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iliRallS ~&amp;lillDSili, RlilSII, • MD B llliliEA

MAKING AWAY
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BEYOND VISIBILITY AND TOWARDS TRANS LIBERATION
In Honor of Transgender Day of Remembrance
For more information, or if you need accommodations
to attend th·s event contact us at:
lgbtcenter@gvsu.edu or (616) 33:-2530

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In a constantly hanging nation, new informa
ti on, along with new ways
of self-expression, arc al
most always coming into
the light. To recognize thi s,
Grand Valley State Unive rsity will be holding its first
celebration for the GVSU
social justice centers.

GV t o celebrate campus
social justi ce ce nters

'lhe event, whi h will be
held Friday, Aug. 25, from
4:30 p.m. until 6 p.m., will
hi ghlight the Gayl • R. Davis Center for Wom ·n and
Gender Equity, the Milton
E. Ford LGBT R •source
Center, the Office of Multiultural Affairs, Campus Int •rfaith Resources and Disability Support Resources.
"This is an excitin g new
·vent;' said Marla Wick,

DailyDeal
Food Outlet
"Name Brand Groceries at Overstock Prices"

assistant di rector of th e
LGBT lll·~ource Cent ~•r.
"The cckh rntion will be a
fun and Informative w.1y
for new stu d ·nts to disco ver progrnll irning and r •sources th at focus on so I ii
justice a I C: V U. Studen Is
will have ii ·hance to vis it
and learn uhout the variou s
social just ke enters:'
Offi ial s within the so•
cial justi e r ·nters said th t•y
have hop :s th e celebrat(lr y
event will Introduce inco111 ing student s to the servin•s
that GVSlJ provides.
"I think thi s will give ill •
coming students a chan •
to acquaint themselves wit h
the social Justice centers
early so I lH'y know how
much th ·y have to offr r,
how they :in get involwd
and how much fun Wt'
have;' sa id ) ·ssica Jennrich ,
director of I he Center for
Women and )ender Equity.
"Each centtr offers different
ways to b · a part of social
justice work on this campu s
and in th e community:'
For example, the LGBT
Resource
'enter offers
some of it s programs to
people who identify outside
of the L , BT ominunity.
"The (L(,BT Resource)
Center provid es a welcom
ing spa ce for students t

gather in rn,nmunity with
one anoth1..·r and to seek
individual support and
referrals;' WI ·k said. "We
also offer II lot of social
programmln 1-1 in addition
to traininH to help (allied)
GVSU stud ·nt s, fac ulty
and staff 1-1·" n in sight into
how to be lllore supportive
and affirn1 lng 10 the LGBTQIA-t 1..·011111111nity."
Moreowr, Ih · enter for
Women and&lt; :t•lldl'r Equity not
only offers a physknl space for
students, but It I.~ also a space
dedicated to vi llrn advocacy.
"We offer a pla e to hang
out and study, t·x client and
informative
programming,
advising and s holarships,
and so mu h nior •;' Jennrich
said. "The Ct·ntr1 for Women
and Gender li&lt;111ity specifically offers rn1npu violence
response and pn•vcntion services and ways lo get involved
in violence 1m·vrnllon work:'
Having a physical space
for student s lo spend time
with their pens and discuss
what they k11rn in classes
may be a mnJor stepping
stone to acti vdy engaging
in critical co nversations
with one anothtr about social justice.
LOG ONTO:
www.lanthorn.com

\

FOR TIii I UI I ARTICLE

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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veteran History Project
Frank Maleckas Jr.
(01:37:00)
Frank Maleckas Sr. Background
•

(00:20) His parents were European-born, and came over in 1910. His mother was
Polish, and his father was Lithuanian. At the time, Poland and Lithuania were
still part of the Russian Empire.

•

(01:05) At the time, Russia had compulsory military service. His father objected
to the military, and was encouraged to emigrate by foreign agents. The agents
helped him leave the country.

•

(02:20) His father left Lithuania essentially on foot and arrived in Germany. He
took a train to Hamburg, and then took a train to America. Agents had talked him
into leaving Germany.

•

(03:32) America was described as a “heavenly country” free of military
obligation.

•

(05:04) The ship was full of Lithuanians, Poles, and some Russians and Germans.

•

(05:33) In Lithuania, his father had been a farmer.

•

(06:27) His father went to work at Niagara Falls, New York. A Lithuanian agent
helped him secure a job in the area.

•

(06:44) Frank Sr. married while in New York. He and his wife had a son, Frank
Jr., in 1916.

•

(07:06) While in Niagara Falls, Frank Sr. worked in a factory but didn’t care for it
much as he was more accustomed to being a farmer.

•

(08:16) Frank Sr. subscribed to a Lithuanian newspaper and followed up on an ad
from a real estate agency in Michigan. The newspaper advertised that there was a
large amount of good land available in Michigan.

•

(09:09) The factory Frank Sr. worked in was a flourmill factory.

•

(09:58) Frank Sr. found a real estate agent who would help him move to
Michigan and be a farmer.

•

(10:14) The real estate agent helped him secure land. This was about 1920.

•

(10:40) The farm was about six miles south and two miles east of Custer, near
Barnes Lake.

•

(11:05) The agent helped Frank Sr. finance the farm.

�•

(11:34) The land was 480 acres of former timberland. The loggers had stripped it
of timber, and left stumps.

•

(12:40) The loggers had been very wasteful and left logs with low quality wood
behind. The land was full of rejected logs, in addition to the stumps.

•

(12:50) Frank Sr. used as much of the wood as possible for firewood.

•

(13:06) Frank Sr. bought horses, farm equipment, and cattle.

Frank Jr’s Pre-Enlistment
•

(14:30) Frank Jr. graduated from Custer High School in 1936.

•

(14:47) Frank helped his father farm after graduating.

•

(15:05) Had never been sure of what he wanted to do after graduating. He always
assumed, until his senior year that he would help his father farm. The
superintendant wanted him to go to college.

•

(16:27) Frank hadn’t planned on going to college. He didn’t think it was a
realistic goal at the time.

•

(16:20) He helped his father dynamite stumps.

•

(16:30) The superintendant was very forceful that Frank Jr. should go to college,
and that he could help his father better with a college education.

•

(17:05) The superintendant knew people at Western Michigan University and
wanted to arrange for Frank to attend there.

•

(18:26) Frank knew someone who worked on a car ferry in Ludington.

•

(19:25) Frank wasn’t sure if he could get a job in Ludington, as he had no way to
go there and he felt he had an obligation to help his father farm.

•

(20:32) Frank suggested Western Michigan because he knew the superintendant
had gone there, and he couldn’t think of any other colleges at the time. He was
very worried the superintendant might hit him.

•

(20:54) Frank had been the “number two graduate” at the school.

•

(21:19) Frank worked on the car ferry in Ludington.

•

(21:38) He went to college afterward.

•

(21:48) Frank knew the man who worked on the ferry because he went fishing on
a lake near Frank’s home.

•

(22:45) The superintendant made a phone call to the man in Ludington, and had
Frank speak to him.

�•

(23:21) Frank was told he had a job if he came there immediately, as they needed
help badly because of summer tourism.

•

(23:39) Frank talked to his parents, and began working at the car ferry.

Enlistment
•

(24:02) He was drafted in 1941, after his fourth year of college. He was drafted
before the Pearl Harbor attack.

•

(24:41) He was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division at Camp Livingston, LA.

•

(25:52) Despite following the superintendants plan, he was not able to secure a
better job after college because the Army “snatched him up.”

•

(25:46) At Livingston, half of the men lived in barracks and the other half lived in
tends.

•

(26:08) Frank was assigned to a heavy weapons company, and was assigned to be
the expert machine gunner.

•

(26:43) America was not yet involved in the war, but the war was raging in
Europe.

•

(27:01) He was in the military a few months into his year of duty when Pearl
Harbor was attacked.

•

(27:17) Roosevelt cancelled all the discharges because of the attack. He advised
the nation that they were “in it for the duration.”

•

(28:22) At the time, the American Air Force [Army Air Corps] was sub-par.
Roosevelt issued an order than anyone already in the Armed Services must be
allowed to transfer if they so wished and passed the physicals.

•

(29:05) Frank decided to take the tests, and passed first class. He had to remind
his Sergeant he was allowed to transfer.

•

(29:50) He had heard mostly about pilots prior to his enlistment in the Air Corps.

•

(30:16) He took various tests and physicals and was assigned to be the navigator.

•

(30:59) He is unsure why he was assigned to be the navigator, but “orders were
orders.”

•

(31:28) The bombers were long-range, and could go on trans-Atlantic flights,
regardless of light or weather conditions.

•

(32:09) The pilot’s duty was to handle the plane; the navigators’ duty was to help
them find their way.

�•

(32:37) He was assigned to the B-24 bombers.

•

(32:56) He was in training for about six months for navigation training.

•

(33:14) He flew planes specially designated to train navigators. All the planes
used the same kind of navigation systems.

•

(33:44) There were schools throughout the nation; one was in Monroe, LA.
There were other schools elsewhere.

•

(34:28) He was trained to navigate by the stars.

•

(35:30) The navigators also used broadcasting stations to triangulate their
position.

•

(36:40) Triangulation had to be performed very quickly as the plane traveled 200
mph. Then they had to notify the pilot of their position.

•

(37:04) Navigation was especially critical over the ocean, as the radio aids could
not be used.

•

(37:21) Navigators also used the sun and the moon to navigate.

•

(37:46) After being established as a qualified navigator, he was assigned to a
bomb squadron.

•

(38:28) The Air Force had about ten thousand bombers, which were divided up
into a few dozen bombs groups.

First plane crash
•

(38:37) He was assigned to the 13th Air Force, which consisted of B-24’s.

•

(39:03) B-17’s, B-24’s, and the later B-29’s were all four-engine bombers.

•

(39:27) There were ten men in his crew- the pilot, the co-pilot, the bombardiers,
the navigator, and six gunners. (There was a pilot, a co-pilot, a flight-engineer
(who was also a waist-gunner), a bombardier, a radio operator, a tail-turret
gunner, a front turret gunner, a ball turret gunner, and a second waist-gunner
and himself) (Maleckas 17)

•

(40:23) All of the crew was officers, except for the gunners.

•

(41:24) Frank’s first pilot was Aldan A. Aleman

•

(41:43) Aldan was from Santa, Anna CA. He was a college graduate.

•

(42:01) Frank and Aldan were very close friends.

•

(42:51) The crew trained together.

�•

(43:04) They were assigned to pick up a new airplane in Colorado. There was an
ice storm at the time.

•

(44:30)The pilot objected to the operation, because it was “not flying weather.”
Command ordered the pilot to fly above the storm.

•

(45:44) The storm had rain which fell as liquid, but froze on contact.

•

(45:57) While in flight, the leading edge of the wing began building up a wall of
ice.

•

(47:08) As they reached altitude, Frank gave the pilot an estimated time of arrival
and directions. The plane began vibrating increasingly.

•

(47:46) The pilot couldn’t make the plane climb to the safe altitude above the
storm, and the plane began to lose altitude.

•

(48:17) The plane began falling at 8,000 feet.

•

(48:57) The pilot advised everyone to put on their parachutes and prepare to bail.

•

(49:33) They were “in the soup,” that is, in the clouds.

•

(50:11) The order to bail never came, but he bailed anyway.

•

(50:48) The plane hit the ground and blew up. Frank was the only survivor.

•

(51:24) After the plane crash, Frank was “emotionally wrecked,” and hospitalized
for a week. At the end, the doctor advised him he was “fit to fly.”

•

(52:10) Frank certainly didn’t feel “fit to fly” but decided the doctor was a better
judge of his health and trusted his judgment.

The Pacific Theater
•

(52:29) He next sent to the Pacific. He had to bail out again while in the Pacific,
and landed in the ocean.

•

(52:50) After the second crash he was hospitalized for two weeks.

•

(53:11) He flew with many planes, and was assigned to a new crew.

•

(53:54) Frank saw combat in the Solomon Islands.

•

(54:15) He also saw combat at Guadalcanal.

•

(54:15) He found combat to be very unpleasant.

•

(55:01) The targets were usually enemy facilities, such as airports and sometimes
harbors.

�•

(55:20) Air bases were the usual targets.

•

(55:37) Frank once flew over Truk Atoll, but the orders to bomb were not given,
as it was only a reconnaissance mission.

•

(56:40) Estimates that 90% of his combat took place on the Solomon Islands.

•

(57:25)His crew attacked Choiseul and always encountered enemy fighters there.

•

(57:40) They also usually encountered enemy ground-fire.

•

(57:56) The Japanese vigorously defended their bases with anti-aircraft guns.

•

(58:15) The plane frequently came back with shrapnel and bullet holes, but no
serious damage usually.

•

(58:40) Once, one of the planes lost a motor.

•

(59:25) They frequently flew reconnaissance, in addition to bombings.

•

(59:34) He doesn’t recall how many crews he flew with. He flew with four crews
(Maleckas, XI)

•

(59:34) He doesn’t believe he flew on reconnaissance missions more than other
navigators.

•

(01:00:02) Reconnaissance missions were very high priority.

•

(01:00:10) Reconnaissance missions usually lasted seven to eight hours of flight
time, and about ten to twelve hours if pre and post mission procedures were
included.

•

(01:01:04) Combat was usually within five hundred miles from their air base.

•

(01:01:20) The bombers usually had fighter escorts

•

(01:01:35) Japanese fighters were sometimes sent against them, and then the
escorts would engage.

•

(01:02:01) Enemy fighters seldom got to the bombers because the fighter escorts
usually took care of them.

•

(01:02:35) Frank flew fewer than twenty combat/bombing missions.

•

(01:02:46) Frank flew between twenty and thirty reconnaissance missions.

•

(01:02:57) The Japanese Navy was active in the area, and the Americans needed
to be aware of their position, which was the main reason for the reconnaissance
missions.

�•

(01:03:16) Sometimes, while on reconnaissance, they saw nothing, and other
times they saw things they did not expect.

•

(01:03:39) The second time he was shot down, it was during a reconnaissance
mission.

•

(01:04:44) While on reconnaissance, he saw a great variety of enemy ships, used
mostly for transporting supplies.

•

(01:04:44) Once they flew over a ship that shot back, but that was rare.

•

(01:05:40) He did not encounter enemy fighters while on reconnaissance
missions.

•

(01:05:18) They had standing orders to bomb a target while on a reconnaissance
mission if an opportunity arose.

•

(01:05:41) Reconnaissance missions were longer-range than combat missions, so
they carried fewer bombs to lighten the load.

•

(01:06:37) The vast majority (80-90%) of the time, the planes flew out of
Guadalcanal, and sometimes out of the New Hebrides.

•

(01:07:14) He was never based farther North than Guadalcanal.

•

(01:07:27) He remained in the Air Corps until the completion of the War, and
then he was put in a training post to train new navigators and pilots.

•

(01:07:56) He spent less than a year training, and was not made a trainer until
later on.

Second Plane Crash
•

(01:09:31) He earned a Purple Heart while in the Air Force.

•

(01:10:08) During his second crash, he did not buckle his parachute correctly.
He landed in the Pacific Ocean.

•

(01:11:03) He spent a lot of time in the water.

•

(01:11:26) A B-24 dropped a life raft to him, but they forgot to inflate it so it sunk
and he could not find it.

•

(01:11:56) He still had his life jacket, and he found several closed and floating
bottles of oxygen. He tied the oxygen bottles to himself using his shoelaces. The
gas-filled bottles helped him stay afloat better.

•

(01:12:39) The oxygen bottles gradually leaked and filled with water, making
them sink.

�•

(01:13:11) He did not see any other swimmers while in the Pacific. He remained
afloat for about two days.

•

(01:13:45) He thought he could see a highway on a nearby island.

•

(01:14:00) Frank thought he saw angels, which talked to him. The angles had
wings on their back, and on their feet, which they used to skip on the water.

•

(01:14:55) The angels told Frank that they would not abandon him.

•

(01:15:21) He saw a door open in the island, and submarine came out of it.

•

(01:15:59) He had been losing strength, and was thinking about drowning
himself, but the angels talked him out of it.

•

(01:16:35) He doesn’t think there really were angels with him that night he was
seeing things due to the shock and exhaustion.

•

(01:16:46) After seeing the angels, he put his feet down, and touched the ground.

•

(01:17:22) He heard Japanese cars, but did not see any traffic on the island.

•

The island was undeveloped at the time, and no highway or cars were present.
(01:17:46)

•

Once he was on shore he immediately slept, as he had no strength left. (01:18:04)

•

(01:18:46) When he awoke, he was prepared to fight any nearby enemy if need
be.

•

(01:19:04) He had been exhausted because he had not slept at all for the two days
he was at sea. He thinks this is also part of the reason he has a hard time
remembering the episode.

•

(01:19:28) After waking up, he ate some plants and shot some fish.

•

(01:20:08) He also ate roots, and some crabs.

•

(01:20:34) He had to pull the claws and exoskeleton off the crab to get at the
meat.

•

(01:21:07) He saw some natives in the ocean near the eastern end of the island.
The island was Choiseul.

•

(01:21:38) He went to the natives for help. At first they were unsure what to do
with him. Frank thinks they thought he was Japanese because of his sunburned
skin.

•

(01:22:10) Eventually the natives took care of him, and fed him.

�•

(01:22:27) The natives were very nice people.

•

(01:22:56) One of the natives was an educated doctor. The natives used grenades
to fish.

•

(01:23:49)They would throw a grenade, which made a large splash when it
landed in the water. Fish would then swarm around it to inspect it and it would
explode. Dead and stunned fish would then float up to the surface.

•

(01:24:43) There was a Coast Watch established in the area, which was staffed
either by Australians or New Zealanders.

•

(01:25:23) The Coast Watch eventually found him.

•

(01:25:36) During peacetime, many members of the Coast Watch were local
businessmen and entrepreneurs. During the war they had either refused to
evacuate, been unable to evacuate, or had decided to contribute to the war effort.

•

(01:26:12) The Coast Watch made calls to get him off the island.

•

(01:27:49) The Coast Watch kept bases deep within the jungle.

•

(01:28:17) The Coast Watch was in communication with the American
Headquarters at Guadalcanal.

•

(01:29:30) It took awhile for him to get picked up. It was very risky for them to
land because of Japanese forces nearby. Additionally, it was a lot of trouble to
pick up one man.

•

(01:30:07) Eventually a seaplane was sent out.

•

(01:30:23) The natives captured a Japanese prisoner to provide the Americans
another incentive to send a plane.

•

(01:30:52) The natives and the Coast Watch were very well organized. They
frequently provided the Americans with intelligence and prisoners.

•

(01:32:02) Frank thinks the plane was sent mostly for the prisoner.

•

(01:32:24) The seaplanes were also used to send supplies.

•

(01:32:36) The seaplane took him to Guadalcanal.

•

(01:32:52) After being brought back, his combat career in WWII ended and he
began training recruits.

•

(01:33:45) He landed on the Philippines, the war was going well, and he was
eligible for re-assignment.

�•

(01:34:23) When he got back, he met the superintendant Arthur Richter again.
They needed a teacher, and so he taught at Frankfort High School.

•

(01:35:45) He taught from then on.

•

(01:35:54) He taught at Frankfort for twelve years, and then at Scottsdale.

�</text>
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Boring, Frank</text>
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                <text>Frank Maleckas, Jr. was born in 1916 in Niagara Falls, New York, and grew up in Michigan.  He attended Western Michigan University, and was drafted in 1941.  After basic training in the infantry, he switched to the Army Air Corps, serving as a navigator on B-24s.  He was the sole survivor of two air crashes, one in training and one in the Solomon Islands.  He flew missions from Guadalcanal until the second crash, which he survived by keeping himself afloat for two days, making his way to shore on Choiseul, and being aided by natives and a coastwatcher.  After his rescue, he was assigned to training duty. Frank wrote a book on his experiences: One 11 Millionth of a War. Elk Rapids, Mich.: Bookability Inc, 2000.</text>
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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project
Bernard Malewitz
(00:43:17:07)
(0:39) Background
• Grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan on Burton Ave. [St.]
• With his Mom and Dad and three sisters and one brother
• Dad owned a plumbing and heating business
o He now runs the business,
 He was 8 years old when he started working for his father
 Brought in water to the guys on the job sites 0:56)
 Dad’s business helped put water lines into East Grand Rapids
(1:42)
• Attended St. Stephen’s Grade School (1:49)
• University of Detroit for mechanical engineering
• Graduated from Central High School
• Drafted after WWII while he was in engineering school
• He was deferred until the end of his semester, but the draft had expired by that
time (2:01)
(02:35) The Draft
• There was a small draft in 1948 for the Berlin Air Lift, but he was still in college
so he was deferred once again (2:38)
• Korean War, he was one of the first on the buses
• He was the 16th guy in Kent County Michigan to be called in for service (2:52)
• He was sent to Fort Wayne in Detroit, Michigan (3:03)
• Sent to Fort Knox, Kentucky for basic training
o Spent 6 weeks there (3:17)
• He said the country was confused and drafted everyone in a hurry (3:32)
• No one in the barracks had been there for longer than 5 years
o 60 man barracks had more than 200 people in it (3:40)
• Had to stop the draft due to the large inflow of recruits (4:00)
(04:05) Basic Training
• He was sent to Fort Meyer after his basic training (4:06)
• Sent with other mechanical, civil, and architectural engineers (4:29)
• He was sent to Fort Belvoir to teach (4:46)
• Sent to teach water distillation
o Taught for the rest of his service (5:00)
• His basic training was very physical (5:12)
• He learned to shoot
o He went hunting with his father since he was a child
• He easily made marksman
• He said the trainers were tough, but he didn’t find it too difficult (5:45)

�(05:50) Teaching during the War
• He taught 38 hours a week, he was only supposed to teach 18 hours a week (6:14)
• They did not have enough teachers towards the end of his service
o In the beginning they had too many people teaching, so they were all
spread out to different facilities (6:20)
• He was sent back to have engineering training
o Learned how to build bridges and various types of buildings (6:35)
• Says that the military did not match the person up with the proper job suitable for
the person
o People were not qualified to teach what they were assigned to teach (7:13)
• He was in the Corps of Engineers
o Due to his schooling background (7:25)
• He taught a water distillation course
o So far it was only used in Guantanamo Bay
o He taught a wide range of soldiers
• From privates to generals from foreign military personnel (7:34)
• The courses he taught were 4 weeks long (8:25)
• Taught filtration as well as distillation
o He and his class would go do field work at the Potomac River to learn
how to use the equipment (8:43)
• This class was important because it was a necessary knowledge needed in Korea
(9:06)
• The equipment was needed to filter out the virus Shish Tison [?](9:25)
• Military did not realize this virus was killing its men for awhile
o Many people got sick and died later on because of this water born virus
(9:44)
• It attacked the liver (9:47)
• He taught the course for two years in Washington (10:43)
• He was drafted for 21 months, and it was extended
o He did not receive orders for the extension
o He was not allowed to just up and leave so he took it in stride (10:47)
• During his basic training he lived in 60 man wooden barracks (11:46)
• He played on the military golf team (12:08)
• He went from private to sergeant in 7 weeks
o This was very rare
o He should have been a first lieutenant (12:29)
• He became head instructor
o He couldn’t become a first lieutenant because he was drafted (12:44)
• If he became an officer he would have to stay another year
o He politely declined that, with a laugh (13:04)
• Part of the reason for his declining was because his father wanted him out of the
service as quickly as possible (13:10)
• He and the other men had free time after they completed their various jobs and
duties
o Such as guard duty (13:23)

�His Dad sent him his golf clubs and the fort had a huge empty space that he used
as a driving range
o Said his barracks looked like a country club (14:19)
(14:25) Golf
• He helped teach others golf (14:52)
o Which helped his own game he claims
• He and his fellow recruits went to a small clubhouse for drinks
o He signed up for the clubs golf championship (15:34)
• The day of the championship was very hot and dry, but he was winning (16:06)
• The captain he beat for the championship was head of the army’s golf team
o He was recruited for it (16:52)
• Played against other Army posts, Navy, Air Force, and Pentagon teams (17:29)
• He was a part of the Second Army (17:50)
• He was qualified for the Army golf contests all over the country (18:49)
• He did not consider his service a burden, and he was willing to serve his country.
o He felt that he owed it to his country
o However, when his time for his service was up, he was ready to go (19:19)
• He and his fellow teachers rewrote the course curriculum (20:29)
• He said that the course was ancient and outdated and that it was not taught
properly to be of any use to the soldiers in the field (20:41)
• He was sent to take a course on teaching in the military once his basic training
was complete
o He was taught by a civilian teacher
• The teacher was a dynamic influence on him and his service
• It was a good experience (20:47)
• He got written up for teaching too many hours, but his class was always given
good marks (21:18)
• He taught a lot of kids right out of college, he enjoyed their enthusiasm and youth
o He also taught older officers (22:24)
(22:30) Off Duty Activities
• Went out to town a lot (22:49)
• He would go to the Pentagon’s bus station and he could go anywhere in D.C.
o He saw all the monuments and battle fields (23:25)
• He rode a bus with the honor guard for the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
o He would never became one of those men
• Too boring and basically spent their whole life cleaning he said
(24:01)
• He was in the service for 24 months (24:58)
• He had students that had been in Korea and he heard many stories (25:06)
• He wrote home a lot (27:15)
• He spent a lot of his free time dating his wife, Jean, who he had met in
Washington (27:26)
• He met her through a blind date set up (27:53)
• He married Jean after he got out of the service while still in Washington, before
he made his return to Grand Rapids (28:25)
• He saw a few USO shows during his service
•

�o He saw Bob Hope, but he doesn’t remember many of them (28:40)
(29:00) After the War
• At the end of his service he filled out his discharge papers and was glad to be
done (29:11)
• He contracted viral pneumonia while in the army (29:46)
• He was sent into his discharge interview
o He was discharged quickly, even though the pneumonia had given him
back issue due to a faulty spinal tap (31:40)
• He had to go to a doctor who was not a very good, nor professional, doctor
o The doctor had an under qualified nurse perform a spinal tap
• The same doctor would not help treat a dying “Colored” soldier
o Bernard was offended (33:00)
• The Jim Crow laws were still in effect
• He was still in service when Truman started to integrate the troops [ed. note—this
process started in 1948, before Korea] (34:45)
• Racism was not a big problem that he noticed in his area (35:41)
• He had a friend that was from Flint, Michigan who got out of the service at the
same time
o His friend owned a car, so they drove home together (36:01)
• They toured through New York first (36:53)
• He did not take advantage of the GI Bill
o This was because he already graduated from college and had a job lined
up anyway (36:56)
• Meeting his wife was the best thing his army service gave to him
o It was a good overall experience, and it teaches you many things, and how
to get along with many different people
o You learn discipline as well (37:19)
• He did not keep in touch with many of his military friends (39:09)
• He was a part of the American Legion for a while
o It is a social club
• He did not join any Veteran’s programs (41:26)
• His father died shortly after his discharge (42:34)
• He had a paid rank
o He forgets how much he got paid for his service though (42:57)

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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview Notes
Length: 38:49
Bernard B. Maller
WWII veteran
United States Army; 1941 – 1946
(0:00) Before grade school
• Born in Detroit, MI in 1920
• Has many family pictures of him growing up in an album
• Father was in the fur business
• Mom was a homemaker
(2:30) Fur business
• Dad had a workshop where he manufactured furs into garments
o He was a pattern maker
• Bernard got three different degrees in the fur business
o Pattern maker – he would make custom patterns for customers so that the
garment would fit well
o Fur cutter
o Fitter
(3:35) Grade school
• Chum around with the principal’s nephew
o Across from the school in the basement of an apartment building was a
grocery store that sold sandwiches, cookies, candy, milk, etc.
o When Maller and friend didn’t like the food at school, would buy lunch
from the store
o Most kids went home for lunch
(6:08) High school
• Entered high school in 1932
• Graduated in 1936
• Played tennis but had to give it up after 1 year because had a stubborn wart on his
heel that wouldn’t go away even after three operations
(8:21) Graduation and after
• Graduated in 1936
• Dad still worked in furs
• Maller went to college at Wayne State University (which was called City College
at that time)
• Graduated in 1940
(10:30) Current events
• Didn’t pay too much attention to the news but knew that it would affect his life in
some way
(11:05) Service
• Enlisted in service and sent to Cheyenne, Wyoming then transferred to Virginia
for Officers training

�o Training took 3 months; “90 Day Wonder”
o Immediately afterward, sent overseas (1942) as a Second Lieutenant
(14:08) London
• Arrived in London
o The route to London was a zigzagged one but with good seas so not too
many soldiers were seasick
o On the way back to the states, the seas were terrible; Maller’s ship hit one
of the worst storms ever recorded
• Once in London, assigned to Quartermaster Headquarters
o Job was to check everybody’s supplies and make sure everyone had what
needed food and equipment wise
(17:12) France
• Was flown over to France to headquarters
o Still worked in assigning and checking supplies
• Paris
o Needed to make sure that soldiers and civilians had food and clothing
 The Germans had confiscated all the food in Paris and gave it to
people only when they saw it fit (not often)
o Maller had an issue; there was a building that was 1 square block long and
4 stories high filled with liquor. Maller was responsible for redistributing
the liquor evenly
o Maller was not a big drinker so would often take a few bottles of
champagne for his fellow officers at the headquarters
(23:20) Belgium
• Went to Namur but didn’t spend much time there because moving quickly; went
past the Battle of the Bulge
(24:20) Germany
• Spent five and a half years here as part of the Army of Occupation
o Still responsible for supplies and redistribution
• Traveled a lot
• Went to Cologne
o Not a building left standing; just large holes that used to be basements.
When walking around, saw that people had put tarps over the holes and
made some makeshift electrical connections
(29:00) Home
• Came back to the states by ship, on a troop carrier
• First thing that Maller saw was the Statue of Liberty
(30:42) After the service
• Got his degree with the GI Bill
• Worked with his dad
• Made women’s coats and garment
• Custom tailoring shop called M. Maller
(35:42) Masonry
• Joined the Masons when 21 years old, right after the service at the Detroit Lodge
• Never got married

�•

Loves working in the fur business

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                    <text>Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
World War II
Horton Mallory
Length of interview (1:16:30)
(0:25) Background
Grew up and lived in Elwell, Michigan (0:45)
Had worked on the farm with his father all his life (1:03)
Was drafted into the Army [during World War II] and when he reported for his physical
was encouraged to enlist in the Air Corps (1:45)
Wanted to learn how to fly but was too short to be a pilot (2:15)
Enlisted in the airforce and wanted to be a bombardier (2:30)
Went to Saginaw, Michigan to be sworn in as private (3:15)
Didn’t have assignment for him; waited 6 months before joining cadet corps (3:40)
(3:45) Training
Went to pre-flight school in Ellington Field, Texas (4:02)
Had never been in Texas before and remembers the heat most of all (4:25)
Learned mathematics, physics, Morse code, aircraft and naval identification (4:50)
Was only there for nine weeks (5:04)
Next went to bombing school in San Angelo, Texas (5:36)
Base was in desert to accommodate the bombing range (6:20)
Target set up with a shack in the middle used for practice (7:00)
Received six more weeks of training to be a dead reckoning navigator (8:12)
Used a compass, altitude, wind direction, and air speed to navigate (9:12)
Through dead reckoning was able to arrive directly on target (10:00)
(12:00) Active Duty
Flew from Texas to Brazil, and in Brazil their plane had a fuel leak (13:30)
Flew in a B-24 Liberator; the largest and fastest plane at the time (15:00)
On flight to Europe took fire from anti-aircraft guns (16:00)
One of the plane’s engines was taken out during trip to Europe (17:15)
On first run they were bombing a railroad yard in Sophia, Bulgaria (19:07)
In the plane he sat right in the nose of the aircraft and could see everything (20:23)
Used a telescope with a gyroscope attached to it to aim the crosshairs (22:20)
Carried 200lb, 500lb, 1000lb, and 2000lb and fragmentation bombs (25:00)
Norden Bombsight put plane in auto pilot to accurately drop bomb (26:10)
Bomb had a tail and nose fuse that went off at fraction of a second difference (28:00)
Propeller on bomb would spin off and then the fuse would be set (28:45)
24-32 bombers flew in a formation at a time (29:20)
Flew with same crew on every mission in the same aircraft (29:50)
Flew at 20000-27000 thousand feet with freezing temperatures (32:15)
Gun turrets attached to top, bottom, back and sides of B-24 bomber (35:00)
While on European tour, encountered a German fighter jet (38:14)

�Had confidence that commanding pilot would keep formation safe (40:32)
(40:45) Active Duty Continued
Bomber formations mostly flew with fighter planes escorts (41:45)
One occasion bombers ran into group of 100 fighters; several were shot down(43:50)
When a plane went down, it made him feel sick that his comrades died (46:10)
Given flak jackets to wear, put his underneath him so he wouldn’t get shot (47:35)
Rear gunner threw icicle-like formations out of plane to disrupt enemy radar(49:01)
He personally flew 38 and 12 of those he received double credit for danger (50:00)
Fellow gunner shot down on first mission with different crew (52:30)
His pilot was operations officer, got to pick easy mission towards end (53:15)
After they flew their last mission they celebrated at the local pub (55:48)
During leisure time they went to theater in nearby town (56:45)
Wrote letters to his family often, and received letters often being in air force (59:10)
Kept track of how many missions he had left and looked forward to it (1:00:17)
Never knew if next flight would be the last; very nerve racking (1:01:51)
Everybody received flight medals and the pilot earned a silver star (1:02:14)
He personally earned 5 flight medals; he called them survival medals (1:02:52)
Overwhelming feeling of joy when he touched down after final mission (1:04:21)
Returned to United States, landed in New York then Fort Sheridan, Illinois(1:04:41)
Could not wait to see his parents for the first time after coming home (1:08:00)
(1:10:00) Post Service
When he was discharged received compensation (1:11:02)
Got job with Michigan chemical in St Louis, Missouri (1:11:02)
Quit the chemical lab and went to work on farm for rest of life (1:11:52)
Built his own house with his father and got married (1:12:23)
Started a family has 3 boys and 2 girls that work on the farm with him (1:16:30)

�</text>
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Boring, Frank</text>
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                <text>Horton Mallory was born in Elwell, Michigan, and was drafted during World War II. He volunteered for the Army Air Corps, and trained as a bombardier. He flew in B-24 bombers out of Italy, and served a total of 38 missions in the later stages of he war.</text>
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&#13;
Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. &#13;
&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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it&#13;
la&#13;
nl &#13;
de</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en"&gt;No Copyright - United States&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period.</text>
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              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                  <text>Incunabula Collection (DC-03)</text>
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              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="765553">
                  <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en"&gt;No Copyright - United &lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                  <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections &amp; University Archives</text>
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              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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nl &#13;
de</text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Mammotrectus super Bibliam [folium 49]</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DC-03_049Marchesinus1494</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>One leaf of Mammotrectus super Bibliam by Johannes Marchesinus. Printed in Strassburg by Martin Flach in 1494. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW M20810; ISTC im00253000]</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Strassburg: Martin Flach</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>la</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="762975">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en"&gt;No Copyright - United States&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>application/pdf</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1494</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Seidman Rare Books Collection</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775839">
                  <text>Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. </text>
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              <name>Coverage</name>
              <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                  <text>1910s-2010s</text>
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              <name>Source</name>
              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Various</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775843">
                  <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"&gt;Copyright Undetermined&lt;/a&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Michigan</text>
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                  <text>Saugatuck (Mich.)</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778570">
                  <text>Douglas (Mich.)</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778571">
                  <text>Michigan, Lake</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778572">
                  <text>Allegan County (Mich.)</text>
                </elementText>
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                  <text>Beaches</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778574">
                  <text>Sand dunes</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778575">
                  <text>Outdoor recreation</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="45">
              <name>Publisher</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775845">
                  <text>Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan</text>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Saugatuck-Douglas History Center</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="43">
              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project)</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="42">
              <name>Format</name>
              <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775848">
                  <text>image/jpeg</text>
                </elementText>
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                  <text>application/pdf</text>
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            <element elementId="51">
              <name>Type</name>
              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775849">
                  <text>Image</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="778577">
                  <text>Text</text>
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            </element>
            <element elementId="44">
              <name>Language</name>
              <description>A language of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775850">
                  <text>English</text>
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            </element>
            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="775851">
                  <text>2018</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="6">
      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="786103">
                <text>DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0110</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="786104">
                <text>Walsh, Jerri</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Man climbing a wooded pole among the dunes</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Photograph of a group of young people surrounding a man as he climbs a wooden pole that appears to be a tree trunk. They are gathered in excitement among the dunes and there are drifting clouds in the distance.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Saugatuck (Mich.)</text>
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              </elementText>
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                <text>Beaches</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Sand dunes</text>
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                <text>Tree climbing</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project.</text>
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          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="47">
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                  <text>Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan</text>
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                  <text>Saugatuck-Douglas History Center</text>
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                  <text>Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project)</text>
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              <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Armstrong, Joe</text>
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                <text>Black and white photograph of a man sitting in his boat, tied in between two posts, with his back to the camera. He appears to be fishing in Lake Kalamazoo and another boat can be seen in the distance. The description on the back of the photograph reads "Fishing for walleye" and the second line is illegible. The back also features two stamped inscriptions which read: "Saugatuck-Douglas Chamber of Commerce, Saugatuck, Michigan." In the bottom left-hand side there is a stamp which reads: "Joe Armstrong, Allegen, Michigan." </text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"&gt;Copyright Undetermined&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives</text>
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