60 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/41164025e524eb25ea2e372ec212c31b.jpg 73469016e37f93108709a721699f86e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-08-19 Title A name given to the resource Baby Hubbard in sand Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Flora Merrill Hubbard's baby (likely Robert Hubbard) standing in sand and water. Water damage is visible on the image, which was scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/93943d495aae84216083a80735ee1d79.jpg d7095d66e2ecb26c8106a8614cc386ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_023 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912-06-22 Title A name given to the resource Baby Robert Hubbard, Grand Rapids Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of baby Robert Hubbard in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Water damage is visible on the image, which was scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Michigan Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e4b1e174a6ca053c3cbb2af502fecdc9.pdf 528dedff048f45a29a331f7f7366f067 PDF Text Text ,,,,... BACKGROUND ,,,,... FOR PL v\TINDSOR NNING TOv\TNSHIP, MICHIGAN �.,.. \VI~SOR TOWNSHIP _.....:......:;:.B:,::O~A~RDu r Ivan Harris Doroth ' Supervisor ?,-larch, 1\)61 """'" T-•• ,_d o1 ,,,,.,,,,,, °'"" ~•~-••"'' om•"'" .,.i ,o, Ed ward~ Jacl·s arsh , T rustee " on, Trustee 1nwrcsted c,t1zcns ~ ',=>W·>•~T•U "~ F-"" c=m"'''® uw• ,1ou""' "'.,,mu""""~"'"' Gontlorncn. n,d,,,""'' >'>< . Y Hull Cl H 11 . • erk E lizabeth , · o 1day , T reasurer Crarrv M Pl,,.,,., ,wd> '" tiWI ,,1,n=I'"" ,1 • , ,1 • ol p«llm,,.,, ,wd1"• wWci> 6"> «o= I><• ,~="'""'~ < NO'""""'°" ,~,pllod" , ID< ..,.. Garry l\Iarsh Su as of April 1967 Eugene N ' pervisor emeth ' T rustee ' as of April 1967 ' ,..,, ~•" .,. ••""""""'.,,. ,,,,, ,, "'" ,os~" ,1 "'" • "''tt' ,,m,u"' , , Wmd> " ,mm w ,,, ,., ,_,,. C ,mm'"'"' •'"' ,.,1n11o•I ,.,,,~ " p ,,_w • R•"""' p-••'""~ t yenr, •""'°' ""'' ,bll d W Tol-C""'b ,oou- ' , "'" , p '" "''"'"' . ""'" -'®• Tl< ,wdl<' c,mP" '"""" P-"' ,,.,,= -• ",tt»''"'"' "" ««• ""'" n, ,,.~, ,_,.,, <cnmcSl m. '®"'"'' "'"'"' "' '°"" ,. ' ·=-" """ ""' ,~~"" """ ~ .... • ~•m" '"'"'"" tr••~, _,, e'1w•~• , , """"' w "" •"'"" """' w~• " , _ , . , I omc• "''"" '""• AL" ,,,.oowd u , !o«"'' o! In<"" '"""''°' .,..u""', ,.,i.w o! •= fa•"'" =' mil••"" ID ®""'",odd~ """" •· "'"' •' ,, ""' ,.,.,.,.. .i,1,, o{ dov_loprncnt UI Ill futur•. Tob> i, i.,!O w ~• ,_,., , - " ,op"" In ,,,,'ldlo& • "'"" ,..,,,., w ,.,..ii,, "'1 will,,., o,MI rok = o,mm"'" ,u •~•,,.,11n1 '" "'""'' 1-'•"''"" """"" • pn>ll• ,nd '" d<~ lop· ,...,.lo', - ,n m,01"'• d,~l~" ,cl, mo••• Ip wm••"" u ''" ,ma, S, oq!~ wble0 U '"""" d wlID ,h,o """' ,.,, """ i,,d1<l<!na1' who d " " • - " ' " o{ ,ur community, U,e 5 tudy ..,,. I< ts '°"""' mw""""' i,p="' •""'"", nlso rccoinrnended. PLANNING COMMISSION Robert Ad Herman Dall ams' Chairman mann v· Dorothy Hu.Ii ice Chairman Mac L 1' Secretarv occwood . Leo Fulton Res~<:tfullY submitted, ~'{,~c? ,~ ~~,,._ WINDSOR TOWNSHIP • RobOrt '£. Adams, Chatrma:o Windsor Township l'lai..,in& Coil'- iss\on i.----------------------- Ronald J · Sw , an Lloyd NI. Eddy l ... - �......,,'I fROM THE LIBRARY QFj f.lannjng ~ Zoning Center, Inc. ----- ·--·· , - BACKGROUND FOR PLANNING _] DSOR TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION _] TOWNSHIP OF WINDSOR, MICHIGAN - March, 1967 --- -- -- - The preparaLion of Otis document was financiall)' aided through Federal grant from the Urban Renewal Administralion of the :l Department of Housing and L'rban Development under th~ Urban Planning Assistance Program nuthorized by Section 701 of the ~hlllsing Au of 19:i4, as amended. administered I>} the ~Iichigan Department of Commerce. TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION - - - - L A N S I N 6 - M I CH 16 A N - - - - �r ,.. ERRATA Page 32 32 Right column, first paragraph, first sentence: strike "six" and insert seven. Table IIIm include: Lansing* ... $66. 47 / 1, 000 of assessed valuation *Does not include city taxes 42 Add #15 Windsor Manor Subdivision, located at the northwest corner of Canal Road and Windsor Highway. 46 Left column, last paragraph, first line, first figure should be 1949. 62 Left column, first paragraph, fourth word should b e ~ - 63 Include the 25 acres adjacent to and west of the area annexed to the City of Lansing, into the Lansing School District. .... ..... ,.. .. .. . r r "" �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Windsor Township Planning Commission and the staff of ihe Tri-County Regional Planning Commission greatly appreciate the help they have received from the following individuals and agencies in the compilation of this report: J Township and Village Administrative Officials Superintendent of Holt Public Schools Eaton County Road Commission Eaton County Drain Commission Michigan Water Resources Commission U.S. Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Michigan Agricultural Extension Service . Eaton County Agricultural Extension Service . As the above are but a few of ihe many who have contributed their time and efforts, we wish to extend our appreciation to all in the community for their cooperative assistance. ~,e, Sincerely, Wm. C. Roman, Executive Director Tri-County Regional Planning Commission WCR/cak �.... TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Summary Ill . Background Introduction Regional Setting History Physical Features IV. Population Introduction Metropolitan Relationship P opulation T rends Existing Characteristics Population Estimate P redicting Future Population V. Economics Introduction Metropolitan Trends and Influences Characteristics of the Labor Force Agriculture Township Finances VI. Land Use Introduction Methodology Definitions Existing Land Use Patterns and Trends Land Use Analysis Land Use Related to Zoning Problems of Existing Development VII. Traffic and Major Streets Introduction Inventory Community Facilities and Utilities VIII. Introduction Public Facilities Public Utilities and Service Areas IX.. The Planning Phase Formulating the Plan The Citizen's Role in Planning Appendix x. ; i iii 1 1 2 2 .. a. >- I --- ' -.- --... I -..,,- ' 12 12 13 16 19 21 23 23 25 29 31 35 35 36 37 38 45 48 - I -r -,... ' ' ~ ..... ,. ..... ~ ,. .,... 49 50 61 61 69 74 74 .,,,. ,... .,,, �UST OF FIGURES Page No. Figure No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 The Planning Process Regional Setting Topography Generalized Soils Rivers, Drains and Flood Plains Area Cone of Depression Scenic Areas and Woodlots Regional Growth Trends Regional Population Trends Age-Sex Composition Population Distribution Population Projections Future Population Township Revenues Percent Distribution, Property Tax Revenues, Eaton Rapids School District Percentage Distribution of Expenditures Land Use Components Existing Land Use Subdivision Activity Existing Zoning Functional Street Layout Functional Street Classification Traffic Volumes and Capacities Traffic Volume Increases Major Pavement and Right-of-Way Widths Public School Districts Township and Village Public Facilities Natural Gas and Electric Transmission Lines i 2 3 6 9 10 11 14 15 17 20 22 22 32 33 34 37 39 42 47 51 53 56 57 58 63 66 73 • �-__....7 UST OF TABLES Table No. Ia II a II b II c III a III b III c III d III e III f III g III h III j III k III m III n IV a IV b IV c IV d IV e IV f IV g IV h IV j Va VI a Page No . Interpretation of Soils Drainage Characteristics Population Trends Income Characteristics, Windsor and Larger Units Population Estimates Place of Employment Employment Trends, Tri-County Area General Employment Categories Employment by Industrial Classification Manufacturing Employment Employed Labor Force Characteristics, Windsor and Larger Units Male Employment by Occupation Female Employment by Occupation Employment by Major Industrial Classification - 1966 Township Revenues - 1965 Property Tax For School Districts Township Expenditures - 1965 Dwelling Unit Types Subdivision Characteristics and Inventory Commercial Land Use by Location Commercial Uses Industrial Uses Recreational and Institutional Land Uses Undeveloped Land Area of Zoning Districts Land Use Related To Zoning Maintenance Responsibility by Governmental Unit Township School Characteristics Existing Land Use Totals Population Charges by Decade 5 15 18 22 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 28 29 31 32 33 38 40 41 41 43 44 45 46 46 59 62 Appendix A Appendix B ....I 'T ... ,,,,,,. �INTRODUCTION Promote good design and protect valuable land uses. To be efficient and effective , every local government needs a guide for growth and development. A comprehensive development plan serves as this guide. It provides the framework for numerous daily decisions in terms of an ultimate civic goal -- a better, more attractive and orderly community. Michigan Law states that: Preserve and enhance economic and social values. Inherent in the approach used to formulate a comprehensive development plan is the ''planning process. " "The purpose of plans ••. shall be to promote public health, safety and general welfare; to encourage the use of resources in accordance with their character and adaptability; to avoid the overcrowding of land by buildings or people; to lessen congestion on public roads and streets; to facilitate provision for a system of transportation, sewage disposal, safe and adequate water supply, recreation and other public improvements; and to consider the character of each township and its suitability for particular uses judged in terms of such factors as the trend in land and population development." "'~ c mulat! >n of facts • p u • 1 rnns I of tr ls and latin hi•ll• ;,, ynthesl rmination desired tionships ••• extracted from Township . Planning Commission Act (Act 168, P.A. of 1959). T In accomplishing this purpose, a comprehensive development plan should do four things for the community: J-.ff Guide the physical growth and economic development of the community toward determined objectives of public policy. C tu l >r i J \ n lhe P .lll Gro.phi< pre ent U,m <>f propo I dcveloJ ment I'igure 1 Provide a harmonious and efficient allocation and arrangement of land uses. B ·s -~ �Ll This involves research and survey, analysis, synthesis, plan formation and implementation. Once developed,, the plan is then implemented by various effectuating devices, such as zoning, subdivision control and capital improvements programming. To facilitate this process, the following text presents information on existing factors and trends, along with future considerations, including population projections, economic influences and land use considerations. This report presents the background for the formulation of a Comprehensive Development Plan for Windsor Township, Michigan. ii �SUMMARY When analyzing any block of data, certain conclusions may be drawn and particular problem areas may be outlined. It is the mtent of this summary to briefly note the significant findings and problems encountered in, this, the inventory phase of the comprehensive planning program. It is estimated that future populations will approach 3,850 by 1970, 4,900 by 1980, and 6,200 by 1990. The median school years completed for Township and Village residents was 11. 1 in 1960, which is slightly higher than the 10. 3 national average. In 1966 there •were approximately 1,012 residences in the Township with an average of 3 . 53 persons per household. Background The median family income increased significantly in Windsor Township over the period 1960 to 1965. In 1960 it stood at $5,711 while in 1965 the median income was $7,385. Windsor Township is located on the southwestern edge of the Lansing metropolitan area. Topographically, the Township is suited to virtually all types of development. There are, however, some areas in which soil composition will impair septic tank development. Consequently, the use of these areas must be of a lesser intensity than commercial, industrial or high density residential. Approximately 53% of the employed Township labor force worked in the City of Lansing in 1960. Of those working in manufacturing, 71 % were involved in the manufacture of transportation equipment. The Grand River is the most significant natural feature in Windsor Township, comprising 90% of the Township's surface water. Unfortunately this body of water has been tainted by pollution, as have its tributaries. The tributaries or drains themselves are less than adequate and will require improvement to provide for full development potential in the Township. Other physical problems consist of flood potential and the implications involved in the lowering of the water level underlying the whole metropolitan area. Agriculture is declining in importance as an employment endeavor . In 1959, 86% of all farm operators in Windsor Township worked 100 days or more off the farm. The number of agriculturally used acres has decreased approximately 2,500 acres since 1959. In addition, trends evidence larger farm sizes, fewer number of farms, and an increased dependence on speciality crops. Land Use Population and Economics Only 9% of the 21,176 acres in Windsor Township is developed. Approximately 70% is used for agricultural purposes and 21 % remains vacant or unused. Residential uses are Windsor Township has grown from a population of some l,334persons in 1920 to over 3,570 in 1966. iii �by far the most prevelant, comprising 31 % and 58% of the developed acreage in Windsor Township and Dimondale respectively. The construction of a new freeway facility west of the Township, in the future, could have a marked affect on traffic volumes on US-27. As listed in the 1960 Census, approximately 25% of the dwelling units in Windsor Township were deteriorating or dilapidated. Since 1960, an estimated 100 homes have been constructed within the planning area. A total of six subdivisions have been developed since 1960 to accommodate the majority of these homes. The street network as a whole is adequately fulfilling its function and is serving present traffic demands. Most commercial activity in the Township is located in the Village of Dimondale or along US-27. No major shopping concentrations exist at the present time. Public Facilities and Utilities. There are two elementary schools in the planning area, whose combined enrollment totaled 510 students in 1966. The majority of these, 472, attended the Dimondale Elementary School which is in the Holt School District. The Township and Village have many recreational opportunity areas, most of which are adjacent to the Grand River. Transportation uses, i.e. , streets and highways, account for over 63% and 22% of the developed acreage in the Township and Village respectively. Public sewage and water service are not yet available, however, both are in the planning stages and will provide service to the Village of Dimondale. The new sewage treatment plant will have a tentative design capacity of 150,000 gallons per day, to service an estimated 1,500 persons. Problems, although not yet severe, include mixed land uses, public service needs, strip commercial development, and a lack of public recreational space. Traffic and Major Streets Windsor Township contains 91. 5 miles of streets and highways. Of major importance in terms of traffic volumes and function are 1-96 and US-27. These facilities carry respective average daily volumes of 6,500 and 11,000 vehicles. Problems include an uneconomic fragmentation of school districts, the need to capitalize on areas of recreation potential, pollution of the Grand River, the implication of the Lansing area cone of depression, less than adequate provision for solid waste disposal and the lack of recognition that water and sewer problems cannot always be solved equitably, merely through local effort. A majority of the traffic entering the Township has no destination within it. The major portion of traffic merely passes through the Township on its way to larger urban centers. iv �BACKGROUND �The same physical or natural influences will also guide development in Windsor Township. Thus, if the future growth potential of Windsor Township is to be properly assessed, a discussion of the Township's setting within the Region and its relationship to the Lansing metropolitan area must be presented. In addition, a summary of historical development and an analysis of the physical elements which will influence potential growth are presented as a background for the information contained in the various other subsections of this report. REGIONAL SETTING BACKGROUND Windsor Township is located in the central part of the State of Michigan in close proximity to the center of the Lansing Tri-County area of Clinton, Eaton and Ingham counties. The Township is bounded on the north and east by the rapidly urbanizing Townships of Delta and Delhi, and on the south and west by predominately rural Eaton Rapids and Benton Townships. The City of Lansing, the major trade and industrial center of the Region, penetrates Windsor Township to the north along its eastern boundary. The potential growth and development of an area is greatly dependent upon its relationship to surrounding areas and its natural physical character. One has only to look at the Tri-County Region's historical development for an illustration of those physical assets which attract and influence growth direction. Lansing, once confined to a relatively small area in the center of Lansing Township, has been experiencing a rapid outward expansion. This growth, however, has not occurred without some constraints imposed by nature. Areas of well drained soils and permissive topography have experienced higher growth rates than those areas possessing various physical limitations. The planning area is a community basically dependent upon Lansing for its source of employment, cultural activity and trade and is tied directly to Lansing by US-27 - M-78, the main arterial through the Township. Due to its close proximity to Lansing, the Township is progressively changing from rural to urban in character. 1 �primarily upon agricultural and logging activities for their livelihood. _,,_ Thomas J. Sloan settled in section 17, Windsor Township, in 1844. By 1856, his settlement had grown to include a sawmill, general store, two blacksmith shops and a wagon shop. The settlement soon became known as ''West Windsor, 11 but was also referred to as "Sevastopol, 11 after which its post office was named in 1849. The largest settlement to occur at this time was first settled by Isaac Dimond in 1850. In 1851, he opened a sawmill on the Grand River and laid out the village plat of ''Dimondale." By 1880, the Village of Dimon~ dale contained seven stores, two millinery shops, a planing mill, a grist mill, sawmill and several maching shops. -.- - ... J I T Today, Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale are considerably larger, wi1h a combined population of over 3,550 residents. However, future growth pressures will require perceptive planning and rigid controls to retain the pleasant atmosphere which the community now possesses. h gure !.! HISTORY PHYSICAL FEATURES Windsor Township at one time a part of Oneida Township originated in its present form in Feburary, 1842. The first settlement in Windsor Township was established in October, 1837 by Orango Towslee. At that time a large portion of the Township was known as "Old Maid Swamp"; remained unsettled and served to limit early growth for many years. Much of the early development which did occur, however, relied Topography Much of the topography in central Michigan is an asset, not a deterrent, to development. In ~a sense., less than 1% of the total area in the Tri-County Region presents development proplems due to extreme topographic 2 - - �, vu • .l!'!'---- 6 ).'_ = . '3!', 1/" 36 v " ~ /_ '>c :,,; WINDSOR TOWNSHIP I .......... ~ TOPOGRAPHY Figure 3 0 .5 Scale in miles TRI-COl/NTY REGIONAL PLANNING COM?oUSSION 535 Cllpport St., Lansing, Michigan n.~n:a.............. u.... ._... ,al Ill ..,__. ■ r..i.r.JP9't... .. A<lml.MAU.U- 111 . . o.,,., i-i,..udlfrt.nti.ws.,,.-i, adardootl.-- i-mc11.Mu-l'.....am~-\Mldll)ll..,.Uri,:,10lel . . Kcm-.t,C'I"' &•4 . . . - - - - - • ........lolnd . . M JtJpa ~ I .t ("-BSfta �population pressures from the Lansing metropolitan area, Windsor Township is steadily changing from a rural to an urban character in many areas. variations. Windsor Township possesses very little topography too severe for building construction. The topography of the Tri-County Region and Windsor Township is the direct result of a catastrophic event which took place about one million years ago. The geologic time period named for this event is called Pleistocene, or "Ice Age. " During this time, great glaciers of ice moved across Michigan with thicknesses in excess of 300 feet. These great sculptors of land advanced and receded four times during this period. Each time the melting ice left behind more glacial debris than before. Erosion resulting from the meltwaters of the glaciers formed the hills, valleys, lakes and streams which constitute the present topography. Although gentle topography is conductive to building construction, other developmental problems may arise from land being too flat. For instance, sanitary sewer and storm drainage systems become very costly to install and operate if insufficient natural gradient necessitates mechanical pumping for proper operation. Thus, surface drainage problems may be accentuated in areas of flat terrain. Also, excessive water accumulations during the spring thaws may cause localized ponding and the flooding of basements where insufficient runoffs exist. Due to this possibility of ponding in many of the flat areas of the Township, surface drainage will be required to make such areas usable for development. The "Old Maid Swamp" in the northwest portion of the Township is a result of this glacial process. Soon after the glaciers melted, this area was covered with water. Since this time, the lake has disappeared, leaving a large area of mucky soils behind. In summation, the topography of Windsor Township is conducive to all types of development. Due to the rolling nature of the terrain, particularly along the Grand River, Windsor Township possesses some of the best potential residential areas in the Lansing metropolitan area. Generally~ the area of Windsor Township, slopes gently from west to east. The highest point is Cunningham Hill in section 18, with an elevation of 990 feet above sea level, while the lowest point of elevation is approximately 835 feet above sea level where the Grand River leaves the Township in section 2. Figure 3 portrays the topography of the Township. Soils Approximately 75% of the land area in the Tri-County Region is in a medium or high fertility range. However, many of these good loamy soils are being encroached upon by urban developmentj particularly in those townships surrounding the City of Lansing. As a result, large acreages of productive soils are being isolated by urban or suburban development. When this occurs the tax assessment on the land becomes too great to continue cultivation of the soil. Consequently, the land The predominately flat land in the area has contributed to a wide range of development. Originally, the Township was primarily agriculturally oriented. Even today a majority of the land is used for agrarian purposes. However, due to increases in technology and 4 �Like many of the suburban areas of Lansing, Windsor Township has experienced some scatteration of growth. Part of this development has occurred on soils where the operation of individual septic tanks are somewhat problematic. If this trend is allowed to continue, serious health problems may result. The installation of a township operated sewage disposal system will definitely eliminate this health proglem. In addition, such a system would aid in concentrating the pressure for development near the present urban areas and decrease pressure for decentralized growth . is either sold to a land developer who converts the land to an urban use which will produce a higher economic return, or is left unused. Fortunately, this has not yet become a serious problem in Windsor Township. Of particular nore, the internal drainage capacity of soils (permeability) must be carefully evalua ed in planning for residential , commercial 11 or industrial development. Generalized drainage characteristics of soils in Windsor Township are shown on Figure 4 and are described in Table Ia. Besides permeability, stability is another attribute of soils which has to be considered whenever a structure is being erected. Extensive commercial, institutional and industrial development requires a highly stable soil base to withstand the weight of such buildings. Therefore, two of the primary development concerns with regard to soils in Windsor Township are: TABLE la INTERPRETATION OF DRAINAGE CLASSIFICATION Number of Months Per Year Water-Lo!l&!!d Well Drained Septic Tank QQeratlon 1. The soils suitability for supporting construction of buildings. Frost Heaving Stabillt_y Good None Good Good Moderately Well Drained 2 Fair Some Somewhat Poorly Drained 6 Bad Severe *Good Poorly Drained 10 Bad Severe •Poor Organic (Muck or Peat) or Alluvial 12 Very Bad Very Severe 2. The soils' ability to support individual sewage disposal systems as a community sewage disposal system is not available. Although test borings and percolation tests normally will be required to provide specific data for these concerns , some generalized observations can be made from the presented "Generalized Soils Map." For example, a large area of organic and poorly drained soils appears in the area of the "Old Maid Swamp" in the northwest portion of the Township. Also, two similar areas occur in the southern portions of the Bad NOTE: *Finely textured soils In this category will be very unstable. 5 �J WINDSOR TOWNS HIP GENERALIZED SOILS A B • C D ■ E F WELL ORA INEO MODERATELY WEL OMEWHAT L DRAINED POORLY D POORLY DRAINED RAINED ORGANIC - MUCK AND ALLUVIAL PEAT Figure 4 D oF..iiiiii~-.5 Scale In miles I April 1966 TRI-COUNTY 535 Clippert REGIONAL p LANNING COMMI St . ' L anslng , Michigan 5.SION �J name but a few. It is the responsibility of the decisionmaking people of Windsor Township, however, t.o preserve and maintain this valuable natural asset for future generations t.o enjoy. Township. Because water does not move through these soils at a desirable rate, septic tank use should be carefully controlled. Approximat.ely 15 t.o 20 percent of the Township consists of soils which are undesirable for septic tank operation. Most of the streams and drains wi1hin Windsor Township flow directly int.o the Grand River. Portions of the "Old Maid Swamp" and the King Drain in 1he southwest portion of the Township flow west int.o the Thornapple River drainage system. This system again, however, even1ually joins the Grand River near the City of Grand Rapids. The Township drainage pattern may be seen on Figure 5. Because of potential soil problems, where septic tanks are cont.emplated in any area of Windsor Township, careful determinations should be made t.o assure lot sizes which are sufficient t.o: 1) accommodate the septic tank and tile field; 2) provide successful absorption of the septic tank effluent; and 3) give adequate protection t.o the water supply. In general, if small lot development is t.o be permitted, central sewer and water service is an extreme necessity from the public health standpoint. Presently, according t.o the Eaton County Drain Commissioner, most of the drains in Windsor Township are inadequate. Many drains will have t.o be enlarged and dredged to accommodate potential w-hanization. Corrective measure should be initiated in the near future, as the growth potential of the Township may be affected. Surface Water Unlike much of the lower peninsula of Michigan, the Tri-County Region has a severe deficiency of surface water. Only six-tenths of 1% of the total land area in the Region is covered with water. Consequently, it is no surprise that Windsor Township has only one significant natural water body -- the Grand River. This natural feature constitutes approximately 90% of all surface water in the Township. Another problem attributed to surface water is occasional flooding. Although usually a periodic consideration, extensive damage to life and property can occur when development exists within flood plains. RainfaU in the Tri-County Region is moderately heavy, averaging approximately 31 inches per year. Although major flooding has occurred only twice in the Region since the turn of the Century, once in 1904 and once in 1947, the Grand River has reached flood stage in Lansing 33 times since 1902. Fortunately, flood conditions are not as severe in Windsor Township as they are in the Lansing area, in that river banks are fairly high throughout most of the Township. Some flooding, however, does occur where small tributaries enter the main branch of the river. As stated, the Grand River, which originates in northern Hillsdale County, is by far the most significant natural feature within the Township. This water body can prove an invaluable asset t.o the residents of Windsor Township, in that it provides a ready-made atmosphere for desired residential development, recreational activities and unspoiled natural beauty, to 7 �L ... The Lansing metropolitan area, including Windsor Township, is indeed fortunate to be located on one of the best bedrock aquifers in the State of Michigan; the Saginaw Formation. The most productive strata of this bedrock are the thick layers of sandstone. The wells tapping this bedrock water source in the Greater Lansing Area average 543 gallons per minute. For example, a 14-inch well located on Wise Road in the southwestern portion in the City of Lansing, produces 600 gallons per minute. In addition, the City of Mason operates a 10-inch well in the Saginaw Formation producing 495 gallons per minute. Areas which may possibly be subjected to periodic inundation by flood waters in Windsor Township are also shown on Figure 5. It should be stressed that these are judgments as to areas which may become flooded and are not necessarily areas which have actually been flooded in the past. As a minimum, until more accurate flood plain data becomes available, careful consideration should be given to development proposals within these outlined areas. It is gratifying to report that a study is now in progress by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to determine the exact areas where flooding may occur along the Grand River. One of the chief problems associated with the development of additional groundwater supplies in the Lansing metropolitan area is the interference between proposed well fields and existing well fields . Well interference results when the pumping action lowers the water level in the aquifer. This process causes a cone of depression around the older established wells, as indicated in the following sketch (Figure 6). Groundwater The domestic water used by residents of Windsor Township is obtained from private fresh water wells located in the glacial till, as the community does not possess a municipal water system. The pumping capacity of wells tapping this water source has not as yet been determined, however, they may vary greatly, in that a well situated in sand or gravel will be able to pump water at a faster rate than a well located in a clay or loamy subsoil. As new wells are drilled, the cone of depression becomes greater until the wells located in the center of this cone are forced to discontinue operation (see illustration, Well A). When this occurs, the dry wells must either be drilled deeper at their present location (Well B) or drilled on the perimeter of the cone in order to reach a new water source (Well C). Both alternatives can be very costly to the community operating the well. The mineral content of the fresh water is generally high, with a predominance of iron and calcium. The hardness of water may necessitate the use of water softening devices by residents of the Township. In the future, where urbanization permits, this added expense will possibly be eliminated with the establishment of the anticipated community-operated water system. Unfortunately, the Lansing area is characterized by just such a problem. For this reason, city wells are being placed ever further outward into rural areas as is witnessed by the three city wells located in northern Windsor Township. The severity of this problem can be reduced only by greater cooperation and coordination between all township and city governments in the Greater Lansing Area. The source for a community-operated water system, if deemed desirable, would likely be deep wells drilled into water bearing bedrock called "aquifers." 8 .. ,,. ,,. ,, .., �WINDSOR TOWNSHIP RIVERS, DRAINS AND FLOODPLAINS RIVERS DRAINS and WATERBODIES FLOODPLAINS Source: Eaton County Drain Commissioner • 0 .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert St. , Lansing , Michigan !"ho µrq,.arnu,.., of 1111• ""'" "~,i, fo,1u'1~1.0.JI) · ..i 1,1,.,.,,;1, " r ~-,.1 ,cnu,,, r - I.II l ,,..., 11..nMl""IU .\,tu,nllatr1111on of 11.. 1,.,.,.,,·tm..'llt ol :1111 l"r•"'ll llo:'wl•,r, ,w,111, 11ndi,,rlholr'IAJll"amll•'C,\9.o,tt.l:urC11J'.......,,,a111l><Jrtr t.,~1·U<J11Jel<dlll-ll1••U1& Ac.-t <>I i!JM. u ~ffll!.lltk,d, ~•""" ~IL•r, 11,c: lJ1t'll1i;iu, lk,,>;1,,_.., '1f l"--nw. ,,.,.,..,n,i: �in the vicinity of Cunningham Hill in section 18. Many of these wooded areas constitute potential sites for recreational purposes. However, if such areas are to be utilized for their recreational potential or preserved simply for their natural beauty, initial action should be taken soon. Delay regarding this matter can only result in increased costs to future taxpayers . Lansing Metropolitan Area Cone of Depression DEWITT TWP. LANs.lNG TWP WINDSOR TWP Historically, man has been able to overcome many of the adverse conditions placed upon him by his physical environment. The weapons used in this struggle have been man's own initiative and ingenuity. Consequently , our society has been able to advance and increase in number throughout the years. If the residents of Windsor possess this ancestry, the physical problems mentioned in this chapter will be solved , the Township will grow, and the people will prosper. Figure 5 It must be stated, however, that although the previously mentioned problems must be considered when developing a municipal water system for the Windsor Township area, such a municipal system may not prove economically feasible until a higher degree of urbanization has occurred within the Township boundaries. Woodlands and Scenic Areas In 1851, Isaac Dimond opened a sawmill on the Grand River in the present location of the Village of Dimondale. Due to his efforts and the efforts of other early pioneers who settled the Township and cleared trees for agricultural purposes, only scattered woodlots remain. These remaining wooded areas are primarily located near the center of square mile sections, as can be seen on Figure 7. The majority of the trees in these woodlots are deciduous rather than coniferous. The scenic areas of the Township are quite significant in comparison to the remainder of the Lansing area. These areas, as outlined on Figure 7 , extend along the banks of the Grand River and encompass lands 10 �WIND S OR TOW NS HIP EXISTING WOODLOT S Source: 1964 Aerial Photos Gt ---- - ---- - . ~ F igure 7 0 .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert st. , LBDlling, Michigan II>.....,, • n. """""nul.., ol ll'li. ....., ..-.. fl....,.,t..llr ~lllo>d ~--4,,,..i pw,1 '""" th,, l!rbou, n.--1 .W...ll>l•tnUo.m i,f IN D<1><1ru...,,11 ol 11""6\nf; and Crt.a ° " " " ' ~ I , Mc1.,r1tieU,.._,l'laMhlaA.. i.ia-r,..,.nm...,lboriaodt.,.Sc"1'°"101ofd..llw,iac Aol vf IN-4, NI - ~ • .tinlffltldn-d II) Uw: Mldll!P"' 1-....nment ol c ..... _,..,,,_ �,- POPULATION �satisfy these requirements. Thus, detailed consideration will be given to past growth trends; existing population characteristics, i.e. , age, sex, family size, education, income, etc.; residential density patterns, and population projections. ... The projection periods for this study are for five year intervals up to 1990. It must be realized that projections so far into the future are hazardous at best, especially for a small area such as Windsor Township. Many conditions could possibly arise which would have a drastic effect on the Township's population growth. Such happenings are not only difficult to predict on the basis of past trends, but impossible to foresee. Hence, regardless of the method used to estimate future population, the final statistics must be based on a wide range of social and economic assumptions. ,,. ,... ,- r ,- ,- POPULATION , The major source of population data utilized herein is from the U.S. Census of Population and Housing. whose last enumeration was for 1960. Additional information, of a more current nature, will be drawn from the recently completed land use survey of Windsor Township and the 1965 Home Interview Study, each of which was conducted by the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission staff. It is felt that each of these sources is generally applicable to present day trends within Windsor Township. Population statistics, past, present and future,_ are extremely important in the development of a comprehensive plan. The reason for their importance is the fact that population generally tends to grow, bringing with it a directly related quantity of urban development. Consideration must be given to quantitative increase as well as to the qualitative character of an area to properly assess future land use needs. It is the intent of this section to analyze historic population trends, pertinent characteristics of Windsor Township's residents and to subsequently estimate the present and future population of the Township. This information will then provide the basis for ascertaining how much land must be set aside for the various land uses in the future, the level of public services which will be required and the timing necessary to METROPOLITAN RELATIONSHIP A great deal of urban growth has taken place in the Lansing Tri-County Region in the:-past 45 years. Prior 12 ,.. �a "bedroom" community for the Lansing metropolitan area. Simply defined, a "bedroom" community refers to any suburban concentration which derives a major portion of its livelihood from the central city, but is located outside of the central city's political boundaries. It is difficult to state, with any certainty, just how great the migration of urbanites to the suburbans will be. Judging from past experiences, however, suburban migration accompanied with natural increase trends should nearly double the present population of Windsor Township in the next 25 years. to the 1920's, the Lansing area was a very compact city with residential area locations based primarily upon walking distance from community facilities and places of employment. However, after 1920, the increase in private automobile ownership and improved roadways greatly stimulated development within the surrounding townships. This suburban exodus was given even further impetus by the population explosion which occurred after World War II. As can be seen from the Regional Setting diagram (Figure 2), Windsor Township is located on the fringe of this rapidly expanding suburban area. Comparisons of past growth trends in population for Windsor Township and a number of Windsor's related areas within the Tri-County Region are portrayed in Figure 9 and Table Ila. Hence, due to the vast improvements in transportation technology and its strategic location, the present development of Windsor Township is closely related to that of Lansing and its environs. This is indeed convenient for the Township residents in that a good portion of the employment, financial and cultural opportunities of the Region are contained with the Lansing-East Lansing area. POPULATION TRENDS Michigan, like the rest of the nation, is experiencing a gradual shifting of population. People are migrating from rural to urban areas. By way of illustration, 11 of the 15 counties in Michigan's upper peninsula and 15 of the 68 counties in the lower peninsula declined in population between 1950 and 1960, The majority of the population increase has taken place in the urban areas in the southern portion of the State. The Lansing Tri-County Region, including Windsor Township, is one of these areas of increased growth. Figure 8, entitled Regional Growth Trends, reflects the fact that most of the past growth within the TriCounty Region has occurred within the central fivetownship area. This area includes the cities of Lansing and East Lansing, as well as Delhi, Delta, Lansing, DeWitt, and Meridian Townships. It is pertinent to note, however, that suburban development of a lowdensity suburban character is now occurring in the adjacent areas of Alaiedon, Bath, Watertown and Windsor Townships. To further define trend areas, it can be noted that while Eaton County contains only about one-fourth as many people as Ingham County, Eaton County experienced a Consequently, Windsor Township, by its grographic location, contains the necessary attributes to become 13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I �.... .A TI7 _, -,.. .... --, - I r ' ,- .- I ' �I .. C' I r I Yea ... ~llO 1920 1930 !94() 1950 1960 966 30<> --~ I !. 1c, ... l 01 I -:'ii 46• 2, .. L4 '> 62_ 01 f ..,11 ~.., 120 3,& 3 < I 3 *Figure& :nc- ..tde the V1:J.age o~ DiP >r.daw 11.6 I 100 : I 91) b I $0 C, I -f- ~-r I I I I I �ship and Eaton County experienced a decrease in the percent of persons 65 years of age and older. higher growth rate between 1950 and 1960. During this period, the population of Eaton County increased 24.1%, while Ingham County experienced a 22.2% increase. [ The Township experiencing the most rapid rate of growth within the Region during the past decade, was Delta Township, which borders Windsor Township to the north. Between the 1950-1960 period, Delta Township population increased by 84. 6%. Eaton Township experienced a 42% rate of growth during this same period, while five townships in Eaton County experienced growth rates of between 20 and 30%. These were Windsor, Oneida, Eaton Rapids, Walton and Hamlin Townships. Although Windsor Township has demonstrated a progressive population increase over the past four decades, the Township has experienced a slower rate of growth than most of the other fringe townships, composing the central nine-township area, (see Appendix). Age and Sex Composition r The age group distribution of Windsor Township has~ in all probability, not changed greatly since 1960. It is assumed that the families occupying the many new homes in the Township are in the 25-44 age group; an age when rising incomes permit the purchase of single-family suburban homes. The community is probably also experiencing a decrease in younger single and married couples 20-24 years old and older couples over 65. Data on age group distribution will be helpful in forecasting population, in planning for school needs, and in pointing up trends in the labor force. It also serves as an indicator of some of the economic and social characteristics of a community. EXISTING CHARACTERISTICS f Additional population groupings for Windsor Township are shown in Figure 10. Here, it can be seen that Windsor Township has a relatively small proportion of its population in the 20-29 year age grouping. This is indicative of present trends, whereby many young adults are leaving rural areas for the economic advantages offered in the more highly urbanized centers. Education and Income Windsor Township experienced little change in the percentage of persons in most age groups for the 30year period, 1930 to 1960. The most significant change which did occur, however, was in the increased percentage of children under five years of a.g e, a trend which was also reflected in the Regional population composition. It was of further interest to note that among the Regional subunits studied, that only Windsor Town- As evidenced throughout the nation, there is a significant correlation between family income and educational levels. That is, higher educational levels tend to produce greater economic returns. This same relationship appears to hold true for the Tri-County area as well. For example, the median educational level achieved by residents of 16 �v.· DSOR TOWNSHIP .\GE SEX C OMPOSITION 1960 Age Group 85 - Over 80 - 84 75 - 79 70 - 74 FEMALE MALE Senior Citizen Population 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 so - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 P:rime Labor Force Population 35 - 39 30 - ~4 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 iO - 14 5 - ! 0 - ;) ] tu<, nt Po, ,la ] P T 3 T 1 0 2 Il':...r1c.r h L >l I r 2 •u n 1 I >pu l t1 > 3 l .~. Burv u c1f (' t m llS �) l East Lansing approaches 16 years. This area also contains one of the highest levels of family income in the Lansing metropolitan area, the median income being $7,152 in 1960. illustrates the number of families in various groups for Windsor Township, Eaton County and the Tri-County Region in 1959. r The median school years completed for the 1960 Windsor Township population including Dimondale was 11 . 1 years. Of persons over 25 years of age, 42% had attained a high school education. The Township figure was slightly higher than the State average of 10. 8 years and the national average of 10. 3 years. It was, however, moderately lower than the Eaton County average of 11. 3 years. r The 1960 Census provides information of family income for the study area. The reported median family income for Windsor Township was $5, 711, as compared to an average of $5,811 for Eaton County and $6, 1 77 for the Tri-County Region. r r ~ r Table lib F AMILY INCOME BY INCOME GROUP - WINDSOR TOWNSHIP, EATON COUNTY AND TRI-COUNTY REGION-1959 Wlndsor Township %of All In Windsor Township, the median family income was $7,385 in 1965, according to the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission's Home Interview Survey. This figure represents an increase of $1,674 over the 1960 figure, due primarily to the attainment of higher levels of education and rising economic inflation over this 5-year period. No. of Income G ~ Under 1,000 In Windsor Township, 36% of the families had incomes of less than $5,000, 51% between $5,000 and $10,000, and 13% above $10,000. Only 11 % of the incomes were below $3,000, an amount recently declared by the Federal Government as the minimum adequate yearly family income. Approximately 1 % of the families within the Township had incomes above $25,000. Table llb, Families Families % of All Families Tri- County Region %of All No . of Families Families 3% 471 4% 2,244 3% $1,000 to $1,999 18 2% 796 6% 3,743 6% $2,000 to $2,999 53 6% 949 8% 4,552 6% $3,000 to $3 , 999 115 14% 1,063 8% 5,508 8% $4,000 to $4,999 92 11% 1,407 11% 8,012 11% $5,000 to $5,999 166 20% 1,959 16% 11 , 021 15% $6,000 to $6,999 76 9% 1 , 461 12% 8 , 781 12% $7,000 to $7,999 56 7% 1,227 10% 7 , 327 10% $8,000 to $8,999 68 8% 984 8% 5,752 8% $9,000 to $9,999 56 7% 674 5% 4 , 326 6% $10,000 to $14 , 999 88 10% 1,190 9% 8,746 12% $15,000 to $24,999 16 2% 280 2% 2 ,406 3% $25,000 and over 12 1% 129 1% 851 1% 840 100% 15,590 100% 73 , 269 100% Source: 1960 U.S. Bureau of the Census. 18 Eaton County No. of Families 24 Total Families ,.. l_ The recent construction of many fine residential homes in Windsor Township indicates that the median family income is increasing. These changes may now have brought the median family income for Windsor Township closer to the average of other suburban townships and the Region. �the near future, growth will continue to take place in the northeast corner of the Township. Distribution of future population will be affected by a number of factors, among them the location of new industrial plants, the routing of streets and roads and the suitability of land for residential development. Most important, the amount of future growth and the type and quality of development that will occur will depend on decisions made by the Township government today. The Subdivision Activity Map presented in the Land Use section further emphasizes the recent growth which is occurring in the Township relative to population distribution. Household Status and Mobility In 1966, Windsor Township contained some 1,012 occupied dwelling units. Such units contained an average of 3, 53 persons including both relatives and nonrelatives. It was -found that the number of persons per household has reduced since 1960 in line with the national trend toward smaller families and the increased marriage rate being experienced throughout the country. The 1960 Census also portrays some indication of the mobility of the population. In Windsor Township nearly 58% of the families lived in the same house as they did in 1955. This figure is above the figure for the nation as a whole, which was approximately o0%. In summation, the population composition of Windsor Township is changing due to the number of people migrating into the Township from other areas. The populous of the Township today earn more money and have a higher level of education than residents of ten years ago. Also, due to improved highway facilities and its favorable geographic location, it is readily accessible to most major metropolitan areas in the State. These factors, plus numerous others, provide additional impetus to the future growth of the Township. Distribution of Population Figure 11 termed Population Distribution, portrays the spatial distribution of dwelling units in Windsor Township. As shown, the major concentration of dwelling units is found in the Dimondale area, with remaining units being found scattered throughout the Township in isolated developments or paralleling county roads . POPULATION ESTIMATE (1966) A notable change in the distribution of population within Windsor Township is occurring in conjunction with the increased trend toward suburbanization. Most of the population increase in recent years has taken place in the northeast corner of the Township near the City of Lansing. New home construction, however, is occurring throughout the Township. Trends indicate that in Before an estimate can be made for future population, a numerical assessment must be made of the current population. The means for achieving a current estimate involves a count of occupied dwelling units for 1966 from the land use survey and then an application of the number of persons per household. The survey revealed a total of 1,012 occupied dwelling units at 19 • • • • I ' J �WINDSOR TOWNSHIP HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTION * /'., , / · t - - - --"-~~ -/ -, ·, , '-._ I I -----j~ ------ :--------------- i / . / / ' DIMONDAL£ : :I *Each dot represents one household. I ;;:- Sou ce: 1966 Land Use Figure 11 "--~---_;,a . a ,5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Clippert St, , Lansing , Michigan n-~••dm """' ..... '>I,~-r.,."'craM'-- &ur,,dail,&klull ~ • u,._ " - - ' AdB11ai.f;U'&tl.<lft tJl U-, Df-;aMl"rila c,.. ........, • ....... r . . lirt-P..uirc~Ptvs,l'aftl_._,_t.,!IKU-'Nl1of . . ~.. M"f ot LIM, ... ~ . . . . .,,w.-od bjl It. Ui;!fi;.(llil D,,ipa"-1 tif c--m.. �- - - - The results of decreasing birth rates. and -increasing deaths -will produce. a lower rate ,of. natural-increase in the future. an estimated 3. 53 persons per household for a total of approximately 3,573 persons in 1966. This figure will be utilized in conjunction with trends in natural increase and net migration to predict the future population. Migration Throughout the world demographers and statisticians are constantly experimenting with methods for estimating future population and analyzing the many factors which · accelerate or retard growth. At present, no satisfactory method has been derived for predicting future population for small areas. Population projections for Windsor are weak because data regarding birth, death, in-migration and out-migration is available only on a countywide basis. The best results, therefore, can be achieved by using the county statistics as "indicators" for the Township area. Statistics regarding migration are as equally difficult to acquire for Windsor Township as are the rates of natural increase. However, during the last census, a limited amount of information regarding prior resident location was collected. The data presented indicated that nearly 1,200 residents living in Windsor Township in 1960, had resided in other areas in 1955. Of this figure, nearly 29% had previously resided in Eaton County, while some 71 % had previous residence in another county. During this high in-migration period, it is assumed that a low out-migration trend prevailed. Thus, if net migration remains at its present level, it can be assumed that Windsor Township will continue to experience a steady population increase over the next few years. Natural Increase Population Projections Customarily, the natural increase for any particular area is defined as the number of births minus the number of deaths. The number of births decreased during World War II and the Korean War, but quickly rose thereafter to a peak in 1957. With the scientific breakthroughs in the field of birth control, the birth rate has somewhat declined in recent years. In addition, trends indicate a slight numerical increase in the number of deaths, even though the rate of mortality is declining in Eaton County. The method of projection utilized in this report is based on the following assumptions: PREDICTING FUTURE POPULATION 1. The future rate of growth for Windsor Township will approximate 26% for each 10-year period up to 1990. 2. A slight increase in the number of deaths will continue. 21 �I I • TOW\JS~ .IP P~OJL Cf 1O\J S 3. A continuing de crease in the rate of births will prevail. t 4. Township in-migration will exceed the out-migration. .fl u 5. Further annexations by the City of Lansing of the present area of Windsor Township will not occur. ., ~ + \,) J 0 r. ,_ By using the assumptions listed, a growth factor was determined. This factor was then applied to each 10year period to obtain the succeeding 10-year period. The resulting projections are depicted graphically in Figure 12. r 0 2 V' 1. ~ Upon examination of these projections, other growth influencing factors were considered and a more precise projection was obtained (see Figure 13 and Table Ile). One should remember that this, as well as other projections, is based on continuing moderate stability of the regional, state wide and national situation. 1 O 60 •q66 191() 1980 1990 Figure 12 tJfJRE POf )UL Ar lON S Table Ile POPULATION ESTIMATES (1960-1990) Year Windsor Dimondale Total 1960 1966 1970 1980 1990 2,334 2,623 2.850 3,700 4,700 886 950 1,000 1,200 1,500 3,220 3,573 3,850 4,900 6,200 ~ C'. l1l 22 l ' �.... -- - - - ... ECONOMICS �The information contained herein was collected from the 1960 U .s. Bureau of the Census; the Township and Village offices; and a telephone employer survey to determine the number of employees working within the Township and Village boundaries. Througout the economic section any reference to Windsor Township is meant to include the Village of Dimondale as well. METROPOLITAN TRENDS AND INFLUENCES r Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale depend heavily on the Lansing metropolitan area for their source of employment. Major employers include the automobile industry, the State of Michigan and Michigan State University. I - - t----+------<..--- ECONOMICS r r As illustrated in Table Illa, approximately 53% of the planning area's employed labor force worked in the City of Lansing in 1960. In addition, 12% was employed in the remainder of Ingham County, while 31 % was gainfully employed within Eaton County. The remaining 4% worked in Clinton County, outside the Tri-County Region, or did not report their place of employment. Understanding the structure and functioning of the economy of Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale is a fundamental step in the study requisite to comprehensive plan development. Economic data collection must necessarily include such subjects as employment, government financing, manufacturing and trade characteristics, and the various trends that will affect the economic development of the Township and Village. The planning area, located southwest of and very near the Lansing urban complex, can expect to experience changes which occur within the metropolitan area. The functional role of Lansing and its contiguous fringe as a regional center of trade and employment has strengthened over the past 15 years. Its rising dominance is directly related to improvements in transportation, its strategic geographic location, and its strong role as a governmental and industrial center. This section of the study report will endeavor to provide the community with an inventory of its economic resources; to explain its position within the larger metropolitan area; and to provide a basis for estimating employment levels and land requirements for future economic activity. 23 �I Table Illa TABLE IIIb PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT Employment Trends: Tri-County Area 1956-65 Employment Area Place of Work No. of Employees % of Total City of Lansing 610 53.0 Balance of Ingham Co. 140 12.0 Clinton County 4 .3 Eaton County 354 31.0 Saginaw County 4 .3 Gratiot County 4 .. 3 Not Reported 3.1 40 1,156 100. 0% Source: Twenty-five percent sample,. u .. s. Bureau of the Census, 1960. There is every indication that motor vehicle manufacturing is growing and will continue to grow. In terms of the number of jobs gained, manufacturing was the most important single economic activity within the Tri-County area between 1956 and 1960. As Table IIIb indicates, manufacturing employment increased 17. 3% followed by state government, local government, retail trade and services, in descending order of importance. Goods Producing: Manufacturing Construction (Subtotal) 31,200 4,500 (35, 700) 36,600 4,200 (40, 800) 5,400 -300 (5, 100) 17.3 -7.0 (14. 2) Services Producing: Trade Wholesale Retail 16,000 (2,800) (13,200) 17,900 (3, 100) (14,800) 1,900 (300) (1,600) 11. 8 (10. 7) (12. 1) Trans. , Comm. , Utilities 3,400 3,100 -300 -8.8 Fin. , Ins. , Real Estate 2,700 3,500 800 29.6 Services (2 ) 8,600 9,700 1,100 12.7 Government Federal State Local (Subtotal) 23,400 (1,400) (15, 500) (6, 500) (54,100) 28,200 (1,800) (18,200) (8. 200) (62,400) 4,800 (400) (2, 700) (1, 700) (8,300) 20.5 (28. 5) (17. 4) (26. 0) (15. 3) (89,800) (103,200) (13,400) (14. 9) Total Non- Farm Ag., Forestry, Fish. Self Employed Total employment has increased at an average annual rate of 1% in the Tri-County Region with the general trend being a more :rapid rate of growth in the servicesproducing industries than in the goods-producing industries. This is not a localized trend, but one which is increasingly evident throughout the nation. Comparison Figure 1956 1965<1> Total Employed 7,000 4,700 -2, 300 - 32. 8 11,400 11,900 500 ~ 108,200 119,800 11,600 10.7 (1) Based on 11 months data. (2) Includes about 150 employees in mining. Source: Population and Economic Projections Tri-County Area, Robert Gladstone and Associates, Economic Consultants. All indications are that employment and income in the Region will increase substantially in the future. This 24 n �growth is presently having repercussions on development in the planning area and will continue to influence future growth. Table ma EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION Windsor Township & Dimondale - 1960 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOR FORCE Category The labor force, as defined by the Bureau of the Census comprises all civilians 14 years of age and over, either employed, unemployed, or actively seeking work. Number of Employees % of Employed Persons Manufacturing 405 Retail Trade 186 Agriculture 130 Personal Services 88 Public Administration 80 Construction 72 Educational Services 62 Other Industries 52 Transportation 32 Wholesale Trade 28 Professional 20 Hospitals 16 Communications & Utilities 4 Mining 4 TOTAL 1,179 In 1960, the Census listed 2,185 individuals in Windsor Township 14 years old or over. Of this total, 1 , 249 individuals, or 57%, comprised the employed labor force. The remainder were enrolled in school, members of the armed services, or inmates of institutions. Within the employed labor force, 1,179, or 94%, were employed in the general employment categories listed in Table me. A more definitive classification of industrial employment is portrayed in Table ma. -- Table Ille - Number of Employees Cat.egory Private Wage & Salary Workers 767 186 Government Workers Self-employed Workers 205 Unpaid Family Workers 21 TOTAL 1,179 % of Employed Persons 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 100% Table IIId points out the significance of manufacturing, retail trade and agriculture as employment endeavors in Windsor Township. The Township and Village have about the same proportion of persons employed in these cat.egories, as does the Tri-County Region as a whole. Approximately 60% of the 1,179 persons listed in Table Illd were employed in one of these three classifications in 1960. 65 16 17 2 100 Source: 1960 U .s. Bureau of the Census. - 11 7 7 Source: 1960 U .s. Bureau of the Census. GENERAL EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES EMPLOYED PERSONS-1960 -- 34 16 25 �I Windsor Township had a slightly higher proportion of blue collar workers in its labor force than did the Region as a whole in 1960. As indicated in Table Illf, 47% of the employed persons in Windsor Township were considered blue collar workers , as compared to 36% for the Region. Forty-three percent of employed persons in the Township were categorized as white collar workers in 1960, as compared to 48% for the Region. Table Ille is a detailed breakdown of manufaciuring employment in Windsor Township. Very obviously, the most important category is that of transportation equipment. Seventy-one percent of the 405 persons employed in manufacturing worked in the transportation equipment industry. In addition to this, 66 persons , or 16%, worked in industries very closely related to or dependent upon transportation; those being metal and machinery industries. Metals, machinery and transportation accounted for about 28% of the entire employed labor force in Windsor Township in 1960. National trends tend to indicate the probability that the white collar employment ratio has increased significantly since 1960 and will continue to do so in the future. This is partly due to the attainment of higher educational levels and technological change. The percentage of the employed labor force working in the transportation equipment industry in Windsor Township is generally higher than for the Tri-County Region. The Region has 15% in this category, while Windsor Township has 24%. ;, The Male.; Labor Force The reason for separating the male from the female labor force is that they may be employed quite differently and due to income potential and overall numbers, the male force is somewhat more significant in terms of employment components. In breaking down the statistics in this manner, several important occupational differentiations can be noted. Table Ille EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING - 1960 % of Employed Number Category Persons of Em2loyees 0 0 Furniture 7 29 Metal Industries 37 9 Machines 286 71 Transportation Equipment 2 Other Durable 9 2 Food & Kindred 8 1 4 Textile 24 6 Print & Publishing 8 2 Other Nondurable 405 100% TOTAL In 1960 there were 1,133 males 14 years of age and older residing in Windsor Township. Of this total 933, or 82. 3%, were in the labor force. At the time of the census 880, or 94.3% of these men were employed, leaving 5. 7% unemployed. This unemployment figure is somewhat higher than the 4. 6% rate for the Tri-County Region as a whole. Table illg lists, in order of importance, the occupations of the male labor force. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 26 �Table Illf GENERALIZED CHARACTERISICTS OF EMPLOYED LABOR FORCE-WINDSOR TOWNSHIP-EATON COUNTY, TRI-COUNTY REGION - 1960 r ' i Labor Force Characteristics Blue Collar Workers Craftsmen, Forman & Kindred Workers, Operatives & Kindred Workers & Laborers White Collar Workers Professional, Technical, & Kindred Workers; Managers, Officials, & Properietors, including Farm; Sales Workers, Clerical Workers Windsor Township Number of % of Employed Workers Labor Force 558 47% Eaton County Number of % of Employed Workers Labor Force 8,057 45% Tri-County Region Number of % of Employed Workers Labor Force 39,297 36% 507 43% 7,604 42% 53,115 48% Service Workers Private Household Workers Other Service Workers 89 8% 1,819 10% 13,038 12% Occupation Not Reported 25 2% 567 3% 4 828 4% 1,179 100% 18,047 100% 110,278 100% I r Total Employed Labor Force Source: U .s. Bureau of the Census. 27 �The Female Labor Force Table Illh FEMALE EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION Windsor Township-1960 A somewhat lower percentage of women are in the Township's civilian labor force than in that of the County, Region or State. In Windsor Township there were 1,052 females 14 years of age or older , of which 30% were in the civilian labor force. This compares to 33% for the State of Michigan; 36% for the Region; and 34% for Eaton County. Unemployment in the female labor force is higher, at 5. 4%, than for the Region as a whole, at 4. 2%. Table IIIh portrays female employment by occupation for Windsor Township. Table Illg MALE EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION Windsor Township-1960 No. of Male Category Employees Operatives &Kindred Workers 221 Craftsmen, Foremen & Kindred Workers 189 84 Farmers & Farm Managers Professional, Technical & Kindred Workers 65 64 Managers & Office Proprietors 64 Clerical & Kindred Workers 52 Sales Workers 41 Laborers, Except Farm & Mine 34 Farm Laborers & Foremen 25 Service Workers 41 Occupations Not Reported 880 TOTAL % of Employed Labor Force 25 No. of Female Category Employees Clerical & Kindred Workers 80 Professional, Technical & Kindred Workers 40 Service Workers 36 Sales Workers 33 Operatives & Kindred Workers 33 Private Household Workers 28 Managers, Office Proprietors 21 Craftsman, Foremen & Kindred Workers 8 Farm Laborers & Foremen 8 Farmers & Farm Managers 4 Laborers, Except Farm & Mine 4 Occupation Not Reported 4 TOTAL 299 % of Employed Labor Force 27 14 12 11 11 9 7 3 3 1 1 1 100% Source: 1960 U .s. Bureau of the Census. 21 10 Employment Within Windsor Township This report has emphasized that there is very little basic employment in Windsor Township and that many residents commute to Lansing or other areas in the Region for employment. In order to ascertain some estimate of the number of employees working within the Township, a telephone survey of businesses and industries was conducted in 1966. It must be emphasized that this survey is not totally complete and, therefore, lends only a rough estimate of employment information. Table IIIj lists the results of this survey. 7 7 7 6 5 4 3 5 100% Source: 1960 U.S. Bureau of the Census. 28 �Table IIIj turing within the Township consisted primarily of printing and publishing firms. EMPLOYMENT WITHIN WINDSOR TOWNSHIP BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION-1966 Category I ' i I The survey further indicated that the remainder of the individuals employed in the Township, about 12, were employed in contract construction, government, insurance and real estate. No. of Est.abNo. of % of Total lishments Employees Labor Force* Wholesale & Retail Trade 16 12 Services Manufacturing 5 Contract Con2 struction 1 Government Finance Insurance & Real Estate 2 TOTAL 38 85 37 35 7.2 3.1 3.0 5 5 .4 .4 2 169 ~ Windsor Township Industry and Trade There are five industrial firms in Windsor Township involved in the manufacturing process. They include two fabricated metal products manufacturers; two publishing companies and a firm manufacturing concrete pipe. These industries are generally not of the nuisance type. Three of the five industries are scattered along US-27 and the remaining two are located in Dimondale. 14.3% *Based on 1965 labor force estimate by the Michigan Employment Security Commission. ' ' I ' ' There are also approximately 28 small businesses in Windsor Township primarily involved in the sale of convenience goods or providing some type of service. These businesses, for the most part, are located in the Village of Dimondale or along US-27. The study indicated that only about 14% of the total labor force of Windsor Township was employed within the Township. As Table IIIj indicates, the largest number of persons was employed in wholesale and retail trade. Of the total 85 persons so employed, 50, or 59%, were working in eating and drinking establishments. The second largest number of employees, 37 worked in service activities, with 17 of these in education and 20 in various types of personal services. AGRICULTURE In 1960 farmland occupied approximately 86% of the Region's total land area, with only 5% of the Tri-County labor force employed in agricultural endeavors. This represented a dee,line. of some 2,300 farm employees, or a 32. 8% decline in total farm personnel over the decade 1950 to 1960. Even more important is the percentage of off-farm employment by farm operators. The next most significant employer within the Township boundaries was that of manufacturing. Manufacturing employed 35 individuals, which represented only about 3% of the total Township labor force in 1965. Manufac29 �Not only has the number of farms and the quantity of land in farms rapidly decreased, but the amount of land producing crops has also decreased. Approximately 47,000 acres of harvest and pasture land was taken out of production in Eaton County between 1949 and 1964. Since World War II this figure has been steadily increasing. In 1944, 32. 6% of all farm operators in Eaton County -worked off the farm 100 days or more. In 1964 this figure had increased to 43. 3%. Because of the immediate proximity of employment opportunities in Lansing, it is estimated that the percentage of off-farm employment is much higher in Windsor Township than for the whole of Eaton County. In 1959, 86% of all farm operators in Windsor Township worked 100 days or more off the farm.* Land being shifted out of farms in Windsor Township and Eaton County in the recent postwar period falls into three general classes: Urbanized uses - Large amounts of land have been used for highways, residential home sites and other urban land uses. Also, in 1959 nearly 17,250 acres, or 81 % of the total land in Windsor Township, were termed farmland. The 1965 land use study, contained elsewhere in this report, indicates that approximately 14, 700 acres, or 70% of the total acreage, is now in agricultural use, a decrease of approximately 2,500 acres. This acreage remains vacant or has been converted to other uses. Speculative holdings of idle farm lands - Much more farm land is being bought and held for urban uses than will be needed for many years to come. Much of this land will remain idle or in low intensity use for many years before they actually move into urban uses. In 1959 the average size of farms in Windsor Township was about 100 acres, or approximately 30 acres smaller than the average farm in Eaton County. In relation to this, it is assumed that the total number of farms in the Township has been decreasing at a more rapid rate than in Eaton County. The trend in most areas of the nation indicates a growth in average farm size in partnership with greater productivity per farm unit. Average farm size increased in Eaton County from 103 acres to 140 acres between 1945 and 1964, while the total number of farms decreased from over 3,300 to approximately 2,100 during this same period. Lower uses - Many farmers have not been able to operate their farms profitably on a full-time basis under existing cost-price relationships. Large amounts of land are being entered under the Soil Bank Conservation Reserve Program or have been partially or completely inactivated. Opportunities of better employment off the farm have been the main prime reason for this trend. In the future, large amounts of farm land in the Township and county will continue to be taken out of production for the reasons stated above. At the same time, a great deal of land in the Township is well suited for growing speciality corps. An increasing number of farms are *The 1960 U .s. Census of Agriculture. 30 l 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 �growing these types of crops and the number should increase in the future. Some farm lands not suited for urban development nor economically feasible to farm will be reverted to other uses. Although the amount of farm land will decrease in the future, the higher productivity and value of the remaining farms will continue to make agriculture an important part of tile economy of Windsor Township. for fiscal 1965 are summarized in Table lllk. Figure 14 is a generalized illustration of revenue sources in percentages. Table !Ilk CASH RECEIPTS - WINDSOR TOWNSHIP Fiscal 1965 Property Taxes: Current and excess of roll Delinquent Collection charges Subtotal State Sales Tax Diversion State Intangibles Tax Retailers License Fees (Liquor Commission) Building Permits Series "E" Bonds Cashed Fire Fund Fire Voted Fund Cemetery Fund Planning Commission Fund Grand Pointe Street Light Fund Hill & Hollow Street Light Fund Other TOTAL TOWNSHIP FINANCES As rural areas become more highly urbanized increased amounts of revenues must be expended to provide the necessary streets, schools, parks, sewers, water, drains, and other services essential to urban and suburban living. For the most part, these expenditures are the responsibility of the local governmental unit, although state and Federal governments are providing increased assistance. The concern of this subsection will be to briefly review the sources of revenues and expenditures of Windsor Township to provide a basis for estimating the ability of the Township to raise the revenues necessary to meet local public service demands. Revenue Sources $ 9,337 21,001 2,824 340 613 2,200 268 163 1,616 600 145 264 121 $39,492 Source: Financial Report of Windsor Township, dated April 2, 1966. During the 1965 fiscal year, April 3, 1965 to March 26, 1966, Windsor Township received $39,492 from all sources. Cash balances on April 3rd amounted to $12,319 making a total of $51,811 available to meet Township financial obligations. The sources of revenue 31 l $ 6, 733 427 2,177 �7 1965. The state equalized value totaled $7,423,490 in 1965, using a factor or multiple of 190. 9%. Total property taxes collected in the Township amounted to $173,402 in 1965. Figure 14 SOURCES OF WINDSOR TOWNSHIP REVENUES Fiscal 1965 l'otal ..___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __J The amount of property tax varies throughout the Township due to differing financial obligations in the six school districts partially within Township boundaries. The property tax by school district for school purposes is illustrated in Table Ulm below. 100 Sau,•~ Taxi'---_ _ _ _ __ Property rax Special Fund!:Intangt1>le Tax Series "E ' Bonds Licenses, Permits ,1_ and Others Table Ulm □ 7.2<{ PROPERTY TAX FOR SCHOOL DISTRICTS Windsor Township - 1965 os.6% School District Charlotte Eaton Rapids Grand Ledge Holt Potterville Waverly {] 2. 7% $52. 53/1, 000 57. 31/1, 000 50. 62/1, 000 70. 52/1, 000 50. 62/1, 000 58. 65/1, 000 Amount of assessed of assessed of assessed of assessed of assessed of assessed value value value value value value Source: Records, Windsor Township Clerk. As indicated in Figure 14, by far the most important source of income is the sales tax. Fifty-three percent of the Township revenues came from this source in 1965, while 23. 6% was derived from the second greatest source, the property tax. The remaining sources of income accounted for a combined 23. 2% of total revenue for fiscal 1965. In addition, a total of $15. 63/1, 000 of assessed property value was collected for taxes other than local school dis - · tricts in 1965. This tax was uniform throughout the Township and was based on a redistrubtion as follows: County Tax Township Lansing Community College Medical Care Facility Property Tax Revenues The total assessed valuation of Windsor Township, based on 20% of the actual value, amounted to $3,888,680 in 32 $10. 85/1, 000 of assessed value 1. 91 / 1, 000 of assessed value 1. 91 / 1, 000 of assessed value . 96/ 1, 000 of assessed value 7 7 l l �Using the Eaton Rapids School District as an example, total property taxes in this district were divided as shown in Figure 15. * As illustrated, only 2. 6% of the total property tax revenue was for Township use. In 1965 this amounted to revenues totaling $6, 7 33. Expenditures Table IIIn lists the Township expenditures for fiscal 1965 and Figure 16 illustrates the percentage distribution of these expenditures. As indicated, the major expenses in 1965 were for officer salaries, street maintenance, fire protection and cemetery maintenance. In communities providing only a minimum of services , it is typical for salaries to be the major expense. *Records, Windsor Township Clerk. Figure 15 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY TAX REVENUES FOR EATON RAPIDS SCHOOL DISTRICT Table Illn EXPENDITURES - WINDSOR TOWNSHIP-1965 Office Salaries Salaries $6,280 Withholding Tax 695 Social Security 834 Total Building Inspector Liquor Inspector Street Maintenance (Ea ton County) Insurance and Bond Dump Election Expenses Library Fire Fire Voted Fund Cemetery Planning Commission Grand Pointe Street Light Fund Hill & Hollow Street Light Fund Other TOTAL Schools 78. 5% Township 2.6% $7,809 773 120 2,800 800 510 183 1,450 4,094 237 5,723 2,101 131 241 J,,366 $28,338 Source: Financial Report of Windsor Township, dated April 2, 1966. 33 �l l Figure 16 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENDITURES Windsor Township-1965 1 Total l00% Salaries 1 27. G,., Cemcocry □ Fire Street 1\Iaintenance 14.4% □ Planning Commission 9.9% D7,4% I I I Library - 05.!%1 Other In summary, Windsor Township does not have the financial capability for making all necessary improvements, such as streets, water, sewers, recreation, etc. The reasons are numberous and complex. Townships are bound by legal limitations which prevent them from raising their total revenue needs. They are also in competition with other governmental units, such as school boards and county governments for needed revenues. Finding the sources of revenue for solving these problems will be very difficult, but answers must be found if the problems of growth and change are to be met. -- 34 ,-- ' �LAND USE �Present conditions and trends also provide some of the best evidence available in attempting to predict what will happen in the future. Thus, an analysis of the present use of land will help provide a general basis for reference in working out a plan for future land use that is both realistic and farsighted. -~~ . _, \ fu conducting a land use study, the good and bad features . of past development are recognized. Planning can then build upon the more favorable features, and policies and programs can be suggested that will help to minimize the effects of past developmental errors and encourage more desirable growth patterns for the future. The existing land use information for Windsor Township was obtained from a field survey conducted by the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission staff in April, 1966. Agricultural and undeveloped land use information was obtained through interpretation of 1963 aerial photographs provided by the United States Department of Agriculture. LAND USE One of the most important steps in the planning process is the collection and mapping of detailed information on existing land use. The land use map is a graphic portrayal of existing development at a given point in time. It is, therefore, a static view of what already exists and is not to be confused with the land use plan which will indicate the optimum arrangement of land uses for the future. METHODOLOGY The methodology utilized in carrying out the land use study was divided into four phases as follows : Each township develops its own distinctive pattern of land uses according to its geographic location, its topography, and its own individual economic and social character. The early location of a commercial establishment, the routing of a railroad or highway, and many other factors often have an important effect on the shape of the existing land use pattern. Collection: Detailed land use data was acquired during February of 1966 by field survey teams from the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission and by the utilization of aerial photographs obtained from the U .s. Department of Agriculture (dated April, 1963) . 35 �Commercial: Establishments supplying commodities and services to the general public. These include retail consumer goods, personal and business services and necessary storage and parking facilities incidental to these uses. Mapping: The field data was transferred in detail to a township base map to be later utilized in the processing phase. This information was then generalized in map form for presentation in this report. Aerial photography was used during this stage to determine the use or nonuse of land in areas inaccessible to the field team. Industrial: Land activities concerned with the manufacturing, processing, fabrication or bulk storage of goods or materials. Such includes the mechanical or chemical transformation of inorganic substances into new products. Also included are establishments which are involved in the extraction of materials from the land, such as mining or quarrying and such other endeavors as heavy repair and warehousing. Processing: The processing stage involved the measurement of mapped information and a detailed tabulation of the various use categories within the planning area. Analysis: This final phase involved a study of the processed information and a written and graphic portrayal of it for presentation in this report. Institutional: All lands used by Federal, State, county, township, city, educational or semipublic institutions for the purpose of providing for the social, cultural, religious and health needs of the community. Such uses of land include township buildings, schools, churches, hospitals, cemeteries, etc. DEFINITIONS The following categories were utilized in the presentation of existing land uses within Windsor Township. The categories, as delineated on the Land Use Map, are defined as follows: Recreational: Land devoted to active or passive recreation. Included are open spaces which are developed or intended for public or semipublic recreational use, whether publicly or privately owned. Such lands include golf courses, parks and playgrounds. Residential: Areas where dwelling units, other than commercial residences, their accessory buildings and open space, occupy the major portion of land. Excluded are agricultural lands and other uses not associated with the dwelling, even when under the same ownership. Transportation: Lands used for the conveyance of passengers and freight, including rights-of-way and terminals. 36 -- �Utilities and Communications: This category includes lands used for the collection and distribution systems of utility and communication facilities. Examples are water treatment plants, sewage disposal plants and radio and television transmission towers. D• VI LOP~D L\ D WJNDSOJi IO\\NSHJP LC l l DI C' DI.MONDA'~ ,,:'ln tr. I Agricultural: Lands used primarily for the production of food, fiber and/ or other saleable vegetation. Included are field crops, woodlots and tree nurseries. rranspnrtatrnn 50.4 Undeveloped: All land which is vacant, unused or unuseable, including derelict land as well as water features. EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS AND TRENDS Graphically illustrated, Figure 1 7 portrays the various percentages which each component of land use now occupies within Windsor Township. The total land area of Windsor Township, including the Village of Dimondale, encompasses approximately 21,176 acres of land. Of this total area, slightly less than 1, 900 acres, or 9% of the Township area, has actually been developed. As can be seen, by far the largest amount of developed land is devoted to streets and highways. This can be explained primarily in that I-96 runs through the Township and by the fact that the Township is still comparatively undeveloped. The majority of Windsor's growth in recent years has been concentrated in Dimondale, the northeast corner of the Township near the Lansing City boundary, and along US-27. New homes, however, are developing throughout the Township, with the greatest increases since 1960 occurring in sections 2, 3, 10, 13, and 23. The remainder of the Township is still predominately agricultural in nature, with single-family residential developments scattered throughout. Appendix A presents a tabular summary of the various land use subclassifications, while the Existing Land Use Map (Figure 18) gives a graphic portrayal of land usage within Windsor Township. Windsor Township's close proximity to the City of Lansing, the recently constructed interstate freeway, 37 �Table !Va its desirable natural assets and the quality of existing residential development indicate that a steadily progressive rate of growth and expansion is emminent for the future. DWELLING UNIT TYPES 1966 Type Single-Family Nonfarm Multiple Family Trailer Farm Dwellings TOTAL LAND USE ANALYSIS Residential Uses Windsor* No. % 545 73. 3 20 2. 7 5 0.7 173 23. 3 743 100. 0 Dimondale No. % 263 97.7 4 1.5 1 0.4 1 6.4 269 100. 0 *Township figures do not include the Village of Dimondale. As indicated on the Land Use Map, residential development in Windsor Township is primarily in the form of scattered single-family units developed on large area lots. Structural Condition Tabulated residential uses account for approximately 2. 6% of the total Township area and over 31 % of the developed land of the Township and occupy nearly 537 acres. The 1960 Census portrayed housing conditions in the Township and in the Village of Dimondale to be generally good. Data presented, indicated that 77% of the housing units were in sound condition, while 18% were deteriorating and 5% were dilapidated. Of the 537 acres used for residential purposes, 532 acres are occupied by single-family, nonfarm units; 1. 3 acres by two-family units and 3.4 acres by multiple-family structures. ,, 'i Definitions of the various structural conditions are as follows, according to the U. s. Census Bureau: I . I Sound: Housing which has no defects or only slight defects which are normally corrected during the course of regular maintenance. In Dimondale, residential land uses occupy over 101 acres of land. This is approximately 18% of the total land within the Village, or about 58% of the developed area. Again, almost all land devoted to residential land use is in single-family developments. Multifamily dwellings encompass only about • 6 of an acre. Deteriorating: Housing which needs more repair than would be provided in the course of regular maintenance. It has one or more defects of an intermediate nature that must be corrected if the unit is to continue to provide safe and adequate shelter. Table !Va represents a cross-section of dwelling unit types compiled from the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission's, Land Use Survey of February , 1966. i• ,.. .. ... 38 - �1966 EXISTING LAND USE Windsor Township ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Residential Commercial Institutional Recreational Industrial Agricultural □ Unused or Forest Figure 18 0 s Scale In mllee January 1966 TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert St. , Lansing , Michigan wu ft1111aeta!ly 11.ldc:d \lll'!IIIP • Te.i.ral sra,,t fr'0111 1h11' Utt.n Ren-al Adm,ni.lr•tlon of 1ho 0,-,,."""'111 ol llowlni and Urt-,, D,,..,.kipfiitllt, The pntp0nollon ol lhl.l map Iha Urim, PlaMlnf AHlaWICIO Pn,.:nm uth<>rl.Md by tiutuOfl 701 o( ._, Haualq Act 111 19", a, adm1nl ■t11n1d b~ lll<f M1cl!,p11 Otps,rUrlCIJII ¢ C11m-r01-, und,u- •-ftded, �Table !Vb Dilapidated: Housing which does not provide safe and adequate shelter. It has one or more critical defects or has a combination of intermediate defects in sufficient number to require extensive repair or rebuilding, or is of inadequate original construction. SUBDIVISIONS Windsor Township Date No. Platted Lots Original Plat 11 1859 404 Red Fern Acres 1 1941 18 Assessors Plat 1-4 1948 28 Assessors Plat 2-4 42 1948 Trails End 5 1954 13 Vans No. 1-6 1955 31 Saier 11 1959 26 Maple Heights 3 1960 15 Grand Dale 12 1960 24 Grand Point 3 1961 47 Hilliard 5 1961 7 1961 .:Jlill N .Hollow 12 8 Hill N Hollow 6 1962 16 Grand Pointe No. 1-11 1962 48 Although over 100 new homes have been constructed in the Township since 1960, plus an undetermined number in the Village of Dimondale, precautions must be taken to assure the containment and eventual eradication of blighted structures. Subdivision Activity The original plat for Dimondale was laid out in 1859, however, not until 1948 were any other subdivisions developed. In that year, two additions were made to the original plat of Dimondale. Between 1950 and 1960, three small subdivisions were developed, totaling 70 lots. Since 1960, six subdivisions have been developed, totaling 165 lots. Such recent subdivision growth tends again to emphasize Windsor Township's growing importance as a suburban residential area. Average Average Lot Lot D~pth Width 66 160 70 670 70 200 75 200 165 275 80 132 105 175 120 260 100 180 120 90 100 180 100 90 250 130 Source: Subdivision Study, M.E. T.R.O. Data Program, Spring, 1965. Evidence that Windsor Township is developing into a large lot suburban · type · community is indicated by the fact that the average lot width is 95 feet with an average depth of 225 feet. These lots are somewhat larger than those in most suburban subdivision developments now within the Region, which average about 70 by 125 feet. As of April, 1966, 14 subdivisions had been developed in Windsor Township. Table IVb lists these subdi visions, along with pertinent descriptive data, while Figure 19, entitled Subdivision Activity, graphically portrays this growth. Although no major subdivision development problems have occurred to date, experience in surrounding townships indicates that as Windsor Township continues to expand, 40 �Table IVc serious sewer and water problems may become prevalent. As a result, the Township will eventually have to provide the costly facilities needed to adequately service such new development. COMMERCIAL USES BY LOCATION T:Y_2e Dimondale Retail Business 7 Business Office 4 Professional Office 2 Vehicle Sales & Svs. 4 Commercial Rec. 1 TOTAL 18 Commerical Uses Present commercial enterprises in Windsor Township are limited to a few retail establishment.s in Dimondale, scattered service and recreational facilities along US-27, and three or four other business establishment.s dispersed throughout the remainder of the Township. No major shopping concentrations exist at the present time. Commercial uses occupy approximately 29 acres of land in the Township. This amount.s to only • 1% of the total Township area, or 1. 7% of the developed land. In the Village of Dimondale, 4. 3 acres of land are occupied by commercial uses. These establishment.s occupy only • 8%. of the total land in the Village, or 2. 5% of the number and location of establishments by land use categories, while Table IVd is a detailed listing of the quantity of land used for each commercial subcategory. US-27 11 Rest of Twp. 2 1 6 18 2 1 5 Total 20 5 2 12 2 41 .,... Table IVd COMMERCIAL USES* Type Retail Business Business Office Professional Office Commercial Recreation Vehicles Sales & Service TOTAL Retail business account.s for almost 50% of all commercial uses in Dimondale and the Township. Except for the businesses in Dimondale, most of these establishment.s are highway oriented to serve passing traffic. Vehicle sales and service is the second largest category. All of these businesses, except two, are service stations. Acreage 8.2 1.3 .2 14.4 9.4 33.5 % of Total 24.5 3.9 .5 43.0 28.1 100.0 *Township figures include Village of Dimondale. 41 Industrial Uses - Approximately 45 acres in the Township are used for industrial purposes. This is only 0.2% of the total Town- - . .-, - �,...... SUBDIVISION ACTIVITY Windsor Township TllVIE PERIOD ■ • ■ ■ 1. Before 1940 1940 - 1950 1950 1960 After 1960 Asse ssors Plat No. 1 2. Assessors Plat No. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. " 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 0 Grand Dale Grand Pointe Grand Pointe No. 1 Hilliard Hill 'n Hollow Hill 'n Hollow No. 1 Maple Heights Original Plat Redfern Acres Saier Trails End Van's .5 Scale in miles August 1966 TRl -COUNTY REGIONAL P LANNING COMMJSSION 535 Clippert St . , Lansing. Michigan n-. l"'"ll,!nlll~, 01 ll'I,~ m;11, ,.,. hll,,o,,~11, , .. ~,I th1••1.;l ,, 1.,,,,.,,,i,j 1(1'1"- I,• II~ l ,, • .., 11,,... \\.,I ,\,lml'O,<<r~11,m "' IIK I}. •• .,,,,,,.~, ,., ....... ,... •I I • '"" ,~ ••'l'-'!•111""'· !IIKI< ~ ~ .., l rh.iJ l'l"''"rti: .1 .... ,~~ ..,.-,, 1• ...... r: .... ,u,h••~.., I , ..... ,~ ... "' ,, u,,, 11,~ ... , A,I •>I l!M-1, •~ 1" ,n,1, ~,hn,~1~1, :,,.,, In,!., M"~"~ Oq~ _, Ill ~\·•-IA•'-• - ------ - - �Table !Ve ship area, or 2. 6% of the developed area. The T~wn.ship has eight industrial establishments which are located along US-27 with the exception of mining activities and an auto junk yard. ,- r r INDUSTRIAL USES* Classification Nonmanufacturingl Quarrying & Mining 2 Nondurable 3 Durable4 TOTAL The greatest amount of industrial land (27 acres) is used for sand and gravel excavation. Three quarry sites are presently active. Durable manufacturing, (permanent products) occupies about 14 acres. The Township has two businesses in this category. One is a concrete pipe manufacturer and the other manufactures aluminum window and door frames. Other industrial establishments classified under nondurable manufacturing and nonmanufacturing include a printing firm, heating and road oil service and an auto junk yard. Together these uses occupy only about four acres of land. % of Total 31. 0 23.0 3.0 43.0 100.0 *Township figures include the Village of Dimondale. 1 Industrially related use, not involved in the production process. 2 3 Five industrial establishments are located in Dimondale. Together they utilize nearly 18 acres of land which amounts to 3. 2% of the total land area• or 10 • 0% of the developed land in the Village. All but one of these industrial uses is classified as nonmanufacturing. They include an auto junk yard, a gasoline and oil storage area, and several heating and plumbing contractors. The only other industrial activity is a small machine shop. r Acreage 19.4 14.4 1.9 26.9 62.6 4 sand and gravel extraction. Production of food products, etc. Generally long-lasting goods, metals, machinery, .etc. Recreational and Institutional Uses Recreational and institutional land uses occupy about 23 acres of Township land. This is only O. 1 % of the total land area, or 1. 3% of the developed land. Table !Ve illustrates the quantity of land used for each subcategory within the general industrial classification. Almost all institutional land within the Township is being used for cemeteries which cover about 20 acres. West Windsor School, which occupies slightly over 2 acres, is the only other major institutional land use in the Township. 43 - - - -- - - - - - ----- - �,-- Transportation Dimondale School, covering some six acres, comprises the main institutional land use in Dimondale. Other public land uses in the Village include the Township and Village Hall, the fire station and the library. Dimondale also has a small park covering about 4 acres connected to the Dimondale School. Island Park, although used for recreational purposes, is not publicly-owned and was not designated as recreational land for the purposes of this study. Street and highway rights-of-way, combined with railroad rights-of-way, use a greater amount of land in Windsor Township than all other developed uses combined. Nearly 1,086 acres of land are used for transportation which is 5.3% of the Township area, or 63.2% of its developed land. Street and highway right-of-way widths total 1,039 acres and railroads 47.0 acres. A large percentage of this land is occupied by I-96 and the interchange at US-27. As the Township continues to develop, the percentage of land devoted to roads will become much less, but the large amounts of land used for streets and highways make it imperative that adequate planning be accomplished if waste and inefficient use of land is to be minimal. Table IVf presents a generalized listing of the various recreational and institutional uses in the Township. Table IVf RECREATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL LAND USE* Type Acreage Parks 4.1 Open Space Special Purpose Public Administration .7 Education 7.8 Religious 2.3 Cemeteries 20.3 TOTAL 35.2 % of Total 11.6 In Dimondale, streets occupy 38 acres, which is 6. 9% of the total land area of the ToWDBhip , or 21. 9% of the developed land. 2.0 Agricultural and Undeveloped 22.2 6.5 57.7 100.0 Although increasing amounts of land are continually being developed for urban uses in Windsor Township, agricultural uses still occupy by far the largest percentage of land. Agricultural land occupies approximately 1., 393 acres, or 69. 8% of the total land area of the Township. Included in this category is land used for field crops, permanent pasture, livestock grazing, truck crops, nurseries, orchards , and woodlots. A large percentage of the land in Windsor Township is forested. Woodlots occupy about 2,407 acres of the agricultural land or 11. 7% of the total land area. *Township figures include the Village of Dimondale. There are no localized neighborhood playgrounds to accommodate very young children within the study area. Although the elementary schools do provide some playground facilities, other provisions should be made for playgrounds and adult recreation in areas of proposed future development. 44 -- r �Table IVg In Dimondale, nearly 141 acres, or 25. 6% of the total land area is still devoted to agricultural uses. Of this land, 50 acres, or 0. 9% of the total area is forested. - - UNDEVELOPED LAND* Undeveloped land, or idle land, totals about 4,512 acres, or 21. 9% of the Township area. Included in this category are vacant lands , unused cropland, unusable land, and land covered by lakes and streams. A large amount of land in Windsor Township, once used for agricultural purposes, is now vacant or unused. About 4,171 acres, or 20. 2% of the total Township area is in this category. This category also includes vacant land within subdivisions and bordering single-family homes. % of Total 92.1 4.0 3.9 100.0 LAND USE RELATED TO ZONING As urban areas have developed, it has become evident that economic and social forces cannot be the sole determinants of how land is used. Long-range community-wide goals also must be considered. A small amount of land, some 188 acres, is classified as unusable. For the most part, the land in this category consists of low lands that would be unfeasible to reclaim except at very high costs. Various tools employed by governments to control land use are the Master Plan, Zoning Ordinances and Subdivision Regulations , to name a few. Each ofthese means complement each other, and all must be used if effective control is to be achieved. Briefly, zoning can be defined as the technical and legal tool with which the community may shape and regulate its growth and development in order to provide a desirable community environment. Through zoning, the public seeks assurance of: Undeveloped land in Dimondale totals 236 acres, or 42. 8% of the Village area. Most of this land consists of vacant lots in residential areas rather than vacant agricultural land. The Grand River occupies about 33 acres, or 5. 9% of the total land as it flows through the Village. 1. Protection of property values. Table IVgoutlines, by acreage and percentage, the undeveloped land figures for Windsor Township. 2. Control of population density. 45 - Acreage 4,374.6 187.9 185.5 4,748.0 *Township figures include the Village of Dimondale About 153 acres of land are covered by lakes and streams. The Grand River accounts for a large amount of this area. In addition to the river, there are four small man-made ponds in the Township. - Type Vacant & Unused Crop Land Unusable Lakes & Streams TOTAL �..., r I Table IVh 3. Control of hazardous areas such as flood plains. AREA IN ZONING DISTRICTS District Residential R-lA Residential R-1 Small Farm SF Commercial C Agricultural A TOTAL 4. Control of exposure to adverse environmental influences such as traffic, noise, smoke, dirt, and lack of ventilation and sunlight. 5. Provision of convenient areas for commercial and other service facilities. 6. A more efficient environment, in terms of municipal service costs, private transportation costs, and costs of utility extensions. Acres 1,585 1,308 4,299 34 13,399 20,625 r % of Total 7.7 6.3 20.8 0.2 65.0 100.0 Table IVj lends a comparison of the present land use with the existing zoning districts. 7. Maintenance of aesthetic harmony in land and building development. Table IVj - 8. Protection of the economic base and provision for its expansion, growth and development. LAND USE RELATED TO ZONING District Residential Commercial Industrial *Agricultural Enactment of the zoning ordinance alone is not enough to insure community achievement of these goals. Zoning must be based on a Comprehensive Development Plan for the community. Windsor Township adopted its first zoning ordinance in 1959. This ordinance has since been revised to eliminate certain discrepancies and inconsistencies. A new zoning map was also prepared and has been approved by the Township Board and Planning Commission. However, revisions to the Zoning Ordinance and the new Zoning District Map were designed to improve the ordinance only on an interim basis. Acreage Zoned 2,893 34 17,698 Acreage Used 537.0 29.1 45.1 14,534.0 *Includes small farms district. r Comparison of these charts, the zoning map and the existing land use map, illustrates that the zoning is, for the most part, a reflection of current land use in Windsor Township. 46 r I �ZONING DISTRICT MAP* Windsor Township R-lA Single-Family R-1 Single Family ■ Small Farms ■ Commercial D Agricultural Figure 20 ~ 0 .s Scale in miles "TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSIO N 535 CHppert St. , Lansing , Michigan t'11<, 1•n:11~nu.- "' 1111& nuip '"'u. 11-. .. u, 111,••<1 lhroui'h ., t<:<k·ral .:r•nl from 111,; \JfbM fle.w,..•1 ,\(l..,,nt•tOlh>II uf W., 0..'¢1,tn1e"' 01 rr ... a,nc nnd l"rt•1• O.,vc,k>p.mo:nt. lll>llur lhe- l,rbi:m Pluo>u,1, ,\,....._ 1•,v,,.171n1 .....U,.,r,.<MI .., '""(V<WI fill ot vie Hwfln,: Acl of lart, u ,.._.•••1<:Rd 1>1 ""' .\lor,ua:,,, °"llllrlm<!nt or c-""'"""• ,....,.~..1. �Again it is emphasized that the revised zoning is of an interim nature. The districts were not designated on the basis of a Comprehensive Development Plan, but rather on current need. A new ordinance and Planning District Map will be developed as part of the current planning program. and water facilities will occur. Also, problems of streets, schools, police and fire protection, and rubbish and garbage collection will increase proportionately. Commercial Development Existing commercial establishments in the Township and in Dimondale are not adequate to serve the growing population. As Windsor Township continues to grow, additional commercial facilities will be needed. Strip commercial development along US-27 could become a major problem. This type of development along major streets and highways creates a traffic hazard by increasing the turning movements of vehicles which frequently cause accidents. In addition, commercial establishments located in this manner detract from the aesthetic quality of the area. PROBLEMS OF EXISTING DEVELOPMENT Scattered low-density residential and large lot subdivision developments are forming a pattern for the type of development which could continue to occur in Windsor Township. Such development, although in many respects providing amenable living conditions, presents many problems. Mixed Land Uses Lack of Recreational Space Pre.sently, property owners do not have adequate control of the type of development that will occur on surrounding land. Too much residential development is being located in areas better suited for other purposes. Much of the Township, particularly in the southwest portion, is ideally suited for agriculture and should be preserved for this purpose. Other areas should be reserved for the commercial and industrial uses that will be required as the population expands. At the present time, there are no publicly-owned recreational areas in Windsor Township. Dimondale School allows its play fields to be used for general recreational purposes, but additional park space is needed in the Village of Dimondale and the Township. All of these problems emphasize the need to control and direct future growth so that the community will have high development standards without unduly burdening citizens with unnecessary and unreasonable taxes. Proper decisions made at his time by Windsor Township officials will bring about the desired orderly growth and development of the Township. Need for Public Services It is very difficult to support a desirable level of public services in areas of scattered development. As population expands, problems of providing adequate sewer 48 �TRAFFIC & MAJOR STREETS �pend heavily on vehicular accessibility. Paved roads, on the other hand, tend to serve higher volumes of traffic which result in or have been caused by more intensive land use activity. The limited access facility is, of course, the exception in that only interchanges (or access points) offer development potential. To rephrase the above discussion; traffic volumes and land use activity are strongly interrelated. Any change in one will affect a change in the other, which will in turn place a new demand on access streets. The creation of a new shopping center will increase traffic volumes on the streets that provide access to it, while conversely, significant increases in traffic volumes on a previously little travelled road will bring about the development of commercial activities whose success depends on their ability to be seen by passing motorists. Both cases will result in the need for street expansion and improvement. Obviously, a decrease in traffic volumes along any given highway will, in all probability, have a marked effect on the vitality of commerce whose very existence depends on larger traffic volumes. TRAFFIC AND MAJOR STREETS The extent and condition of the Windsor Township transportation network is perhaps one of the most critical determinants of its future growth. To accelerate growth, people must have access to the Township. Without this access, growth is retarded and the Township remains static. Transportation serves people who are engaged in activities of all sorts ; working , playing , shopping, living , etc. It is no wonder , then, that we find transportation routes connecting the land uses which generate such activities. This movement by people and goods between activities , or places of activity, is caused by a transportation land use relationship. For example, where there are no roads , we can expect no activity that will generate traffic o Where roads are unpaved , we can expect to find a few residential land uses , perhaps farmsteads or activities that , again , do not de 49 By analyzing this relationship in more detail, we find that certain types of land uses generate a greater amount of traffic than others. For example, in the Tri-County Region, each residence generates an average of six vehicle trips per day. 1 Although such information is not yet available for local commercial areas, studies throughout the country indicate a much higher trip generation figure for a commercial use than for a residential use. This , then, suggests the need for a different type of transportation link than would be necessary to serve residential areas. 1 1965 Home Survey , conducted by National Analysts , Inc. , under contract with the Tri- County Regional Planning Commission. �. .. Expressway: Moves through traffic at high speeds and volumes to and from freeways and other major traffic generators with full or partially controled access. An understanding of the transportation system in Windsor Township and Dimondale is necessary before planning for future growth and expansion can be initiated. This is the purpose of this section of the report. In so doing, an inventory and an assessment will be made of the existing street system, its present condition, its function, and the problems that exist or might be expected to develop in the future. Such information is a very important element in providing the basis for future planning. Freeway: Moves through traffic at high speeds and volumes between major traffic generators with fully controled access. .... .,. These terms represent a classification of streets and highways according to function. Figure 21 on the following page is a schematic view of a functional street layout. Definitions The following definitions are offered to provide a better understanding of the functional hierarchy of streets and highways and of the terminology used throughout the remainder of this section. 7, INVENTORY Major Streets and Highways Local Street: Provides direct access to individual abutting properties. There are 91 miles of streets, roads and highways in the entire Township transportation system. This portion of the report will deal only with those facilities designated in Figure 22; the major streets consisting of three very important major highway facilities and several lower class thoroughfares which also play a significant role in the movement of traffic throughout the Township and Village. For the purpose of this discussion, the Michigan classification system will be used as follows: Collector Street: Collects and distributes low speed, medium volume local street traffic and moves it to and from arterials; also, provides direct access to individual abutting properties. Minor Arterial: Moves through traffic at moderate speeds and volumes to and from major arterials, expressways and other traffic generators; also provides direct access to abutting properties. Parkway: Moves noncommercial, pleasureoriented traffic at moderate speeds between and through scenic areas and parks. 1. State Trunkline 2. County Primary 3. City or Village Major 4. County Local 5. City or Village Local Major Arterial: Moves through traffic at moderate speeds and high volumes to and from expressways, freeways and other major traffic genera tors. 50 r-i �r a I' - ..::- - ---- r r I r r - State Trunklines Muskegon. It traverses the northeast portion of the Township and is connected by an interchange to US-27. This interchange has already gretaly influenced growth in the Township by drawing the new State government complex to the area. Rigid control will be necessary to protect remaining areas around the interchange from indiscrete development practices. This facility is of freeway design and function and in 1964 carried an average of 6,500 vehicles per 24-hour day. Interstate 96 provides a direct link between Windsor Township and Lansing, Detroit , Grand Rapids and US-27 (M-78) is the most heavily traveled highway facility in Windsor Township. It serves as the major Since this is a discussion of major streets and highways, only the first three categories, comprising 31. 5 miles, or 35% of the total system, will be discussed. County local roads consist of all remaining county roads and subdivision streets within the Township, while Village locals are the remainder of streets in the Village. 51 �. its more localized function. It is expected that M-99 will retain its present function in the intermediate future, as the State has no current expansion plans for this facility. route between Lansing, Charlotte and other significant urban centers in Michigan. Commercial establishments are scattered along US-27 and are predominatly of the "intercept" type. Better stated, they are at their particular location for the purpose of attracting and intercepting passing traffic. Such activities are strongly transit oriented, consisting of auto and trucking service facilities. County Primary Streets Seven major streets function to connect the state trunkline system with Dimondale. The majority of residents in Windsor Township and Dimondale generally travel on one of these routes to reach either Dimondale or a trunkline facility for movement out of the Township. These streets are divided into two groups according to whether they are intensively (high volume) or extensively (low volume) used. Average daily traffic volumes determine the intensity of use . During the period 1958 to 1964, traffic increased approximately 22% on US-27. This amounts to an additional 2,000 vehicles per day; however, this increase cannot be expected to continue indefinitely. A new limited access freeway facility is in preliminary planning stages. It will connect with I-496 in Delta Township and pass west of Windsor Township. This facility could conceivably reduce traffic volumes on US-27 and thereby influence existing development along this route. Intensive Use : Such facilities consist of Waverly Road , Holt Road, Creyts Road and Windsor Highway. With the exception of Waverly Road , all carry traffic from Windsor Township's interior to the trunkline routes. The section of Waverly Road between M- 99 and Jolly Road accounts for the highest volume (2,400 vehicles per day) of traffic on roads in this category. Waverly serves an arterial function by collecting local traffic from Delhi Township , Windsor Township and M-99 for direct access to shopping and working areas west of Lansing. The third state trunkline in Windsor Township is M-99. This is the primary travel route between Eaton Rapids and Lansing. Although it does not car;ry as much traffic as the other two state trunklines, it did show a higher precentage increase during the period 1958 to 1964 (see Figure 24). Traffic leaving Dimondale on Holt Road generally uses M-99 to enter downtown Lansing or leaves M-99 at Waverly Road for trips to the shopping area at Saginaw (M-43) and Waverly Roads and the Oldsmobile plant on West Saginaw. Commercial land uses are much less prevalent along M-99 than along US-27 . This consequence is directly attributable to the relatively low volumes of traffic utilizing this facility in combination with Extensive Use : Extensively used roads include Vermontville Highway , Davis Highway and Canal Road . Unpaved surfaces and low traffic volume s suggest that these are the "minor" streets in the Windsor Township major street system . Such roads channel low volumes of traffic , generated by scat52 . ... ... T - - - �WINDSOR .,- TOWNSHIP I ( ( TIO TAI C' LASSI r'H A TIO OF ~'IA TOR S I FT A -·-·I 1111 II II C 11 1re ..... 0 'F} .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert St. , Lansing, Michigan l1w UNP,,l'llUun llll lh1" map ...,.. hnaa~lh anl,,~I lhr""idl " f<.'dt-ral ,:r<&nc lro9 II>!! CrlllUi R....., ... I \dmlnL MUtlal ol lh~ 0..•pcu1m,.•,11 "illo ..•11111,1'ndl 1buDll¥0<.lop-•11t, \IDllur 1M loruui rbM1111t A u • • - ITOSo-.111 ,llllM>ru....i 1.. ...,... ,l<lft JOJ ,,( 11,,., ~ 1.1111' Ac:1 of 1»-t, M• ;imcall/d, lldnru•11v.n.-d tn !Ill, >lld!IP11 U.l);Ut111t1111 er cv.,ua.. rft•. �tered residences, onto roads carrying relatively higher traffic volumes. As Figure 23 indicates, US-27 is the most heavily travelled route in the Township, carrying an average of 11,000 vehicles per 24-hour day. Other major carriers of traffic are I-96 and M-99 which have respective average volumes of 6,500 and 3,500 vehicles per day. One very important implication can be drawn from these figures. The major share of traffic which enters Windsor Township has no destination in either the Township or Village. All three major highways serve to route traffic through, and not into, the planning area. Village Major Streets l 7 7, l ----, These consist of Bridge, Jefferson, Washington and East Streets within the Village of Dimondale. Such facilities serve as the major links in the Village circulation system and carry fairly high traffic volumes due to the nature of the activities they serve. Traffic utilizing these streets is generated by retailing, worldng and service facilities in the Village. Figure 24 shows the percentage increase in traffic volumes over the period 1958 to 1964. This is a rough indication of which roads have been increasing in use and importance •. The largest percentage increase occurred on Windsor Highway between Canal Road and Dimondale. This stretch experienced an increase of 600 vehicles, or 150%, during the 1958-1964 period. The most consistent increase occurred on US-27 south of I-96; however, I-96 has greatly retarded a similar increase north on US-27. This relatively small percentage increase suggests that people are placing less reliance on US-27 in entering and leaving Lansing since the completion of I-96. This trend will be more exaggerated south of I-96 when the new freeway is constructed west of Windsor Township. The classification used above is one in which money from the State of Michigan "Motor Vehicle Highway Fund" is distributed for maintenance of the street and highway network. Figure 22, on the other hand, represents a classification based on the function of highway facilities. Those roads having no designation are of lower classification and serve as local streets. The functional system is based on the type of service performed by the street, its length, designspeed, volume of traffic and access control. The general definition of each class is outlined in the introduction to this section. Traffic Volumes and Capacities Traffic volumes and capacities, as portrayed in Figure 23, show the number of vehicles using major streets in Windsor Township and the largest practical capacity that each facility can handle over a 24-hour period. This information is most essential in evaluating the existing transportation system. Generally spealdng, no street or highway in Windsor Township or Dimondale is carrying traffic in excess of its maximum practical capacity. M-99 is approaching capacity and may require widening and resurfacing in the future; however, no plans are yet forthcoming. 54 �• Street Righ-of-Way and Pavement Widths Commuting and Travel Patterns Only I-96, US-27 and M-99 have right-of-way widths in excess of the 66 foot minimum county standard. Each of these facilities necessarily requires more space to adequately provide for access control, future expansion and clear vision in the interest of safety. Figure 25 is illustrative of right-of-way and pavement widths throughout Windsor Township and Dimondale. Automobiles comprise 75% of all registered vehicles using streets and highways in the Tri-County Region. In addition, the automobile is the prime means for getting to work throughout the Region and generally, suburban areas rely more heavily on the auto than do totally urban areas • According to the 1960 Census, 65% of the employed labor force commuted to Lansing or to other areas in Ingham County to their place of employment. This indicates a strong dependence on US-27, M-99, Waverly Road, and to some degree, I-96, for getting to work, and a strong northeastern direction of traffic flow out of the Township. Approximately 30% of the employed labor force commuted to areas within Eaton County or worked within Windsor Township. The pattern of movement resulting from those commuting to areas within the County, is one which is characterized by dispersal over several streets, roads and highways , generally in a southerly direction. Pavements are predominantly two lanes in width, varying from 16 feet on Davis Highway to 24 feet on Waverly and Creyts Roads and Windsor Highway. In addition, there are two four-lane facilities traversing portions of the Township. Interstate 96 consists of two 12 foot concrete lanes in each direction, east and west, divided by a 70 foot median strip. The other facility, US-27, also having four lanes, or a 48 foot wide travel surface, is divided by a median ranging from 26 to 36 feet in width. Bridge Street in the Village of Dimondale ranges between 36 and 44 feet in bredth consisting of two traffic lanes and some on-street parking. Major traffic generators,which attract a high percentage of vehicular traffic to the Lansing area, include major shopping facilities; employment centers such as Oldsmobile, Michigan State University and downtown Lansing; and several scattered trucking terminals. These activities will continue to have a major influence on travel patterns in Windsor Township as suburban growth radiates outward from Lansing. In fact, the proportion of residents commuting to Ingham County should increase as less dependence is placed on agricultural endeavor and as the urban-oriented suburban population grows. Nearly every traffic facility in the major street network has been provided with an improved surface. Exceptions are Canal Road, Davis Highway, Windsor Highway west of US-27, and Vermontville Highway west of Canal Road. Each of these and nearly all of the local or minor streets and roads are of gravel construction. The three state trunklines have concrete surfaces and the remaining facilities in the major street system are of bituminous or seal coat construction. Generally spealdng, a road -is considered to be in poor condition if its surface is less than adequate to handle present traffic demands. Windsor Township has few such areas due to its predominantly rural nature. 55 ;:: :r I �ir ( 100) WINDSOR TOWNSHIP TRAFFIC VOL'CMES AND CAPACITIES .... ""'"I ( 0000) VOLUMES * 0000 CA PAC I TIES ...., *Average daily traffic volumes (24 hours) SC Lill E OllSELEC.rED rr. conrn l!EOICN. r r w•11e1•Tw <ut .. Figure 23 T 110,111•• m l T I ...,.. ,., 0 T .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert St. , Lansing, Michigan I L_ ....,,. n. prup,,ra110t1 Ill lllla --.i wu .,_,.II, 11~lo."11 ltlr...111! .1 fQnl rrn,,1 ,..,_ 1.11,, l r\- ""--1 l.dm!llt•~•II- 01 11M, 0..·l'l'rUr,,'fll uf 11,,...,~.. 11nd t·rrau, Dlrwlapllwt,c, """"' i . ' - ~ ri-""" .\u,aw.o,, ,.,...,,,. " " ' ~ - +.t , . , . _ 101 "' - ...,,.. . . ,UI of ltd-4, .., ~--i..t, ..........., ......... V.: ).11<11,_ U.-~•--•1 OI c--•co,, :: �WINDSOR TOWNSHIP 1RAFFIC VOLl. ME INCREASES OF PERCF!\iT IN~RE:..ASE none or '; very l,tt l e C) 20 - 50 c=> c:> CJ 50-80 80 - 1•0 ....., 110 - 140 c=) ·40-170 c==) ,....., 22 so n r r r Ji.l.. rn IN\ T rR R '\_ 'ff It ) I ,.J ~1 I L~ Y t II l CT> • nu c<7 DI co . >rr " 0 .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert St. , Lanalng, Michigan -7 I n., pn,partilGfi "" u.i. ~ ..,.. 11-••II) ~M,'11 llrni,oi&li ....,on.I - · (,- i,.., Ur'bM R-.1 .\d"'lnlau,,u,.. 'OI ~ 0.,.,..,1....._..., ..a 11, .. 1·,ban ...iur 1M Lr.... l•i..-..,.: -"Jia1•- l'f'OIP'llll! ,...uw,r,wd t,• ~·,-,loll Tl)I of Ilk: Hw. 111111. Art or 1&4, :aa a.mellllctd, .clm111111.,n,G '" u.., Mi<'i1lp11 fl•:11<1nmc,n1 or c....,,...,r~. ~.,,h ~- n.,..,.....,,_..,,, �1 WINDSOR TOWNSHIP PAVEMENT AND RIGHT- OF- WAY WIDTHS IT ! ,-- (0000) 1 0000 R IGHT - OF-WAY WIDTH PAVEMENT WIDTH !J) .._,. \.D N smJRC!' STRtET INVF'iTuRY SL MMAHY !'OR ~LECTED STHl:.E rs AND I IOHWAYB IN THF l1U C-Ol,l/TY ltEGJON. Figure 25 1 1 ,. C 0 .5 Scale in miles TRI- COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISfilON 535 Cllppert St. , Lansing, Michigan i Tho: ,m,;panUoft of 11:tia ~ ,r,u 111,aac:1.111~ oi.i,..t 111.,_11h a t'c:Gtnl v-1 r,_ 11,c, Url-..i nc-.1 ~nktr1U<M ot t.t.: O..')lllrt-•,u vi u,,...,"► Mid r,i.n Ot:,.-.,~ 11 •, Olndur Ille" i,;rt.,, i'tan.1111( AHlt- !'ro,.o,n\ .111tlwri~"" ........ 101 ol IIH,, Ho.tfllljl Att 11-1" l(ltl-&, a. a ~ . lllttnlRlfli.•n,d 1.. IN" J11 ..:11,1111,11 D,:,-:inmcM GI Cumm.,rc.:. ,-.Klft �r r rr T T 1f T. f Table Va Government Responsibility MAINTENANCE RESPONSIBILITY BY GOVERNMENTAL UNIT 1965 - 1966 Three different governmental levels are directly responsible for constructing and maintaining streets and highways in the planning area. These include the Village of Dimondale, Eaton County, and the State of Michigan. A fourth, the Federal Government, also provides funds on a matching basis for highway construction. Such projects and funds are administered by the State of Michigan. Windsor Township is not directly involved in construction and maintenance, except as part of the County, but it does have the power to regulate land uses adjacent to these facilities. Participation by five separate governmental entities emphasizes the importance of transportation at all levels: local, State and Federal. 12.7 1 Eaton County 16.0 2 12.7 58.0 3 74.0 Michigan Major* Minor** TOTAL Dimondale Total 2.8 4 31.5 1.95 4.7 59.9 91.4 !state Trunkline County Primary 3 County Local 4 Village Major 5 Village Local All streets and highways in the major street system shown in Figure 22 are eligible for Federal aid for construction. In addition, the State has full responsibility to maintain the three state trunkline facilities and allocates a share of the Motor Vehicle Highway Fund to Eaton County and Dimondale for maintenance of their respective primary and local systems including those facilities not a part of the major street network. Such allocation of funds is made on the basis of population and road mileage from state weight and fuel tax revenues. Table Va represents a breakdown of the miles of streets for which each governmental unit is responsible. *The major street system as portrayed in Figure 22. **All other Township and Village facilities. Source: Michigan Department of State Highways, Eaton County Road Commission, Tri-County Regional Planning Commission-Transportation Inventory, 1966. Conclusions The importance of the existing traffic arteries in Windsor Township cannot be stressed enough. They provide the linkages between internal land use activities as well as important state and regional centers. They are the lifeblood of the community and must be preserved as such. 59 �l 111111 Few problems are evident regarding this network of transportation facilities. Probably the most problematic area in the Township is that along US-27. This area had the potential to be developed for nuisance and marginal commercial land uses, which in all probability would have been of little or no aesthetic or financial benefit to the community. Foresight brought the adoption of an improved zoning map in November of 1966 which removed the probability that uncontrolled commercial development might occur. One or two points along US-27 in Windsor Township are recognized by the Department of State Highways as critical traffic hazard areas. These are areas where large numbers of trucks make numerous entrances and exits onto this major highway facility and are in direct conflict with high speed traffic movement. Future development practices will require the restriction of certain types of intensive development along major highway facilities. It will, among other things, require that residences are backed onto major trafficways and that businesses and industries be accessible by service drives to limit the number of potentially dangerous access points. The present system of streets and highways poses no problem to development of the Township and if a proper balance is maintained between trafficways and adjacent land uses, regarding function and demand, no significant problems should occur. T 60 �r r G G COMMUNITY FACILITIES & UTILITIES �.- . ,..., A township hall, city library, or muni9ipal auditorium would fall in the first group, with the second group comprised of elementary schools, neighorhood parks, etc. Such facilities, regardless of function, should be located where they are economically, aesthetically and conveniently most advantageous to their users. School The study data portrayed in this section was acquired from the Land Use Study and from interviews with various Township, Village and school personnel. For the purpose of this report, "Public Facilities" is meant to include government, police, fire, education, outdoor and spectator recreation (whether publically or privately owned) and cultural facilities. COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND UTILITIES "' .- ~ ,..... In order to conduct daily governmental activities and furnish the essential public services to the citizenry of the community, public buildings and facilities are required. The provision of these important community assets requires both space and structures adequate in size and composition to allow the proper performance of their respective functions. Of paramount importance is their location. With regard to location, public facilities may be categorized as follows: PUBLIC FACILITIES Education The public school is often the most important facility in the community. There are two reasons for this. The first is that the school serves the educational function so necessary to the upbringing of young children and secondly, the school is a localized center for community and neighborhood social and recreational activity. 1. Those that serve the entire community and are consequently most advantageously located near its center. Due to the basically rural nature of Windsor Township and a 1962 merger which combined the Dimondale and Holt Public School Districts, the planning area has only two elementary school facilities in operation. All junior and senior high students now attend the Holt junior and senior high schools located in Delhi Charter 2. Those that serve sections or neighborhoods within the community and are therefore dispersed in strategic neighborhood locations . 61 �- I intend to purchase a new elementary school site in the northeast corner of Windsor Township in anticipation of future growth adjacent to Lansing. The Holt School District also anticipates the need for a new junior high school in the northwest part of Delhi or the northeast sector of Windsor Township. Present plans call for the enlargement of existing senior high facilities in Holt rather than building a new senior high school elsewhere in the district. Township. Table VIa presents a description of existing elementary school facilities in Windsor Township. Table Via SCHOOLS IN WINDSOR TOWNSHIP Data Grades Year Built Last Addition Site Size Number of Classrooms Enrollment 1963 1964 1965 1966 Capacity Dimondale West Windsor Elementary Elementary K-4 K-6 1951 1890 1966 13 acres 1 acre 2 19 365 343 361 472 590 =..., I I I Recreation Many factors tend to increase the demand for outdoor recreation facilities. Population growth, more leisure time, higher incomes, increased mobility, and changing social patterns have influenced the demand for a greater variety and quantity of such facilities. Windsor Township and Dimondale have the potential to develop many fine recreational sites and, in fact, have attempted to cultivate one of their more advantageous_ opportunity areas to meet these changing demands. An island park was developed in 1962, on the Grand River, in the Village of Dimondale. The island itself was created as a result of milling activity on the Grand River in years past. A millrace was excavated to provide a controlled power source, thereby separating the parcel from the once contiguo~s land to the east. The island has great historical significance due to the function it once served and the landmarks that remain. 54 46 35 38 60 Source: Holt School District Records. A portion of six different school districts lies within the boundaries of Windsor Township. This is probably the most significant problem facing education in the planning area today. Referral to Figure 26 gives one a picture of the degree to which school district fragmentation has occurred. This pattern can result in a serious diseconomy in the provision of school facilities as well as in administration. This park is owned by the Lansing Board of Water and Light and is maintained by them in cooperation with the Village of Dimondale. In 1962, a bathhouse, horseshoe courts, barbecue grills, and other park facilities were installed to take advantage of this man-made phenomenon. At the present time, no major school construction is anticipated within Windsor Township by any of the six school districts. The Holt Public School District does 62 -= r �. - 1/4..NSI G H D LEDGE WINDSOR TOWNSHIP I' Public School ERVILLE Districts HOT P TTERVILLE " - . - EATON RAPIDS CHARLOTTE May 1966 r Figure 26 EA TON RAPIDS 0 .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Cllppert St. , Lansing, :M ichigan lt>o.· 1•n11"'r•U"'1 ..r 1111& "'"'' w,ia ftnntKCia1h ""bl \h,,..,~t• a r.,il.n,l ,u-An\ £">111111,, \'rlt<ul lltu.ew~I A.rhn1t,1•u-nuoo ol !.lw,, o,.p«,nn,m '" ll"'-'••ni,: 11 ,id L'tloan 0,.•\ •l,\1m.o11t, lllldo.•r UIII Vrt,,M l'!Ji111ti.i,. , ..1,i.:u- 1,,...,,.,.. ~"u~»izod 11, "<><"1.1Qfl 101 .,t IN· 11.... ,~ A,·1 OI L&;;t , u llhll>n<lo'<I, .., ... u,l•t..•,u,J I l,h,.• ~l ..·ht,c,n D I . ~ <>I C:arruno ~<:>:. �.The Grand River, with its flood plain, affords an excellent opportunity for park and recreational development. Unfortunately, not enough is known at present about the amount and location of land in Windsor Township that is susceptible to flooding. The Corps of Engineers is currently making a detailed study of such areas. However, it is anticipated that there will be a considerable amount of land that should be protected from intensive development which can best be made available for recreation use. The Village of Dimondale has quite a tradition to build upon, regarding the pitching of horseshoes. In 1965, the Michigan State horseshoe finals were held on the Dimondale municipal courts located behind the Village fire hall. In 1966, Dimondale became the site of the National Horseshoe Tournament and each year about three state open tournaments are held for members of state and local horseshoe associations. Horseshoe pitching is not merely a seasonal attraction. Ray's Recreation, on M-78, has indoor courts for winter competition, including league play. This activity could conceivably be an important factor in the provision of recreational facilities for the future growth and development of the Village of Dimondale and Windsor Township. As development in the Township accelerates, there will be increased pressures to use these flood plains more intensively. Already some development has taken place in these areas, causing a twofold problem. The first is the potential for flood damage and the second is the private use of land which is better suited to public use. There are no improved parks elsewhere in the Township. The nearest facility, other than Island Park, is Grand River Park in Delhi Charter Township. There are also excellent facilities in Lansing, Charlotte and Eaton Rapids, which can be used by Windsor Township residents. The remaining recreation facility located within the planning area is the school playground and athletic field. As development increases there will be a demand created for large community parks. Such assets not only provides visual variety and interest to the community, but also afford space for both active and passive recreational activities. Such activities include organized games, picnicing, water sports, hiking, and nature study. In addition to the public recreation facilities available in Windsor Township and Dimondale , there are also two private facilities. These include a driving range and minature golf course on M-78 and a gun club on Gunnell Road. In essence, a much more detailed study is needed to determine the recreational requirements of the Township as well as the potential and availability of certain areas for community purchase and citizen use. Consideration should be given, now, to the means which could be used to preserve natural opportunity areas such as those mentioned in this report. Such preservation is necessary to insure their availability when increased population creates the need for them. Other natural features having high recreative development potential are the Grand River, the gravel pit on Davis Highway near 1-96 and a swampy forested area west of the King Drain in the southwest corner of the Township. f 64 �I -, I Fire and Police Protection (2) Township Hall, (3) Village Hall, (4) a library, (5) a sanitary landfill, and (6) an open dump operated by the Village. The extent of fire districts, the size of local service areas and the location of fire stations is strongly influenced by the recommendations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. This Board sets standards for administrative organization, equipment and the location of fire protection facilities for the purpose of fire insurance rating. The ratings are obtained by evaluating seven different items and assigning deficiency points to each one relative to the seriousness of its deficiency. Paramount among the seven items is the availability of a public water supply system and the presence of full-time personnel. According to the National Board of Fire Underwriters, Windsor Township and the Village Dimondale have a fire rating of 9, with a rating of 10 being the lowest possible. Lansing, having the most efficient fire department in the Region, has a rating of 3. Lower numerical ratings generally mean lower fire insurance costs. The United States Post Office which serves the area is located in Dimondale on Bridge Street. The building contains 1,220 square feet of floor area and employs three persons. 7 The Dimondale Village Hall is located next to the fire station on Bridge Street and the Windsor Township Hall is situated on the corner of Jefferson and Bridge Streets. The Township Hall was one of the first buildings constructed in Dimondale. It was built before 1900 and has 1,620 square feet of usable floor space. Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale jointly operate a library located on Bridge Street. Support of the library is from the local tax funds of the Village and Township, a penal fund, and some state aid. At present, the library contains approximately 6,000 volumes and is a member of the Tri-County - Central Michigan Library System. The local library is complemented by library facilities at the Dimondale Elementary School. The Township and Village fire station is located on Bridge Street next to the Dimondale Village Hall. The building was constructed in 1954, having 650 square feet of floor area, on a site 0.13 acre in size. Personnel and equipment are comprised of 18 volunteer firemen, two pump and ladder trucks and a rescue car. Fire loss in 1963 totaled $7,256 for the whole of Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale. Police protection is provided by Eaton County. The sanitary landfill and Village dump will be discussed in the section on public utilities. Figure 27 is illustrative of all public facilities within the planning area. Other Public Facilities r Additional public facilities located in Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale include (1) a post office, r 65 �r ,- ,- ,- T �\ " WINDSOR TOWNSHIP TO\VNSHIP AND VILLAGE PUBLIC I'ACILI:IES (I p I I ,A., [ ·,, '- ,/ / - -- · }"------- ;-------------/ :I / / I : I ~ OOIOPWAL E I I I I I II ----+----~---...... I -...L. I I I I I I Figure ,. JO -- l. V1l:r ge • ollC d tt dispo. a s:tt 2. .:\1uni<'ipa L'OUT'U:: :J. \ illage 11 ,mi fi t• dep, rtn t.1 t '±, Libran 5 • I. lar J I • r 6. Windso · 1 ~n lup II 11 1 • Dunondale I leme tt.ry School and :Jla\>ground 8. West Windsor Elementary &chool ~- Township sanitar} landfill .,, 27 D 0 .5 Scale in mile s 1--------1» 9 TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 535 Clippert St. , Lansing , Michigan Tt.. pnJl)<tn.U""I af lb .. map 11,......,.,, "'1lt ruw.clal.l) ~•l a Fttderal O"Ml Inna U. UrhRD R<11H1Wal luin'UnLatnoUoo 1>! Ihle il<tl>llrimunl ol lklwlll)o; am! Urbln. OeWl\Qp""'nl, undolr !ho Ur1.iml l'llwa.sn, AHl.ilWloe rro.c.-.m nulhorllt,lld ~ &ctlon 7111 or th<! llw11,_ Act of ltL4, ,u IIJn<!lllled, admt.nl•U!rod by 1h11 llldugnll DeplU'DtMIIII of C1»t1111V"'°'. �STATE SECONDARY COMPLEX be minimal except for the Police Academy, Civil Defense and Health Department. Location and Size . ,- The State secondary complex will encompass an area of approximately 340 acres just west of the US-27 1-96 interchange in Windsor Township. To date, all major land purchases have been transacted and site plans are being completed by the appropriate State agencies. Development Plans If funds are appropriated, development could begin in Function ., I The complex will initially (earliest stages) serve as the location for the Michigan Liquor Control Commission's warehouse now located on Hosmer Street in Lansing; a Historical Commission warehouse; the Department of State Highways Sign Shop, also located in Lansing; and upon acquisition of funds, the Michigan State Police Academy. The State Police facility will be an academy for recruit training and will include rifle ranges, a driving range, communications center for civil defense, a heliport, and other facilities necessary for such an operation. At least 17 functions have been mentioned as possibilities for location in the complex, including the State motor pool, State Health Department (now on Logan), and certain Conservation Department functions. The entire complex, with the exception of the Police Academy and Health Department, will have a relatively low employee per acre ratio due to its major emphasis on storage or warehousing and maintenance. In general, the State secondary complex will not be a decision-making office center; the State Capitol Complex in Lansing will retain this primary function. It is expected that visitors will 67 the fall of 1967. The phasing has not yet been formulated as to construction dates, and there is no predetermined completion date. Construction will be carried out over an indefinite time period depending on legislative action and appropriations. It is anticipated, however, that a sewer outlet will be needed within the next two years. Transportation The major transportation problem in the immediate vicinity of the State complex is that of truck traffic making entrances onto and exits from US-27. This problem could become acute, in that traffic volumes are heavy in this area, and move at high speeds. A study is presently underway by the Michigan Department of State Highways to determine traffic generators and volumes along US-27. This study may result in the provision of traffic signals at strategic locations to regulate vehicle flows. Utilities The present thinking regarding the provisions of sewer service is that the complex could be connected to the Delta Township sewage treatment facility by a 24 to 30 inch line. This line, if accepted, would be immediately installed by the State at a cost of approximately $508,000 �I to be partially repaid as further development occurs and subsequently connects to the new facility in southern Delta Township. The proposed sewer line would follow Carrier Creek and tie into existing facilities at St. Joseph Highway in Delta Township. Its available surplus capacity at the proposed secondary complex will approximate 3 to 3 1/ 2 million gallons per day; enough to service an estimated 30,000 additional population. The possibility of establishing a sewage district or authority has been mentioned. Such a district could conceivably provide an equitable and desirable solution to the new problems now confronting the Village of Dimondale as well as those of the State complex. The possibility of forming an authority should be explored cooperatively by all parties involved; Dimondale Village, Windsor and Delta Townships and the State of Michigan. An immediate possibility would be the use by all parties involved, of the Delta Township treatment facility. The Village could connect at the State secondary complex thus taking advantage of the excess capacity available at that point. The Delta Township treatment plant is a secondary system having a capacity of approximately one million gallons per day. There are several possible alternative solutions for sewer and water utility service to the State complex. These alternatives should be fully explored to obtain the most desirable services for the total area as well as the State complex. The immediate needs of the Village must be dealt with within a relatively short period of time, as the village is currently under orders from Michigan Water Recources Commission. The recent announcement of the State Secondary Complex proposal in Windsor Township affords an excellent opportunity to consider alternative solutions for solving this major utility need, both for the immediate and long-range future. To persue the cooperative solution described above would be a step toward such a possible long-range solution. It has been indicated that the most desirable solution may also involve the dumping of all sewage effluent from the metropolitan area downstream from the City and its suburbs, meaning northwest of Lansing. This location offers a stream character which is more conducive to the addition of sewage effluent due to rapid water movement and, therefore, greater oxidation of wastes. ..... ...... ,.,- Although no agreement has yet been reached, water for the complex will probably be supplied by the Lansing Board of Water and Light. -,,, r 68 r r �T - PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICE AREAS The primary purpose and function of public utility systems is as follows: Procurement, treatment , storage and distribution of potable water. Collection , treatment and disposal of domestic and industrial wastes and collection and discharge of surplus surface runoff waters. In addition, the City of Lansing has three 18-inch dia- Collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste. - - Presently, all water supplies for Dimondale and Windsor Township come from groundwater sources. For the most part, private wells penetrating these sources are very shallow, obtaining water from the surface or glacial till. In some cases they have not been adequate to meet the needs of existing development. Qne subdivision in the Township, Grand Pointe, has a single well which serves all residences in the area collectively. This water is not treated and some difficulty has been encountered in operation. This facility might best be placed in Township responsibility to assure adequate and continuous service for area residents. meter gravel wall wells in operation west of the Grand River in Section 2 of Windsor Township. These wells are between 100 and 120 feet deep and pump on the average of five million gallons per day. The river acts as a partial source of the water, since water is supplied to the well field through infiltration from the river bottom. Supply and distribution of power and fuel. Means of communication. Although each element of this utilities network exerts some influence on the present and future rate, direction and pattern of urban development, water availability and sanitary sewer systems are the most influential. In the near future, a public water supply system will be constructed to meet the demands of urban growth. Such a system might be expected to offer the following benefits: Increase the possibility of attracting new industry. WATER SUPPLY Provide sufficient water for all users. A continuous supply of high-quality water is a vital necessity for modern living. All activities, whether they are residential, commerical, industrial, or public, have certain unique and basic water requirements. Development, irregardless of type, occurs where water is available. Improve water quality through treatment. Improve fire protection potential and therefore reduce fire insurance rates. 69 �I The State Department of Wat.er Resources is requiring that plans be submitted for a water system by August 1, 1967 and that construction begin not lat.er than June 1, 1968. The Village has made application for a Federal grant to satisfy this need. Preliminary plans call for two wells, a storage tank and a distribution system. Provisions are being made to include developed portions of Windsor Township in the project at some future da t.e • plans are now in the development stage. It is anticipated that the system will be a package secondary treatment facility involving some form of activated sludge treatment. The new facility will tentatively have a capacity of 150,000 gallons per day. Initially, the system will serve only the Village of Dimondale, however, provisions are being made so that the system can be ext.ended into the developed portions of Windsor Township in the future. - Dimondale has applied to the State Wat.er Resources Commission and the Farmer's Home Administration for loans to construct both the sewer and water systems. If these loans are approved in the near future, construction of both systems can be anticipated very shortly aft.er the August 1 deadline for water and sewer plans. Major consideration should be given to the State secondary complex to be developed-n ear the US-27 and I-96 interchange. This new development could have a major influence on future growth and, therefore, utility needs. The complex itself will also require public services and cooperation between the State, Village and Township could prove beneficial to all. SEWAGE DISPOSAL The provision of an adequate sewage disposal system is one of the most important services required for healthy urban living. Windsor Township and the Village of Dimondale are not now served by public sewers and therefore rely on individual septic tank and drain field systems. This means of sewage disposal is usually effective in rural areas where residential densities are very low, however~ it has resulted in serious health problems in the Village. Here, dwellings are close together and each individual lot must serve as both a source of water and as a disposal field for sewage effluent. Another consequence of this method of sewage disposal is the pollution of the Grand River and this has resulted in State Wat.er Resources Commission involvement. The multitude of individual sewage systems is indirectly feeding into and changing the character of the river. STORM DRAINAGE Due to the relatively low degree of urbanization in Windsor Township and past subdivision practices, very little artificial storm drainage has been provided. Areas having storm sewers are Hill and Hollow and Grand Pointe subdivisions and portions of the Village of Dimondale. Further study will be necessary to determine the adequacy of present facilities and subsequently delineate areas of deficiency and need. In recognition of these problems, the State Department of Wat.er Resources is also requiring that Dimondale construct a public sewage disposal system. Preliminary 70 1' �SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL to a properly managed sanitary landfill by 1968 or be closed for future use. The Village does carry on a refuse collection program, however, garbage is collected by a contractor. Refuse disposal has become, and is ever increasing as, a vital concern in most urbanizing communities today. Average figures for waste disposal approximate four pounds per capita per day and a community having a population of 5,000 must, therefore, expect to dispose of ten tons of solid waste each day. • r Until now, few problems have been encountered in refuse disposal. Existing disposal sites are, however, being overloaded and mismanaged and improved techniques are needed. A solution to this problem must involve a coordinated intercommunity effort to allow both economical and continuous operation of sanitary landfill sites. Solid waste consists of garbage and rubbish, the first being animal and vegetable wastes; the second, tin cans, glass bottles, metal articles, and combustible materials, such as paper and cloth. The primary consideration in refuse disposal is that of health and sanitation. Refuse serves as feeding and breeding places for rodents and troublesome insects, including mosquitoes and roaches. In addition, poor storage and disposal operations may result in fire hazards, water pollution and air pollution problems to a community. POWER, FUEL AND COMMUNICATIONS Windsor Township receives all electricity and natural gas from the Consumers Power Company which, by the way, serves all the Tri-County Region with natural gas and is the second leading producer of electricity in the Region. As Figure 28 indicates, the entire southern portion of the Township is lacking in natural gas service. Little demand is anticipated in this area, however, should a sufficient demand occur the Consumers Power Company has the capability to meet such needs. At this time, Windsor Township does not have a public refuse collection and disposal system. All such service is handled on a private contractual basis. The Township does, however, operate a modified sanitary landfill for disposal of refuse by private citizens. This facility is located on Scott Road, south of Rossman Highway. Generally speaking, the landfill is less than adequately maintained and is characterized by incomplete cover, groundwater problems, and limited space. Telephone service is provided throughout the Township and Village by the Michigan Bell Telephone Company, which serves approximately 87% of all such service in the Tri-County Region. Available to the residents of Dimondale is an open dump located in the northern part of the Village on Cretys Road. This is an unlicensed facility, being used merely to fill in a low area. According to Act 87 of the Michigan Public Acts of 1965, this disposal site must be converted The availability of electricity, natural gas and telephone service imposes no particular limitation on future development. They may be provided easily to virtually r 71 �I any part of 1he Township. The only problem in the provision of such service is the relatively higher cost involved in serving dispersed dwellings and subdivisions, than is encountered in serving fairly compact settlements. The overall result is higher utility costs for all users. Of the three, only one has much potential to influence growth in the Township. It is conceivable that the availability of natural gas lines might promote growth in areas presently accessible to such service. 7 ......,. In summary, every attempt is being made to solve the pressing utility problems in the Township and Village, however, one last consideration is necessary to the discussion of utility systems. This is the recognition that water and sewage problems are extremely complex and interdependent. Sewage treatment, stream pollution, water service and a dwindling groundwater supply are problems common to the whole Lansing metropolitan area and, therefore, are not easily solved at the local level. While one government unit is wholeheartedly trying to solve the water and sewage problem, another may be making little or no effort in this direction. Intergovernmental coordination will be necessary at the metropolitan or regional level to equitably distribute water benefits and effectively and uniformly treat sanitary sewage to preserve surface waters in the Region. Water and sewage are unmistakably regional problems requiring coordinated regional solutions. -. 72 T T �WINDSOR TOWNSHIP Ga. and Elecyric Transmif'!sion Lines --E' ctr Sub I 1gure 0 tI ,J .5 Scale in miles TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMLSfilON 535 Clippert St., Lansing, Michigan 11W11~n.U.. lllf Uti. . - , . - ~ ) •1-tlo.>d lh,_.,, s l"edoQ.l ~ from\M" !Jffl;ID R _ . f Adlml>JJltnlil'e lllf !,ho, ~ ~ U,..._.Qld l"rt,,u,.Dt•w};,pml,~I, Pluab::ls" .U.Ulw,a, l"ftlV .........~ ti, i...ei.1... l'tll ol' Ille H-1rlc Aitl of IIIU, .. Aflldlducl, .:IIIWll•ldR<l .., IA,- U1dupa Do!pa""""'nl ol ('_ _ ...,,._ und.sr ibo IJ....,.,. �PLANNING PHASE �THE CITIZENS'ROLE IN PLANNING The development of a comprehensive plan is a major concern to the Windsor Township Board of Trustees and the Planning Commission. These, however, should not be the only interested parties involved in planning for the community. The Township and Village consists of over 3,500 citizens for whom the plan is being formulated and upon whom it depends for success. Citizens 1 interest and participation, are of utmost importance to public understanding, acceptance, and support of the planning proposals set forth in the plan document. There are many areas in which citizens can aid in guiding desirable growth in the future and make other very valuable contributions to the planning process: FORMULA TING THE PLAN 1. Forming citizens committees to aid and cooperate with local officials in the decision making process. In essence, the comprehensive plan for Windsor Township will evolve from an evaluation of planning proposals based on the several studies contained herein. Preliminary proposals will be formulated by the staff of the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission,as the initial step. These proposals will then be reviewed in depth with the members of the Township Planning Commission to arrive at a realistic set of policies to be presented to interested citizen groups for further suggestions and improvements. During this phase, a program of citizen education and orientation will be carried out to increase public knowledge, understanding, and support of the comprehensive planning program. '7 2. Helping to formulate community goals and objectives. 3. Soliciting and encouraging broad citizen interest in the planning process. 4. Participating in the hearings on the plan to insure that it reflects community wide, rather than special interests. 5. Supporting the plan after adoption to insure that the community interest is being served. After the preliminary work is completed the plan will be presented for public hearing before the Township Board and the Planning Commission prior to adoption. 74 �. 6. Cooperating with the governing body in plan enforcement. 7. Protecting the plan from indiscrete or piecemeal change which will cause the disintegration and subsequent ineffectiveness of the document. ,....., ,-- l 8. Backing financial support for plan effectuation, when needed. r Planning for the community will not terminate when the plan is completed. Planning is a continuing process. Periodically, new data must be collected, analyzed, and integrated into a revised plan to assure that it will not perish due to obsolescence. Citizens' interest and participation should also be a continuing process. The Township belongs to the citizen and his interest in his community is vital to its proper development. r r - ,---,· ..... 75 �I 7 n 7 7 i I n 7 7 n n 7 i7' II II II II APPENDIX �r APPENDIX A I EXISTING LAND USE TOTALS - 1966 DIMONDALE vVINDSOR TOWNSHIP I I I I I I I I I I I I !..,and Use Residential Single-Family Two-Family Multiple-Family Acreae:e 536.7 532.0 1. 3 3.4 P ercent of Total 2.6% Percent of Develoned Area 31.2% Acreae:e 101.4 100.8 Percent of Total 18. 4% Percent of Deve looed Area 58. 3 % 0. 6 Total Acreae:e 638.1 632.8 1. 3 4.0 Commercial 29.2 - o. 1% 1. 7% 4.3 0.8 % 2. 5% 33.5 - Industrial 45. 1 0.2 % 2. 6% 17.5 3.2 % 10. 1% 62. 6 Institutional 22.6 0.1 % 1. 3 % 8. 5 1. 5% 4. 9% 31. 1 Recreational - - -4.1 o. 8 % 2. 3 % -4. 1 - Transportation 11086.2 5.3 % 63.2 % 38.1 - 6. 9% 21. 9% 12124.3 TOTAL DEVELOPED LAND 12 719. 8 8. 3 % 100. 0% 173.9 - 31. 6% 100. 0% 1 1893.7 141393.0 11,986.2 2,406.8 69. 8 % 141. 0 91. 3 49.7 25.6% 141534.0 12,077.5 2,456.5 41512.2 21. 9% 235. 8 42. 8 % 42748.0 Agriculture Field Crops Woodlots Undeveloped Vacant & Unused Cropland Unusable Lakes & Streams 4,171.4 187. 9 152. 9 TOTAL UNDEVELOPED LAND 181 905. 2 TOTALS 201 625. 0 203.2 4,374.6 187.9 185. 5 32.6 91. 7% 376.8 68. 4% 192282.0 100. 0% 550.7 100. 0% 212175. 7 �APPENDIX B NUMERICAL CHANGE IN POPULATION BY DECADE - 1900-1960 I I I I I 1900-1910 1910-1920 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960 Alaiedon TownshiJ2 -217 - 59 115 121 354 584 Bath TownshiJ2 - 44 -149 161 593 1,178 928 Watertown TownshiJ2 -123 -140 125 23 366 423 Windsor TownshiJ2 -491 - 32 279 257 344 480 Dimondale Village 19 185 59 170 92 Eaton County -1,169 -1,122 2,351 2,396 5,899 9,561 Tri-County Region 10,316 27,103 38,448 18,922 52,748 54,790 Eaton County -3.8 :.3_3 8.2 7. 6 17.6 24.1 Tri-County Region 10.7 25. 3 28.7 11. 0 27.7 22.4 I I r I r (· r r PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY DECADE - 1900-1960 1900-1910 1910-1920 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960 Alaiedon Town~hiQ -18. 5 - 6.2 12.8 12.0 31. 3 39. 3 Bath Town§hiQ - 4.1 -14.6 18. 5 57.4 72.4 33.2 Watertown TownshiQ - 9.2 -11. 6 11.7 1. 9 30.0 26.7 Windsor Townshi12 -32.8 - 3.2 28.6 20.5 22.8 25. 9 Dimondale Village 5. 6 51.4 10.8 28.1 11. 9 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r, \N IN R£ l () RI lO Ml SIO NTY \I Pl .E l lll () n Yim A. an, I ,n ' ,1 ., Herbe ) ~· p 11 ~ l ' t' \ Wt' IA ) ~ r d Joi.ue l () • £ k u m1s.ng- Jr. A . l Ric luuc J Car Il1'CnV\ Ila 1.e?a& • P rt t rrc 'ka, ... le I u rd rr K l t �...- TRI COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION ,,. Ll 535 N. Cl"ppert, Laming, Michigan 48912 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Windsor-Twp_Background-for-Planning_1967 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tri-County Regional Planning Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-03 Title A name given to the resource Background for Planning Description An account of the resource The Background for Planning for Windsor Township was prepared by the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission in March 1967. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Windsor Township (Mich.) Eaton County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/20335db20a34fd914d156fecdf50e666.jpg d5afeee0f5b56630760ddffd2a605cab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS3152 .B3 1899a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0291 Title A name given to the resource Backlog Studies Description An account of the resource Binding of Backlog Studies, by C.D. Warner, published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1899. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/770f10acedd1b1bd299a8784a03a689b.jpg 9e35e5e33795287d01796eee0f893bf4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_10_008 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937-08-03 Title A name given to the resource Bad Lands Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph (over exposed) of three people standing near a parked automobile in the Bad Lands (mile 16738) . Subject The topic of the resource Badlands (S.D. and Neb.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b53ead8195eb641f86b4a2103dd1ea00.jpg ec2dc1ceee322cda35d1095be1851ce6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1557 Title A name given to the resource Badger bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger Russian bomber, September 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/453ae9035a03fa817ce8548953576b8e.jpg 3c4e224f225305fabdc6cfac0f9e9f0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1526 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3021ddbaecf03a4f25a06b6dbbb775cb.jpg e7a7646c5095dda8f6cba277b7bc81cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1527 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc32cca6efff6c2b5762445b981086ec.jpg dc84e70db24a94eaf1bf0f30900993d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1528 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/48134c864fcbd32557a1aacee817500d.jpg 22e0b28571c4ea7c1382869098249047 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1534 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bedc86d8982a4e30f6caf8e9a3e64941.jpg f3762c6b99824a1ecfe394267310821f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1555 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a5fdf84c43aee2cd7fad133ce4b9a50e.jpg c8a64055df58185519e957eae38f812a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1556 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/811d111af3a384d0c1799cfe9ade627c.jpg 511bc3554f9daceeadd1a83fffbe92b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1585 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d58126059fc057b9e5e1420a998cd776.jpg 16fad2df78184ef24839c394dcb9c532 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1597 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ba40dc930f540e7a10ea9290431eb482.jpg ee713adf04e9339dc4045f01684f445d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1598 Title A name given to the resource Badger USSR jet bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Badger USSR jet bomber, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c4a40b71f07a637050aef53d9d57f00f.mp4 4a6af998f77663c25296b011a20be4e1 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/24a31e03c4899ec0a15e6a813693dca9.pdf 87577365de8f7070b7b64fb87afb21e7 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW JANE JACOBS BADINI Women in Baseball Born: Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio June 16, 1924 Resides: Interviewed by: Frank Boring, GVSU Veterans History Project, August 5, 2010, Detroit, MI at the All American Girls Professional Baseball League reunion. Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, April 26, 2011 Interviewer: “Let‟s start with your full name and where and when were you born?” My name is Jane Janette Jacobs. I was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio at 1836 4th Street. Interviewer: “When were you born?” I was born June 16, 1924 Interviewer: “What was your early childhood like?” Well, I thought it was pretty good, I don’t know if you’d like to—my childhood—my mother found out when I was four years old that I was blind in my left eye, but I had— blind from birth and she was over protective, really over protective of me and everything. 27:53 We had—in the back yard there was a lot of property there and that’s where we played baseball and playing there, but I was the only girl. All the rest of them were guys. Interviewer: “Now, this is a neighborhood? A city neighborhood?” Yes, oh yeah Interviewer: “All right, so neighborhood kids kind of got together in a vacant lot to play ball?” Yeah, we just played and enjoyed ourselves. Interviewer: “So, you had a baseball, a bat, you had gloves?” Yes Interviewer: “How did you get your equipment? Did your parent buy it?” 1 �I had two older brothers. Interviewer: “Ah” They were baseball players and my older brother—at one time both my brothers were pitchers, and then my one brother, well they both were very, very good, but my one brother was an exceptionally good batter, so they asked him not to pitch anymore because they were going to use him for a batter all the time, but my brother Chuck, he pitched and he was terrific, terrific. 29:16 That’s how that was broke up, and then they got so nice with me because they wanted to teach me and since I was a tomboy you know. That’s what they referred to you then when you were out with just a bunch of guys, and there I was, the only girl. Interviewer: “How was school for you?” School? It was good; I got good grades and everything in school. Interviewer: “So the baseball part was just like any other kid? It was just after school you played baseball?” Yes Interviewer: “What position did you play back then?” 29:57 Oh, I was always a pitcher. Interviewer: “Always a pitcher?‟ Yeah, my brothers would show me. Interviewer: “Were you playing softball or baseball?” Well, at that time we were playing softball. Interviewer: “So, it was underhand?” Oh yes 2 �Interviewer: “Did you continue playing into high school?” Yes, I played in high school and I remember our gym teacher said, “Jane, let them hit the ball”, and I said, “no, I don’t think so”, and the gym teacher said, “ you know you are supposed to win if you can”, and I said, “if I let them hit the ball it’s not going to be good”, so the teacher said, “let them hit it anyway”, and I said, “no, no, I can’t do that”. 30:45 Interviewer: “How—your high school had a baseball team?” It was gym really because we didn’t have much of that then. Interviewer: “Ok, how come you were playing? You‟re a girl, how could you be playing baseball in high school?” Well, that’s the way it was. I think it was once a week, to tell you the truth. It wasn’t like playing every day. Interviewer: “It wasn‟t a formal team?” No, it wasn’t a regular baseball team, no. Interviewer: “So you had it almost like before were you had the neighborhood kids play baseball, in high school you just played baseball?” Yeah, right Interviewer: “Ok, all right, when did you first hear about the opportunity for an all American Girls Professional Baseball League? How did you hear about that?” Well, I heard when I played amateur ball when I was sixteen and got terrific—I was really good, I think I had twenty-four wins and either twenty-four or twenty-six, and four losses. 31:54 We had twins that played on the team then and their dad was the manager, I think that’s what you called them in those days, and that’s how I got to play. 3 �Interviewer: “So you—this is still during high school that you‟re playing in this amateur league, ok. Did your parent like the idea of you playing baseball like that?” Well, my mom didn’t know anything about baseball, and oh my gosh, my dad was a pitcher and like I say, my brother was a pitcher and he changed to be a batter. Interviewer: “But they encouraged you?” Oh yeah, my mom didn’t care that much, but my dad sure did. Interviewer: “Well good, so you‟re playing with this amateur league and somebody sees you, is that how it worked out?” 32:53 Yeah, they started to send scouts you know. Interviewer: “What year was this?” Well, they sent scouts when I was—that was a couple of years later. It was just before— when they started the league it was 1943. Interviewer: “1943, so when did you actually—“ We had teams and we traveled to different little cities. Interviewer: “Ok, the scout came around and saw you play—“ Yeah, then I went to Chicago. Interviewer: “So you were invited to go to tryouts?” Yes, right Interviewer: “How did you get there?” By train Interviewer: “Train, ok, were you by yourself?” Yes, at that particular time I was. 4 �Interviewer: “Had you ever traveled very far before?” 33:57 No, no it was completely different back then you know. Interviewer: “What was the experience of taking the train trip out to Chicago for the tryouts like?” Well, I was kind of scared to tell you the truth, because I hadn’t been out like that. It was interesting, when we got there they had someone meet us and we tried out at Wrigley Field in Chicago. We were a little nervous because we didn’t know whether we were going to make it or not, but I made it immediately. Interviewer: „What was that experience like of walking onto the field. Were there girls out there in uniforms already playing?” No, we didn’t have uniforms yet because we had to make the teams and I don’t know what they called the teams because they hadn’t organized the teams yet. Interviewer: “So what were the tryouts like? Did they have you field balls? Were they hitting balls to you? Were you catching? What were the tryouts?” I was just pitching because I wasn’t very good as a fielder you know. 35:00 Interviewer: “So you were pitching and other girls would go up to the mound and they would pitch and scouts were watching?” We were playing in different positions in different places you know. Interviewer: “Did you find out that day that you got in?” I don’t think we found out that day. It seems to me that it was, I hope I’m not wrong, but I think it was about a week before we heard because there were others that had to tryout with yet and that took a little time. Interviewer: “So, were you still in Chicago or did you come back home?” 5 �I came back home. Interviewer: “So, they contacted you at home?” Yes Interviewer: “Tell me about getting that, it must have been a letter in the mail, huh?” 35:52 It could have been a telephone call or something. So, we had the tryout and everything and there were only four teams when it first started in 1943, and like I said, in the beginning I went there and made the team real good and I got real sick. Interviewer: “Got sick?” Well, I got the Mumps and then I was a little afraid because I had to stay behind. I wasn’t use to that straying home and not going out anywhere. That was my first trip that I took in my life, so I went home and instead of going back, which I could have, I just oh no, I didn’t feel like it. Then I got the opportunity and got a contract and everything to come the following year. 37:00 Interviewer: “Nobody had any problem with the fact that you were blind in one eye?” They didn’t know it and this is a good story. I thought well, I’m not going to tell them I’m blind in one eye, and nobody knew it, even my friends, and I had a lot of friends and everything. One day Bob Knolls, he came to interview me after the picture was shown because I was taken on sick leave in a Limousine and all that so, anyway what was the question again? Interviewer: “That they didn‟t know that you were blind in one eye, yeah. You mean the whole time you were playing baseball people didn‟t know?” 6 �No, even my friends because I never told them see. 37:58 When Bob was interviewing me and everything, I said, “Bob, I’ll tell you one thing, but I don’t want you to be writing this up”, I said, “I was blind in one eye. I was born blind.”, and he said, “What?”, and I said, “Yeah”, and he said, “you could do a lot of good for kids that have a handicap. Would you please allow me to use this as a fact?” He said, “you will be surprised how much it helps kids”, which I was in the future, because they held them back you see. Through that kids started to do whatever they could. Interviewer: “So you tried out and what team did you get on?” I got on the Racine Belles and I played for two years with the Belles. Interviewer: “That meant that you had to move to Racine, so your parents were ok with your going?” Yeah, we stayed in people’s homes out there rather than staying in a hotel. Interviewer: “Hotels, right, did you have to go through that charm school?” Oh yes, I went through the charm school, and in fact there’s a write-up in the paper. You have one of the papers, don’t you? Interviewer: “Tell us about that.” Well, we weren’t that way, we were a little—we just didn’t like that you know because we had to use make-up and everything and we didn’t like it. Interviewer: “What were some of the things they had you do? In the movie they show a book on the head.” I was going to say, we had to walk a certain way and you couldn’t be tomboyish or anything like that because you had to be a young lady, so I thought it was terrible. 40:05 I said, “my God it was terrible” Am I allowed to say “My God?” 7 �Interviewer: “So the basic idea was that you had to act like a lady , so you had to sit a certain way and you had to eat a certain way and they taught you how to use the knife and the fork?” Well, they didn’t do that, but don’t slop it. Interviewer: “You say that you really didn‟t like it, the girls didn‟t really like it, but it was part of what you had to do.” You had to do it, you had no choice, and we just had to. Interviewer: “So, did that just happen? Did they do the charm school just a day or did they do it every day for a period of time?” For a while, but I truthfully don’t remember. Interviewer: “So, it wasn‟t just a one day thing, you had to go in there and they taught you one thing and then they taught you another thing? Yes Interviewer: Ok, alright, how was your first season?” 41:06 Well, the first season I did pretty good you know. Interviewer: “You were a rookie, right?” Yeah, right Interviewer: “Did you sit on the bench very much the first year?” I was right in there pretty much you know. As you will see by the card my earned run average was terrific, but if they didn’t get runs for you, you couldn’t win the game, right? Interviewer: “Oh yeah, and you started out as a pitcher, you were first string pitcher?” 8 �Well, we had I don’t know how many pitchers because you had a pretty good number of games you had to play, so we took our turns. 42:00 Interviewer: “You had home games and you had road trip games. How were the road trips?” They were good and we traveled the road trips by bus and stayed in hotels, but we stayed in the people’s homes there in Racine. Interviewer: “What did you think of the uniform?” Well, it was different you know, but we had to wear them, we had no choice, absolutely no choice. Interviewer: “Several of the girls said they had to adjust the dresses or skirts, or whatnot, because it‟s difficult to play ball that way. Did you do anything like that with your uniform?” If you notice in the pictures—I think it shows in the picture where—you know they were so full here they got in out way as we pitched, so it shows the uniform where we had to pin it down, so when we came through with the ball we weren’t in touch with the material. 43:07 Interviewer: “Yeah, so you started out playing underhand, right?” Oh yeah, Interviewer: “And it was a softball size?” A twelve inch, yeah. Interviewer: “You were already use to doing that though.” Yeah Interviewer: “Now after your first season, you came back home?” 9 �Oh yes, at the end of the season, yeah, I came back home again. Interviewer: “And what did you do?” Well eventually—after I retired, I retired after—I could have played—see, I played four years. I had a contract to go to the fifth, but my statistics, and I don’t mean to be bragging on you, but it was so good that the talk went through my mind that if I have a bad season I’m going to ruin everything, and this way I’m going out—and you will see the statistics, they were very good, and I didn’t want to do that, so I had the contract signed and everything and I said I wasn’t going to play any more and this was the end of my professional ball. 44:22 Interviewer: “We‟ll get back to that later on, but I want to get back to that first season. You played out the season, and then you came back home. Did you move back in with your parents or did you have to work?” I was with my parents you know. Interviewer: “Did you have to work?” I worked for Woolworth’s down on Front Street in Cuyahoga Falls. I started working and you know. Interviewer: “Did they know you were a baseball player?” Yeah, they did Interviewer: “Were you kind of a local celebrity?” 45:00 Well, we didn’t do that much celebrity at that time you know. Interviewer: “But it was unusual for a girl to be playing professional baseball.” Yes it was. 10 �Interviewer: “So the second season comes along and you get another contract playing for the same team?” Yes Interviewer: “So you move to Racine, and did you stay in the same house?” Yes, we were friends you know. The people, Conrad was their name, and they were just—they treated me so great. When we had a few days off or anything, and they would go out of town, they took me right with them and we enjoyed it, and we became—they had two daughters and even after I retired and everything—when I was playing ball the daughter always came to watch and after I retired they kept writing to me and we wrote back and forth—it was great. 46:01 Interviewer: “How was your second season? You‟re not a rookie anymore.” No I wasn’t, but I was treated great, absolutely great and that’s what everyone else is saying. Interviewer: “Are there any highlights or games that you remember that were exceptional? You said that you were a pretty good pitcher.” I was a good pitcher. The thing, the big thing that was really something was that I was allowed to bat. You know my left eye was blind and everything and I hit a home run. Unbelievable, I couldn’t believe it myself you know. That drew a lot of attention. Interviewer: “That‟s wonderful, that‟s wonderful. Sp then you‟re offered a third season, but this time you‟re playing with a different team?” Yes, because they were trying to equalize the teams and see what you could do, so I played the whole year with them and then I got to go back to Racine, which really tickled me because I loved playing with Racine. 47:11 11 �Interviewer: “What was the other team you played with?” Peoria Interviewer: “Peoria, ok. That was the third year you went to Peoria?” Yes Interviewer: “Ok, alright” Peoria, and then back to Racine again, and then I quit. Interviewer: “Was there a big difference in the playing from Racine to Peoria?” No, it was pretty much the same thing. Interviewer: “Were you still pitching underhand?” Yes, oh yes Interviewer: “So the side arm didn‟t come until later?” Yeah, I don’t know how many years later. Interviewer: “How were the fans?” Wonderful, oh my goodness, they couldn’t do enough for us. They would invite us to their homes, the whole team they would have coming to their home. They would invite us and just be wonderful. 48:04 Interviewer: “Now the beginning of the league, at least some of the stories were that the fans kind of thought it was a novelty, these girls playing baseball, did you experience that too?” A little, yeah Interviewer: “But soon, playing ball, they realized these are good players?” Right, yes they did. 12 �Interviewer: “So, in your third season, you‟re playing once again, were you thinking about this as a career?” No, never once Interviewer: “You did it because it was fun and they were paying you.” Yeah, I’ll tell yeah, we made a big, big salary. We got fifty dollars a week. Interviewer: “Were you able to send some money home?” Yeah, because when I grew up we didn’t have as much or anything else. We were kind of hard up and I always thought of my parents and sent a little bit of money. Interviewer: “At that stage in your life, what did you think you wanted to do? You‟re playing baseball and you‟re getting paid, but what is it you wanted to do?” 49:13 I had an idea that I wanted to go into my own little business at that young age and that’s exactly—I worked for Acme for a while and then I thought, “ well it’s about time that I start”, so I went around to the houses and picked up junk and I went into the dry cleaning business although I put it out to be done by other businesses that were doing it and I built a pretty darn good business. First I had a car and when I got a little money, I got a truck you know and I went around and gosh, the people were wonderful to me, they were. It was unusual to have a girl dry cleaner. 50:10 Interviewer: “So, your fourth year comes along and you‟re still playing with Racine, but you made a very important decision?” Yes I did, at the end. Interviewer: “Could you tell us—how did you come to that decision?” 13 �Well, just like I mentioned, I had very good statistics and man, they were great, for that time they were, and I got home and thought, “What if I have a bad year?” So, that’s when I quit. I worked around a little bit at stores like Acme you know, and then I thought, “I’m going into my own business”, and started a route of dry cleaning and I rented a little shop on Tallmadge Road in Cuyahoga Falls. Believe me or not, but I bought the place after a couple of years and I still have the place and that’s the story. 51:23 Interviewer: “Did you miss it, baseball?” Yeah, because we weren’t allowed to play on another team because we were considered professionals, but my brother Chuck, he was a—he worked for plumbing and heating, and they always had—every year they had a little shindig going on and they said, “Chuck, we want your sister to come down here and pitch for us, you know, we’ve never had any audience of any kind”, and he said, “I’m sure she will”, and so I did and eventually I was the CEO officer at the heating and plumbing for twenty years and I made a lot of friends down there because I just wasn’t allowed to play any more. 52:22 I had customers from there and it worked out real good. Interviewer: “What were some of the highlights? I mean, you get together with these gals for these reunions and what stories do you tell? A no hitter or?” The biggest thing for me that I tell, was hitting that one home run. That’s the greatest thing and no one believes it hardly because I was a lousy batter. Interviewer: “Most pitchers are.” Yeah 14 �Interviewer: “I was a pitcher too, in little league, and my claim to fame is that I got a homerun on a bunt.” On a bunt? Interviewer: “That‟s how bad the other team was, so I can appreciate your homerun there. I only had one in my life too. 53:24 Did you talk about being a professional baseball player after you left the league and were working in the dry cleaning?” No, because my intention was—we grew up poor, my family and my mom and dad had very little, and I wanted to do something where I could help my mom, I had the greatest mom in the world, absolutely, the super greatest mom in the world. We didn’t have much, but we had respect for each other and loved each other you know and we kind of went along that way. 54:03 Interviewer: “So, you were able to help support her?” Oh yes, because I didn’t get married until I was forty-nine, so that was a long way to go. Interviewer: “But you were a career woman I guess, from early on, and there weren‟t many career women around then.” 54:16 No there weren’t Interviewer: “did you already have that kind of drive before you played professional baseball or did professional baseball kind of help you to make that move into that?” I never thought of that and I wanted my mom to have it good because she was such a good soul. A terrific lady and my drive was to do something for my mom, and I did. Interviewer: “What did those four years do for you, playing baseball?” 15 �Well, I think it gave you a lot of—what it is when you feel good about yourself? Interviewer: “Confidence?” Yes, that’s it Interviewer: “Because you were a young girl.” Oh yeah Interviewer: “You played ball and you felt a little more confident.” Oh my goodness, yeah, and the fans, it was unbelievable; they lined up just to get your autograph. 55:20 That went on for the four years that I played. Interviewer: “Did you have fans that kind of picked you out and you were their favorite?” Well, yes, I don’t want to brag, but I’m not going to lie either. Oh, yeah, oh my goodness yes, they invited us out for dinner and everything, and it was really nice. Interviewer: „so you didn‟t really talk about the league, you didn‟t talk about being in baseball for many, many years?” Oh no, and I wasn’t allowed to play amateurs and it died out. Interviewer: “Right, but in terms of that part of your life, you were moving on and you were going to go and do other things.” Yes 56:08 Interviewer: “When did that change?” Well, it changed not too many years afterwards because I was always thinking, in my mind, what could I do to help my mom because she was such a good, good woman, so she could have a little better life than what she had, and yet, I never wanted to sound like I was bragging about anything because there was much, much love among us. 16 �Interviewer: “Did you know when the league ended? Did you see the newspapers or did you know in 1954 that it was all over with?” I don’t think I knew right away. I was out of there and I didn’t pay much attention to it. 57:02 Interviewer: “Did you keep in contact at all with any of the girls that you played with?” Eventually I did, but mostly with the family I stayed with. I was, oh my goodness, because we played near San Francisco, I got to love San Francisco because I went out there so much to see them and everything, and I would go out four times a year. It was only for a few days or a week and they always wanted me to come to their house and they would take me somewhere. We would go somewhere, you know, to enjoy ourselves. I was just great and I don’t know if I’m explaining it right or not. Interviewer: “Well, I think you‟ve seemed to developed a close and almost second family.” Yes, I did and I called them mom and pop and they wanted me to. Interviewer: “Did they have any opinion about your quitting baseball?” 58:01 Well, a lot of people didn’t want me to quit. They said they would love to see me stay and everything, but I just had a little bit different things I wanted to do in my life. Interviewer: “So you never saw baseball as a career?” Oh no, I never did and like I said, it did a lot of good after I told Bob Knolls that I was blind and he, and different ones, said that I have helped the kids through what I had said. There were some kids that could come and they wouldn’t be made fun of. See, I use to be called “four eyes’ all the time in grade school and that made me mad, so what I would 17 �do, because I had to wear glasses—a lot of kids had to pass my home to school from where I lived there was always a certain bunch you know. 59:10 It was “hello four eyes”, and everything and when they got to my house I said, “I’ll be out in a minute”, and I took off my glasses because I couldn’t afford to have them broke, and I would go out and say, “now call me four eyes”, and we had a few fights and I won. Interviewer: “Did you go to the first reunion, the All American Girls reunion?” I probably did, but truthfully, I can’t remember. Interviewer: “But you had some interest to want to see those girls again?” Oh my gosh, yeah Interviewer: “What changed? Was it just age? You were getting older and looking back on that time? :03 If it was only four years of your life, and you certainly accomplished a lot more afterwards, why would you be interested in getting back together with these people?” Because I had a good relationship with them and they treated me so good. They treated me like a daughter instead of somebody just coming into the house. Interviewer: “I mean with the teams. Going to the reunions with the teams.” Well, I didn’t go to that many though. Interviewer: “Did the movie change anything for you? You saw the movie?” Well, I saw it and I thought it was pretty neat, that was my impression. Interviewer: “How did you see it? Did you see it in a movie theater?” I was picked up by what do you call it? Interviewer: “A limousine?” A limousine, yeah 18 �Interviewer: “Who arranged for that?” Evidently before it came out we were invited to the premier. 1:28 Interviewer: “Tell that story, tell that story, yeah.” That was great and we were in a theater of some sort, I think it was a theater. Interviewer: “Had you ever been in a limousine before?" No Interviewer: “Tell the story.” I thought, “that can’t be me going in a limousine like that”, and then they were so great to me, it was just marvelous, and I thought, “My goodness, what’s happening?” Everything was just great and I think you have a picture of it there. 2:08 Interviewer: “So you arrive in a limousine at the theater and?” Everything—there was a lot of talking going on and they were just good to me and let me know that I was appreciated. Interviewer: “What did you think of the movie? Did you like it?” Yeah, it was pretty good, but Tom Hanks, he stretched it a little bit you know and I wasn’t a stretcher. Interviewer: “A lot of the girls say the movie changed everything and people suddenly knew who you guys were.” Yes it did and I was going to get to that and it made a really great name for all of us. 3:05 We were highly respected and of course when the boys came back from the war, and they had been in for quite a while then, but that’s what broke it up, the boys coming back. 19 �Interviewer: “What do you think about all this excitement? You‟re being treated, in many ways, like movie stars.” Yes we were treated like movie stars. Interviewer: “And you still are.” Yes, it’s unbelievable to think that something like that could happen. Interviewer: “why do you think there‟s all this excitement? You only played four year, why do you think people get so excited about this?” I don’t think the average person knew how well women could play, and they found out there was a lot going on there, they can really play good. We would slide into bases, but they didn’t want the pitcher to slide and get hurt, but that’s how I messed my knee up. 4:11 You have so much interest in the game that you don’t want to be out if you can slide and be safe. Does that make sense to you? Interviewer: “Yeah, yeah, one of the husbands of one of the players said he never got an opportunity to see his wife play until much later and like you said, you couldn‟t just go off and spend money going to see a baseball game, but he finally got a chance to see her and he said he had known her, her whole life, but he never realized she was such a good ball player.” Yes Interviewer: “So, I guess that‟s what the fans saw too, they saw a good baseball game, and you guys were pretty good at what you did.” We thought we were without being smart. I was never a bragger, but when they would say, “boy, that was a great game”, I would say, “Thank you”, it was pretty good wasn’t it?” 5:16 20 �Interviewer: “You went on to accomplish some major goals that you want to take care of your mother, you wanted to gain security, but if you look back on your whole life, where do those four years fit in? How important were they to you?” I think they were very important to me because they gave me a start. Fifty bucks a week, and the one manager we had, he said, and I never told this to people because I thought it sounded like bragging, he said I should be making more than the fifty dollars that everybody was making. He raised my pay every week, but I forget if it was seventy or seventy-five dollars, so I don’t want to say it was seventy-five if it was seventy, but it was one of the two definitely. 6:16 Oh my gosh, can you imagine getting that, that early in life? To make that much? I called home and oh my, everybody was happy. Interviewer: “one of the other questions that I have—the phenomenon that the movie created, put you in a whole different position than you were before. You were a ball player and now you‟re part of American history. I know you didn‟t think about it at the time, but how do you reflect on it now? People are saying to you that this is an important part of American history.” Yes, well, my first impression was, “I can’t believe it, are they saying that you’re part of history because of baseball?” At first I thought it had to be a dream and it’s super. 7:22 Interviewer: “It‟s kind of hard to think it‟s a dream when you come to these reunions.” My gosh, we are treated so great, it’s wonderful, but that’s what you think unless you’re a big bragger. Interviewer: “There‟s a big difference between bragging and just telling the truth and that‟s what it really comes down to and that‟s why I‟m here. I‟m not asking 21 �you to brag, I just want you to tell what you did and if that sounds like bragging to you, it‟s not bragging to me, I‟ll tell you that because you did it and there‟s proof. We know what all of you accomplished.” Yes Interviewer: “One of the main reasons I decided to do this project was because I saw some film footage of the Grand Rapids reunion in which a number of you were signing autographs and there‟s a line of little girls with their mothers holding on to them. What do you say to the little girls? What is the message you have for these younger girls that you see at these reunions?” 8:22 My thought is to always do the best you can for everything and when you do the best you can you will succeed. You might not be the best, but you won’t be the worst. I think that explains it. Interviewer: “There is something I want to talk about and it‟s major. It‟s something that happened to you and I don‟t even know you and yet I believe this. When that reporter came out and you revealed for the first time about your eye, why did you decide, at that point, you wanted to tell people?” 9:13 Because I wanted to let him know that I didn’t let that interfere and that I didn’t just lay down and forget about life and want people to be sorry for you. I never, never, never wanted people to feel sorry for me because that would have killed me. So, I went on all those years and when Bob Knoll put it in the Beacon Journal he said, “I’m telling you right now Jane, you’re doing the biggest favor for kids to be able to make an adjustment”, and it did, it did. I got an awful lot of publicity on that and the parents thought it was 22 �super great. It pleased me very much because I felt like I was a part of helping kids. 10:14 Interviewer: “How do your teammates, obviously you‟re not playing anymore, none of them knew, right?” No, none of my best friends and everything and when this all came out in the Beacon Journal they said, “Jane, all the years we’ve known you and you never said anything”, and I said, “well, what’s to say, I didn’t want anybody feeling sorry for me”, and I said, “Can you imagine, all I had to do was make an error”, and you’re dead. That was about it, I just didn’t want anybody to feel sorry for me and say, “oh well”, and to be extra nice to me because I was that way. I guess that’s it. 11:04 Interviewer: ”How difficult was it playing with one eye?” I never even considered it because I just went on and hoped to do the best I can. I’m not a religious nut or anything, but I thank God so many times that I was allowed to just get started and my big, big thrill was that kids who never had a chance at least get a chance, and that did something to my whole body and I felt great. Interviewer: “Now, if this is getting too personal you don‟t have to say anything, but you said you took until you were forty-eight until you got married.” Forty-nine Interviewer: “Forty-nine, why this guy?” I had my dry cleaning business going and I was golfing and this guy ended up, he use to watch me golf, so he asked the guy that owns Tommy’s Café there in the falls who that lady over there was and he said, “I know her, that’s Jane Badini”, and he said, “she has a dry cleaning shop”, and he said that he would like to talk to me and take me out, so he 23 �came over to my shop and started bringing in his dry cleaning and laundry and everything. 12:50 He started talking with me and I had talked with him a few times and a friend of mine said, “Jane, he’s a nice guy and when you feel like it, he wants you to go out with him”. I said, “thanks a lot”, so when he came in, and I don’t know how many times he asked me out, so after I knew that he was a nice guy, he came in and said, “Will you please go out on a date with me?” I said, “sure I will”, and we went out and we just started going together and everything clicked and we got married. Interviewer: “Wonderful, that‟s wonderful. I have one story that might top that one. A very good friend of mine, who is a volunteer who works on this Library of congress project and he‟s eighty years old now I think. He did the same thing, his wife worked in a bakery and he came in and asked her out and she said, “no, no, I‟m too busy”, so one day he came in with a used calendar and he said, “find one day on here”, and they got married. 14:07 That’s great, that’s nice. Interviewer: “They‟re still together and I love that story.” Have you ever heard of Tommy’s Café years ago in Cuyahoga Falls? Interviewer: “No” He worked for Tommy and he was next to the younger Tommy and the next man in the link. Interviewer: “Did you tell him about your baseball career?” No, oh no, I never did, I mean it took a long time because I never wanted anybody to think I was bragging and I just was sincere about that. I didn’t want anybody to like me because I was a ball player and if you’re going to like me, like me for who I am. 24 �Interviewer: “Well, I think you‟re real easy to like.” Oh, thank you so much, I appreciate that. Interviewer: “This was a wonderful, wonderful time with you and thank you.” 15:06 Thank you very much. 25 �26 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was started by Philip Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during World War II to fill the void left by the departure of most of the best male baseball players for military service. Players were recruited from across the country, and the league was successful enough to be able to continue on after the war. The league had teams based in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, and operated between 1943 and 1954. The 1954 season ended with only the Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford teams remaining. The League gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball. Many of the players went on to successful careers, and the league itself provided an important precedent for later efforts to promote women's sports. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-58)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Sports for women World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Oral history Baseball players--Minnesota Baseball players--Indiana Baseball players--Wisconsin Baseball players--Michigan Baseball players--Illinois Baseball for women--United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-10-02 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58_JBadini Title A name given to the resource Badini, Jane Jacobs (Interview transcript and video, 2010) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Badini, Jane Jacobs Description An account of the resource Jane Jacobs Badini was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, in 1924. She grew up playing softball, first with her brothers, and later with organized teams. She was a talented pitcher, and one of the players recruited by the AAGPBL when it was formed in 1943. She played in the league for four years, primarily with Racine, before leaving and starting her own business. The audio on this recording has significant noise interference. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Baseball for women--United States Baseball Sports for women World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Baseball players--Wisconsin Baseball players--Illinois Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource mp4 pdf Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-55)</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-08-05 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9ad4ce9f6a2d7891c20251898c7402c6.jpg ef37ed75632c5ce9c53c07b3b83a77ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BagbyScott Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Bagby, Scott Description An account of the resource Scott Bagby, City and Regional Planning Lecturer, Thomas Jefferson College Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cbd5c6d40d52cd6ea17b226af6bb84b3.jpg 7490d45989fdd4fa7bea18fb10571e9e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00127 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1921 Title A name given to the resource Baggage train ferry over canal Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of several baggage wagons being loaded onto ferry boats on the canal in China. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides China Horse-drawn vehicles Canals Ferries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dbdbaff56dbcf6e2a51f7825ef22a0ef.mp4 de1ff60d79e6eaa58843b9ec617a5b03 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4d2eec222928894c79ad2db809d8c745.pdf ead437348063f348ce3cc451d77c7168 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Dick Bailey (00:35:52)  Born in Grove City Pennsylvania on December 4, 1922 (00:25)  Dad worked as a coal miner (00:35)  He had six siblings, four brothers and two sisters (01:30)  Quit school Freshman year of high school to work on a dairy farm for $12 a month, he received one half day off every month and eventually received a raise to $15 a month (02:10)  He was in Florida near Lake Okeechobee when he heard about Pearl Harbor (02:35)  Brother enlisted in Florida (3:20)  He worked at Zipper Company in Pennsylvania and enlisted at the age of nineteen (04:00)  He reported to Erie Pennsylvania (04:45)  He enlisted in the Army Air Corps (05:10)  He spent five weeks at Fort Meade in Maryland, and then went to Miami Beach (05:30)  Sent to Rogers field Oklahoma for several days and then to Woodward, Oklahoma for basic training (06:30)  Sent to Topeka, Kansas as a replacement, he spent three weeks there (06:45)  Received mechanical training at Chanute Field for three weeks (07:20)  Shipped out from Topeka, Kansas to New York, and shipped out on USS Brazil (08:00)  Went down to Panama Canal to cross into the Pacific (08:35)  The ship traveled in a convoy to the Panama Canal and then separated from the convoy with one destroyer as its escort to New Caledonia (09:55)  Once in New Caledonia, they traveled to the New Hebrides Islands were a sub pursued them until the destroyer sunk it with depth charges (10:20) � Moved onto Espiritu Santo, which was a main base with an airstrip (10:40)  Served with the 344th service squadron and the 321st service group, 13th Air Force (11:05)  His job was to maintain aircraft (11:20)  The base wasn’t free from enemy attack (12:30)  Worked on Australian and New Zeeland aircraft (12:45)  B24’s harder to work on than other plains (13:00)  They were attacked during the night by Japanese bombers (13:20)  Life on New Hebrides Islands  Spent 1 year there with very little off time (14:30)  Entertained by the USO and celebrities appearances such as Bob Hope, Jerry Colonna, and Marilyn Monroe (15:00)  Mrs. Roosevelt came by way of a C87 (converted B24 into a passenger craft) (15:20)  Four brothers in service in Europe (16:15)  Had contact with crews of aircraft (18:00)  Squadrons sent out, some had heavy losses (18:30)  Moved to a hospital in Guadalcanal for a wisdom tooth infection (18:55)  Had to tear up the jungle to set up tents (19:45)  Moved to base on Biak Island (20:10)  Moved to Leyte in the Philippines near the end of the war (20:20)  Poured gas into a cave to burn out a hidden Japanese hospital (21:40)  Some Japanese stragglers would steal or break into mess halls to steal food, and occasionally fire at US troops (21:05)  Living conditions; Always lived in tents about five to a tent (21:45)  He joined as a replacement but other people had been there longer (22:15) � The Unit formed in Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma and traveled to Kansas in a convoy (22:40)  Weather was hot; sometimes it was wet and sometimes dry (23:15)  Wildlife on Pacific islands included bats, reptiles and land crabs (23:45)  Tropical diseases were controlled pretty well through preventive medication (24:00)  He was in Leyte when the war ended (25:50)  Left the Philippines after Thanksgiving, sailed on Liberty ship (27:40)  Traveled o California from the Philippines and then to Fort Knox, Kentucky (28:30)  Took a train into Pittsburgh, the buses were on strike so he hitchhiked home (28:55)  Got a job for Cooper Vespa and worked for forty-four years in Gross City (29:50)  He worked on engines and stock car racing (30:35)  He joined Nascar in 1950 (30:45)  Raced on the beach in a new Pontiac (31:05)  Continued racing for thirty years (32:05)  Varied racing cars till 1997 (23:15)  Joined the reserve, Air National Guard, after he was discharged (33:30)  During his time in the service he gained a lot of mechanical experience (34:15) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bailey, Dick (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bailey, Dick Description An account of the resource Dick Bailey was born in Pennsylvania and enlisted in the army at the age of nineteen during World War II. He spent the majority of his time deployed in the Pacific, working as an aircraft mechanic in the 13th Air Force. He went home to Pennsylvania after the war, and became involved in stock car racing, and was one of the first NASCAR drivers. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-09-16 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BaileyD Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b0dafdff94c707e52eaf91620726bd4b.mp4 301dcd67a56382c2d07a8d4c65b3fb37 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6088c111578914c0a52ae156b349cd0c.pdf 98b62ba07a25319f7161ad0417a1c819 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project Korean War Glen Bailey Total Time (01:06:39) Introduction (00:00:21)   Glen Bailey was born in 1932 in Kent County, north of Grand Rapids, Michigan (00:00:37) His father was an independent carpenter during the Great Depression while his mother stayed at home (00:01:03) ◦ Glen left during his 8th grade year of school at the age of 15; he went to work in a toilet seat factory because his father had passed and he wanted to support his family (00:02:21) ◦ At the age of 17, Glen got permission from his mother to join the Army although she previously talked him out of it; he enlisted August 1st, 1949 (00:03:18) ◦ Glen did his basic training at Ft. Riley in Kansas; he took a train there and only left the state of Michigan a few times before that (00:03:53) ▪ He had a hard time adjusting to life in the Army; he had never been to far away from family although he didn't have a tough time following orders (00:05:10) ▪ After basic training Glen was sent to Ft. Carson in Colorado to continue training (00:05:48) ▪ Glen trained as a mechanic while at Ft. Carson with armored vehicles and trucks (00:06:27) ▪ The majority of his unit consisted of World War II veterans as sergeants and younger people in their late teens and early twenties (00:07:51)  Glen and his unit were in transfer to the 1st Cavalry Division once the Korean War started; they joined the 5th Regiment in Japan and then traveled via amphibious boats to Korea (00:10:00) Korean War (00:10:00)  When Glen and his unit landed in Korea, his 1st sergeant told him to shoot at anything that moves; they shot at a clump of bushes and it ended up being a rooster pheasant (00:10:43)  They landed in about July of 1950 (00:11:05)  Glen and his unit were transported via ships to Korea and he avoided seasickness due to his father's fishing habits which had him on boats quite often as a kid (00:12:26)  It took 10 days to go from the United States to Japan and they did go on shore for about two days until they departed again (00:13:00) ◦ A lot of the equipment was from World War II and Glen notes that it was lousy and wore out (00:13:50) ◦ Glen's records got messed up and he had to go 20 miles on his own to the Company Headquarters; he traveled with a British outfit and his records never got sorted out (00:15:55) ▪ At that time, there were no tanks brought in so his unit functioned as an infantry unit; there was very little artillery as well; his unit was taking a whole lot of casualties at that time as well (00:17:29) ▪ Glen was part of a line of defense at the Pusan perimeter; his unit eventually pushed the enemy unit back from that line (00:20:25) �▪ ▪ He notes that fighting against real enemy combatants, and not just training, was a tough lesson to learn for a lot of the younger soldiers (00:21:42) Glen mentions that everywhere was chaos and the higher ups in the Army didn't really know what was going on up front (00:22:52)  Glen's unit was on the outskirts of Seoul; he never thought it was close to being over as there were skirmishes every night and it was never quiet (00:23:53)  In the fall of 1950 they encountered Chinese troops and came as a big surprise to Glen; one third of the Chinese didn't have a weapon and used a stick (00:25:07) ◦ He took some shrapnel from part of a grenade and it burned part of his arm and hand while in Korea; he went back to headquarters company for treatment and was left there to work as a mechanic (00:28:41) ◦ During the daytime, the US forces would take a hill and fortify but by the night, the Koreans would take it back (00:30:26) ◦ Glen mentions that he had to watch out for civilians all the time because he never knew if they were an enemy or a refugee (00:31:46) ◦ In certain ways, being attached to HQ was scarier than being on the line for Glen; sometimes the food would be scarce and they'd have to steal food from civilians (00:34:59) ▪ At first they didn't have air support but once the war started going they started to receive it, artillery and tanks as well (00:36:21) ▪ Glen and his unit were assigned to protect General MacArthur when he was in Korea; MacArthur more or less wanted to see what was going on (00:40:05)  In addition to being burned on his arm from white phosphorous, Glen was injured from grenade shrapnel as well; they were so short on troops that Glen was just patched up and had to stay on the line- this caused some Korean Veterans to be passed up on the Purple Heart Medal (00:41:54)  Glen was lucky enough to receive a bottle of liquor via the mail from his uncle (00:43:55)  He didn't see any other United Nations' troops besides the British while he was in Korea (00:45:43) Back to the United States (00:46:26)  Glen was sent back the United States via ship; he landed in California and was sent to Ft. Carson and finally was allowed a 30 day leave to go home (00:47:12)  He notes that it is lousy that people can go overseas and get shot at but cannot enjoy a drink at home because of the drinking age (00:48:20) ◦ Glen had to send money home while he was overseas to support his family; he sent 40$ a month out of his allotment which was a lot to him (00:51:11) ◦ He was sent back to Ft. Carson; he worked in an armored artillery outfit and worked as a mechanic as well as normal duty (00:52:09) ◦ Glen was discharged in September of 1952 at Ft. Carson; he drove his 1947 Chevy Coupe from Colorado to Grand Rapids (00:53:23) ▪ He had a number of jobs when he got to Grand Rapids; he hauled coal, worked for a gravel company, worked in a paint factory and worked for a trucking company (00:54:33) �▪ Glen finally found long term work as a delivery driver and then transitioned over to a supervisor position (00:55:31)  The Korean conflict bothered him a lot and mentions he almost got a divorce because of it; he woke up one night and was choking his wife- back in those days, there wasn't any support for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (00:56:25)  When Vietnam came around Glen felt for the guys that had to go overseas but had a bad attitude about it; he is bitter because the Korean veterans don't get much mention (00:59:36)  Glen did not stay in the reserve unit but kept in contact with one of his officers for a number of years (01:02:17) ◦ He comments that the Veterans Administration is poorly run; he had to go through so much to get little help and he says it's pathetic (01:04:58) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bailey, Glen (Interview outline and video) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bailey, Glen Description An account of the resource Glen Bailey was born in 1932 in Kent County, Michigan. Glen left school during his 8th grade year at the age of 15; he went to work as his father had passed away and he wanted to support his family. At the age of 17, Glen got permission from his mother to join the Army. He did his basic training at Ft. Carson in Colorado where he did additional training as a mechanic. He was transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division once the Korean War started and was then assigned to the 5th Infantry Regiment. He served on the Pusan Perimeter and in the advance into North Korea, and then in the retreat after the Chinese counterattacked. While in Korea, he suffered two separate injuries: a burn to his arm as well as taking shrapnel from a grenade, but each time returned to his unit and rotated home in 1951, and served at Fort Carson, Colorado, until his discharge in 1952. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BaileyG1596V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d7c453b380f512d27f119071857e1f4.m4v 9203954d192cf5cbcdd2f386a3b94bb2 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7bfd1a72b72d42fea24be2a01c9d21ef.pdf b1689ff5989670c0dbbbbe849689ff70 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Joseph Bailey World War II & Korean War 55 minutes 47 seconds (00:00:23) Early Life -Born in Prescott, Arizona, in 1922 -Lived out of town -Went to 13 schools over the course of 11 years -Wrestled, played football, boxed, and ran track (00:01:12) Enlisting in the Navy -The draft began in September 1940 in anticipation of America entering World War II -He was working in a papermill in Oregon City, Oregon -Didn’t want to get drafted into the Army, so he decided to enlist in the Navy -Based on later information, he most likely enlisted in January or February 1941 (00:01:39) Basic Training -Sent to Naval Training Center San Diego for his basic training -Lasted seven weeks -For the first three weeks the recruits were kept on the base -Transferred to North Unit -Trained there for the other four weeks -Learning more about the Navy and its various protocols -Quartered in barracks -Had two-high bunks -Tied sea bag to his bunk -Kept everything he would bring to sea with him in that bag -Mostly Navy-issued clothing -Had good food -Assigned to guard duty sometimes -Issued a rifle, but no ammunition (00:04:18) Metalsmith School -Sent to Metalsmith School for four months -He had experience with welding, which prompted that assignment -Received that training in San Diego -Started off as an apprentice seaman, then got promoted to seaman 2nd class -Pay went from $21 a month to $36 a month -He helped build the Metalsmith School -Learned about the different types of welding -Mostly gas welding and arc welding -Had normal work days, and usually got off work around 5 p.m. -Pulled guard duty when he wasn’t doing any welding �-Usually had enough to work on, so there wasn’t much downtime -If there was downtime, he would go into San Diego -Visited Mission Beach because it was cheap entertainment -On leave, he would hitchhike home -If he had a seven-day leave, he got to spend two or three days with his family -Got into a lot of fights with the Marines in San Diego -Each group was proud of their branch of service and fiercely defended its honor (00:09:49) Service aboard the USS Whitney (AD-4) -His first ship assignment was to the USS Whitney (AD-4) -Joined the crew in July (or August) 1941 at Pearl Harbor -It was an auxiliary ship that tended to destroyers -Took care of 11 destroyers -Supplied them with fresh water, fuel, and various repairs -Had a constant stream of ships in need of service -He was initially assigned to the welding shop, and he slept in a hammock -Transferred to the blacksmith shop because they needed more help -Stayed in Pearl Harbor unless they went to sea for exercises with destroyers -Assisting the destroyers and participating in combat training -Joseph was assigned to the 3in. antiaircraft gun -Fired at tow targets (targets towed by planes) (00:13:20) Service aboard the USS Thomas Jefferson (APA-30) -Transferred to the USS Thomas Jefferson (APA-30) in 1942 -Transport and supply ship -By early 1942, the Japanese had captured a lot of territory in the Pacific -General MacArthur left the Philippines in February 1942 -Transferred command to General Stillwell -Stillwell [MacArthur] pulled U.S. forces to Bataan hoping to hold out until help came -Eventually ran out of supplies and had to surrender -The original plan was for the Thomas Jefferson to run the Japanese blockade -Reach Bataan and get supplies to the besieged troops -When he joined the Thomas Jefferson he was a fireman 2nd class -The Navy needed officers, so he applied for the Naval Academy -Failed the algebra portion of the test -Commander offered to send him to preparatory school for nine months -He could take the test again, but if he failed, he’d be sent to the Army -Decided not to risk it -This led to his assignment to the Thomas Jefferson (00:18:08) Attempted Supply Mission to the Philippines -He joined the Thomas Jefferson at Pearl Harbor -Loaded with food and ammunition bound for the Philippines -Told when they reached Midway they were sailing for the Philippines, alone -The crew voted to wire the ship with explosives �-This was to deny the Japanese the supplies if they were stopped -Stopped at Midway and each man was given two beers and a chance to relax -Sailed on for the Philippines, but someone in the crew sabotaged a propeller shaft -Retuned to Midway for repairs, then set sail again -Sailed for four days then received word that Bataan had fallen to Japanese forces -Plan had been to slip into a Japanese convoy to get to the Philippines -They would have then beached the ship near Bataan to offload their supplies -Returned to Pearl Harbor to unload the supplies, then sailed to San Francisco (00:24:05) Assignment to the USS Annoy (AM-84) -Sent to Naval Station Treasure Island in San Francisco for reassignment -Stayed there for three weeks -Assigned to the USS Annoy (AM-84) being built in Portland, Oregon -Went to Bremerton, Washington, to wait for the ship to be completed *Note: Based on when he left the USS Thomas Jefferson and when the USS Annoy was completed, it’s safe to assume he was assigned to the ship shortly before it was launched in April 1942 -Conducted sea trials aboard the Annoy to see if it was ready for duty (00:25:00) Aleutian Islands Campaign -In June 1942, Japan invaded the outer islands of the Aleutian Islands -They occupied Attu and Kiska, and bombed Dutch Harbor -In response, the United States assembled a force to take back the islands -Sailed to Kiska, and by the time they arrived, Japanese forces had retreated -Conducted minesweeping missions around that island for two months -Participated in the liberation of Attu -Took 11 days to take that island *Note: The liberation of Attu happened before Kiska -Conducted antisubmarine and antiaircraft patrols around the Aleutian Islands -Surveyed other islands in that chain -Spent 19 months sailing around the Aleutian Islands -In September 1943, they escorted a damaged destroyed back to the United States (00:26:42) Assignment to the USS Impeccable (AM-320) -Given seven days of leave, then joined the crew of the USS Impeccable (AM-320) -Fleet minesweeper -Capable of dealing with four types of naval mines: -Contact: mines moored to the ocean floor that are triggered by contact -Cut them loose, then had following ships destroy them -Acoustic: mines triggered by noise from a passing ship -Had an instrument on the bow of the ship to falsely trigger mines -Electric: mines triggered by the electrical field of a passing ship -Ship was degaussed and towed an electric wire to trip those mines -Pressure: mines triggered by the displacement of water -Used depth charges to trip those mines -Only encountered that type during the occupation of Japan �-Each of these mines was capable of sinking, or crippling, a ship -Sailed with convoys -Aside from minesweeping, they conducted antisubmarine and antiaircraft patrols -Mostly did the latter during the Battle of Okinawa -Convoyed with ships to the Marianas Islands -Participated in the liberation of Kwajalein (January 31 – February 3, 1944) -Participated in the liberation of Eniwetok (February 17 – February 23, 1944) -Convoyed ships to Iwo Jima -Mostly escorting “baby flap tops” (otherwise known as escort carriers) -Liberty Ships that had been converted into simpler, smaller aircraft carriers (00:35:23) Overview of Battles -Present for the bombing of Pearl Harbor -First major campaign was at the Aleutian Islands -Saw action at Attu -Stopped the Japanese from establishing a foothold in mainland Alaska -From there, they could have bombed the West Coast -Saw action at the Marianas Islands, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa -Swept mines and searched for Japanese submarines and aircraft at those places (00:36:30) Commendations -Awarded the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal with one battle star -Given to service personnel that were present for the bombing of Pearl Harbor -Awarded the American Defense Service Medal -Given to active duty personnel between September 8, 1939, and December 7, 1941 -Awarded the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four battle stars -Given to personnel that fought in the Pacific Theatre -Awarded the Navy Good Conduct Medal -Had four years of service without getting into serious trouble (00:37:47) Life after World War II -Enlistment was slated to end in 1947 -Had accumulated 180 days of leave, but had only used 40 days of leave -Discharged from active duty in December 1946 -Moved to Belding, Michigan -Got a job with a company that made electric appliances -His wife was from Belding, so they decided to move back to Michigan -Worked for the electric appliance factory for two years -Moved back to Oregon City, Oregon, and got a job at the papermill -Placed in inactive reserve for four years, and that was supposed to end in 1951 (00:42:55) Korean War -He was called up for service in the Korean War in September 1950 -Discharged in 1952 -He was a chief motor machinist mate -Placed in command of the engine room on the USS Moctobi (ATF-105) -One of the first duties they did was tow a barracks ship from San Diego to Hawaii �-He was transferred to an oiler based out of Hawaii -Sailed to Kwajalein and stayed there for six months -Went on to Sasebo, Japan, and refueled ships bound for Korea -Finally got enough points and was directed to Yokohama to return to the United States -Note: Points awarded based rank, combat, length of service, and dependents -Sailed from Yokohama to San Francisco, and was discharged there (00:46:11) Life after the Korean War -Returned to work at the papermill in Oregon City -Worked on paper machines -Retired when he was 60 years old (c. 1982) -Had a son and a daughter -Wife was pregnant with their daughter when he was called up for the Korean War (00:47:50) Life in Japan – Korean War -The oiler didn’t have a cook, so they went ashore at Sasebo and hired a local girl to cook -Gave her money to get food, then come back and cook for the sailors -Ate a lot of exotic fish, octopus’ tentacles, and rice (00:49:43) Veterans’ Groups & Reunions -There was a Pearl Harbor Survivors Association meeting in Las Vegas in December 1998 -Went to Hawaii in 2015 for the 74th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor -Stayed for a week -As of the interview, planned on returning in 2016 for the 75th anniversary event -In 2015, there were only 22 survivors able to come to the event -Most had either died or were incapable of making the trip (00:54:17) Reflections on Service -In the Aleutian Islands, they swept a huge number of mines, and it was dangerous work -Ironically, by being in the Aleutian Islands he avoided seeing more combat -Delayed his assignment to a fleet minesweeper, which probably saved his life -Could have been all over the South Pacific in the middle of the action � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_BaileyJ2086V Title A name given to the resource Bailey, Joseph (Interview outline and video), 2016 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-02-26 Description An account of the resource Joseph Bailey was born in Prescott, Arizona, in 1922. He enlisted in the Navy in early 1941. He received his basic training and attended Metalsmith School at San Diego, and was assigned to the USS Whitney (AD-4). He survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and shortly thereafter was assigned to the USS Thomas Jefferson (APA-30). After an abortive attempt to bring supplies to American forces on the Philippines, he was transferred to the USS Annoy (AM-84) and participated in the liberation of the Aleutian Islands and subsequent patrols around those islands. He was then reassigned to the USS Impeccable (AM-320) and witnessed the liberation of the Marianas Islands, the invasion of Iwo Jima, and the invasion of Okinawa. His active duty ended in 1947 and he was placed in the inactive reserve. He was called up for duty in September 1950 due to the Korean War and was assigned to the USS Moctobi (ATF-105). He was then transferred to an oiler. For six months they refueled ships at Kwajalein before sailing to Sasebo, Japan, to continue refueling operations. He was discharged in 1952. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bailey, Joseph Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Frost, Elaine Snyder (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/467e1f81c392f600b0d13b429929e637.mp4 cdf92e2b15775affa2a93c4e6b70e3b4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/74cbcb312fc1cb31a39709f3634a27e9.pdf 366c3ede87a7e7288c3c179b4428873d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Paul Bailey Interview Length: (01:09:36) Interviewed by Dr. James Smither Transcribed by Chloe Dingens Interviewer: We’re talking today with Paul Bailey of Grand Rapids, Michigan and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay, Paul, start us off with some background on yourself and begin with where and when you were born? I was born in Lansing, Michigan. My father was a tool and die maker in a factory. Interviewer: Okay, what year were you born? 1936. Interviewer: Okay. So, had you father had steady employment in the thirties? Pretty much, tool and die maker; my whole family was mechanical, my grandfather was a blacksmith. So, everybody built things so becoming a tool/ die maker was natural for him. He quit school in the eighth grade and went to work in the shop. And he was never unemployed as far as I know, he always had work as a tool and die maker. Interviewer: Alright now, you were a little kid during World War II. Do you remember much about life at that time? (01.00) �Yeah, I do. I remember my father was an air raid warden captain and he had these big steel helmets that people had to wear during air raid warden time. And when they would have these blackouts in the city of Lansing, everybody had to turn all of their lights out and if they had a light on, they were supposed to cover it with a blanket. And then the air raid wardens would go out and check on the residents who might have a leaky light coming in somewhere that they forgot to turn off. But then after the war we remember playing with those white helmets. They were steel helmets, they were very heavy, but as kids you play with those helmets. They were white and had that civil defense symbol on the front of them. That was kind of interesting times growing up. Interviewer: Now, as you were getting older and towards the end of the war, were you kind of following at all the news of the war? What was going on? (02.03) Not really because I would’ve been in junior high school or elementary school at that time and well my brother who was ten years older was in the war. He was in the navy all during that time. He guarded prisoners in Jacksonville, Florida; German prisoners that had been brought to this country. Interviewer: Alright, now let’s see, so when did you finish high school? 1954. Interviewer: Okay, now so you had been in high school during the time the Korean War was going on? Yes. Interviewer: Alright, now while that was going on, were you expecting it to last long enough for you to be drafted and go in it? Or did you not think about that? �I never thought about that, I just felt it was sort of my duty to join the army and get it over with. So, I enlisted before I... while I was in high school, so that I graduated on Friday night and left for the army Monday morning. (03.01) Interviewer: Okay and then that’s back in 1954, so that’s the year after the Korean War Armistice is in place anyway, at that point; was there still a lot of people getting drafted at that time? There were, there were a lot of people in my first companies that were draftees and so I had sort of wanted to become a member of the Michigan State Police, but that wasn’t in the cards at that time. So that's when I opted to become a military policeman. That was my goal. Interviewer: Okay, now was that preference that you indicated when you enlisted? Or did you decide on that later? I decided on that before I enlisted. I wanted to go to the military police school. So of course, they sent me to Camp Chaffee Arkansas for basic training. Then when we had two weeks off and then we went to work in Fort Gordon, Georgia. (04:07) Interviewer: Okay, well back up and talk a little bit about the basic training experience. What was personally Camp Chaffee like? Hot! Being from Michigan, it was hot. I never got… my skin used to just prickle from the heat. We trained, we had to get up at two o'clock in the morning to go to training because after ten or eleven o’clock, it was just absolutely too hot to train. I remember even when we did train, they lined us up, made us take our outer shirts off and just t-shirts then they’d �hose us down with water to keep us from... keep us hydrated and so on. At that time, they had Lister bags full of salt water the thing was you had to take and drink salt water that tasted terrible. But they said we need to drink it to remain hydrated. One night it went down to 70 and we closed all the windows and were freezing it went down to 70 it had been in the 90s and 100s all eight weeks that I was there. Very, very hot and in Michigan we don’t have hot weather like that. I was… I remember trying to write a letter home and the sweat just rolled down my arm to my elbow and the paper I was writing on was all wet. Of course, there wasn’t that much air conditioning, nothing was air conditioned in those days. I mean there were a few things that were air conditioned, but nothing like we have today. (05.32) Interviewer: The barracks weren’t air conditioned or anything else like that? No, the barracks weren’t air conditioned. Interviewer: All right, now what did the actual training consist of? A whole lot of marching and learning to shoot and you know rifle marksmanship and physical fitness and you know it was pretty- it was tough training. But the toughest part was the heat and you had to lay down and the rifle ranges had cinders that you laid down in the daytime those would get very, very hot. They were still hot early in the morning when we would go out to train. And you know the road marches where you’d put all your stuff on your back and carry it. They actually limited some of those because of the heat. (06:21) Interviewer: How easy or hard was it for you to adjust to life in the army? �I don’t really remember that being a big adjustment. I guess my hall was fairly well disciplined and so getting in the army I just accepted taking orders and I never was very resistant to anything, I just kind of went with the program. Interviewer: Did you notice any of the other recruits having problems either with the physical side or the discipline or anything else? There were some issues with some of the other guys, some of the fellows had not been used to taking orders and they had some resistance issues with the drill sergeants which didn’t go over well with anybody. Sometimes the whole platoon would be punished because of somebody that stepped out of line and didn’t do something right. Interviewer: At the time you were going through, did you have any black recruits training along with you? Or where you a white? You know I’m trying to think back, I don't think there were any blacks in basic training. I think in MP (military police) school there was. Not in basic training. (07.36) Interviewer: Alright, so again tell us how long basic training lasts? Eight weeks. Interviewer: Eight weeks, okay. Then Fort Gordon Georgia was your next stop? Eight weeks. Interviewer: And that’s your advanced training now? For the military police. Interviewer: Okay so what did that consist of? That consisted of a lot of learning Judo hand to hand combat. Training in the 45 pistol and some laws and rudimentary things about apprehension. How to handle ourselves in �difficult situations. That was also very rigorous physically because the school thought we needed to be tough. If you’re going to be a military policeman you’ve got to be able to stand up to anybody and you don't just take any crap from anybody. You have to stand up and you might have to put them down. Physical fitness, I remember before we could eat, we had to do chin ups and the first time I showed off and I did 17 chin ups and so the next time I went to eat he said now you have to do 19. And I said that was dumb, I shouldn’t have done 17 the first time because every time I went to chow, they made you do more than you did the first time. And if you didn't do more than you’d drop down and do 20 pushups or 30 pushups. If they thought, you needed more they’d give you more pushups. Before you could go eat! And one of the things there sometimes at the end of the day, after a day’s training, they still needed somebody to go on and sort of be KP for the night. They would go through and if you had just a little fold in your pocket that would be enough to send you to KP. When they couldn’t find anything wrong, they would ask you to turn your belt buckle inside out and if you sweat that day, it’d be a little corroded and give you KP. So, they'd always have to find something to get someone go on KP every night. And you just hoped somebody got nicked before you did. They’d go down the line and of course of you had a pocket flap that was unbuttoned they’d come down and rip the pocket flap off and say, “get that sewed up before tomorrow.” It was a spit and polish outfit. Because we had everything, everything we had had to be polished, and so some of the guys would polish one set of boots and really make them stand tall, put them under the bunk and leave them that way. Well they wanted you to wear one pair one day and one pair the next, so they’d marked them, then if they’d come in that morning and if your marked boots were there then you got gigged and sent for KP that night. Because you had to switch, you had to keep �all your shoes polished. And they had the foot lockers, had to be laid out just so. Every item in the foot locker was a diagram and every item shaver, toothpaste, everything had to be in a very- your socks, everything had to be just exactly in the right spot. And so, our barracks were inspected every day. And I remember one night I had guard duty I think it was and that night and I walked in one night. And so, my… I carried my rifle and when I got in that morning, they said you were in charge of quarters, so they always left one soldier back as everyone went to training. So, if you went back if that was your job to spiff up, do the lastminute polishing on everything in the barracks so that it would pass inspection, we were inspected every day. So, I got the barracks all ready for inspection and lo and behold my company commander was teaching a class on how to inspect that morning so he had a bunch of students, he had a bunch of lieutenants that he was bringing through and showing them how to inspect. And he says, “for example, Bailey get your rifle out and show them your rifle.” Well I knew my rifle wasn't cleaned because I had been out in the elements all night and so there was just a hair of rust on it, I mean you couldn't hardly see it, but they noticed it. And then he put white gloves on and he went over all the windowsills and doors to see if there was any dust that I had missed. I had already- I had knew he'd do that so I had already dusted everything- cleaned everything, everything else was right, so the only thing he found wrong was my rifle and it’s just because I was working as fast as I could to get it ready and they came in kind of unexpected for the inspection so I wasn't quite finished yet. And my rifle was the only one in the rack since everybody else was out training yet. So, I remember that very distinguished. Then when I went to eat lunch, the commander called me over to his table and I thought oh I was going to get it again. Then he said- then he apologized to me, he said “we took unfair advantage and you were on guard �duty all night. And you… once the inspections over you can go back to bed and sleep.” So, he apologized for catching me off guard and making me feel kind of stupid on the spur of the moment. He said, “we won't hold that against you.” But MP school was supposed to be very tough and very demanding… and because we were expected to be a really good examples of the military. Interviewer: Right Like I said our uniforms are supposed to be impeccable at all times and we’re just supposed to be tough. That’s all there was to it. (13.34) Interviewer: Okay, now while you’re at Fort Gordon did you get a chance to go off the base at all? Or did you just stay there? Never did, never did. Never left the base and I- I didn't do it in basic training either and I never left the base and then I think, I think I went right from there to Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Interviewer: Okay so that’s your first regular assignment then? First regular assignment. Interviewer: So, what was at Fort Jackson at that point? Actually, The First Airborne Division was there. The Screaming Eagle. Interviewer: Okay, so the 101st? The 101st yeah. The only- I did regular MP duty there, but because it was my first assignment, I worked with a Sergeant, he taught me the ins and outs of MP patrol and that sort of thing. And I do remember one really humorous incident there. Was for some reason or other the army always paid in cash. So, we had… before pay day there was, they'd bring �in just a huge amount of cash and just set it on the table, they didn’t have vaults for it or anything. And they- some other recruit who just ... who didn't know anything about the army I don't think I mean it was very basic recruit. They told him to go to the finance building and guard the money. Well it’s pretty boring on a military base at night because things are very very quiet, and this guy decided... And they gave him what’s called a military grease gun which he was not trained in. And about two o’clock in the morning, he decided to experiment with the grease gun and he shot and hit one of the fire extinguishers which was one of those soda acid fire extinguishers and bounced it off the wall and made a mess in, in there. And I was on duty that night and we get a call, shots fired at the finance building. So, we had all kinds of MPs, every MP that was on duty proceeded to the finance building and when I got there, I was on the outer perimeter patrol and when I got there they had him in custody already and he was just apologizing and he was just scared to death of what he had done. And because we had commanders and colonels and generals and everybody showing up at the finance building, finance officers, what could possibly go wrong? And some guy just got bored in the middle of the night and shot the fire extinguisher and that’ll get your attention. So, that was kind of humorous when it was all said and done. (16.19) Interviewer: So, what were your regular duties at Fort Jackson? Well just, we patrol, patrol the base and if somebody was speeding, we’d stop and write them an apprehension of- a disciplinary report and send it to their company. And we would check vehicles and if there was like I say a traffic accident that was our responsibility. We didn’t really have a lot of crime, once in a while there was a crime. �Deputy sheriff from the local town chased someone onto The Fort Stewart one time. He said the guy was shooting back at him and they called us in, those of us that were off duty got called in that day and told ya know, grab a car and start looking for this guy and I don't remember if we ever found him, but we decided that the sheriff had shot his own car, that the guy didn’t shoot at him. All the bullets were on the fender of that old Chevrolet and they were all within inches apart, so we figured he was shooting out the window and shot his own car. But that was kind of humorous. Interviewer: Did you have any problems with any of the soldiers fighting or getting drunk or things like that? (17.40) Once in a while- once in a while but usually our presence would... they knew that they were in trouble when we got there. And even though the army wasn't segregated, it was as far, at that time, and as far as the military police. Because when the black MPs went into the black community we were told to stay out. We didn’t- unless they called us in there we did not go into the black community. Interviewer: Okay so this is if you’re going off base to bring back people? In Hinesville Georgia and other places, maybe surrounding communities around Hinesville Georgia or black MPs or black soldier might live or might be. But the black soldiers handle the black soldiers at that time. Interviewer: So, by this time, was it you were definitely noticing being in the segregated south at this point? Oh yes. �Interviewer: Okay, had you observed that being in other places? Or really is it only when you got to South Carolina that you noticed it because you got off base? (18.38) Again, in South Carolina, I didn’t get off base much, and- but I did notice that there was segregation mean the remnants of it, if it wasn't there it was- you know it was evident, well in Georgia there was white drinking fountains and whites only and colored was around the corner so I did notice that and... Interviewer: And did they have that kind of thing on the bases? Or just off base? No no no just off base, no things like that on the base. And you know we lived with black soldiers in the barracks and... Cause in 1956 I got married and so we were living in married housing and so there were no problems of course as far as married housing. Interviewer: But it’s still a situation that in the 50s the south is still segregated... Jim Crow is still in place, but it doesn't affect, but the army is already past that. We were pretty well integrated at that time yeah. Interviewer: How long did you wind up spending at Fort Jackson? I think just a few months. Maybe two or three months because… let’s see that would have been… probably a few months, probably because I left Fort Jackson and went to… to Korea. (19.56) Interviewer: Okay, alright, now were you expecting to get an overseas assignment, or did it just come out of the blue? Well this, this was kind of funny too because I walked in, they said there’s, there's some opening if any of you want to go to the Far East. And I thought Far East man, I was �thinking Japan. And I heard so much, so many good things about Japan and I thought I'd like to go to japan. So, I went in to sign up and the sergeant said, you're already signed up, you were going anyway. So, it was a fore got conclusion. So, when I got to Fort Lewis Washington, I was in J company and J company meant you were going to Japan. Well Fort Lewis Washington there’s thousands of soldiers. And they asked about while, probably fifty or a hundred of us to go down and work KP and consolidated mess hall. So, we went down to the consolidated mess hall about five o’clock in the morning and about nine o'clock at night we got back and when we got back he said all you guys are in J company are not in K company. Pick up all your stuff and you’ve got three blocks down the street to go and when you see a big barracks and it says K company that's where you're going to be. And I said J company, K company there’s a big switch here. And then the rumor was true, we were all going to Korea. So, when we got on the- finally got on the boat. All these same guys that were on the boat going to J company were on the boat with us. And then there were guys going to Alaska, so our ship when we left Fort Lewis Washington was going to Alaska, dropped off a bunch of troops in Alaska. Which is a site I'll never forget because the snow was so deep, they were shoveling it with dump trucks. They literally backed into the snowbank and brought it down and dropped it in the ocean. You’d see these little specks up there and you’d see the tops of a Quonset hut sticking out and all these little specs were shovels. There's two or three hundred guys up there shoveling snow, so it was deep snow. So, we got through that, but it was a beautiful country but just the snow was really deep. So then from there we landed in Sasebo, Japan and they let us off the troop ship for a while and we got a little tour of Sasebo, so we found out that they drive all horn and no brakes. And so, I went to the telephone exchange, I think that’s what they called it �back then. And they had these sound proof booths that I could call home and say I’m in Japan and so I called home and it cost, at the time it seemed like it cost $35.00 for my phone for my call collect and that was a lot of money for a three- or four-minute phone call. But I wanted to; it had been a long time since I'd called. Anyway, they suffered because the phone call caused them a big bundle and then from there on, we landed in Incheon, Korea and they loaded us on cattle trucks, open cattle trucks. And we stood with our- we got in there as tight as we could, we stood with our sea bags in front of us with everything we owned in the sea bag and then a guy yelled I think we can get six more on here, pull ahead and jam on the brakes. So he pulled ahead and jammed on the breaks and we all slid forward, just a foot or so, and a few inches but that was enough to get six or more guys on there and then we went to the- from there we went to some kind of distribution hub and then they put us on trains and I got to the 7th Division, they sent me to the replacement company and the seventh division. They said, “where are ya headed” and I said, “I’m an MP.” “Well they’ll be down to get you tomorrow morning. You're going to stay here for the night, besides you’re on guard duty.” He handed me a M1 rifle and about fifty rounds of ammunition and my instructions that night where to shoot anything that moves. And here I was just ya know an eighteen-year-old kid just out of high school handed an M1 rifle and all this ammunition and a bandolier of ammunition and told to shoot anything that moved. And I grew up hunting and I said I don't shoot anything unless I got a target, ya know I just don’t shoot. And they put me guarding a POL dump which is just a bunch of barrels of diesel oil and gasoline and it was probably fifty feet square maybe, and they said, “you guard that was down on the bottom of a river bed.” And it was a full moon night, I could see good down there in the middle of the night and about one thirty, two o’clock in �the morning some guy up on top of the hill started shooting: “boom boom bang boom bang boom bang.” Then he yelled down to me, he said, “it’s coming your way,” I could see clear there was nothing coming my way, but I was, you know, I was ready to shoot if I had to but I didn't see anything to shoot at, so I didn’t shoot. When my shift ended, I got up there and the guy said, “didn’t you see him?” And I said “no, nothing came down that riverbed I can tell ya I could see that clear as daylight, nobody came down that riverbed.” Well he’s, he was really angry with me that I didn't shoot. And I said I’m not gonna shoot that, I wasn’t gonna shoot… unless there was a target. But we were- when we first got there, we were infiltrated with slicky boys from Korea that came in and would steal everything we had, they'd steal you blind. And so that was my opening night in Korea was hearing all that gun fire and it went on all night long. I mean, after... you're on two hours you’re off four hours, you’re on two hours or two and two something like that and everybody else fired their rifle but I never fired a shot because I didn’t see anything to shoot at and I wasn’t just going to shoot to. (26.17) Interviewer: Now what time of year was it when you got there? March. March in the spring and they always had their floods in May. Their monsoon season in April and May. Interviewer: Okay alright, so were you just there at that depot overnight and move on to your unit then? Yeah, I got to my unit the next morning. And then they give you orientation at the unit just kind of put you in a Jeep and drive you around, show you everything. I think my other experience was these, we lived in tents and our water came in five-gallon water, military �water jugs. And I had a canteen with a cup and I poured the water into the canteen and said there was a bunch of stuff floating around in there and I went to pour it out and a guy goes “don’t pour that our, that's what we drink.” So, I said “well mine has a bunch of hunks in it.” And he said, “it all has hunks in it, that’s your drinking water.” So, I drank the water, didn't throw it out, or I did throw that last little bit out, but the water wasn’t exactly pristine, let's put it that way. Interviewer: Okay well was this just stuff from the inside of the container or was it …? (27.36) No, I think- I don’t know where they got the water, someone said they got it out of the river and then they ran it though kind of a purification deal, but it was canvas bags with stuff in it and then, and then it went into one of the big water tanks. Each company went over and got their water tank filled and then they’d bring it back and they'd fill these five-gallon jugs from that water tank. Each barrack had a five-gallon water jug. I think when I first got there, we didn't have showers either and so then they built a shower and then we could go take showers and that helped a lot to get that in there. There wasn't much water when we first got there. All our milk was in cans. Everything was pretty spark less put it that way. And they announced one time that the PX down near the headquarters company was going to have ice cream and that was several months after I’d been there, they announced ice cream. And so, I think I was on duty that day and they said we need at least twenty-five MPs down there because these troops are really getting anxious about having some ice cream or milkshake or something like that. So, it was kind of, it got a little testy there for a while and the military people pull a rank so if a private’s in line, and a sergeant comes along, and they say get back I’m getting in there first. Well we went down there, and we �tried to sort that all out and nobody was happy. And I think there was some, there was some fights, we had to make a few apprehensions and then I got assigned to the desk, so I was a desk, like a desk sergeant for a while. We ran out of Sergeants we didn’t have any sergeants so they, if you were a specialist, they pulled you off and made you a desk sergeant. Even though you didn’t have the rank even though there were desk sergeant. So, everybody that was apprehended or whatever had to commend me, and I'd do the paperwork on them. (30.06) Interviewer: Okay, now were you close to the DMZ where you were? Yes. Well, yeah, the DMZ runs at a funny angle across Korea, so we were, we figured six miles the way the crow flies to North Korea. I don’t know how long the DMZ is or how wide it is but there were minefields all over the place that were still there that had never been cleared and so there was a few people that got killed in mine fields while I was there. But just knew better than to step out there. In fact, a major came in and borrowed one of our shotguns to go pheasant hunting and he shot a peasant and went down in the minefield and the guy knew better, don't walk on a mine field to get a pheasant it isn’t worth it, and it blew him up and killed him. And so, it’s you know… people did some dumb things. As far as minefield, I had two experiences in the minefield; that one and a guy took a prostitute down to a mind field and they all blew up and some, a couple of them survived but the one guy lost his man hood for sure and the one guy will never- well the one guy was dead and one lost his manhood and a woman lost a hip and I was personally involved in that one because I had to go out and help them extract the remains out of there and it was at night and we couldn't see and so we had flashlights and a bayonet poking the ground �and making sure you don't hit something and you hit a stone and you sort of sweat in all joints. But the medics were there, and a couple of engineers were there and they probed it and staked it out and then we extracted the bodies all out of there. But just people did some dumb things when they… (32.12) Interviewer: Alright, now was there villages or a town nearby? People go off base and get themselves in trouble or? Everything around us was considered off limits. Interviewer: Okay So, we patrolled those areas. So, any time and of course they were inhabited by prostitutes and we knew we put a bunch of twenty thousand soldiers over there they’re going to look for women so it’s a no-win situation. The nearest town to where I was in Camp Casey was Dongducheon and the nick name for it was little Chicago. And when… in order to get into the town by the road off the MSR, main supply route it required four-wheel drive and low range. I mean, it was so pitted and bottomed out that there wasn’t, there wasn’t any smooth road, it was up and down and then when you got in there the roads were okay, the streets were okay, but we patrolled those mostly on foot and we’d take our jeeps as far as we could go and then we'd just look for any evidence of GIs being in there and then we’d find them apprehend them, take them out of there but there were other villages I don't know their names but a lot of the little villages around the hills that we also went looking for people… Interviewer: Straying soldiers? (33.48) �Straying soldiers, right. Interviewer: Alright, now were the North Koreans making much trouble at this point? Occasionally when I first got there we would get unidentified flying aircraft coming through and we actually had a pillbox in our compound and when we’d get a call of and unidentified flying object or an unidentified airplane we were required to go get out fifty caliber submachine gun and set it up on the tripod and arm it and of course by the time we did all that that plane was south of Seoul probably, and we were twenty-eight miles south of Seoul, so we had to go through that routinely and it was kind of, that’s where the physical really comes in because a fifty caliber submachine gun I don't know how much weight, but it seems like about a hundred pounds. And you carry that from the arms room a couple hundred yards to the pill box and you set it up and then we got it too, so we didn’t load it. We just carried the ammo because we figured by the time, we’d see that plane it’s all over anyways. We were just too close to North Korea like, but I said by the time you get the warning it'd be all over with. Interviewer: Okay, but as far as you know where the North Koreans doing any snipping or sending any artillery shells your way or anything like that? (35.15) They had skirmishes with the South Koreans at the DMZ, there were several little skirmishes where they would just tough each other and shoot back and forth across the DMZ but it wasn’t- you didn’t hear too much about it. You'd hear about it in a hind sight but the news, it was very slow with something like that but if somebody tried to escape and go to North Korea then we pulled out all the plugs and we, we would, the US army would really come to a full alert if there was somebody making any kind of an aggressive move �towards North Korea. Every once in a while somebody would say “I’ve had it with the US army or whatever and I’m going to North Korea.” Well we would do everything possible to stop that from occurring. We would hunt that person down and catch them. Interviewer: Do you know if there were any that actually made it? I don't think anybody made it. We did, we lost one of our MPs and he got off on his own and I think he was captured by the North Koreans, but he made a lot of bad moves and we found his Jeep and that’s all we ever found of him. Never heard what- never heard what happened to him or anything. Interviewer: Alright and then how long did you spend in Korea? Sixteen months from shore to shore. Interviewer: Aright and then over the course of that time what particular events or things stand out in your memory that we haven’t talked about yet? (37.00) Oh I think the flood was interesting, when it was flooding our whole intersection flooded and we were at T intersection in which we had a traffic control post up on a tower like and we would signal the traffic so on, and so during that flood I got flooded in and so I realized there was about three foot of water below me that wasn't there when I climbed up in there. And that was a little tricky to know where the ditches were and where the road was because I had to walk a couple hundred yards back to my compound. The compound was dry but between the compound and the road it was under water. The other- the other crazy thing that happened, this was before the flood, I'm up there directing traffic one time and I see this two and a half ton truck come by and there's a guy I went to high school with in the back of the truck and he was with the quartermaster company which was just over the hill �because we had an air strip right there with a small reconnaissance plane you know 19s now 20s but he was in the quartermaster companies just across- wasn't that far away. That was kind of funny. One other story about Korea that I remember vividly, we went- we went on big whack so we’d been on the big whack and they said okay we’re moving and so we moved, it was at night, we got to this new place at night, set up our tents at night. Everything was at night, so we all went to bed and soon got our tents set up. And then early in the morning, I guess we were there a couple of days. The first morning I got up and I - I walked out to the road didn't have any idea where we were because we... from there we didn’t get out of our compound that much, so we were out in the middle of nowhere as far as I was concerned, but still in Korea of course. And being an MP I see this jeep coming down the road just absolutely speeding, really flat out. And so, I stepped out into the road and I flagged him down and here was a man severely injured laying in the front of the Jeep. And I knew that there was a medic station right there where we were, so I said, “we got medics right here.” So, I rushed him in there and he said, “we need a helicopter.” So, we had these cranks via field telephones and we were on bivouac and we had new code names on bivouac. So, I knew the code name because I’d called a helicopter before. I knew the code name was Nashville, so I said, “give me Nashville” and they said, “we can't do that” and I said- they said, “it’s a term we can’t use” I said, “don't give me any crap I have an injured man and I need a helicopter right now.” So, he talked to somebody and said put him through to Nashville, so he put me through to Nashville. With a helicopter attachment 1212 back to the hospital in Uijeongbu. And he said, “so what do you need.” I said, “I've got a man down.” He said, “where are you?” I said “about ten/ twelve miles west of Uijeongbu on this road there's this a school across the street that we built. Looks like a �brand-new school.” And he said, “we’re on the way.” So, I hung up that field telephone, I looked at my watch and it was ten o'clock in the morning exactly, he said- and then the guide told me to throw out a smoke flair to signal the helicopter, so I went over to the medics and said, “you got a smoke flair?” “Yup.” I said, “hand it to me.” So, I'm standing there waiting to pull the pin on the smoke flair. While were all standing there, they're working on this guy, getting him ready to go to the hospital and by the time I heard the helicopter, it was over us. So, I pull the pin on the smoke flair and flew it out, he may want it’s help to set this helicopter down. The medics loaded him on, they had ladders on both sides of the bell helicopter, they loaded him on and he said, “okay, we’re on our way” and I looked up and he was on the way. I looked at my watch and it was ten after ten. In ten minutes, they were on their way. Interviewer: They’d gotten good at that. Alright, did you have Koreans working on the base? Oh yes. Interviewer: And what kinds of work did they do? Mostly kitchen and housing keeping service. Of course, they had- one as a servant in the office quarters. He got into trouble, he urinated in their orange juice. They looked for him and we never did find him because... (laughter). He was given the death sentence, they wouldn't have killed him, but they probably would have tried, but they weren't too happy about that. (42.00) Interviewer: And did you have any Korean soldiers who were assigned to you. Yeah we had what you called Katusas and yeah the Katusas, they drank in the same barracks with us, we got along great with the caduceus. They were wonderful Korean �people and at that time I didn't like Korean food, and they would come back smelling of Korean food, you could smell them when they’d come in the barracks, “what have you been eating?” “Oooh good kimchi,” yeah well, they didn’t use breath mints either and so you could smell those guys when they’d go on out leave and come back, because oh man they reeked, and I’ve since learned to love that food myself, so it’s… it’s very healthy for you. But, but when it was Korean help, I noticed their diet was almost- almost one hundred, almost 100% rice. I mean they would eat a wash basin full of rice for lunch and a few vegetables but mostly rice. They’d bring rice in by big bags and they’d cook it themselves and use chopsticks they’d eat a lot of rice the help did. Interviewer: Now were these guys also working as MPs? (43.24) The Katusas were MPs, we worked with them and it was nice, I really appreciated working with them because they could work enough English so that we could get by and they taught us a little Korean so that we could understand a little Korean. Interviewer: If you went patrolling in the village and things would they come along? Oh yeah, oh yeah, and they were- they were good ambassadors but they were also, they saw something that was wrong, they would- they would make the Koreans toe the line I mean they didn’t- they didn’t take any nonsense from anybody but they were very friendly and the people were friendly towards them and they sort of knew who the Koreans that were troublemakers. And they would say “that bad person” or something like that. And we didn’t really, we didn't have too many conflicts because they settled all those conflicts. �Interviewer: Right. Now you mentioned when you were there that the first night about the people who would try to come in and steal things and so forth, was that going on on the days… was that going on on the base? Yeah, they were, that's why we had perimeter guards, all our compounds had perimeter guards. And some of the help would steal things, even the help would… and when the help would leave, the MP company stayed, the MP company was right next to the MSR so all the people in the divisionary, the help would walk past our guard shack leaving. And it, it became routine for us to check, they would steal, they would take stuff like grease drippings from the bacon, they’d have a whole pail of just grease or cooking leftovers and our routine was to take a stick and poke those buckets because often times there might have been a pistol or a rifle parts, or some other contraband in that grease down at the bottom. And so, then we apprehend those and turn those over to the Korean police. We had a good relationship with the Korean national police. They were-they were extremely brutal, the Korean national police, the corporal punishment was routine and if you stepped out of line, they would kill you, there was not no ifs ands or buts about it. They would shoot and ask questions later. And I stood next to a Korean policeman who was aiming at a Korean who was running and the guy standing next to me bumped him just as he shot and it really made the Korean policeman angry, because he knew it, we didn’t want to just stand there and see someone shot, but he said that that guy was a gangster and he needed to be shot and so he was angry with us for not letting him kill him and we were just, we were just too easy going I guess at that point. (46.29) �Interviewer: Now did you get to go any further? Than the local towns. Did you get into Uijeongbu or Seoul or anywhere? Well I went to Uijeongbu with just a national police station and then one on a Sunday afternoon because I was admitted to go into the village. I took my camera and sort of made it a- a of course at that time you take thirty-five-millimeter slides. I took about a hundred slides of typical Korean when I was there, and I’ve been thinking about getting those transferred onto a CD or something because there’s a way you can do that, or something like that. But I got a nice little trip that showed Koreans in their natural habitat and I had one other instance when I, I almost cry when I tell it, but we’re one patrol at night and there was a group of us, MPs and we had- we had these guys sort of cornered so there was probably ten of us MPS and we were moving in to make an apprehension. And just as we came out of the corner there were little Korean children by a small light. They were singing, “jingle bells” in Korean, “nahhnoonahhh” and we just stopped, all of us just stopped. We just pulled out C rations and gave them candy bars, forget the guys. We just sit and sat there and talked to those, I mean they couldn't speak, they couldn’t speak any English but of course there was a lot of, what do you call it, Eurasians or something you know. The children of GIs and they were outcasts of Korea they... Koreans didn’t want them, so it was a real real problem… but children left over from the GIs of the war and some of them wouldn’t have been there when I was there. I mean cause I wasn’t there that long. Interviewer: Yeah (48.33) �But that was a very touching story and I’ve told it a lot of times, we just we forget, we quit chasing the bad guys and we sat there with those children and we melted to hear Jingle Bells, when we haven't heard anything like that in months! Even though they were singing in Korean, we understood what they... we knew the tune. That was one of those night time experiences. Interviewer: Alright, and did you get any leave time or R and R or anything like that? We did, we- I got to Japan and that was a very very nice experience at the special experience I got to go to a services hotel. The second time I got to go to Japan, our orders came in late in the day and so we’re hitchhiking to Inchon to Kimpo to get a flight out to Japan to Inchon and the military kind of shuts down in the evening so here comes this Korean civilian Jeep and we were kind of apprehensive, and the guy sitting in the front seat says “jump in, where are you going?” and I said, “we’re going to Kimpo.” Well he says, “my name is Dr. Charles W Choi” and he says, “I went to Syracuse University I’m a professor…” and he went on and he was a professor of engineering or something like that and I thought well this is great and he said, “I'm going to Seoul but my driver will take you on out there” he said, “I did a lot of hitchhiking when I was in your country.” He said, “when you get to Japan look up my family because I’ve got a couple of daughters.” I said oh boy just an old boy from Alabama and, this is really a set up. So we got to Japan and I made a call and called his family, they invited me out, I had to take a train out there, found the family, they invited me in, of course I had to take my shoes off at the door and that sort of thing, in the military you wore your boots all the time. I took my boots off at the door, then they fed me some banana stuff I’d never eaten before, but it was alright I mean… and he said, “my daughter will take you around and show you the sights of Tokyo.” So, I went with her and she ordered a cab driver, it wasn’t really a date, it was sort of an excursion. My buddy from Alabama, he didn’t go, it was just as well because he kind of stayed drunk most of the time while we were over there, and I think he would have spoiled the whole thing. But for me it was very educational, experience, I really appreciated the family and it was nothing sexual or anything about that encounter. It was just a very nice family and they took us in and it was just very very nice to me and so that was a very interesting experience when you’re scared to death to get in a civilian, Korean civilian Jeep, because you don’t know who... who’s back there because the people who can afford a jeep can be really bad people at that time. And we were unarmed cause we’re going… most of the time we carried out arms with us all the time but when you’re going on an R and R and you have to check your arms- in the arms room. But yeah that was a- that was an experience to meet a professor from Syracuse University. We’d taken his training there. (52.08) Interviewer: Now how much communication did you have with people back home while you were in Korea? �Mostly letters and then my mother would send packages and send cookies that always went over good, sometimes if... they were, they were mostly crumbs by the time they got there but if she sent them on aluminum you could make a funnel out of it and eat the crus. But they didn’t survive the bouncing around at the military post office. Interviewer: Alright, now do you also, aside from pictures, picked up at least one souvenir out of Korea, and you’ve actually got it over here and if you wanted to pick it up and... Hold it up high enoughThere was a Korean craftsman who came around andInterviewer: could you hold it up a little bit higher? There we go, yeah. And he said, write down on a piece of paper my name and what I want on it and he said for two cartons of cigarettes I’ll do this. So, he said you give me one carton now and when I come back, give me another carton, so I did, and I kept this ever since. Interviewer: Alright so it’s got your name on it, identifies your unit and it’s got the US flag and the UN flag and the South Korean one on it. What else have you got on the bottom there? Just the years I was there, oh that’s the hourglass divisions is the 7th Division patch, and they cross pistols are indication of the MPs and then the(53.44) Interviewer: Right, you’ve got your dragon through the whole thing. Alright, we got that okay. Alright so when do you then get to leave Korea? When did what? When did you get to go back to the states? I got back in June of ‘56. Interviewer: Okay and how much time did you have left on the enlistment? �Seems like about a year, so I went there then I went to Fort Stewart Georgia and resumed military police patrol duties. Interviewer: Okay now was that when you got married when you were back in Fort Stewart? Yes As opposed to being in Fort- because you mentioned being married back at Fort Jackson. Well between Korea and Fort Stewart. Interviewer: Okay, so did you- did they give you some leave time when you got back from Korea right? Yes, I got I think I got, I don't know how much I- we got. Interviewer: Okay, alright and so what was that last year at Fort Stewart like? Well that was just normal police duties and of course driving cars, which I’d been driving Jeeps for six months now I get a car, that was different. Again, the military police is fairly well disciplined place so if somebody steps out of line, you know you’re right there, you writing them up. Then of course we also had civilian traffic at Fort Stewart, so we, we apprehended a lot people who were hunting on the military reservation illegally and then the federal majesty would come in hold court and we'd have to go and testify that we caught this person and he was- the fines for hunting illegally on military reservation was very steep, even at that time. In fact, they would confiscate their shotguns, their rifles and sometimes it’d be a thousand dollar fine and I’ve seen them pulled a thousand dollars out of their wallet and pay their fine, but I didn’t see- I never seen anyone go to jail but trespassing on a military reservation was... Interviewer: So, these were not just poor people looking for dinner? (55.56) �No, these are… well I don’t think those people we caught, that was two hundred eighty thousand acres down there in that Fort Stewart and we did- there were some illegal moonshining going on out there in the reservation and I wasn't involved in catching it but we went out there one time to try to apprehend people who were, who had a still back there. But by the time, by the time we got the word they were going on the raid, they, they had the word that we were on the way and they were long gone. There was- you can’t surprise anyone down there that’s in that business, they, they have a second sense that they've been caught, so they flee long before we get there. But it was a large military reservation and there were some bad accidents down there and that sort of thing but other than that... (57.00) Interviewer: Okay and then your wife was living with you on the base with you at that point? Yes, we lived in married housing. Interviewer: Okay did she have a job of some kind? She worked on the base at the health center, she was a secretary in the health center. She had to get used to the differences in languages of people down there and people said, “go out and roll your glasses up” and she said “glasses?” And they meant the windows in the car, they were referring to the windows in your car. There was a lot of little terminology that we had to learn moving to a different part of the country. Interviewer: and did the army make any effort to encourage you to stay in? Oh yeah, they really put the heat on at the very end. They give me all kinds of incentives, and I said no I don't think so. You know, so I said, I would reenlist if they would send me to CID school, criminal investigation. “Well that school’s been full for several years they only �take so many candidates.” I said, “that’s it, that- if you promise me that,” “well we’ll put you on the list.” “No not on the list, I gotta have sure orders that I’m going there, without those orders I’m out of here.” But my company commander, my first Sergeant, I went to church with them down there in that chapter. So, we weren’t strangers, in fact in the chapter we were kind of buddies, but then once we get back to the unit, we understand the chain of command. But one little addendum to all of this, in 1993 I got a chance to go back to Korea. With a group of pastors from Michigan and that was a real eye-opening experience because I did get a chance to go back to Dongducheon because what used to only be four-wheel drive then is now a four lane freeway coming in from the south. So, to see that country, the difference between the 1950s and 1993 was daylight and darkness. There were no tall buildings left in Seoul in the 50s, everything was destroyed or knocked down and now we ate dinner in a sixty-story Hyatt Regency hotel building in 1993 and they were getting ready to host the Olympics shortly thereafter and they had a great deal of publicity about how good their country was. And they didn’t underestimate it, they had done a tremendous job of rebuilding that country. (60.00) Interviewer: Alright, now when you’re leaving the military did you know what you wanted to do next? Well I wanted to get back into police work, but God had different plans for me, I felt called to ministry so I kind of, after a couple of police administration and public safety, I opted for ministry and went off to a college and became a united Methodist pastor. �Interviewer: Alright, okay well i think that’s about to the end of the story and it’s also the end of the particular tape. So, I’m going to close out here by thanking you for taking the time to share the story. Thank you very much. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_BaileyP2116V Title A name given to the resource Bailey, Paul (Interview transcript and video), 2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-18 Description An account of the resource Paul Bailey was born in 1936 and opted to join the Military Police after graduating high school in 1954. Bailey attended Basic Training at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas, and then Fort Gordon, Georgia, for advanced training to become an MP. His first regular assignment was at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, during which he noticed the pervasive racial segregation of the south. He was then sent to South Korea where he was statationed six miles from the DMZ and border with North Korea. Bailey returned to the U.S. in 1956 and spent his last year of enlistment at Fort Stewart, Georgia. After leaving the service, he worked a couple of police administration and public safety jobs before entering the united Methodist ministry in which he studied to become a pastor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bailey, Paul F. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, RHC-27 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3d63ed73d06e9d6f3a648409916d1fb2.jpg 209056274c3d64bda8c7b13b53f4f3af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BaileyRodney_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Bailey, Rodney Description An account of the resource Rodney Bailey, Environmental Studies, William James College Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aad8ce345a8b94c2b396def5e940e9da.jpg 72be6aa9229a9ad252986c30af05718e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BaileyRodney_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Bailey, Rodney Description An account of the resource Rodney Bailey, Environmental Studies, William James College Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng