504 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/77e86b59cd4a62e6d186ec68f0805b6b.pdf cbeb0969542020980fb6129c3d00371e PDF Text Text ~GRANDVALLEY ~STATElJNivERSITY SCHOLARSHIPS: GVSU LGBT SCHOLARSHIP This award is given to an LGBT or ally student, based in part on the student's support of LGBT students, issues, and concerns. WEST SHORE AWARE SCHOLARSHIP CONTACT INFORMATION Location: 1161 Kirkhof Center Hours: 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. Mon .-Fri . Additional Wed. hours: 6 p.m . - 9 p.m. Phone: (616) 331-2530 Email : lgbtcenter@gvsu.edu Web site: www.gvsu.edu/lgbt This scholarship was created by West Shore Aware, a philanthropic organization of gay men and women striving to create a positive image by working for the communities in which they live. The purpose of this scholarship is to provide financial assistance to students who demonstrate a positive sensitivity to and involvement in issues relative to the LGBT community and who promote visibility by service to the larger community. @ GRANDVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY LGBT R ESOURCE C ENTER Gra nd Valley State U niversity is an affirmative action, equal opportu nity in stirution. lt encourages djversity an d provides eq ual opportu ni ty in educa tion, employment, all of its programs, and th e use of irs fac iliti es . .l t is committed to protecting the constitutio nal and statutory civil rights of persons con nected with the university. 11/ 08. ® Printed o n F SC-certifi cd paper co ntain ing 10% posrco nsumer fi ber. LGBT Lesbian, Cay, Bisexual, and Transgender RESOURCE CENTER �LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender RESOURCE CENTER The LGBT Resource Center is the focal point of GVSU's proactive approach in making the institution an inclusive and supportive environment for all university community members, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and intersex students and their allies. The center offers: • A welcoming environment with gathering space • A wide variety of helpful resources and referrals ONGOING LGBT CONFERENCE The center offers a conference session on a topic of current interest such as LGBT and race, gender and sexuality, LGBT leadership, political issues, and spirituality. The center's Holiday Open House serves as the December conference activity. LGBT LEADERSHIP ROUNDTABLE This monthly event offers information and discussion related to leadership in general and leadership in the LGBT community in particular. OUT 'N' ABOUT Grand Valley's Student Gay/Straight Alliance meets weekly on Wednesday nights at the Kirkhof Center. Sponsor of: • National Coming Out Day in October • National Transgender Day of Remembrance in November • National Day of Silence in April LGBT AND SPIRITUALITY ROUNDTABLE Spirituality and religion have powerful significance in many ways with regard to LGBT people. A central feature of this roundtable is to promote dialog among those for whom this is an important topic from a wide range of perspective and experience. • An LGBT Library • A commitment to trusting relationships LGBT WRITERS WORKSHOP • A place of contact for concerns related to LGBT issues This workshop offers several opportunities each year to discuss LGBT writing with those who are writing and publishing on this topic. MENTOR PROGRAM Each semester the center offers an opportunity for new LGBT students at Grand Valley to be matched with a student who has been here for a while to help the new student become familiar with what Grand Valley offers. OTHER LGBT ORGANIZATIONS ATGVSU: LAVENDER GRADUATION Each April the center and other organizations at the university sponsor a ceremony to recognize LGBT students and their allies who are receiving Grand Valley degrees. And many other special events. ALLIES & ADVOCATES Allies & Advocates' goal is to develop and maintain a network of informed faculty and staff who are willing to be visibly supportive of students who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender, and who will work to foster a campus climate in which all students, regardless of sexual orientation or identity, may feel safe, supported, respected, and affirmed. GVSU LGBT FACULTY AND STAFF ASSOCIATION This association represents the diverse community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender faculty and staff of GVSU and supports the Grand Valley mission to establish a community where diversity is welcomed, encouraged, and supported. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2009_Pamphlet Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource LGBT Resource Center Informational Pamphlet Description An account of the resource Information on the center, resources, affiliate organizations, and scholarships. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a85aa981d5cccbddfb57505d0df4faad.pdf b039c0712aeb8a359ddfbe9837ab50df PDF Text Text LGBT Resource Center introduces new programs New resources, programs focus on · freshmen, leaders, social justice GVL / Rane Martin Inclusion: Greek students are trained to support the LGBT community during the Greek Allies and Advocates Certification Program. It was held at the LGBT center. By Samantha Butcher GVL Senior Reporter The LGBT Resource Center on Grand Valley State University's Allendale Campus is extending its programming this academic year. In addition to its ongoing LGBT conferences, support groups and student organizations, the center is introducing the following three new programs: the Freshman Queer Alliance, a support group for first year students, Pipeline, an LGBTA .leadership program, and Change U, a social justice training series. Colette Seguin Beighley, the center's assistant director, said the programs were created based on student demand. "Freshman Queer Alliance and Pipeline were developed directly from our focus groups and online surveys we did last year," she said. "Our ongoing conferences were based off of students' interests as well." Freshman Queer Alliance will meet weekly throughout the fall semester on Wednesdays from 6:30 p.m. to 8 p.m and begins on Sept. 22. The registration deadline for the program is Sept. 20. "It's really sort of a safety net, welcoming program for freshmen on campus," Seguin See LGBT, A2 �T continued from page A 1 Beighley said. "We really want to provide a place for them to get to know each other, to get to know what's happening with the queer community on campus and also to get to know campus a little bit better." · Pipeline will hold bimonthly meetings on Tuesdays from 6 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. The registration deadline is Friday, and registration forms for both programs can be found at http://www.gvsu.edu/ lgbtrc. Attendance at all sessions is required for both programs. Members of the FQA and Pipeline will have the opportunity to participate in a Spring Break Alternative Experience in Washington, D.C. Seguin Beighley said they plan to visit several LGBTA-rights organizations but will plan · the trip around students' interests. "It's an exciting year at the LGBT Resource Center,' she said. The center's largest program is Change U, DISCOVERING THE RIGHT Fir: AN INTRODUCTION TO FELLOWSIIlPS & YOUR FUTIJRE Discover your sttengths talents, and passions. We are here to assist you in designing a plan to ~ help you attain fellowship goals you set for yourself. Workshops will be held on September 15: 2:00-3:SOpminHR.Y 115 7:00-7:SOpm in HON 114 Advanced registration appreciated, e-mail fellowships@gvsu.edu if you plan to attend. For questi~ please contact Amanda Cuevas at 331-3219 or fellowships@gvsu. du Discover. Dream. Destiny. a social justice training series that will occur during the winter semester. The program will meet on Thursdays once a month from January through April. At each meeting, two speakers who work in various social justice movements will discuss how their work intersects. "It looks at the power of working together and seeing our issues as interconnected, rather than silo-ed work," Seguin Beighley said. Registration for Change U opens on Oct. 1 and closes Nov. 1. Change U is also offered as a special topics course, LIB 380: Social Justice Engagement. Students interested in more information can visit http://www.gvsu.edu/ socialjustice. The LGBT Resource Center will also hold a rainbow social on Wednesday. New and returning students are encouraged to Join the center in the piano room in Kirkhof for rainbow sherbet and entertainment by Liz Snively of LVNMUZIQ. The resource center's five student organizations will also be on hand. Students interested in the LGBT Resource Center, its programs or its organizations are encouraged to attend. The LGBT Resource Center is located in Room 1161 Kirkhof Center. sbutcher@lanthorn.com � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2010-09-13_Lanthorn_New-Programs_Newspaper.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-09-13 Title A name given to the resource LGBT Resource Center introduces new programs Description An account of the resource Newspaper article by Samantha Butcher discussing new programs offered through the LGBT Resource Center aimed at creating support groups for freshman students and educating student leaders about LBGT issues. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Sexual minorities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/db314e2367deba2b45c336df646187bf.pdf 8ad4e0fd3ba1981ff377504beb92f599 PDF Text Text LG Bl Resource Center receives third Arcus grant By Bre'Anna Tinsley GVL Intern For the third time, Grand Valley State University's LGBT Resource Center was awarded a $150,000 grant from the Arcus Foundation. 1'~. $150,QOO . '~Building Community, Emrowering . the MoVement" grant will be used during the next two academic years'. ·The Kalamazoobased foundation provides money ·to empower stu- SEGUIN BEIGHLEY dents to create change for · the LGBTQ community in · the grant in.January 2010, .Grand Rapids. one of 138 grants worth Thecenteralsoreceived a total of $16 million the foundation awarded that year. Funds from the Arcus grant have supported . several projects for the LGBT Resource Center, including their co-sponsorship of the documentary "A People's History of the LGBTQ Community in Grand Rapids" and the social justice _training program Chang~ U, now entering its second year. Colette Seguin -Beighley, director of the LGBT Resource·-Center, said the programs such as Change U that the ·Arcus grant d· GVSU st . · . GVL Archive udent Johnnie Thompson (left) assists with a ·presentation in the LGBT Resource Center. The _n~er wa_s J_ust awarded a two-year, $150,000 grant from the Arcus Foundation for: the third time. The social st1 ce trainmg program Change U, currently open for registration, was funded by a previous grant. ~ar · . supports focus on educating and mobilizing the community. "The purpos·e of Change ·U training is to provide students, faculty, staff and community members with concrete skills to build a strong interconnect~d justice movement in West Michigan," she said. "This training will examine intersecting systems oppression and focus on connecting students to local justice movements." RegistrationforChange U, a four-month training program that begins in January, is open at www. gvsu.edu/socialjustice. The grant also provides money for staff and students to attend conferences and money for the cen. ter to continue to respond to ·anti-gay activity ·in the community. news@lanthorn.com . Grand Valley Lanthorn MONDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 2011 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2011-11-07_Lanthorn_3rd-Arcus-Grant_Newspaper.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-11-07 Title A name given to the resource LGBT Resource Center receives third Arcus grant Description An account of the resource Newspaper article celebrating the GVSU's LGBT Resource Center's third Arcus grant from the Arcus Foundation to support their projects. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Sexual minorities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bc123fd48d83cceaaafb5abe28e7ee45.pdf e72774d6a31827efac639d4df639d777 PDF Text Text GVL / Brian B. Sevald The LGBT Resource Center has· redefined it~ use to meetings with staff, center functions, seeking resources and related programming. Students are no longer permitted to simply socialize in the center. LGBT Resource Center shuts its .door to socializing New policy redefines centers use; limits use to meetings, programs, library after concerns about ~clique' environment By Samantha But~her GVL Senior Reporter Last week, the LGBT Resource Center closed its space to students. The change limited the center's functions to meetings with staff, receiving resources, participating in programming and using the libraries. Students will no longer be allowed to meet up and socialize inside the center. The change, which took effect on March 15, was made after some students expressed concerns about a "clique"like environment, said Colette Seguin Beighley, assistant director of Grand Valley State University's LGBT Resource Center. The center took several steps to gauge student opinions, holding · focus groups and surveying both students who regularly used the Resource Center and students who did not. Beighley said she and others at the center were aware of the strong student reaction to the change and were working with students to ease their adjustment. "I believe that at first many of the students who hung out in the center daily were confused, hurt and angry," she said. ''That was very painful to see. The center staff made every effort .to be available to have conversations with students in order to support them through this change. Our goal was to help students develop a new way to engage in the mission and vision of the center. We were very committed to maintaining every relationship with the students we serve." One of these students is Amy Simpson, the education chair changes. Beighley said being for Out 'N' About. Simpson supportive of students is still one said she used the center on an of the center's top priorities. "We are completely almost-daily basis and also committed to having any frequently uses its resources. "Initially, I was somewhat conversation that is needed with put off by the decision," she our students," she said. "What I said. "Since fuen, I have thought have seen is that students have it through and spoken to some been able to come up with people. Although I still think it creative ways to participate was not necessarily done in the more fully in the work of the most appropriate way, I think center." there are positives that can come She also noted students have out of it." created a new social space in Beighley said the decision the piano lounge in the Kirkhof was made to make the greatest Center, outside the LGBT number of students possible Resource Center. comfortable using the space, "It is so good to look out incl~ding students who were and see them there, be able to walk out and visit, as well as new to the center. According to a note have them stop in to discuss the distributed projects they are working to students, "The whole of "Use of center on," she said. campus should be "We have space must considered a safe be sensitive had some wonderful to the work environment." opportunities and mission of the LGBT to collaborate." AMY SIMPSON Simpson Resource OUT 'N' ABOUT Center as well said although EDUCATION CHAIR students are as to students walking still adjusting, through the door for the very the changes helped to push first time." students outside of their comfort Simpson, who attended one zones. "The whole of campus of the center's focus group and filled out a survey, said she was should be considered a safe she said. not aware of the extent of the environment," "Although the center was a changes being considered. "I was unaware that this comfortable environment, it is would result in the center's important for us to realize that decision to close in a social GVSU'scampusdoesnotbelong sense, but I think it would be only to its heteronormative dishonest to say that nobody students. Campus is ours, and thought change was coming," we need to remember that." The LGBT Resource Center she said. The center has been available is located at 1161 Kirkhof to counsel students who have Center. sbutcher@lanthorn.com had difficulty coping with � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2010-03-25_Lanthorn_Closing-to-Socializing_Newspaper.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Title A name given to the resource LGBT Resource Center shuts its door to socializing Description An account of the resource Newspaper article by Samantha Butcher discussing recent changes to the LGBT Resource Center's open door policy. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Sexual minorities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d6b97829ea6ed8fe0c1a011f43022fd4.pdf a6e3c2362766e7ef2c708f9e597f3ab2 PDF Text Text ACROSS CAM PUS continued from page 1 individual surveys was also taken into account. Students were asked to rate their own schools on several issues, from accessibility of professors to the quality of food on campus, and answer questions about their experiences and campus life. LGBT Resource Center to celebrate anniversary The 2017-2018 academic year marks the 10-year anniversary of the creation of Grand Valley's Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center. Celebratory events are planned in October for the center, which opened in 2007. It was named posthumously for its founding director and professor ofliberal studies, Milt Ford, who worked at Grand Valley for more than 40 years. Ford died in 2014. Two events are planned and both are free and open to the campus community and public. An event on October 17 will run from 6-7:30 p.m. at the Eberhard Center. Remarks will be made by current students, alumni and Gary Van Harn, budget manager and assistant for the Padnos International Center, who was Ford's partner. He has led the Allies & Advocates program and is the founder of the GVSU Faculty-StaffLGBT Scholarship. The second event will include community members and is set for October 18 from 6-9 p.m. at Creston Brewery in Grand Rapids. The brewery will donate proceeds made that day to the center's action fund. Jen Hsu-Bishop, director of the LGBT Center, said the center has grown t.remendo_usly through the years. The growth includes three endowed scholarships, an annual event that features a nationally renowned speaker, ar1d student engagement and support programs that reach hundreds of students every year. "Ten years ago, there was a real need for a center to support students in the LGBT community," Hsu-Bishop said. "Since then, we've positioned ourselves to be leaders, and have established valuable relationships with people on campus and in the West Michigan community." For more information, visit gvsu.edu/lgbtrc. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2017-09-10_Forum_10-Year-Anniversary_Newspaper.pdf Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-10 Title A name given to the resource LGBT Resource Center to celebrate anniversary Description An account of the resource Article celebrating the GVSU Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center's ten-year anniversary. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Sexual minorities Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/385151e874e7e703300550d9cc86d308.pdf 8176c668e02c1ae5df70b7c67447d852 PDF Text Text GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY LGBTQ STUDIES MINOR gvsu.edu/wgs The lesbWI, gay, biso:ual, tramgcndcr, queer (LGBTQ) srudies minor is an inccgr.ui~-c, interdisciplinary program chat examines Wues and dd,ates about so:ualiry and gender. Engaging in an.aly~is of the intersections of so:ualiry and gender with rac:c, class, and n.aiional idcmiry, LGBTQ studies equips studcn~ with crir..ical thinking, writing, and l~nhip skills that will prepare them for a wide range orfidds. Program Overview The LGBTQ minor requires c:omplction of at least 21 credits. including the following core courses: • WGS 224: lncroduction to LGBTQ Studiei • WGS 365: Queer Theory • WGS 491: Contemporary Theory and Practicum Coursework Scudcno may swdy a Vllficry of wpics, including: • Anthropology • Lesbian, gay. queer culrurc • Biology • Sexual orientation and b.w • Communir;y/social change • Social work • History • Sociology �Career Options LGBTQ studies minors can apply their education co careers in: • Counseling • Human resources • Governmental and nongovernmental agencies • Law, policies, and lobbying • Health professions • Social services • Nonprofit organizations • Higher education leadership Why Study LGBTQ at Grand Valley? • Students develop interdisciplinary understandings and take advancage of cross-cultural opportunities at GVSU. • Students in LGBTQscurues benefit from study abroad opportunities as well as individual research. • Students may participate in co-curricular activities with GVSU's Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center, Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity, and Office of MulciculturalAffairs. • Faculty members actively engage with students and foster commitment co the communiry through internships, service learning, and volunteering. For More Information Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies gvsu.edu/wgs 229 Lake Ontario Hall (616) 331-8025 wgs@gvsu.edu Admissions Office gvsu.edu/admissions ~ GRANDVALLEY ~ STATE UNIVERSITY Grand Valley State Umverslty ls an affirmative actlO(l, equal opportun,ty 1nst1tution Thlsbrochurewaslastrevlsedon07/19/18 GrandValleyStateUnivers1ty2018 V1s1t our onlme catalog, gvsu.edu/cata/og, for current degree requirements and curriculum mformat1on. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_WGS_2018_LGBTQMinor_Brochure.pdf Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Title A name given to the resource LGBTQ Studies Minor Description An account of the resource Brochure with information on the requirements for the LGBTQ minor and why students should consider studying this. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Gay and lesbian studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Department Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4031db59431d18501aaa855ddf09a2a6.pdf 5cbbff54d03d5b75c583ad27540b472e PDF Text Text - LGBTQI Students of Color Reception @ GRANDV\u..Ev SrATE lJNivERSITY LGBT RESOIJlCE CENT£R Tuesday, August 28th 4p.m. LGBT Resource Center 1161 Kirkhof Center refreshments rovided � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2012_LGBTQI-Students-of-Color-Reception-Flyer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-08-28 Title A name given to the resource LGBTQI Students of Color Reception Flyer Description An account of the resource Small flyer announcing the place, time and date of the 2012 reception. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Minorities Gay pride celebrations Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ced921ce9af7d1f593f4f98a1f1d04b5.pdf 538228f0e35c94197cdf56145edb0e3a PDF Text Text LGBTQI Students of Color Reception Tuesday, August 28th 4p.m. LGBT Resource Center 1161 Kirkhof - GRANDVALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY LGBT RESOURCE CENTER refreshments provided If you need assistance please contact the LGBT Resource Center at lgbtcenter@gvsu.edu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2012_LGBTQI-Students-of-Color-Reception-Poster Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-08-28 Title A name given to the resource LGBTQI Students of Color Reception Poster Description An account of the resource Poster announcing the place, time and date of the 2012 reception. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Minorities Gay pride celebrations Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3daf9a9a9b4b8246247feefc48266b43.jpg acf40c53dd6b1b31c27db2499c5a22c8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/690d9f5b8531e72a7b9fa8457d6f78fe.jpg 8d1497695a4d5a0f25e1241c2a54ef5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0201 Title A name given to the resource Li-Tai-Pe: Nachdichtungen Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1933 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Li-Tai-Pe: Nachdichtungen, by Klabund, published by Insel-Verlag, 1933. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 201 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.201 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/78a89c5d8924c521c2bc92d14d6a401f.jpg be6133323d2d60592b0453e3f1955286 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Lincoln and the Civil War. PS1556 .L5 1904 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0148 Title A name given to the resource Li'l' Gal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Margaret (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of Li'l' Gal, by Paul Laurence Dunbar, published by Dodd, Meade and Co., 1904. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1904 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/abefb29e9d5b91174179feab212c3594.pdf a45937265b97578b36d70fa413d65060 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liber chronicarum (Nuremberg Chronicle) [folium 6] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_006Schedel1493 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schedel, Hartmann, 1440-1514 Description An account of the resource One leaf of Liber chronicarum (Nuremberg Chronicle) by Hartmann Schedel. Printed in Nuremberg by Anton Koberger for Sebald Schreyer and Sebastian Kammermeister in 1493. Illustrated by Michael Wolgemut and Wilhelm Pleydenwurff with woodcuts and red rubricated initials. [GW M40784; ISTC is00307000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Nuremberg: Anton Koberger Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Woodcuts 1490-1500 Schedel, Hartmann, 1440-1514 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1493 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wolgemut, Michael (illustrator); Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm (illustrator) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6a3744bfcd90d7ebfb3226e788d823d1.pdf cba328ecf2901c7100b068f6f767a53d PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liber chronicarum (Nuremberg Chronicle) [folium 7] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_007Schedel1497 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schedel, Hartmann, 1440-1514 Description An account of the resource One leaf of Liber chronicarum (Nuremberg Chronicle) by Hartmann Schedel. Printed in Augsburg by Johann Schönsperger on February 1, 1497. Illustrated. [GW M40786; ISTC is00308000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Augsburg: Johann Schönsperger Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Woodcuts 1490-1500 Schedel, Hartmann, 1440-1514 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1497 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d6ad0a0cbb9bf49fc7238327bc5a2107.pdf 834f3decc4bf1c38ed37c11fa1da5926 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liber Discipuli de eruditione Christifidelium [folium 155] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_155Herolt1483 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herolt, Johann Description An account of the resource One leaf from Liber Discipuli de eruditione Christifidelium by Johannes Herolt. Printed in Strassburg by Jacob Eber circa 1483. Illustrated with red rubricated initals. [GW 12328; ISTC ih00093000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Jacob Eber Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1483 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec0c5fbb256c0e23fd87c5bab31288fe.pdf 8524dadbc13112b315957172fa1a37f5 PDF Text Text 1945 - 1.9 85 40th Anniversary Liberation of The Netherlands COMMEMORATION WASHINGTON, D.C. May 4 and 5, 1985 �-2- BOOKLET PRESENTED BY THE ROYAL NETHERLANDS EMBASSY REGARDING THE COMMEMORATION OF THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS ON WHICH OCCASION SOME EVENTS WERE HELD ON MAY 4 AND 5, 1985 IN WASHINGTON, D, C. �-3- CONTENT I INTRODUCTION BY HIS EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR RICHARD H, FEIN II PICTURES (COPYRIGHT MARY JOYCE HARDEY) Page 4 - WREATH LAYING CEREMONY AT ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY, VIRGINIA 6 - CEREMONY AT THE NETHERLANDS CARILLON IN ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 7 - COMMEMORATION OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS HELD AT THE CHANCERY OF THE ROYAL NETHERLANDS EMBASSY 8 - WELCOME OF THE GUEST SPEAKERS BY AMBASSADOR RICHARD H. FEIN 9 - CONCERT G1VEN BY MRS ELLY AMELING AND MR RUDOLF JANSEN 10 III ADDRESS OF THE NETHERLANDS AMBASSADOR, RICHARD H, FEIN AT THE NETHERLANDS CARILLON, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA, MAY 4, 1985 11 IV WELCOMING REMARKS BY AMBASSADOR RICHARD H. FEIN AT THE CHANCERY 12 OF THE NETHERLANDS EMBASSY ON MAY 5, 1985 V ST , EUSTATIUS AND BASTOGNE, THE PAST THAT BROUGHT US TO THIS DAY - MAY 5, 1985 BY MRS BARBARA W, TUCHMAN 14 VI THE AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS BY DR LOUIS DE JONG 24 VII ON THE SPOT, PERSONAL EXPERIENCES IN WW II NETHERLANDS BY BRIG ,-GEN , NICHOLAS E. ALLEN (RET , ) USAF 29 VIII MUSIC PROGRAM TO COMMEMORATE THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS ELLY AMELING, SOPRANO RUDOLF JANSEN, PIANO 31 �-4- INTRODUCTION This year, 1985, The Netherlands, as many other countries, celebrated the 40th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. In a sense, this fourtieth anniversary had a ~pecial character, since it represented what could be called a watershed. The generation that had actually lived through the events of World War II in their early youth was being overtaken gradually by a generation for whom those events were past history, Thus, for some this anniversary represented an occasion, perhaps the last one, to look back and to remember in sorrow. For others it represented a victory and a beginning of what now is. Now it so happens that in The Netherlands the end of World War II is traditionally commemorated each year on two different days: on May fourth we remember the dead and on May fifth we celebrate the victory , This distinction became, as explained, especially relevant on this fourtieth anniversary , Also in Washington D.C , this distinction ·was respected. Another distinction that should be born in •mind is that The Netherlands was liberated by two different efforts: those of our allies and especially the Americans and those of our own, Dutch forces, both military and of the resistance, A third distinction I should wish to make on this anniversary, is that the liberation of The Netherlands was achieved by two different efforts: by force of arms based on political and philosophical concepts, and by spiritual force, rooted in our culture ,· This too we tried to reflect in our commemorative celebrations here in Washington . Thus, rendering homage to · the elements I mentioned, on May fourth, first of all, in an impressive ceremony performed by the US military forces, we layed a wreath on the Tomb of the American Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetry. Immediately thereafter we went to the nearby Netherlands Carillon, a gift of the Dutch people to the American people, and some Dutch music was played and a few speeches were made in honor of the Dutch resistance and military forces and the many civilians who gave their lives. The next day, May fifth, there were also two events. In the afternoon, at the Chancery, there was a gathering and speeches on the political perspectives of the liberation were made by American·historian Barbara Tuchman, Dutch historian Lou de Jong and Brigadier-General Nicholas E, Allen USAF (ret,) who was a member of the 82nd Airborne Division, In the evening, at the Embassy Residence, a concert was presented by Dutch soprano Elly Ameling and pianist Rudolf Jansen, both outstanding representatives of to-day's Dutch culture, �-5- We ar e most grateful to all tho se who participated 1n these events . Apart from tho se already ment i oned I s hould like to thanK es peci all y the Commanding Genera l U.S, Army Mil i ta ry Disttic t of Wa shi ngto l"I , MaJot General John l , Ballantyne and the Superi ntendent of Ar l i ngton Nat iona l Cemetery Mr Ray J . Con sta nzo and als o Mr John Byrn e of the Nati onal Pa rk Serv ice and Deputy Ch i ef of Chapla i ns U. S. Army Bri gaai er Pau l O. Fo rs berg . A speci al wo r d of appr eci at i on goes to Mr Frank Laws who pl ayed the Nethe rl and ~ Ca rill on fo r many yea rs but unfort unatel y pa ss ed away the end of Ju ne , Th i s booklet i s offer ed i n tr i bute to the men and women , Ame r i can and Dut ch, who contributed to and made sa c.r ifi ces fo r the l ibera tio n of my coun try , We do so al so i n the hope that fut ur e gene r at i ons l ea r n f r om i t . The Amba ss ador Ric ha r d H. Fei n �-6- May 4, 1985 Commemoration of the victims of the Second World War Wreath laying ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia Foreground left: Ambassador Richard H. Fein Foreground right: Major General John L. Ballantyne Commanding General U.S. Army· Military District of Washington, D.C. �-7- May 4s 1985 Commemoration of the victims of the Second World War at the Netherlands Carillon in Arlington, Vi r ginia FROM PEOPL E Of AMOS Speeches delivered · by Ambassador Richard H, Fein (center) and Brigadier-General Paul 0. Forsberg, Deputy Chief of Chaplains U,S, Army (left) On the right Mrs Richard H, Fein Afterwards music was played at· the Netherlands Carillon by Mr Frank Law �-8- May 5, 1985 Commemoration of the liberation of The Netherlands Speeches at the Chancery of th-e R-oya,l Netherlands Embassy From left to right: Dr Tuchman, Mrs Barbara Tuchman, Ambassador Richard H. Fein, Mrs Fein, Mrs Allen, Brig,-Gen, Nicholas E, Allen USAF ( ret). �-9- May 5, 1985 Commemoration of the liberation of The Netherlands A series of speeches was delivered at the Chancery of the Royal Netherlands Embassy From left to right: Ambassador Richard H. Fein, Mrs Barbara Tuchman, Dr Lou de Jong and Brigadier-General Nicholas E. Allen, USAF (ret) For their speeches see index . �-10- May 5, 1985 Commemoration of the liberation of The Netherlands Concert given by Dutch soprano Elly Ameling at the Residence of Ambassador and Mrs Richard H. Fein Mrs Ameling was accompanied at the piano by Mr Rudolf Jansen, also from The Netherlands �-11- Address of the Netherlands Ambassador~ Richard .H. Fein, at the Netherlands Carillon~ Arlington, Vi rginia, May 4, 1985 Today 40 yea r s ago the Nether lands was l i berated from the wo r st 5 yea r s in the hi story of our country . Those wer e years of great sufferi ng and i nhuman sacrifi ces. There was a great loss of life, both civilian and military . Ci vi l i ans by tens of thousands gave · their lives for their political or religious beliefs , Many Dutchmen gave their lives simply because they wanted their country to be free .· The Dutch armed forces, even after the country had been occupied, as was most of continental Europe, continued their military oper ations aga i nst the enemy from the·,British isles o They waged war in the air and at sea, and fina ll y again on land~ in the lowlands across the sea. We are grateful to England for providing our Queen and our government in exile and oar· armed · forces · the opportunity to continue the fight in those years when all seemed lost . And we have a debt of gratitude to the other allied forces, but especially to the United States of America for coming to our rescue and turning the scales of fortune of this cruel war and finally l i berating our country and restoring our freedom and ou r democracy, We are here today to r emember and hono r those who gave thei r l i ves in that struggle· for survival and liber ation of the Netherlands , We honor the Dutch civilians and -the resistance fighte r s and the military; not only the soldier s of our own · nation · but also those of our all i es who gave their l i ves fo r ou r freedom , In so doing · we are · resolved that those sacrifices wi ll not have been in va i n. Even-as the generations change and move along, we know that if we stand united·and strong we · can say to those who gave their lives 40 years ago, as we · can say to our children, that it wi ll never happen again , �-12- Richard H, Fein Netherlands Ambassador to the United States Chancery· of the Royal Netherlands Embassy May 5, 1985 As most of you know, in The Netherlands we commemorate the events of World War II on two different days, May the 4th and May the 5th , It was so decided almost 40 years ago for what might be called practical reasons'' . It was felt, even then~ that it would be appropriate to separate, on the one hand, the commemoration of the dead, of those who lost their lives · in •that terrible war, therefore a sad and sober occasion; and on the other hand the celebration of oar· final victory, our liberation and the restoration of our democracy ander ·our Queen, the old Queen Wilhelmina, of whom Churchill once said that she was the only man in Europe (but that was some· time earlier than -the ·war we are concerned with today) . 11 11 11 11 , 11 Therefore, as most of you know, yesterday, on the 4th of May, we went to the · military cemetery in Arlington and we did two things . First, most appropriately I think, we placed a wreath on the tomb of the American · unknown -soldier, · thereby rendering homage to the valiant American fighting men ·who·had · given their lives for us . Next, we went to The and listened to some freedom fighters and of·coarse, about our Netherlands · Carillon, nearby, and we said a few words music- in commemoration of the Dutch, both civilians, the mtlitary who died in that war, and we also spoke, allies. But today is the 5th of May and we are here, mainly, for a different purpose: to remember the positive events and to celebrate our liberation and to look forward ·with confidence · to our future . To do this we have been most fortunate in securing the cooperation of some friends who are eminently qualified · to speak to · us on this subject on this occasion, today . In the first place there is Barbara Tuchman, a historian whom I have always greatly admired and·whom I sometimes try to copy when I write my reports, not very successfully I 1 m afraid, Imitation, as you know, is the greatest compliment. Barbara Tuchman will speak to us about Sint Eustatius and Bastogne, the past that brought· us to this day, May 5, 1985 11 11 , She will, if I am not mistaken, pick up the American-Dutch military cooperation from· its historical conception~ way back, two hundred years ago, when the young American Republic was being born, a process in which the Dutch took an interest and gave a helping hand. We are looking forward to her words with great eagerness. �-13- Then we are also most grateful to Dr Lou de Jong who has come from Holland to · be with us this day. He will talk about our next encounter in history, when,·4o years ago the · United States repaid its modest debt · to The Netherlands -with a huge interest; he will talk about the U.S. contribution to our liberation . Finally, and we kept him to the last, we will hear from the personal experiences · of a man who did not· write history, but who made history, Brigadier General Nicholas E. Allen~ who actively participated in the American military operations in The Netherlands , �- 14~ St . Eustatius and Bastogne The past that brought us to this day - May 5, 1985 by Mrs Barbara W. Tuchman As we assemble here on the anniversary that we are al l thankfully celebrating. I would like to rec a 11 for you two epi sodes of our mutual hi story - without which there might be no free Netherl ands today and no independent United States, The two central figures in these episodes may be known to some of you, but I expect not so many . I would like to draw them out of the dim mis ts of history and present them so they may share in the honors of our celebration . The nearest in time was an American, Genera l Anthony Clement McAu li ffe, artillery commander of the 101st Air borne Division in World War II, who di ed last summer in Washington at the age of seventy seven. On the eve of D-day, June 6th. 1944, he parachuted his troops i nto Normandy and after seven months hard-fought progress northward found himself holding the Belgian village of Bastogne again st the thrust of the last great German offensive of the wa r , known to us as the Battle of the Bulge . The offensive, as you r emember, was intended to smash its way through to the coast, seizing Antwerp, divi din~ the British and American ground forces from each other and, had it succeeded, isolating the Netherl ands f~om he~ allies and cutting her off from access to the coast . American for ces in the Ardennes, trying to stem the German advance, were putti ng up a strong but outnumbered defense . Bastogne as the hub of several roads ma rked out for the advance of the German tanks, was a decisive po i nt , Surrounded by the enemy the First SS Panzer Division at odds of four to one, the Americans 1 numbering • Barbara W. Tuchman is a non-academic historian, and autho r of A D1S1ANT MIRROR, THE GUNS OF AUGUST, THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM, STILWELL AND lHE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN CHINA, among other works . She received the Pu li tzer Price for general non-fiction in 1963 for THE GUNS OF AUGUST . Born In New York City in 1912, Mrs Tuchman graduated from Radcliffe Col l ege in 1933, and then served as a researcher for the Institute of Pacific Relattons9 including a yea r in Tokyo 1934-35 , She has worked for 1'The Nation"~ "The Satut'day Even i ng Po st" . The Washington Post", and wrote for a score of othe·r publications from all parts of tne world . �about 10~000 gripped the position through seven days of ceaseless battering at a cost. among others, of eighty-six Americans killed in what his tori ans of the war remember as · the··Ma lmedy massa cre. On December 17, 1944 members of a U.S; ·battalion were herded·together after their surrender to be shot down by pistols and machine guns . Today it is difficult to avoid reference to ·that other ceremony that had just taken place in Germany by our visiting chief of state whose gesture of reconciliation may not seem a· happy choice to families and· comrades of the victims of Malmedy . Five days after that episode, the defenders of Bastogne received an ul ti ma tum demanding their surrender from Genera 1 Heinrich von Luttwi t.z • commander of the SS Panzer Division, opposing them , The ultimatum required a decision within • two hours, failing which the Germans would destroy the defenders ~ the town and all the people in it, McAuliffe fa ced a military and moral decision of fearful import staking the lives of all his men and of the Belgian•civilians against the defense of a critical allied position . He did not weigh or ponder the values for to do so would have reduced him to paralysis. Instead, obeying his instant reacti on, he scrawled on a piece of paper a one word reply - "Nuts!" and handed it to a junior officer to deliver - Mt;Auliffe 1 s classic reply is no doubt known to all of you as it is known to all Americans, but the response of General von Luttwitz on receiving this curiously wo r ded message may be less familiaro "Does that mean Yes or No?" he asked, explaining through an aide that he did not understand the English expression . The American messenger was glad to oblige with a translation, "My commander's reply is "Nuts" he said, "It means go to hel'l - you can understand that, can 1 t you? 11 • Upon the defenders' refusal of surrender, the battle to dislodge them was pursued . For another week under the Panzer 1 s fearful hammering and systaining heavy casualties, McAuliffe 1 s troops held grimly to their position until, on the day after Christmas, the American 4th Armored Division from the south broke through to relieve them . Testifying to the intensity of the struggle, they found the batt1 eground 1ittered with the debris of two hundred German tanks , The prolonged American resistance at Bastogne, like the unexpected Belgian resistance to the German invasion of 1914, threw the German plan of offensive off schedule, and nothing is so intolerable to the Teuton i c mind as a disarranged schedule , After the relief of Bastogne their offensive lost energy and conviction, As it was by now overextended, Hitler 1 s generals advised withdrawal, advice which the F~hrer of course ignored o Allied counter=attacks now moved forward al1 along the line and by the end of March crossed the Rhine at Remagen br1 ng1ng the war onto German soil . On all the we~tern fronts in France, Austria and Italy advances were general while in the East Soviet forces penetrated the outskirts of Berlin , The rest you know, On the last day of April Hitler comm1tted suicide, leav i ng Admiral Doenitz as his successoro On May 4th Doenitz delivered to General Montgomery a proposal of surrender of the German forces in the northern zone including the Netherlands . At 8 a,m, the next morning. May 5th. 't0aay 1 s anniver sary, the surrender became effective , Three days later on May 8th, the British and Americans proclaimed VE Day, �-16- We must all want to draw a deep breath upon recalling the closing of that terrible five years ordeal . Then I should like to go back two hundred years to an action by the Netherlands, less dramatic but decisive for my own country. In the 1770's when the American colonies were in the midst of their revolution to overthrow the dominion of Btitain, their fortunes depended on obtaining arms and ammunition. St. Eustat1us, a small Dutch island of the Lesser Antilles or Leeward Islands ly1ng about 200 miles east of Puerto Rico at the northeast corner of the West Indian chain, proved to be the horn of plenty and primary transmission point of supply . A rocky, barren volcanic outcropping, barely seven square miles in area it was an unlikely place for a rendezvous with history, Its closest neighbor, eight miles distant was the British island of St. K1tts . Antigua~ Barbados, St . Croix and other British, French, Dan1sh and Spanish islands of the Lesser Antilles were ~cattered around . Set in the midst of the rich multi-national West Indies • St, Eustat1us had nothing but its location and the will and energy of a thriving mercant1le people to make it a hub of international trade and among the most prosperous of its neighbors. The indomitable will of the Dutch people had already carr1ed them through an eighty years war of rebellion to overthrow Spanish sovereignty and brought them through by their seafaring enterprise to overseas empire and to an equal role w1th the great powers. As such they were not now disposed to acquiesce readily to British dictation as to what their ships could or could not carry as contraband to the colonies or submit to search and seizure on command . 9 From the beginning, Dutch instinct for commerce had led their rulers to reject the system prevailing among other nations of attempting to monopolize the commerce of their colonies, and had adopted instead the principle of free colonial trade. As a free port, St , Eustatius had flourished as the focus, according to British complaint, of all clandestine traffic to the Colonies and a storehouse of the goods of all nations. Merchants and shippers reaped the proceeds and found a profitable opportunity in American offers to buy arms, food,clothing, meaical supplies and all the needed provisions to feed a hungry war, for which they pa1d high prices . The pressure of the merchant class, represented by the formidable Dutch West Inaia Company which held a monopoly over trade with America, and perhaps, too, the open sympathy of popular opinion with the cause of the colon1es induced the States General, governing body of the Netherlands, although favoring the British as fellow-rulers, to declare the Republic neutral in the war between the Brjtish crown and its colonies , According to the laws or doctrine of the time, a neutral had the theoretical right to pursue a normal trade with either belligerent so long as the goods provided did not operate to the mi 1 itary disadvantage of the other. At the same time the theory allowed a belligerent to prevent the subjects of the neutral state from supplying military supplies in aid of its enemy , Between these two assertions - the right of a neutral to trade and the right of the belligerent to interfere to stop the trade - there could be no reconciliation. Determined to take advantage of this opportunity, Dulch merchants and nav1gators, bra~ing the physical and financial risks, were soon making it pay richly . Wealth filled their warehouses. The American colonies sent the i r products, - tobacco, �-17- indigo~ 5ugar - to exchange for naval and military supplies and other goods from Europe" Their agents in Amsterdam arranged the purchases aod the delivery to St" Eustatius for trans-shipment some 1.400 miles across the Atlantic to the American coast where Cha,letton 1n So~tn Cafo11na was the nearest port. Vessels l oaded with 1,000 to 4,000 pound~ made tne,~ way to Amer1ca , To the rebels plagued by a shortage of gunpowder. St , Eus tati us made the difference ,. "A favorite way to take amm;_ioi on to the Americas"., reported a pro-British merchant to tn~ Br·iU:;h Amba; .s ado'(, "is to load for the coast of Africa but then go to St . Eustatius where the cargoes are instantly bought up by the American dgents ''The Br•tish ~igorously protested and in October 1774 proclaimed the e:x:po-rt. ot "wa1i1ke sto"'es" to the co:onies in America to be contraband. t, Unwilling to risk war with Britain, which nad at that t1me more than one hundred warships of sixty guns each compared to sixty-odd of the same type each for France and Spain and eleven for the Nethe~lands. the States General complied -with the protests ~ In March 1775 it announced to its subJects a s1x month~ prohibition of shipments of contraband and other stores, even clothing, under penalty of confiscation of the cargoes, and neavy t i nes. As an unbearable restraint on their lucrative tradei the order aro~sed wrathfu l ~esentrnent and was routinely disobeyed , I must put in a word here about conditions in the Netherland~ at tne time, The glories of the seventeenth century 1 s Golden Age had faded leav 1 11g an o1igarchy of ruling families governing in stiff conservatism under the f1fth Prince of Orange as hereditary stadtholder, with executr ,1e and legis1at ·h e power exercised through the States Gene·:-a·1 ,. As men of pr operty, the States Genera 1. fear fog the revolutionary tendency of the American rebels against estab11sned authority and the infection of·politica1 theories breeding in France, favored the British, a11 the more as their own pr1nces were closely connel ted w1th tne British Royal family, William III of Orange through Stuart aricestry ana ma,"r1age to Mary. daughter of tne overthrown King James II of Eng1and, nad oeen 1niited to assume the English crown in 1688 , As William III. he betame King of England and reigned together with his consort as William and Mary , The ruling stadtholder and Prince of Orange in the 1770 1 s was a cousi11 and naturally swam in tne o~bit of the British monarchy, al though the major1ty of his ~ubjects did not . l~ey supported the American cause mainly to show opposition to tne1r own ~u l ing cl 1ss , and for a more cogent reason , They anticipated that the free1ng of the Ame,,ic.an colonies from the grip of British mer cant1lism would weaken the British and open to the Dutch the possibil1ty of a vast commerce which was expected 1n the words of one enthusiast to, ''multiply like sand 1 ' . Exasperated by the defiance of Dutch shippers, the Br1t1sh augmented their guard of the island sea roads to check on ships heading across the Atlant1c. Ironically British vigilance threw West Indian commerce even more tnto the hands of neutral Netherlands and enriched the free port of St . Eustatius . lhe barren i ittle island was 11 d1fferent from all the others 11 sala Edmund Burke in a speec. n of 1781, when SL Eustatius was in the public eye " "It had no ptod1.1ce- . - no fon i f1cat 1 ons for its defence, no rnania1 spirit nor rnil ita-ty r egii"iation.s --" lts ut11H.y was its defence ., - . The universality of its use; the neijt~a11ty of its natuie was its security and its safeguard" Its proprietors in tne spir1t of commerce had made it an emporium for all the world .,, Its wealth was prodigious, arising from its industry and tne natute ot hs commerce" �-18- By a strange twist of history, this very wealth would become the factor that was to entrap the British in defeat , But that is getting ahead of eventi . Stil l i n 1775 , the States Gener~l fn response to inc reas i ng British 1nsistence that the traito~o ·s r ebels 1n the colonies must receive no aid or nouri shment from any friendly powe r , agreed to appoint a new governor of St . Eustatius to r eplace the incumoent who was regarded as too favo rab l e to the American cause and too lax restrain i ng the smuggling·of· contraband . I must now introduce to you the McAuiiffe of this situation . Although not a hero in the McAu l iffe sense he is yet a figure who played a determining role 1n the course·of ·events when the outcome wa s st111 uncertain and he dese rv es our r emembrance . His name, Johannes de Graaff, though litt l e known 1s, I am glad to say, now permanently preserved in St , Eustatius on a bronze plaque over the signatu re of Pr esident · Frank11n Roosevelt . De Graaff was appo i nted 1n mid-1776 as the new Gove r nor . Ac cording to compla i nts made about him by fellow residents of the island, he was a "r<ich man owing a numbe~ of farms and holding mortgages on many others, being thus in a position to hold many·people dependent on him, the more so as he put friends and relatives in administrative office so that he entirely controlled the five-man assembly or Counsil of St . Eustatius . Evidently autocrati c , he was complained of for acting arbitrarily . Such · ev1dence makes it quite cl ear that De Graaff was not a·nominal or absentee governor, but fully aware and in contr ol of the activities on hi s island , If he was expected to put guards on the port to suppress the smugg l ing trade, any such hope was disappointed c He proved to be even more of a parti san of the American cause ·than his predecessor , The port is "opened without rese r ve to American ships protested an English sea captain, while the American agent in St . Eustatius, Van Bibber of Maryland wrote home, I am on the best terms with H, L the Go·vernor· ... Our Flag flys current every day 1n the road , , , The Governor is daily expressing the greatest desire and intention to protect a trade with us her-e ; 11 The · nutch West India Company, which emp l oyed the Gove r no r , could hardly have been ignorant of these sentiments, and being eager to augment its revenues from the American trade, doubtless appointed him for that reason . 11 , 11 In that same summer when De Graaff took office, history lurched 1n a shake-up that changed the balance of the world when in July the united Ameri can Colonies proclaimed ·their Declaration of· Independence as f ree and sovereign states . Three months later the Congress authorized a navy to consist initially of four ships of ten guns each with two battalions of marines for manpower . When the infant arm was but nine days old, the Congress gave it an active function by announcing that British ships were open · to ·capture in retaliation for raids on American coastal towns " This was news that excited De Graaffi s bold sp i rit for-~ as we shall see, he acted upon it, or assisted its perforcmance, whether de 'l iberately or not we do not know , Before doing so, he committed the audacious, and from the Br i tish point of view, outrageous act for which he is known , On November 16, 1776 an American vessel of the new-born Navy, the Andrew Doria, bearing ·a commission from the colony of Maryland and flying the 13-stripe flag of the Continental Congressj entered the po~t of St . Eustat1us where it dropped �-19- anchor and fired an eleven gun salute in the tustomary ritual on entering a foreign po:rL To the astonishment of a·n, Fort Orange, the lone fort of St . Eustat l us, returned the salute with either nine o~ el even guns (the number is disputed) thus registering the first recognftfon in hi story of the American flag by a foreign nation . The date was almost a full year, eleven months to be exact 1 before the startling American victory at Saratoga in October 1777 showed that the raggle-taggle colonial troops were a substanti al force that might actually wfn , This was the event that decided France, Britain "s great enemy, to enter into overt alliance with the Colonies and by the addftion of her fighting force enable American indepenaence eventually to prevail, I do not pretend that De Graaff 1 s salute had a comparable impact on American fortunes, except indirectly by what it led to, as you shall hear , More than a mere routine ritual as De Graaff later pretended when under investigation, the salute was intentional and deliberate , In the subsequent furor, the commander of Fort Orange testified that he had been reluctant to fire Dut the Governor at his elbow had ordered it and the applause of the islana ' s lnhab1tants tells why , It confirmed to them that De Graaff was not going to enfor ce the prohibition of contraband or cut off the wealth it engendered . St. Eustatius rejoiced. After the salute, as the Maryland agent reported, the Captain of the Andrew Doria was 11 most grac.iously received by his Honour and all ranks of people , , . All American vesse1s here now wear the Congressional colors . . , and Toti es sneak. and shrink before the Americans her e , 11 Wrath in London, when informed of the salute by obsetve s of SL Kitts, was tremendous, and hardly mollified on learning that the Andrew Doria on depart i ng had taken on arms and ammunition fo( the Americans , Denouncing the salute as a 'iflag,.,ant insult" to His Majesty 1 s colors, the British informed the States General in the most peremptory terms that it must formally disavow the act, punish the culprit, and recall and dismiss the Governor of St , Eustatius . Further, unt111 satisfaction was received, they warned that, nH1s MaJesty will not delay one instant to take such measures as he will think due to the i nterests and dignity of his crown" . A storm of diplomatic missive~ descended on the Hague transmitting statements by the Governor of St. K'itts that the i nhabitants of St , Eustatius had "daily and openly" furnished supplies to the Americans, adding sorrowfully that it was a Dutch colony belonging to a friendly nation that had "ass 1 sted the Americans in their treason and hact become the protectors of their buccaneering '' , The reference to buccaneering referred to another outrage when De Gr·aaff, no doubt informed by the Captain of the Andrew Dor1a of the American claim as a full-fledged belligerent, to capture British snip-s. , had allowed an American privateer, the Baltimo,·-e Hero, to .sei ze a Btitish vessel within r ange of the guns of Fort Orange and return afterward, so the British said, to the roads of St. Eustatius, "apparently enjoying eve'('y p·r otection" . Moreover when given a chance to explain himself to the Gover"or of St , kitts, De Graaff nad refu5ed to enter 1n any discussion " �-20- meant that the Netherlands recognized the American par·~ in the struggle as an equal belligerent, not merely as rebels, Nevertheless the Dutch Republicg divided by the pro-American party of Amsterdam and the pro-British party loya "l to tne Prince of Orange, was unprepared to meet tne threat of war~ and ordered the recall of De Graaff and the post1ng of cruiser& off St, Eustatius to search Dutch ships for- arms and ammunition and other contraband , Pleading reasons of health and family responsibilities, and the burden of official duties, De Graaff tried to avoid going home, but was not excused , On his return in 1778 he was examined by a committee of the Wes t India Company. He maintained that the salute · to the Andrew Doria was a regulation courtesy to passing vessels with no regard for nationality and that it did not imply recognition. With regard to the trade with American vess-eh, he said St, Eustatius depended on outside sources for all its supplies and ne believed it was his duty to do· nothing to disturb its commerce , Outgoing cargoes were examined as strictly as possible, but there were always men who would vto1ate the rules. He denied the charge of equipping American vessels, exept to let them take on provisions and water for a period of six weeks and the charge of daily furnishing contraband. He demanded witnesses and asserted that it would violate his commission as governor to prosecute anyone without a plaintiff or condemn without evidence , Proudly 11 he insisted, '1 no one on earth" but his superiors was entitled to call him into account for acts of his administration. As for the· Baltimore Hero, he stated its action had taken place outs1de the range of his guns and he could no more have prevented it than if 1t had taken place off the coast of Africa. Taking the offensive, he charged that the Netherlands had more to complain of in British conduct than the other way around and reminded the Committee that two Dutch merchant ships had been seized for alleged contraband and·should be released with their cargoes and indemnity paid for costs and damages . ·Obviously pleased by this approach. the examining committee reported De Graaff 0 s defense to be perfectly satisfactory and recommended to the States General tnat he be returned to St, Eustatius as Governor, With more courage than bureaucracies normally exhibit, the States General~ refusing to bow to the British, accepted the verdict and sent De Graaff back to resume to governor ~htp in 1779 . Selfrespect for its sovereignty was no doubt one motive and the knowledge that De Graaff would keep open the gainful trade with the Colonies to the satisfaction of the merchant class was certainly another. In all this business of supplying the rebels, the primary Dutch interest was undeniably a profitable commerce rather than liberty, Commerce is generally considered a purpose and an act1vity on a lower level than · combat, but if judged by achievement of useful ends and in being less destructive and cruel, it should occupy a higher plane of respect than all that banging around amtd bloodshed that men so love . De Graaff resumed his post at St . Eustatius in 1779. His return was an insult to the Br1t1sh rather than the satisfaction London had demanded and they began to contemplate active reprisal . 9 The salute of the Andrew Doria and the incident of the Baltimore Hero seem to have given impetus to the shipping ventures of St. Eustatius , Es~ecially after De Graaff 1 s return as Governor, the trade of his island with the Americans visibly increased. �-2i- In thirteen months of 1778-79, according to the records of the Dutch admiral in command of convoys for merchant vesse1s~ 1,382 vessels sailed from the island, just about three a day . Although dest1nat1ons were of course unrecorded, an unusual number of heavily loaded ships reached Charleston and Philadelphia in this period . One vessel. sto pped and searched by the British, was found to be carryi ng 1,750 barrels of gunpowder and 750 stands of arms~ complete with bayonets and cartr1dge cases . Fo r- the a 1most empty American war cupboards, supplies 1i l<e these sustained them in action . In their turn the Americans shipped to St . Eustatius 12,000 hogsheads of tobacco and 1,5 mi lli on ounces of indi go in exchange for naval supplies, The governor-who presided over all this activity is memorable fo( rio act of heroism or heroic utterance like McAu11ffe :s» but rather for steady unwavering purpose effective l y pursued . The i mpo rtance of what he did to promote and encourage the prov isi oning to the Colonies' s~ruggle was recognized by contemporary Americans by the naming of two P"·ivateers for him and his wife, and by a selfdescribed "grateful American cit1zen 11 who in honor of the "fi r st sa ·! ute" commissioned De Graaff 1 s po rtrait. It now hangs i n the state house of New Hampshire . Mo r e notably. in December 1939 when the Netherlands lay 1n the path of German offensive Pres1dent Roosevelt. always proud of his Dutch ancestry and wishing, one can su:m1se, to express solidarity with the land of his fathers 1n this dark hour 1 delivered to St , Eustatius on board the training battleship Wyoming a p1 aque to be presented as the President's gift bea rin g the inscription, in commemoration of the salute to the flag of the Un ited States fired in this port November 16, 1776 by order of Johannes de Graaff i n reply to a national gun salute fired by the U,S , brigantine Andrew Doria , Here the sovereignty of tne United States was first acknow l edged to a national vessel by a fore i gn off1c1al 11 " Rooseve1t 1 s words confirm De Graaff salute as nolding a permanent place in Ame rican annals. British indignation at the unstopped flo~ that repeatedly rescued the rebe1s from the brink of empty arsenals reached a pitch in 1780 The government decided that no matter how drastic the method, the flow mu5t absolute l y be stopped, In December 1780 Britain decla r ed war on the Netherlands. and de ; patched the Admiral commanding West Indian waters~ Sir George Brydges Rodney, under secret orders, to seize St . Eustatius , At this point. the third significa~~ acto~ 1n my story takes the stage, not hero but ant i -hero . In naval service since the age of 14, a rea·r Adm iral at 40. Rodney had cornlll6nded the Leeward Islands station in the late war with France and had ca ptured Martinique, Grenada and other islands from the French . Like many British offi cers, h~ held a seat in the House of Commons where he was widely regarded as an opportunist who gave his support to whatever minister had favors to bestow, He has been described by one historian- as a "complete slave to women and gambling 11 and by another as ''the · most enterprising and irascible, able and bombastk, intolerant, in tolerable and successful British naval office r between Drake and Nel son . " His fatal weakness was money. or to be more preci se avaricej the sixtn dead l y sin , rle wa s re po rte d to have spent 30,000 Br itis h pounds to win hi s seat 1n Par li ament and had fallen so deeply in debt from his other expensive pu rsui ts that he f l ed to Paris to es ca pe his creditors, Recalled to serve in the Ameri can war, he was promoted to full Admiral and given the West Indian command in 1778 - �-22'.t Well knowing the wealth of St, Eustatius he himself had advised his government to undertake the capture for, as he wrote, the West Indies "Is the golden mine of the moment", where the most immediate reprisal might be made 11 wi th most effect, for it was SL Eustati us, Curac;;ao and other Dutch settlements, but, "above a 11 the former", that were the chief source of supply to the rebels , " Apprised of the Deel a ration of War and of his secret orders on January 27, 1781, he set sail on the 30tn and appeared before St , Eustatius on February 3rd to demand the instant surrender of the island and all it contained , With a garrison of only 50 or 60 men and a naval force in the roadstead of only one 38-gun frigate and five smal1er American vessels, there was no possibility of defense against Rodney 1 s 15 ships-of-the-line and 3,000 land troops . Given an hour to surrender unconditionally, De Graaff after firing two broadsides as a show of resistance to satisfy the nonor of the Dutch convoy commander in the harbor, surrendered, as did a large body of American sailors on the island who ·offered to fight but were cut off by the British from food, The taking of St. Eustatius was complete , He hoped, Rodney reported to the Admiralty, it would never be returned to the Dutch as 11 it has been more detrimental to England than all the forces of her enemies, and alone had contributed to the continuance of the American waro" That was a definitive tribute from the enemy, Rodney confirmed it e·ven more emphatically to his wife when he wrote, 11 Thi s rock, of only six mil es in 1ength and three in breadth, has done England more harm than all the arms of her most potent enemies, and alone supported the infamous American rebellion°" That an island so important to Dutch interests should have been left defenceless after the British declaration of war was a condition of the 18th Century , There was no means of communication to alert the governor much less of rapid deployment of reinforcements (none too reliable, one suspects, even today) , Rodney found loot on St , Eustatius like the treasure of Monte Cristo, beyond his expectations, enough to restore his fortunes, intoxicate his avarice and, in the end, betray his mission , "The riches of SL Eustatius are beyond all comprehens1on 11 he wrote his wife. Off shore 130 ships were taken with their cargoes valued at half a million pounds sterling . More than 50 American vessels loaded with tobacco were seized and hardly a night passed without an additional capture, All the houses on the island were filled with goods and even the beach covered with tobacco and sugar . The island according to Lord George Germain, British Secretary at War. was a "vast storehouse of military stores of all kinds 11 • The inhabitants of St . Eustatius had waxed so rich on trade, that the annual rent of its houses and warehouses amounted to the huge sum of a million sterling, and altogether the whole va1ue of the prize was estimated at more than three million sterling , So preoccupied was Rodney in counting his spoil and holding auctions of seized property (which rightfully belonged to the new sovereign power). that he could not bring himself to leave for duty on the high seas. The lure of the money gathered on St . Eustatius by the genius of Dutch commerce proved as decisive for the American Revolution as did the defense of Bastogne long afterward for tne liberation of the Netherlands , Rodney remained on the island for three months, more intent on wealth than on war, While he delayed, Admiral De Grasse, commander of the French West Indian fleet set sail, unwatched, with 3,000 French troopst across the Atlantic �-23- · for the ·meeting that would decide the fate of the New World. His destination was Chesapeake Bay, where in reply to a plan of General Washington he had promised .t o be· avatl able with his entire force for operations by midOctober : In that expectation, · Washington and his French ally, General Rochambeau were marching from Rhode Island to Virginia with 16,000 French and · American troops to take up battle against the British army under Lord Cornwallis at the coastal base he had established at Yorktown. Unmet and uncontested by Rodney's fleet, now holed up·at . St. Eustatius while its commander -stuffed his pockets, De Grasse passed by unseen and made good his ·promise, landin~ ·ahead of time . Arriving off Yorktown on August 30th, he set up a naval blockade of Cornwallis's position ·and sent his marines to reinforce · Lafayette in the sealing off of Cornwallis by land. At the same time he s·ent ships to ferry the bol k of Washington I s and Rochambeau I s troops from the · head of· the Chesapeake to the •rim of Yorktown . I shall not take up your time with the further course of that famous siege. With Cornwallis unable to break out, •it ' ended as the world knows, in his surrender and the· triumph·of the·American Revolution . The climax has no connection •with today• s· anniversary except in so far as the Netherlands, through · st ~ Eustatius and •its governor~ helped to bring about the conclusion at Yorktown ·; ·rn · memory of that share in American independence, ij gif~ in advance, so~to speak, in exchange fo~ America's share through McAuliffe and his men in ·· the liberation of the Netherlands, I am glad to recall for you a vital Dutch contribution· to my .country. �-24- The American Contribution to the Liberation of The Netherlands by Dr Louis de Jong* Attending yesterday the sober and m~ving ceremony on Arlington National Cemetery, I once again realized that oppression and liberation, mourning and joy form but one style entity like night and day. I was, as many of you, haunted by countless memories, in particular however of a visit I paid over twenty years ago to the remnants of the most typical expression of the essence of Nazi Germany: the concentration-camp of Auschwitz , Auschwitz I, the original camp, mostly consisting of the buildings of the Austrian garrison which had been located there. The 19th century was, I felt, too much of a contrast to what it had been at the time of the Holocaust: too well-preserved, too well-ordered, too placid - everything I saw: the tidy barracks, the splendid trees, the Museum even, imposing itself, the reality of the sixties covering, hiding so to speak, the reality of the forties, Auschwitz II, Birkenau, however, the huge camp that the German SS had had built in 1 41 and '42 at the cost of tens of thousands of human lives, was nearly bare. A gate building, a few drab sleeping barracks ( not much more than extended hovels), a railway track, remnants of a ramp, and where the chimneys of the gas-chambers, never flattened by Allied or Russian bombs, had risen into an indifferent sky, a few heaps of stones. Here free run was given to that human faculty which, I am confident my distinguished colleague Barbara Tuchman will agree, is essential for any historian: his creative but controlled imagination. Creative because he has to combine everything he is as a human being and everything he knows in order to recreate the past, controlled because he has to stay within the narrow bounds of what really happened, Standing there all alone, I had an overwhelming feeling of being right in the middle of a vanished world of suffering, infinitely distant from my own country. Silence was absolute, There was not a bird in the sky. There was a faint smell of a foul morass, There was an atmosphere of indescribable danger. I was at the edge of the universe, at the edge of life itself, facing, as so many had done, extinction , Germany's defeat has been the end of a nightmare . * Dr Lou de Jong, born in Amsterdam in 1914, studied history at the University of Amsterdam , In 1940 he escaped Nazi-occupied Netherlands, and worked until 1945 as a member of the broadcasting staff of the Government in exile in London , In 1950 Dr De Jong was appointed Director of the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation, a post held until 1979 , He was commissioned by the Netherlands Government to write the official history of The Kingdom of The Netherlands in The Second World War , Ten volumes have been published, with three to follow , �-25- Now I have been asked to say a few words on the American contribution to the liberation ~f the Netherlands rt seems a simple swbject but it is not. It is not because at that time the Netherlands, or rather: the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisted of four parts: one, the Netherlands proper, that is: the Netherlands In Europe, two, Cura~ao and a few other islands on the fringe of the Caribbean, three, Surinam or Dutch Guyana, and four, those vast territories in Southeast Asia where the Dutch had made their first en try at the end of the sixteenth century: the Netherlands Indies whicn two generations ago were perhaps the richest colonial possession of any European power . It was the Kingdom of the Netherlands which on May 10, 1940, when Hitlerus armies suddenly started their invasion, declared war on Germany, it was that same Kingdom, which, the Netherlands proper having been occupied and the government of Queen Wilhelmina having settled in London, declared war on Japan the news had come in of the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and Manila and of the Japanese landings on the coast of British Malaya , There was no need to liberate either the Dutch territories in the Caribbean or Surinam because they were never occupied by our common enemies, but I would like to stress that both areas have made an important contribution to the Allied war-effort , Much of the aviation gasoline used by the British Royal Air Force was produced by the refineries of Cura~ao and Aruba and much of the bauxite necessary to build the hundreds of thousands of planes of the Air Forces of the American Army and Navy, was supplied by the bauxite mines of Surinam - indeed, that area was considered to be of su ch paramount importance for any American war-effort that a small American garrison was stationed there shortly before · the outbreak of war in the Pacific . The Netherlands proper were occupied by Germany and the Netherlands-Indies by Japan , No American forces were involved in the fighting in the Netherlands in May, 1940, but they did take part in the desperate defence of the NetneriandsIndies against the Japanese who, as is known, moved Southward in overwhelming forceo One American artillery battalion and fighters and bombers of the Army Air Forces helped defend Java and the American Navy fought gallantly in the waters of the Indonesian archipelago, the heavy cruiser 11 Houston", which was particularly dear to President Roosevelt, being its most important loss , In May 1 45 the last Germans in the Netherlands cap1tulated. We were able to build a new future of our own . It was as simple as that . Developments in the Netherlands-Indies however, were infinitely more complex . So was American policy " Generally speaking public opinion in this country favored the end of colonial rule·by European nationso Dutch rule in the Netherlands-Indies was, rightly, not · seen in the same unfavorable light as British rule In India, let alone French rule in Indo-China, still president Roosevelt found i t extremely difficult to make up his mind whether or not to support the return of the Netherlands-Indies under the Dutch crown" In the end he did, but with the important proviso · (it was never put on paper but it is clear from the events that it did determine American policy) that no American for-ces would be used to effecTThat return, Plans drawn up by general MacArthut to land on Java were cancelled by the American Joint Chiefs of Staff and on the day the Japanese Emperor announced·Japan's capitulation, August 15, 1945, responsibility for the �-26- entire area where the Netherlands-Indies were situated, was t~~ned over to the British, the Netherlands Government not having been consulted . Two days later Indone$1an nationalists on Jaifa procla1med the setting up of a new independent 5tate, the Indo~esian Republic. There isi therefore, no resemblance between the li beration of the Netherlands proper and that of the Netherlands-Indies . Indeed, what happened tnere seemed more l1ke a nightmare to the Important Dutch minority, some three hundred thousand people, who nad suffered horribly during the Japanese occupation, and deeply snacked mo~t of the people of the Netherlands whom it took over four years to accept a situation whicn had come as a complete and painful surprise . Happily we are now commemorating the end of the war not with Japan but with Germany . That was a triumph on which we can look back without any reservations, without any bitterness, indeed with unmixed feelings of pride and joy . I will come back to this " Now, when I w111 try to give you a pictu r e of what c.ontdbution the United States made to the liberation of the Netherlands In Europe, you might expect me to give details on the part Amer1can units took in that grand campaign that was led by general Eisenhower, as far as the fighting took place on Dutch soil . Some deta1ls I w1l I give, but l pfefer to put that campaign 1n a wider pers pective . lhe American contr1bution to the liberation of the Netherlands has many more aspects and 1 am tninking first of all of two . One: the fact tnat America was at war , Two; the American influence on the strdtegy that wa s followed to defeat Italy and Germany . In any war moral is an impo~tant factor, In May 8 40 I arr fv ed in Britain as a penniless refugee, having bee~, with my first wife, one of the very few people able to escape from the Nethe rl ands on the day our army surrendered. One of the first habits I resumed 1 n London (I had been a jo~rnalist in Amsterdam) was to read American papers" Most of them, at that t1meJ made highly depressing reading, one military analyst after the other pointing out that Brita1n had out ltttle chance to withstand future German attacks, let alone to defeat the Wehrmacht , Happ il y, President Roosevelt did not share this pessimism . Nor was 1t shared by tne people in the occupied Netherland~ , As eatly as the summer of 1940. indeed even Defo'(e tne Battle of Britain had been fought and won by tne Roya l Aii• Fo n e, mo -s t of them were convinced that Germany would be beaten. An occupjed nat~on lives on hope and this applies both to ordinary people who, faced with the ne cessity of stayjng alive, adapt themselves to the demands of a new situation, and to the courageous minority of resistance fighters who put their l1fe at stake, for instance in printing and distributing underground pape~s {we have had over one thousand), 1n collecttng intelligence, in helping Allied airmen escape, in carrying out sabotage and in giving aid to the vast groups wn1 ch hdd to hide within the folds of D~tch soc1ety, among them twenty fi~e thousand Jews and some three nundred thousand otner Dutchmen wnom the Germans interded to set to work in Germany . There were five years of occupation, but psyc hologically 1t wou l d be mo re correct to say: nearly two thousand days and n~ghts . Now, let me assure you tnat American support of Bf·itain in 1 40 and '41 had Deen d t,emendous encouragement to the DuUh nation and that, after tne United States had entered tne war, they were who11y con vi riced tna t the AYsefla1 of Democra c.y woU1 d pour out not only tne weapons but also the men needed to gdin v1cto1y . �-27- This has taken a long t1me. much too long, as peop )e felt . Hav1ng no 1dea of the 1mmen5ely complicated logistics of modern warfare, Hiey were deeply disappointed that the Al lied armies d1a not land i n Western Europe either in ' 42 or in i43 and that Pearl Harbo~ wa2 btit followed by O-day 1n Normandy after two-and-a-half years - nearly nine-hundred days and nights What was America 1 s influence on the strategy that wa s fo ll owed to defeat Italy and Germany? There is hardly a quest1on which can be so clearly answered, in thi s case on the basis not only of off1ctal British military h1sto~y out al;o of the magnifjcent series on the h1story of the US Army 1n World War II which was written in this country under the auspices of the Office of the Chief of Mi1ftary History . I do not intend even to give a brief summary of tne debates that took pl ace and the decisions that were taken at the Brit1;hAmerican top level conferences that 'I/ere he "id in WashF1gton. lfl Casablanca, in Quebec, in Cairo and on Malta, no r of the constant discussions which, subject only to the supervisio~ of President Roosevelt and Prime M1n1ster Churchill, tilled the many meetings of tnat body of or 1lliant m1litary leaders who led us to v1ctory: the Combined Chiefs of Staff . Wnat nas struck me in study~ng this hi ghly 1mportant aspect of World War II 1s that t1me and again agreement was born out of disagreement and that this disagreement had its deep roots in the differences between the hi story and the na t 1 ona l character of tne British and the American nation . There nas been a con5tant clash between British strategy which favoured attack s on the per1pnery of German-occupied Europe ta strategy which to a certain extent had been succe~sful i n Britainis struggle with Napoleon) and Amer-ican strategy wn tc h, true to tne maxims of Clausewitz never tailed to stress that, of the two ennem1es in Europe, the strongest one, Germany. should be attacked first - and attacked in an area which made mass-dep)oyment possible. that Is ; in the plains of Weste~n Europe , One of the many climaxes of this protracted Br1ti5h-American struggle took place in Algiers in January ' 44 when a landing on the Greek 1s1and of Rhodos was advocated by Churchill who, having been unable to convin,:e General Marsha l l. the Chief of Staff of the American Army~ finally declared with all tne solemnity he could muster; "His Majesty:' s Govern.rnsnt cannot accept the coi7sequences if we fail to make this operation", whereupon Marsnall 1nstantly rep'i1ed: No American 1s going to land on that goddamn is1and 11 " 9 i, British strategy has nad tne important pos1tive effect tnat American proposals to land in France 1n 1 42 (fasn proposals perhaps. but to be appreciated as tokens of that furious energy whi ch drove the American war-effort) were nipped in the bud - American strategy had had tne ,mportant po~Jtjve effect tnat, after all the delays and fr-ustrat10ns of the Mediterranean campaign, the maH1 battle when it was joined, took place where the American~, and they a·1 one, wanted 1t: in France, close to Germany . I have no doubt that t~e \iberat10~ of the Netherlands would have taken p·lac.e later (many days and nights later) 1f Briti":ri counsels had prevailed and for tnis reason I conclude that the contribution ot the American strategists had been no less important than that of the men who commanded the American armies In the field and the American A1~ Fofces tn the sky . The Netherlands lying on tne left flank of the Allied Armies break1ng out of the Normandy beachnead, tnere were more British and Canadian troops involved in the fighting on DJtc.h soi ·1 tnan Amerlcan Sl11 l the fi·fst r.wo towns in the Netherlands 9 �-28- to be liberated, were entered by American troops: Maastric,ht on September 14, 1944 by parts of the Ameri'can First Army, Nijmegen three days later by one of the most notorious of the American divisions, the 82nd Airborne , It is therefore fitting that many American men and boys who crossed the ocean only to be killed in battle, have found their last r esting place in an American War Cemetery on Dutch son, not far from the spot where the first Amer ican 1nfantry-men had crossed the Dutch frontier. thus confirming the promise of complete liberation . Forty years have passed but to many peopl e in the Netherlands and particularly to those who suffered most (I am thinking first of all of the prisoners in German concentration-camps, many of whom were liberated by American troops), it seems as if i t al l happened yesterday . The wartime years have been the central event in the life of many of us . Of course, there is a tendency nowadays to belittle the importance of Wor l d War IL People say: look at the world as it is to-day! Look at all the antagonisms between states, great and small, the local wars, the conditions of poverty on a major part of our globe, the pollution of our natural environment, the threat of mass-extinction by the atomic weapons that have been divised - look at the fact that democratic liberties as understood and rightly cherished by us, are suppressed in many parts of the world and denied to so many nations! Did World War II make sense? Was victory worth all those sacrifices? I for one do not hesitate to say: yes . lhe turmoils of the post-war and the present-day world do not offer a proper yardstick to measure the importance of the tremendous struggle that was brought to a victori ous conclusion . That proper yardstick c.an only be found when we try to i magine, be it for a brief moment, how Europe and how the world would have looked like if Hitler and his fellowcriminals had won the war " A11 who contributed to the i r defeat have helped save civilization as we understand it - a civilization·which we, Dutchmen, intend further to develop, to deepen and . to defend in close partnership with this great American nation o In many ways in the eighteenth century we may have assisted at its birth and even inspired its origin . Well, if the Americans who fought tne War of Independence felt they owed some gratitude to the Dutch Republic, then it can now be stated that in the twentieth century this debt has been paid to the Kingdom of the Netherlands . In full! �-29- On the Spot Personal Experiences in WW II Netherlands by Bri g. Gen . Ni chola s E. Al l en• ( ret) USAF Ambassador Fein, honored guests, and friends of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, I am honored, as a veteran of the 82nd Air borne Divisi on to part1cipate in this celebration of the final liberation of your country 40 years ago , At the outset, I want to pay tr i bute to all the thousands of Ameri can, Br itish , and Polish soldiers of the First Alli ed Airbo r ne Ar my and the men and women of your country who pa i d wi th their lives, back in September and October 1944 for the liberation of large areas of your country from the Belg i an border northward through the cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen to the vicinity of Arnhem . As you have heard, the story of the First Allied Ai r borne Army ass ault on these areas of the Netherlands in September 1944, ha s been told by em i nent hfstorians , I shall not r epeat that story he r e except to poi nt out that thts was the l argest airborne assault i n hi sto ry, a fo rc e composed of some 35,000 ai r-bo r ne troops of the Br itis h Fi rst Airborne, and the U.S . 82nd and 101st Ai r bo~ne Divisi ons an d the First Polish Airborne Bri gade . Their mission was to seize and hold the canal and river crossings and clear the way for the XXX Corps of the Bri t is h armo r ed and i nfantry forces driving no r thward from Belg·ium, After seizing the bridges ove r the canals and the Maas and Waal Rivers, against strongly defended pos i t i ons, and after throwing back heavy enemy counterattacks all al ong their perimeter frontlines the American Div i sions were withdrawn l ate r to their base camps i n France . The Waal Rive r Bri dge by the way, was captured by simultaneous attac ks at both the north and south ends of the bri dge, troops of the 82nd ' s 504th Reg i ment having paddled across the river unde r heavy enemy fire, and then fighting the ir- way to the north end of the bri dge . One of your heroes , Jan van Hoof, pa rtici pated in that engagement and i s credited with saving tne bri dge against destructi on by hl mself destroy i ng the enemies ' demoliti on equ i pment befo re t ney cou l d use it aga i nst the bri dge . * Nic holas E. Allen 1 bo rn in Atlanta i n 1907, graduated f rom Princeton in 1929, and Harvard Law School i n 1932 . He was a member of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Fo rce Reserve s fro m 1937 to 1967 in grades of 2nd Li eutenant to Bri gad ier Gene ral . He serv ed f ive yea rs as a U.S. Army Judge Advocate in World War II, including service as Staff Judge Advocate of the 82nd Airborne Divis ion, wh ic h took part in Operati on Ma rk et Ga r den in the Nethe~l ands in 1944 . �~30- Now for some recollections of my own . I believe two instances will suffice . Let me say first tnat my official assignment was staff judge aavoca te of the 82nd Airborne D1vislon , That means that I was the law officer fo~ the Dfvision Commander, General Jim Gavin, In that ass1gnment I directed the court martial system by which Army rules and d1sc1p11ne were enforced . Bearing in mind that all our officers and men, more than 12,000 of U5, wefe all volunteer paratroopers and gl1de ri sts, it is understandable that our discip l ine was tight and strictly enforced , The first i nstance~ I snall mention was a most unusual one . An off1ce~ of the division who had been entrusted with a copy of the 01v1 s1on ' s Order of Battle. the documents which spelled out the Divis,on 1 s batt 1e plan. ~1o l ated stric.t standing orders b_y carrying the document with him when ne went into action against the enemy . In the ensuing fire figrt the document ten into the hands of enemy so "l diers. But fortunately fo r us those 5-o'ld,ets were captured along with the battle pian before they could pass tt on to tne1r superiors , After the combat situation had stabilized suff1ciently tor 1 court mart1a l proceeding to be held the officer was charged w1th ai ding tne enemy by hi s negligence in tak ing the Order of Battle with him In to the fire f i ght . It is my reco ll ectfon that the Court acquitted hlm inasmuch as the document had been re capturea. without actual harm to the Divisi on . One other instance that may be of interest concerns the U. S. pres1dent1a1 el ection that was conducted in the fall of 1944 about the time of our campaign in Holland . Our Congr ess had dec r eed by special 1eg1":>lation that every American servicemen 21 years old or older wou l d have the right to vote in that el ect i on , Absentee ballots were pr in ted and sent out to all Command3, enough for every man in the American forces . 1 wa s put 1n cha r ge of vot1ng procedures for the men of our Division . The ba ll ots were delive red to me at our Dase headquarters in England, where I had to wait for the hi ghway torrider from tne Belg1an border to Nijmegen to be opened sufficiently for me to tran ; port the ballots up there . The moment we received word that I could get through l took off with my jeep load of ballots on our DC 3 airplane for Bru ss els . There [ off-loaded my jeep-load of ballots and made a dasn up the narrow highway cou i do r to our Division position in Nijmegen . Ther e, in a ha stil y a~ranged meeting. in an underground dug out, with officers from all of the 01v1 sl on 's units I distri buted the ballots and instructed them 1n the strict control proceau r es they were to follow. As it turned out, all of the ballots were accou nted for and returned to higher headqua r ters with just one exception . One vot i ng officer was cri tically wounded by enemy fire while making hi s way to r·eturn h1; ballot~. He was evacuated through medical channels andi so, his ballot s disappeared, and were lost for good . Ironically, the fact is that most of our Divis i on il s troops were too young to vote anyway . By actual count not more than 2 percent of tnem were o1ct enough to vote, In clos i ng, let me say in beha lf of our Divisi on Commander General Ga,ln, and all the other troopers of the 82nd Airborne Di visi on, we shall dlways remember the kindnesses the people of Nijmegen extended to u; while we wete there and also, and es pecially, the courageous and tremendous ass1stante the members of the Dutch unde r ground gave to the 82nd Airborne Div isi on in Cd rrying out our mission - the liberation of Ni jmegen and sur r ounding areds of your country . �-31- MUSIC PROGRAM TO COMMEMORATE THE 40th ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS E L L Y A ME L I N G SOPRANO Rudolf Jansen Piano PROGRAM Bede voor het Vaderland, from Valerius 1 11 Gedenck-Clanck 11 The Wakeful Nightingale, John W~ldon An die Musik, Franz Schubert Auf dem Wasser zu singen, Franz Schubert Wiegenlied im Sommer, Hugo Wolf Botschaft, Johannes Brahms Der Nussbaum, Robert Schumann Die junge Nonne, Franz Schubert IN TE RMI SS I ON La Rosa y el Sauce, Carlos - Guastavino Garota de Ipanema, Antonia Jobim Les Chemins de l Amour, Francis Poulenc Sophisticated lad i es, Duke Ellington By Strauss, George Gershwin Moeke, folksong 1 * * * * * * * It �-32- ELLY AMELING was born in Rotterdam, The Netheridnds , Her career started when she won a first pri ze at the Concours International de Musique i n Geneva . Miss Ameling has appeared th r oughout Europe, the Far Ea st and Austra li a and has per formed with every major orchestra unde r wo r ld renowned conductor s . Her Ameri can debut was i n Lincoln Center i n 1968 and s i nce then she has made annual tours of the Un i ted States and Canada , She was awarded most of the world ' s eagerly coveted hono r s, including the Grand Prix du Disque, the Ed i son Pri ze and the Stereo Preview Reco rd of the Year Awa r d" In June 1985 she r ecei ved a honorary docto r ate from Pr i nceton Un i vers ity , In her own country she has been kn i ghted i n the Orde van Or anje Nassau , Mi ss Ameling has made many r ecor dings, among other s, fo r; CBS Maste rwor ks, Phil i ps, RCA, London, Angel, Odeon, EMI Ha rmon i a Mund i ~ OGG, Peters, Inte r nat i ona1 Don emus, BASF , * * * * * * * * * RUDOLF JANSEN, born i n Ar nhem, The Nether l ands, studied as a young man at the Amsterdam Conser vatory , Upon t ri umphantly completi ng hi s t r ai ni ng i n 1966, he rece i ved the Pri x d' Excellence, and i n the same yea r was awa r ded t he prest1gious s il ver medal of the Amsterdam Con ce~tgebouw . Mr , Jansen is well rece i ved as a r ec i talist as well as an orchestral solo i sti although his special interest is the art of ac compan i ment . He i s conside red a completed, f i ni shed perfect Duo Pl ayer, rather than an ac compan is t, by the soloists wi th which he per forms , He has concerti zed th r oughout t he wor ld wi th many of today ' s most di sti nguished artists, i nc l ud i ng Ell y Ame l i ng, Tom Krause , Eve l yn Lear, Thomas Stewart, Bri gi t Fi nn il M, Ernst HM f lige r , I ri na Ar kh i pova, Agnes Gi evel, Jean-P i er r e Rampa l and Hans de Vr ies . A renowned teache r , he is al so much sought after fo r hi s maste rcl as ses , t o wh ic h he devotes a generous portion of hi s t i me, both at home and on hi s in t er national tours , Rudo l f Jansen is a featured artist on many chamber music record1ngs . Hi s di sks wi th Ell y Ameling incl ude : a dig i ta l r ecord i ng of Mendelssohn li ea€~ on CBS Masterwo r ks Hugo Wo l f 1 s Mi gnon Liede r on Etceter a, and two mi xed r ecita ls fo r Phonogram . * * * * * ** ~ * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1985-05-04-Commemoration-Liberation-Netherlands Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Royal Netherlands Embassy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-05-04 Title A name given to the resource Liberation of the Netherlands, 40th Anniversary Commemoration Description An account of the resource Booklet commemorating the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands from Nazi occupation in World War II. Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fa11bf0e20240091e2cc1368f714d26.jpg 4e71f3ab022b4380a1eebb34ecd588ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_828 Title A name given to the resource Liberty cargo ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US Liberty cargo ship, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1203dbf34d6804ea1929f6be82f116a5.jpg 14decf1694e3b4c9c352eec0177de0c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_829 Title A name given to the resource Liberty cargo ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US Liberty cargo ship, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c943ade1b581e4fadcd6fc32ecb6138a.jpg bb897742a90058f66fafacfdcdf803c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1569 Title A name given to the resource Liberty ship cargo ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US Cargo-"Liberty Ship", Comp. Super, November 10, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-11-10 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d071f2d341163165910298acfee30a30.jpg 52f7ea1990ea436a8347425bc4a9373d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3243 Title A name given to the resource Liberty ship cargo ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US Cargo-Comp. Super Liberty ship, June 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-06-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4ee2a80811630cb15473061ee32cbfde.jpg 5e0239c7884a91f262e4f65bed88ab71 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3244 Title A name given to the resource Liberty ship cargo ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US Cargo-Comp. Super Liberty ship, June 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-06-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d42451d735c7979a5e53484645bcbb0f.jpg b03c906ce02b4cb6430e9314e3d3312c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Pink House 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000033 Title A name given to the resource Library Director and staff moving books for the opening day collection Description An account of the resource Library Director Stephen Ford (far left), and staff Brown, Burinski, Henkle, and Fraze unloading one of the first shipments of books for the opening day collection, 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Libraries Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/63193832fc3c97f5628c6ca11921a09d.jpg ac9a1a832fbf753ce93a4f3a09df6a34 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001257 Title A name given to the resource Library moving day, 1969 Description An account of the resource Library moving day, 1969 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/72e37e6b42ff1ec7fb5ad40642516a31.jpg 93f415b59fd7987d785ebe8394a7c4f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001258 Title A name given to the resource Library moving day, 1969 Description An account of the resource Library moving day, 1969 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d1395ca1ab3ec1fb05d380c4f2f73f92.mp4 1276ec80557ba6df8ed150a62e1ce6b5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dd4a90694913c74955d0c5405a4c3eae.srt ba43fd5c247c604b9db13649cd533190 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Media Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized audio and video from the Grand Valley State University Archives. The collection includes ceremonies, speeches, sports, promotional, and instructional media. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/637">Grand Valley State audiovisual media collection, (GV000-04)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Universities and colleges Michigan Rites and ceremonies Speeches Sports Promotional films Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV000-04 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image; Sound Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2017 Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV000-04_SFD_GVSU_1993_Library-Research-Skills-Video Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Title A name given to the resource Library Research Skills, 1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/637">Grand Valley State audiovisual media collection, (GV000-04)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Description An account of the resource Library Research Skills Video. This is a video in color with audio. There is some visual distortion at the beginning of the video. It is an instructional video from the Zumberge Library dating to 1993, providing information on research skills. It is part of an assignment for an English 150 course. The video outlines how to create a research profile. It covers different kinds of information, how to find sources in the library, from books to periodicals, and how to use Beacon, the online catalog. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Universities and colleges Michigan College publicity Educational films Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/33665d60ed020606be64ff81ecbdaa8c.jpg 3f2496fa7d9cb3d0085fa0fd43a2427d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000348 Title A name given to the resource Library. Students studying in Lake building library Description An account of the resource Students studying in Lake building library. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo