybody. KK: Okay, great. Uh, destinations that were uh, you know, LGBT friendly, what was it and where the advertised is LGBT friendly? NA: No, not to my knowledge. I mean, you don't have to, I'm a big person on not throwing something in somebody else's space. As they learn about the people here, then they become comfortable because of the people. KK: Great. Thank you. Um, be, um, well, I think you answered this, but I'm going to ask it any way. Beneath the surface, was Saugatuck Douglas accepting of the LGBT community and why or why not? NA: It, for myself, very much so. KK: Okay. NA: Um, there was one point in my life where I was, uh, I'm going to promote, uh, a weekend and I learned to do it when we did the parade for 4th of July. And I came up with a theme, Saugatuck makes me happy. And the idea was that whether you are gay, straight, little, big old or whatever, whatever makes you happy about Saugatuck dress up and be yourself. And there were some negatives because they said it was too much of a gay theme. And it became quite a conversation piece in town where some of the um, locals objected to it and some of the locals were in favor of it. And, um, I remember people getting up from the Council board and walking out and I thought, you know, what am I doing here? So I politely backed off because I had only been here for a short time. I didn't want to create any problems �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 7 for the city or for ourselves. And we decided to let it go. Other than that, we never had any, any confrontation. And as the time has gone on and where we are in 2018, um, there's a major comfortability factor for anybody to be here, gay or straight or whatever. KK: Okay, great. You don't have any memory of the blue tempo. You came here after that, didnt you? NA: Right. KK: Okay. So that we don't need to go there. And um, how would you describe Saugatuck Douglas to somebody who's never been here, and I know you've touched on that, so. NA: Well with the hub and the franchises an America and, and the texting and no one knows what a tree fort is. Nobody knows what it is to go fishing. Know what it is to take a walk in the woods. You don't know what it's to be on the beach. And I'm not saying I'm making this as a generalization, but today's society has changed and Saugatuck has all that and it's a great escape from a lot of things in life, stress and other things because you can come here and just enjoy life and all the god given things that we are able to, to uh, appreciate. Um, that's what I think Saugatuck is. I think that's why Saugatuck has been here for all the years. I think that's why it has survived the rollercoaster ups and downs of our country. And I know that it will survive just as long as it's been here for generations to come. That is my feeling. And I think that if you ask people, you would probably get about a 95%. Right. [00:25:48] Kk: Okay, uh, in what ways has the area changed over the time that you've been coming here? NA: Are’s changed in a number of ways. Because you know, people have opinions. And, um, if I were to uh, say that I came to Saugatuck, um, to, uh, be supported by a small town, um, that would be an unfair statement because you, you have a base and there are only so many people that can support you and if you're going to have a successful business, you need support from other parts of the United States, from Saint Louis, from Detroit, from Chicago, from Indianapolis, from northern Michigan. And that was our base. That was where we were bringing people in. And in the beginning we had the boat races and we had a lot of wealthy young, successful people coming to this town and they had dollars to spend. As time went on, generations changed the boat people weren’t coming. We had um, a time when motorcycles were big from Harley Davidson. And then there was a big push to bring families. It's a great family town. But today coming back, I see more families in Saugatuck than I ever have before. I think that that's great for the city as a retailer, I think its okay, because we need all denominations. Those with a lot of money to spend those with some money to spend. And those that don't want to spend any money. But I've seen the curve going towards more of a family directed city than it was when we first got here, and were in business. That's, that's really true. KK: And, was Hoopdee Scootee open all year? NA: No, we were open from April until Christmas. �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 8 KK: Oh, okay. NA: Um, and our business was strong and struck, was the strongest, um, in the summer months. We tried the, the winter business season in back in the good old days, um, it was difficult to sell all your Christmas stuff and have it in the basement for the next year and not have that money returning things. So we pretty much closed um, in October and had the luxury of going down to Florida where we live and then come back in the spring and we were open seven days a week. We're open every night until 10 o'clock. And because we had bills, we had people to, to take care of. KK: Yeah, I'm sure, you said you had a big staff. Um, let's see. Let me see what I have any, well you, you really covered uh, most of it. I guess one of the questions is, um, what was your impression of law enforcement in Saugatuck Douglas? And I know you touched that. NA: Well, law enforcement in Saugatuck Douglas, I, I, I, I was, we had two police departments. The Saugatuck Police Department was the police department that I was the closest to and I was the closest to them because I needed their security and support and we really supported them and they were a bunch of good Joe's and they were good policemen and they followed through and they made us feel secure. Personally at this particular time I find it, um, not as secure because of the change that was just made. Um, our manager who lives in Fennville, the policemen have to come from Allegan to come in and, and secure the people. Well, what is that? KK: So you're talking about the fact that Saugatuck got rid of its police department. NA: Yeah. KK: And is like contracting it out. NA: Right, I’m against that, I'm against it. I have a building here and I don't think it's for the better of the city or the people and with the tax base in this city, which is healthy in both cities, it costs a lot of money to live here, costs a lot of money to own a building, and those dollars should be going and allocated for our security as well. Not just garbage pickup or someone to take a trip. [00:30:19] KK: Okay. Thank you very much for, you know, telling me your feelings. I, I do understand because I live here too. Uh, who did you socialize with in the summer? NA: I didn't have any friends. Nobody liked me. No, I'm kidding. [Laughs] KK: I would find it impossible. NA: You have to say that. What did we socialize? Actually we socialized with our customers because we worked all the time. �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 9 KK: That’s what it sounds like. NA: We had, we, we owned a student union. If you went to college, or in high school, you ever had a student union where everybody meets? That's what our store was people. People, but they would come in and they would stay and they'd talk and they'd be there at 10 o'clock. Back then I could pour them a glass of wine and more wine they had the more they bought. Um, no, that was a joke, but it was true. Um, but it was, it was a place where we tried to create a social life, but unless you can pay back, if you're going to accept an invitation, you want to be able to pay back. And we didn't have that opportunity because we worked seven days a week. So it was, our store was our life. KK: Yeah. Well, and, and, and I know myself every, any time I’ve gone in there. You were there, so. NA: Yeah, I was. KK: Yeah. Uh, what are some of your hopes for the future for yourself? NA: My hope is for the town to keep growing, that we have a few franchises here which somehow snuck into this town. I fought hard to eliminate franchise, especially when the McDonald's, I don't have anything against to Mcdonald's. I have a lot against franchises coming into our town and taking away the ambiance of what Saugatuck is all about if you want to be out on the highway, you want to be somewhere else, but let's keep this little fishing village, a, a cute and quaint and as classy as it's always been. And um, my, my other hope is, is that, uh, people will always come here with the enjoyment of the experience of being here a short time or long time and come back another time. It's always been that way. That's been the history. Once you come to Saugatuck, you're going to come back. Yeah. And I like that for forever. KK: What do you think are some of the greatest needs currently facing the community? NA: [Pause] From a retail standpoint? I mean, we've been out of this for a couple of years. I always felt that there wasn't the coordination or, uh, I think competition builds business, but I never felt that there were many people that were all working on the same team. Um, if you were in, in, uh, business here and you were successful, uh, you are the target of trying to get what he had, where he was going, which is fine. But I, the community was never one where all the retailers other than the associations we were with, um, really supported each other and said a lot of nice things. It’s all competition. That's fine, because I'm going to win because that's how I feel. KK: Yeah. NA: Um. KK: Okay. NA: Yeah. �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 10 KK: No, I understand what you're saying. Uh, remembering that this interview will be saved for a long time. When uh, when someone listens to this tape 50 or more years from now, what would you most like them to know about your life and the community right now? NA: Well, my life is um, spectacular. Um, I could've stayed in the corporate world, but I chose to go into a more creative world, which was 35 years of my life. I have the good fortune of having a son and a daughter. And through that I have two grandsons that um, are keeping me and will keep me younger and thought and mind. So I have that luxury, and now I have the luxury of making an interview and talking openly and honestly so that someday when my grandkids come to this town, they'll see those legs hanging, and they'll have seen some information from my son and they could listen to a recording of their grandfather and say, yeah, that was exactly who he was. KK: Well, let me, you know, for, for posterity here, let's talk about where are the legs now? NA: The legs are now here at the school. KK: Okay. [00:35:00] NA: We had, we had um, many options because they were a popular thing and uh, we were going to donate it to the um, fundraiser for the gay community, which does a lot for, um, a lot of people in this community that was started by Carl Jennings and Larry Gammon years ago, which we all support and still do. And there were other organizations for, um, cancer and for a number of things, but we felt that the best thing would be to have the legs because we were here for such a long time and we were at destination store. We got letters from different senators complimenting us when we closed the store, that it was a destination for store for Michigan and that we were complimented on bringing a lot of people to share, not only Saugatuck, but the other things that Michigan had to offer. So it was a nice reward. KK: And uh, by the way. We're really, really pleased to have them here, they are hanging in our stairwell. NA: In pink! KK: Yup. And uh, she's got quite an outfit on. NA: Yeah, and she’s not wet in the rain. KK: [Laughs] But uh, you know, at the, they still are here for people to come and see. NA: Right. So when you come to the library, take a look at the legs, there's a wonderful little plaque down there and we're soon going to have some other information, for you to read. KK: Okay. Uh, any advice for a young person who may listen to this tape? �Neil Atherton – Interviewed by Ken Kutzel July 27th 2018 11 NA: Yeah. Go with your dream. You can, there's nothing you can't do if you want to do it. I, I love money and I am a materialistic guy and I gave all that up to come here and sell stuff. When my father saw this store the first time when he came to visit, he loved the town cause the golfer, he was a golfer. So this was a great town. But he said, what are you doing? You got all this education, you got a store full and nothing anybody needs, why are you doing this? You got a family to support what you're doing? So go with your dreams and there's no free lunch, no free lunch. You got to work for it and you've got to work hard. KK: Okay. And you know, uh, kind of to finish up, is there anything else that you'd like to share that I might not have asked you about? NA: Um, yeah, the good health and wishes of anybody that comes here so they enjoy the day. KK: Thank you. Uh, Neil, thank you so much for sharing your memories with me. And, uh, this concludes our interview. NA: Thanks. [00:37:46] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-AthertonN-20190727 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atherton, Neil D. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Neil Atherton (Audio interview and transcript), 2018 Description An account of the resource Neil Atherton grew up in Illinois near Milwaukee and came to Saugatuck in the early 1980s. He and his partner Jim Yarro operated the gift shop Hoopdee Scootee from 1982 to 2016. In this interview, Atherton reminisces about Hoopdee Scootee, creative advertising, the art community, and being openly gay in a small town. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kutzel, Ken (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Gay men Sexual minorities Oral history Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Stories of Summer project, Kutsche Office of Local History. Grand Valley State University Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f47154ec94c9ba36b9cb92a6acac95c4.pdf 45301a1383f937453c756cc858082353 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sermones [folium 84] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_084Augustinus1494 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo Description An account of the resource One leaf from Sermones by Aurelius Augustinus with additions by Sebastian Brant. I: Sermones ad heremitas; II: Sermones de verbis Domini; III: Sermones de verbis apostoli; IV: Sermones in epistolam Johannis; V: Quinquaginta; VI: Sermones de tempore; VII: Sermones de sanctis. Printed in Basel by Johann Amerbach in 1494-1495. [GW 2920; ISTC ia01308000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Johann Amerbach Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1494/1495 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brant, Sebastian (additions) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/608426cbb6d84d877e63f07a3fd9241e.pdf 87af2ce3da0b1c47db343ed3c946bb14 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource De civitate dei [folium 104] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_104Augustinus1494 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo Description An account of the resource One leaf from De civitate dei by Aurelius Augustinus. Printed in Freiburg im Breisgau by Kilianus Piscator (Fischer) in 1494. [GW 2890; ISTC ia01246000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Freiburg im Breisgau: Kilianus Piscator (Fischer) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1494 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/89d9c1aa6bca35333f755779c75d3f73.pdf 4f21a0a22b45f1866a26edf411b63f74 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Explanatio psalmorum [folium 179] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_179Augustinus1493 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo Description An account of the resource One leaf from Explanatio psalmorum by Aurelius Augustinus. Printed in Venice by Bernardinus Benalius on August 4, 1493. [GW 2910; ISTC ia01273000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Bernardinus Benalius Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1493 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a383c0626ac041ffd7b24520e47dbcf4.pdf 3872de7a2682524991c3f8d30ca4eac8 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Opuscula [folium 28] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_028Augustinus1491 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustinus, Aurelius Description An account of the resource One leaf of Opuscula by Aurelius Augustinus. Printed in Strassburg by Martin Flach in 1491. Illustrated with red and blue rubricated initials. [GW 2868; ISTC ia01221000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Martin Flach Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Augustinus, Aurelius Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1491 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5d5a4deec88fadfd022c3b45c39d99dc.pdf 2b147b9252e3158b55a6d655e79e496f PDF Text Text , • Central Sta·tes mateur Rowin ssociation Re atta Auspices Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club, Peoria, Ill. July 7th and· 8th - OFFICERS:-O. H. Huehn, President, St. Louis, Mo.; Warren Hartzell, · Vice-President, Quincy, Ill.; W. L. Hal tinner, Secretary, St. Louis, Mo.; E. Mutz, Treasurer, Quincy, Ill.; J. A. Hadwiger, Chicago, Ill.; A. T. Griffith, Peoria, Ill.; G. Minges, St. Louis, Mo., T. Umbright, St. Louis, Mo., Directors. \ . t' MEMBERS:-Lincoln Park Boat Club, Chicago, Ill.; Detroit Boat Club, Detroit, Mich.; Mound City Rowitlg Club, St. Louis, Mo.; Central Rowing Club, St. Louis, Mo.; North Side Boat Club, Quincy, Ill.; Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe. Club,· Grand Rapids, Mich.; Western Rowing Club, St. Louis, Mo.; Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club, Peoria, Ill.; ·- . Baaen Ro\v1ng Club, St. Louis, Mo.; St. Louis _Rowing Club, St. Louis, Mo.; North Side Rowing Club, St. Louis, Mo.; South Side Boat Club, '~ Quincy, Ill.; Culvert Military Academy, Culver, Ind. CLUB COLORS Detroit Boat Club ...................... Navy Blue and White Baden Rowing Club ..................... Red, White and Blue Central Rowing Club ..................... Pale Blue and White 1 Mound City Rowing Club ................. ·.. Orange and Black St. Louis Rowing Club ......................... Black and Red Western Rowing Club .................. .: Navy Blue and White ._,....__ .._ ..... -- " - -- Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club ......... Maroon and White Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club ........... Blue and White Lincoln Park Boat Club ................. Navy Blue and White Culver Military Academy ..................... Blue and White . All races will be run on a straightaway -course . • .. �- • • • t ' • , \ CITIZE ELCO < ·. .... SHIP ES YOU · - . TO OUR REG TTA 0 BE UTIFUL , .. • - �Events for F'riday, July 7th 1: 30 P. 1\-1.-Duck Race. 3:45 P. M.-Crab Race-Canoe. 2:00 P. M.-4-0ared Lap Streak Boat Race; Peoria Sea Sco11ts; ¼-1\'Iile. • R.ed Crew-H. Howeler, L. Means, C. Cheatham, P. Knappen. Blue Crew-H. Low, J. Babb, W. Mattl1e,vs, R. Woolsteen, L. Ball, substitute. 4·00 P. 1\11. llalf-Mile Dash for Ji7 ours. Century Boat Club,-0. J. Belzer, bow; A. G. Heyne, G. Brannon, R. A. Abeken, stroke; Substitutes, W. Herde, ,.\. Eilers . Baden Rowing Club,-Willard Slack, bow; Walter DeBrunner, Russell Foster, Ed Scl1midt, stroke; Substitutes, M. Uhlmann, E. Schmidt. Western Rowing Club,-Al Wingenbach, bow; M. Schenk, L. Martin, Ed Ricke11berg, stroke; Substitutes, J. Fehr, E. Brauch, W. Dehmer. . St. Louis Rowing Club,-N. Dickman, bow; W. Bentlage, T. O'Donnell, R. Johnson, stroke; S11bstitutes, H. ~uss, R. Ferrell. Nortl1 End Rowing Club-Wm. Hoppe, bow; El'. Brunk, T. Biernaki, R. W. Brunk, stroke; Substitutes, C. Bucl1miller, H. E. Rose. Central Rowing Club,-"'\V. Kalz, bow; 0. Armoniett, A. Schultz, H. Schneider, stroke; Substit11tes, H. Crawford, A . Scharfenberger, L. Dunn. , Grand Rapids Boat · and Canoe Club-R. Davis, bow;., W. Young, M. Bursma, A. Hoek, stroke. Detroit Boat Club-D. S. Cleveland, bow; M. E. Lane, K. J. Rankin, C. E. Otter, stroke; Substitute, S. B. Hartman . 2:80 P. M.-Junior Fou.r Sl1ell; 1 Mile. Baden Rowing Club-Willard Slack, bow; Walter DeBrunner, Russell Foster, Ed Schmidt, stroke; Substitutes, M. Uhlmann, El. Schmidt. Western Rowing Jlub-Al Wingenbach, bow; M. Schenk, L. l\!Iartin, Ed Ricke11berg, stroke; Substitutes, J. Fehr, E. Brauch, W. Dehmer. .---St. Louis Ro,ving Club,-N. Wisman, bow; Wm. Wolfe, Milton Ruhr, H. DeVries, stroke; Substitute, F. Burke. 'North End Rowing Club-Wm. Hoppe, bow; E. Brunk, T. Biernaki, R. W. Brunk, stroke; Substitutes, C. Buchmiller, H. E. Rose. Central Rowing Club-"'\1/m. Kalz, bow; 0. Armoniett, A. Schultz, H. Schneider, stroke; Substitutes, H. Crawford, A. Scl1arfenbergen, L. Dunn. Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club - R. Davis, bow; W. Y oun,1;, M. Bursma, A. Hoek, stroke. Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club-Crew No. 1, Howard Raymond, stroke; El. C. Moeller, W. Breymeier, W. Elsesser, bow. Crew No. 2, Leo Weber, stroke; Art McLoughlin, Lyman Bro,vn, Elmer Flood, bo,v; Substitutes, Russell Kelly, E. B. Meals. Detroit Boat Club-Geo. Forman, bow; W. J. McBrearty, C. A. Chidsey, G. R. Loel1r, stroke; Substitutes, A. E. Horne, E. E. Robbins. I " " • ~ Won by • Won by 3:00 P. M . -Junior Single Sl1ell; 1 Mile. Baden Rowing Club-Willard Slack. · -Western Rowing Club-F. l\!Iuckler. Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club-A. Davies. Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club,-Royal Graham, Mnrk Olson; Substitute, P. Z. Horton, 0. W. Krueger. .- - · ·-Betroit Boat "Club-1:M. E. Lane. Lincoln Park Boat Club,-Fred Reichers, Robt. Meals, Sub.stitute, Albert Palm. I J; 3:30 P. 1\1.,-Junior Six Oared Barge; ¾-Mile. Baden Ro,ving Club,-R. Burgdorf, A. Palmer, C. Schargen, E. Gutzman, M. Uhlman, E. Schmidt; S11bstitutes, Ed Schmidt, Geo. Braunhof, Harry Braunhof, T. Droh1·, Cox. Western Rowing Club-Al Wingenbach, W. Dehmer, E. Brauch, M. Schenk, L. Marti11,--..Ed Rickenberg, A. R. Schulz, Cox; Substitutes, M. Weber, J. Fehr, R. Holman. North End Rowing Club,-Crew No. 1, L. Shelton, E. Brunk, T. Biernaki, C. Buchmiller, W. Hoppe, R. W. Brunk, J. Shelton, Cox. Crew No. 2, C. Zoller, J. Hotfelder, C. Bates, A. Stevens, F. Kelly, F. Wiedle, H. Goodman, Cox; Substitute, H. E. Rose, 0. Wegman, F. Crancer, (for both crews). Central Rowing Club-C. Powitzky, H. Crawford, I. Malter, -1 · A. Scharfenberger, K. Hollingsworth, E. Busking, E. Zimmermann, Cox; Substitutes, I. Newmark, D. Clark. ) T 1m e • • 1 :30 P. M . -Duck Race. • • ········-;;.j~·, ·······················:······"······,···• ............~ ....... - • . 2:30 P. 1\1.-Senior Four-Oared Shell; 1 l\Iile. Century R.owing Club,-0. J. Belzer, bow; A. G. Heyne-, G. Brannon, R. Abeken, stroke; Substitutes, W. Hertle, A. Eilers. . Baden Rowing Club,- Willard Slack, bow; W. DeBruner, R. Foster, Ed Schmidt, stroke; Substitute, M. Ul1lman, E. Schmidt. St. Louis Rowing Club- N. Dickman, bow; W. Bentlage, 'I'. O'Donnell, R. Johnson, stroke; Substitutes, H. Buss, R. Ferrell. North End Rowing Club,-W. Hoppe, bow; E. Brunk, T. Biernaki, R. Brunk, stroke; Substitutes, C. Buchmiller, H. Rose. Central Rowing Club - W. Kalz, bow; 0. Armoniett, A. Schultz, H. Scl1neider, stroke; S11b.stitutes, H. Crawford, A. Scharfenberger, L. Dunn. "Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club•-Crew No. 1, Howard Raymond, stroke; El. W. Moeller, W. Breymeier, E. Elsesser, bow. Crew No. 2, L. Weber, stroke; A. McLoughlin, L. Brown, E. Flood, bow; Substitutes, R. Kelly, E. M:eals, Mark Olson, P. Z. Horton, 0. W. Krueger, (for both crews). Detroit Boat Club,-D. S. Cleveland, bow; M. Lane, K. Ran- -lti.n, .C .....Qttei; stroke;. Substitute, S. Hartman. Time: ................................................................................................................................................................. 2:45 P. M . -Tail End Canoe Race~ ,, ). ' l j I I I •" · ···· · ··············-········-····-·······-····· ~ ,.1~·•.,...................................................................................... •· ..... -·•· •············ •·,- 4:45 P. M.-.Four l\len.-Oanoe Race; 1¼-Mile. 5:00 P. 1\-1.-Junior Eight Oared Shell. . Baden Boat Club,-M. Uhlma11, bo,v; L. Tringle, W. DeBrun,- . er, A. Palmer, 1.V-iliard S1ack, Ed Scl1midt, R. I<.,oster, E. Schmidt, stroke; ·T. Drol1r, Cox; Substitt1tes, R. Burgdorf, C. Schurgan, G. Braunl1of, Harry Braunl1of. Nortl1 End Rowing Club,-L. Shelton, bo,v; F. WiE;idle, F . Relly, C. Bucl1miller, T. Biernaki, E. Brunk, E. E. Rose, R. W. Brunk, stroke; J. Shelton, Cox; Substitutes, W. I-Ioppe, C. Bates, A. Stevens, J. Hotfelder. • . Central Rowing Club-"\V. Kalz, bo,v; H. Crawford, I. Malter, 5. Armoniett, K. Hollingsworth, E. Busking, A. Schultz, H. Schneider, stroke; T. Luko,.vsky, Cox; Substitutes, A. Scl1arfenberger, C. Po,vitzky, D. Clark. . . Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club- H. MacMillan, bow; W. Young, M. Bursma, Geo. Donker, P. Thorndyke, D. Tanis, A. Hoek, R. Davis, stroke. Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club-Howard Raymond, stroke; E. "'\V. Moeller, W. Breymeier, W. E 'l sesser, Leo Weber, A. McLaughlin, Lyman Brown, E. Flood, bow; C. Anderson, Cox; ,Substitute, R. Kelly, E. Meals. .~ •--Detroit Boat Club,- Cre,v No. 1, A. E. H:orne, bow; G. Forman, G. Lawrence, J. Lenover, H. Mack, C. Chidsey, G. Loehr, C. 1\-'.IcKellar, stroke; D. Salot, Cox; Substitutes, E. Robbins, W. McBrearty, V. Wehmeir, H. Smitl1. Crew No. 2, B. Clark, bo,v; C. Lyon, R. Anderson, J. Hamlin, ✓.Wehmeier, E. Robbins, W. McBrearty, H. Smith, stroke; W. Bourke, Cox; Substitute, G. Laurence, G. Forman, A. Horne, J. Lenover. Won by ............................... ,................. ,h;··, ...................................,..., ........ ~····· ............................ . _ ""· -- ,._. 7. -::·.1.:~, ~ ~ • 1 -F. f:__ 1 :~ ~ ..... ... . . . s-:: .• • . . .j r ••·- ""·~--- "" -- eo• • • 1 " • Time: . ·-···············•............................................................: .. ·····•······ ... ···....................................................................... . 4: 30 P. J\,I . -Quarter-1\Iile Dash.-Single Shell. . Baden Rowing Club,-W. Slack. Western Rowing Club-~!!,,_, Muckier . North End Rowing Club,-H. E Rose; Substitute, R. W. Brunk. Central Rowing Club-J. J. Martin, H. Hartmann. ~~ Gra11d Ra.,ids Boat and Canoe Club,-J. Kortla11der, J. Peterson, A. Davies~, Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club-P. Z. Horton, Mark 0:1_,c:lon; Substitutes, R. Gral1am, 0. W. Krueger. . Detroit Boat Club-M. E. Lane, H. A. Clarke, S. B. Hartman. , • Lincoln Park Boat Club,-R. H. Green, J. B. Salem. Won by ...............................................,...................................................................................................................... !.. . . . . . . ~...:. . . . )o••··········........... ~ ........-:........... ........... r.............................................................., Time : ................. 4: 45 P. M . -Tl-\'O Men Canoe Race. 5:00 P. M.,-Senior Eight-Oared Shell; 1¼-Mile. Ce11tury Ro,ving Club F. Westerman, bow; A. Eilers, 0. Belzer, F. Haarstick, W. Herde, A. Heyne, G. Brannon, R. Abeker1, stroke; W. -Schmalz, Cox; Substitutes, C. Heyne, W. Gardner, J. Buder, H. Leiber. Baden Ro,ving Club,-M. Uhlman, bow; L. Tringle, W. DeBrunner, A. Palmer, W. Slack, E. Schmidt, R. Foster, E. Schmidt, stroke; T. Drohr, Cox; Substitutes, G. Oonk, R. Burgdorf, C. Schargen. St. Louis Rowing Club--N. Dickman, bow; W. Bentlage, P. Minney, R. Ferrell. T. O'Donnell, H. O'Brien, N. Buss, R. Johnson, stroke; J. Cuddy, Cox; Substitu.tes, W. Wisman, H. DeVreis, v\7 • Wolf, M. Ruhr. North End Rowing Club-L. Shelton, bo,v; F. Wiedle, F. I{elly, C. Buchmiller, T. Biernaki, E. Brunk, H. E. Rose, R. W. , Brunk, stroke; J. Shelton, Cox; Substitl1tes, W. Hoppe, C. Bates, A. Stevens, J. Hotfelder. · Central Ro,ving Club-:__W, KA.lz, bow; H. Crawford, r.,. Dunn, 0. Armoniett, K. Hollin,gs,vorth, E. Busking, A. Schultz, H. Schneider, stroke; T. Lukowsky, Cox; Substitutes, I. Malter, A. Scl1arfenberger, C. Powitzky, E. Zimmermann. Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club,-M. MacMill~n, b<>w; W. Young, M. Bursma, Geo. Donker, P. Thorndyke, D. Tanis, A. 1-Ioek, R. Davis, stro~e. · . Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club-H;. Raymond, stroke; E. Moeller, W. Breymeier W. Elsesser, L. Weber, A. McLoughlin, L. Brown, E. Flood, bow; C. Anderson, Cox; Substitutes, Marlt Olson, P. Z. Horton, 0. W. Krueger, R. Kelly, E. B. Meals. Detroit Boat Club - Crew No. 1, F. A. Lyon, bow; R. T. 1-Iarris, H. R. Noack, L. C. Collinson, T. Williams, C. B. Aldrich, G. C. Marxer, E. M. Everham, stroke; H. M. Cotton, Cox. Crew No. 2, A. E. Horne, bo,v; G. Forman, G. S. Laurence, J. E. Lenover, H. J. Mack, C. A. Chidsey, G. R. Loel1r, C. C. McKellar, stroke; D. G. Salot, Cox; Substitutes, S. B. Hartman, H . A•. Clarke, S. Reekie, M. E. Lane. 3: 15 P. M.-Aeroplane Canoe Race. 3:30 P. M . -Senior Six-Oa1•ed Barge; ¾-1\file. Baden Rowing Club,-W. DeBrunner, bow; L. Tringle, W. Slack, Ed Schmidt, R. Foster, E. S'c l1midt, stroke; T. Drohr, Cox; Substitutes, W. Uhlman, G. Oonk, A. Palmer. Western Rowing Club-W. A. Wingenbach, bow; W. Dehmer, E. Brauch, M. Schenk, L. Martin, E. Rickenberg, stroke; A. Schulz, Cox; Substitutes, M. Weber, J. Fehr, R. Holman. St. Louis Rowing Club-N. Dickman, bow; W. Bentlage, T. O'Donnell, R. Ferrell, N. Buss, R. Johnson, stroke; J. Cuddy, Cox; Substitutes, N. Wisman, H. DeVries, P. Minney. North End Rowing Club,-Crew No. 1, L. Shelton, bow; E. Brunk, T. Biernaki, C. Buchmiller, W. Hoppe, R. W. Brunk, stroke; J. Shelton, Cox; Substitutes, C. Bates, A. Stevens, F. Kelly. Central Rowing Club-W. Kalz, bow; 0. Armoniett, L. Dunn, K. H;ollingsworth, A. Schultz, Hi. Schneider, T. Lukowsky, Cox; Substitutes, H. Crawford, A. Scharfenberger, C. Powitzky, E. , Busking. "\Von by ....................................... ............... ........... ................;..'......... ......................................................................... 1 't --/ ...................................................................................~................. ,............ .,.; . ,. ............................................. 4 • 4:00 P. M.-1Senior Double Shell; 1 J\,lile. Western Rowing Club-H. Vogler, bow; A. Mluckler, stroke; Substitute, F. Muckler. Won by :................................................................................................................................................................. . . ·r .. Won by .......................................... ·····-····..................................................................................... ~ ............... . . . T 1m e : ............................................................................................................................................................. . 3:45 P. M . -Hurry Scurry Canoe Race. - Central Rowing Club -- J. J. Martin, bow; H. Hartmann, stroke. Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club-J. Kortlander, bow; J. Peterson, stroke, Detroit Boat Club,-H. R. Noack, bow; S. B. Hartman, stroke. l,incoln ·Park Boat Club- R. H. Green, stroke; J. B. Salem, how; A. C. Palm, stroke; F. Reichers, bow; Substitutes, A. Johnson, R. Meals. 1 • 1 Time : 9 ·····••··•·················· · 1 4: 15 P. M.-S"\\'imming · and Diving. • '"" • • LI.,.., f" / , ,,,· Tl'me.' •.,..~.,.......... ··~-•-···~--~-·-- ! 3:00 P. M.,-Senior Single Sl1ell; 1 Mile. Baden Rowing Club,-Willard Slack. Western Rowing Club,-A. Mucltler. Central Rowing Clt1b-J. J. Martin, H. Hartmann . Gra.nd Rapids Boat and Canoe Club - J. Kortlander, J. Peterson. Detroit Boat Club-S. Hartman, M. E. Lane, H. A. Clark. Lincoln Park Boat Club-R. H. Green, J. B. Salem. North End Ro,ving Club - H. E. Rose; Substitute, R. W. ' Brunk. • ' Events for Satt1rday, July 8th. Won by .................................................................................................................... ~........... _.... .......................... • I T1 me : ................. ,............~ ......... ·················-·················-···-···-······--····················································································--··· '•···· 1 ........!:/:.../.:'."-'......... t:.:l............................. ·-,···········•:..L....................... :.:·· ....... "" ................,. ... ... ············,··..... ,.......... ,....I'I....... ,................ ..... .I~ • ~Y .........·-·············:·····....................~ . a 3: 15 P. M . -T,vo Men Standing (Gun,vale) ~on ~ Western Rowing Club,-F. Muckler, R. Holman; Substitute, E-. Brauch. ---Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club-A. Davies, H. H,artwick. Illinois Valley Yacl1t and Canoe Club,-·P. Z. Horton, 0. W . Krueger; Substitutes, Mark Olson, Royal Graharn. Detroit Boat Club - C. B. Aldrich, E. M. Everham; Substitutes, G. C. Marxer, F. A. Lyon. Lincoln Park Boat Club,-F1·ed H. Reichers, Albert C. Palm; Substitute, Robt. Meals. •~ 2:45 P. M.-Single Padlle Canoe Race. Time: .................. ,......................................................... . • • . • ------······------------··-------···············--···················-·····················································-·••-·········-········· ~~ 4 Won by ....~---··· ···-:: .......................................................................................... ....................................... ,_ • •···· ··· ............ ·······--·······--· ..........................................................-............... ---·~···· ............-..................... ;l,:1.5 P. J\,f.-S,vimming and Diving. \ ' ' 4:30 P. M.,-Junior Do11ble Shell; 1 1\-lile. "'1..,. on by ........................... ___ ........... __ _._ ... :............. _____________________________ .____ .. ___ ...................... _.................... . • ~ ................ ;.;···· ·""·7 ·····~··············•· .. ·····•· . .. m· .J.1; 1 me : A Time: • ,,,,. l Won by .............................................................. ............................................................................................ . • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club Description An account of the resource Scrapbooks of newsclippings, photographs, postcards, and ephemera of the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club. Photos were taken at regattas on Reeds Lake; the Grand River; Peoria, Illinois; and in Chicago of club members, and events. Historical articles, reports of regatta events, and articles featuring members Charles McQuewan and Jack Corbett are included. Programs include the First Grand Regatta on Great Salt Lake 1888, and Peoria Rowing Festival, and banquet and music programs and the GR Log, a publication of the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club. Materials from the Central States Amater Rowing Association, and the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen are also included. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1980s to 1940s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/481">Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club scrapbooks, (RHC-54)</a> Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Boats and boating Racing shells Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-54 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-54_Ephemera-GRRC_E05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Auspices Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907 Title A name given to the resource Central States Amateur Rowing Association Regatta Program Description An account of the resource Fold-out pamphlet describing the competing rowing clubs and the daily schedule of events for Friday and Saturday. Many of the events are filled in with pencil of how many points the races were won by and how long they took. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Grand Rapids Rowing Club Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Boats and boating Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/481">Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club scrapbooks (RHC-54)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/404dfab82d7c06c655cd4cfceae8a6ef.mp4 a2b9c8197c11f89b7d5d1092e0055a9d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8368799d13a55dc8fabc425e6f3c431a.pdf 79be75ffd2affd3c2f457546d4fee06c PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Jack Austhoff (31:42) Pre-Enlistment • Born September 15, 1948 (0:25) • Born in Grand Rapids, MI (0:35) • Attended different schools for K-9 (0:45) • Attended Caledonia High School (1:20) • Has a child living in Woodstock, GA (1:45) • Two other children live in the Grand Rapids area (2:00) • Graduated from Caledonia in 1966 (2:45) Enlistment • Enlisted in the Army in 1967 (2:50) • He and a friend joined together under the buddy system (3:15) • Boot camp was a little scary (3:40) • Very different from what he was used to (3:50) • There was a lot of running, formations, long marches (4:20) • Had very tough instructors (4:30) • Knew there was an end to boot camp, which made it bearable (5:00) • Served in the Vietnam War (5:20) • Spent a year and a half in Germany (5:30) • Served more time in Stockton, CA (5:45) • There were many riots in Germany at the time (6:45) • Was a repair parts specialist in Germany (7:00) • Began working on early computers while in Germany (7:30) • Did not see combat (7:40) • Best tour of duty was while in Stockton (8:30) • Had temporary duty for Presidio, San Francisco (8:45) • Had training on Saturdays for different things, as well as his normal clerical duties during the week (9:40) • Had a great time while in California (10:00) • Did not receive any medals other than service and sharpshooter medals (10:30) • Stayed in touch with family through phone calls (10:50) • Food in Germany was different than America food (11:15) • Had really bad food in Basic Training (11:40) • Was in a supply unit, so was never without supplies (12:00) • Had bowling alleys and movie theaters to keep them entertained (12:50) • Had a chance while in Germany to go to Augsburg, and had a month of convalescent leave (14:00) • Visited an exchange student from high school who lived in northern Germany (14:15) • Made some great friends in the Army, and was respected by his peers (16:00) �• • Was very excited to get out of the military (16:40) Was discharged in California (17:20) Post-Enlistment • Came back to Michigan and bought a brand new car with his discharge money (17:54) • Did not go to college when he came back, went straight to work (17:50) • Installed security systems in banks when the FDIC was formed (18:40) • Had several close friends in the Army, but one committed suicide (19:10) • Belongs to the American Legion (19:30) • Is not heavily involved with the American Legion due to his job (20:30) • Does not regret going in to the service (20:50) • Retains the discipline he learned in the military (21:15) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Austhof, Jack (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Austhof, Jack Description An account of the resource Jack Austhof, born on September 15, 1948, enlisted in the US Army in 1967 during the Vietnam War with a friend under the Army's buddy system. He spent a year and a half in Germany as a repair parts specialist in a supply company. He did not see combat, but saw rioting in Germany. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Bowen, Sara (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-12-08 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AusthofJ Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7058483ad99b190e2d369bd4e3d9f2db.pdf 85aa0517ce8afde77c5768a5b98753ed PDF Text Text ����� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW92-10-7 Title A name given to the resource Letter from D.S. Austin to his brother Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1865-09-14 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Austin, D. S. Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Sandstone (Mich. : Township) Romeo (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Letter from D.S. Austin from Sandstone, Michigan to his brother Asa H. Austin in Romeo, Michigan, Sept. 14, 1865. Letter is an update on the family. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7e634b14ea73733b8ce278fe3d666a39.mp4 16cff773a8660eb41c54a271fe0f12be https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9d0dacc5ea88d46258bcadad3b2f4f2e.pdf abfaf8814dff21d0ddb4ba26654a21ea PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Randy Austin (39:08) (00:15) Background Information • • • • • Randy was born in Paw Paw, MI on December 30, 1945 He grew up on a grape farm and graduated from high school in 1964 He continued working on the farm and was drafted in 1965 He was sent to Fort Wayne in Detroit where he went through screening and took many physical tests He had not been happy about being drafted and did not know much about what was going on in Vietnam (2:30) Basic Training in Fort Knox, KY for 8 weeks • • • • • • He began training in the winter and was beat down a lot and felt like he was being brain washed It was hard for Randy to adjust and there were many men who were constantly picked on He began weapons training with M-14s He took two weeks on leave in April to see his family Randy was talked into joining for one more year, so spent three years into the Army altogether Randy then began working on aviation electronics (6:20) New Jersey • • • • • • Randy was transferred to a very nice base in New Jersey, which was like the “country club of the Army” After one week he was transferred to Fort Gordon in Georgia because his enlistment in aviation electronics superseded his draft orders Had he stayed in New Jersey, he would have ended up working on communications in Panama Georgia was very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter; he was there for 26 weeks They slept outside in Augusta in tents during the winter Randy then began basic training with electronics for 10 weeks (10:00) Two Years in Germany • Randy flew a commercial flight from New Jersey to Germany • They landed in Frankfurt and then took a train to a base in West Germany �• • • • • Randy was doing many odd jobs in addition to working with electronics No one had to work on KP because they took money out of their own paychecks to pay civilians to do the job Randy was working in headquarters with the maintenance battalion He was working on maintaining tanks and armament repair He eventually became an aviation electronics technician (16:40) Every Day Activities • There were not too many supervisors on the base • Randy had his own car and often traveled • He used his ID card for his passport and often went to France • He found that Spain had the most secure border • Randy took leave every chance he got and traveled all over Europe • He found that Europeans were very nice to Americans • No Europeans were worrying about the Soviets or the Cold War • Many men were worried that they would be pulled from their service and sent to Vietnam • They often heard the news of what was going on in Vietnam and it was always bad (20:40) Guard Duty • During guard duty, nothing interesting happened and Randy just stood around in the cold • It was always very hard to stay awake • His superiors had tried to get him to enlist longer, but there was no way he would do it • Many of the men Randy worked with flew their wives to Germany to live off base • They had inspections by the General every Saturday • Randy felt that the army was like gym class all day long; you did not want to do it, but looking back, it was not that bad (24:25) Discharge • They received the Stars and Stripes magazine and got TV news through the military, but it was all censored • Randy was discharged in a timely manner and got back to the US shortly after • Randy had three older brothers in the service during the Korean War • After being discharged he began working on the family farm again • He then began working for Michigan Bell � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Austin, Randy (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Austin, Randy Description An account of the resource Randy Austin was born in Paw Paw, Michigan on December 30, 1945 and was drafted shortly after graduating high school in 1965. He was not happy about being drafted and expected to be sent to Vietnam. Instead he began training in aviation electronics and was sent to a base in Germany to work on electronics maintenance for an armored unit. He said the base in Germany was very laid back and he took every moment he had off to travel around in Europe. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-05-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AustinR Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f9183abecf9bb09bba80044df7c2c6e7.mp4 15352bbab56053f4446def473ecf8b8d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b412f7e059241c97029f9e8e1f5282e.pdf 629519449e0070b650bc76dc68471ad2 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW ROBERT AUSTIN Born: Grand Rapids, Michigan Resides: Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, October 2, 2011 Interviewer: Now, Mr. Austin can you start out by telling us a little bit about yourself? Where and when were you born? I was born in Grand Rapids and six months after I was born my folks moved to Grandville, Michigan. I lived in Grandville until the depression. My dad lost the house and they moved us out onto a farm, I lived on a farm. Interviewer: What kind of work had your father been doing? My dad was a car salesman, and of course he lost his job. Interviewer: Whose farm did you go to live on? He rented one, and then us kids—then we started eating good because we grew our stuff, but when we were in the city there we didn’t eat very good. We had to go barefoot in the summer because we couldn’t wear out our shoes and if our shoes wore out we had to cut cardboard and stuff it in the holes, so we didn’t walk on the ground. When spring came we had to take our shoes off and we had to go barefoot, except on Sundays when we could wear our shoes. 1:23 Interviewer: Where was the farm? The farm was in Grandville. It was over on what is 28th Street now, but we moved over on the farm there and us kids had to slop the pigs and chase the cows and everything. At 1 �the time we thought it was kind of rough, but now when I look back on it, my folks were the ones that had it rough. Interviewer: How many kids were in the family? There were six of us, four boys and two girls. Interviewer: Did you finish high school? I graduated on June 15th and joined the Marines in 1941 and I went into the Marine Corps on the 25th of June. Interviewer: Why did you decide to join the Marines? That’s a good question. I think what influenced me was the uniform, really, but I thought over the years—I don’t know, I had a girl friend and I was doing good, I don’t know why I went in because it was before the war. 2:32 Interviewer: they were recruiting at that time. They were trying to build up the armed forces. Did you figure it was because there weren’t a lot of job prospects, so joining the military made sense? Me and a buddy of mine went down to Grand Rapids and how we ran into this Marine recruiting office I don’t know, but he couldn’t pass because on account of his dad he couldn’t get in the Marine Corps, but I had rheumatic fever once and my mother went to the doctor and he said, ―don’t worry, he won’t pass‖, and of course they just shoved me right on through. Interviewer: Once you are accepted in where did you go for basic training? I started out from Grand Rapids in a bus and they took us to Detroit and then we got on a train in Detroit and picked up a bunch of recruits. 3:33 Then we went to Chicago and stopped and got some more recruits. Then we started to go south and one thing I thought 2 �was awfully funny, we were going along and this one kid from Chicago said, ―look, look, there’s a cow‖, and we said, ―Cow, what’s the big deal about a cow?‖ Well, he’d never seen one; he’d never been out of Chicago. Then we got down to Parris Island, South Carolina and it was raining, and I had worn my brown and white shoes and all my best clothes and they were marching us. When we got to camp there was a big puddle of water there and we walked around it and they backed us up and made us walk right through it, and I thought, ―Gee, what did I get into here?‖ 4:35 A couple days later we went to the barber shop and they cut off all of our hair. This one kid from Philadelphia had this wavy hair and he was all upset, but it didn’t bother me. In the Marine Corps you got paid twice a month and when we went to get paid the first time they gave you a bucket that you washed your clothes in and in the bucket was paper and pencil to write home, stuff to clean your rifle with and soap and that. They gave you that bucket and they gave you a fifty-cent piece. You only made twenty-one dollars and I thought, ―What the devil did I get into? Here I’m getting paid and I get fifty-cents?‖ That kind of set me back. 5:31 Interviewer: How did the drill instructors treat you? Back in those days they were pretty rough. They wouldn’t let them do what they did today. I remember one Sunday, we were supposed to wear our dress shoes, and we had a corporal and a sergeant who was our instructor and this corporal came back and he was a little tipsy and he saw this one kid without his shoes on, so they called us all outside and they lined us up in two rows and we had to take off our belts. The belts had clips on both ends, of course, of the belt, and he made us run through the line and you had to hit the guy as you went by and if you didn’t hit your buddy you had to go back through again. 3 �That was one of the—they wouldn’t allow that today, but back in those days it was pretty rough. 6:30 Interviewer: How did you hold up under all that? Were you in good shape? Oh yeah, I played a lot of sports in school and I was in good shape. When we got done, when we graduated, they sent me to Quantico, Virginia and they put me in the air force and they sent me down to Jacksonville, Florida to go to this school and while we were on vacation, or on leave really for a week-end, that’s when the Japs attacked Pearl Harbor. They confiscated all the busses and they went through the bull horns yelling, ―all Marines, sailors, Army, back to your base‖, so they took us back to the base and the funny thing about it, they sent all—it was a naval base, the naval school I was going to, and they sent all the sailors out in the woods and they had all the Marines line up in front of the administration building. 7:45 At that time we had the old WWI rifles and they gave us each a clip of, which I think had five shells in it, and there we stood. I don’t know what they thought we were going to do, but it was complete chaos when we landed. Interviewer: How long did it take until things quieted down a little bit? It was quite a while because after that, I don’t know how much longer it was, a week or so, they yelled and we all had to get up and they heard a plane coming. Well, it ended up being one of our own P-40s, but they blacked out the whole camp and they fell the Marines out in front of the administration building and, of course, we had our rifles and our hats. 8:38 They didn’t call them hats, but everything was blacked out and here came this car with its lights off coming to pick up the commander. He didn’t see us and he slammed right into all the Marines standing there. I lost my hat and I lost my rifle, a couple kids got killed and I don’t know how many got wounded, but that was real chaos. 4 �It was so black you couldn’t really blame the guy because he couldn’t see, but that was quite an experience. Interviewer: when you were down there in Jacksonville, what aspect of the Marine air service were you trained for? Were you going to be ground crew or flight crew? No, I was going to be just in the ground crew like a mechanic or something. 9:31 It was a funny thing down there, we were there and there were a bunch of Englishmen down there too, and every Saturday we would have a contest to see who was the best marcher, and of course I was sure we were, and it was a funny thing, every time they voted it always came out a tie. I guess they didn’t want us to know, but I know darn well that we were the best ones. Then they sent me back to Quantico and I was put in the—like mechanics and they put me in one where—back in those days the controls were all in— you had to put cloth on them and here I thought I was a hairy Marine and here I was working on a sewing machine stitching that stuff on there. I thought, ―Boy, this is great. Here I am a Marine and I’m doing that‖. 10:43 I made sergeant and corporal while I was there, but I was kind of embarrassed thinking I’m a hairy Marine and what am I doing sitting here with a needle stitching things? Back in those days you had to volunteer for the paratroopers and they put up note asking for volunteers and I thought, ―here’s my chance to get out of there‖, because I wanted to go fight, so I volunteered for the Marine Corps paratroopers. I got a real nasty letter from my sister saying I wasn’t thinking of my folks by doing it. 11:29 Interviewer: Now, when was it that you signed up for that? Was it in 1942 or was it later than that? 5 �Yeah, it must have been—well I’d been at Quantico long enough to make sergeant, so I must have been there a couple of years, but I can’t remember, but then I signed up and the sent me to North Carolina. Interviewer: Before we go on with your story—you’re at Quantico then for a fair amount of time. What did you do there besides sewing? That was about it. I was a real hairy Marine sitting there stitching. Interviewer: Was there—did they have a lot of guys doing that? There was a master sergeant and a sergeant, an aid and there were two women, civilians that worked in there. You had to stitch that on and after you stitched it on you took it in and you painted—put some stuff on it, it was white and I don’t know what it was, and that made it hard and then you painted it blue after you got done. Then it went back and they put them on the ships, but I didn’t think much of a Marine Corps being a—sitting there with a needle. I was embarrassed to tell anybody what I was doing. 12:49 Interviewer: Did you get much of a chance to go off the base? I mean, did you get leave or anything? Oh yeah Interviewer: Where did you go when you could go off base? Oh, I went to Washington D.C. mostly, we went to Washington D.C., and that would be mostly on weekends. Interviewer: What was going on there? What was there to do when you went there? Well, I use to go around, and I should have taken more advantage of it, but I use to go around—we did a lot of partying. It was just full of Marines and sailors and soldiers, and 6 �we just went around and I went around the different monuments and that, but I should have done more of it. 13:37 Interviewer: Mostly you went there because it was a big city and it was something to do. That was the biggest place around. There was some little town down there we use to go to too, but I forget what the name of it was. Interviewer: Now, you get accepted into the paratrooper program and what do you do in the way of training for that? Well, when we got—they sent me down to North Carolina then where I trained for the paratroopers and then, I would say, there were about forty or fifty in the class. By the time we graduated there were only twenty-two of us, I think, that were left. In the paratroopers you had to pass a real test and it was all volunteers, the paratroopers, and you quit anytime you wanted to until you got your wings, but once you got your wings you were court marshaled if you didn’t bail out. 14:42 We ran, everyplace we went we ran, we got up at five o’clock in the morning and you would go exercise for an hour and then you would run and run and in the afternoon you would run. If anybody passed out you just pulled them over into the ditch until they came to. When they walked back to camp they kicked them out of the paratroopers and put them back in the Marines. I’ll never forget, one time, you know you do all the exercising and running and you are really hungry, and we were in the chow line and we were hungry—it makes me think of pictures I saw where these prisoners bang on the table, and we all started banging on the table wanting more food. 15:38 finally the captain came in and he made them cook up some more food, so we got more food, but it was real rough. We had to pack our own 7 �chutes until you got your wings. The first time I jumped, the plane was a D-4 and it used to come down and pick-up a load and they would go up and it was over an airfield, and they would jump out and then they would come down and get another load. The load before I had to go up there, they bailed out and this one guy bailed out and his chute never opened. He came straight down and you could see, it was just over the airport, and he bounced, and I can still see him bouncing. 16:29 I was a sergeant at that time and I had to be the first one to go out the door and they brought that helmet in there and that helmet was all cracked. They said, ―now see, if you didn’t pack your chute right that’s what’s going to happen to you‖, and that didn’t make it any easier. When they got up there, and I was a sergeant at that time, so I had to go out first and they use to say,‖ hook on, stand-by, go‖, and to this day I don’t remember them saying go, but I stood by the door looking down at the ground going by me like that and I thought, ―I’ll do this once, but that’s the last time‖. He said, ―Go‖, and in the Marine Corps we dove out, in the Army they jumped out, but we went out headfirst. As I was coming, once it opened up you would say, 1 and 2 and 3 and 4, and if it didn’t open you had this other chute in front of you and you would open that. I bailed out and once it opens—that was a lot of fun, you hit the ground and you want to go right back up there. 17:43 That day four of our guys ran right by the door and wouldn’t bail out, and when we landed they came and took these guys out and put them back in the regular Marine Corps. They said, ―See what would happen if we were in combat and you froze in the door? You would miss where you were landing‖, so they kicked them out. We had a lot of guys that when we were running and they got tired or something, or the heat would bother them and they would fall, we’d just pull them over off the road and leave them lay there until they came to. 8 �When they came to they’d walk back in and they would kick them out of the paratroopers. In the paratroopers you had to be—when you were done with that you were in real good condition. 18:37 I think, like I said, we started out with about forty and only twenty-two of us graduated. After I graduated they sent me to Camp Pendleton. We went to Camp Pendleton and we lived up in the mountains in tents. It was pretty rough up there because you didn’t have any floor. The only floor was in the ―head," which the Army calls ‖latrine‖, that’s the only floor there was. In the Marine Corps we got paid twice a month, so what we would do—as soon as you got paid we were in the ―head’ shooting dice. Guys were sitting over there shooting dice up there. 19:36 We trained up there for, I don’t know how long, and then they disbanded the Marines [paratroopers] because, I was told and I suppose it’s right, they told us the islands were too small to jump on, so they formed the 5th Marine Corps [Division]. The nucleus of the 5th Marines was the paratroopers and the raiders, and then they had all rookies. They trained us out there and then they shipped me—we shipped to Hawaii and we were on the big island, at Hilo. When we got off the ship they put us on flat cars and towed us way up by this volcano and we trained up there. I forget how long we trained up there. Hilo wasn’t much of a town, so we didn’t see much, but just before we shipped out they took us over to Hawaii to Honolulu. 20:41 We thought that was really something. Interviewer: Now when they had you training on the big island, was that kind of jungle country that you were training in? No, there were volcanoes, a big volcano right up there. It was all—there was practically nothing there at all. 9 �Interviewer: I guess if they were planning on sending you to Iwo Jima, which is a little volcanic island, I guess that made some sense. Yeah, that made some sense, but you know at one time, the kids like me to tell this story. I was a sergeant there and I was the guide and this one sergeant we had, the head, when was a staff sergeant, he fell us out and he had been training women Marines and he didn’t know anything about the Marine Corps. He was a great one for inspection all the time, so he fell us out for inspection and I was between tow sergeant guys, so I would stand by myself with the platoon there, but he handed me his rifle to hold while he inspected and I looked at it an oh was it dirty, holy smokes. 21:51 One thing in the Marine Corps you took care of your rifle and I looked at that and said ―holy smokes‖, and I turned around and there was a corporal standing there and I said, ―here take this rifle‖, and he said, ―no, no‖, and I said, ―you heard me, take that rifle‖, so he took this sergeant's rifle and gave me his and he came through inspecting the rifles and he grabbed that rifle and it was dirty. Oh, was it dirty, and he goes like that and he rubs it on and he was eating this corporal out and finally the corporal said, ―well sergeant, it’s not nine, it’s your rifle. Sergeant Austin gave it to me ―. Oh, he closed ranks and he brought me into his tent and he said, ―I got a good reason to run you up to the captain‖, and I said, ―Why don’t you do that, but be sure to take your rifle with you?‖ 22:41 After that we never got along too well together. I kind of put him on the spot, but it was—I did some funny things when I was in the Marine Corps. Interviewer: Was he the company sergeant? Was he ranked a greater sergeant than you at that point? 10 �We were in the first platoon and you had a staff sergeant, and you had a sergeant guide, which I was, and then you had your platoon. I forget how many in the platoon, so that was in A Company, I was in A Company. We trained up there and then they loaded us up and they didn’t tell us where we were going until we got out to sea, and they told us that we were going to Iwo Jima and nobody knew what Iwo Jima was. 23:37 We didn’t know what the heck it was and we got to Saipan and we were on a troop ship there, and that’s another funny thing about that troop ship, we got in a –it was rough, seasick and everything. We were on there and when you went to chow you come up the gangplank up there and they only let a couple guys out at a time and you had to grab this railing and walk down along and walk back down to where you ate. You ate at these long tables and at the end of the table there was a big fifty gallon bucket setting there and you would be eating and other Marines would be there throwing up in this thing. Oh, it was rough and I don’t know the ship stayed together. It just shook like that, and when we were out there something went wrong with the sewage system in there. 24:43 They didn’t have toilets, all they had is troughs you sat on and as the ship rolled you would pick up you feet and the waste would go by you and when it went back you would pick up your feet again and it went back. That was quite a thing, that troop ship, you know. On a troop ship you sleep about that much apart and you get all those guys in there at night it was pretty smelly in there. We were on this troop ship and they took us to Saipan and I don’t remember how long we laid out there on the bay, but finally we were going to Iwo. I was in A Company, but they assigned me to go in with the first wave. 25:40 I think it was B and C that went in first. I was supposed to go in with the first wave and I was supposed to report back to the captain. 11 �Interviewer: Did you have a radio? How would you communicate? No, I had to come back and tell him. We got off the troop ship and you had to be careful, you had to go down, you saw them, ropes that you went down and if you didn’t time it right, as the ship went up like this the other one dropped and if you let go you fell, so you had to time it just right. As you were coming down there as the ship came up, you could just step off it. Interviewer: Were you getting into landing craft? We were getting into landing craft, an LST [ LVT], and we were getting into that and some guys missed it and went in the water and some guy went bang, but I was fortunate, I got on there. 26:39 We took off for Iwo Jima and that night before we went to sleep they fed us like kings. We never been fed so good before. We had hamburgers and everything and we though, ―boy this is a good deal‖, and of course, it’s the first time I’d been in combat and I was looking forward to it, which wasn’t too smart. We took off and that night when we went to be there was about eight of these small LST’s and in the bottom was where these half-tracks were they were supposed to take you right up on the island. They were just small and I showed you the picture of me on it in that book there. 27:33 Interviewer: Now, the LST’s were the ships that had the door that opened in the front? They would open and when we did it we went down, but the night before there were only about six or eight of us and when we got to Iwo, and I don’t remember how many miles it was, eight or nine hundred miles, but holy, when the sun came up you couldn’t believe the amount of ships that were there. My God, there were ships--there were cruisers in 12 �there, there were aircraft carriers and the Missouri was a battleship. When we had a load we went down below to get in these half-tracks we had to come up to the Missouri and go around it and go around in front and they were shooting out there and I never saw flames—off those great big guns, you know. The flames would go for, gee, I don’t know for how long right over the top of us. 28:34 We started in to land and I still forget—I should have put the gun to his head, this sailor got us in about, oh, fifty yards or a hundred yards, I don’t know, and said he couldn’t go any further. He told us to bail out. Well, I think he was nothing but yellow. We jumped out and when you jump, we were in water up to our necks, so we had to go ashore and we went ashore and when the first wave—before that they saw along the edge there was a bunch of tanks there and they looked like fifty gallon drums and the Marines thought they were going to be fire, so the first wave, we had to put all this white stuff on our faces and our hands, and if anything explodes you put that stuff on and it was just white. 29:41 We started in to land and I’ll never forget, this one sergeant he had been on Guadalcanal and there he was in the corner crying and he wouldn’t even move because he knew what he was going to. At that time we thought it was kind of odd. Interviewer: When you were trained, when you were in Hawaii, were you trained by people who had combat experience? Oh yeah Interviewer: They didn’t tell you much about their experience? No, they didn’t tell you much about it. Two of my best friends, they were both Indians, one was from a New York reservation and one from out west someplace, and I never saw them again. I was told they both lost their lives on Iwo Jima. They were paratroopers, 13 �one was a Raider and one was a paratrooper and they had both been on Guadalcanal, but they never told us much about it. 30:40 Here I am a young kid, I was about twenty-two and I was all ―eager Beaver‖, and I found out. We got out about fifty yards from the thing and he told us to bail out, so we did jump out. We landed on the island and nothing happened. It was just like-Interviewer: Now, were you driving the half-tracks out or did they stay in the boat? No, he turned around and took them back. He went back and I’ll never forget that, and of course, he had to go back and get some more to come in. The first wave, we landed on the island and it was just like going down to Holland, no body was there, and of course, you couldn’t see anything because they were all underground. We landed and, what the heck, what are you going to do? They let three waves get in and then they opened up on it. Mt. Suribachi was on the left and we were supposed to go up straight and capture this airfield and turn right. 31:50 Well, they shot these mortars from Mt. Suribachi and they would shoot them down and you could hear them coming and they were just coming right down there. You could hear them coming and you just laid there and kind of praying and they would lift you right off the ground while you—you couldn’t dig a hole because it was lava and it was hot and you would go down that far and it was hot. You would hear them coming and you would just lie there like that. There was this kid laying in this hole, which I suppose was done by our big guns, and we were laying there with our hands over our head like that and he was behind me there and it would lift you right off the ground and after it went by me I turned and his head was off. 32:57 When I rose up like that there was, and I can still see it after sixty years, there was the brains or the guts or something, and there it lay right next to my head. I looked at it, of course and it was 14 �quite an experience because there he lay without any head. Then I got up and I ran ahead and we use to see these cowboy shows where somebody got shot and they went like this, and that’s exactly how it happened. We were running and this guy up ahead of me all of a sudden, he went down and there was a pillbox up ahead of me and I thought it was knocked out because they had been shooting weeks before I guess, but they never did any good because they were all underground. 34:03 I dove into kind of a hole next to that pillbox and I laid there and I was going to get up to move and I heard a ―pop‖ and I turned around and there was a hand grenade, a Jap hand grenade—our hand grenades would bust up into big pieces, but theirs were smooth and broke up in slivers. I was told later, and I don’t know if it’s true or not, they said the reason theirs were that way was they figured they would wound us soldiers and then it would take another one to take care of us. So, I looked at it, when I heard that ―pop‖ I looked at it and it went off. Of course I had all this white stuff on my face and everything, and I got shrapnel in my face and then I got up and moved out and a guy grabbed me and he thought I had lost my buttons. 35:06 I must have looked pretty bad with that white stuff on my face and blood all over. He threw me down and he told me—I forget, he was trying to help me or something, but I kept saying, ―no, no, I got to get back and tell the Captain‖, so there I laid and I was pretty dazed, I guess because I forgot a lot of it, but I know when they took me back to go onto a hospital ship, and they took me down to where we landed there were dead Marines all over. They were piled up and you had to step over them, and you heard crying and you heard yelling ―Corpsman‖, ―Corpsman‖ and guys screaming and these kids crying, and, of course, Marines cry, but you would cry too if you lost your leg or your buddy died in your arms. 36:14 You had to step over all these dead Marines and they were just 15 �piled one on top of another. The Japs really knew they knew they could have attacked and pushed us right back because it was complete chaos, nobody knew what they were doing, and when the tanks came in they couldn’t go because of the lava rock. They took me out on the hospital ship, but like I told my son, I can’t remember anything about the hospital ship, but he said, they probably had me doped up and maybe they did, I just can’t—the only thing I remember is when the flag went up on Iwo Jima, all the ship, they blew their horns and they were really blowing their horns and all that. 37:12 They put me on this hospital ship, but I don’t remember anything about it. They took me back to Saipan to a hospital and I don’t know how long I was there. Then they took me to Hawaii, to a hospital in Hawaii. Well, I had all this shrapnel in my face and I had some in my eye, so the doctor said he had to operate on my eye. I can still see it today, they deaden it, of course, but I was conscious and I can still see that knife, it was bent like that, and I can still—they had to go in, and he explained what they were going to do. 38:18 They cut my eye and they had to make a hole so they could use a magnet to pull the metal out of my eye, and jeez it felt like they pulled my whole dang eye out. So, they had had to pull the skin down over that hole and put two stitches in each side so it would grow over. Then they put me in the ward and I laid flat on my back there for thirty some days. They had sand bags on both sides of my head and I never got so sick of Hawaiian music in all of my life. 39:01 Of course they were trying to build up your morale and they put those earphones on and played and played that Hawaiian music until I thought geese, and then these red cross, these women, they had to feed me because I had to lay there with those sandbags on my head and they would tell me what they had for dinner that day, or supper, what it was and this one day this woman was telling me and she said 16 �they had spinach and I said, ―don’t give me any spinach‖, holy smoke, I’ll never forget the poor woman she’s trying to build up my morale and asking me about what I did and all about my girlfriend and she gave me a mouthful of spinach and I said, ―ugh‖, and I threw that out. That poor woman, you should have heard her and seen her, she was so sorry, she was begging me to forgive her, but that was kind of funny. 40:15 I laid there over thirty days. Well they give you a shot and I don’t know how many days, I guess it was Penicillin, first they give it in this shoulder and then they do it in the other shoulder and finally it got so hard they started giving it in my butt. After that they—I laid there thirty-one days or something and they took me in—they had to take the stitches out, the doctor had to take the stitches out and the doctor told me that when I got older I would lose control of my eye and it was going to just roll around, but thank god that never happened. Then they took those stitches out and I was there for quite a while. I was in the hospital, I guess, for over nine months. 41:07 Then they took me back to Farragut, Idaho, to the hospital up in Farragut, Idaho and I was in the hospital in Farragut, Idaho and that’s when the war was over. Well, all these guys were celebrating, but we just had a little old town that wasn’t as big as Wyoming. We went to town, but there were only one or two bars in it, a few grocery stores and a gas station or something. Interviewer: Now after those first thirty days, those first thirty days that you were in the hospital there, were your arms and legs restrained too? You said your head was between sandbags. No Interviewer: So you could move your hands and that? 17 �Yes, I could move my hands, but later in life I had something wrong with my knee and this doctor x-rayed my side here and he said, ―boy, when you got shot by that shotgun it sure left a lot of pellets in your leg‖, and I said, ―I never got shot by a shotgun, that’s the metal from a grenade‖, so I still got it in my leg, but it never did bother me. 42:24 The slivers they took out of my face, they would just pick it out and it was just small slivers, the same as what was in my eye, but I lost the fluid behind my eye and that’s why I have bad eyesight here. So, they shipped me up to that hospital and I was there, I don’t know how long, but it was too long anyway. After that I still had time to do because I had signed over—the war was over. 42:59 Interviewer: When did you re-enlist? Was it before you went to Iwo Jima? Well, before, when we were in Saipan they came and said that anybody whose time was up within six months could re-enlist and you could get that, I think it was four hundred dollars. Did I tell you that already? Interviewer: No, not on camera. Well, you could re-enlist and you could get four hundred dollars, I think it was. I thought that is I was going to get killed my folks might as well have that, so I reenlisted and, of course, in that six months after the war was over I still had eighteen months to do, which I wasn’t really sorry. Then they took me back to San Diego, but then they needed guards now at Norfolk, Virginia, so they sent me down to Norfolk, Virginia and I was a guard there on a naval base. 44:05 I was there until my time was up and then they sent me to Chicago and I was discharged from Chicago. Interviewer: What was your experience like in Norfolk? Was that a good base to be working at? 18 �Oh yeah, I thought I had a good job. First I was a guard there and then they made me the Colonel’s driver. You had to keep that car all polished and everything like that and you had to be dressed up all the time. I would pick him up at eight o’clock in the morning and take him back at five o’clock at night day after day and I had to be always dressed and sharp and polished and I would sit there in the barracks and wait for him if he called me. 45:01 That’s when I would go down to the mess hall and the mess sergeant and I would play cribbage and you can’t imagine how many times we played cribbage. Oh my gosh, all day long and here I would wait for him and I’d pick him up at five and take him home. Well, he had back trouble and I would have to take him to the hospital. One time I took him to the hospital and when he was in the hospital I fell asleep in the car and when he came out he shook me and woke me up. You are supposed to be there to open up the car door for him and close it and I got all excited and jammed it into reverse and backed right into a telephone pole and he had just got done having work done on his back and I can still hear him, he went ―uugh‖ and I was just shaking, but he didn’t say anything until the next morning when I picked him up. He said, ―Did you damage the car yesterday?‖ I said, ―no’, and he was a real good guy. 46:13 I would pick him up there. I would play baseball for the Marines there and we would play the city league and the city league asked me to play with them and I don’t want to brag, but I was a pretty good ball player and the sports writer for the paper called up the Colonel, and they had a tryout, the Yankees had a minor league club there and this sports writer asked if I could come down there, and another guy, for a picture. The Colonel said, ―I’m not a Yankee fan, but you can take a Jeep‖, so he let me drive a jeep down there. 47:12 Of course, I wasn’t the caliber of that and it didn’t work out. I wasn’t as good as I thought I was, but 19 �then I did my time and when my time was up I went to Chicago. I got separated and it was over with. Interviewer: Did they make any effort to encourage you to stay in and become a lifer? No, most guys wanted out. When your time comes they came and said, ―Austin, get packed up, you have to go get separated‖, so I did, but another guy and I did offer the Marines if they needed any Marines because the old timer was saying how great China was, so we asked them if they needed anybody in China and they said no. That’s the only time and I would have reenlisted then, but when he said that, I didn’t, so I got separated. 48:26 Since then I’ve been real fortunate, I got eleven grand children. Interviewer: Did you come back home once you were discharged? Yes, I came back home then. Interviewer: What kind of work did you go into then? When I got homer my brother and I went in the trucking business and we delivered refrigerators and stoves. Well, we got caught going to Muskegon without a license and you can’t go more than six miles from you office, which was our house, without a MSC license and we got caught going to Muskegon. I said to my brother, ―this is it, we have to go get a license‖, so we went down to Lansing to get a license and they had a bunch of lawyers from these big companies and they said they didn’t need another MSC license in Grand Rapids and we were tow little guys wanting to get a license. 49:32 I said to my brother, ―I’m not going to that the rest of my life‖, so we gave it up and I went to Steelcase. I started our in the factory and then I was promoted to the office, to the PIC, and they promoted me out to shipping and I was a supervisor in shipping and I shipped to 20 �all of our foreign—to Japan, to North Carolina, and to Canada. I did that until I had thirty-two years at Steelcase and then I retired when I was fifty-nine years old and I’ve been real fortunate since then to have so many nice grand children and everything. 50:23 they look after me pretty good, so I have no complaints, but like I say, I’m no hero, the hero’s are the dead ones. That’s my life. Interviewer: How do you think that whole experience in the Marine Corps wound up affecting you, aside from the injury, the rest of that experience there, was it a good one for you or what did you gain from it? At first when I got out I had trouble because I would see that guy in the hole with me, and I can still see those guts after sixty some years, I can still see that. 51:17 I was fortunate that I was strong enough—we got a lot of these kids coming back for Iraq that are committing suicide and people, a lot of people, kind of look down on them and that, but until you have been in the war and heard this screaming and hollering and the blood, nobody can believe what these kids over in Iraq are going through. Over there they don’t know who the enemy is and we knew out in front of us. Over there, I could be talking to you and you could go outside and shoot me. They’re going through things that the average people have no idea and that’s why--I play poker twice a week and I’m not in favor of Bush and I have some thing that bother me. 52:19 This one day this one guy said, ―You know you’re talking about the President?‖ I said, ―Isn’t this a great country that I can stand here and call him names and not be afraid that you’re going to go and tell somebody?‖ In some other countries they could go and tell them what I said about their leader and they come and throw me in jail. I said, ―that’s what I fought for, freedom of 21 �speech, and that’s why I’m calling him names‖. Over in Iraq, I just can’t believe what these kids are going through. 52:57 The average person has no idea. Interviewer: No they don’t and we have no draft. In Vietnam they had some of the same thing, but you had the draftees. Eventually you had the public outcry because of that. All of this is why it’s important that you come in here and tell us what you saw because it’s a reminder that war is not just a chess game or a ball game, it’s a really, really nasty business, and they do some terrible things. 53:27 People just don’t realize it that when you hear this screaming and yelling, ―Corpsman, ―Corpsman‖. I’ll never forget seeing this one Sargent, he went running there and his legs were blown off and he was running on just stumps and he was screaming—I can still see him running, and, of course, he dropped dead. People just have no idea what they’re going through today and right now red, white and blue runs through my veins, but I’m still bitter about him being in Iraq and these guys, what they are going through. You can’t explain it and nobody can really understand what those kids are going through. 54:19 Those kids are coming back and committing suicide from things they saw and done, and the average person, just like now, who gives a heck is what I think. I served my country, so what? Interviewer: More people care than you might think, and just by you telling your story and encouraging people to do that, it does get their attention and actually part of this project includes talking to people who come back from Iraq and Afghanistan and recording their stories too, so we don’t forget. So, all of this, it’s important for a lot of the reasons that you just said. I want to thank you for coming in here and talking to me today. 22 �Well, you know what I think they should do, I think that in school they should start out every morning they should say the pledge of allegiance. Every morning they should sing the national anthem. 55:16 How many people actually know the national anthem? We got away from that and I don’t think today that they really give a hoot about me, or what I went through. I’m sure, like a guy said to me the other day, and he was an old timer, he said, ―you know, what do you think the youth of today would do if we were attacked? I don’t think they would go‖. Well, I don’t think that at all. I think if we were attacked our youth would join in just like that guy did because in WWII as soon as we were attacked they lined up to get in there and I have enough faith in my youth that they would do the same thing, but to go over and fight a was like in Iraq, I don’t know what were fighting for. 56:15 I can see why the youth of today says ―to heck with it‖, but if anybody attacked us, I think they would be there. Interviewer: I work with people of that are all the time and I expect that they would. I have faith in our youth because the majority are good people, but they have so many things that they can get into trouble with today and the percentage is actually small, but the papers are full of it. I’m toughly convinced that they would defend our country. We did it for the rite to call our leaders any names we want to. We got a bunch of squirrels in Washington D.C. that—I won’t go into that, but I’m just a little bitter about--Interviewer: Sometimes we can vote them out of office. That’s what we should do, I’m an Independent myself, but that’s the sad part, a lot of Democrats and Republicans, if they put up a jackass, they would vote for them. 57:26 They don’t look at—you know you can’t agree with everybody and I think—I voted 23 �Independent and I voted Republican, and I voted Democrat, and I think you should listen to the. You can’t agree with everything, but you should balance it out and see which is the closest. I don’t think we should have two parties myself, but this is why it’s a free country. In Ottawa County, if you’re a Democrat you better not run because you’re going to get voted out, but that’s why we fought, for the freedom of speech, the freedom to vote the way we want, the freedom to call the President or commander a so and so and not be afraid of somebody coming over the next day and locking you up for calling him a this and that. 58:32 We have a great country. A great country and I hope our youth of today—I really, really hope they realize how lucky we are—like out at Grand Valley, you have students our there that can become doctors, lawyers, school teacher, business people. They got that freedom and they got it because the kids over there in WWI and WWII, they fought and they died for the privilege of you being able to grow up to be a doctor or a lawyer or a teacher or something. I think a lot of them don’t realize, like on Leno the other day—he has a program on there where they interview people on the street and they asked this one guy, they said, ―Who did we fight in WWII?‖ 59:31 Here he was a college student, and he said, ―the French‖. I thought, ―Holy smokes, the French?‖ Then they said, ―Who was President in WWII?‖ He said, ―I don’t know‖, and they asked, ―When was WWI?‖ One girl said, ―1952‖. I think more of that should be taught in our schools. 60:00 Like I say, sign the national anthem, because I’m an American and I love my county, but I think there’s a lot of things that we have a lot of things that we can improve on. Interviewer: That’s often going to be the case. Well, it makes for a good story, so thanks for coming in. 24 �Thank you 25 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Austin, Robert (Interview transcript and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Austin, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Austin was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan and grew up on a farm. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in June, 1941 and trained first for the Marine Air Corps and then for the Marine Paratroopers. He eventually was assigned to the 5th Marine Division and was in the first wave of the landing on Iwo Jima. He was wounded soon after the landing and spent the rest of the war in hospitals. He re-enlisted after the war and played on a Marine baseball team prior to being discharged. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Marine Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-12-04 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AustinRob Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d66a0a1eda90e49fd1f201283228171.pdf 7b93058f6b8cd3500d962902a9b038ca PDF Text Text 1 Grand Valley State University Special Collections Kent County Oral History collections, RHC-23 Mrs. Noyes [Eileen] Avery Interviewed on October 4, 1971 Edited and indexed by Don Bryant, 2010 – bryant@wellswooster.com Tape #28 (2:00:00) Biographical Information Mrs. Avery, born Evelyn Leonard on 28 February 1883 in Grand Rapids was the daughter of Frank E. Leonard and Sarah E. “Sadie” Pierce. Evelyn “Eileen” was married on 5 June 1907 in Grand Rapids to Noyes L. Avery. Mrs. Avery died on 4 August 1972 in her home on Plymouth Road in East Grand Rapids. Mr. Avery had preceded her in death on 4 July 1947. They were both interred at Fulton Street Cemetery in Grand Rapids. Eileen‟s father, Frank E. Leonard was born on 8 April 1855 in Grand Rapids. He died on 25 April 1925 and was buried in Fulton Street Cemetery. He married Sarah E. “Sadie” Pierce on 12 October 1881 in Grand Rapids. Sarah was born in July 1859 and died at her home in East Grand Rapids on 7 December 1950. Noyes L. Avery was born in Grand Rapids on 18 October 1881 and was the son of Noyes Frederick Avery and Anna Haley Barstow. Noyes F. Avery was born on 15 January 1855 in Grand Rapids. He died on 19 November 1925. Anna (Barstow) Avery was born on 11 September 1858 in Paris Township (now Kentwood). She died on 1 September 1921 in Grand Rapids. The Averys are buried in Fulton Street Cemetery. ___________ Interviewer: This interview with Mrs. Noyes Avery was conducted October 4, 1971. OK, we can start. Mrs. Avery: I‟m, I‟m a Leonard, and I‟m also an Avery, I‟m probably the only one, that‟s a good Avery. The Averys came here in I would say eighteen forty. And you see Grand Rapids was not started until, I mean Louis Campau didn‟t come until eighteen twenty-six. And no that was only fourteen years when the Averys, and the Barstow family came and that‟s Mrs. Avery‟s, my mother-in-law‟s name. And her name was Anna Barstow. I don‟t know what to say anything here until I know what I‟m going to say…. (Voice in background: “you go on”) And, they came also at that time. Interviewer: Where did, where did the Averys come from? Mrs. Avery: The Averys came from Salem, Massachusetts. Interviewer: Do you know the reason they moved from there to Grand Rapids? �2 Mrs. Avery: I should but, people came here at that time, came to Michigan at that time and I suppose that‟s why the Leonard family came at that time, too. (It was) about eighteen forty, somewhere in there. Well, the Averys and Barstows were very important people here and they were friends of the Lowes, the Blodgetts. (Voice in background: “Let me think of something”) Interviewer: Well, you don‟t remember any particular reason why the, Averys and the Leonards came to Grand Rapids? Were they, what kind of business were they in when they first came? Mrs. Avery: I think Mr. Avery may have been in the real-estate business. Interviewer: I interviewed a fellow the other day, John Cary, and he told me that when his, I believe it was his father or grandfather, first came to Grand Rapids he bought five acres of land down approximately in the area of the old Union Depot was. Mrs. Avery: Yes. Interviewer: And he bought that from the Averys, bought five acres of land from them. Mrs. Avery: Well, now that probably was why Grandfather Avery came here. I never looked that up. This is interesting. And father Avery was born in eighteen fifty-five. And, my father who was Frank Leonard, Frank E. Leonard, was born in eighteen fifty-five. But Heman Leonard, that was his father, came also in about eighteen forty. So that seemed to be the time that they were settling Michigan. Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Avery: Then there was a time, you know, when they were settling Ohio. And then, there was a time when they were settling other states. But this is Michigan. Interviewer: Yes. Where did your family live when you were a child? Mrs. .Avery: They lived on Prospect Street. Oh, in those days, you didn‟t have a house when you were married. You boarded with someone. And, Mr. and Mrs. Avery boarded with someone on Bostwick Street. There was a rooming house up there. They boarded there. My father and mother when they were married, boarded with the Charles Leonards on the corner of Oakes and Sheldon, in a house, I think in that, where Ferguson [Hospital] is now. And they lived there quite a long time. That‟s Mrs. Judd‟s grandfather too, that Leonard. She and I are Leonards. Interviewer: What relation, how, how are you and Mrs. Judd related, exactly? Mrs. Avery: Charles Leonard had a son, Harry Leonard, and Harry is the father of Mrs. Judd. My father was younger and he was Frank, Frank E. and I‟m his daughter. Interviewer: So then you‟re …. Mrs. Avery: She and I are cousins. �3 Interviewer: Well, when your parents moved out of the boardinghouse and bought a home of their own, where, where did they live? Mrs. Avery: They lived on Prospect. It‟s the third house from Wealthy, south on Prospect. It‟s still there. There‟s still a vacant lot by it and the house is still there. And, my mother sold it in nineteen twenty-six, that‟s quite a long time ago, too. Well…. Interviewer: What was it like growing up in the neighborhood? Mrs. Avery: Oh, you knew everybody. And everybody would stop for you in the morning to go to school. School was just one block west. It‟s the Lafayette Street School now. It used to be Wealthy Street School. And, they‟d all stop. The thing I remember most about all this is our wonderful games we used to have after dinner. We played hide-n-seek, over the whole block. All the neighbors, there were forty children in our block. That is four sides of the block. That‟s a lot. Interviewer: Yes, it sure is. Mrs. Avery: The Penneys lived there. They were a well known family. The Halls lived there. They were a well known family. Then on our street, the Stevens‟ lived there. They were a well known family, across the street from us. Well, we all went to school together. We didn‟t have any problems at all. Just came home from school and played. Interviewer: When you got to be a little older was there a lot of entertaining? Mrs. Avery: Oh sure, you mean when I was in high school? Oh yes, we used to have parties. Of course they were just kid parties. We‟d go at eight o‟clock; we didn‟t have dinner or anything. We‟d go at eight o‟clock and come home at ten, and our fathers would come after us. Heavens, we never went anywhere with a boy, whoever heard of such a thing. Interviewer: Going out alone with a boy? Mrs. Avery: Yes, there wasn‟t any reason for it except you just didn‟t do it. Your father went after you. Interviewer: Was that before the automobile? Mrs. Avery: That was before the automobile. When the automobile came in, Mr. Avery, my father-in-law had a car. I can‟t remember, I could tell you look it up probably and find out, because I used to be taken out for rides by Noyes Avery. And then he got a White Steamer, later. And we went way down to Gun Lake and we started at six in the morning, and of course that was the steam engine and every time we came to a farm he‟d get out with his rubber pail and fill …. What‟s that you fill? Interviewer: I am not sure, I‟m…. �4 Mrs. Avery: With steam. Interviewer: The boiler? Mrs. Avery: The boiler. And so we didn‟t run out of steam. And then you would run, when you saw a hill coming you‟d go awfully fast down that hill. Heaven knows how fast, maybe twenty miles an hour. And then you got enough steam to go up a hill. And then we came home and I remember my mother-in-law. She said she put a five dollar bill on my picture in Noyes room so he‟d have enough money for the day. That‟s my mother-in-law. Interviewer: Well, was your husband, did he live in the same neighborhood as you did? Mrs. Avery: No, they lived out you know, where the Fanatorium is? Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Avery: They have a beautiful house down there. Just a beautiful house, wasn‟t a mansion, it was just a home. And it had been built by somebody Taylor. And the Grandfather Avery had bought it and they lived there. And it had a barn for the horses they would have had at that time, but not in my time. They had this lovely automobile, about this long. Can you think of something else? Interviewer: How did you meet your husband? Mrs. Avery: I just saw him on the street one day walking a girl home, in high school. I can remember very well, I thought how handsome he was. He was. And that‟s all. Then you just met him at dancing school probably, Saint Cecilia Dancing School. We all went to dancing school Saturday afternoons. When we were young, we went to the two o‟clock class, Calla Travis. And when we got way up to seventeen or so, then we went to the four o‟clock class. We didn‟t have to get home until after six. Interviewer: What kind of dancing was taught at that school? Mrs. Avery: Oh, it was the two-step, the waltz, the square dances. Interviewer: When did, when would you have use for a square dance? Mrs. Avery: I don‟t know. I don‟t remember any, doing it outside dancing school. But we knew how to do it. And, we‟d go to dancing school out of town someplace and we‟d dance. [In] town when there‟s no way of getting out except by train. Everything is in town. We had a big crowd of young people. Interviewer: When you got older and you got married, when did you get married? Mrs. Avery: Nineteen oh seven �5 Interviewer: Nineteen oh seven? Mrs. Avery: Yes. Interviewer: Well, after you were married in the entertaining among married people? What kind, how was the entertaining done? Mrs. Avery: Well, when we got married we‟d have seven o‟clock dinner, if it was a dress-up one. Otherwise, I think it would be about six thirty and you‟d have four courses, had to have four courses. You see I lived on Barclay Street, near John Street, you know where that is? Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Avery: And there was a house down there, it‟s now a parking lot. That‟s where my husband and his two brothers were born. Because Father and Mother Avery evidently bought that house after they got through their boarding house, and lived there. That was forty-seven Barclay. And then you know all about the Hazeltine family? Interviewer: No. Mrs. Avery: No? I think you ought to find out something about these, these, great families. The O‟Briens? Interviewer: That‟s why, that‟s why we interview, we‟re doing these interviews, to find out about them because they‟re people today that are my age for example, you know you hear those names mentioned occasionally. Mrs. Avery: Yes Interviewer: But you don‟t know what they‟re referring to or who they‟re referring to. What those people are like, what they did in the town and so on. That‟s why, doing these interviews to find out about that and make a record of it. Mrs. Avery: Mr. O‟Brien. I‟m talking about John Street. The Hazeltines lived in the middle of John Street. The house is still there, on the north side of the street. And up on Lafayette, about a half block away, Mr. and Mrs. O‟Brien lived. And when the Hazeltine girl, who was a great friend of mine, Fanny Hazeltine, and I graduated from Vassar College, Mr. O‟Brien, was made the ambassador, appointed to Japan. And they took Fanny along. They were neighbors, within half a block of each other. And they went and she went with them and stayed a year, in diplomatic, and that was pretty great in those days, my goodness. So the O‟Brien family you should know about. The Hazeltine family you should know about. Interviewer: Who was Mr. Holt? �6 Mrs. Avery: Well, he lived right up there on the hill, too. Up, up on Lafayette, too. He had daughters. Well he was of the same generation that Mr. and Mrs. O‟Brien, Mr. and Mrs. Hazeltine. Mr. Holt and their girls were younger than I, but in the same crowd. We were all in one big crowd. When we‟d have a party at Saint Cecelia, it would be a big party because we knew everybody; we all knew everybody. Interviewer: I understand that Mr. Holt was, the… Mrs. Avery: Founder of the Kent County Country Club? Interviewer: I also understand that he was somewhat of a social arbitrator in the city. That he was the one who decided, who was in and was out. Is this right? Mrs. Avery: Well, I wouldn‟t know because I was too young to make any difference. I was in as far as that went. Not because of my family though. Just because of me I guess. Interviewer: OK. Mrs. .Avery: I mean my family was just a good family, the Leonards. And of course my father, now we‟re back to Leonard, my grandfather, his father, Heman Leonard came and I think it was about the same time, eighteen forty. You see, nothing happened here until eighteen twenty-six when Louis Campau came and everything grew from there. He started a grocery store; you know where Houseman‟s is? Interviewer: OK. Mrs. Avery: Well in that corner, and he was connected like almost all grocers were with the A&P coffee, tea and then if you bought that you got a saucer; you know they still do that, or a plate. And he was so successful with his china that he went into the china business. And my father had, when he, when he got to the, when his father died, china store Dick Zeyert and Sons. And that was the important store. You got your silver and glass there on the first floor, china on the second floor, hardware on the third floor, and toys on the fourth floor. Everybody went there for all those things. I mean it was generally, I can remember my, one time, my father saying that he always, when he sent a set of china which was a barrel of china, out I mean you had twelve of everything, that, if they didn‟t keep it, it might be a dozen plates, if they didn‟t keep it they brought it back, it was always, they always smelled of it, because if it has soap-suds on it, you knew that they borrowed it from the store long enough to have a party. Well, that‟s an amusing little bit isn‟t it? Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Avery: But they had beautiful china, the kind that Rood has now only even better. My father went to Europe to buy it. He was connected with a great big firm in New York and he went down there and bought. He spent three or four weeks every spring there, buying toys, china, �7 glass, silver. So you can see it was a very important store and the toy department they always had Santa Claus. He was in the window. And then I got old enough finally, to be a cash girl in the toy department and I‟d run back and forth to the office with money and things and that would be done up. Goodness that was important, Christmas time, the few days before Christmas. And then I got so old that I could be clerk. Boy, was that exciting? That is what you want to know. Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Avery: Folklore. Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Avery: Then of course, everybody came down there and you know everybody who came in almost. You knew people. You weren‟t intimate friends with them but you knew people. What‟s wrong with them in every way. There wasn‟t just parties; it wasn‟t just social, because we couldn‟t have parties all the time. We had a lot of parties. But you don‟t remember the parties; you remember the fun you had. You hide and seek after dinner, and then my mother calling “Eileeeeeen” till I got home. Eight o‟clock. Well, that‟s when you went to bed. And there wasn‟t any of this restlessness. Goodness we had everything we needed and we had fun and friends. It was a great life. It really was. Interviewer: What, what was society based on in those days do you think? If you were, assume that I‟m asking you to define how the society was set up, how did one become a member of society? Mrs. Avery: I don‟t know. You just got to know somebody and were asked in, it‟s asked that‟s all. There wasn‟t any caste about it. Interviewer: It wasn‟t based on money then? Mrs. Avery: No. Not at all, not at all. It was on friendship. Interviewer: Did people that lived in the Hill area, did they have, well when they had parties, for example did they invite people over that lived on the west side of town? Mrs. Avery: No, because they weren‟t their friends. They weren‟t their friends. Interviewer: In other words there… Mrs. Avery: There wasn‟t a caste about it but it was just that your friends over here in the neighborhood, and you had to walk for goodness sakes; you had no way of transportation. No busing. Streetcars, yes. You went everywhere on the streetcar. Oh, we went to the lake at Ramona, we only called it the Lake. We went to the shows every week; our beaus would take us to the shows. Beaus were just boyfriends. There was a very little romance about our high school days. I can remember. I mean it was all friendship and fun. Sound great? �8 Interviewer: Well, it‟s kind of hard for me to imagine I mean, high school today so much different than, just mere friendship. Was at adult parties, was liquor…? Mrs. Avery: No liquor, absolutely not. Interviewer: Why was that? Mrs. Avery: Well, it just wasn‟t done. Interviewer: When did it, when did liquor be, start becoming part of parties? Mrs. Avery: Oh, oh I don‟t know. Not while we lived over there. We moved from that house we built to the corner. And, we came out here in nineteen fifteen. Nobody served liquor at all. Interviewer: You said we came out here, where‟s here? Mrs. Avery: I say we built that house. Interviewer: The one that‟s on Lake Drive? Mrs. Avery: Yes. That big white house and we moved in nineteen fifteen. No, we never thought of it. It just wasn‟t done. We didn‟t even have wine. It just wasn‟t thought of. It just wasn‟t done. Well, it probably was in some circles but not in ours. I mean we went with everybody else but there may have been some people who like Lowes and Blodgetts who may have served wine. I wouldn‟t know. But we never did in our household. And mother and father never did. It‟s just one of those things that wasn‟t done. Interviewer: OK. Mrs. Avery: It‟s like kissing a girl before you‟re engaged. It just wasn‟t done. Or hand-holding, it just wasn‟t done. Nobody held your hand. You wouldn‟t think of walking down the street with somebody holding your hand. Goodness. Interviewer: Times have changed. Mrs. Avery: I, we used to have lovely hayrides. We‟d go way out to Cascade and have supper and come back. On the hayride, a boy put his arm around me and I didn‟t speak to him for a year. A whole year. I wasn‟t any different from rest of the girls. It just wasn‟t done. There‟re certain things that your generation doesn‟t do. I don‟t know whether there is or not. Interviewer: I can‟t think of anything. I‟m going to turn the tape over; it‟s almost done here… Yes, when did the talk about prohibition first start? When, can you first remember hearing talk about prohibition? Mrs. Avery: Oh, I don‟t because there wasn‟t any point in it. There was never any reason for it, for us. We‟d never had anything to drink. �9 Interviewer: How old were you when you took your first drink? Mrs. Avery: Oh, long time ago, I guess. But we didn‟t have it in our house over there. My husband died in forty-seven. Oh, I suppose that, I don‟t know „cause we certainly weren‟t having any whiskey at that time. I mean not how, you know, cocktails, the way we have it now. Interviewer: OK. Do you drink cocktails now? Mrs. Avery: Oh sure, just like everybody else. Interviewer: Well what about the, was this just, you said that you and your husband never had it in the house for example but what, was there somewhat of a double standard? I mean, was it just the women that didn‟t drink or was it also the men? I mean for example, were there saloons downtown where the men could go for lunch and so on? Mrs. Avery: Yes. Interviewer: And they‟d drink at lunch? Mrs. Avery: I don‟t know. Interviewer: Never asked? Mrs. Avery: Not my husband. Interviewer: Ok. Mrs. Avery: It was one of those things that wasn‟t done. When I say that I mean it, just that way. Interviewer: When you built that house across the street were there any of these other houses here? Mrs. Avery: One. One down the street on this side and one being built on the other side. Otherwise it was all woods like this over here. Interviewer: Ok. Now in nineteen fifteen you got back and forth to downtown in an automobile didn‟t you? Mrs. Avery: Yes, by then, we had an automobile. We had an old Tin Lizzy and of course no starter on it. So we left it up on John Street which is a steep hill. Parked it John Street and we‟d walk over and get it and let it run down the hill to start. When I came out here every day to watch them building the house, the men would always start it up for me. I never tried to, it was too hard. Interviewer: Why did, for example, why did you and your husband move away from downtown out to here? �10 Mrs. Avery: Oh, we thought it would be nice to be out here. I lived on Prospect and I used to walk out by myself often. And I liked that corner. Well, we decided that, that downtown was no place to bring up children. Interviewer: Who was Edmond Lowe, or Edward Lowe? Who was he, where did he come from? Mrs. Avery: Well he came from the east I think, I never knew where he came from, I never was curious I suppose, and he was a very important person. A very nice gentleman. And Mr. Blodgett we knew very well. He was, and they built that house out here on Robinson Road, that‟s now Aquinas College—beautiful house. Now if we were asked there for dinner, which we might have been, I don‟t remember, they wouldn‟t serve any liquor. You were invited for seven o‟clock. Got there and you sat down at the table at seven o‟clock. That was what parties were like then. Then they‟d go home at ten or eleven o‟clock. They didn‟t play cards in the evening. Now I‟m speaking of the people that I knew. I‟m not speaking of everybody, I don‟t if everybody… But we didn‟t play cards. My husband never played cards. Interviewer: What would you do after, after you finished eating? Mrs. Avery: Oh, you‟d sit around and visit. First of all the men would sit at the table, or maybe that‟s when they had some wine, I don‟t know. But they‟d sit at the table and then they‟d come out with the ladies. Interviewer: What, the ladies would retire to another room? Mrs. Avery: Yes. Interviewer: When did that, thinking back, when do you think that that kind of living, that kind of society began to change? Mrs. Avery: Well, I don‟t, I was trying to place it over there in that house. Cause we never had cocktail parties over there. And that was in nineteen fifty when I left there. I mean, when my husband was living. My daughter had a beau, who stayed with us, he lived in Cleveland. She married him. And he was an older person. He was twenty-five years older than… And, he had some whisky and in the bathroom, so he may have had some. But we didn‟t serve it. They were married in thirty-five, so it must have been since then. And I don‟t think they ever had any cocktail parties like, like we have now. I‟m sure they didn‟t. Interviewer: Was there any kind of event, anything what, when did society begin to change, when did that style of living and the closeness of the neighborhood that you experienced? Mrs. Avery: Oh. As you got away from it, you didn‟t have neighbors. You see down, down where I lived and where Averys lived they knew all the people around. Mrs. Warner we‟ve just been talking to, lived across from the Avery‟s house, exactly across and she married and we �11 never seemed to know her. We were too far to walk. Nobody had two cars in a family at that time. Interviewer: So what, what started bringing that style of living, living to an end was the dispersal of people? Mrs. Avery: That‟s right. Because, now in the Hill District, they all knew each other and on Lafayette and down John Street where the Hazeltines lived. They all knew each other. The Holts are down there, Campau lived there. Interviewer: This morning talking to a…….Pardon? Mrs. Avery: No. Huguenots, that‟s not their name, oh you know who I mean [Hugharts]. Lived on the corner across from the City Club in that corner brick house. Right across, up Fulton Street. The people knew each other on Fulton Street. The Gays lived up there and he started Berkey and Gay. I should think that would be a good place for you to start, too. Berkey and Gay and I suppose Mrs. Judd told you about the refrigerator company... Interviewer: Ok. Mrs. Avery: …Uncle Charlie Leonard started? He, Uncle Charlie Leonard ran the refrigerator factory and my father ran the store. Do you get a picture of I‟ve, I have given you a picture at all? Interviewer: Yes, fine we‟ll finish there then. INDEX A Aquinas College · 10 Avery Family · 1, 2, 5, 11 Avery, Grandfather · 2, 4 Avery, Mr. · 4 Avery, Noyes · 1, 4 B Barstow , Anna · 1 Barstow Family · 2 Berkey and Gay · 12 Blodgett Family · 2, 9 Blodgett, Mr. · 10 C Campau, Louis · 1, 7 Cary, John · 2 F Fanatorium · 4 G Gun Lake · 4 �12 H O’Brien, Mrs. · 6 Hall Family · 3 Hazeltine Family · 5, 6, 11 Hazeltine, Fanny · 6 Hazeltine, Mr. and Mrs. · 6 Holt, Mr. · 6 Hughart Family · 11 P J Ramona Park · 8 Rood · 7 Penney Family · 3 R Judd, Mrs. · 3, 12 S K Kent County Country Club · 6 Saint Cecelia · 6 Saint Cecilia Dancing School · 4 Salem, Massachusetts · 2 Stevens Family · 3 L Lafayette Street School · 3 Leonard Family · 2, 3, 6 Leonard, Charles · 3 Leonard, Charlie · 12 Leonard, Frank · 2 Leonard, Frank E. · 1, 2, 3 Leonard, Harry · 3 Leonard, Heman · 2, 6 Lowe Family · 2, 9 Lowe, Edward · 10 O O’Brien Family · 5 O’Brien, Mr. · 6 T Travis, Calla · 5 U Union Depot · 2 W Warner, Mrs. · 11 Wealthy Street School · 3 White Steamer · 4 Women's City Club · 11 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e3ef78f9df73fc48c40600c03abe2041.mp3 12eda69efa08d5d26b2080217c1ab727 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Heritage Hill (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Local histories Memoirs Michigan--History Oral histories (document genre) Description An account of the resource Taped and transcribed interviews conducted in the early 1970s primarily of the children and grandchildren of many of the founders of Grand Rapids, Michigan; many of whom were residents of the Heritage Hill neighborhood. Interviews were collected to develop a significant collection of oral resources that would supplement other primary and secondary local history materials. Initially funded as a private project, Grand Valley State College (now University) assumed responsibility for continuing the project until 1977. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/452">Grand Rapids oral history collection (RHC-23)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; audio/mp3 Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Sound Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-23 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1971 - 1977 Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-23_28Avery Title A name given to the resource Avery, Evelyn Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Avery, Evelyn Description An account of the resource Evelyn Leonard was born in Grand Rapids in 1883 and grew up on Prospect Street. Evelyn (Eileen) was the daughter of the inventor of the refrigerator, Frank E. Leonard. Leonard was a Vassar graduate and married Noyes L. Avery in 1907. She was president of both the Women's City Club and Women's University Club in Grand Rapids. Mrs. Avery died on August 4, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan--History Local histories Memoirs Oral histories (document genre) Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Heritage Hill (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Grand Valley State University Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf audio/mp3 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Rapids oral history collection (RHC-23) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/437b935bf05c99568d858d0d311cf33e.mp4 394cb6f512976076a189d66af30a7f72 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0ef24dd5cbe5b79fa2cfbdafa1779865.pdf e9d3cf6859742e0446695d8fd31fc080 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam Steve Avgerinos Total Time – (48:35) Background • • • • • • • He was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 27, 1949 (00:22) He grew up in Chicago His father worked in a laundry (00:48) He had seven siblings He went to school at Our Lady of Peace and graduated from St. Francis de Sales in 1967 (01:11) When he was in high school, Vietnam was pretty fresh on everyone’s mind o He remembers two men that were in Vietnam that he had gone to school with (01:55)  Both men were killed He received his draft number but did not want to wait to be drafted o He went and enlisted instead (02:29) Enlistment/Training – (02:33) • • • • • • • • He enlisted in the Army (02:36) o He went in the day after Thanksgiving of 1968 He was sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri (02:59) When he first arrived, he believes the whole process was dehumanizing o The process was to break the men down and build them up so that they could do what they needed to do (03:19) o He had a lot of anger and frustration during basic training  He broke his thumb (03:36) Vietnam was not stressed during basic training (03:52) Basic training lasted for eight weeks (04:08) The men were from all over the country o Most of the men were from the Midwest (04:22) After eight weeks he received orders for AIT [Advanced Individual Training] (04:35) He was then sent to Fort Lewis, Washington for AIT �• • • • • • • • • • • AIT was a lot less intense (05:18) The trainers were much younger o Not many of them were Vietnam veterans (05:33) He trained as 11 Charlie Company [mortars] during AIT o His training was a continuation of rifle training, learning how to set up a mortar, set it, level it, etc. (06:05) o He was trained on the 81mm mortars (06:20) There were a lot of daytime exercises and they started basic training for Vietnam o On one of the exercises, the soldiers ran out of ammo  They were told to go into the field and say “bang, bang” and pretend like they were shooting the enemy (07:21) His AIT training was very similar to others (07:40) o They learned how to read compasses, had night training, land navigation, etc. o The mortar men had to learn all of the different phases (08:20) He enjoyed the camaraderie of AIT (08:40) o The majority of the men knew that they would all get orders for Vietnam o They tried to enjoy the company of one another during this time (08:57) The AIT was structured with much less discipline – there was more free time o There was a lot less harassment (09:17) After AIT, he signed up for NCO (Non-commissioned officer) school in Fort Benning, Georgia (09:38) o NCO training was another eight weeks o The majority of the training was leadership training (09:54) o They learned how to handle different situations o The majority of the trainers were Vietnam veterans (10:32)  They were disciplined, but they would be willing to give immediate feedback (11:02) o The most challenging part of NCO training was having to make the tough decisions (11:56) He was never worried about having to lead men o He did not have a perspective of what war would really be like (12:47) o Training was simply academic exercises for him When he graduated he was an E5 (13:48) He received his orders for Vietnam (14:03) o His orders were just to go to Vietnam Active Duty – (14:15) • • • He flew through Chicago, California, and landed in Vietnam o He landed in Vietnam in November of 1969 (15:22)  He landed in Phu Bai, Vietnam Once he landed in Phu Bai, he was sent to Camp Evans (15:59) His first impression of Vietnam was that it was hot and the humidity was unbearable (16:17) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • He was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division o He never realized the history or tradition of the 101st Airborne (16:42) o He was fairly numb The soldiers were received very well at Camp Evans (17:41) o At Camp Evans, he was assigned to Delta Company, 1st Battalion, 506th Regiment (17:55) o His unit warmly welcomed him Some of the men resented the Shake ‘n Bake sergeants, but none of them said anything to him (18:44) He started going out into the high country (19:39) His company was hit for the first time in March of 1970 (19:59) He was a squad leader o There were three squads with men that carried M79 grenade launchers, M16’s, and a radio operator (20:43) There was a radio in his platoon and not in his squad The operations were generally company sized missions (21:30) The first Firebase that he went to was Firebase Rakkasan (21:52) o He was on Rakkasan two times A typical firebase had a lot of sand bags and ammo crates They would operate out of the firebases – they would sometimes be there to protect the firebase, but often times they would go there to get resupplied (22:36) He would cycle in and out of firebases with his men (23:54) o They would go to the rear on occasion o They would typically be in the field for three weeks before going to a firebase (24:11)  At one point, they were left in the field for forty-five days He was rarely in the lead going in – typically the 1st platoon would go in first (25:01) The LZ’s were typically prepared before the choppers came in His platoon normally had a Kit Carson Scout with them (25:40) o They knew that when they had not heard from their scout in a long time, “shit was gonna hit the fan” o The troops liked their Kit Carson Scout (25:58) The biggest difficulty in leading his squad was making sure that he could depend on people that had been there before (27:18) o He had confidence in the lieutenant  Many of the soldiers did not know him (27:41)  He was a quiet individual  He was an OCS [officer candidate school] graduate As his squad moved forward, it was quiet at first (28:30) o They were laying low until they received more soldiers His platoon had roughly sixty men (29:07) o They were severely underequipped When his platoon arrived at LZ Maureen, everything was relatively quiet (29:48) o The first platoon had already moved off �• • • • • • • • • • o They lost their medic (30:05)  That is how they ended up with Ken Kays, who later received the Medal of Honor, as their new medic (30:17) o They arrived at LZ Maureen on May 7, 1970 o His platoon was vastly outnumbered (30:30) o They were hit the second night that they were on Maureen His platoon assumed they had a better chance against the enemy if they were on the higher ground (31:25) Both of his eardrums were ruptured in the fighting on May 7, 1970 (31:46) o He was medevaced to Japan (32:13) o He was in Japan for three weeks After Japan, he returned to the United States at the Great Lakes Naval Station for six weeks (33:01) After being at Great Lakes, he was sent to Fort Leonard Wood to be an instructor (33:37) o He was currently an E6  His responsibilities did not change (34:02) o He just showed films and did odd jobs He never experienced any of the anti-war protests (34:49) There was a lot of racial tension in the military o There were some blacks that believed that Vietnam was not their war to fight (35:31) o The racism only occurred in the rear – rarely on the field o His squad was predominantly Caucasian (36:04)  There was one Puerto-Rican and nearly six African Americans (36:27)  The Puerto-Rican and a Caucasian got into a fight – they were both sent back There was quite a bit of drug use (37:29) o He participated in it o The soldiers would only use drugs when they were in the rear (37:39) o He never witnessed any abuse in the field The soldiers were angered at the anti-war movements that were taking place in America (38:30) The racial tensions were not felt in basic training, only in the field (39:04) After his time at Fort Leonard Wood, he was asked to re-enlist o He was told he could get a two thousand dollar bonus (39:43) o He decided that two thousand dollars was not enough to go back to Vietnam After the Service – (40:11) • • He regrets not being a better soldier and leader (40:25) When he read about the war in Iraq, he felt a lot of the same feelings as he did in Vietnam �• • • He dealt with a lot of the pain for over thirty years (41:47) o When the book about Ken Kays was being written, he began bringing out his story o He believes the book was accurate (43:22)  During the battle, he remembers the difficulties of fighting the enemy with so few men  As a sergeant, there was not a lot that he could do about what happened with his men (45:11) He sees a different reaction to the troops coming back from Iraq than the troops that returned from Vietnam (46:08) After he got out of the military, he looked for a job, drank a lot, did some drugs, and finally got things together o He returned to a job that he had when he left for the military (47:49) o He eventually went to work with his father at the laundry � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Avgerinos, Stephen (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Avgerinos, Stephen Description An account of the resource Steve Avgerinos was born in Chicago in 1949. He enlisted late in 1968 to stay ahead of the draft. He took basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, then AIT at Fort Lewis, and then went on to NCO school at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was then sent over to Vietnam, and joined D Company, 1st Battalion, 506th Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division, based at Camp Evans. In March, 1970, his company began a series of patrols in the hills and jungle west of Camp Evans, operating out of several different firebases. In May, his platoon's perimeter on a hilltop designated Maureen was overrun by enemy sappers, but Avgerinos and those still able to fight held the position. He was injured in the battled and sent to Japan and back to the US for treatment. He completed his enlistment as an instructor at Fort Leonard Wood. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-10-04 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AvgerinosS1453V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c087142da5a69e3c13e7c14990ea6dcd.pdf b2dbbbacfc64bf7ca2c38ad76da2f9be PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Maria Aviles Interviewers: Jose Jimenez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 9/27/2018 Runtime: 01:01:38 Biography and Description Maria Isabel de la Torre (maiden name), Maria Isabel Aviles (married name), was born in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. She arrived in the US in 1954 to Rochester, NY, and migrated to Chicago in 1958. Her parents were Josephina Davila Vazquez and Victor Manuel de la Torre. They remained in Puerto Rico. She is one of four siblings which lived at 625 W. Webster in the Lincoln Park Neighborhood for about eight years. The family then moved to the Lake View area. Her work experience included administrative work with medical records, hospital admissions and translation (10 years); and retail. She became the co-owner of Gaslight with her husband Wilfredo, and also retired in 2008. Maria is the proud mother of four accomplished children. She describes the abundance of local dances all over Lincoln Park and the adjacent Lakeview neighborhood which was the same barrio for Latinos that stretched from North Avenue to Irving Park and between Clark Street to Racine in the late 1950’s and 1960’s. �Transcript JOSE JIMINEZ: Just start with your name, the date you were born, and where you were born. MARIA AVILES: My name is Maria Aviles. I was born 11/21/47. I’m from Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. JJ: Okay. And who were your parents? MA: My mother was Josephina [Bache?] Davila. My father, Victor Manuel de la Torre. JJ: de la Torre? MA: Mmm-hmm. JJ: And how many -- MA: (Spanish)? [00:00:32] JJ: (Spanish)? [00:00:33] MA: I have one brother, the youngest. I’m the oldest. There’s five of us. JJ: What’s your brother’s name? MA: Alan. We call him [Papo?]. You know how that is. Papo. JJ: With the nicknames, yeah. Okay. MA: And then after me is another -- there’s three girls and one boy and myself. JJ: Right. And what’s your name? MA: Okay. [00:01:00] I’m the oldest, and it’s Maria de los Angeles. My mother named us. Then, there’s Yvonne, Marie, Josephine, and Alan. JJ: Maria de los Angeles. So your mother named you (Spanish). [00:01:13] MA: I guess, yeah. (Spanish) [00:01:16] Maria de los Angeles. 1 �JJ: (Spanish)? [00:01:21] MA: (Spanish). [00:01:24] I don’t know. Don’t ask me why. JJ: Oh, don’t ask you why? Okay. MA: I find that a little silly, but that was her wish, you know. JJ: She wanted everybody to be Mary? MA: Yeah, Mary, but we all have nicknames too. I’m Betty. (laughs) JJ: Okay, you’re Betty. MA: From Maria, I went to Betty. And then my sister has a very odd name. Her nickname is [Changele?]. Never heard of it. Then, the next one -- well, no, Yvonne has always stayed with her same name. Then, Josephine is Cookie, and then my brother, Alan -- he’s Papo, so [00:02:00] you know how... JJ: So (Spanish) --? [00:02:03] MA: It doesn’t matter. JJ: Okay. But Maria? MA: Maria, (Spanish) [00:02:08] because everybody, you know... JJ: Okay. So, Maria, did you say what year you came? MA: Oh, lord, that’s gonna be a little hard. I came to -- JJ: (inaudible) MA: -- Rochester, New York first. I was about six years old, and -- JJ: So what year was that about? MA: (laughs) In the ’50s. JJ: In the ’50s? MA: I would say, yeah. 2 �JJ: Fifty-two, ’53? MA: Yeah. I was six, so yeah. JJ: Yeah, you were born ’47, so I would think ’53? MA: But Rochester, New York -- there was hardly any Latinos. There were no Puerto Ricans. It was a very close-knit community ’cause there were hardly any Puerto Ricans, so when I went to school, I didn’t know the [00:03:00] language. And it was horrible, that I remember. JJ: So you spoke only Spanish when you came? MA: At that time, yeah. I mean, I’d go to school, and the kids would steal my lunch, (laughs) and I couldn’t say anything. And then we went to a Catholic school, and the nuns were not very nice. You know, they expected you to speak the language. How could I speak a language if I wasn’t, you know, there to speak it? And then also, I always remember I was the -- after I learned the language, I always had to go with my mom to the doctor so we can translate and, you know - JJ: So you were the translator? MA: Right, mm-hmm. Correct. JJ: So your mother didn’t speak anything? MA: At that time, no. You know, the kids learned it faster, and there were -- JJ: So you were the translator. MA: -- no bilingual schools either. JJ: You just needed somebody to translate it, you know. MA: You wouldn’t find anybody that spoke Spanish in Rochester, New York. 3 �JJ: So how long did you live in Rochester? MA: Oh, I would say about two years [00:04:00] maybe -- JJ: Two years? MA: -- then I came to Chicago. JJ: Okay. So the nuns -- you had a problem with them, or they had a problem. MA: With us, yeah. JJ: And then -- MA: We came to Chicago. JJ: -- you were the translator for your mother, and then you came -- MA: But then she learned the language when I -- JJ: So why did you come to Chicago? MA: ’Cause they wanted a better life and, like I said, almost all my mother’s family lived here, aunts and uncles, you know. ’Cause in Rochester, we didn’t have anybody. JJ: Okay. So where did you live when you came to Chicago? MA: We lived on Lincoln Avenue. JJ: Okay, you came straight to Lincoln Avenue? MA: Yeah, I remember the -- JJ: And that was about what, ’53, you said? Fifty-four? MA: Yeah, it could be, or maybe, you know, a little later, ’55. I was in fourth grade, so maybe, yeah. But the thing was we lived in a one-room apartment. JJ: On Lincoln Avenue? MA: On Lincoln Avenue. 4 �JJ: And what other street? MA: [00:05:00] Oh, God, what is that? JJ: Were you on Halsted, or...? MA: Near Clark? Does -- JJ: Okay, Lincoln and up there by Clark. MA: Near there. I don’t know if you remember Augustana Hospital. Many moons ago, that hospital -- I don’t know if you know -- JJ: Where was Augustana? Was that -- MA: It used to be. JJ: -- closer to...? MA: It’s no longer. It was somewhere near Lincoln Avenue, I remember, Augustana. JJ: And was it closer to [Bell?] Lake? MA: Pardon me? JJ: Was it by the lake? MA: Almost, yeah, I would say, because my mother -- after we settled, we used to go to -- JJ: Oh, no, Lincoln Avenue. Augustana’s over by Armitage. MA: Okay, how, you know -- JJ: Sedgwick and Armitage. MA: Right, around there. JJ: By Old Town, okay. MA: Right. And from there, we moved to -- at that time, it was a rented apartment with furniture. 5 �JJ: Yeah, you were right around Armitage. You were over there on Clark. You said Clark, right? MA: Yeah. Then, we moved to [00:06:00] 625 West Webster; Lincoln and Webster and Halsted. Webster was the street. JJ: And this was in the ’50s? MA: Yeah, ’50s. Then, I went to Lincoln School on -- I don’t know if you remember that. JJ: Yeah, I know where that school is. MA: And then I went to Saint Clement’s Catholic Church. JJ: I don’t know where that’s at [or by?]. MA: Well, there was hardly -- I used to walk on my own, but when my -- JJ: So you told us the school. You went kinda fast. You need water? MA: No, that’s okay. JJ: And don’t worry, you can stop at any -- MA: No, we went to Lincoln School. That was mainly where I graduated eighth grade, and then I went to [Waller?] from -- JJ: So if we could kind of backtrack a little bit, what do you remember of Lincoln School? MA: Well, again, there were a lot of Latinos [00:07:00] at that time ’cause Webster and Halsted was all Latinos at that time. We used to go to St. Vincent de Paul Church. DePaul University had a basketball -- I don’t know if it’s still there. JJ: Yeah, it’s still there. 6 �MA: And my girlfriend and I, when we were in high school -- almost every Friday, they had a game. We’d go there just to go, you know what I mean? A girl thing. Once I turned 15, 16, we had a routine. Friday, we’d do a little shopping. We’d go dancing on Saturday, and Sunday, we’d go to (Spanish) [00:07:41] or San Juan Theatre. See, nobody remembers those. JJ: No, I remember the San Juan. MA: No, I was saying, you know, I think that should’ve been left alone, the San Juan. JJ: So you and your friend went to that. Were there other friends, any particular friends? MA: Oh, yeah, we all had -- [00:08:00] and my sisters -- JJ: Were they Spanish? MA: We all got together on the bus -- JJ: Were they Spanish too? MA: Oh, yeah, (Spanish). [00:08:04] JJ: (Spanish)? [00:08:05] MA: Yes. JJ: Okay. So did you guys go to the YMCA too or anything to the dances? MA: Well, once in a while -- when I went to those dances, they invited us. But mainly, my sister -- that’s me, her -- JJ: ’Cause that was a different crowd. It seemed very different. MA: Right. We used to go a lot to -- oh, God, what’s the name of that -- Northwest Hall. JJ: Oh, yeah, I remember Northwest Hall. 7 �MA: Northwest Hall and Crystal Ballroom. JJ: Oh, the Crystal -- okay, I remember -- WILFREDO AVILES: I remember it. JJ: -- it now. (laughter) You remember it? I didn’t know if -- MA: He was in the service, so -- JJ: Oh, don’t say that. MA: I don’t wanna tell you the story. One time, I called the men, and they told me he was somewhere else. I said, “I’m not sitting at home,” [00:09:00] so my -- JJ: I [would?] go from Washington over to Northwest Hall. MA: Yeah, Northwest Hall -- JJ: Yeah, we used to go before that. MA: -- Crystal Ballroom. JJ: The Crystal Ballroom. MA: Those were the two ones. JJ: Those were the main places? Okay. MA: Right, and St. Michael’s. JJ: Yeah, and St. Michael’s. MA: And you know what? As women, we could get on the bus. No one bothered you. We all got on the bus and went to the dances all the way to North Avenue from Webster -- think about the trip -- all of us all decked out. We danced with everybody. It was very respectful. We didn’t look at the guy. If he was big, little -- you know, we just danced. We had a good time -- JJ: ’Cause there were a lot of dances at that -- 8 �MA: -- and then we went back home on the bus. That was it. JJ: ’Cause there were a lot of dances -- MA: Right. JJ: -- at that time. What year was it? MA: Oh, God -- JJ: About? MA: -- the ’60s. JJ: The ’60s. Sixty-one? MA: Sixty-two, maybe. JJ: Sixty-three? MA: No, that was grammar school. WA: Sixty-five. JJ: Sixty-five. MA: Sixty-five, around there, yeah. JJ: Sixty-five. MA: When we were in high school. And, you know, there was no -- JJ: This -- MA: -- IDs for drinks. [00:10:00] We didn’t drink, but I don’t remember anyone ever asking us for an ID, you know, never. When we went to the clubs, it was -- JJ: What kind of music? MA: Oh, salsa, merengue, you know. That’s what we -- JJ: No English music? MA: No, not at that time. 9 �JJ: Never? MA: I used to do the English at school when they had high school dances at Walter, or the YMCA. JJ: But you went with your friends to the Spanish dances? MA: Right. JJ: And it was the Crystal -- MA: And then also, I had a girlfriend, Lydia [Laboy?]. I don’t know if you know -- JJ: Oh, Lydia, yes. MA: Laboy and her -- JJ: The Laboy family. MA: We used to go to dances a lot together, mm-hmm, and then we’d go to the Spanish. And then when they had the Christmas dances at school -- we did both. JJ: Did you go to the -- there was dances at -- where was that [one?]? The Imperial Aces and Queens had dances on Dayton. WA: Imperial Aces? JJ: In the basement. Remember The Imperial? That was (Spanish) [00:10:59] were part of that. MA: That? [00:11:00] No. They were younger to me. WA: Yeah, I don’t know them. JJ: But I mean, they were a club by that time. MA: No, I never -- JJ: So St. Vincent is a different crowd? 10 �MA: Right. JJ: Different kind of crowd. That was not a club. WA: St. Vincent had -- JJ: But I’m just saying that there were dances at the church on [Clark and?] -- MA: Oh, yeah, we went to the church dances. JJ: And there was another place on Webster. MA: Mm-hmm. We got married there, [Swiss Hall?]. JJ: Was it Swiss Hall? MA: Yes, sir. JJ: That was the name of the [venue?]? WA: It used to be a donut shop or something. JJ: That’s right, Clyde’s Donuts, yeah. MA: My mother worked at Clyde’s. JJ: That was the donuts they used to give us every day. (laughter) WA: [That was the old days?]. MA: See, all my family lived on Webster. My aunt lived on one floor. My mother lived on another floor. Next door was my other aunt. You know, everybody lived there. JJ: By Clark? MA: No, Webster near -- WA: Right, that’s -- MA: -- Waller High School. JJ: Oh, by Waller. 11 �WA: Lincoln, maybe. MA: Yeah, Lincoln. WA: Lincoln and Webster. JJ: Lincoln and Webster, right around there? MA: Yeah, and my mother worked at Grant Hospital. [00:12:00] Yeah, she worked there. I have a lot of memories. And then she would take us to North Avenue Beach. That was the spot to all the Puerto Ricans. That’s all you saw there. I don’t know. JJ: What was that like at North Avenue Beach? ’Cause I mean, if somebody had -- MA: You felt at home because, you know, you saw everybody, more or less, that you knew in the summer. My mother used to walk us from Webster to North Avenue over the bridge to the beach, but we had to clean the house before we left. (laughs) That’s the way it was, you know. Like you said -- JJ: Okay, so you had to clean the house. So, you know, the women, basically, in the neighborhood -- MA: I resented every moment. (laughs) JJ: No, we basically saw them only at the dances, so were they kept at home? MA: Oh, sure, are you kidding? You couldn’t even laugh. JJ: I’m leading you on. MA: Well, at least with -- JJ: I don’t wanna lead you on or anything. I don’t want -- MA: [00:13:00] No, but we as women, Spanish, Puerto Rican, at least my mother -- JJ: What was that like growing up as a woman at that -- 12 �MA: You couldn’t do this. You couldn’t do that. You know, you couldn’t go out with guys like that like today. Are you kidding? I had to be home by 9:00. My mother never let us stay overnight at anybody’s home, even upstairs. My cousins lived upstairs. You didn’t go up and stay overnight. That’s the way it was in those days, and you only went out with her, the girls, you know. That was -- JJ: With your mother? MA: Mm-hmm. JJ: So the girls only went out with her? MA: At that time, mm-hmm. It was very different. And then I had a job at Children’s Memorial Hospital. I worked in the kitchen while I was in high school, almost all of my four years of [00:14:00] high school, and -- JJ: So you were cooking? What were you doing? MA: Well, every floor there -- not anymore, but they used to bring these big carts with the food, and then you distribute it to each floor. JJ: Oh, okay, to the rooms and that? MA: Mm-hmm, yeah. JJ: And you did that for a while. What other jobs did you do? MA: Oh, wow. I worked at Montgomery Wards Catalog where you took orders over the phone. I did that. I did the Kelly Girl -- I don’t know if you remember Kelly Girl. JJ: I heard the name. MA: Let’s say someone needed someone in the office for a month to do stuff. Then, you would go and file or answer phones. I did that. And then what else did I do? 13 �Babysat, stuff like that, then I worked at Frank Cuneo Hospital. I don’t know if you knew that one. JJ: I heard the name of that one, [00:15:00] yeah. MA: I worked there; it’s a Catholic hospital. I worked there, mainly, 15 years. JJ: Okay. So what did you do there at -- MA: I was an admitting clerk and did medical records. Mainly, I was more -- JJ: A secretary for the -- MA: They needed a bilingual person, and you know, I got the job. JJ: But 15 years, so that was pretty good. Good pay and everything? It was pretty...? MA: Oh, no, I’m telling you I got good pay there at that time. I couldn’t complain, yeah. But I remember, you know, times were very different from today. JJ: In what way? MA: Well, you know, you respected your parents. You couldn’t even talk -- in the old days, your mother would tell you, “We’re going to visit so-and-so. You sit there. If you want to use the bathroom, you let me know.” (laughs) [00:16:00] Today, kids take over the house. You know, I don’t know. Maybe I’m wrong, but it was very different whether or not -- WA: This would never [be there?] today. JJ: What do you mean? You’d just sit there even if you had to use the bathroom? MA: That’s right. Unless she talked to you, you couldn’t get up. JJ: Do you think that was good, or today is better? MA: It was horrible. (laughter) 14 �JJ: I mean, I don’t know. I’m not gonna judge it. MA: It was horrible. You know, and then we went to Puerto Rico to visit, you know, my grandmother and that; also very strict, you know. You can’t do that. You can’t do this. Today, the kids walk in the house like it’s nothing. JJ: So you think your mother learned from your grandmother? MA: Oh, sure. My grandmother was a tyrant. (laughs) JJ: And your daughter doesn’t [pay attention?]? MA: Well, they respected us, but I don’t think I was as strict, you know. [00:17:00] (laughs) Well, in some respects, yeah, because our culture -- my oldest daughter wanted to go to the mall all the time, and I told her, “You’re not going to the mall, I’m sorry.” You know, you would go to the mall, and today, the kids go somewhere else. Who knows where they go? So I already saw that, you know, so they would get upset at me. But it’s very different, the bringing up. JJ: And you mentioned your brothers, so you mentioned your brothers’ names too, right? MA: Mm-hmm. JJ: So how were you with your brothers? MA: Well, I was the oldest, so I had to take care of these kids. (laughs) And I’m not gonna say names. There was one that would be horrible. She would make fun of me. “Oh, you have to do this.” “I don’t have to,” you know, things like that. And my [00:18:00] mother worked Saturday and Sunday at a hospital, so I had to take care of them. And then my great-aunt lived upstairs, so she would call my mother when we got into, you know, fights and that, I’ll be honest with you. It 15 �was horrible, you know. Then, when my mother got home, oh, heaven forbid. You know, you were responsible. JJ: Did your mother always work, or...? MA: Oh, yeah. My mother worked until -- JJ: She had a lot of hours [she had to?] -- MA: My God, after she retired, she worked. A practical nurse, she was, mm-hmm. And for the -- JJ: And, you know, you mentioned about translating. MA: Mm-hmm. And then she -- JJ: And you mentioned that you had to take her to the -- MA: Yeah, at the beginning. JJ: Okay, so that would -- MA: And then she -- JJ: Most of your life? MA: Well -- JJ: You were like her assistant, you know, trying to... MA: But it was very different. I mean, [00:19:00] I respected my mother. Let’s put it that way because my father lived in Puerto Rico, and my mother remarried. So, you know, whatever she told me, that was it, you know? My other sister -- JJ: You wanna share about what she told you? MA: Oh, no, she would tell me you can’t laugh at -- JJ: And they split up, you know, with the -- 16 �MA: Oh, yeah. (Spanish)? [00:19:31] My mother was a very hard worker. That, I must say about her, a very hard worker. She would make me laugh because -now, I laugh; I used to cry. She used to comb our hair the night before, and it better be like that when you woke up in the morning. (laughs) Can you imagine? Oh, my God. But she would leave your breakfast. She was very, you know, homebodied, [00:20:00] yeah. JJ: But then she left, and then you were in charge of them? MA: Right. You know, when you got out of school, I had to make sure -- and I have a sister that was horrible. She was very defiant. I was the nerd, and she was, you know -- we won’t say who she... (laughs) JJ: So what sort of things did you do with your sister? With your brothers and sisters, what sort of -- MA: Well, we had chores, you know, when my mother was working. JJ: What kinda chores? I mean, that you -- MA: Clean the house. Clean the bathroom. Make sure all the stuff is done, but there was one that always made fun ’cause if they didn’t do it, I had to do it. ’Cause then when my mother got home, I’m the one, you know? JJ: What about in terms of games and that sort of -- what are the -- MA: Oh, no, we played, at that time, the jump-roping. [00:21:00] Some of the Spanish games, I don’t even remember anymore, but -- (Spanish)? [00:21:04] JJ: (Spanish) [00:21:07] [You played?] (inaudible)? MA: Oh, yeah. JJ: You played it in your house, that stuff? 17 �MA: Oh, yeah, bingo. We played -- JJ: It wasn’t legal. MA: Pardon? JJ: It wasn’t legal. MA: I know, but it was played. I had an aunt that loved that game, and she played it all the time. JJ: But did people come over for it? MA: Oh, yeah, (Spanish). [00:21:24] JJ: Oh, (Spanish)? [00:21:26] So the (Spanish) [00:21:30] would come and sell you numbers? MA: (Spanish). [00:21:31] JJ: With the numbers and everything? MA: Oh, (Spanish), [00:21:34] and (Spanish) [00:21:35] [Don Taco?] was his name. I always remember him when I was a kid. He would come. “(Spanish)?” [00:21:42] And then he’d take ’em out of his sleeves. (laughter) JJ: And then he told you your dream? MA: You picked a number. JJ: Did he tell you about your dream and all that? MA: Oh, yeah, and that was always (Spanish). [00:21:56] It never came out, but [00:22:00] they still played it, you know. Then, I had a great-uncle. He would take us on Chicago Avenue on Sundays. I think that little stand is still there, the hot dog stand in Ashland. JJ: Chicago and Ashland, okay. 18 �MA: Now, it’s called Duk’s -- JJ: It’s gotta be -- MA: -- but it used to be a little hot dog stand. WA: It would be in Ashland. MA: Yeah, and we used to go there -- WA: And we’d go to -- JJ: So that's by the Gaslight. So you guys were hanging out on Chicago Avenue and Ashland? MA: It didn’t even dawn on -- JJ: No, I don’t mean hanging out. I mean, that was the area you guys were from, or...? MA: No, I’m mainly Webster and Lincoln. JJ: But you guys would go to Chicago Avenue. MA: Right. No, my uncle would pick us up. My -- JJ: And take you there? MA: And take us on Sunday to eat hot dogs at -- JJ: Because they had the bakery and all that right there, right? MA: Oh, yeah, (Spanish), [00:22:44] yeah. JJ: Yeah. Well, it was some kind of restaurant over there, no? MA: Where? JJ: On Chicago Avenue? WA: There’s a lot of restaurants. JJ: Yeah, a couple restaurants in that area. 19 �MA: But the Puerto Rican restaurants -- there weren’t too many. JJ: Not too many? Okay. MA: [00:23:00] No. WA: You had that one in -- MA: [One time?] -- WA: Cafe Central . MA: Cafe Central, yeah. JJ: Cafe Central, yeah. That’s what I was gonna say, yeah. It’s been there – it’s still there. MA: Oh, is it still there? WA: Yeah, it’s still there. JJ: Yeah, it’s still there. MA: We haven’t been around. WA: [Mike?], his wife, and his son took it over. JJ: Oh, the other guy? Okay. MA: Mm-hmm. WA: Yeah, when he [passed away?] -- JJ: Yeah, I think I was gonna go there today. MA: Yeah, but the big thing for me was we used to go to the San Juan Theatre and see all these people. See, people don’t -- JJ: That was on Division, right? 20 �MA: On Division. We used to see all the Spanish, you know, singers, actors. Mainly Puerto Rican, and then The Senate. I don’t know if you’re familiar with The Senate Theatre and (Spanish). [00:23:41] JJ: (Spanish), [00:23:43] yeah. MA: There was more Mexican down by -- what was the name -- WA: Milwaukee Avenue. MA: Yeah, but the name of that big store. WA: Where, on Lincoln Avenue? MA: No, it was near the Catholic [00:24:00] church, that big Mexican church on -- JJ: Oh, Guadalupe? MA: Uh-huh. WA: Roosevelt? MA: Right. What was the name of that? JJ: Oh, no, St. Francis. MA: Terry’s. JJ: Oh, that’s it. Okay, Terry’s. What was Terry’s? MA: That was a big department store. WA: Yeah, it’s a -- MA: We used to -- WA: -- clothing store. MA: -- go to mass and then go shopping in there. JJ: So you went to St. Francis Church? MA: We went to -- you know, it depended. 21 �JJ: You went to that mass right next to Terry’s? MA: Mm-hmm. JJ: So that’s -- MA: St. Francis. JJ: -- Spanish because they had Spanish masses. MA: Right, in those days, yeah. JJ: And it was mainly Mexican, and Puerto Ricans went there too. Oh, you went there too? My mother went there. MA: Yeah, and St. Vincent also was all Puerto Rican mass at that time because we used to go -- JJ: Right, St. Vincent would do Puerto Rican masses. MA: In those days, yeah. JJ: So they had a (Spanish) [00:24:43] there? MA: Right. JJ: [Yeah, that’s what I thought?]. MA: They had a lot of dances there, yeah. JJ: So yeah, you didn’t -- MA: It was Father -- oh, what was his name? JJ: So you were part of the (Spanish), [00:24:53] or you just went to mass? MA: No, we weren’t really -- JJ: You -- 22 �MA: -- that attached to it. But we used to go when they had the dances [00:25:00] or if they had some -- you know, they used to do a lot of baking and selling. We would go. What was the name of the father? WA: Father [Reines?]? MA: No. WA: [I remember him?]. JJ: Oh, you remember Father Reines from St. -- MA: No, Father Reines from St. Michael’s. JJ: You’re thinking St. -- WA: No, (inaudible). MA: Oh, was it? JJ: And now, it’s a -- WA: Now, it’s a park. JJ: North Park, yeah. MA: Oh, what’s his name? He married us. JJ: Father Catherine, I’m talking about. WA: Oh, [he was?] -- MA: No, he was Spanish. I forgot his last name. Guiterrez? WA: No. MA: I know that it was a Spanish -- WA: Well, we got his name. It’s on the -- MA: Yeah, but St. Vincent -- JJ: He wrote it down on the paper. (laughter) 23 �MA: -- was a big Spanish church at that time. JJ: Yeah, and it became -- MA: ’Cause Halsted was all Puerto Rican around there. JJ: Halsted and what? MA: Halsted and Webster, and all of those -- WA: North Avenue down through Webster. MA: Because my uncle -- JJ: Through Webster? MA: Maybe you know my uncle. I’m gonna -- JJ: What’s your uncle’s name? MA: -- drop his name: Domingo Davila. JJ: No, you mentioned Domingo. P1: [Erica Imez?]. MA: Erica, okay. He used to give a lot of [00:26:00] dances down there. JJ: Oh, that’s Erica’s uncle? P1: He’s our -- MA: He’s my uncle. JJ: He’s your uncle? P1: -- great-uncle, her uncle. MA: My uncle, and he used to do a lot of dances down there. JJ: You mean in the -- MA: Northwest Hall, Crystal Ballroom, and my girlfriend and I -- JJ: So that’s who did the dances here? 24 �MA: Some of the time, yeah. But the funny part is that he would give a -- JJ: Now, this is not the guy with the large -- MA: No, he’s very -- JJ: Okay, not this guy, because he had a big -- P1: Big beard? JJ: -- sideburns or something. MA: Who is that, I wonder. JJ: But that’s not him, then, that -- MA: No. JJ: -- [you’re talking about?]? MA: He’s older than us. But the thing was that he would give us tickets -- JJ: I think he bought Northwest Hall later, the guy I’m thinking about. MA: Yeah. He would give us tickets to go down Halsted Street and sell ’em. (laughs) I always remember that. JJ: Well, for The Queen when they were -- MA: Oh, don’t get me started on those ones. (laughs) JJ: What do you mean, on the tickets for The Queen? You sold those? MA: Oh, yeah, we sold [00:27:00] all of them. JJ: I heard something, but I don’t know what the -- MA: Yeah, we sold that, and we -- JJ: How does that work? MA: He did the Boys Club, my uncle. JJ: Okay, the Boys Club on -- 25 �MA: And we all got in -- pardon? JJ: On -- MA: When they -- JJ: -- Orchard, or...? MA: I don’t remember. JJ: [Verde?]. MA: Maybe, because when they did the first Puerto Rican Parade, we were a part of it because of my uncle. JJ: And you’re talking about in ’66? MA: Right. JJ: That one, okay. MA: We went down State Street, whatever it was, yeah. JJ: Okay. Oh, yeah, that was the first one on State Street. It went to State Street, yeah. MA: We were part of that parade. JJ: That was the official -- MA: Yeah, official parade. JJ: They had one in Holy Name, you know, but that was the first one here. MA: But now, you know, they don’t give it downtown anymore, I guess, so... JJ: Well, they don’t do it in the neighborhood anymore. MA: In the neighborhood on Division and -- JJ: On Division into -- MA: Been a while, mm-hmm. 26 �JJ: So the Crystal Ballroom, [00:28:00] the Northwest Hall, Domingo Davila, (laughter) and then the (Spanish) [00:28:09] and all that -- you’re involved in all the -- MA: Yeah, I’ve been -- JJ: -- Puerto Rican stuff at St. Vincent’s. Okay, so that -- MA: My mother, after she came from the hospital, worked a couple of nights at Clyde’s Donuts. See, our house was right there. JJ: Right on Webster Avenue? MA: Right by -- JJ: Yeah, it was all Puerto Rican. MA: Yeah, and then Swiss Hall -- JJ: But now, it’s Oz Park. They made it a park. MA: Yeah, now that’s all a park. JJ: Yeah, it’s a -- MA: We got married at Swiss Hall. Yeah, I remember -- JJ: And that’s the one on Webster? MA: Right, Webster. We lived at 625 -- JJ: Now, do you remember going to parties there? MA: Oh, yeah, they used to have a lot of -- JJ: A lot of dances and that. MA: -- parties. Even that radio disc jockey, WLS, used to have parties in there. I remember, as a kid, seeing them, yeah. 27 �JJ: So what was it like? So [00:29:00] that’s an important area that we’re trying to let people know about and describe what -- so you lived right on that block? MA: Mm-hmm. JJ: So what was it like in summer -- MA: Oh, it was really nice ’cause it was all Spanish, and we all sat at (Spanish) [00:29:16] to talk. JJ: On the stairs and that? MA: And, you know, that was it. It was all families. And then if it got too hot, we went to -- not Garfield. Where they had the flowers on Lincoln Park -- what is it? JJ: Oh, the flower shop? MA: The big flower -- JJ: The big flower place right outside of it. MA: And they have a fountain. JJ: And the fountain -- P1: And the fountain -- MA: And my mother would take us there to cool off, and then we’d go home and go to bed. JJ: Did you guys go swimming? MA: (laughs) Yeah, I’m -- JJ: You jumped in -- MA: -- being honest. JJ: -- the little pond, and that’s what -- MA: We’d go in the pond around eight o’clock at night and then -- 28 �JJ: I jumped in there too. MA: Right, and then we’d go home, and that was our air condition, [00:30:00] you know. That was it, and then we’d go home. JJ: And it’s just down the street from Webster, yeah. MA: Yeah, I remember that. JJ: And the zoo was free. Everything was free. MA: Everything, yep. And then remember, there were no seatbelts, so you got (Spanish) [00:30:13] inside the car, (laughs) you know? I had one. You know, the older kids held onto the little kids, and we just drove very happy. JJ: And then there were a lot of other families [living there also?]? MA: Oh, yeah. Like I told you, you know, we Puerto Ricans at that time had to take the whole neighborhood. (Spanish), [00:30:32] and everybody went, you know? Now, it’s like, “Let me call them first,” you know. It’s very different, you know. That’s what I see, you know, that my kids -- one day, they’re gonna forget. They’re more Americanized. One time, my daughter said, “Why did you come here?” I said, “Your grandmother [00:31:00] brought me here. What did you want me to do? I couldn’t do anything, you know?” We were brought by other people, you know, and that’s the way life is, you know? JJ: Well, how did you feel about being -- MA: Well, I was little -- JJ: -- brought over here? MA: -- so you know, the first year, I was really crying, I’ll be honest with you, ’cause I couldn’t talk the language. I remember I went outside, and my mother didn’t 29 �even think. I was playing with the snow. I froze my hands, you know, ’cause that’s how it was, you know? No one told us anything, you know, so that’s the way it was then. It was very different lifestyle to today. And then the holidays -you didn’t need to have a party. Everybody came over. You brought something; we all cooked. We danced in a little house. Now, today, you can’t even visit people ’cause, “Oh, no, [00:32:00] call me.” Not in those days. People used to come, and little kids, big adult -- we all danced, everybody. Didn’t matter, you know? JJ: Okay, the adults and the kids -- MA: Oh, yeah, (Spanish). [00:32:14] JJ: So people were just into dancing? MA: For the holiday. Let’s say Noche Buena. You were preparing (Spanish), [00:32:23] you know, everything. JJ: Well, I mean, what did you do, I mean, for Noche Buena, for example? MA: Oh, wow. My mother -- JJ: What Noche Buena? Which one? MA: The 24th. Yeah, that’s Noche -- JJ: So what did you do? How did you do it? MA: Well, we all got ready, you know, for that day. Like I told you, they all lived -- JJ: What do you mean, ready? I mean, what did you -- MA: Oh, we made pasteles. We did (Spanish). [00:32:46] At that time, there weren’t that many big stores that sold (Spanish), [00:32:52] so my uncle -- I remember him going somewhere far. I don’t know where he would go to purchase it, and 30 �then he’d bring it [00:33:00] and cook it. And we cooked there, and we just sat around, you know, and danced. And that was it. That was our Noche Buena. JJ: In your -- MA: In our house. JJ: Right there on Webster? MA: Right on Webster. JJ: Right on there? MA: I remember we rolled up the curtains if it got too hot in the house and opened (Spanish), [00:33:21] and you had a good time, you know. Now, everything is, “What are we gonna do,” (laughs) you know. It’s very different. WA: [Some people?]... JJ: Trying to add -- so how was school? Tell me about your school. MA: It was Waller. I wasn’t -- JJ: You went to Waller? MA: Mm-hmm. I went to Waller. JJ: Did you graduate from Waller? MA: Yeah, mm-hmm. I was the last class that graduated in January. [00:34:00] I don’t know if you remember that they used to have classes graduating in January and one in June. I’ll never forget Jose [Sias?] was so -- JJ: Jose Sias? MA: Jose Sias. (Spanish), [00:34:13] they used to call him. JJ: Oh, that was (Spanish)? [00:34:16] MA: Yeah. 31 �JJ: That’s what I thought. But were they related, [Louis?] Sias -- MA: Oh, yeah, they’re brothers. JJ: They’re brothers, okay. MA: Oh, yeah, and he graduated -- JJ: Oh, so one was called (Spanish). [00:34:25] MA: (Spanish), [00:34:26] yeah. JJ: Okay, I remember that. WA: Five brothers in the family. MA: Mm-hmm, and we graduated together. And Lydia Laboy graduated with me, and I think -- JJ: So there were a lot of people in the Laboy family, right? MA: Right. Louis -- JJ: Louis and -- MA: -- Lydia, Michael. I remember -- JJ: So you guys grew up together? MA: We went to school together at Walter. JJ: What do you remember about them? MA: Oh, Lydia and I were very good friends. It’s a shame. Now, we don’t keep in contact, but her and I worked together. We went out together. She slept at my house, you know, and [00:35:00] things like that, yeah. JJ: Where are they from? Do you know where they’re from, or...? MA: No, I don’t know. JJ: Okay. But they were just good friends from school? 32 �MA: Yeah, from school, her and I. Lydia, mm-hmm. JJ: So you had a few friends that kinda hung around. What did you guys do? MA: Like girls being girls, we used to get together at somebody’s house and just listen to music and talk, you know, stuff like that. JJ: Spanish music? MA: Yeah, Spanish or English. JJ: Or English. I mean, what kinda English songs did you listen to? MA: Oh, God, all the popular ones. JJ: Who were the popular ones? Do you remember any? MA: Oh, yeah. JJ: “It’s twine time!” (laughter) I’m just kidding. MA: There was so many, oh, my God. JJ: Were the -- MA: “The Mashed Potatoes”, Chubby Checkers. JJ: Oh, Chubby Checkers and “The Mashed Potatoes”. We all knew that. MA: Brenda Lee. JJ: “Wipe Out.” MA: “Wipe Out”, yeah. JJ: So you guys remember that? MA: Yeah, sure. JJ: I know you had to remember ’cause we were at the same dances. WA: [Yeah, just about?]. MA: Yeah, I [00:36:00] used to listen a lot to WLS, Dick Biondi. 33 �JJ: Oh, Biondi, that’s who it was? MA: At that time, yeah. JJ: So that’s why I asked you about that church on Lincoln. It was The Peoples Church [later?], but they used to have dances there with the Imperial Aces and Queens. And I remember walking in there one time. Everybody was doing cartwheels and everything. MA: Oh, really? JJ: Yeah. You know, they used to do the split and all that. Did you do all that? MA: All the guys, yeah. I remember -- WA: We never went to that church. JJ: You never been there? MA: No, but we went -- JJ: And then there was that -- in Webster too, they did it. MA: Yeah, on -- JJ: It was the same crowd. WA: [It was?] -- JJ: At Saint Teresa’s, they had dances, didn’t they? MA: Oh, yeah, Saint Teresa. You’re right. JJ: So you went to Saint Teresa? MA: Some dances, yeah. It was mainly, like I said, St. Michael’s, St. Vincent, yeah. JJ: So there was dances all over that area over there? MA: Yeah, that was -- WA: [And the?] -- 34 �JJ: Do you remember that too, [00:37:00] Freddy, the dances? WA: I mean, not all of them besides the -- MA: (Spanish) [00:37:02] San Juan -- JJ: [And you went together?]? WA: Yeah, (Spanish). [00:37:04] MA: -- used to have a lot of dances too. (Spanish) -- [00:37:05] JJ: That’s right. (Spanish) [00:37:06] San Juan had a lot of dances. WA: [There was a lot?] we used to go to. MA: I think that’s why we kept busy, you know, ’cause there were a lot of activities. JJ: So was it a community, or...? MA: Yeah, I would say a community. JJ: Well, what does that mean to you, community? MA: Well, that you knew each other. When you went there, you knew everybody, you know? The majority of the people, you would know, so you knew there wasn’t gonna be any problems, you know, ’cause you knew each other. Like I tell you, we used to go to the dances, get on the bus, just the girls. We never had any problems with anybody on the bus, or that they’d look at you strange, you know. Never had -- JJ: So there really wasn’t a gang there? MA: No. JJ: It was more like a -- WA: Never. JJ: -- community with projects -- 35 �MA: Right, community. WA: That’s what I said. JJ: -- and dancing and sports and...? MA: Right. JJ: So, you know, like Freddy was saying, sports. And you’re saying about the dances that the girls went out to dance and [00:38:00] just had a good time? MA: Oh, our routine was -- like I said, Friday, we’d go shopping for what we’re gonna wear Saturday to go dancing. And then Sunday, we’d go to one of the theaters; (Spanish), [00:38:13] San Juan, or Senate. One of those three, we would go. The same crowd that we -- JJ: And were they mostly Puerto Rican? MA: Oh, yeah, mm-hmm. JJ: So you said before that Halsted and Webster, that whole area, was -- MA: It was all Puerto Ricans. JJ: All Puerto Rican. You mentioned North Avenue up to Diversey or Webster? WA: Yeah. MA: Mm-hmm. JJ: How big was the Puerto Rican community around that time? MA: I would say by us, it was, at that time -- JJ: From what street to what street? MA: Lincoln Avenue -- JJ: Around there? MA: -- Halsted, Dickens. 36 �WA: Yeah. [Ralph Comiez?] used to live on North Avenue and Halsted. MA: Yeah, all that would cover -- WA: I had a lot [of family that was?] -- JJ: North Avenue and what? WA: [00:39:00] And Halsted. JJ: And Halsted? So from North Avenue to Halsted to...? WA: All the way to Walter. JJ: All the way to -- WA: Or Webster. JJ: To Webster? WA: Yeah. Well, into -- JJ: And then from -- MA: You know where -- JJ: From Clyde to where, to Southport or Racine? MA: No, Southport wasn’t -- JJ: No Southport? WA: No, sir. MA: Southport -- JJ: And then what’s up north? WA: It’s to Clark East. JJ: (inaudible). MA: But I would say -- JJ: Oh, from Clark to Racine, would you say, or...? 37 �WA: No. MA: I would say the Puerto Rican community was up to Clark where the Century was. Remember the Century? JJ: Uh-huh. MA: There, it became more -- you know, it was different. But from Webster up to Clark -- ’cause I remember my mother would take us to the AMP there, and it was a little different crowd, you know what I mean? But I would say once you hit the Century, it was more white area. JJ: Right, okay, ’cause that’s by Diversey. MA: Right. I remember when we’d go to the Century, [00:40:00] it was a little different atmosphere. People would look at you funny like, “What are you doing here,” you know? (laughter) JJ: (Spanish) [00:40:07] hanging around by the Century. WA: [He knows I?] -- JJ: He knows what I mean. MA: It’s true. JJ: I’m joking. MA: Yeah, no, but it was like that. It’s true. You know, out of your comfort zone, you know, that you had to be... JJ: But from Clark -- MA: Halsted. JJ: -- at least to Sheffield. MA: St. Vincent -- yeah, Sheffield. Yeah, it covered all -- 38 �JJ: So that’s a big area. MA: Oh, yeah, it was. I remember Halsted was all Puerto Rican, the majority, at least that I saw. Lincoln Avenue -- JJ: And everybody just moved down and -- MA: You know, I don’t know what happened. I don’t know. JJ: -- made all their money and left. MA: It must’ve been, yeah. JJ: And what happens -- WA: I don’t know. I mean -- JJ: What do you think -- MA: I think -- WA: The areas I lived in -- MA: -- it got too expensive. WA: Sure, it did. That’s how you [00:41:00] drive people out if they can’t handle it. MA: And think about it. That used to be all homes, and now it’s Oz Park. That’s where we lived, right there. JJ: So, I mean, how do you feel -- that was your neighborhood. MA: It’s sad, you know, but that’s the way... JJ: That’s the way life is? MA: Yeah, you know, everything goes in a circle, you know. WA: Gentrification, you know? MA: It is. JJ Like Freddy said, gentrification, so... 39 �WA: Gotta go with the new. JJ: “We’re gonna buy another house.” MA: (laughter) No, we’re done. JJ: I’m joking. WA: I’m done. JJ: I’m just giving -- no, gentrification. That’s what it is. WA: That’s it. MA: Yeah, that’s what it is. JJ: It’s ridiculous. [I mean that?]. MA: Yeah. If you can’t afford it, you gotta move, you know? JJ: So do you feel any anger, or no? MA: You know -- JJ: I guess not ’cause it’s not -- WA: You can’t be remorseful because -- MA: Well, you know what? WA: -- in those old days, there was no (inaudible). MA: Certain neighborhoods, I would’ve really loved to have stayed, I’ll be honest with you. I would’ve liked to stay by Byron when we lived on Byron [00:42:00] and Southport. JJ: That’s Freddy Aviles, your husband, speaking [out of you?]. MA: (laughs) No. I can’t tell you the story -- JJ: He’s trying to speak for you. (laughter) I’m kidding. 40 �MA: No, I always liked the house there. You know, I would’ve retired there on Southport, but you know, life has other plans for you, so... JJ: So you guys had a house on Southport, is that right? MA: Southport and Byron, yeah. JJ: Okay, yeah, he mentioned that. MA: And it’s still there, and they haven’t done a thing with it. That’s what makes me laugh, (Spanish), [00:42:32] Fred? WA: Mm-hmm. MA: They haven’t remodeled it. They haven’t done anything with it. JJ: So were there any dance contests? Now, I’m taking you away from that. MA: Oh, there was all -- you know what? I don’t think there were any dance contests. WA: There weren’t any dance contests, no, that would -- JJ: Besides Freddy, who else was a good dancer? MA: Oh, God, a lot of the guys were good dancers -- JJ: Yeah, the guys were? MA: -- just like the girls. There were a lot of people that would go dancing. JJ: Which girls were good dancers? WA: [00:43:00] Half of them, who knows, were there. MA: You know, like I said, we all danced. I don’t know. JJ: Now, do you remember ever going out to other places besides the dancing? MA: Oh, yeah, we went places. JJ: Were there picnics at the high school? MA: Oh, no -- 41 �JJ: School picnics? MA: -- we had picnics from school, yeah. JJ: From the school? MA: No, we did our own picnics -- JJ: In the neighborhood? MA: -- in the school. JJ: In the school? MA: We called it a school picnic, but we did it -- JJ: Okay, so -- MA: -- the kids. JJ: -- [you did it?]? MA: Yeah. JJ: But I mean some Puerto Ricans going out and kind of -- MA: Oh, no, we did a lot of that, yeah. JJ: A lot of that? MA: (Spanish) [00:43:34] San Juan did a lot of that. JJ: So (Spanish) [00:43:37] San Juan did some picnics? MA: Yeah. And the Puerto Rican Police. WA: Police Association. JJ: Oh, the Puerto Rican Police Association? MA: They did picnics, yeah. JJ: They would have picnics? MA: Oh, yes. 42 �WA: The Puerto Rican Chamber of Commerce. JJ: Okay. And you guys were both together with them? WA: Yeah, sure. MA: Mm-hmm. WA: I was involved with ’em. JJ: With the Puerto Rican Chamber of Commerce? MA: Mm-hmm. WA: Sure. JJ: Okay. Were you involved with the Puerto Rican -- WA: The parade. JJ: -- Police Association? Oh, with the Puerto Rican Parade Committee. [00:44:00] WA: (Spanish), [00:44:00] yeah. JJ: You were with them? WA: I was in the parade. I was a director there also in the Chamber of Commerce. JJ: In the Chamber of Commerce? MA: Mm-hmm. WA: I was the treasurer. JJ: Okay. And did you go to the YMCA also with him? MA: With me? I think I -- WA: I think twice, yeah. MA: -- went to a couple of dances, but no. But my mother had my uncle pick me up at 10:00 when the fun was going on. (laughter) JJ: [Not even at midnight?]. 43 �MA: I’d be so embarrassed because I’d see him looking for me. At ten o’clock? Come on. (laughter) JJ: “Give me a break, man!” MA: Yeah. So the way -- JJ: But that’s the way the women at that time -- MA: Well -- JJ: Or just you? MA: Just me. JJ: [They didn’t let?] -- MA: We won’t go into my sisters. (laughs) JJ: Your sisters could stay? MA: They didn’t listen. JJ: Oh, they didn’t listen. They just stayed. MA: They did whatever they wanted. [00:45:00] Hey... JJ: I mean, do you think that that helped? Was it too strict? MA: You know what? I’m not gonna blame anyone. I did whatever they told me; let’s put it that way. I shouldn’t blame other people. You know, it’s just, you know, your character, I guess. I don’t know. You know, I didn’t wanna see my mom worried about us, you know. She already had enough to worry, you know? But my sisters had a great time in life. JJ: So why do you think they were that strict? I mean, what was the -- MA: I don’t know. I believe that’s the way they were brought up. I think it repeats itself. 44 �JJ: So you didn’t understand why you were -- MA: At that time? No. I was not very happy. (laughs) JJ: You were not happy, and you didn’t understand why? MA: Right. JJ: Did you try to do that with your children? MA: You know, you’d have to ask them. I think I wasn’t [00:46:00] as strict as my mother was. At least my daughters used to go out, you know, with me or with -you know who she only let me go -- JJ: They went out with you, though? MA: Yeah. JJ: That’s what your mother said. You’d go out with her. MA: Right. You know who she believed in letting me go out with? My husband. She wouldn’t let me go out with any other guy but him. JJ: But Freddy? MA: (laughs) I swear to you. I don’t know. JJ: He had a way with her. MA: Right. She liked him right away. WA: She said, “He’s a good person with, you know, a good face. He has a great face.” MA: Little did she know. JJ: That he was the worst guy you knew. (laughter) MA: (Spanish), [00:46:44] you know. JJ: So little did she know that he wasn’t that (inaudible). 45 �MA: Right. But if Fred would come pick me up, it was okay. JJ: But at least, hey, 51 years, you’ve been married. MA: Oh, right. I’ll never forget I had a friend -- JJ: Fifty-one years, you’ve been married. That’s pretty good. MA: Yeah, but then I felt embarrassed. I had a [00:47:00] friend -- he was just a friend. It was nothing -- so he came and asked my mother, “Well, can I take Betty to a dance on the South Side?” “Oh, yeah, tomorrow after she cleans the house.” Well, I got up and cleaned that house, boy. (laughter) The guy comes to pick me up. She says, “You’re not going anywhere.” And, you know, I would not argue. And I felt bad for him ’cause he came from the South Side to pick me up. JJ: Now, wait a minute. Freddy mentioned the South Side. MA: No, this was before I met Fred, you know. I was -- JJ: Oh, no, I don’t mean that. But you guys mentioned the South Side, so where in the South Side? MA: I really don’t -- WA: Fifty-fifth. JJ: On 55th? That was a Puerto Rican -- WA: That area used to be on 55th, and there used to be a lot of Puerto Ricans. Matter of fact, you got -- JJ: Yeah, there was a lot of Puerto Ricans. (Spanish)? [00:47:54] WA: No, at the (Spanish). [00:47:57] MA: The [00:48:00] (Spanish), yeah. WA: And just down by Midway Airport. 46 �JJ: By Midway? WA: (Spanish) [00:48:07] ’cause we went to -- JJ: So Midway Airport -- WA: -- Capital Bank or something. JJ: -- had a lot of Puerto Ricans. WA: In the Midway Airport. JJ: And for what year? MA: The same, the ’60s. WA: Well, this is now, recently in the -- JJ: Oh, recently, yeah. WA: Yeah, in the ’80s till now. JJ: Now and the ’80s, but I mean at that time? MA: No. WA: At that time? JJ: The ’50s? WA: When I came from Puerto Rico, I landed at Midway. You had to walk from the airplane to the house where you pick up your luggage and that. JJ: So, yeah, Midway used to be the airport ’cause there was no -- WA: There was no O’Hare -- JJ: There was no O’Hare, yeah. WA: -- when we came here. 47 �JJ: But, I mean, I know that in the late ’40s during World War II, they had an assembly line in the factories for the planes at the Midway. And a lot of Puerto Ricans [00:49:00] were hired for that. WA: They called them (Spanish). [00:49:00] MA: Yeah, that was the -- WA: That’s what they were. JJ: (Spanish)? [00:49:04] WA: Yeah. JJ: So there was a group called that? WA: Yeah. MA: You know how we -- JJ: In the ’50s? WA: No, I don’t know if it -- MA: You know who used to be in that area? WA: -- was that. But I know it was next to -- MA: (Spanish) [00:49:13] Yvette. WA: Yeah, and she’s still on 55th -- MA: In front of our -- WA: -- with Louis Sias. P1: But what year? JJ: Oh, Louis Sias? MA: In the ’60s. WA: No, it’s more like the ’70s. 48 �MA: Well, after we got married, yeah. JJ: The ’70s. MA: In the early ’70s. JJ: Yeah, the ’70s because I remember they moved all over, but there was always something there. MA: Yeah, that’s -- WA: [Yeah, that’s before?] -- MA: -- how he met his wife. She was from the South Side, Puerto Rican. JJ: So you’re talking about -- in the ’70s, they were going over to the South Side, okay. WA: No, in the ’70s, she was not going to the South Side ’cause we got married ’66, so -- MA: Well, that’s when we -- JJ: She wasn’t allowed? MA: -- met (Spanish) [00:49:46] Yvette. Then, they got married -- WA: They got married. MA: -- on the South Side. P1: No, he was asking when you were -- WA: When you were going. P1: -- going to the South Side to the dance. MA: Oh, I see. JJ: So you went in ’65, yeah. WA: Before she was married, yeah. 49 �MA: Right, but I never got to go [00:50:00] because my mother -- JJ: You had to clean the house. You were scrubbing the floor. WA: Well, that’s the way it is. In the old days, they -- MA: Who knows? You know what? Maybe -- WA: I mean, I was 16, 17. I’m in high school, and I had to be home at eight o’clock at night. I’m not kidding you when I tell you that. JJ: Okay. So they -- WA: That’s the way it was. JJ: -- were strict with the men. WA: I was not a person that was out doing bad things ’cause I didn’t get -- MA: He didn’t have the time. WA: -- you know, to go out there. I was home already. JJ: I think he’s trying to tell me something. WA: Well, no, it’s true. A lot of the guys [in the?] -- MA: See, the thing is he was the oldest in his family. I was the oldest in my family, so I think the oldest kid always is -- they’re more strict with you. I don’t know, you know. JJ: Okay. So the oldest -- MA: In my head. JJ: -- person in each family had a responsibility? MA: More responsibility, I think. WA: Sure, I used to -- JJ: Is that what they were doing? 50 �WA: My brothers, Ruben -- MA: (Spanish). [00:50:51] WA: -- and Sixto, I had to wake up in the morning. “Come on, get your butts up for school.” MA: Yeah, that’s the way it was. WA: And, you know, I used to -- JJ: You had to do that? WA: Yeah, I would. MA: You didn’t have a [00:51:00] babysitter. You didn’t have anybody coming for -- WA: My mother and father would get up at 5:00 in the morning to go to work. MA: Yeah, that’s the -- JJ: So that was part of family? MA: Right, it was a family thing. JJ: The oldest person -- MA: My mother got up -- JJ: -- had to do it. WA: You have a responsibility for the -- MA: My mother left by 7:00. Like he says, I had to get them ready for school. What could I do? I was 12, 11, you know. We walked together. No one walked us to school, you know. WA: Today, everybody drives their kids to school. They live two blocks, they drive their kid to school. I walked to school. I had to take buses when I went to high school, and you know, 20 below zero didn’t mean nothing. 51 �MA: Yeah, you had to -- WA: You waited there for the bus, and that’s it. Just make sure you’re dressed warm, you know. That’s the way it was. But I bought my first car for 75 bucks, a ’53 Mercury. Two-door hardtop with the Hollywood bumpers and all that, my own money. MA: When we first got married, we got paid every two weeks, so -- JJ: Oh, really? MA: [00:52:00] -- we didn’t have enough money between us. And the bus was 25 cents with a transfer, and we didn’t have that. And I was too proud to ask, and he was too proud to ask, so what he would do -- he had a car. He’d take me to work, then come back or -- oh, it was a big mistake. WA: We had money to go to work, but then I would come back home and pick up the car, and then I would go pick her up at work. No lunch. We had breakfast at home, and that was it, so you know... MA: And people would say, “Oh, aren’t you gonna eat lunch?” (laughs) WA: You got to, you know, earn points, and that’s the way we did, but thank God. MA: But I think there were a lot of -- WA: Today, you know... MA: -- people like that, a lot of Latinos, you know, that did that. It wasn’t just us. I believe that very much. JJ: Did you see it, or no? MA: I believe I saw, you know, a lot of people sacrifice. JJ: Like your friends? 52 �MA: [00:53:00] Oh, yeah. JJ: Oh, they did? Okay. WA: It was -- MA: Mainly, I would say my family; my parents, my mom, and my aunts and all of them. They were very hard workers too. JJ: They just ate breakfast. They didn’t eat lunch? MA: Right, yeah. JJ: No lunch? MA: No lunch, as far as I know, you know, yeah. On the weekend, they used to cook a lot because, you know, that was the thing to do. We’d cook, and then -- JJ: So when they cooked, I know that -- was it rice and beans and that? MA: Oh, yeah. JJ: I mean, they didn’t -- WA: Puerto Rican favorites -- JJ: Puerto Rican families -- WA: -- in those days, sopa de pollos and everything. MA: We used to go to his mother’s house every Sunday to eat or my mom because like he said, one lived on the first floor and second. And we’d go with the kids, and one of them would cook one Sunday, and the other one the next Sunday. That’s what I’m saying. Today is, “Let me call and see if I can come over,” [00:54:00] you know? In those days, you just came over. It wasn’t like now. And then it was all Puerto Rican food all the time. (Spanish), [00:54:14] what time is it? 53 �WA: I know, yeah. JJ: Okay, yeah, so we’re gonna kinda wind down. Okay, so what’s the biggest thing you remember about growing up in Lincoln Park? MA: That mostly, it was all Puerto Rican, and we all got along. We never had any, you know, “Don’t go walking on that side of the street,” or, “Don’t look at him.” We all got along perfect. And, you know, of course, there’s always a little mishap with people, but it wasn’t to that degree that you had to call the police or -- you know, everybody tried to get along with each other. Today, it’s hard, you [00:55:00] know? Neighbors are not that friendly. Everybody keeps to themselves, you know? JJ: Did you like Lincoln Park, or...? MA: Oh, yeah, I was happy there. JJ: That’s a trick question. That’s kinda a leading question. MA: No, at that time, you know, I was a kid. Those are memories that -- we had a family. What was their last name? Puerto Rican. They lived on top of Clyde’s Donuts. They had 22 children, so we had all kinds of kids to play with. (laughs) You’ll never guess -- and that’s the guy, Bendito. He was a very -- they all sang. They played guitar, (Spanish), [00:55:44] Fred? They were unbelievable, these people. They were from my mother’s town, Cidra. I don’t know if you’re -- JJ: Oh, the 22 were Puerto Rican. And he played guitar on the [side?]? MA: They had their own band. JJ: Folk music, [00:56:00] or...? MA: No, they had everything. 54 �JJ: (Spanish) [00:56:01] and all of that? MA: And I remember the daughter -- WA: And one of them -- MA: -- sang beautiful, Anjelina. WA: -- was a pilot in Puerto Rico. MA: Yeah, some of them moved back to Puerto Rico. JJ: So you know who else lived on Webster? This guy named [Ito?]. Do you remember him? WA: Oh, Ito, yes. JJ: What do you remember about Ito? WA: Man, Ito, Maria. MA: (Spanish)? [00:56:23] WA: (Spanish). [00:56:23] You know, he passed away. JJ: Oh, no, I didn’t know that. WA: Yeah, Ito died. He was a tall guy. We called him Ito. [That was his name]. MA: I used to remember [Fransico?]. WA: No, but Ito -- JJ: Oh, Elvis Presley. Wasn’t that Elvis? WA: Well, Ito was the one that was in -- JJ: Wasn’t he Elvis Presley in the neighborhood? WA: I don’t know about Elvis Presley, but -- MA: My cousin used to be Elvis Presley. JJ: [Oh, he was?]? 55 �MA: He used to love Elvis Presley. WA: He did, yes. MA: Hector. WA: Hector, yeah. JJ: Hector? WA: Her cousin. MA: They had a band. I’m pretty sure you knew them. JJ: What’s the name of that band? MA: I forgot the name of the band. [00:57:00] It was him, my other cousins like I told you, David -- WA: They were first cousins. MA: There used to be there with you guys, your -- JJ: Oh, us, with the Young Lords? MA: Yeah, they had a band. JJ: David -- MA: Johnny [Bettencort?] -- JJ: Vicente, the dancer? MA: That’s another guy. JJ: That was another band. MA: Yeah, I remember that name. JJ: His brother had -- WA: Yeah, so -- MA: But Hector and them -- what were they called? Darn it, I forgot. 56 �JJ: And there was some that dressed up like some kind of vampires or something like that, (Spanish) [00:57:28] or something like that. MA: Right, yeah. But that’s one -- JJ: But Ito used to get on the stage and sing Elvis. You don’t remember him -- WA: Maybe I do. JJ: -- and the dances? Ito used to get on the stage -- MA: Oh, I believe you, but I don’t -- JJ: -- and sing Elvis. You don’t remember something? Okay. WA: Yeah, I don’t know. JJ: But you said something? WA: He did Elvis? MA: Yeah, my cousin was a little -- WA: Hector. MA: Hector. He played in a band, and they used to know the Young Lords. It was David Bettencort -- JJ: (Spanish). [00:57:56] MA: -- Louis Bettencort, Johnny [00:58:00] Bettencort. They were three brothers and him, Hector Sias. He was part of the group. JJ: Okay, so they had -- WA: He played the keyboard. JJ: Okay, so I know that they had bands. Some of them looked like The Beatles. MA: Yeah, I think it was in Westley. WA: Yeah, they used to dress like that. 57 �MA: I think that was them, yeah. JJ: Yeah, that was them. MA: They used to dress with the black arrow. They had, you know, the little... WA: Yeah, it was the -- MA: Yeah, that was them. JJ: Yeah, ’cause we had our own bands in the neighborhood, all different bands. MA: Yeah, Swiss Hall, they used -- JJ: At Swiss Hall, yeah. MA: -- to play a lot. JJ: That’s where I -- MA: I remember that, yeah. JJ: So that’s them. I think [it was that band?]. MA: But I don’t -- JJ: And there was another group called The Vampire. It was a different group. MA: Oh, that one, I don’t know. But I forgot their name. JJ: And then they had salsa bands that were starting at that time too with Caribe Ruiz. He was [up there?]. MA: Oh, yeah, he was a big part of the community. JJ: Did you go to the Puerto Rican Congress? WA: (Spanish). [00:58:52] MA: Oh, yeah, (Spanish). [00:58:53] JJ: Did you go to the (Spanish)? [00:58:55] MA: Oh, yeah. 58 �WA: It was down on North Avenue. JJ: What about The Post? Do you remember the [00:59:00] Legion Post for the soldiers? MA: No, that, I don’t -- WA: No, that one, (inaudible). JJ: They had [that on?] -- MA: But yes, (Spanish) Caribe [00:59:07] was very -- JJ: Yeah, he was one of the -- MA: -- influential with the Puerto Rican... JJ: Yeah, that’s right because you said you sold tickets for the parade. MA: Mm-hmm. No, but -- JJ: And that’s what they did at the (Spanish) [00:59:16] back then? MA: Right, yeah, once. WA: Yeah, at (Spanish). [00:59:19] JJ: Okay. Did you sell for that, or...? MA: No, I don’t -- JJ: Not for the -- okay. Now, there was a thing -- do you remember that St. Michael’s had a carnival? And I think there was a big fight. MA: Oh, yeah. WA: There was a big carnival. JJ: One year, there was a big fight. What do you remember of the carnival? MA: (laughs) I remember the fight. JJ: Oh, you remember the fight? 59 �MA: Don’t you remember the fight? WA: No. JJ: It was a -- MA: Wasn’t that the one with (Spanish) [00:59:45] Miguel, Louis Sias? WA: No. MA: Fred, I remember. WA: The one that you’re thinking about -- MA: Was it somewhere different? WA: On North Avenue. MA: Oh, on North Avenue. WA: Miguel’s uncle lives in that area. It’s the north area way [01:00:00] west. MA: Oh, okay, maybe I’m getting confused. WA: I can’t think of the street. Was it North Avenue? MA: I know there was a carnival, and there were some Italians or -- WA: Yeah, it was an Italian area. JJ: Oh, yeah, by the gang lords of (Spanish). [01:00:12] WA: I don’t know, but I know that’s by where the race track is. But I forgot the name of the race track already. JJ: Oh, that’s the race track? WA: On North Avenue and -- MA: Wood. WA: -- Cumberland. JJ: Cumberland? Okay. 60 �WA: That’s where it is, in Cumberland. MA: Yeah, I know where you mean. WA: That’s where -- JJ: The Hawthorne race track? WA: Not Hawthorne, though. It was in -- MA: It was in Oakwood or Maywood. WA: Maywood, yes. MA: Maywood. JJ: Maywood, yeah. That’s what I mean, that one, yeah. WA: Yeah, it was -- JJ: There was a fight in there? WA: -- in that area out there, yeah. There was a fight, yeah, and it was my (Spanish), [01:00:40] Miguel Claudio. I don’t know if you remember Miguel, Sean’s father. And -- MA: Somebody -- WA: -- he didn’t do anything. MA: Right, but they -- WA: And actually, it was a guy from the Paragons. MA: Yeah, I didn’t wanna say nothing, but... WA: And they blamed my (Spanish), [01:00:56] Miguel. And Frank Regio, you know -his [01:01:00] uncle had done that. JJ: Oh, Miguel, Crazy Johnny’s brother or somebody? WA: No. 61 �JJ: Okay, so that -- WA: He didn’t know Crazy Johnny. See, he only had two brothers, and it wasn’t him. JJ: Oh, okay, that wasn’t him. WA: Yeah, but it’s the -- JJ: No, Johnny was the Gonzales [family?]. MA: Oh, yeah, I remember him. JJ: You remember him? WA: Johnny, yeah. MA: Johnny Gonzale, yeah. WA: That’s Jose Gonzale’s brother. Johnny was in (Spanish). [01:01:21] JJ: Right, (Spanish), [01:01:23] yeah WA: That’s Jose’s brother. JJ: Mm-hmm. Anything else you wanna add? MA: No, that’s all. WA: [We gotta get outta here?]. JJ: I want to thank you very much. MA: You’re welcome. JJ: Thanks so much. MA: You gave me a lot of -- to look back. (laughs) JJ: Yeah, you can -- WA: Yeah, to remember. JJ: Okay, stop -- 62 �END OF VIDEO FILE 63 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e7f46c0b34154719290123deead72508.mp4 eee7c764505b966ef67a9849ba842cad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Maria Aviles vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry La historia oral de Maria Aviles, entrevistado por Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 09/27/2018 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Narrativas personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Aviles_Maria Title A name given to the resource Maria Aviles video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aviles, Maria Description An account of the resource Oral history of Maria Aviles, interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, on 09/27/2018 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Young Lords collection (RHC-65) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-09-27 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives