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                    <text>Mackey, Michael
Grand Valley State University
Veterans History Project Interview
Name of War: Vietnam War
Interviewee’s Name: Michael Mackey
Length of Interview: (55:31)
Interviewed by: James Smither
Transcribed by: Chelsea Chandler
Interviewer: “Okay, Mike. Begin at the beginning. Where and when were you born?”
Third of February, 1948. Crawfordsville, Indiana.
Interviewer: “All right. Now did you grow up there, or did you move around?”
No. My dad was in the military. We moved to Japan when I was five years old, and we stayed
there for two years.
Interviewer: “So what do you remember about living in Japan?”
Colors. I remember a lot of colors. It was right after the war, and I remember the communists
marching and demonstrating. And, as a little kid, I just remember bright colors. And I remember
my maid vaguely who stayed with us and just little things. That’s pretty—You know.
Interviewer: “Right. Okay, and so where did you wind up going to high school?” (1:00)
I went to high school really in two places. I went to Wai’anae High School in Hawaii, and then
from Wai’anae we moved to Plum Branch, South Carolina. My dad got transferred to Fort
Jackson, and then I graduated from Airport High School in West Columbia, South Carolina.
Interviewer: “Okay, and when did you graduate from high school?”
1966.
Interviewer: “Okay, and what did you do after you got out of high school?”
I’m trying to—I worked in a sign company. Colonial—houseman—Heights. Building signs for
about eight, ten months, I think, before the army started getting close.
Interviewer: “Okay, so Vietnam was going on. There was a draft going on.”
Yes. Right.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Now how much did you know about Vietnam at that point?”

�Mackey, Michael
Just what I’d seen on TV. I remember—I remember helicopters a lot because they were on TV
every night, and that’s the main thing I remembered about Vietnam. It was just starting to really
get hot in that timeframe.
Interviewer: “Yeah. All right, so at that point do you decide to enlist before—Or do you get
a draft notice? Or what happens?” (2:05)
No. My dad—He was career military. He had been in—stayed in for thirty-three years. Did all—
He did World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. And he had told me that I need to talk to a recruiter
and start taking tests for schools that the army had to offer. So I took all the tests that I could
think of to take. I hoped to be like a rocket repairman or something where I wouldn’t have to go
to Vietnam. That’s what my endgame was. And didn’t work out that way. And he had called me
one day, and he said, “Mike, you’d better go down and join something.” “In the next few days,”
he said, “you’re fixing to get your draft notice.” So I went and talked to the recruiter, and I said,
“What kind of a school can you give me?” And he said, “Only thing I can give you right now is a
rotary-wing flight.” And I said, “Oh, no. I don’t want to do that.” I said, “I’ve seen the
helicopters on TV. I know they’re getting shot down. People getting killed. I don’t want to do
that.” He said, “Well, that’s the only school I can give you.” Long story short, I took it because
he offered me a four-month delayed entry, which was like an eternity to an eighteen, nineteenyear-old kid. “Four more months? Oh, yeah, I can do that.”
Interviewer: “All right, so when do you report for duty?”
It was in the summer of ‘67.
Interviewer: “Okay, and where did you go?”
I went to Fort Jackson thinking that’s where I would do my basic training because that’s what
they had told me. They lied. I got to Fort Jackson. Got checked in. They put me on a bus and sent
me to the airport and put me on a plane to Fort Polk, Louisiana. And ended up there for basic.
Interviewer: “All right, so what was basic training at Fort Polk like?”
Hell. Hot and nothing to do off the base. Of course, we never got to go off the base to begin with.
And scary. Any kid that tells you it wasn’t scary—Basic training was scary. When you get off
that cattle truck, and you have six drill sergeants yelling at you…
Interviewer: “Yeah. Were you expecting that?”
Sort of because my dad had told me kind of what to expect, but it’s never—Hearing what to
expect and being in the middle of it is two different things. But it was—It was scary. (4:06)
Interviewer: “Okay. Were you in good physical shape when you went in?”
Oh, yeah, yeah.

�Mackey, Michael
Interviewer: “Okay, so you could handle the physical stuff?”
I could handle physical stuff. I actually gained weight in basic training like I guess most people
do. It’s mostly muscle.
Interviewer: “You build up your muscle. Yeah. Okay. Now the guys who were there along
with you…Did you have a sense of where they were from, or if they were drafted?”
Oh, yes. Yeah. And everybody, from poor farm boys to people that were going to be going to
flight school and people who were going to go to OCS—They’re all bunched together in Fort
Polk. That’s where they sent all of us who were going to warrant officer flight school. We all
went through basic at Fort Polk, Louisiana.
Interviewer: “Okay. Okay, so a lot of the guys that you trained with there went with you
then through flight training?”
Well, we all went there. Yeah, but we all kind of went different ways there. In different classes.
Interviewer: “Right. Okay. But do you think you were in a unit that was geared specifically
toward people who were going to go to the flight school, or…?”
No, I don’t really—I don’t really think that was their purpose. I can’t really figure out what their
purpose was to send us all to Fort Polk because there was really nothing different about it—its
basic than any other base. Like I think—
Interviewer: “Yeah. Well, sometimes they would group people with potentially similar
MOSs or similar backgrounds together just—Because they did that.”
Right, but—This is just my opinion. But what warrant officer flight school did—They gave us a
Class 2 flight physical before entering the service to see if we were viable. When you get to basic
training, they give you a Class 1, which is a little bit more serious. They dilate your eyes and all
this stuff. And several people in basic flunked the exam. The physical. So they ended up going to
what they call Tiger Land, which is AI—infantry AIT at Fort Polk. So I think that’s their
purpose. If they flunk you out, or you didn’t pass your physical, they just moved you over here,
and now you’re an infantry guy.
Interviewer: “All right. Or, at least, that certainly happened to some people.”
It happened to several people.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now how easy or hard was it for you to adjust to life in the army for
real?”
That’s a good question. Boy. (6:00) Maybe—Maybe not that bad because my dad had been—All
I knew was military from him, but I—It was not horribly difficult. It’s a big adjustment for
probably anybody to do that.

�Mackey, Michael

Interviewer: “Okay, and do you think you held up better than some of the other guys,
or…?”
Yeah. Well, some of the other guys. Sure. We had crazy people there. Yeah, one guy tried to
commit suicide several times.
Interviewer: “And how did the instructors treat you?”
I would say—I really didn’t think badly. I mean, I don’t remember ever getting singled out, but
that was my whole thing. My dad just taught me to kind of don’t show—Don’t stand out. Just
kind of be in the middle, and I kind of did that. I just stayed in the middle. I didn’t want to be too
good or too bad.
Interviewer: “All right, so how long did that last?”
The feeling, or the…?
Interviewer: “No, the actual—the basic training.”
Two months.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, and then is your next stop now starting the flight training?”
Our next stop—And this is about—It ended up being about Christmastime. We reported to Fort
Wolters, Texas for primary flight school. And once we did preflight—You go through preflight
for a month. But we reported there right before Christmas. And we were there about a week, and
they turned us around and sent us home on leave because it was Christmas. So we went home
and then came back. And my—When I got back from leave to Fort Wolters, Texas, my preflight
class was scheduled to be a couple weeks away, so I had time—I would have had time to get my
uniforms ready, and—They’re really picky. They moved me up, so I started like two days after I
got back. None of my stuff was ready, so I’m ironing clothes, sewing patches.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Now—So this preflight training—This is also—You’re
becoming—I guess we ought to explain a little bit for an outside audience. You’re becoming
a warrant officer. What is a warrant officer?” (8:10)
You’re becoming—Yeah. A warrant officer is kind of an inbetween rank. You’re a specialist
when you finish whatever warrant you’re in. You’re a specialist in that field. I mean, nobody
expects you to do other things. You’re—This is what you’re trained to do. Like in my case, it’s a
pilot. You might be an ordnance warrant. There’s all kind of different warrants, but all you’re
expected to do is what you’re trained to do. You’re between an officer and an enlisted man, so
it’s a great rank. Nobody really knows what to do with you, so you just do your job.
Interviewer: “All right. Now the first weeks of this training...What’s the focus?”

�Mackey, Michael
The first month of the training, I think, is basically warrant—shadowing people because it’s all—
It’s like OCS. It just—On you all the time. It was probably worse than basic as far as inspections
and messing with you and just trying to get you to—See if they could make you quit. I think that
was the whole purpose. Just to see if they can wash you out.
Interviewer: “And what proportion of the class do you think washed out?”
At that point, I think maybe—It wasn’t a great, great proportion. I think maybe five or ten
percent at the most. It wasn’t a lot.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Now are they starting to actually teach you things about
flying or aircraft?”
Yeah, you’re still—You’re going through ground school. Learning about weather. You’re
learning about being an officer. Just learning basic things. And then after that’s over, they, of
course, start flight school, which—Then it gets harder.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now, with the flight school, did they just go ahead—and they put you
into a helicopter with an instructor—and get started?”
Yeah, pretty much. You got a half—Split them in half. One half of the day is the ground school
where you’re learning about flying and all kinds of other things, and then the second half is
actually flying. And they stick you with an instructor, and you find out how uncoordinated you
are.
Interviewer: “Yeah. All right. What kind of aircraft did you start out in?” (10:20)
OH-13. The Korean Bubble. If you ever watch M*A*S*H, that’s what it was.
Interviewer: “All right, and how easy or hard was that to fly?”
Initially, it was crazy. I had a judge tell me one time—He says, “Flying a helicopter is like sitting
on a beach ball in a swimming pool.” And that’s what it felt like at first.
Interviewer: “All right, and how did the process work? I mean, what kind of stuff were
you—I mean, did you start with taking off, or does the instructor take off and then start
having you do things in flight?”
Now, basically, I think you start out trying to learn to hover. He would sit there and hover the
helicopter, and he’d explain what each control did. And as he explained what each control did,
he’d say, “Okay. Now you’ve got the cyclic, which is the stick.” And he’d tell you what it did,
and you’d hold it. And then, “Oh, that’s not too bad. I can hold the stick.” Then he’d add
something. “Okay. Now this is the collective. This is what it does. Now get a hold of it.” So now
you’ve got two things. Then he’d say, “These are the pedals. You’ve got the pedals.” And, all of
a sudden, you’re all over the place. You just—It’s crazy.

�Mackey, Michael
Interviewer: “All right. Now how dangerous was the training?”
Pretty dangerous. Pretty dangerous. We had one kid in our class—he wasn’t in my flight, but he
was in my class—that his first solo, his engine quit. And in a helicopter when the engine quits,
the procedure is to lower the collective and take the load off the blades. He pulled the collective.
The blades stopped. (12:02) And he died.
Interviewer: “All right. Did you have any close calls yourself or scary moments?”
Yeah, maybe scary moments, but it was self-induced. I was chasing a hawk one time while I was
flying solo, and I shouldn’t have been. I got too close to him, and it almost went through the
blades. Did stupid stuff in confined areas. I’d try to take off backwards, and I did—
Interviewer: “How old were you at this point?”
I think I was nineteen.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Okay. That may explain a lot.”
Yeah.
Interviewer: “But yeah, that was characteristic, I guess, of a lot of the warrant officers who
were all pretty young.”
Right. We all did the same. We all did the same. We were all crazy. It’s like a kid getting a really
nice sports car, you know.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Okay, and so—Well, you get through that in one piece. Once you
survive that, then what do they do with you?”
Yep. Well, then, after you solo, pretty much it’s just a learning curve. Getting better and better
and better. You’re practicing engine failures. They actually let you go out by yourself and fly
around most of the time, and you fly with an instructor just very little. And just basically honing
your skills pretty much.
Interviewer: “Right, and then once you complete that training at Fort Wolters, what do
you do next?”
I went to Savannah to Hunter Army Airfield. We had a choice when I went through. You could
go to Fort Rucker, Alabama, or you’d go to Savannah, Georgia. Savannah was close to my
home, and so I went to Savannah. And in Savannah we started out flying Hueys instead of—Fort
Rucker—They went to OH-13s just like I was flying in basic, but we flew Hueys in Savannah
starting from the beginning.
Interviewer: “Okay, and did you like flying a Huey better than—”

�Mackey, Michael
Oh, lord, yes. You didn’t have to worry about a throttle control. It was much smoother. Much
more powerful. And we were flying instrument training, which was very, very mentally
challenging. I mean, you’re flying under a hood. You can’t see outside. You’re just looking at
the instrument panels and trying to fly. So it made it a lot easier for that. (14:14)
Interviewer: “Okay. Did that turn out to be very helpful when you got to Vietnam?”
Yeah. Helpful and harmful. They teach you just enough. In flight school, they’d give us what
they called a tactical instrument ticket. Was just enough to keep you out of trouble but just
enough to get you in trouble, too. It wasn’t—They could’ve went a little further and helped us a
lot, but they didn’t.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. So how long did you stay in Savannah?”
It was four months.
Interviewer: “Okay, so when do you complete that course?”
Seems to me like it was in November of ‘68.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, and then once you’ve done that, what do they do with you?”
Well, in my case, everybody in my flight school class went to Vietnam immediately. My dad
was in Vietnam when I finished flight school.
Interviewer: “What was he doing at that point?”
My dad was an admin sergeant major with thirty something years in the military, so he was in a
very safe place in Saigon. He was pushing paper and getting orders and stuff. And he had
volunteered to go to Vietnam to keep me from going when I got out of flight school.
Interviewer: “Okay, so because he’s in Vietnam—you have a family member there—you
can’t go?”
I can if I volunteer, but I didn’t.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, so what did you do instead?”
They sent me to Germany. I got to Germany, and it took me about a month to feel like I was just
a fish out of water. I’m thinking about all my friends who are in Vietnam. I think I’d been in
Germany maybe three months, and my roommate from Vietnam, one of my best friends, got his
jaw blown off in a Cobra. (16:01) And I got to feeling so guilty. I actually volunteered to go to
Vietnam.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Now where were you in Germany?”

�Mackey, Michael
Würzburg.
Interviewer: “Okay, and what was your job there?”
We flew around a colonel—Air Defense Artillery colonel—to different Air Defense sites. It was
a great job as far as aviation jobs are concerned. We had three pilots and three aircraft.
Interviewer: “Yeah. And what’s daily life like in a place like that?”
For me, it was very boring. I mean, I was so young. Everybody else was kind of old. There were
only, like I said, three pilots, and two of them were married. And I’m single by myself, and it
was—That’s very boring for me.
Interviewer: “Okay, and to a certain extent, you’re kind of stuck on a base waiting for the
colonel to decide what you’re going to do?”
Yeah, pretty much, and it’s—I just wasn’t ready to be there, and I had—Like I said, I was so
concerned about my friends that I just felt so guilty.
Interviewer: “Right. Okay. So when do you get to Vietnam?”
I get to Vietnam in August of 1969.
Interviewer: “All right, and then what’s the process for getting you to Vietnam? Did you go
home first, and then…?”
Yeah, I went home on leave from Germany, and then I went from—From leave I went to Fort
Rucker to go through CH-47 transition, which I think was six weeks or somewhere around—
month to six weeks—and then to Vietnam.
Interviewer: “Okay, okay. CH-47. Now is that the Chinook?”
Yes, Chinook.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now explain how that’s different from a Huey.”
Well, it’s a multi-engine, heavy lift helicopter. Multi-engine. Huey’s got one engine. If it gets
shot out, you’re going down. Chinook’s got two. If it gets one engine shot out, you’re not going
down. You can fly it home. It’s basically a safer aircraft.
Interviewer: “Okay, and harder to fly?”
Not really. Probably easier to fly.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Now how did you wind up doing that?” (18:06)

�Mackey, Michael
I felt like when I volunteered to go to Vietnam, it’d be the safest course. And the warrant
officer—We had a W-3 in Germany, and he advised me a little bit. And he said, “You should
probably try to get a Chinook transition because—”
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, so you’ve applied for that. You do that training.”
Right.
Interviewer: “Okay, and then in August of ‘69, now you make it to Vietnam. So from the
States how do they get you to Vietnam?”
Freedom Bird or just a commercial airliner they’d chartered.
Interviewer: “And where did you fly out of?”
I flew out of Oakland.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, and where did you land in Vietnam?”
Saigon.
Interviewer: “Okay, so Tan Son Nhut?
Tan Son Nhut. Yeah, Tan Son Nhut.
Interviewer: “Okay. Okay, and what did they do with you once you land?”
Well, we landed in the evening, of course. At night. I think that’s probably when they all did. But
they put you in a bus, and they take you to the 93 Placement detachment or depot. Whatever it
was. And the thing I remember about getting on the bus is the screen. They had chicken wire all
along the windows, and I couldn’t figure out what that was for. Well, they told us before we left
on the bus that it was to keep hand grenades from getting thrown into the bus. That made sense.
Interviewer: “Okay. Yeah, and a lot of guys have had that—And that’s one of the most
common things to pop up in these stories. But yeah, okay. What was your first impression
of Vietnam when you got there?”
Stink. The smell and the heat just overwhelmed you.
Interviewer: “All right. Okay, so now you go the replacement depot, and how long do you
spend there?”
We were there for—If you go into the 101st, which I was, you were there for—I think it’s four
days. They send you to a little, short course to teach you some things about Vietnam. Things you
can expect before they send you to your unit.

�Mackey, Michael
Interviewer: “Okay, so what kinds of things were on the program?”
Well, they showed you how sappers could get through the wire and get into your perimeter, and
they showed you booby traps. And, you know, stuff, as a pilot, I’m probably not going to see.
(20:07) But I guess if I got shot down, maybe I might see it. But still. It’s just stuff that was
probably good for the people around me on the ground, but it wasn’t that helpful for us.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Yeah, and otherwise get you used to the climate a little bit and just—”
Yeah. Funny, funny story—and I don’t know if anybody else has told you—is they give you this
sleeping shirt when you get there, and it’s like—It might be a hundred and teens outside, and
you’re just sweating your butt off. And they give you this long sleeve shirt to sleep in. And I’m
sitting there, thinking, “Are you guys insane? I mean, I’m not going to wear this damn thing.” I
gave mine away when I got to my unit. And then the monsoons came, and then I wished I had it
back.
Interviewer: “All right. Okay, so once you complete that, now what happens?”
Now they put us on a C-130, and they fly us from Tan Son Nhut up to Phu Bai where the 101st
headquarters is at. And they had a—I think it was a Jeep waiting for us. I think there were—me
and one other guy—two pilots that were going to the same company, and they picked us up.
Interviewer: Okay. All right, and which company is that?”
Charlie Company. Playtex.
Interviewer: “Of what unit?”
159th Assault Support Helicopter Battalion.
Interviewer: “All right. Okay, and what kind of reception do you get when you join the
unit?”
Hardly any. Seriously. Just come in, and they tell you where you’re going to sleep tonight. And
that’s about it.
Interviewer: “Okay, and then when you’re first there, what kind duties or training do you
get?”
They throw you right into the mix. Best I can remember. You start out on the flight schedule.
They’ll put you with an experienced aircraft commander, and you start flying. Start flying
missions the first day or two you’re there. (22:02)
Interviewer: “Okay, and what kinds of missions were they flying when you started?”
We were flying resupply missions—mostly to artillery bases—resupplying ammo, food,
anything. Hauling bulldozers. Heavy lift stuff.

�Mackey, Michael

Interviewer: “Okay. Were you going to the A Shau Valley at that point?”
We were going out to the edge, not into it. But we were right at the—still at the edge of it.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Okay. All right. Now when you’re first flying as a co-pilot, what kinds
of jobs do you have, or what are you doing while the other guy’s actually flying the
aircraft?
Well, basically, the aircraft commander’s in control of the missions, and the way most of them
worked is he’d fly a load, I’d fly a load, he’d fly a load, I’d fly a load. And as you got further
along and the more experienced, they’d actually let you start running the missions to see if you
could do it. Yeah.
Interviewer: “All right, and then at a certain point—I mean, how long does it take for you
to become an aircraft commander?”
About three months usually. Somewhere in that area.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Now in the—kind of the west—In the first few months of
flying there, was it particularly dangerous, or was it quiet?”
It was pretty dangerous. We were up on the demilitarized zone and flying into some very bad
terrain, very bad area where a lot of North Vietnamese regulars were. There wasn’t Viet Cong. It
was regular army people.
Interviewer: “All right, and how quickly did you start getting shot at?”
Oh, I remember the first time I got hit. I hadn’t been there but maybe three weeks or a month,
and we got hit with a .51 caliber machine gun on the DMZ. And it hit us in the fuel cell, and we
started spraying fuel everywhere.
Interviewer: “Okay, so what does the pilot do when that happens?” (24:05)
We landed at a Special Forces base, which was right up on the DMZ, and we shut down there
and checked everything out. I think they plugged the hole with bubblegum or something just to
keep it from spewing out and going through the exhaust of the engine and catching fire.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now were you still a co-pilot at that point?”
Yes, yes.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Okay, so you’re going up along the DMZ as well as kind of
up to the hills.”

�Mackey, Michael
And around Khe Sanh, too. We were working out in that area at that point. I was up—We were
pretty close to Khe Sanh when we got hit.
Interviewer: “Okay, and then how does weather affect what you do?”
Oh, really horribly. Monsoons in I Corps were really, really bad, and the weather—We’d get
down to maybe a 100, 150 foot ceiling, which means you can go up about 150 feet before you
put your blades in the clouds. And we were actually running missions and that where we would
basically hover around, carrying loads to places. When you couldn’t get any altitude or air speed,
you’re just hovering around.
Interviewer: “And would you be—sometimes just be in the middle of a cloud, hovering
above something, and…?”
Well, when Ripcord happened, we actually did that kind of thing. We—They were so—They put
them in, and then they got socked in almost immediately. Had no—They were running out of
everything and begging for us to bring stuff to them any way we could, and we started shooting
approaches to the—about the middle of the mountain. The clouds had come down to about the
middle of the mountain. We’re shooting approach down to where we could still see, and then try
to hover up to the clouds. Just trying to see a little bit of ground as you could. Hover up to the
clouds to get stuff to them.
Interviewer: “Could people on the ground guide you at all or help?”
Sometimes they can guide you by sound if they hear you coming, and they tell you, “Come a
little bit to the right. A little bit to the left.” But basically, no, they can’t really help other than
that. (26:09)
Interviewer: “And there wasn’t any kind of signal system, or…?”
No, not for that. This was just improvisation. We—I forget who did it first. One of our—I think
it was John Wagner. He was a—my roommate, and I think he was the first one to try it and did it.
And he told us, and then, of course, we all try it.
Interviewer: “All right, and, I guess—Now the way, I guess, the sequence works, I guess, is
that when you first arrive, it’s still the dry season, so you can still operate.”
When I first got there, yeah.
Interviewer: “Yeah, and then the monsoon comes in late in the year and extends into
the…”
It extends into March or somewhere around there.
Interviewer: “March. Yeah. Yeah, and the first attempt to actually establish the Ripcord
base was in March.”

�Mackey, Michael

Right.
Interviewer: “And that actually was aborted. Now were you part of that effort, or were
you…?”
No, not the initial effort, but initially I think they were trying to put infantry in, and they couldn’t
get them in. We’re usually second. Once the infantry gets in and secures the base, then we bring
the artillery in.
Interviewer: “Okay. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Right. Okay, and so they hadn’t gotten that far in
the sequence.”
Not initially, no.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Now April 1st they try again, and this time they’re landing on the
hilltop that becomes Ripcord. And they get some infantry in.
Right.
Interviewer: “Now were you on standby for that as well?”
Yeah, then we got—Well, then we started bringing in the artillery pieces.
Interviewer: “Yeah, well, the—April 1st, when they went—They left the hill. They
couldn’t—They were under enough fire that they called that off. So the middle of April, I
guess—about the twelfth or something like that—”
I guess. It’s hard to—I don’t remember a whole—when they first put them in
Interviewer: “Yeah, but what you remember is when they’re actually building the base.”
Right. Yeah.
Interviewer: “So now you’re bringing stuff in.”
Yeah, we’re bringing stuff in. Bulldozers. We’re bringing in artillery pieces and resupplies. All
kind of heavy stuff they need.
Interviewer: “All right. Were there some loads that were harder to manage than others?”
Yeah. Conex containers. Big, square, steel boxes. They tended to want to flop around in the
wind, and you don’t want them flying too far back up behind you because they can go through
your blades. (28:09) They were hard to carry. You had to go pretty slow with them. Not relative
to Ripcord, but downed aircraft—Cobras—were very hard to haul. They wanted to fly.

�Mackey, Michael
Interviewer: “So the—I mean, the rotors would go, or…?”
The way it was—The way they were streamlined, for some reason, they’d just get lift. And
they’d want to fly.
Interviewer: “So they’d kind of being going up—”
Yeah, they’d be rising up. And I was hauling one one time, and I—We have a cargo mirror, and I
looked up in it. And I’d seen the tail boom of the Cobra up here, so we had to slow down a lot.
But they were very difficult to haul.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now what are some of the most challenging missions in terms of things
to pick up or drop off?”
Bulldozers. You had to get really, really low on fuel to pick them up and carry them because
they’re so heavy. We carried other downed Chinooks with a Chinook, and you’d have to get
really low on fuel. We had some radio relay stations around Khe Sanh that were very, very bad
places to go, so we’d haul a double load. Instead of eight thousand, we’d carry sixteen thousand
pounds.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now why were the relay stations bad places?”
They were just out in the boonies. We had no support out there. Just a small team on top of a
mountain that would relay radio signals.
Interviewer: “Yeah, yeah, so there wasn’t a whole lot of room to land or anything?”
There wasn’t a whole lot of room to land, and there’s a lot of really bad guys there. And we
didn’t like to go but once if we had to. Just drop one load off instead of going back a second
time.
Interviewer: “Yeah, but there were things that they needed a Chinook for instead of
Hueys?”
Well, yeah, because we could get so much more in. So much quickly. (30:01) I mean, I don’t
know how much a Huey can sling load, but, you know, we could carry sixteen thousand pounds.
That’s a lot.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now when the weather was okay, how much flying would you do in a
day?”
I’d say, on average, ten hours a day when the weather was good. I had one day I flew twentyseven straight hours.
Interviewer: “All right. How long typically does a mission take?”

�Mackey, Michael
We broke—Our missions were funny. We had sorties. We’d get a sheet every morning that told
us how many sorties we’d got. We’ve got to pick this thing up here. Take it here. That’s a
mission. Pick this up here. Take it here. That’s a mission. Probably a hundred if you counted
them that way. A hundred missions a day.
Interviewer: “Okay, because there’s the different stops that you’re making.”
Different—Yeah, just—Everything’s a mission.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Yeah, so you’re within a relatively defined geographical area.”
Absolutely. We’d know—After you’d been there three months, you know every hilltop, every
grid square, everything. I mean, it’s just in your head. You don’t have a—We didn’t even have a
map.
Interviewer: “Okay. Now to what extent did the latter part of Ripcord kind of stand out in
your experience?”
Terror. Just pure—Scared every time we had to go in there.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Did it get bad in terms of starting to take fire before the siege started,
or is it really at the beginning of July when things get ugly?”
Well, even really before that we took fire just about every time we went to Ripcord. We’d alter
our routes in and out and airspeed and altitudes and the way we came in, just trying to confuse
people. We got to the point we were doing what we call a high overhead approach. You’d fly
over Ripcord at fifteen hundred feet over it, and you’d start a standard rate turn, either right or
left. It didn’t matter. And start a descent of fifteen hundred feet a minute, and you’d do a 360
right over the top of the firebase. And when you finish the 360, you’re just about where you
wanted to be. And just get the load and went. (32:05)
Interviewer: “All right, and would you actually land on the firebase, or would you just
unhook the load and…?”
No. The load would hit the ground, we’d punch it off, and back up in the air.
Interviewer: “All right. Now what were the biggest dangers there?”
Rockets and mortars because they would hit the pad quite frequently. Actually, sometimes quad
50 machine guns. Quad-51s.
Interviewer: “They had those?”
Oh, yeah.

�Mackey, Michael
Interviewer: “Because I knew they had the .51 caliber anti-aircraft guns, but I didn’t
realize they had the quads.”
They had the quad 50s. Quad-51s. I’m sorry.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Yeah, because the Americans had quad 50s.”
Yeah.
Interviewer: “But—Yeah, and then did they have heavier anti-aircraft guns, too?”
They did, but I’m not sure they were around Ripcord. They had 37 mm’s and 40 mm’s, but I
don’t remember them being around Ripcord with them. They could have been. I just don’t
remember.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Yeah, I think it was also like a 14.7 mm machine gun, so they had the
equivalent of a .50-cal.”
Yeah.
Interviewer: “Yeah, so I guess that’s the—”
A 51.
Interviewer: “Yeah, that’s 51. Okay, so you’ve got those. All right. Yeah, and were there
altitudes or levels where you could fly that was—Would you just get high enough they
couldn’t hit you, or...?
No. No, you could stay out of small arms fire. Fifteen hundred feet’s what they figured, but—So
a 51 can reach out and get you. A 37, a 40. So yeah, I mean, you weren’t ever really out of the
range of stuff.
Interviewer: “All right. Now as they got toward the end, I mean, you had a Chinook from
another unit actually crash on the base on the eighteenth of July. How did you hear about
that, or what did you learn about it?”
I was right in front of him.
Interviewer: “Okay, so what did you do that day, or…?”
We had shot an approach on Ripcord, and the pathfinder had told us—We always called a
pathfinder. Get a situation report. Is the LZ hot, or—Of course, they say no whether it is or not
because they want the stuff. So I went in, and I dropped my load off. And I took some 51 fire
going in. And I came out the other side, and I heard the Pachyderm bird calling that he was
coming into Ripcord. The pathfinder told him the same thing—that it was not hot—and I went
up on my VHF—on their VHF frequency, and I told them, “I just left there, and I did take some

�Mackey, Michael
fire going in.” And he went on anyway. Well, we all would’ve done it anyway. It’s no big deal.
(34:11) But he got shot down. So that’s how I knew about that one.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Okay. All right, and then that—basically that crashed on top of the [?]
bunker, and the whole 105 mm battery kind of went up.”
That’s the day I flew twenty-seven straight hours.
Interviewer: “Okay, so what were the—What were your other missions now? Once that
happened, what were you doing?”
Resupplying all the firebases around Ripcord to support them because they had no way to fire
anymore, and they were just kind of a sitting duck. So all—I remember Gladiator and
Henderson, I think, were two of the ones that we resupplied all night long.
Interviewer: “Okay. Yeah. All right, and then, of course, a few days later they give up, and
they decide to evacuate the firebase. So what do you recall about that?”
Yeah. I’m getting short then. I don’t have much time left in country, and I’m really not supposed
to be flying anymore because about the last thirty days we just would fly bus runs and easy
missions that weren’t dangerous so that we could get home. And they were short of aircraft
commanders, and I remember them telling me I was going to have to fly again. And I remember
the briefing that evening and them telling us what we’re going to do. And it was—It was pretty
scary.
Interviewer: “So what happens to you?”
We went in—I forget what number ship I was—and to pick up a 155 Howitzer and evacuate it. I
was either three or five. Somewhere in the middle. There were like—I don’t want to say
seventeen, eighteen. I don’t remember how many ships there were, but I was in the middle sort
of. I went in there, and I remember—Just as I settled over the load, I remember three explosions
right in front of me, and then the gun or the crew chief said they were three right behind us,
which they’ve got you bracketed. And just as I picked the load up and pulled off, they said three
came right down where we were. (36:06) And I smoked back then, and I think I smoked a pack
of cigarettes in fifteen minutes. And that was my last official flight in Vietnam other than I might
have flown a bus run to a hangar or something after that but nothing dangerous after that.
Interviewer: “All right. Now when you got to Vietnam, was your father still there?”
No, because it had worked out with a transition and everything. I was going over as he was
coming back. And then as I was coming back, my brother was going over.
Interviewer: “All right. Now you’re coming back at this point. How much time do you have
left on your enlistment?”
I have—I took a direct commission, so I have probably two years.

�Mackey, Michael

Interviewer: “Okay, so at what point did you get the direct commission?”
I got it in Vietnam about mid-tour.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, so now you’re a commissioned officer. So you moved up to
the next level.”
Right.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, and then when you come back, where do they send you
next?”
Fort Rucker, Alabama.
Interviewer: “Okay, and what do you—Now you had mentioned getting armor training at
some point.”
Oh, yeah, I went through the armor basic course en route to Fort Rucker.
Interviewer: “Okay, so why were they having you do that?”
I was an armor—They gave me a commission in armor, which is tanks. So my thinking—I didn’t
have to go to that. I requested it because I figured if I was going to stay in, I needed to have that
because Vietnam was ending. They’re going to have a big reduction in force. I knew that. And I
figured that if I wasn’t at least basic course qualified in armor, I would get rifted, which is, a
reduction, of course, and removed from the service. So I did that and went to that first.
Interviewer: “Okay, so what did you actually do during those two months?” (38:06)
You learned to be a tanker, which was interesting, and it was very cold. This was—I don’t know
what—Maybe it was September, October.
Interviewer: “Was that at Fort Knox?”
Yeah, Fort Knox, Kentucky, and it was—With the wind chill—And we played night defensive
position and in tanks. Tanks didn’t have heaters, and it was like minus twelve degrees with the
wind chill. And I’d just got back from Vietnam and 120 degrees or whatever it was. I about froze
to death. But the tanks were fun. The tanks were a lot of fun. I was amazed with their accuracy.
Interviewer: “Okay, and what kind of tanks were you in?”
A M60.
Interviewer: “Okay. Yeah, those ones were kind of too big for Vietnam.”

�Mackey, Michael
Yeah. Well, yeah, they were too big for Vietnam, and they were kind of too outdated for
nowadays. But they were still fun.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, but did you do that just because you had to have a
specialization as an army officer, or…?”
Yes, it was pretty much that because the reason that they gave warrant officers direct
commissions was because the people with the branches in the department of the army knew there
was a reduction of force coming. And they wanted to keep their branch qualified people. So if
they gave warrant officers a bunch of direct commissions, when the quota came down, they’d rift
them.
Interviewer: “All right, but while you train in armor, they don’t assign you to armor. They
send you to Fort Rucker. You’re back with aviation. Okay, and what’s your first job at
Fort Rucker?”
First job at Fort Rucker is the S1 of the Student Aviation Battalion. Student Aviation Battalion is
the battalion that trains all the student aviators. Warrant officers, candidates, and officers are all
under Sixth Battalion.
Interviewer: “Okay, and were you doing actual training or just administrative work?”
(40:01)
Administrative work. I was an admin. Pencil pusher.
Interviewer: “All right, and did you like that job, or did you want to get out of it?”
I liked it pretty good. Yeah, except we had to go to every graduation party, and it just got to be—
Every week I was going to two or three parties.
Interviewer: “Did you still get to fly at all?”
Yeah. You still have to fly. You have to maintain—I think it was eighty hours a year to maintain
your qualifications.
Interviewer: “Okay, and how long did you do that?”
I was probably doing that for a year. Little over a year.
Interviewer: “Okay, and then did you get a new assignment after that?”
Yeah, Army Community Services. I was the Army Emergency Relief officer.
Interviewer: “What do they do?”

�Mackey, Michael
It’s like a loan or a grant company for GIs who are in financial trouble, and I make the
determination whether they get the money or not. And back in that time frame it was pretty
important because nobody got paid anything. It was just a struggle for enlisted people to—just to
survive. And so—And we were kind of a direct liaison between Fort Rucker and the
communities around there, which was also pretty important at that time.
Interviewer: “Okay. Okay, so what groups or institutions in the community did you deal
with?”
I just dealt primarily with the military part of it. We had other sections that dealt with the
community. But I actually didn’t have to wear a uniform. I wore a coat and tie to this job. And
occasionally I had to do a briefing for incoming wives or something to tell them what was
available on a post. Things like that. And we worked directly for the post commander. Two star
general.
Interviewer: “Okay, okay. All right. Now did you live on the base or off the base?”
Off.
Interviewer: “Okay, and did you have a family at this point, or were you still single?”
Yeah, I had a wife and a little daughter. (42:01)
Interviewer: “All right. Now somewhere along the line you had reenlisted? Or did that
come along with becoming the officer? You just had to extend, or…?”
No. No, what happens with the army back then was when you first take commission, you have a
certain obligation that you promise to fulfill. But you can make an agreement with the army. It’s
called a voluntary indefinite, which—I volunteer to stay as long as I want to, and you volunteer
to keep me as long as you want to. So I can stay basically until they decide they don’t want me
anymore or I don’t want to be there. So that’s what I was. Voluntary indefinite.
Interviewer: “All right, and so how was it that you wound up leaving the army?”
I got tired of it. They—I forget what year they changed to the—They call it the volunteer army.
Interviewer: “About ‘73, ‘74.”
Yeah, somewhere in the mid ‘70s. Somewhere around there. And they just started getting some
really, really bad people. They were taking anybody. And then I also came down on orders to
Germany. Took me out of aviation and put me in a tank company in Germany, which is—even
for experienced armor officers—is a killing ground. I mean, they just chew you up, spit you out,
and—
Interviewer: “Why was that bad?”

�Mackey, Michael
Well, they put you in the field, and so many of those guys that were—They got relieved out there
of their commands in armor. And plus, I didn’t want to be in—I wanted to fly. I didn’t want to
ride around the tank in the cold. So I had to make a decision. I’d been in close to nine years, and
I felt in my head if I stayed ten, I had to stay the other ten, which is maybe stupid. But I still
thought that, so I just quit.
Interviewer: “Okay, so the—You know, there’s a, you know, fair amount out there about
sort of the decline in morale in parts of the military and stuff after Vietnam or at the end
and sometimes problems with the all-volunteer army. You know, but sometimes, I mean,
aviation units might at least still get better people than other places. But was it still a—But
you were even seeing that in your area?”
Yeah, even in aviation it was starting to get that way. (44:22) My last year in the army I was in a
medevac company. Medevac detachment. And we had a Medical Service Corps major that liked
to go out in the desert in El Paso and play army. And we had an active mission. We had MAST,
which was Military Assistance to Field Unit Traffic—I think what’s they called it—where we
supported the civilian community as well as military. So we would have a first up where you
slept on the airfield, and if a mission came up, you had to go out on it. And we had a second up
that would go in and fill in for the first up if he went up. So you’d have first up, second up, and
then a day off basically. And this major liked to take us all out in the field for a week. And we’d
go out and set a tent up, and about two o'clock in the morning, he’d wake us up and tell us to
pack up. And we’re going to move and set up camp somewhere else. And we did that, and I
just…
Interviewer: “It got a little—Okay. Couple of other kind of general Vietnam questions.
There’s a lot of stereotypes about what went on in Vietnam and so forth we kind of take for
granted, and one of them has to do with drug use. Did you see any evidence of that while
you were over there?”
Very little. Aviation units—We didn’t—There was some marijuana smoking. I’m sure of that,
but other than that, no, we didn’t really—We didn’t really see it.
Interviewer: “Yeah, and another one has to do with race relations.”
Saw that, saw that.
Interviewer: “Okay, and how did that play out with what you saw?” (46:02)
Well, we had a lot of—In 101st, we had a lot of fraggings. They had little, outdoor movie
theaters back at the base camps where you’d—Guys could set up—watch a movie. There were
people rolling hand grenades down there fragging people. I actually had—Officer of the guard—
One night—It was either New Year’s Eve or Fourth of July or something, and the lieutenant that
ran the perimeter told me—said, “Now at midnight I don’t want anybody shooting off star
clusters or anything, and if they do, I want you to go take care of it.” Well, about midnight this
Duster—40 mm track vehicle—started shooting off star clusters. So I went over there like I was
told. And I was beating on the back of this thing, and he finally lowered the ramp. But smoke—

�Mackey, Michael
marijuana smoke—came out like crazy. And these two black guys came out and locked and
loaded their M16s, and I said—I don’t remember—something to the effect of, “This is
Lieutenant Mackey, and you need to not be firing them star clusters. And they said, “Lieutenant,
you better find your ass away from here.” And that’s what I did. Too many officers died of
friendly fire. I didn’t want to be one of them.
Interviewer: “All right, but, I guess, for the most part, your—the aviation unit itself didn’t
have that sort of issue.”
No, no. No, we didn’t—We didn’t have—I don’t remember that we had too many black people,
but any of them that we had were—There was no problem. We never had any kind of a—
incidents.
Interviewer: “Yeah. There were other guys who were sent to the rear from other places.”
Yeah, the—Usually, the people on the perimeter were the dregs that other companies didn’t
want. They’d just send them out there, so you’re dealing with bad people, both black and white.
But it didn’t matter. Yeah.
Interviewer: “Yeah. All right. Now once you leave the army, now what do you do?” (48:04)
Let’s see. I opened an Indian jewelry company with my roommate who was a West Point
graduate. We did that for a while and part-time I was working security for Concerts West. I ran
security for them in El Paso for rock concerts. And then I got in the car business, and that’s
where I stayed for many more years.
Interviewer: “Yeah. How did you wind up in El Paso?”
Fort Bliss, Texas is where I got out, and that’s El Paso, so…
Interviewer: “Oh, okay, so after Fort Rucker, you’re in Fort Bliss.”
Yeah, I went to—Well, I went to Korea. I didn’t—We didn’t get to that part yet.
Interviewer: “Korea! Yes, tell me about Korea. You hadn’t mentioned Korea before.”
Well, I went from Fort Rucker to Korea. And I liked Korea.
Interviewer: “Okay, okay. What was you job there?”
I was the operations officer for a Chinook company.
Interviewer: “Okay, and where were they based?”
In Camp Humphreys.

�Mackey, Michael
Interviewer: “Okay, which is near anything in Korea? Was it near the DMZ, or…?”
Anjeong-ri. Or Osan’s close by. Pyongtaek.
Interviewer: “Okay. How far were you from the DMZ?”
Probably seventy miles, eighty miles.
Interviewer: “Okay, so you’re someplace south of that.”
Yeah, yeah, I’m not on DMZ.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, all right. Yeah, and so how are you spending your time
there?”
Badly.
Interviewer: “Okay, so there wasn’t a whole lot of stress there at that point, or…?”
No, there was no stress. I was just behaving badly.
Interviewer: “All right. Okay. How long were you there?”
A year.
Interviewer: “Okay, so when was that?”
‘73 to seventy—No, ‘72 to ‘73. I’m sorry.
Interviewer: “All right. Okay, so you tried on some different places at different points. In
Germany and Korea and so forth and in Texas. Okay, so the last assignment was in El
Paso. Yeah, and so that’s when you were doing all of that with the medevac—”
Yeah, in El Paso. Yeah.
Interviewer: “Yeah. Okay. All right, so the car business. All right, so as car dealer, seller,
repairer…?” (50:12)
Seller for several years. I did several different things in the car business. I was a used car
manager, finance manager. I owned my own little car lot for a while. I was a wholesale manager
for a large multi-dealership. Multi-franchise dealership.
Interviewer: “Okay, and how do you wind up in South Carolina?”
I left El Paso. I partied a lot in El Paso. And I don’t if that was from Vietnam or not, but I was
having fun, I thought. There’s a bar I used to go in all the time that Bandidos bikers used to hang

�Mackey, Michael
out in, and I knew most of them. We were fine. But one of them I didn’t like, and he didn’t like
me. And one night we—He had a lot too much to drink, and I had maybe too much to drink. And
he came around threatening people at the bar, and I decided when he got to me, I was going to hit
him with a long neck Bud. And I did. Well, the next day one of my other friends in the Bandidos
told me I better get out of town because he planned to kill me. So I left. I mean—And it just so
happened I had a friend who had a friend who was the ferrying aircraft for a living, and he was
ferrying one to Myrtle Beach from El Paso. And I told him, “Well, I’ll fly co-pilot for you and
help you fly and navigate.” And he said, “Fine. Come on.” And he dropped me off in Columbia,
and that’s how I got back there.
Interviewer: “Okay, okay. All right, so what year was that?”
That was 1980.
Interviewer: “Okay. All right, and so what kind of career then did you have after that, or
did you stay with cars, or…?”
Yes, sadly.
Interviewer: “All right, so how do you think they—You suggested a little bit. Do you
think—I mean, have you been diagnosed with PTSD or anything like that?”
Oh, yeah.
Interviewer: “And when did you kind of…”
Find that out?
Interviewer: “Find that out. Yeah.” (52:01)
I actually—I’d never—I didn’t know the VA could do anything for us because they never told us
anything. That we could look for help. Well, one day I had a—I forget what—Back of my hand I
had something just start popping open. It scared me. I thought it was skin cancer, and it turned
out to be that. But it was not a bad one. And I had no insurance. I didn’t know what the hell I was
going to do, so I figured I might as well go to the VA and see if they can help me. And I go out
there, and I get a very nice, old doctor. And he told me all the things that they could do for me.
He looked at that, and he set me up with the cancer people and set me up with a psychiatric
evaluation or something where I went and I actually talked to a lieutenant colonel in the army
who had been—Prior service in—Oh, he was a lieutenant colonel in the army with prior service
in the Marine Corps as a machine gunner in Vietnam. So I was talking to him. Just—We were
having a discussion, and he was asking me questions. Kind of like you asking me questions. And
he said, “You know, you have PTSD.” And I said, “No, I don’t.” And he said, “Yeah, you do.” I
said, “No, I don’t.” So they set me up with a shrink, and I went to this shrink for—VA shrink for
probably ten years. And she finally just wrote a letter and said, “Yeah, you’re screwed up.” But I
don’t know. I guess they based a lot of—I changed. I must have worked for thirty different
people after I got out of the military. I just was everywhere. Somebody pissed me off, I quit. I

�Mackey, Michael
didn’t care if I was making a hundred grand a year, I’m not going to—If I think I’m right, I’m
going to leave.
Interviewer: “Yeah. All right. Now did any of the therapy or anything like that eventually,
you know, help you get control of stuff or cope with things better, or…?”
Maybe a little. I think talking to her helped a little bit, but—And just, I guess, maybe
acknowledging the fact that maybe I did because I really didn’t believe I did. I mean, I just—
Interviewer: “Well, there’s different kinds. I mean, there’s the reflex stuff where you
respond to noises or you don’t want to—You always want to have your back to a wall and
know where the door is. There’s those kinds of things. And then there’s just other things
that are more a question of the moral injury or just the feelings about what you saw and
went through and things like that. They work in a lot of different ways.” (54:17)
Yeah. Yeah, I used to have bad nightmares. I mean—And it wasn’t—I feel guilty about having
them because the guys that are actually here—They were on the ground here, and I just—I’m in
awe of them. I mean, I’m just in total awe. I couldn’t have done what they did. No kind of way.
Interviewer: “Hard to tell until you’re in it as far as I can tell.”
Well, maybe that’s true, but man, they—I almost sometimes feel guilty about being here.
Interviewer: “Well, I don’t think they’d agree with you.”
That’s what they keep telling me.
Interviewer: “You had a job to do, and so did they. And yours at times was really
dangerous and really scary. You just got to sleep in better conditions than they did.”
Right, and I can run away faster.
Interviewer: “Yeah.”
But yeah, I—I just—And coming to these has been very helpful. I go to Vietnam Helicopter
Pilots Association reunions. It’s not the same as talking to these guys. I’d rather talk to these
guys because I know what the helicopter pilots went through because I was there. But to talk to
the guys who were down there, who were supporting, it’s much more interesting.
Interviewer: “Yeah. All right, well, this actually—I think actually this is a good place
probably to kind of close out, and I just want to say thank you for taking the time to talk to
me today.”
Great. I enjoyed it. (55:31)

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Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. &#13;
&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections.&#13;
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