43 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9c093cf3f274fe12a6700cfcca9cf70e.jpg 005df139839824968e6fdf5ba867b212 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00713 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-05-02 Title A name given to the resource Arizona. Victory Dance at Grand Canyon Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of Indigenous dancers in regalia, taken at the Grand Canyon. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Grand Canyon (Ariz.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/87d5f14c8a6ce2d3b74a483cf93ffe3f.jpg 98716059c85fb1a922c55b0b35872c87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography—United States Mexico Engineering Indiana Michigan Description An account of the resource An extensive photographic record of Angus’ work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Indiana resident and entrepreneur, D. J. Angus produced an extensive photographic record of his work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico, during the late 1920s -1940s. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Over 10,000 still images from 1903-1966 document Angus’ family, friends, business, and travels. Over 12,000 ft. of 16mm movie film complete this collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D.J.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus Photographs (RHC-04)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1900-1960 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-21 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus photographs and films, RHC-04</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04-A14-871 Title A name given to the resource Arizona. Waiting for the carferry on Lake Mead Description An account of the resource Cars lined up at the shore of lower Lake Mead waiting for the carferry. Subject The topic of the resource Arizona Photographs Photography Mead, Lake (Ariz. and Nev.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D. J.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1935 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f50823df5fd4cc697725df383e8ddbc.jpg e7c882dbe37432adc0b99e2afcd5c3bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography—United States Mexico Engineering Indiana Michigan Description An account of the resource An extensive photographic record of Angus’ work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Indiana resident and entrepreneur, D. J. Angus produced an extensive photographic record of his work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico, during the late 1920s -1940s. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Over 10,000 still images from 1903-1966 document Angus’ family, friends, business, and travels. Over 12,000 ft. of 16mm movie film complete this collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D.J.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus Photographs (RHC-04)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1900-1960 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-21 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus photographs and films, RHC-04</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04-A8B090 Title A name given to the resource Arizona. Yucca near Prescott Description An account of the resource Angus standing under giant yucca near Prescott, Arizona. Subject The topic of the resource Arizona Photographs Photography Yucca Prescott (Arizona) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D. J.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1932 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b73a7e5f993aa23580f5d974ee4dfca1.pdf 56d02c3fe2370c51d1564ed980d476e3 PDF Text Text Speaking Out Western Michigan’s Civil Rights Histories Interviewee: Arlene Akker Interviewers: Kelly Gorajec, L. Bailey, B. Harter, and Z. Huyser Supervising Faculty: Melanie Shell-Weiss Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 2/22/2012 Biography and Description Arlene Akker is a teacher at Muskegon High school. She was born and raised in Muskegon Heights. She discusses racism and diversity growing up in Muskegon. Transcript Kelly Gorajec (GORAJEC): I’m here today with Arlene Akker, my name is Kelly Gorajec, its February 22nd, at 3:03 PM at Muskegon High School in Muskegon, Michigan. We’re here today to talk about your experiences with civil rights in west Michigan. So, can you give me some basic information about yourself? Arlene Akker (AKKER): Well, my name is Arlene Akker; I’m a teacher at Muskegon High School. I was born and raised in Muskegon Heights, Muskegon. I have lived on Amity Avenue by Steele Middle School. I went through Angel and Steele, and then because my mother taught at Muskegon High School, I had to go through a private high school, but I took classes here. And, I have a degree in History and English and I have lived in Muskegon for a long time. GORAJEC: do you have any children? AKKER: I have two children, they are both adults. GORAJEC: Can you tell me about where you went to school? AKKER: Well I went to Angel and Steele school, which as you know, an elementary or at least it was an elementary school and middle school to Muskegon public schools. I had, when I was at Angel school, the very first African American teacher in the Muskegon Public Schools. She was my fifth grade teacher (that’s interesting) she was also my teacher at the time that Kennedy was assassinated so there’s a lot of history there. And she’s still very active in the school and I am so glad when I see her. I went to Steele during the civil rights movement and I was also a student at Steele school at the time Martin Luther King was assassinated. So I lived through riots down Amity Avenue where our windows were broken in our homes, and I didn’t really feel safe all the time walking home, but that did pass. GORAJEC: Yeah. So, since you have always lived in west Michigan, can you tell me why you didn’t decide to leave, or can you elaborate why you’re still here? Page 1 �AKKER: Well it’s my home. It’s where my husband grew up, and my *immediate+ family is here and, actually my *extended+ family is not here any longer they’ve moved away. I did live for a year in Holland or two years when I went to Hope College, and I lived one year in Florida, very glad I don’t live there anymore. , I have always felt the Muskegon had a certain diversity that I appreciated. Living in Florida in a city called Altarnonte Springs, I taught in a city called Sanford in an all-white school where they were very segregated and would not allow students of color into their school, which drove me nuts, that was not my life. So I was very glad to get back here. GORAJEC: Did race like, play a big role in your growing up? AKKER: I think racial tensions when I was little were very covert in Muskegon. I didn’t realize that we had any racial tensions. Angel school was, at the time, probably a very diverse school, but it would look very “white” today, but I had friends of all colors, friends of all ethnicities. I had two best friends, one was Jewish, one was black and that just never occurred to me that there was any problem, not in elementary school. When our neighbor, my first neighbors, sold their house to a black family, I found out what racism was because my parents were racist. They were extremely upset. GORAJEC: Can you tell me about your experience with that, like, were you surprised? AKKER: I was shocked. It’s like “what’s going on?” you know? It was not something that I really felt was a problem cause I had not felt any racial tensions, but, my parents continued to live there several years later. But it was something that I was aware of and as that house sold, many houses in our neighborhood went up for sale and that was probably my first real experience of understanding what racism was. I also had a very good friend who was black in elementary school and we went through sixth grade. So sixth grade went to, we got taken out to lunch with our teachers if we won the math quiz and my friend and I went out to lunch without teacher and we were not served because my friend was black. That was at Walgreen’s downtown, and no one realizes that Walgreen’s had a restaurant back then, before we had a mall, before the mall was torn down, so yeah, we were served, but much later than we had planned. Much later than when everyone else was served. GORAJEC: Have you, you said that you’ve traveled outside of west Michigan, has that affected your view of the world and where you come from in a way? Like how has that compared to here in west Michigan? AKKER: Hmm I’ve traveled through the United States, Mexico, Canada, and seven European countries and the world outside of Muskegon is much larger than people realize. I think that going to Europe really opened my eyes because Americans at the time that I was in Europe were not really appreciated. It was after Vietnam, but it was before some of the tensions that we have in the Middle East at this point, so we had that tension between the Cold War, I mean it was kind of??? and being in Europe and being in America after, even though I was in Western Europe and they were not a part of the so called “Iron Curtain” countries or the Soviet Union, there was still a certain amount of tension. the United States, just traveling around you see all types of people and it doesn’t matter what color they are. There are some very wealthy, very impoverished, and that’s what I see when I travel and I see different pockets of the country much different from Muskegon is or west Michigan. I have a very close friend in Kentucky who was taught in high school that slavery was necessary to run the tobacco fields in Kentucky, because that’s how they made their money, they didn’t have to learn economics. It was an industry that they had that they felt it was necessary. It wasn’t right but it was necessary. When she told me that I about died, I was like “whoa, this is not something I’m familiar with”. Page 2 �GORAJEC: You mentioned some of the major changes you’ve lived through; can you tell me about some that you had a personal connection with? AKKER: Well I have several things that I have personal connection with. First of all I have the first African American teacher at Angel school when Kennedy was assassinated, and Kennedy was a person that we have really no idea what kind of president he would have become had he served out two terms, but he was the kind of president that people worshipped. He was young and vibrant and he was definitely a person who wanted to see much more civil rights within our country. That being said, having an African American teacher kind of enhanced that, and we all got into watching his presidency and being so excited that we was president. And she really didn’t swear political beliefs, just wanted to present to us what was going on nationally in our government and being in fifth grade that was a lot to take in and then, being there on November 22 in school when it was announce he had been assassinated and having her as a teacher, going through that with her helped me understand just the kind of connection she had and it brought me into a connection with the Kennedys that has always been there. I have always been an infatuated person with the Kennedys. GORAJEC: Is there anything else? AKKER: yeah, several years ago, probably two or three, there was a movie made in west Michigan, in Muskegon actually, called “Up From the Bottoms.” It was about the influx of black people from the south to work in the north work in Muskegon in the factories as cheap labor during World War II, and they were actually housed in an area that was substandard from where most of the ordinary people in Muskegon lived. Well, my uncle was one of the people in the movie, he has since passed away, but he was one that was instrental in bringing them into Muskegon working for some of the labor factories. He was a personal director for a factory, but he was also one who had a personal transformation when he realized the living conditions and the ignorance that people in Muskegon had toward our “immigrants” you might say, coming in to work in our city, and he actually helped them find jobs or find homes that were suitable. But if you look at the makeup of Muskegon, you can see how Muskegon is laid out. If you go up Russell Road, in the North Muskegon area, you can see a congregation or, inhabitants of black in nature. You’ll see them in Muskegon Heights, and then they have immigrated and migrated into Muskegon. But that’s where the pockets were: Russell Road and Muskegon Heights. GORAJEC: Okay, have you seen any significant progress regarding quality in west Michigan throughout the years? AKKER: Oh yeah. When I talk about my growing up for years thinking that most racism was very covert, I have seen a tremendous change in the school’s makeup, our society’s makeup, how we view people. As I got older and I saw much more racism, I realized that we we’re supposed to all be created equal, so what’s going on with this little pocket of racism? So, I saw a transformation in people. Especially working in the position I do, in the school district I do. I’ve seen it evolve into an acceptance; not that you don’t see color, but an acceptance of everybody. It doesn’t matter what the color of a person’s skin is, it’s a matter of “Hey, you’re a kid and I’m going to go teach you!”, and so, that’s how I’ve seen a change. GORAJEC: Have you seen any areas where not much progress has been made? AKKER: In our court system. Page 3 �GORAJEC: Can you tell me more about that? AKKER: I still see a very large amount of people who are tried and being found, being tried for crimes, being jailed for crimes. And I can’t say that they aren’t guilty, but it just seems to me that there’s many more black people in our prison system than there is white. There’s also more Hispanic in our system than there is white, and that’s where I’ve seen it. I’ve seen it on advertisements on TV, there’s still an inequality. Oh, and probably in our law enforcement. There’s still inequality there, I still believe that people are targeted for their race in our law enforcement. GORAJEC: Do you feel that a lot of the progress is unjust like in the courts system or does it feel wrong to you at all? AKKER: Mhmm GORAJEC: Is there any specific reason? AKKER: I don’t have an answer for it yet, okay, it feels wrong. I can’t say people aren’t guilty that are being tried I just feel that more people are arrested that are black than of white skin color. GORAJEC: Okay, was there any point in your life that you felt discriminated by others or felt that you didn’t fit in for some reasons? AKKER: I’m a woman, and I’ve been alive for fifty plus years. I’ve seen discrimination because I am a woman. , I have lost out on jobs. Not necessarily in teaching, but other jobs because I am a woman. As I started my career, I worked in management at a hospital and I lost out on a couple of the higher management positions because I am female. I have evolved into not seeing that anymore, maybe because in teaching I don’t think there is a discrimination between male and female, but there certainly was as I was growing into an adult, going into school, wanting to take certain classes being told “Eh, you know, you’re a female, you probably shouldn’t have goals to do that. You should be a secretary, or a nurse. That was the things I was told rather than ‘be anything you want’.” GORAJEC: Okay, have there been any moments in your life that you faced adversity in a memorable way? AKKER: Hmm well this has nothing to do with diversity. But, as a young child I was teased because I had a wart, so I mean, students teased me. I was teased as a youngster, because I was not terribly athletic, but I became athletic as I grew older. , I was fearful of....well, I don’t know what I was fearful as a youngster, but I became more athletic so I faced adversity as I was teased, but I think that as I’ve grown older I haven’t faced a lot of adversity. Gee, that’s terrible I should think about that. Maybe I’ve blocked some of it out! I don’t know, I was never as smart as I wanted to be, even though I was very smart. , but adversity is within the person, but not society. GORAJEC: you’ve already talked a little about your relationship with the civil rights movement, but have you or somebody you know ever been personally affected by the time period as a whole? AKKER: During the early seventies, when we had some real racial tensions, it was after the Civil Rights Movement, after Martin Luther King was assassinated, we still had some real racial tensions here in Muskegon. My brother in law was driving home from a place on Wood Street where he worked, and he Page 4 �had his window open, and he drove down Jackson Avenue, and at the time it was a stereotypical area where people of my race would fear because there were a lot of uprisings against whites. But, his car window was open and somebody threw a pop bottle at him, and cut his face all the way down where he had to have stitches, and to this day my, brother in law can’t even talk to me without having some type of racial slur, even though I’ve talked and talked and talked to him that that was an isolated incident. Things have changed, we have all changed, no matter what race we are, but that has continuously stayed with him. And other than that, the riots I have countered growing up, I was actually in Chicago in April 1968 when King was assassinated, and there were riots all over the streets, and we were shocked. We didn’t know what to do. We were actually escorted out of Chicago to get safely on the highway because of total chaos going on in the city. And that was a scary thing for somebody who was 14 years old. GORAJEC: Do you personally have any civil rights heroes? AKKER: Martin Luther King. , Civil Rights in America, or the world? Because Nelson Mandela is one of my heroes and will always be one for standing up and going to jail. I mean, Martin Luther King went to jail too, but not for 27 years. , to stand up against a party, to stand up against your government and become president of your government is just something that is amazing to me. , a person like a Malcolm X, who takes the “X” as his last name because he has a “slave name”, you know, he has a “name of his master”, as you want to say or speak about it, and even though he was militant, even though he really reacted militantly against so many governmental programs and people, he came to terms with himself. He did convert to Islam, he did become a peaceful person who on his pilgrimage really realized what his heart needed to be, and that really caused his death and caused his people to t against him. John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, you know, there are people all through my growing up years that I’m going to say are probably heroes of mine, because they all had something to do. Even President Johnson people don’t realize how impassioned he was upon civil rights. GORAJEC: Is there any reason why they are significant to you personally or do you just admire them? AKKER: They’re significant because I lived it, and because I saw and followed what they did all throughout my life. My parents, even though there were racial tensions within my family, my parents were very politically in tune with things, and made sure we knew what was going on in the world. I sometimes think that people had distorted images or thoughts or understanding of what was going on, and I think that because my parents were the way they were, I had more of an insight. GORAJEC: Okay, well moving on to your career as a teacher, can you tell me about the predominate background of your students at Muskegon High School? AKKER: Muskegon is an intercity, urban school, and we do say “intercity, urban” because we do include Lakeside and do include Glenside, and those are areas that wealthier (whether that’s good or bad), and that includes outlying areas: the “intercity” of Muskegon. Muskegon has changed drastically since I was a child. There’s a tremendous amount of poverty and, people who aren’t in poverty don’t understand how poverty works, and so the values of my “poverished students” are different from the people in my class, middle class lower middle class, whatever. That being said, the backgrounds of my students fall into several different categories with poverished, to the people whose parents work, to the people who might have a lawyer, doctor, or teacher or professor as a parent. That’s the vast difference when you look at the breakdown of test scores for our school. We are still considered an urban school, and that works against us for testing, unfortunately. Page 5 �GORAJEC: Do you think that.., because the background of the students is so diverse, do you think that has any effect on the school as a whole? AKKER: I think it makes it better. I think it makes everyone understand each other. I mean, I do see pockets of racism. I can’t help it. I can go down to the cafeteria and see an all white table, and an all African American table, and all Hispanic table. But, then I also see an all football team player table, and an all baseball team player table. I would like to see more mix in that. Then, in my classes I don’t, and maybe I’m blind to it, but I don’t see a lot of racism. I see a lot of people working together. GORAJEC: Do you that because students are more willing to mix together in the classroom does that make you feel better? AKKER: It makes me feel better about the fact that my school is probably one of all the schools in the Muskegon country area, my school is most diverse, and I say that because we do have a percentage of African American, a percentage of Hispanic, and a percentage of white. The percentage of African American is higher than white or Hispanic, but it’s not as high as it is in our other schools, and the white population is not as high as it is in other schools. Which, I think helps us become little more diverse, and have more understating of the world around us. GORAJEC: In your career as a teacher have you ever had any memorable instance where one of your students has been discrimination against or faced adversity? AKKER: Yeah, probably too many to come up with right at this moment, and I can’t even think of one specific reason or adverse condition. I’ve had students who are homeless, I’ve had students come to me and say “I don’t have a clean pair of clothes, and people are going to laugh at me cause I’m going to start to smell”. I’ve had students whose parents have just up and left, and they’ve stayed there behind, and that to me is the ultimate in adversity because you’re trying to handle school, and trying to handle whatever extracurricular activities you have, as well as trying to find a home. GORAJEC: Do you think that because you have seen adversity in that way you feel more connected with your students? AKKER: Oh yeah. I’ve heard from people who have been with other teachers from other school districts who look at us and say “How do you do what you do? You go to school, you stay all day, you give kids your phone numbers, you give kids rides home, you do this, you do that. How can you have that kind of connection?” Well, because they don’t have that connection. GORAJEC: So as teacher, do you think that it is important to have that relationship with your student? AKKER: Absolutely, I want my students to trust me. I want my students, if they have any problems, to feel comfortable enough to come talk to me. Whether they tell me their problem or they say “I need help”. I need to know that so that I can point them in the right direction. I think it’s the function of any teacher, but you find it more with urban sprawl. GORAJEC: Have you ever seen the diversity in Muskegon affect the education of the students in any way? Page 6 �AKKER: Ah, yeah. I don’t see that it affects the students in what we teach them, I mean, at this point. What it does, what we’re affected by now is our government interceding and saying “Oh, by the way, your test scores are low; you are going to be evaluated lower. If your test scores are low we are not going to give you as much money,” and everything is dealing with test scores, and no one is looking at the family makeup, no one is looking at the support that our students have, besides the teachers or in school. They’re only looking at “This is the makeup of your test scores,” and instead of dealing with the real problem, which is probably the breakdown of the family, maybe no parental supervision because mom is working five jobs or dad is maybe out of the picture or in prison. I mean, those things happen. And our government just looks at what the teachers do based on test scores. Then I see, as racism or something that is radically wrong with our system, because if you look at the test scores of a suburban school, and I use Mona Shores because my children graduated from Mona Shores, (like that nor not), if you look at the test scores at Mona Shores they’re higher compared to a little bit of a more diverse school. But, many of those kids come from families where their parents are college-educated and employed. Our students are not necessarily from parents like that, or houses like that or homes, you name it. And so because my children, and I can only speak for my children alone, came from a home with two college graduates, they were made to do their homework, they were . . .they traveled everywhere, they saw everything. They had more of a connection to the world than maybe my students have, who have maybe not even seen the shores of Lake Michigan and they live in Muskegon. GORAJEC: Do you think that limits the students in a way? AKKER: I think it limits, our ability to teach the students the best we can because we continually teach to the test because we have to get our students up to the levels that will pass the test in order to become proficient with anything. We are judged by the progress, and if we do not make that a priority, we will not get the funding that we need. And this is happening at Muskegon Heights, which is just a total travesty for the kids there. GORAJEC: Can you tell me a little bit about what’s happening at Muskegon Heights? I haven’t heard anything about that. AKKER: Muskegon Heights has been taken over. , it’s very much in debt and that isn’t necessarily the government’s fault. , but test scores are low. The teachers are doing the best they can. But they have some major problems with funding. They can’t pay teachers and possibly, well intermediate has taken over as far as a superintendent and they are looking at other options. So they do not know what is going on right now. GORAJEC: Do you think that, as a whole, the STMRS community gained a lot from the civil rights struggle, regarding the community makeup and the students and parents? AKKER: That’s a hard one because I think that there has been a major amount of progress in some areas, and in other areas there wasn’t progress at all. , just judging by the people that I’ve known all my life, that may be who I went to school with or who I go to church with, and they are not necessarily as whole on understanding diversity as I am because of whatever they do in this world. They’re not necessarily teachers. And they have some real prejudices set up, and I think that that affects the diversity in the community. GORAJEC: Do you think that, currently, there are issues in Muskegon that need civil rights advocacy? Page 7 �AKKER: Well, yeah because civil rights expand to so much more than things just based on race. There’s gender, there’s disabilities, there’s employment. Who will get the best job? Who will go into a restaurant? Who will be hired first at a job? You know, would it be a white person or would it be a person that is African American or Hispanic? I still can’t solve our problems within our society. But I also think that the knowledge that people need is lacking, because knowledge gives us power. And if we don’t understand and have knowledge of people in general and how they work, they’ll never be fixed. GORAJEC: Is there anything else that you would like to add? AKKER: You know, it’s really funny because you are asking pointed questions that I am all of a sudden going “Huh! I don’t know”. , through all my life I’ve seen definite change. I don’t think that I’ve really emphasized how much change that I’ve seen in Muskegon and in Muskegon High School. When I was a student coming to classes here at Muskegon High School, my mother taught here. The classes were tracked. And so, when you have tracked classes you have people who said quote, unquote “These are the smarter kids.” And well, those classes were predominantly white. “And these are the kids that are struggling,” and those classes were predominantly made up of minorities, at the time mostly African American and possibly some Hispanic. My mother had that impression. When I first started teaching here, she would say “Do you have any honors classes, or all of your classes black?” And I’d look at her and go (makes face) “Ahhh, my classes have all colors in them.” Because my mother was still of that mindset. She was a great teacher, but she was still of that mindset that’s how you are tracking classes. And that doesn’t say to me that all white kids are going to be successful, and all classes with kids of different ethnicities, or minorities, aren’t. Because that’s not true. But I still think that people have that little bit of mindset, and so we don’t track classes other than International Baccalaureate or obviously AP. GORAJEC: Is there anything else about Muskegon as a whole that you’d like to mention? AKKER: Well, it’s changed. The demographics of Muskegon have changed drastically. First of all, you have a downtown section that has stores that people that live in Muskegon can go to, and then you tear it down and you put the mall out in Fruitport. Which is ridiculous. I mean, we all go to the mall, we all love the mall, but then the people who live in poverty in the center of Muskegon have no place to go. So what do we do? We have the city founders coming in, or the city government come in, and say ‘let’s build up Muskegon!’ So you put all these expensive shops in downtown Muskegon, bordering on the demographics of the impoverished of Muskegon, so the poor still can’t go buy anything. And then the couple places that you have that may be inviting to people who are of maybe a lower class, those are (post dp?). And so, that’s what I see with the change in Muskegon. When I grew up we had a downtown. I grew up and I walked right down to Apple Avenue down to stores downtown. I think driving in downtown Muskegon is beautiful, but it does not lend itself to helping those, who surround that area, who have no place to go. GORAJEC: Is there anything else? AKKER: You know, it’s really hard for me to talk about because there’s been so much change and I don’t know where to begin to have a timeline of the change. Great, from the time I was a little girl to the time I live now, I have been involved with Muskegon Public Schools in one way or another. My parents graduated from here in 1935. So I have seen the change, not that I was alive in 1935, but I’ve seen the change in my lifetime. Yet, it has been a gradual change and I don’t see it as drastically as some of the other teachers would say ‘Well, I remember 15 or so years ago when my classes weren’t like they are Page 8 �today,” and they probably weren’t, but it’s been a gradual change for me. And so, I don’t see that as a negative. I see that as part of my job. GORAJEC: Is there anything else that you would like to add? AKKER: You know, I am a child of the civil rights age. I am a child of watching changes, going through the Cold War; I am a Cold War child. I’ve seen ideologies that include the fear of communism. I’ve seen drills that we had in school because we were going to be bombed. And I think that all played into almost making, at least in the sixties, making civil rights more of a minor problem. And it was really a major problem. And I think that we have already seen politicians correct that in some ways. I mean my goodness, in 2008 we elected an African American as president. Never, in my lifetime, did I think that I’d ever see that GORAJEC: Okay, well, thank you so much for your time! AKKER: Thanks END OF INTERVIEW Page 9 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4cad70488270817fd77546c5afc1a551.mp3 a73af457cd5adfa9fb8ccbba13db29ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Personal narratives Oral histories African Americans--Personal narratives Gays--Personal narratives Lesbians--Personal narratives Bisexual people--Personal narratives Transgender people--Personal narratives Veterans--Personal narratives Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Muslims--United States--Personal narratives Hispanic Americans--Personal narratives Homophobia Discrimination Islamophobia Stereotypes (Social psychology)--Upper Penninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project (GV248-01) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-05-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1930-2011 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01_Akker_Arlene Title A name given to the resource Arlene Akker audio interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akker, Arlene Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gorajec, Kelly Bailey, L. Harter, B. Huyser, Z. Description An account of the resource Arlene Akker is a teacher at Muskegon High school. She was born and raised in Muskegon Heights. She discusses racism and diversity growing up in Muskegon Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Racism Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Relation A related resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-02-22 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d9694318de235f813db677ba0a7810e3.pdf d842a850990a3c30a2bc988486db896e PDF Text Text community planning and management ll MASTER PLAN ADOPTED: JULY 10, 1991 �-- FROM THE llBRARY QFj Planning & Z:rning Center1 Inc. 1 ••• TABLE OF CONTENTS Page REGIONAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION REGIONAL SETTING GROWTH CORRIDORS Southeast Michigan Growth Corridors Macomb County Growth Corridors M-59 Growth Corridor Conclusions OTHER REGIONAL INFLUENCES Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) Regional Development Forecasts County Airport Study ~ •.• • • • • ~ LOCAL PLANNING INFLUENCES Bruce Township Village of Romeo Ray Township Richmond Township Berlin Township POPULATION ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS AGE CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSING GROWTH TRENDS POPULATION PROJECTIONS Constant Proportion Method Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Growth Rate Method Arithmetic Method Projection Summary 1 1 1 2 2 3 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 16 20 22 23 23 24 24 25 �~~ TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Page PHYSICAL FEATURES ~ ~ - -~ .-, ••- •- •• • -~ •~ 27 INTRODUCTION 27 EXISTING LAND USE 27 Residential Commercial Industrial Public/Semi-Public Other Uses Undeveloped 27 29 29 30 30 30 WETLANDS 31 WOODLANDS 32 SOILS 33 Conover-Parkhill-Locke Association Oakville-Boyer-Spinks Association PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 33 33 34 37 INTRODUCTION 37 COMMERCIAL AREA CONCEPTS 37 Central Business Districts Shopping Centers Commercial Strips 37 38 40 MARKET ANALYSIS 40 TRADE AREA 41 RETAIL SALES POTENTIAL 41 OCCUPATION AND EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS 47 FUTURE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT 49 INDUSTRIAL PLANNING CONCEPTS 51 �'• TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Page GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 54 INTRODUCTION 54 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 55 General Development Goals Agricultural Preservation Goals Residential Commercial Industrial Community Facilities Open Space and Recreation Transportation CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 59 60 INTRODUCTION 60 CONCEPT PLAN 60 No Growth Alternative Pro Growth Alternative Balanced Growth Alternative LAND USE PLAN 61 61 62 64 INTRODUCTION 64 AGRICULTURE 64 Agricultural Zoning Purchase or Transfer of Development Rights Open Space Zoning Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program Summary 65 67 67 67 68 SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL 68 URBAN RESIDENTIAL 68 �"'• • -.. II II • • • TABLE OF CONTENTS· Continued Page LAND USE PLAN - Continued COMMERCIAL 69 INDUSTRIAL 70 · PUBLIC 70 FLOODPLAIN 70 ROADS 70 LAND USE PLAN SUMMARY 71 THOROUGHFARE PLAN 72 INTRODUCTION 72 THOROUGHFARE CLASSIFICATION 73 EXISTING THOROUGHFARE SYSTEM 75 State Routes County Roads 75 75 THOROUGHFARE PLAN 77 COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN 78 INTRODUCTION 78 UTILITIES 78 RECREATION 79 Neighborhood Parks Community Parks FIRE PROTECTION National Board of Fire Underwriters Standards 79 80 82 82 �• • • • • • • • • • • LIST OF TABLES Page Table Population Change by Growth Corridors Macomb County - 1970-1980 3 Population Change by Growth Corridors Macomb County - 1980-1990 5 Housing Change by Growth Corridors Macomb County - 1970-1980 6 Housing Change by Growth Corridors Macomb County - 1980-1990 7 5 Comparative Population Growth Trends 14 6 Population Change by Decade 15 7 Median Age 16 8 Population by Age 17 9 Age by Life Cycle Category 18 10 Housing Unit Change 20 11 Building Permit Trends 21 12 Household Size 22 13 Population Projection Summary 25 14 Existing Land Use Summary Armada Township and Armada Village 28 15 Shopping Centers Classified by Type 39 16 Estimated Spending by Retail Category 42 1 2 3 4 �• • • •.. • • • • LIST OF TABLES - Continued Page Table 17 Armada Township Estimated Retail Needs - 1990 44 18 Armada Township Estimated Retail Needs - 2000 45 19 Armada Township Estimated Retail needs - 201 O 46 20 Industry of Employment Armada Township and Macomb County 48 21 Occupational Characteristics Armada Township and Macomb County - 1980 49 22 Summary of Roadway Planning Standards 73 23 Location Standards for Fire Stations 83 �• • • • • • • • • LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Armada Township Growth Trends - 1940-1990 14 2 Comparative Growth Trends - 1940-1990 15 3 Population Change by Age - 1970 and 1980 17 4 Age by Life Cycle Category - 1970 19 5 Age by Life Cycle Category - 1980 19 6 Population Projection Summary 25 7 Existing Land Use Summary Armada Township and Armada Village 28 Armada Township Master Plan - Acreage Allocations 71 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Illustration 1 Regional Location Map 1 2 Southeast Michigan Regional Growth Corridors 2 3 Sewer Service Areas 9 4 Existing Land Use Map 35 5 Natural Resources 36 6 Concept Plan 63 7 Cross Section Standards 74 8 Traffic Volumes 76 9 Park Master Plan 81 �• • • • • • • • • • • REGIONAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The growth and development of a community is strongly influenced by its growth and position within the larger region in which it is located. This position represents a factor that realistically cannot be changed, but which must be recognized and accommodated . Local policies and decisions impacting land use, therefore, must take these regional influences into account to be relevant and effective . Many factors influence the growth and potential of a given community. Some relate to local decisions and can be controlled by the local community. Others result from actions or developments outside the community and are, therefore, subject to somewhat less control. The purpose of this chapter of the Armada Township Master Land Use Plan is to identify a framework of those factors that influence growth in Southeast Michigan and to provide information to Armada Township concerning its growth potential due to its position in the region. This information will provide a basis for Mure planning decisions and serve as a background for understanding the dynamics of the community's growth. This chapter will also consider the plans and policies of other governmental agencies that have an impact on ---..:;:""'°=--;,,, land use patterns and growth in the Township. P\IC( ., REGIONAL SETTING Armada Township is located in the north central portion of Macomb County, approximately 36 miles north of Downtown Detroit. Four communities share a common boundary with the Township, which include Ray Township, Richmond Township, Bruce Township and Berlin Township in St. Clair County. The Township's regional setting is shown in Illustration 1. IMO.ff REGIONAL -1- -· LOCATION _,,, MAP 1 �• • • • • • •,. ~ GROWTH CORRIDORS Southeast Michigan Growth Corridors ST: Within the Southeast Michigan region, there are a number of corridors along which growth has traditionally occurred. Each of these corridors originate in, or traverse, the core City of Detroit and migrate into the surrounding communities along established transportation routes. These corridors originally followed the major surface streets that radiated outward from downtown Detroit like the spokes of a wheel. Today, they largely follow the interstate freeway system and complementary major highway systems. These corridors are identified below and shown in Illustration 2. - .8 CLAIR ... , WASHTENAW hom otttOtt to : 1 2 S 4 5 MT. CLEMENS a PORT HURON UTICA 8 ROMEO PONTIAC 8 FLINT BRIGHTON 8 LANSING ANN AR9011t 8 JACKSON • MONROE a TOLEDO lltO SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN REGIONAL GROWTH CORRIDORS ICAl.l 2 Detroit to Mt. Clemens and Port Huron along 1-94 east and Gratiot Avenue. Detroit to Utica and Romeo along M-53 north (Van Dyke Road) and Mound Road. Detroit to Pontiac and Flint along 1-75 north and Woodward Avenue. Detroit to Brighton and Lansing along 1-96 west, the Lodge Freeway and Grand River. Detroit to Ann Arbor and Jackson along 1-94 west and U.S. 12 (Michigan Avenue) . Detroit to Monroe and Toledo along 1-75 south and Fort Street. Growth in the metropolitan area originally occurred along the shoreline areas north and south of the City of Detroit and along Woodward Avenue to the northwest. Many of these earlier growth communities have since matured, with new development activity shifting to other growth corridors in the metropolitan area. -2- �• • • • • • • • • I Macomb County Growth Corridors · Population Growth Trends - Within Macomb County, growth traditionally occurred along the Lake St. Clair shoreline communities, which is consistent with historical urban settlement patterns. The establishment of Mt. Clemens as the County Seat also contributed to the predominant development pattern along the eastern portion of the County . TABLE 1 POPULATION CHANGE BY GROWTH CORRIDORS - MACOMB COUNTY 1970-1980 ···················-·---·--·.. -·-··········--·--···----···--..---....--... ' I __. .......... ____ .._..__.._..........-....._.._...,. ·-. . ~=~;;~~::·;~.~~. . . . . ~~;;~·;·---r-·. . ·-·. --.. . . .--~~:~:;1;;-.. . . . . . ~~~~;. . . . . ., COMMUNITY 1970 1980 Number Bruce Twp. Romeo 2,213 4,012 3,823 3,509 1,610 • 503 j COMMUNITY % 72.8 ) Richmond City •12.5 Richmond Twp. i I 1970 1980 Number 3,234 1,719 3,536 2,453 302 734 9.3 42.7 1 5.5 0.9 i i % i :i•:1:;1~w~:= J :•rn: i:~ ••r:n~;~•:I:r :=: :x;~: .:; :;: 1 fi~Miiig~;i1~ ::::::::::::;~~:::: it;~:t :::,~1w •: : Ii ~tll! 1 Washington Twp. i.' 5,651 8,637 j:;Jlh;w~:~ ! i Shelby Twp. Utica ;:', : Sterling Heights 2,986 52.8 i i Lenox Twp. N- Haven 2,869 1,855 3,028 1,871 159 16 j Chesterfield Twp. New Baltimore 9,378 4,132 18,276 5,439 8,898 1,307 94.9 j 31.6 i 11,868 48,865 20,476 18,755 14,560 72,400 18,806 23,649 2,692 23,535 •1,670 4,894 22.7 \ 48.2 i -8.2 j 26.1 i ::::~:~:•:cj~:: ~::, :Mi;~:i :~mr tt :::•~,??.~ ! ::::::;;~:: :t:IiI:1:IJ;;J.:I}:1I~!tii ~;~~ 29,467 3,504 38,939 5,282 9,472 1,n8 61,365 108,999 47,634 32. 1 50.7 i n.6 \ i i i :,!· j :.!, • 1·•"'4:-·.:•.rr,· •,·er.::t:.••o\ .·.Gnn-,.•.:.•5"'"'·-=: 9 .:·.· M Center Line Warren · •.·•.·M .. ;;;\JJJMl,i :::: i:_··.•.:.••.·:.••.1 .... j TOTALS >:.· {;;;:;;;•> .:.•:•:•-:c::•/t•:••?6 • ) • J:i~ < 1<os """":"999 /? 10,379 179,260 < · ltS • ( )? <4>7:)~ ·:• • •· ·. :··•·•·~ ·; :• 59 / .,,.. " •.· •n? i ·•·· •~.··.••.·.·.•···. r,. ·.·.•·.·•:· ·1 :· •.·•.·.4 ··..· .':. · .M •i<ci•·1·e< ·1· o L .. · • 9,293 161,134 Fraser Clinton Twp. Mt. Clemens Harrieon Twp. •1,086 •18,126 : < 99 •.......964 > -:,.: •.·•. ! •10.5 East Detroit •10.1 ! Roseville ! St. Clair Shores wa;; :.ias .'.639 . . . . . r.1.•.1.•.·•..a•·.•·.·.·.4.•·: .27 =••·· .••·• • •· •. · •.·•. .• •.•·.•·..~ . •·.•·.,.•.·. ·. 9.·.··.··••~.·...·· .1·...··.2 ·.·..·.·•. ·.• · •·•·•·•·•·•·•······.·.· •:•:•:y·Jrn;: •:•.-:'·•··1~11:;g . . ,t~mr:: . .. 45,920 60,529 88,093 129 <.••·.•4 :. =..s · .· .•.•· · ·:· ·.•.·.•.·.·.· •.•· · · · · · .:·2 ···<·: 9.•45 ·· ·1·· ••.•..• .·.· ••.. .-.·•·.•2:,:-:9•·.·s • ·:1,_ I :.:.•.•.•.·.> . 38,280 54,311 76,21 0 -3- ! •16.6 -10.3 ! •13.5 ! l 94,542.:..• .•·.·• •· •·•1·. ~ .•·.~ 1 ..:. ):/.~ •/•~;7 · •.r/ ... ;...:4~.. ·.·.-.•. •·:;:t2 •· ·. ·; 317,693 332,819 15,126 4.8 l .................................................... · <>.·••.1. 295,851 339,616 43,765 14.8 ; TOTALS -·-·-·······--·--····-----....---·---................. _.................... ___ ..... ···-..--------------·-------·· Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census •7,640 -6,218 •11 ,883 �• • • • • • • • • • • I Following the Second World War, most metropolitan areas experienced a sweeping wave of population migration from traditional central cities into emerging suburban communities. In Macomb County, this migration first occurred within those suburban communities located along the perimeter of Detroit. The second wave of suburban growth in the County accelerated north along the Van Dyke/Mound Road corridor in the western tier of communities . By 1970, population levels in the western corridor communities (295,851 persons) nearly equaled the population along the eastern or shoreline communities (317,693). During the 1970's, population growth in the western corridor surpassed increases in the eastern communities. The 1980 Census revealed that the Van Dyke/Mound Road communities had a slightly higher population (339,616 persons) than the eastern corridor (332,819 persons) . The dramatic growth experienced by the City of Warren during the 1960's and Sterling Heights in the 1970's accounts for this shift in population. For example, in the ten-year period between 1970 and 1980, Sterling Heights grew by more than 47,000 persons. This gain more than offset the population loss experienced by the City of Warren during the decade of the 1970's. North of M-59, Shelby Township and Utica combined to report a population increase of 11 ,250 persons. Small increases were noted in those communities located north of 26 Mile Road. The increases do, however, provide evidence of a trend of population accelerating in a northerly direction within this corridor. To the east, the greatest population increases occurred in those communities located between 14 Mile Road and 26 Mile Road. Clinton Township (23,535 persons) and Chesterfield Township (8,898 persons) made the greatest contribution to the overall growth of this corridor during the decade. North of 26 Mile Road, the amount of growth was less than for the parallel communities to the west. Results from the 1990 Census suggest a leveling off of the explosive growth that occurred within the western corridor. Eastern corridor communities out-gained their counterparts in the west over the past decade. Today, these two portions of the County share nearly equal population levels. Smaller population increases were observed throughout both corridors. For example, within the M-53 Corridor, Sterling Heights reported a population increase of 8,811 persons, down from 47,634 the previous decade. Shelby Township, on the other hand, matched the increase that occurred during the 1970's, providing additional evidence of the continued movement of population north within this corridor. -4- I, I �• • • • • • - Clinton and Chesterfield Townships continued to be the major contributors to growth in the eastern corridor. These two communities experienced population increases of 13,466 and 7,629 persons, respectively, since 1980. TABLE 2 POPULATION CHANGE BY GROWTH CORRIDORS - MACOMB COUNTY 1980-1990 -----·----·--···----------------··-h•-•••--•-• -----·--·----------·---·-·-----··--·-·..·· M-53~~~-~~E.:~.?~-~~------•------;---------~~~~-~<?.17~-------.. ---•---H-;: : POPULATION CHANGE l POPULATION CHANGE l COMMUNITY 1980 1990 Number Bruce Twp. Romeo 3,823 3,509 4,193 3,520 370 11 •.. ···· ········· ···· ·· - .. . . .. ·· ·· ······ ····· ·· ·· -- .. Washington Twp. 8,637 9.7 0.3 ) Richmond Twp. 1980 1990 Number 3,536 2,453 4,141 2.528 605 75 :::=::::::::::::::::::::::::l :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::.::::::::=:::::;::::::::::: r11'1@;:~ ~::t !:tit~ : : i. j COMMUNITY i Richmond City % 2,749 31.8 j Lenox Twp. l New Haven : :~ ' 3,028 1,871 f!~Mi,;'i :I M!I Ji] i:~rl !}1:1:1~ !])! :*;tii i;::r;t; 'r~iii~;;.;~ : ':.: ··4,_899· . · ! Shelby Twp. 38,939 48,655 9,716 25.0 108,999 117,810 8,811 8.1 j 17.1 3.1 j j -:-:-::-:::-:-:-:::-::::_::..: : !]}~#ill\ ~Miicho38'Mlie :tt} 11,386 "' 3,069 2,331 ::trn~t! j 41 1.4 24.6 j 460 i~Si 'j ! Chesterfield Twp. 18.276 25,905 7,629 41.7 j j Fraser 14,560 72,400 18,806 23,649 13,899 85,866 18,405 24,685 -661 13,466 -401 1,036 -4.5 1 18.6 l -2.1 j 4.4 l iiiii~ 11li1t 11~ii:: :i~titi l """......... ~i•u ;11~ir~ ~1tirt1 T~ij :::,,:1: • . Sterling Heights [_. .)iliMi~i!iMJ;:: • ) Center Line Warren :,_i j Clinton Twp. j Mt. Clemen• j Harrison Twp. :~~l~'.:i !f;ti~Jl i ;;Jil J ::t,;tf~il~:, Mi~iJ:tt~ 9,293 9,026 -267 -2.9 ! Eut Detroit t ',;fa;iss'C :\fa;~ i 161,134 144,864 -16,270 i Roseville ! St Clair Shores •· •••.:·••.r~.•·_'·..7.·•·•••.••.••·i,.:•.::i :Mil~ t~ 14 Mii; -10.1 1 r-1at.1i1itd1i ; - ----AA11;-----r :: ::1%:427: :js:i,890f :~;~;~ L.!~TALS --~~2~----~:..5::: ______ ~=2! ____ ~~1 TOTALS _ _ _ _ Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census -5- 16.4 I ! ! ... ··•··· :•:❖:•:·:·.•.•:•'.•:•:•:-:- ;: •:-:-:-•-·.• 38,280 54,311 76,210 ·>·- i 35,283 51,412 68,107 -2,997 -2,899 -8,103 -7.8 -5.3 -10.6 / 168;801 ,. •. .154;802 . ~13,999 .. · -s;3. 332_,8_19_ _34 __1_,4_29 _ _ _8~2~ ___ i !:_· !:~...l �Household Growth Trends - In recent decades, population change alone has proven not to be the most accurate barometer of community growth and vitality. Much of the population decline experienced by the ring of maturing suburban communities surrounding Detroit is the result of declines in household size, rather than an exodus of residents from the community. Population decline should, therefore, not necessarily be interpreted as an indicator of community decline. Frequently, a community will experience an increase in the number of households concurrently with a decline in population. For this reason, household growth trends are considered to be a more valid measure of growth. Applying this measure of growth to the two identified Macomb County growth corridors reveals an overall balance between these two areas. Between 1970 and 1980, western corridor communities held a slight edge in the number of new housing units constructed. In spite of this increase, the eastern communities had some 5,000 more housing units. TABLE 3 HOUSING CHANGE BY GROWTH CORRIDORS - MACOMB COUNTY 1970-1980 !..............-............._..._ r. . . . ._. _. __. . . . . .·--··. M~~~; .~;;;;~-;,~;~. . . . --..------i ---··. ----·-..-·-~;~;-;~~;;;;........-..........-....................l -~;.;;;··--r ·-.. .-·--··. . . ··--··. . . .· · · . 1 j ! ~~~;;~~··~~-~~- ! j i 1970 1980 Number Bruce Twp./ Romeo 1, 179 1,825 646 COMMUNITY 54.8 2,171 3,322 1,151 53.0 Romeo !w)f/@:;,,) jffJ/,i\tijJ ~itfiiW~tili.! ! Shelby Twp. 7,571 1,265 j Utica I ~:iJIMiil l• • 12,319 1,952 1980 Number 1 Richmond City i Richmond Twp. 982 434 1,282 676 300 242 1 Lenox Twp. i New Haven 770 508 919 613 149 105 Sterling Heights 17,571 34,517 i Center Line Warren .l•jMlli:~~j~:!M./i;::: . 3,129 49,609 Mt Clemens j Harrison Twp. : ~;~1,tf 3,642 54,532 :~r.~ ::: ~;ir! 6,075 2, 118 . j Clinton Twp. ! jJ•ii!WMJ~ : n : :tt{~t 2,769 1,353 si:Jif': ~fb2Eitl,i: : l '.if :~.11 > s;193 96.4 j Fraser 3,067 4,832 ;.;-;-;:;:;••-••-.-/.;:•. _ . • • . _.. 16,946 l't/!£l! mwx~ 62.7 ; Chesterfield Twp. 54.3 j New Baltimore j j i 1970 illilh~r~~~,:1~,w~~ll 4,748 687 . .,, ' ··•·• ; ::::::-.•::-•:;.·.•.-:-:.:-:-.-•• -:•::.·::,.>,:.;.·-:-:-:-:·::::::::::::::-.•:,, i l " ·~~~ ~~; :i a;~ :: : ~: ::i~i~:1;111:·t~l:~ i:r: J:;t;::;: : i;~:;: :r j Washington Twp./ j ~~ ~~~~~-~~;;;· COMMUNITY ~iiij,i~isiiifa: i ..... 13,436 6,823 5,797 24,752 7,363 9,332 " 30.5 1 55.8 j :\~Ii! 19.4 20.7 T# !W&t1I 117.8 j 56.5 j 3,266 765 > j i ;i:&¥ r·. .• 1,765 11,316 540 3,535 ~t\i.1 i j 57.5 84.2 j 7.9 j 61.0 j w~:ij6·1 =:: Ji(f::1:~it~;:l6Mll!:rn t ~f~:~ :< !.fJ~\ · ·•u1r;1~ · · · •! &:J j 1 513 4,923 :. ~:~:: : 16.4 9.9 j l East Detroit Roseville ~o:st..l:.7~:;r()ii:J~r •··•.. ~:~.~ .......~}..~~.?.?. .._.....~:~~~..- ... 35.9 .l l.,TOTALS ._......- ... - ........ Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census -6- TOTALS 13,214 16,751 13,458 18,491 244 1,740 <:::.. .: :::.. :~~:( ~~ .......~..1.?:~.. - .....2~~....... ..... 1.8 10.4 j j t;i...:. . . 1 28.9.J �• • • • • • • During the 1980's, 18,536 new units were added in the eastern communities, giving them a slight edge in the total number of dwelling units. Sterling Heights, Warren and Shelby Township made the greatest contribution to the housing unit increases that occurred in the western corridor during the 1970's. Nearly 90 percent of the total increase took place in those three communities. The greatest contributors to the housing unit growth in the eastern corridor were Chesterfield, Clinton and Harrison Townships. Collectively, these three communities accounted for nearly 70 percent of the corridor's total housing unit increase for the decade . Following the pattern of the previous decade, Sterling Heights and Shelby Township again made the greatest contribution to total housing unit gain. To the east, Clinton Township, Chesterfield Township and the City of Roseville had the greatest housing unit increases during the 1980's. TABLE 4 HOUSING CHANGE BY GROWTH CORRIDORS - MACOMB COUNTY 1980-1990 ·---·---------------------------------------------------------···-··---·--··· : : ···-··----·------~=3~~~-~~':~.5>~~~------------1---· ~ HOUSING UNITS COMMUNITY 1980 1990 Number Bruce Twp./ Romeo 1,825 2,062 Z37 Washington Twp./ Romeo % 13.0 4,668 HOUSING UNITS COMMUNITY i Richmond City Richmond Twp. :~~\~ !:i: ; :=!ii;w:~Mll::j ttf:~'.~ 3,322 -~~~~~~!'~---·------·---···-···-····!~ ! l f:lit'i!W~M~ i i . .1 CHANGE 1 1,346 40.5 ! Lenox Twp. I l 1980 1 HO Number 1,282 676 1,662 783 380 107 1,018 824 ~i:llii!tliMitl : !:~:: :, : i:I;:;;iil'I:tit~=1:: rn~;ii: f:i ll :M1,:~i2Mi" ,,: ,·• i .I~ ::1 i:!:11;~ i i 12,319 1,952 r :;::: ..,,::,:;;:;,;,,;- . . .·....·.· ......•. •,• Shelby Twp. Utica f M~\~~Miki t : =·=:=-·- 1,,,,,, . erling Heights .S . t ·:i1;;;:tu: 43.1 0.5 ! Chesterfield Twp. j New Baltimore 42,317 7,800 22.6 ij Clinton Fraser Twp. Mt. Clemens Ji::;~:;? ]C:i.:= }' : ~:: 1-;i~i;;tc,:M:~ r ·. • Li4Mlle'to'M$ • . . .. .. \ Center Line f•;:Miitw:11a1,!? : .,·. < ; L!~!~~ . . .•• • •:-:-::::::: i ·· _.-.-:-. 3,986 56,189 344 1,657 =n:::ss:1t4 ••\:,61:1,frn > zoof 3,642 54,532 Warren • . •. • 112,109 9,594 2,459 ::-r :::::;.:-:-/•.•.• i Harrison Twp. ; :::::·.;.·· 6,075 2,118 ~~i ::,;;:J\l:@1~-is'Mit: •,•·- \:•· •·• • • _·· ·s:193·? .. 34,517 5,311 10 i i,_ % 29.6 15.8 128,814 9.4 3.0 ·.. ·.·. 16:?.?: ___ l East Detroit i Roseville l St. Clair Shoree 4,832 24,752 7,363 9,332 46,279 . :- -·-: ~-. :-.·-·· ~~:~.1 .. .. 13,458 18,491 27,154 . .. ·-·.. TOTALS - - - Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census -7- l 10.8 : 34.4 j iid1tj_ 3,519 341 .:~;;~:<: • 1.s#, >> 57.9 16.1 510 9,186 364 1,284 j 41.1:.: j .-.-.•----··••-· 5,342 33,938 7,727 10,616 ! . ; 10.6 \ 37.1 j 4.9 j 13.8 i · · · · sf~ -:. ;\;~ ., . : = ;r~ ! :::;:irr:1~1;::J4:M11: : . ~.~~:.·.·. i ! 99 211 I 17,630 1,962 ! .: j;~·'f=:urz~• ,-?i?atr ><2~,;!! i 919 613 New Haven . .1 CHANGE . 13,684 20,025 27,929 226 1,534 ~1.~ · :::~ n5 1.7 8.3 2.9 ::: ::,,._ ;• .. ; ! i l Ii ~-~.?:..~---~-3.::!'l...____1!~--J~~•..i �~ • • • • • • M-59 Growth Corridor As reflected in the preceding analysis, the rapid rate of population and housing growth experienced by communities in western Macomb County over the past 20 to 30 years has brought both growth corridors into an overall balance in the number of residents and total housing units. The pace of population and housing unit change experienced by these two corridors does not, however, fully explain overall County growth patterns, for an eastwest corridor has emerged along M-59. This corridor provides a bridge across the County linking the east and the west. Plans to widen and improve M-59 in the near future reinforce its importance . The communities most impacted by this corridor include Shelby Township, Chesterfield Township, Sterling Heights, Utica, Macomb Township and Clinton Township. Collectively, these communities, excluding the City of Utica, experienced a population gain of 48, 106 persons during the past decade. More than 28,000 new housing units were constructed in these communities since 1980, accounting for more than 80 percent of the total housing unit increase for both corridors. Communities located proximate to M-59 are clearly positioned to be further impacted by Mure County development trends. Conclusions Several conclusions can be drawn on the basis of this analysis. The first is that growth in the County has shifted from the eastern-most Gratiot Avenue Corridor along the Lake St. Clair shoreline to the western-most tier of communities located along M-53. With the exception of Macomb Township, these communities located along North Avenue have yet to experience the pace of population and housing growth evident elsewhere in the County. The growth in Macomb Township is the result of its location along M-59 which is emerging as an important east-west growth corridor. North Avenue has yet to provide evidence of the continuous growth noted in the two flanking corridors. It should also be noted that growth in neither the M-53 nor the Gratiot Avenue corridor has yet to reach the County's northerly tier of communities. While Armada Township will likely continue to experience population and housing growth in the Mure, the Township is located outside of the County's two predominant growth corridors. This location will influence future planning policies for the Township into the next century. -8- �• • • • • • • • OTHER REGIONAL INFLUENCES Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) Historical Perspective - Over the past decade, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments has emerged as the primary regional planning organization for the sevencounty Southeast Michigan region. SEMCOG's influence originally stemmed from its role as the Federally-mandated regional review agency for this region. This role, commonly referred to as the A-95 review process, provided SEMCOG with an opportunity to review and comment on all State and Federal grants offered to local communities in the region. This review was intended to provide an opportunity to input a regional perspective to grant programs and ensure coordination among programs and avoid duplication of effort . The A-95 review process was subsequently terminated by the Federal government pursuant to Executive Order 12372. The process has been continued in Michigan, however, through the authority of the Governor's office . SEMCOG's role in regional planning over the years has expanded well beyond their original function of monitoring local participation in Federal grant programs. Today, SEMCOG is involved in many other important regional planning activities, including: transportation planning, the development of population, household and employment forecasts, water quality planning and economic development, among others. Certain of these activities should be considered in the development of the Master Land Use Plan for Armada Township. The more relevant activities for the purpose of this Plan involve SEMCOG's Land Use Policy Plan, small area forecasts and transportation planning activities. Sewer Service Area Map - In response to increasing concerns regarding urban sprawl, SEMCOG recently amended their sewer service area map. The purpose of the map is to assist SEMCOG in determining which sewer projects qualify for funding assistance available through either State or Federal sources. ... _,,I ' , ..... ,/ """ '\ "<:::: \ The map recognizes that urbanization is highly dependent upon the availability of utilities and seeks to direct growth to areas where existing sewer lines are currently available. The map shows the existing and proposed sewer service areas confined to the Village of Armada and small contiguous areas of Armada Township. This map does not anticipate any significant extension of utilities beyond the limits of Armada Village (see Illustration 3). \ 3 SEWER SERVICE AREAS -9- �I • • • • • • • I Regional Development Forecasts Every five years, SEMCOG prepares a series of population, household and employment forecasts on a regional, county and individual community basis. These forecasts are prepared for five-year intervals between 1990 and 2010. The results of this process are summarized in the chapter describing Armada Township's population characteristics. Regional Transportation Plan • Transportation planning is another important regional planning activity undertaken by SEMCOG. The primary purpose of SEMCOG's transportation planning process is to identify the region's major transportation system problems and recommend alternative solutions for dealing with these problems . SEMCOG's Year 2005 Regional Transportation Plan for Southeast Michigan identifies anticipated transportation deficiencies to the year 2005, based on projected population, household and employment growth levels . SEMCOG's plan identifies 11 lmprovement Corridors11 , which include those major regional thoroughfares that demonstrate the greatest need for additional capacity. Of the 24 improvement corridors identified by SEMCOG, none pass through Armada Township. One corridor, however, namely M-53, is located proximate to the Township. Extension of the M-53 bypass around the Village of Romeo has been in the planning stages by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT) for a number of years. Plans for the construction of this road have been finalized and the State is currently in the property acquisition stage of the project. It is anticipated that this bypass extension will be completed in the early 1990's. Improvement of the M-53 corridor may have an impact on Armada Township, especially the southwest corner of the Township, near the intersection of 32 Mile Road and Powell Road. Plans for the freeway bypass include entrances and exits at 32 Mile Road. This access may help facilitate industrial development in the vicinity of the Ford Motor plant in the Village of Romeo. Continued development of industrial uses in this area may extend into Armada Township in the Mure. County Airport Study Macomb County recently evaluated the need for a public airport serving the County and the suitability of specific sites for meeting these requirements. Among the sites considered in this study is the Romeo Airport, which is located along the Township's southern boundary. The Executive Summary of the Macomb County Aviation Feasibility Study made the following conclusion relative to this airport: 11 lt is assumed that Romeo could continue to function unthreatened and adequately serve its users without public intervention. 11 While this site may not be considered suitable for improvement as a public airport, this does not preclude its continued expansion as a private facility in the Mure. The airport has the capability of accommodating turbo props and small jets. The location of this facility on the Township's boundary will undoubtedly have an impact on long range planning in Armada. -10- �• • • • • • • • LOCAL PLANNING INFLUENCES In addition to the other regional planning issues identified earlier, Armada Township is also influenced, to some extent, by planning and development activities occurring in neighboring communities. Four communities share a common boundary with Armada Township, three of which have adopted master plans that need to be considered in the development of this Plan. While it may not always be in the best interest to mirror the examples established by surrounding communities, cooperative planning activities should be encouraged whenever practical and feasible. Summaries of the master plan designations for those communities where they abut Armada Township are included as follows . Bruce Township Bruce Township and Armada Township share a common boundary for five (5) miles. Unlike the Township's other boundaries, no road is located along this boundary. Agricultural is the proposed long-term use of this adjoining land from Boardman Road. Industrial is planned for that portion of the Township between 33 and 34 Mile Roads. Village of Romeo Romeo also shares a portion of Armada's western boundary for approximately one (1) mile along Powell Road, between 32 and 33 Mile Roads. The existing Village Master Plan, which was done in the 1960's, anticipated that this area would be developed for residential purposes. This area has since been developed for industrial purposes. Ray Township Armada and Ray Townships share a common boundary for approximately six (6) miles along 32 Mile Road. Most of this boundary in Ray Township, from Romeo Plank Road east to Omo Road, is planned for agricultural uses. The only exception to this pattern is at the northwest corner of Ray Township, where a somewhat more intensive Mure land use pattern is anticipated. The Romeo Airport and adjacent industrial development account for this increase in the planned Mure land use. Land reserved for floodplains is noted at those locations where the Clinton River and both branches of the Coon Creek cross 32 Mile Road. -11- �•~ • • ~ Richmond Township Continued agricultural uses are planned for a large portion of the common boundary between Armada Township and Richmond Township along Omo Road. Single-family residential is planned along Omo, between south of Irwin Road to approximately one-half (1/2) mile north of 34 Mile Road. Future commercial development is planned for the intersection of Omo Road and Armada Ridge Road. Berlin Township Berlin Township lies north of Armada Township in St. Clair County. The common boundary between Armada Township and Berlin Township is designated for residential/agricultural purposes. -12- �• • • • • POPULATION ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The population of a community, its composition and characteristics, is a basic ingredient in planning for the Mure. Historical and current population trends can be used in various ways. They illustrate problem areas of development and provide an indication of probable Mure needs. Proper planning of Mure land use, roads, and community facilities must take the existing distribution of population and Mure projections into consideration. The population study is linked to the general health, safety, and welfare of the area residents through the following four objectives: 1. To guide the distribution of populations and prevent over-concentration. 2. To ensure orderly development by closing in unplanned gaps left between residential areas. 3. To provide the necessary air, light and open space. 4. To dimension the need for community facilities, utilities, and other development features required to serve the growing community. This analysis will consider the characteristics of the Township's population, how the population has changed over time, and the extent to which these characteristics may influence Mure planning related decisions. Included in this analysis is a discussion of population growth trends, age and household characteristics, and anticipated Mure population levels. POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS Armada Township's population has more than doubled during the 50-year period between 1940 and 1990, from 1,064 persons in 1940, to 2,943 persons in 1990. With the exception of the 1950's, Armada Township has gained population since 1940. Since 1960, the Township experienced population increases when each ten-year census was conducted. The largest increase occurred during the 1970's, when 894 new residents were added to the Township. Census results for 1990 show an increase of 448 over the past ten years. See Table 5. -13- �• • • • • TABLE 5 COMPARATIVE POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS . l Community 1940 ,~ad;}f9w~t1ip::::::: : 1.os:i> _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ............ - · - - · - - - - - · · · - - - - - · · · - - - - · · - - · - - · - - - · - - · - - - - - - - · · · · - - · · - · - · · - - · - - - · - - - - • - - - - · · · · - - · · · I Armada Village j Ray Township I Bruce Township j Richmond Township j Macomb County 1950 1960 1970 1980 951/ 1:1: (jl:1;i~!! i:!i! !j,®i i: 1 1 g~ 'I 961 1,111 1,352 1,392 1,548 1,439 1,671 2,086 2,683 3,121 3,230 785 996 1,538 2,213 3,823 4,1931 1, 155 1, 194 1,385 1,719 2,453 2,528 107,638 1~.:.~~~......_.~~.804 1940-1990 3,500 . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 3,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- w 2,500 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -------,,,,,, z 0 (/) 2,000 i - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- ---1::::::, u. 0 ffi 1,500 1--- - - - -- -- - m :'.2 ::> 1,064 Z 1,000 ____951 --- -- 500 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 YEARS -14- l j .~~~:.~~~ .........~~:.~~ ........ 715,240.,l FIGURE 1 ffi j 865 ARMADA TOWNSHIP GROWTH TRENDS a. . 199~.l 1980 1990 �• • • • • • • • • ~ TABLE 6 POPULATION CHANGE BY DECADE .. ·-··-··--------····-----------···-··--·· ..-----------·-----------------·-----------------·-----..------·-···········.. 1940-50 , 950-60 , N0-10 , ,1o-ao , 980-to I 1 i Community l:~g#rr~~i! Number j Armada Village I Ray Twp. ! ! Bruce Twp. Richmond Twp. % Number % \I:]ij } ' 385 } 96 11 232 Number Number % Number % % i •1·•· ,, ~ I •.t 20 150 16 241 22 40 3 156 :1 1; ;! :I 11 j 16 415 25 597 29 438 16 109 3 211 27 542 54 675 44 1,610 73 370 10 39 3 191 16 334 24 734 43 75 3 1 = !~ , = • l ! ! !. ·--·········--··-·-·-·-·--··--Macomb County n,323 71 220,843 119 120,505 29 69,291 11 20,640 2 l ........._................................. -........... __.................. _................................. _........... -.................... _............. . FIGURE2 COMPARATIVE GROWTH TRENDS 1940-1990 5,000 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , BRUCElWP / ,,.---- -- / / AAYlWP ··········"····· / 1-------------------..!✓~ ·············/ / .... •• ••·••• ••• • . ····· / / :.: :.: :: __ ..,. __ 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 YEARS SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS -15- 1980 1990 �AGE CHARACTERISTICS An important demographic factor influencing planning is the age composition of a community and the extent to which this composition has changed over time. This is particularly useful for anticipating Mure Township service demands and land use requirements. Among the most significant trends revealed by the last Census was the steady aging of the nation's population. This trend is evident on national, state and local levels, as shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 MEDIAN AGE l Geographic Area ----·---·--·--·----··-,---, 1950 1960 lj~~~!i'! 'i)':'(; ; ;&;;"•~~T . 1970 1980 j •~:i :::·I!I m -·---·--------------·-·--------·-----· The median age of Armada Township's population also reflects this larger trend. In 1970, for example, the Township's population had a median age of 25.5 years. This figure increased to 27.8 years in 1980. Between 1970 and 1980, Armada Township experienced a population increase of 934 persons. By reviewing the various age categories that comprise the Township's total population, it is possible to determine how individual age groups changed during this tenyear period and which groups made the largest contribution to the Township's overall population increase. Each of the twelve age groups shown in Table 8 reported population increases between 1970 and 1980. The greatest increases are noted in the three age categories comprising residents between the ages of 25 and 44. Collectively, these three categories increased by 347 persons. Persons under the age of 45 accounted for 80 percent of the Township's population growth during the 1970's. -16- �TABLE 8 ___________ POPULATION BY AGE ___ , 1970 I Age 1980 Change 1970 -SO Number % Number % 149 9.3 193 7.7 167 10.3 223 8.9 204 12.1 290 11.6 + 44 + 56 + 86 169 10.6 260 10.1 + 101 6.3 188 7.5 + j Under 5 I s-9 I 10-14 I 1s-19 : 20-24 :: : : : ! ! ! 99 ! ! 187 : :::: ::: Il 4.3 + 26 3.1 113 4.5 + 64 76 4.8 110 4.4 ! + 34 I 47 2.9 63 2.5 + 01 5.1 : 60-64 49 I 75+ I 101 ss-59 I 65-74 j 16 ! ~ 11~l~:'.z2:l!;i!l;1.,e.i:: 1e2ftl:it:![!!:~: 1~!~~}l:I1M~22I:\L~~~j±l~ '. :I 1 1 < l'IOURE3 POPULATION CHANGE BY AGE 1970 AND 1980 400 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 300 1n ·. . ! -'.,l. < w- :\li:.1--"".:•· _'IT,:_-::,_.• - - Iii Iii l!i \: : I IMH 0 ~ :;; ~ Iii :Ill { 1ll ill 1] UNDER 5 10-14 20-24 35-44 55-59 65-74 S-9 15-19 25-34 45-54 60-64 75+ AGE CATEGORIES • 1970 CJ 1980 SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS -17- �• • • • • It is possible to obtain another perspective on the changes that are occurring to the age structure of the Township's population by combining individual age groups into larger categories that more closely resemble identifiable stages of a normal life cycle: preschool, school, adolescent/family formation, middle-age, and senior citizens. The distribution of the Township's and the County's population into each of these categories is shown in Table 9. TABLE 9 AGE BY LIFE CYCLE CATEGORY I Armada Township ! Category 1970 1980 9.3 7. 7 School (5-19) 33. 7 31.3 Family Formation (20-44) 28.2 35.2 Middle-Age (45-64) 21.1 18.8 7.7 6.9 j Pre-School (0-4) j I j l Seniors (65+) j j Category ! Macomb County Pre-School (0-4) l School (5-19) ! Family Formation (20-44) ! Middle-Age (45-64) 1, Seniors (65+) j ! I I j j I j j 1970 1980 10.3 6. 7 ! 33.5 26.9 j 33.9 37.8 17.5 20.8 i ! ..---··-·---4.~_..___ 7. 7 \ The pre-school category is a good short-range indicator of Mure school enrollment trends and the impact that these trends may have on the use of existing or planned school facilities. Between 1970 and 1980, the percent of the Township's population under the age of five declined from 9.3 percent in 1970, to 7.7 percent in 1980. -18- �• • • • • I I The school-age category also provides some evidence of the demand for school and recreation facilities. This category's share of the Township's total population is declining. In 1970, for example, approximately one-third (1/3) of all Township residents were between the ages of 5 and 19. By 1980, this group declined to 31.3 percent. The family formation and middle-age categories comprise more than one-half (1/2) of the Township's total population and are increasing their share of the Township's overall population. Collectively, these two categories represent the foundation of the community. These categories represent the community's largest share of property owners and taxpayers. They are also consumers of goods and services, thereby serving as a catalyst for economic growth. Between 1970 and 1980, the percentage of the Township's population in these two groups increased from 49.2 percent to 54.0 percent. FIGURE4 AGE BY LIFE CYCLE CATEGORY -1970 Nationwide, senior citizens are becoming a more important segment of the overall population base. As the number of seniors continues to grow, greater demands will be generated for passive recreation opportunities, convenient transportation, as well as specialized housing and health care services. While the number of Township residents over the age of 65 increased in 1980, they represent a smaller portion of the Township's total population than they did ten years earlier. FIGURES AGE BY LIFE CYCLE CATEGORY-1980 -19- �• • • • • • • • • HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSING GROWTH TRENDS Household characteristics, in general, and the rate of new household formations, in particular, have become increasingly important as indicators of demographic change and economic growth. The growth of new households, in fact, may be a better determinant of economic growth within a community than absolute increases in the population itself. Household growth trends represent another important trend revealed by the 1980 Census. Michigan offers a good example of this trend. In spite of a low population growth rate of 4.3 percent between 1970 and 1980, Michigan experienced the formation of 500,000 new households during this period, for an increase of 20 percent. Accompanying this change in household formations was an equally noticeable decline in the size of the average household. At the national level, household size declined to a record low of 2. 75 persons per household . Three factors are largely held responsible for these trends: 1) increased numbers of people living alone either before marriage or after divorce; 2) smaller families with women having fewer children; and 3) more elderly women outliving their husbands. (1l The aging of the 11baby boom 11 generation has also had an impact on the rate of new household formations. Many members of the baby boom generation reached the age when they began forming their own households during the 1970's, contributing significantly to the number of new households. TABLE 10 HOUSING UNIT CHANGE .. . ·-·-------·--·---------------· ! Total Percent ! i ;;: ~ i ~ Dwell:: UnHa : Change Change : l:....--···------·--::: ::: --~~ ---:::: I : Source: U.S. Census 1 (l Russell, Cherly. 11 lnside the Shrinking Household, 11 American Demographics. Volume 3, No. 9; Ithaca, New York; American Demographics, October, 1981; pp. 28-33. -20- �Armada Township shared in the rapid rate of housing unit growth that characterized the ten-year period between 1970 and 1980. During this period, approximately 288 new housing units were built in the Township, for an increase of 65.5 percent. Census data for 1990 reports an increase of 171 housing units in the Township over the past ten years, for an increase of 23.5 percent. This is a decline from the change observed ten years earlier. It is possible to determine the pace of housing change occurring in the Township by tracking the number of building permits issued for new construction on a yearly basis. Data compiled for Armada Township shows a relatively flat rate of new housing construction for the first half of the past decade. The most significant growth is noted in 1986 and 1987, when 23 and 38 new home permits were issued. TABLE11 BUILDING PERMIT TRENDS --------··----Slngle-Famlly i l Year Permits Issued l i 1980 i 1981 0 10 j ! ii 1982 6 1983 7 l 1984 4 1985 9 1986 23 ! 1987 ! 38 1988 16 j 1989 13 j ! ! ! i:_ j i ! ! ! ! ~ !~~rz:: J==~jl~! :::i!~::sir~t~J -21- �• • • • • "'• Consistent with National and State trends, the size of the average household in Armada Township declined over the 20-year period between 1970 and 1990. For example, in 1970, the Township reported an average household size of 3.64 persons. By 1980, this figure had declined to 3.55. Preliminary 1990 data suggests that household size has again declined to a level of 3.35. In spite of these declines, the average household size for Armada Township remains slightly higher than similar figures for either the County or the State. See Table 12. TABLE 12 HOUSEHOLD SIZE -----·-·-·-------·- ---·-----·· 1960 i. J:1:;;;~!'.:ili!:ll~te:1 ! Macomb County i Michigan ·----·-··--··--· 1970 1980 1990 ·.·.· i j . :,:., ..:::r:::il sl! ::j \: \:j \j ~il:il ::;:i;:: 3;5~:;: : . ?f~ :i! I 3.79 3.63 3.00 2.70 3.49 3.27 2.84 ------= - , POPULATION PROJECTIONS Projections of future population growth provide the bridge between the present and the Mure in the comprehensive planning process. These projections help dimension Mure land use requirements, as well as the demand for various municipal services. Projections of Mure population growth need to consider the growth of the larger geographic region within which the community is located. For the Township, this involves considering Mure population growth within the community as it relates to growth for Macomb County and Southeast Michigan as a whole. Several techniques are traditionally used to project Mure population growth. These alternative approaches to population forecasting, and the results that they yield, are summarized in the following discussion. Also included as part of this analysis are population projections that have been prepared by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. -22- �• • • • • : Constant Proportion Method The constant proportion method of projecting population assumes that Armada Township will maintain the same share of Macomb County's population in 2000 and 201 O as it did in 1990. Applying this projection method yields the following results: Macomb County 1990 Population Armada Township 1990 Population Share of County's Total Population - 717,400 2,943 0.4% Macomb County 2000 Population Armada Township 2000 Population - 743,763 2,987 Macomb County 201 O Population Armada Township 201 O Population - 736,117 2,944 This method uses anticipated Mure Macomb County population levels projected by the Michigan Department of Management and Budget. A somewhat high County growth rate is expected according to SEMCOG forecasts. When these projections are substituted for the State of Michigan figures, the following projections for Armada Township are noted: 1990 - 3,163 persons; and 2000 - 3,316 persons. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Population projections to the year 201 O were developed by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments as part of their updated Small Area Forecast process for 1989. These projections are summarized as follows: 1990 2000 2010 - 2,943 (actual) 3,511 4,038 -23- �• • • • : • Growth Rate Method The growth method is an alternative projection technique that assumes that the Township's growth rate between 1990 and 2000 will be similar to that which occurred between 1980 and 1990. This method further assumes that the Township's 1990 to 201 0 growth rate will be identical to the rate that occurred between 1970 and 1990. This technique yields the following results: Armada Township 1980 Population Armada Township 1990 Population Percent Change 1980-1990 Projected Change 1990-2000 Projected 2000 Population 2,495 2,943 18.0% Armada Township 1970 Population Armada Township 1990 Population Percent Change 1970-1990 Projected Change 1990-201 0 Projected New Population 1,601 2,943 83.8% 2,466 5,409 530 3,473 Arithmetic Method The arithmetic method is similar to the growth rate method in that the population projections are based on the growth that occurred in the preceding decades. This method, however, uses actual numbers rather than percentages and yields the following results when applied to Armada Township: Armada Township 1980 Population Armada Township 1990 Population 1980-1990 Change Projected 2000 Population 2,495 2,943 448 3,391 Armada Township 1970 Population Armada Township 1990 Population 1970-1990 Change Projected 201 0 Population 1,601 2,943 1,342 4,285 Each of the preceding techniques offer what are essentially textbook approaches to projections of Mure population levels. The range of projections needs to be evaluated in relation to Armada Township's position in the region, as well as other variables influencing population growth trends. -24------- �• • • • • • • Projection Summary The anticipated population levels for the Township, using each of the different projection techniques, are summarized in Table 13. TABLE 13 POPULATION PROJECTION SUMMARY ·----·--·· ·-·······-·-·-·---·--·---··-·--·· . Constant Proportion . 1990 2000 2010 2,943 2,987/3,163 2,944/3,316 ::C":~___ ;~_ : :; __3;_ _ I 1 FIGURE& POPULATION PROJECTION SUMMARY 6,000 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 5,409 5,000 - - - - - - - - - - - e 4,ooo ~ - - - - - - - - - ClJ CIJ a: w a. ~ 3,000 a: w ID ~ 2,000 z 1,000 Constant Proportion Growth Rate Arthmetic PROJECTION METHOD 0 1990 8] 2000 -25- • 2010 SEMCOG �• • • • • • •II The projections for the turn-of-the-century suggest a population level of between 2,987 and 3,511 persons. This reflects an increase of between 61 and 585 persons. For the year 2010, the projected increases range from 2,944 (+ 18 persons) to 5,348 persons over 1990 totals. Based on the range of possibilities offered by these alternatives, the following projections appear to offer a reasonable view of anticipated future growth: 2000 - 3,200 persons 201 O - 3,600 persons . Continued declines in household size are also expected to occur. SEMCOG projections anticipate that the size of the average household in Armada will decline to 3.3 in 2000, and then 3.1 for 201 0: 2000 2010 - 970 - 1,161 These projections should be viewed as offering a preliminary assessment of the Township's Mure growth potential. Achieving these population and household levels is obviously dependent upon a number of factors. These include overall population and economic growth in Southeast Michigan and Macomb County. Township policies regarding Mure growth will also have a bearing on whether or not these projections will be realized. -26- �• • • • PHYSICAL FEATURES INTRODUCTION The manner in which the land in a community is being used is one of the basic determinants of the general character of the community and its development potential. Land use patterns on the periphery of a community also influence planning activities because of their potential impact. The use or misuse of a community's unique physical features can also have significant and long-term consequences for the development of an area. It is, therefore, important to consider these physical characteristics as part of any comprehensive planning process and the extent to which these features offer either opportunities or constraints for future land development activities. The following study provides a detailed explanation of Armada's physical land use features. The main component of this study is an examination of existing land use characteristics on a category-by-category basis. This study also examines other aspects of the physical environment that may influence Mure development patterns. These include an identification of designated wetlands, significant woodland areas, soil types, prime agricultural lands and parcels enrolled in the State farmland and open space preservation program. EXISTING LAND USE Existing land use data for Armada was derived from a field study of the entire Township which was conducted during the Summer of 1989. Information obtained from the field was subsequently transferred to a Township base map. The total amount of land area occupied by each category was also measured. The results of this process are summarized in Table 14 and in the following narrative descriptions of each category. Residential Residential units, consisting primarily of single-family homes, occupy approximately 868 acres of land. More than eighty (80) percent of this residentially used land is located in the Township, with the remaining residential land in the Village. A greater percentage of the Village's total acreage is being used for residential purposes (28.9 percent) compared to the Township (3.2 percent). Most of the Village's residentially used land is located in platted subdivisions. -27- �TABLE 14 EXISTING LANO USE SUMMARY ARMADA TOWNSHIP ANO ARMADA VILLAGE :·----·-·--··----·-··--~da ~ ~ I p ~:;;;;:;;-· T;~;~·--··-···-··-1 Acr• Percent Acr• Percent Acres == I,.·_=.. 736.0 3.2 132.8 28.9 868.8 3.7. :: :~ ,;:: 2: : .:: ::: i ···::: ::: 47.0 10.2 ···:: :~ I 20,714.9 90.7 166.6 36.2 20,885.3 89.7 i , Residential i,,! p"""' Undeveloped l::t~;.:f . ···;;;;>: ; ; :; ;j~~i§ . . ·•.·.::::::i.:titi;J=; ·_~ : : : ::::::::r .tot>;p : (_ _:~:~:9. Percent ;'=,,,:_1 >\::,~;9:)I Ill II II l'ICIUM7 EXISTING LAND USE SUMMARY II .. I j . Land Use Category Developed 10.3% Undeveloped 89. 7% Roads 49.4% Developed Land Summary Developed/Undeveloped -28- �I I I I I I I • • "- Single-family home sites in the Township are located in a linear fashion along the frontage of the Township's major road system. The absence of developed subdivisions can be attributed to the lack of municipal water and sewers and the presence of soils that are not capable of supporting septic systems at an urban density. Road frontage residential development contributes to the creation of future land use problems. Foremost is the isolation of the interior acreage. This isolation frequently jeopardizes the continued use of this acreage for agriculture. It also limits the development potential for Mure residential uses. No multiple-family units are located within the Township. Several small multiple projects were noted in the Village. Collectively, these developments occupy only a small percentage of the community's total residentially used acreage. Commercial Armada has an existing commercial base of approximately 33 acres, most of which is concentrated within a several block area in the Village. For the most part, this commercial development has a convenience commercial orientation and is intended to meet the day-to-day retail and service needs of Village and Township residents . The remaining commercial activity located in the Township consists primarily of farm markets and related agricultural uses. These activities are distributed throughout the Township along the major road system. A small concentration of these uses are located along North Avenue, north of the Village limits at the Armada Center Road intersection. Industrial Industrial facilities occupy a relatively small portion of the Township's total land area (59.4 acres). Existing industrial uses consist primarily of light manufacturing and transportationrelated activities. The location of these uses is largely confined to the southern portion of the Township and in the Village, near the intersection of North Avenue and the railroad tracks. An emerging industrial area is evident in the far southwest corner of the Township, near the intersection of 32 Mile Road and Powell Road. This area is appropriately located near the Village of Romeo's industrial park and is proximate to the planned extension of the M-53 freeway. The factor limiting the development of this area for more extensive industrial purposes is the absence of public water and sanitary sewers. -29- �I I I I I I I - - - Public/Semi-Public Public and semi-public land uses include schools, churches, parks and similar uses. Land being used for this purpose occupies 184 acres in the Village and Township. Three school sites and the Armada Fair Grounds' site comprise the greatest amount of land being used for either public or semipublic purposes. One Township park is also included in this category. A concentration of public/semi-public uses is evident in the northeast corner of the Village and the adjoining or nearby Township acreage. Approximately one-fifth (1/5) of the total Village area is currently used for this purpose. Other Uses In addition to ·the previously described uses, another category of uses exists in the Township that deserves attention since they may influence future development patterns. These uses consist of utility corridors, four of which cross the Township. The two largest corridors are owned by Detroit Edison and Consumers Power Company. Both corridors cross the southern portion of the Township in an east-west direction. High voltage electrical transmission towers and lines are located within the Edison corridor. A natural gas pipeline is located within the Consumers Power corridor. This pipeline serves an extensive gas storage field located in the southeast corner of the Township which occupies nearly 700 acres of land. Roads, including section line roads in the Township and subdivision streets in the Village, occupy approximately 1,200 acres of land. This .represents five (5) percent of the Township's total area. As development increases, the amount of land needed for roads normally increases. Two extractive/mining operations are located in the Township. Collectively, these two operations occupy 69.3 acres of land. The existence of these two operations may impact the Mure development of nearby acreage. Undeveloped A large quantity of land, representing nearly ninety (90) percent of the Township's total acreage is undeveloped. While this land is technically undeveloped or vacant, much of it is being used for a productive, economic purpose--namely, farming. According to current tax assessment records, approximately 14,516.5 acres of land are being used for agricultural purposes. This acreage represents nearly two-thirds (2/3) of the Township's total land area. The use of this land for farming needs to be considered in the context of the urbanization that is occurring elsewhere in the County. Much of the County's productive farmland in communities to the south has been lost to urban uses. The County's remaining agricultural acreage is largely concentrated in the northern tier of the Township. The continued viability of this acreage for continued agricultural purposes will depend, to some extent, on long-range planning decisions made by the Township. The Township's planning policy relative to this agricultural land will be, perhaps, the single most significant land use issue confronting the Township in the Mure. -30- �I I I I I I I • WETLANDS Wetlands serve a number of important environmental functions that need to be considered during a community-wide planning process. Among other functions, wetlands affect water quality by trapping and storing the nutrients from upland runoff in plant tissue and serving as a settling basin for slit generated from upland erosion. This natural filtering function, however, can be seriously damaged by poor land use practices. Since every wetland has a unique tolerance for filtering runoff from the uplands surrounding it, development in these adjacent areas can create more nutrient and sediment inflow than the wetland is able to absorb. Moreover, development in and around the fringe of the wetland itself can destroy its ecological health and, thus, its filtering ability. Sediments and nutrients from upland development can overload and damage the natural system, turning the wetland into a settling basin of polluted and unpleasant smelling water. While wetlands operate as natural nutrient filters, they can easily be overloaded and, thus, destroyed. Through increased storm water runoff and nutrients from fertilizers and urban development, this entire process is accelerated as much as one hundred times as fast as the natural process. Consequently, a wetland that may have served as an important nutrient filtering area for 1,000 years may only function that way for ten (10) years once it has been overloaded. Even more serious is the removal of wetlands. The removal of these natural features by dredging or filling will have an immediate impact on the water quality of streams and lakes below them in the watershed system. Preserved wetlands improve water quality, moderate floods, and stabilize water supplies, thereby providing for overall environmental health and stability. Development in and around wetlands are regulated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources pursuant to the provisions of the Goemaere-Anderson Wetlands Protection Act. This legislation generally regulates the development of wetlands over five (5) acres in size, or which are contiguous to the Great Lakes or to a river, stream, pond or inland lake. Permits are required by this legislation for the following activities: 1) Depositing or placing fill material in a wetland; 2) dredging or removing soil from a wetland; 3) constructing, operating or maintaining any use or development in a wetland; and 4) draining surface water from a wetland. State law does provide procedures whereby these activities may be permitted in a wetland, depending on whether or not certain criteria are met. Numerous State-designated wetlands are located in Armada. These wetlands are widely distributed throughout the area, with a concentration along existing drainage courses and near existing woodlands. Numerous areas along both branches of Coon Creek have been identified as wetlands. Identification of these wetlands is based on aerial photography interpretation. Actual on-site inspection of these areas may result in wetlands of substantially different sizes and configurations. -31- �I I I I I I I '• WOODLANDS Large wooded areas also serve significant environmental functions that need to be recognized and acknowledged. A wooded area can be of great value to a watershed area. The canopy of trees aid in breaking the force of precipitation, thereby decreasing erosion. Erosion is further inhibited by the fibrous root system of the understory plants, as well as the layer of leaf or needle litter. Woodlands can also reduce the volume of stormwater runoff. Clear-cut lands can produce excessive runoff unless trees are replaced by other vegetation with comparable water retaining capacity. With no soil and vegetation to moderate runoff from precipitation, flooding may result, in addition to a loss of precipitation ordinarily retained and recharged into groundwater reserves by the woodland. Woodlands improve air quality and afford protection from wind and erosion. Leaves and branches moderate the strength of winds and, when moistened with dew or rainwater, reduce suspended particles in the air, which are later washed off with rainwater. Plants also serve to moderate the effect of chemical pollutants in the air by absorbing some ozone, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. A dense stand of trees can significantly cut noise from adjacent factories or highways by six to eight decibels per 100 feet of forest. Moreover, the moderating effects of forests on temperature and wind can significantly cut the sound-carrying capacity of the atmosphere. The resilience of woodlands creates a microclimate around the tree stand itself. Woodland qualities which moderate and buffer temperature, precipitation, runoff, wind and noise are features of this microclimate effect. The benefits of this microclimate effect to surrounding urban and suburban areas can be significant. An urban area devoid of vegetation is the exact opposite of the forest microclimate. It increases the range of temperature fluctuations much like the climatic extremes of a desert. The sun's energy striking streets and buildings is changed into heat, further increasing the temperature on a hot day; at night, the buildings lose heat and offer no protective cover from night chill or winter winds. Thus, if woodlands are interspersed among builtup areas, the effects of their microclimates can be felt in adjacent urban areas, moderating fluctuations in temperatures by keeping the surrounding air cooler in the summer and daytime and warmer in the winter and evening. The significance of woodlands is given added weight by the less quantifiable benefits that they provide to the public. Not only are woodlands important buffers, they also add aesthetic values and provide attractive sites for recreational activities such as hiking, camping, and other passive recreational pursuits. Continued stability of good real estate values is a secondary benefit offered by woodlands. Since people choose to live in and around woodlands, providing for woodland protection in the planning of development projects will maintain favorable real estate values. Significant quantities of wooded land are evident throughout the Township. These wooded areas are distributed fairly evenly throughout the community and are confined primarily to interior section acreage away from the major road frontages . -32- �I I I I I I I '• ' SOILS Soil characteristics are an important determinant of land use potential. Not only do soils influence the suitability of land for agricultural purposes, they also help determine whether or not a parcel is suitable for more intense forms of urban development including housing, roads, and utilities. The suitability of different soil classifications for the installation of on-site sewage disposal systems is particularly important for areas that are not served by municipal disposal systems. Armada is composed of two generalized soil associations which are described below. Conover-Parkhill-Locke Association Most of the Township is comprised of soils within this association. This association consists of nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils. This association is one of the best in the County for crops. The soils in it are medium to high in fertility and respond readily to management. Nearly all areas have been cleared and are cultivated. Excessive wetness is the main limitation. Excessive wetness and slow runoff are severe limitations to use of this association of residential and recreational areas. These limitations cause difficulty in laying out streets and utility lines and in constructing houses. Highways break up readily because of frost heaving and excessive wetness. Oakville-Boyer-Spinks Association This association is made up of well-drained, nearly level to hilly soils. A prominent ridge of these soils runs through Armada Township along Armada Ridge Road. The landscape is one of hilly areas, numerous narrow outwash plains and small wet depressions. Most of this association has severe limitations for use as cropland. Many areas are too steep or too sandy and generally are draughty in midsummer. The slopes, which are short and irregular, make contour farming and construction of terraces difficult. Slope is the main limitation to use of this association as residential and recreational areas . The limitation is slight in the nearly level and gently sloping areas. It is severe in the steeper areas, where it is difficult to lay out streets and utility lines and to construct houses. Boyer soils are a potential source of sand and gravel and of good foundation material for houses, streets, streets, and highways. -33- �I I I I I I I - PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND One of Armada Township's most significant land use characteristics is the abundant quantity of existing farmland. Evidence of the suitability of land within the Township to support agriculture is verified by several sources. Soil data is the principal source of information used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to determine those areas of the Country that have the greatest potential for long-term agricultural production. The location of important farmlands in Macomb County were mapped in 1979 by Soil and Conservation Service. As a direct consequence of the County's rapid urbanization in the second half of this century, significant amounts of agricultural land have been converted to other uses. Construction activity since this map was prepared has even further reduced the amount of land available for agricultural purposes. For the most part, land identified by SCS as being well suited for farming is located in the northern tier of the Township, east of M-53. In spite of the vast quantity of active farmland in the Township, a relatively small amount of land is enrolled in the State of Michigan Farmland and Open Space Preservation program (P.A. 116). This legislation, signed into law in 1974, enables a property owner to enter into a development rights agreement with the State. The owner receives specific tax benefits in return for agreeing to maintain his land for either agricultural or open space purposes for a specified period of time. Approximately 524 acres of Township land are enrolled in this program. - ' ' -34- �0 0 FARM • SINGLE •• • VACANT TWO OR AGRICULTURAL FAMILY FAMILY OR MULTIPLE COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL GRAVEL PIT • UTILITIES • RECREATION ® PUBLIC OR SEMI - PUBLIC EXISTING LAND USE ARMADA MACOMB 1989 TOWNSHIP COUNTY , MICHIGAN ARMADA TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION c0111 111uNiTy .... __, ptelNl•d -35- PlAuiNG & MANAGEMENT, P. C. UTiCA , MicltiGAN 11J THE MACOIIII COUNTY ,t.ANNtNG COIIMISSIOte . 4 �' 41W 1111111111111111 - ~- ---~-n P I • '• II Ill Bv"O? I ------"'L6'1' rw,. - PRATT l1 ~ PRINZ I' G) WOODED @ ORCHARD G GRAVEL PIT @ FLOOD HAZARD - MAJOR DRAINAGE WAYS - ··- MINOR DRAINAGEWAYS AREA AREA •B~IN I)!,. ~,, / ,. DAYT ON I c.> 'l> w ! NATURAL RESOURCES ARMADA IIIACOIH TOWNSHIP COUNTY , MICHIGAN ARMADA TOWNSHIP Pl.ANNING COMMISSION ,-. _ --.._A C•••.,.hr r,1&... 1-. ]2 MIL[ & ......,......,, P. C. wdca , •lc.iq.u 5 �-I I I I I I I I I I -' ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS INTRODUCTION Commercial and industrial needs vary substantially between communities. The growth and development of a community's economic base is influenced by a number of factors, including its regional location. Other factors influencing commercial and industrial development patterns include transportation systems, the availability of land, and the characteristics of a community's population. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic characteristics of Armada Township and to identify its economic base. This study seeks to dimension Armada Township's commercial and industrial needs for the Mure, with benchmarks at the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. COMMERCIAL AREA CONCEPTS There are many forms of commercial development which serve widely different retail needs and which correspondingly have varying land use requirements. These include traditional central business districts, planned shopping centers, and linear or frontage commercial development. Considering the varying land use requirements that characterize these different types of commercial uses, it is worth making a distinction between these categories and the extent to which they may be represented in Armada Township. Central Business Districts Central Business Districts (CBDs) are the traditional form of commercial development and are typically the historic center of commerce in a community. The distinctive land use characteristic of a CBD is its physical compactness with businesses clustered together near the street. Automobile parking is normally provided along the curb, in front of businesses or consolidated in off-street parking lots. The role of many central business districts has changed in the second half of this century. These changes have come about as a result of two factors: the movement of population from central city areas to the suburbs, and the frequent inability of CBD's to accommodate the major space demands of the automobile. -37- �I I I I I I I I I I I I ' Existing commercial development in Armada Township is largely concentrated within the downtown core area of the Village. This commercial area shares many of the same physical characteristics noted above. The location of Armada between Macomb County's two predominant growth corridors has not presented the degree of competition between traditional downtown business districts and their suburban shopping center counterparts that have occurred elsewhere in the region. One consequence of this position is the absence of any significant concentrated commercial development outside of downtown Armada. The role of this traditional commercial core area relative to commercial centers located elsewhere in the County needs to be considered in evaluating the Township's future land use. Shopping Centers A planned shopping center is defined as a group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site which is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size and type of shops to the trade area that the unit services. 1 Such centers have many advantages over strip commercial districts which include the following: - Controlled access and exit points, frequently from several major traffic routes. - Functional and attractive grouping of buildings including unified architecture and strategic groupings of tenants to maximize merchandising and marketing. - Controlled interior circulation. - Convenient and ample parking. - Economical and effective service areas including a separation of service entrances and functions from customer areas. - Overflow areas for Mure expansion. - Opportunities to provide adequate buffering from contiguous residential areas. 1 McKeever, J. Ross; Griffin, Nathaniel, M. ; and Spink, Frank H., Jr.; Shopping Center Development Handbook, Community Builders Handbook Series, {Washington D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 1977) p.1 . -38- �-I • • • • • • • • • • • • • - There are basically two types of commercial centers according to functional classification: convenience and comparison. Convenience centers usually deal with goods and services that represent daily consumer needs, such as food, drugs, barber/beauty shops, dry cleaners, etc. Comparison centers, on the other hand, generally provide a wider range of merchandise that people generally "shop around" for before making a purchase . Examples of "comparison shopping" establishments include apparel, furniture or appliance stores, among others. Comparison centers vary in size, depending on the principal tenant and the particular trade area to be served. The characteristics of some common convenience and comparison commercial centers, including the trade area, supporting population, site size, gross floor area and principal tenant, are shown in Table 15. The information presented in this table is a synthesis of material from several sources of shopping center data. No such shopping center meeting the characteristics noted above is available in Armada Township. For the most part, the range of retail goods and services available in the Armada central business district are convenience commercial in nature. More extensive comparison shopping opportunities are available along the County's more developed growth corridors . TABLE 15 SHOPPING CENTERS CLASSIFIED BY TYPE j ·--------·-------------;.pportl.;---;;.-~-- GrOMe Floor Ar. . - -· ! Type of Center Trade Ar. . (1) Population (2) (AcrN) (aq.ft.) j Convenience 2-3 Neighborhoods 5,000 • 10,000 3 • 12 20,000 • 100,000 Supermarket Minor Comparison Small Community 20,000- 60,000 12 • 20 100,000 • 200,000 Jr. Dept Store ! ! Intermediate .! Comparison I . Major Comparison Principal Tenant . . Intermediate Dept Large Community Region -----------· 60,000 • 100,000 250,000 • up 20 • <O 200,000 · 400,000 : : : . , Dept. 50 - up 400,000 and up Store or 2 or 3 Intermediate i,,,,· -------·· ----------------·· (1) Trade Area - The area served by a shopping center ia largely dependent upon the drawing power of the various stores included In the center. Furthermore, this drawing power can be roughly translated into maximum travel time and distance that customers will drive to a specific center. Thia permits the approximate physical delineation of the trade area for each type of center. (2) Supporting Population - The minimum population of a trade area from which the center can be expected to draw customers. -39- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ Commercial Strips Unplanned shopping areas, such as commercial activity along major thoroughfares, are positioned as a result of a multitude of complex and frequently diametrically opposed historical forces. Future parking, building area, and other needs are frequently neglected because unplanned areas evolve to service the day-to-day needs of consumers. Several features are characteristic of the typical strip commercial district, including the following: - Dangerous disruption of traffic flow as a result of uncontrolled turning and parking movements. - Frequently inadequate parking facilities. - No coordination of complementary commercial functions and activities. - Haphazard arrangement of buildings. - Potential blighting influences, particularly on adjacent residential neighborhoods. - Inability to make several purchases at one central location. - Poor coordination of service related functions. The type of commercial strip described above is largely absent from Armada. This again is a function of the Township's location outside of the major regional commercial growth corridors. Any attempts to extend a commercial strip within the Township should be resisted. If it is determined that there is a need for additional commercial beyond what is currently available, more consolidated forms of commercial development should be considered. MARKET ANALYSIS The market analysis for Armada mathematically defines the commercial needs for the area. It derives a statistically reliable commercial planning base from an examination of trade area statistics. Such an analysis, however, is not capable of forecasting actual retail sales. Rather, the market analysis can only predict Mure market performance on an "all things being equal" basis. The market analysis is capable of describing the potential spending available to a given shopping location on the basis of trade area demand. The willingness of consumers to actually purchase goods or services at a given location becomes a question of consumer motivation. Often, consumers are motivated to travel greater distances to a newer, planned shopping center than to an older, deteriorating commercial area or dispersed commercial establishments located closer to home. Equally important to consumer motivation are matters of access, traffic, parking availability and aesthetics. The statistical market analysis provides only a numerical answer to the question on what Armada's potential is in terms of Mure retail sales. The actual sales that the community can expect to realize are highly contingent upon the willingness of consumers to patronize commercial establishments in the area in light of alternative shopping centers available to them in nearby and surrounding communities. -40- �I I I I I I I I I I I I '- In the final analysis, Armada's ability to fully capture its economic potential becomes a question of whether ancillary programs involving items such as access, parking, circulation and beautification will be encouraged by the community in conjunction with commercial development proposals. TRADE AREA Marketing literature is replete with "principles" of commercial trade area delineation. These techniques range from Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation to surveys of consumer shopping habits. Practically speaking, the term •trade area" should be considered in the context of its inherently vague nature. A trade area is delineated for a given commercial area with the implication being that the commercial area can be expected to attract, at a minimum, a large share of its prospective customers from the outermost geographical limits of the trade area. Other commercial areas can also be expected to draw portions of their business from the same trade area, with the amount left to the subject commercial areas being termed that area's market penetration of the trade area. Of necessity, the trade area concept must be visualized as a dynamic phenomenon due to changing population distributions, additional competition, changing shopping habits, highway improvements and other factors. Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation is usually applied to communities, shopping centers, or even large metropolitan areas where there is some distance between the competing facilities. Simply stated, Reilly's Law suggests that the drawing power of a commercial center competing with Armada for the consumers' dollar will be stronger if the competing center's support population is larger than Armada, and will increase as the distance in miles between Armada and the competing center decreases. For the purposes of this study a single trade area has been identified. This trade area encompasses only that area within the existing community boundaries and assumes that the market for goods and services offered by existing or new businesses is confined largely to Township and Village residents. RETAIL SALES POTENTIAL Several factors and assumptions need to be considered in determining anticipated retail demands for Township residents. Two of the most important determinants in preparing these estimates are income levels and the anticipated number of households residing within the trade area. Assumptions also need to be made regarding the amount of money spent on various categories of purchases. -41- �I I I I I I I I I "• • Armada Township had an estimated household income of $33,902 in 1988. Assuming that disposable income is equal to sixty (60) percent of total household income, Armada's disposable income for 1988 is $20,341. Subsequent retail sales projections are based on constant 1988 dollars. This is done to allow for a comparison of anticipated changes in retail demand over time. The estimated number of households for the projected years of 1990, 2000 and 201 0 are 873, 970 and 1,161, respectively. The next step in determining retail sales potential involved distributing Armada's estimated disposable income into various retail categories that can be related to commercial land use. Information on total retail sales in Macomb County was broken down by percentage for ten (1 0) retail categories and applied to Armada's disposable income. See Table 16. TABLE 16 ESTIMATED SPENDING BY RETAIL CATEGORY --·--·--·--·--····-----·-·-·---·------· Macomb County (1) Armada Township l i Sales($) (x 1000) Percent Sales ($) (1) (per household) Lumber/Hardware . 367,238 5.7 1,159 General Merchandise 801,368 12.3 2,502 Food 1,259,764 19.4 3,946 l . Auto 1,860,898 28.7 5,839 Gasoline 457,895 7.0 1,424 Apparel 295,227 4.5 915 Furniture 332,605 5.1 1,037 Eating/Drinking 590,345 9.1 1,851 j Drugs 299,363 4.6 936 1 1 Other Retail 231,382 3.6 732 Retail Category .i ! ! I ' i ~l1~e~t2w~~Js'• •: • •!:ri:±~:;~B~•• !i::.~t~~~22"~~}.•• ·• ·• ·~:1:~':?0J:34±II (1) Publisher and Editor Marketing Guide, 1990. -42- �I I I I I I I I I I I The number of potential dollars spent in each retail category is then converted into square feet of retail space using dollar/ volume standards for each use. The amount of retail floor area is then factored to take into account needed land area for parking, service drives, loading and unloading space, landscaping, and required setbacks. The resulting figures for anticipated commercial acreage are included in Tables 17, 18 and 19. Based on this methodology, the Armada trade area generated a demand for approximately 18 acres of commercial land in 1990, which is less than the 32 acres of existing commercial development observed during the existing land use inventory. Projecting this demand into the future, commercial needs are expected to reach 20 acres by the turn-of-the-century at the year 2000, and 25 acres by the year 2010. When the commercial demand generated by Village households is included, the estimated commercial demand increases to 28. 7 acres in 1990; 32.1 acres in 2000; and 37.3 acres in 2010. This analysis suggests that, at the current time, there appears to be a reasonable balance between the supply and demand of commercial development. A slight increase in the demand for additional commercial may be needed sometime after the turn-of-the-century. I I I I I -43- �I I I I I I, I I I I I I TABLE 17 ARMADA TOWNSHIP ESTIMATED RETAIL NEEDS - 1990 Disposable Household Income: $20,341 Number of Households: 873 -----·-..·--···....._.......-·-··..·-··-.... % of j l Retail Group I Food Sales per Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Supported by Study Area Equivalent I Commercial Acreage ;':. 3,445 278.48 12,371 1.71 Retail Sales Retail Sales from Study Area ($000's) 19.4 ! I Drug j Lumber, Building, ! Hardware 4.6 817 175.40 4,657 0.6 2.9 515 84.13 6,121 0.81 j Eat/Drink 4.6 817 140.42 5,817 0.8 l Other Retail 1.8 320 101.01 3,164 o.4J ::::t..•.:--:•·•·-:-:-:-:-:-;-;-:--:-:·:•'.•:-:-:-:--·· }i: i$)$1'.4\ , ·.,.,.,. '_:.·•,c·. '.·s.•·.' ,•:.·•u,•·<btoM\PtAiilR!l o :S:O :::::N : : .•.,;,: 1.,,:,,,k •:_•. l :I: I .32,130/' ) 4.3,. . :_::.,.:'==:.·: ::;. General Merchandise j 12.3 2,184 133.24 16,393 3.0 j Apparel 4.5 799 129.81 6,156 1.1 I j j Furniture 5.1 906 102.81 8,809 1.6 j Eat/Drink 4.5 799 136.70 5,846 l Other Retail 1.8 320 117.43 2,722 I Hardware ! Auto ' _................,..-.....-...--....... CONVENIENCE: - !(;~~:~;;,; :;,;:~. ' ~ ~ ......._..___ ..._.....-....-...-- L~~oline 1r:s\ 9Bt. . . P'fa1t.)' ;..._._ ..-.·.·. , , l-'.rofAts !?! : ... •.•. . .· ..:...., •··.····· • ·.::.:..:=::.·-:-·-·.• ..-.-· Ii ~OP8\ l 0.5 i 1.1 . ae;s26 . 1.a I 2.8 497 114.42 4,346 28. 7 5,096 117.60 43,337 i 5.0 i 7.0 1,243 121.27 10,25() .· 1} s1~933 ·.·.. 66 ; ::::::;::~;~ ::. -.-.-;-.. :-:.:-.--.-.-:-:,:-, . -:- -;., --•- > 17;1ss .· .. .. ·•·.· ..•Y•· ···•· • · ... · ·· ... .···; •· ... · ; · .,. ··.···.··• -.. • · .. ···· •• ....• · ...... · ........... - ...,. ...,. -44- ·1 29,989 . ,. · . •·· ..... - ...... · .........._ 0.4 .. ., , ,. ,,..... ·. 102 .. ':'·:·::/,.·. • ·· • : • · j l ! • = 1 �I I I I I I I I I I I - TABLE 18 ARMADA TOWNSHIP ESTIMATED RETAIL NEEDS· 2000 Disposable Household Income: $20,341 Number of Households: 970 --·-·-·--·-·---··-----···...-.-··-·-------------·-·---..-.. ! Retail Group ! % of Retail Sales Retail Sales from Study Area ($000's) Sales per Sq. Ft. _____··-·-········-·-..--Sq. Fl Supported by Study Area • ! ! Equivalent Commercial \ Acreage i CONVENIENCE: l Food ! Drug j Lumber, Building, ! Hardware I Eat/Drink j Other Retail 10 : :::~ j General Merchandise j Apparel i 19.4 3,828 278.48 13,745 1.9 4.6 908 175.40 5,175 0.7 2.9 572 84.13 6,801 0.9 4.6 908 140.42 6,464 0.9 1.8 355 101.01 3,516 0.5 1 1. j j Ail 35,i91 ;, . I 12.3 2,427 133.24 18,214 3.3 4.5 888 129.81 6,840 1.3 Furniture 5.1 1,006 102.81 9,788 1.8 Eat/Drink 4.5 888 136.70 6,495 1.2 I j Other Retail 1.8 355 117.43 3,024 0.6 j I l iJ~iffiibiiii:: , a:2 I r· i GENERAL: 1 Lumber, Building, I Hardware ! Auto j iSilfit~l1}! iii Gasoline j j : i,. 552 114.42 4,828 28.7 5,663 117.60 48,152 5.5 , 7.0 1,381 121.27 11 ,389 _ 1.3 ,. .· •· 64,369 . 0.4 I 2.8 • j z:.21 Lts>1~~ . . . . . . . . . . .-.. . :~: :~'.: : : ::~ :'.:~'.::~ ~ :,: :'.,:.:. . .,.. ..:'•~: :.:• • ?J~frs~·. · ··-·-.-.•,·- ., .,-. . -.· ,_._._ _ . . . .·. : =·144,431..:-·~':...:.:'.... _.,...... · 20.a.1 -45- �I I I I I I I I I I • • -~ ,. TABLE 19 ARMADA TOWNSHIP ESTIMATED RETAIL NEEDS - 2010 Disposable Household Income: $20,341 Number of Households: 1, 161 % of Retall Sales Retall Sales from Study Area ($000's) Sales per Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Supported by Study Area Food 19.4 4,581 278.48 16,452 2.3 Drug 4.6 1,086 175.40 6,193 0.9 Lumber, Building, Hardware 2.9 685 84.13 8,141 1.1 Eat/Drink 4.6 1,086 140.42 7,736 1.1 Other Retail 1.8 425 101.01 4,208 0.6 12.3 2,905 133.24 21,801 4.0 Apparel 4.5 1,063 129.81 8,187 1.5 Furniture 5.1 1,204 102.81 11,715 Eat/Drink 4.5 1,063 136.70 1,n4 Other Retail 1.8 425 117.43 Retall Group Equivalent Commercial Acreage CONVENIENCE: COMPARISON: General Merchandise • GENERAL: Lumber, Building, Hardware Auto 2.8 661 28.7 114.42 117.60 -46- 5,n9 �I I I I I I I I I I ' '• OCCUPATION AND EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS In 1980, Armada Township had a resident labor force of 1,428 workers. These workers are employed in a variety of different industries and have a wide range of different occupations. Information on both subjects are available through the U.S. Bureau of Census and are reflected in Tables 20 and 21. The first of these two tables offers a summary of the Township's resident labor force by industry category. Similar data for the County is also provided for comparison purposes. By and large, Armada Township's resident labor force reflects the composition of the County as a whole. For example, more than one-third of the County's labor force is employed in manufacturing industries, particularly those involved in the production of durable goods. Approximately thirty-six (36) percent of the Township's labor force is employed in manufacturing-related industries. Some difference between the Township and the County are noted in this comparison. The first difference is evident relative to the agricultural, forestry, fishing and mining category, which employs 6.3 percent of the Township's labor force. For Macomb County as a whole, the figure is less than one (1) percent. Other differences are noted in the retail trade and finance, insurance and real estate categories. Both categories report a smaller percentage of workers than is the case for the County. Armada's smaller commercial area and the absence of significant commercial and office centers proximate to the Township likely account for this difference. The only other difference worth noting involves the professional and related services industry category. Approximately one-fifth (1/5) of Armada's resident labor force are employed in this category, compared to 16.8 percent for Macomb County. A noticeable difference is evident in the educational services industry category which employs 12.4 percent of the Township's labor force. For Macomb County, the figure is 6.6 percent. The occupational characteristics of the Township's labor force are shown in Table 21. A slightly wider range of differences is noted between Armada and Macomb County than was true for the earlier analysis. As might be expected, a greater percentage of the Township's labor force are employed in farming occupations than is the case for the County. The extensive areas being used for agriculture in the Township explain this difference. The single greatest difference, however, is evident in the technical, sales and administrative support categories. On a County-wide basis, nearly one-third of the County's resident labor force are employed in these occupations. In Armada Township, only 20 percent report similar occupations. Another difference is noted in the last two categories: precision production, craft and repair and operators, fabricators and laborers. Approximately 44 percent of the Township's labor force are collectively employed in these two categories compared to 34 percent for Macomb County. -47- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I -II TABLE 20 INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYMENT ARMADA TOWNSHIP AND MACOMB COUNTY 1980 ·---··--... ··-·-·-·-···-··-·····-··--··-·-·-··-·..-·--·····-....--.-·- .......................-----·-·--............-. Armada Township . . Macomb County 1 ' :::re. Forestry, No. % No. Fishing and Mining 91 6.3 1,856 Construction 66 4.6 11,999 517 36.2 106,800 Transportation 28 2.0 7,446 2.41,, Communications/ Public Utilities 34 2.3 7,565 2.51 Wholesale Trade 58 4.1 12, 143 4.0 186 13.1 57,001 18.7 l_'.: · 26 1.8 15,924 5.2 35 2.5 12,363 4.1 24 1.7 8,695 2.8 289 20.2 51,264 16.8 j 74 5.2 12,186 4.0 l ! Manufacturing I Ii I l Retail Trade l Finance, Insurance and j j Real Estate Business and Repair Services l Personal, Entertainment i I l j j and Recreation Seivices Professional and Related Services Public Administration Lr~~;,~ : : _. ., . .. ·• ·• · .. .... ..1~i~a''.~ :~.~~:.?.. .·. . . ...... Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. ~ ~ -48- aai;242 % I 0.6 I ! 35.0 ! 3.9 ! , ·,, :, ,!· ' :!,, J ·100:0 J �I I I I I I I I I I I ' ' TABLE 21 OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ARMADA TOWNSHIP AND MACOMB COUNTY 1980 ---·..--·--·--·· -----------------·------Armada Township ------·--· Macomb County ' ! Category j':. ! ! Managers/Professionals No. % No. 260 18.2 61,053 !! Technicians, Sales & Administrative Support 294 20.5 100,449 Service 170 11.9 38,521 75 5.3 1,698 0.6 289 20.2 14,503 15.61 340 23.8 56,018 18.4 Farming, Forestry & Fishing Skilled Workers . Operatives, Laborers ;. ::::::=::::::::<::;: ·.·.· . .·.·.·.·,·.·.·.-.-...·.•- .·.·.•-•..·.. ·.· ..·.--·. -·-· ·.-.-.-.·.·.·-·.·.· .·.·.· ·,•.·.·.·-·-·-·-·... .-::::::::::_. ·:< % 20.0 ;_ ~ 32.9 ! 12.61 j ! -. ,;._-::;::::::::::=::::/>;:_.,-.·,·..·..... _.:.:::"::::-::-::.! iii T.§,~ ii;i ;~'.;•;;;••;w~•£2ll;~~~~~w~•·····:: : :d[:]1l4~~ i: :i;;i\QO~R:i:iJii~~::;.· ~g_~~~.iz:j ~JLii Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census FUTURE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT The 1980 Census revealed that Armada Township had a resident labor force of 1,595 persons, 1,428 of which were employed when the census was conducted. Armada Township's total resident labor force of 1,595 workers represents approximately 41 percent of the area's total population base. While this percentage may vary in the future, depending on changing population characteristics, it is reasonable to assume that a similar share of Armada Township's Mure population base wm also require employment opportunities. Applying this percentage to projected 1990, 2000 and 201 0 population projections, yields the following anticipated resident labor force figures: 1990 - 1,206 2000 - 1,321 2010 - 1,476 -49- �I I I I I • • • • • • These projected labor force totals may then be multiplied by 45.1 percent, which represents the percentage of Armada Township's population that was employed in industry groups requiring industrial land. This calculation yields total projected industrial employment for Armada Township as follows: Anticipated Total Employment 1990 2000 2010 Anticipated Industrial Employment 1,206 1,321 1,476 543 594 642 Previous studies of industrial employment patterns indicate that a ratio of twenty (20) employees per acre can be expected for industrial land. Applying this factor to the foregoing employment projections, yield the following industrial acreage needs to support anticipated 1990 and 2000 population levels . Anticipated Industrial Employment 1990 2000 2010 Projected Industrial Average Needs 27 543 594 642 30 32 Armada Township lacks a significant, identifiable industrial base. Approximately sixty (60) acres of land are being used for industrial purposes, according to the existing land use survey which was conducted in 1989. This industrial acreage consists largely of small establishments distributed somewhat randomly throughout the southern portion of the Township. Relatively little of this acreage is being used for more traditional manufacturing purposes, but rather was classified as industrial because of outdoor storage or other similar characteristics which suggest an industrial character. As a result, these uses do not generate the number of employment opportunities that are typically associated with industrial uses. In 1980, the Census Bureau reported that only 1,037 people were employed at locations in Armada. A vast majority of these workers (918, or 88 percent) were employed at locations in the Village. Only 119 people reported employment locations in Armada Township. -50- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' ' ' This data leads to the fairly obvious conclusion that Armada Township has not functioned as one of the County's leading employment centers. Armada's principal role has been that of an agricultural center foremost, and a bedroom community to a lesser extent. While it may be desirable to provide employment opportunities within a community for local residents, from a practical standpoint, some percentage of the resident labor force will likely continue to commute to work locations outside of the local community. Armada Township may be able to support a broader industrial employment base than currently exists. The likelihood of this occurring rests largely on the policies of the community and whether or not appropriate locations and necessary infrastructure are available to support this type of use. It further depends on regional economic growth and extent to which Armada Township can expect to share in the growth. This traditional industrial analysis may be somewhat misleading inasmuch as it does not adequately take into account what is the Township's most prominent industry--namely, farming. A vast amount of the Township's total land area is currently being used for agricultural purposes, which is an economic activity. The importance of farming as a source of employment is critical to any assessment of the Township's long-term Mure. INDUSTRIAL PLANNING CONCEPTS Promoting industrial development to supplement residential and commercial land uses is a normal concern of those communities interested in achieving a balanced tax base. The physical relationship of these uses is critical, however, as the intermingling of industrial development with less intensive uses can result in land use conflicts. Such conflicts should be avoided whenever possible. Non-nuisance industries can be located adjacent to residential areas provided that measures are taken to mitigate any negative secondary effects that may be associated with the uses. An attractive physical setting, including landscaping and buffering, where necessary, and a separation of industrial and residential traffic are measures that can be used to avoid potential compatibility problems. Nuisance types of industries (those producing noise, smoke and dust) should have greater insulation from residential neighborhoods. This can often be accomplished by a transitional band of non-nuisance industries. Industrial areas should also be protected from encroachment of other non-industrial types of land uses, such as residences and commercial establishments. Encroachments of these uses into industrial districts seriously jeopardize the overall viability of the industrial area. Industrial areas should be afforded the same type of exclusive zoning that is normally available in residential and commercial districts. In addition to the important goal of achieving exclusive industrial districts, specific design concepts have been established for the physical development of planned industrial areas. Several important industrial planning concepts are outlined as follows: -51- �I I I I I I I I I I '-~ • • • ~ • Buffering or insulation between industrial and non-industrial uses. This can be achieved by a number of different techniques, including the following: - Greenbelts and/or obscuring walls developed on required yards. - Major thoroughfares or railroad rights-of-way, possibly with non-residential uses backing up to them. - Transitional zones of less intensive uses (parks, offices, and off-street parking areas). • To keep congestion to a minimum, industrial districts should be adjacent to major surface arteries, or to special routes providing convenient access to the area-wide highway network. • In addition to industrial buildings, industrial districts should also provide adequate space for employee parking, truck loading storage, warehousing, Mure expansion needs and landscaping. • Individual site features in an industrial district should be arranged in the most efficient manner possible. In a large industrial district, a sound design approach is to have alternative streets for trucks and cars. The former would be fronted by parking facilities and the latter by loading docks. A variety of site characteristics affect the suitability of a particular parcel for industrial development. Most manufacturers will look at the following site characteristics in determining whether or not a specific parcel is suitable for industrial purposes: Size and Shape. The usual preference is for a site of regular shape and otherwise suitable from such standpoints as building layout, access to transportation, parking, and Mure expansion. Topography. Most industries require a level site with just enough slope to provide good drainage. In some cases, a sloping site may be preferred for specialized plants, such as those with shipping and receiving on two levels. Utilities. The utilities with which manufacturers are chiefly concerned include electric power, water, natural gas and sewerage. The principal difference in utility cost between sites is found in the cost of extending the lines to the plant site. Flooding. The possibility of flooding is always a major site consideration. Some firms are willing to incur the risk of occasional flooding in order to gain other site advantages. The customary policy, however, is to insist on a flood-free site . -52- �I I I I I I I I I I '' ',~ Drainage and Soil Conditions. It is important to avoid a site that is a natural low spot. Test borings by soil engineers should be made, as adequate drainage will have a significant bearing on foundation conditions and site development costs. Location Within the Community. One major factor of location is accessibility for employees, customers, and movement of goods and raw materials. The immediate surroundings in relation to other land uses are also important if the industry is to avoid possible community relation problems. Transportation Facilities. These are highly dependent on how the individual firm plans to ship its goods. Adequate sites must be available that provide good access to main highways and/or retail transportation facilities with the ability to extend rail sidings where needed. Taxes and Insurance. Long-range stability of property tax rates is usually as important as the current level. Fire insurance rates are considered in surveying both the community and the site. Zoning and Other Legal Aspects. Zoning is a site factor that has often been overlooked in the past. Profiting from the experiences of others, most firms now regard proper zoning as highly essential. A careful check of zoning regulations is desirable for two principal reasons: to avoid litigation and to protect the new plant against incompatible industrial neighbors or other land uses. In addition to zoning, other local regulations, such as building codes, laws relating to waste disposal, smoke and fumes, and restrictions on highway use, are desirable. ~ -53- �I I I I I I I I I I GOALS AND OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION In the broadest sense, the Master Land Use Plan is policy, a set of goals and objectives designed to serve as a guide to consistent and rational public and private decisions in the use and development of land. Goals and objectives formulated by the community are viewed as the cornerstone of the planning process. They form the framework for public and private decision-making. Administrative and legislative action by the Township Board, quasi-judicial by the Zoning Board of Appeals, and administrative action by the Planning Commission are sometimes criticized as being capricious and arbitrary. The very nature of planning decisions makes them particularly prone to such indictments. Clear-cut statements of policy can go far to minimize arbitrariness in planning actions: 1) They can guide and substantiate honest, intelligent decisions; 2) They can serve the elected officials and commissioners as an anchor of objectivity; 3) They can be a useful tool to the citizen who finds it necessary to remind an errant agency that it is veering from the stated course; and 4) They can inform the public about the thinking of the Township with regard to land development. As an expression of desirable physical development, the Master Land Use Plan is an affirmation of goals. The purposes of the Master Land Use Plan are: I 1. To improve the physical environment of the community as a setting for human activities; to make it more functional, beautiful, decent, healthful, interesting, and efficient. ' ' ' ,.' 2. To promote the public interest, the interest of Armada Township at large, rather than the interests of individuals or special groups within the community. 3. To facilitate the democratic determination and implementation of community policies and physical development. The Plan is primarily a policy instrument. The plan constitutes a declaration of long-range policy and provides the basis for a program to accomplish its goals. By placing the responsibility for determining policies with the Planning Commission and providing an opportunity for citizen participation, the Plan facilitates the democratic process. 4. To affect political and technical coordination in community development. 5. To inject long-range considerations into the determination of short-range actions. 6. To bring professional and technical knowledge to bear on the making of administrative and legislative decisions concerning the physical development of the community. ~ -54- �I I I I I I I I I I I I • • ' ' ' '• The Master Plan is more than just a series of maps. It is foremost a series of policy statements. Policy statements, of course, do have limitations. They cannot cover every situation. Certain areas are so complex that it will be impossible to know what sort of policy decision can be made until all the facts are assembled. Also, there should be a relatively high degree of agreement and consensus before a policy statement can be adopted. Obviously, this concurrence will not always exist. None of this negates, however, the desirability of formulating and adopting policy statements in as many areas of planning concern as possible. Goals or policy statements should assist the Township in addressing the land use changes and incipient urbanization pressures that will face the community over the life of the plan. Recognizing that these policies cannot anticipate every possible situation that the Township will be asked to respond to, they are intended, nevertheless, to provide a logical and well thought-out basis for making rational decisions on questions involving Mure land use. Many of the issues that the Township will likely be required to deal with over the course of the next ten to twenty years will involve the degree of urbanization that the community feels is desirable and appropriate. It is not expected that Armada Township will be fully, or even partially, urbanized by the early part of the next century. Rather, the community will continue to experience a gradual transition from a rural to a more suburbanized community. How this transition period is handled will have significant long-term consequences for the Township's Mure land use pattern and overall quality of life. This plan seeks to achieve some measure of balance between the competing extremes of maintaining the community's traditional rural/agricultural atmosphere and permitting an unplanned conversion of the community for suburban purposes. The following specific policy statements are offered in support of this goal. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES General Development Goals 1. Concentrate Mure urban uses in the vicinity of the existing Villages of Armada and Romeo . 2. Provide for a gradual staging of development beyond the established village centers provided that adequate infrastructure is available and sufficient demand exists . 3. Discourage urban sprawl and leap-frog development which unnecessarily consumes valuable agricultural acreage, creates premature demands for urban services, increases service costs for the community, generates increased traffic, and increases land speculation. 4. Strive to keep the natural and man-made environments in balance. 5. Promote the orderly development of land and provide for the separation of incompatible land uses. 6. Preserve the communities natural features including woodlands, wetlands, floodplains, and other scenic open space features . -55- �I I I I I I I I I I • • • • ' ' ' • Agricultural Preservation Goals 1. Encourage the continued use and preservation of Armada Township's productive agricultural land. 2. Foster an attitude that encourages agricultural preservation and which recognizes that farming will continue to be an important land use. 3. Minimize the premature conversion of productive agricultural land for urban uses. 4. Provide opportunities for agriculture to exist compatibly with single-family homes. 5. Maintain existing large parcels of land which readily lend themselves to continued agricultural use and discourage land divisions that serve to prematurely retire productive agricultural land. 6. Provide some flexibility to agricultural property owners which recognizes the need to convert some farmland to other uses, but which does not compromise the longterm viability of existing agricultural uses. 7. Discourage utility extensions that would lead to the conversion of farmland for urban uses. 8. Consider a range of appropriate alternative measures for preserving existing farmland. 9. Recognize that agriculture is the proper utilization of a natural resource . Residential 1. Provide for a range of housing choices in the Township by allowing for the development of different types of dwelling units at varying densities . 2. Properly relate each variety and density of residential development to available infrastructure (roads, utilities and soils) capacities . 3. Encourage planned residential neighborhoods which provide for the more efficient use of land and discourage strip frontage development along major roads that results in the isolation of interior acreage. 4. Encourage a high percentage of home ownership and permanent housing types. 5. Provide open space to serve each dwelling unit either in the form of ample yard area or common open space. 6. Recognize the relationship between the community's demographic characteristics and the housing needs that exist for identifiable segments of the Township's population . -56- �I I I I I I I I I • ',. ', , , • Commercial 1. Support the preservation and upgrading of the Armada Village central business district as an important commercial focal point. 2. Promote a particular character of commercial development for the Armada central business district that fosters a sense of identity for the community and which will be sufficient to provide for the long-term preservation of this area. 3. Encourage additional commercial development opportunities in the Township where there is existing or projected sufficient support population or where there will be an adequate draw from highway traffic or a specified trade area. 4. Provide areas for small neighborhood retail and service uses to serve existing residential neighborhoods. 5. Provide for adequate separation and buffering between commercial and abutting residential neighborhoods. 6. Place commercial uses at locations of easy access where ingress and egress will not discourage safe and convenient traffic patterns, and discourage strip commercial development. 7. Encourage the use of landscaping and setbacks to provide for orderly and visually aesthetic commercial establishments. Industrial 1. Preserve areas proximate to existing industrial areas in adjacent communities for Mure industrial uses. 2. Identify areas suitable for industrial development based on the availability or proximity of adequate utilities and highway access. 3. Encourage industrial uses that provide a well-rounded economic base and which will provide employment opportunities for area residents. 4. Encourage the development of industrial uses in planned industrial park settings which provide required support facilities. 5. Concentrate industrial uses and buffer them from adjacent residential uses. 6. Favor uses that do not have objectionable environmental characteristics. -57- �I I I I I I I Community Facilities 1. Recognize the need to provide water and sewer services to accommodate future development in the Township. 2. Plan for future development patterns in a manner that allows for the extension of existing utilities where available as demand exists. 3. Develop a storm drainage plan in anticipation of Mure storm drainage problems. 4. Extend sewer and water lines in an orderly manner leaving no gaps or spaces. 5. Install sewer and water services only where planning and zoning policies expressed elsewhere will not be compromised by their use. Open Space and Recreation ' • •,, ' ' ', ' • I 1. Complete the development of the Armada Township Park according to the proposed Master Plan for that Park. 2. identify and prioritize the undeveloped natural features of the Township that are feasible for recreation and open space purposes . 3. Balance the ecological system by using recreation as a tool for conserving the natural features of the Township . 4. Recognize the need for a variety of recreation facilities encompassing the full range from home yard to Township-wide facilities. 5. Provide adequate park and recreation space as an integral part of each development (subdivision, multiple, mobile home park, and industrial park). 6. Utilize appropriate planning and zoning tools that encourage developers to incorporate more open space into new residential developments. 7. Encourage cooperation with the school districts in providing recreation facilities and programs. 8. Provide a variety of facilities to accommodate the recreation needs of all segments of the population. 9. Provide spaces large enough to satisfy a multiple-use concept of recreation resources, particularly at the community or Township service level. -58- �I I I I I I I I I ',.' ' p ', • 10. Use multi-purpose urban open spaces to accomplish the goal of multi-use of land; even neighborhood open spaces can reflect active and passive needs. 11. Provide for the development of a non-vehicular circulation system linking major activity centers and recreation facilities. 12. Incorporate existing unique natural features (woodlands, wetlands and water areas) into Mure recreation sites whenever practical and feasible. 13. Provide for a full range of recreation programs to meet perceived recreation needs. 14. Monitor and adjust program offerings to reflect changing recreation preferences. 15. Coordinate existing and anticipated recreation programs with those offered by other public and private recreation providers. Transportation 1. Plan for a network of safe roads to assure proper local access and traffic movement within the community. 2. Plan for a network of roads by type and function that will provide a complete road system including major, secondary, collector and local roads. 3. Correct existing street alignment inadequacies, particularly those which contribute to hazardous situations for both pedestrians and motorists. 4. Obtain necessary right-of-way dedications and reservations. 5. Cooperate with the Macomb County Road Commission to ensure that a proper relationship exists between planned road improvements and Armada Township's desired Mure land use pattern. 6. Design the road system so that various modes of traffic flow most directly to their destination. 7. Cooperate with regional authorities on providing mass transit service if the pact is favorable to the community. a. Encourage the development of publicly dedicated roads serving all proposed singlefamily developments. 9. Increase pedestrian and bicycle safety by providing opportunities for non-motorized transportation along the existing and planned road systems. 1o. Limit points of ingress/egress on major roads . -59- �I I I I I I CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN INTRODUCTION Community planning is concerned with the rational utilization of land and the provisions of public services and facilities. The Master Plan strives to improve the quality of life within the Township through the proper utilization of land. To this end, a Master Plan should embody the following characteristics: • Comprehensive • The Plan provides for a variety of land uses, bearing a logical and functional relationship to the ability of the land and the transportation system to support each category of uses. • Flexible - The Plan should not stifle innovation. • Generalized • The Plan should not be so detailed as to produce sterility out of orderliness. • Long-Range - An effort is made to visualize the shape of the Mure community environment at some distant time. • Regional - The Plan takes into account the location of the community as an integrated part of southeast Michigan and Macomb County. The Plan should also be general enough to permit progressive refinements and allow for unforeseen contingencies and should not be viewed as a precise "blueprint for the Mure. 11 The Plan should serve as a narrative and graphic framework within which decisions related to development can be made realistically and with practicality of application. The Plan is more than just a mosaic graphic presentation. Behind the graphics and mapping are spatial distributions and relationships aligned with the previously articulated goals and objectives. CONCEPT PLAN The physical arrangement and distribution of various land uses on vacant ground is finite in number. Regional considerations, existing land use, the road network, soils, topography, population growth, and economic potential each act as a constraint on the number of possible arrangements. These alternatives are given further expression by the previously articulated goals and objectives which provide the policy framework upon which Mure land use growth for the Township will be guided. Collectively, these factors and influences shape future growth potential into a preferred general physical arrangement of land use intensity. -60- �I I I I I I I Three alternative land use arrangements for the Township were considered. Each reflects a different policy relative to the future growth and development of Armada Township. These alternatives are described in the following narrative. No Growth Alternative This scenario advocates a policy of discouraging all forms of suburban growth and emphasizes the long-term preservation of the Township's productive farmland. Non-farm residential development would be limited to large parcels at very low densities. More densely developed residential home sites, as well as commercial and industrial activities, would be restricted to locations within the established urban core area encompassed by Armada Village. As a way of implementing this no-growth policy, utility extensions into the Township from neighboring communities would be prohibited. While this policy seeks to preserve farmland, it fails to recognize the often conflicting desires of agricultural land-owners to continue farming yet retain the ability to convert some farmland to single-family home sites. Large lot residential development policies may also be counterproductive inasmuch as they may serve to prematurely retire land for farming. Pro Growth Alternative This alternative offers a completely different scenario from the previously described option. The pro-growth policy envisions the uncontrolled suburbanization of Armada Township and reflects a total absence of planning. The full expression of this alternative would be the growth of an urban service area extending from Armada Village on the east to Romeo on the west. Within this area, the Township would encourage higher density residential development serviced by public sewers and water. A linear commercial corridor along 32 Mile Road and North Avenue would be required to service this residential area. Long-term agriculture is discouraged by this alternative and is considered an interim use of land until it is converted to other uses. This policy has some inherent flaws that need to be recognized. First, it would be expensive to the Township and to individual property owners because of the cost of extending utilities. Also, it fails to recognize Armada Township's position within Macomb County and the larger southeast Michigan region. Given the Township's position between established growth corridors identified earlier, it is highly unlikely that the market could support the level of growth anticipated by this alternative. It simply isn't realistic. Finally, it is doubtful that existing residents, most of who value the Township's low density rural environment, would support the unplanned suburbanization of the community. -61- �I I I I I I I I I I ' ', ,' , , Balanced Growth Alternative The final alternative offers a compromise between the two extremes previously described. It recognizes that the Mure land use policy that has the best chance of succeeding must provide some opportunity for growth, yet encourage the long-term preservation of Armada's productive agricultural land. This alternative concentrates future growth, including higher density single-family subdivision development, commercial and industrial uses proximate to the VHlages of Armada and Romeo. Limited utility extensions would be allowed in these areas provided that the timing of any extensions coincide with this development. Between these two areas and south of 34 Mile Road, low density residential development at existing densities would be encouraged. These residential uses would be served by on-site wells and sewage disposal systems. Extensions of public utilities into this area would not be encouraged. The remaining two-thirds of the Township is designated as a Mure agricultural area. Preservation of farmland as the predominant land use within this area is an important component of this alternative. Some additional single-family development would be encouraged within this area provided that it would not detract from the policy of preserving farmland. This concept is portrayed graphically in Illustration 6. ~ -62- �• '''·-~~~--~~----n:1 $ ~¼FiiilJj~::._. '1 1'TIJ: I ~ i ! 1 ~! I 17:$ CONCEPT ARMADA IIACOIII PLAN TOWNSHIP COUNTY , MICHIGAN ARMADA TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION Fuc_"i./\ c.....1t, PlaHhu1 I Mu.,., ...,,'- C. vriu , •kltiqa• �I I I I I I I LAND USE PLAN INTRODUCTION The use of land is both a resource and a commercial commodity which derives its function from economic and social forces operating nationally, regionally and within the Township. Individual land uses and the arrangement of these uses influence the way we live and the degree of satisfaction with our physical surroundings. Community planning offers the opportunity to provide some rational sense of order to our built environment and, thereby, enhancing the overall quality of the human experience. The Master Plan for Armada Township describes, in a generalized manner, the most appropriate areas for residential, commercial and industrial land uses within the community. The physical arrangement of these areas is based on the existing use of land and the population/economic projections previously presented. This physical data is correlated with the Township's stated goals and objectives for the Mure to derive the distribution of Mure land uses. The Master Plan is intended to be comprehensive, general, flexible and realistic. It offers a framework within which realistic and practical decisions can be made regarding Mure land development. Three alternative concept plans were examined by the Planning Commission. Each alternative offered a different scenario relative to Mure growth patterns, ranging from nogrowth to pro-growth. The Master Plan is based on the balanced growth alternative which is intended to offer opportunities for moderate growth of the Township. Future growth is centered proximate to the Village of Armada, with land use intensity diminishing the further you move away from established concentrations of urban development near either the Village of Armada or the Village of Romeo in the southwest comer of the Township. The amount of land allocated for each Mure land use category and narrative descriptions of each category are as follows. AGRICULTURE Farming has historically played an important role in Armada. The Township has long been commonly recognized as an agricultural community and remains one of the last large concentrations of farmland in Macomb County. The most direct evidence of the importance of agriculture is the amount of land currently being used for farming. Based on Township assessment records, approximately 14,500 acres of land are currently being used for farming in Armada Township. This represents nearly two-thirds of the entire Township area. The Macomb County Soil Conservation Service (SCS) has recorded 16,500 acres of land in agricultural use, with 12,200 acres of that total in crop land. Active farmland is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the community, reflecting the Township's fertile soil characteristics which readily lend themselves to agricultural production. -64- �I I I I I I I I I ',. ' ,'. , Farmland is often viewed as an inexhaustible resource, when, in fact, it is a finite one. One acre of land converted to a non-farm use is, practically speaking, forever retired for agricultural purposes. Other acreage is often idled prematurely because of unrealistic expectations regarding Mure development. The National Agricultural Lands Study, published in 1980, estimated that three million acres of farmland are lost each year to urbanization. Major demographic shifts occurring in this Country during the 1970's explain, to a large extent, this steady loss of farmland. The most significant aspect of this change was the movement of the population from metropolitan areas to non-metropolitan areas. Consider the following statistics: • Forty (40) percent of all housing constructed in the United States during the 1970's was built in rural areas. • Non-metropolitan areas gained 2.9 million people between 1970 and 1978. • The number of households in rural areas increased in the 1970's. • Employment in every major industry group increased at a more rapid rate in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas during the past decade. Preserving the Township's existing agricultural lands was identified as an important land use policy in the goals and objectives portion of the Plan. Clearly, the decision of a farm household to continue farming in the Mure is a complex issue involving many factors that are frequently impacted by broader economic issues that are well outside of the Township's ability to either predict or control. In spite of this, the Master Plan should establish an 11attitude11 conducive to the continued use of land for agricultural purposes. This policy is clearly reflected in the Master Plan's goals and objectives and by the fact that nearly 17,000 acres of land have been reserved for agriculture on the Master Plan Illustration. Areas designated for agricultural purposes are generally located north of the Grand Trunk and Western Railroad tracks, and north and west of Irwin and True Roads. This allocation includes land currently being farmed, as well as land occupied by singlefamily homes. A variety of techniques have been used in an attempt to preserve farmland. Each has met with varying degrees of success. A summary of several techniques are noted as follows: Agricultural Zoning ~ Any successful attempt to preserve farmland requires the ability to control the use of land, especially the encroachment of urban uses into agricultural areas. Within Michigan, the authority to control land use is vested with local governments in the form of zoning. For all its potential as a useful agricultural preservation technique, zoning more often than not falls far short of its expectations. Many agricultural zoning districts are agricultural in name only and represent little more than holding zones for Mure urban development. • -65- , , �I I I I I I I I The ability of a local community to restrict development through the establishment of agricultural zoning districts rests largely on two major factors: 1) the exclusion, or near exclusion, of non-farmland uses within agricultural districts; and 2) the establishment of sufficiently large minimum lot sizes to discourage the development of single-family homes in agricultural areas. Large lots, however, also take away more land per house, which can contribute to the loss of farmland unless lot sizes are set sufficiently high enough to effectively discourage non-farm residential development. Minimum acreage requirements of five or ten acres are not effective in limiting the amount of non-farm development that may occur in an agricultural area. These minimum requirements may, in fact, be more wasteful of land than one or two-acre minimums. Many non-farmers who develop single-family homes in agricultural districts actually prefer five or ten-acre estates to smaller lots. The placement of a single-family home on these parcels, however, only occupies a small portion of the lot, with most of the remaining acreage not being used for any productive purpose. Large lot zoning provides open space on the individual lot, but does not provide the community with usable open space. This particular problem is compounded by the Subdivision Control Act's current subdivision regulations which do not regulate the division of land into parcels exceeding ten acres in size. This results in a proliferation of parcels which barely exceed the tenacre limit and are often long and narrow. Such parcels frequently have unsuitable access, may have limited usage, or result in misuse of prime agricultural land. The Township's Zoning Ordinance, which restricts length to width to a 5-to-1 ratio, has curbed continued development of this type of lot division. If the Township is going to use zoning to preserve agricultural land, then one or more of the following alternatives should be examined: - Permit only residential uses which are owned or occupied by the persons farming the land. - Have minimum acreage parcels of 40 or 60 acres. - Permit one building lot of one (1) acre for each 25 acres of land. - Restrict residential lot sizes to a depth not to exceed 300 feet. - Permit open space zoning which clusters single-family residential into smaller lots on small enclaves or villages in return for permanent open space or agricultural use. These are a few ideas which should be explored. There are undoubtedly other methods which can be examined to reach the goal of preservation of open space and agricultural lands. The community needs to firmly establish the goal and then decide which route is best to achieve the goal. -66- �I I I I I I •I • • • Purchase or Transfer of Development Rights This concept involves the exchange or reassignment of the development rights of one parcel of land in an agricultural area to another non-farm parcel. This technique recognizes the value of farmland for non-farm purposes. It is accomplished by providing the farmer with the monetary benefits he would derive if his property were sold for development purposes and allows him to continue farming. These rights are subsequently applied to other areas of the community that are better suited to more intense urban uses. While this concept offers an innovative and potentially useful approach to farmland preservation, it can be complicated and expensive to implement, particularly if the local unit of government is involved in purchasing the development rights. To be successful, this type of program has to be organized to operate effectively in conjunction with the private real estate market system. Open Space Zoning The theory of open space zoning is to preserve agriculture or open space by concentrating the residential land uses in an area best suited for that use in exchange for the development rights on the remaining parcel. The farm or the open space is assured as a perpetual easement or land use. The residential area is established as a small neighborhood, rather than individual homes side by side along each country road. Each land use pays taxes based on its market value and its existing land use. The residential area is usually developed as a cluster or a site condominium project, with the individual homeowners sharing common open space and road systems. The overall density of this section of the community is not increased, but the two land uses complement each other, rather than conflict. Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program In 1974, the Michigan Legislature passed Public Act 116, the Farmland and Open Space Program. This program provides tax benefits to agricultural land owners in exchange for an agreement to maintain the land for farming purposes for a specified period of time. Parcels enrolled in P.A. 116 may be exempt from special assessments for improvements customarily associated with urban development, including sanitary sewers, water mains, or street lighting. · Since the use of lands enrolled in this program are restricted to agricultural purposes, and in light of the fact that parcels may be enrolled for extended periods of time (sometimes 50 years), this program may be viewed as a "de-facto form of zoning." P.A. 116 is widely used throughout Michigan. Its success, however, relates more to its benefits as a tax relief program for farmers, rather than as a method of preserving farmland. This program has been more widely used in rural counties, where development pressures are minimal. -67- �I I Summary I I I Extensive portions of the Township have been identified as being suitable for long-term agricultural purposes. To successfully implement the policies of the Master Plan, specific methods will need to be adopted. Most of the land designated for agricultural purpose is zoned for one-acre lots. The one-acre lot size could be maintained, provided other measures are adopted which effectively concentrate non-farm single-family home sites in designated areas which do not use disproportionate amounts of road frontage or disrupt the continuity of existing farms. Based on past history and Michigan's method of taxation, a more creative performance-based concept of development will be required to accomplish this objective . • •I • • • • SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL Approximately 2,500 acres of land have been reserved for suburban residential purposes on the Master Plan Illustration. This concept anticipates the development of single-family homes on one-acre lots. Desirably, development within these designated areas would take the form of larger lot subdivisions served by public roads extending into interior acreage, thereby permitting the development of this acreage. Land identified for suburban residential purpose is located outside of anticipated Mure sanitary sewer or public water service areas. Within the suburban residential area, one location has been identified for special consideration. This area is located south of the Village and is bounded to the north by the railroad tracks, to the south by the Consumers Power property, to the east by Omo Road, and to the west by the East Branch of Coon Creek. The well-defined physical boundaries of this site and its unique physical characteristics, including existing woodlands and proximity to the Creek, give the area a unique character that lends itself to a more imaginative planning response. For example, this area may be suited for large lot estate development or for some form of cluster development, with units placed close together and generous open spaces reserved on the site. The open space zoning concept noted previously could be a type of development which would be useful in this area. URBAN RESIDENTIAL Slightly less than 1,000 acres have been reserved for urban residential purposes. Land designated for this purpose is located proximate to the Armada Village boundaries. Due to the location near the Village, those areas identified as being suitable for this purpose will be developed with a greater density than outlying suburban residential and agricultural areas. The possibility of being served by municipal utilities from the Village would permit this higher density. -68- �• •I I I I - • •II II II Single-family subdivisions, with a density of between two and four units per acre, are contemplated for this area. Some multiple-family development at slightly higher densities may also be appropriate for portions of this designated area. The appropriateness of specific sites for higher density purposes needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, with consideration given to the characteristics of surrounding property, the suitability of access to a major thoroughfare, and availability of water and sewer, to name a few of the factors. COMMERCIAL The need for retail goods and services is directly related to several factors, including the number of households, disposable income levels, and the proximity of competing centers in nearby communities. Existing retail uses in Armada Township are concentrated in the Village Central Business District. As indicated in the Economic Characteristics study, the quantity of land currently being used for commercial purposes is generally consistent with estimated demands. As the number of households increase, however, this demand may increase and new commercial opportunities may be required . The Master Plan policies support the preservation and upgrading of the Village Central Business District as a primary focal point of commercial development for the community . In the event that additional commercial development is needed, 30 acres of land have been so designated by the Master Plan. One site has been identified for commercial purposes at the southwest corner of Armada Center Road and North Avenue. Proximity of this area to two heavily travelled roads supports this designation. The size of this site lends itself to being developed for a small planned shopping facility. The uses to be encouraged in this area would be larger land uses which require extensive parking areas or large volumes of automobile traffic for their market. This type of use may be unable to be developed in the Village Central Business District due to the unavailability of large contiguous vacant parcels. Commercial development at this location is not necessarily incompatible with the longterm goal of preserving the Village Central Business District. It should be viewed as being complementary to existing retail development in the Village. Both areas offer different types of needed commercial services. This mutual dependence and compatibility could be further reinforced by the development of a pedestrian path system along the banks of East Branch of Coon Creek. Such a path could be part of a larger system. This segment of the system would link the Village Business District to the new site to the north, thereby providing a pleasant route for pedestrians and shoppers to travel between both sites. Two smaller additional commercial sites are also identified on the Master Plan. The first is located at the northwest corner of North Avenue and Armada Center Road. This site largely coincides with existing commercial uses at this location. A second, more convenience-oriented, site is located at the 32 Mile Road/Romeo Plank intersection. -69- �I I I I I • • • • • •II - INDUSTRIAL The largest quantity of land reserved for Mure industrial purposes is located in the southwest corner of the Township, along Powell Road between 32 and 33 Mile Roads. This area is opposite an emerging industrial area in the Village of Romeo. The opening of the Ford Engine Plant and the M-53 Freeway bypass of downtown Romeo make this area a logical location for Mure industrial development. Not only does it have convenient access to 32 Mile Road, which is a major thoroughfare serving northern Macomb County, it is physically separated from existing or planned concentration of residential uses. This separation minimizes the potential for incompatible land use relationships. Light industrial uses occurring in planned industrial park settings are encouraged for this area. A second industrial area is noted on the south side of the Grand Trunk Western Railroad tracks. This area offers an opportunity to expand the adjoining industrially developed area located in the Village. PUBLIC A total of 100 acres of land are reserved for public purposes on the Master Plan. Most of this land is encompassed by the existing school and Township park sites located on the north side of Armada Center Road, east of North Avenue. Detailed plans for the development of the Township park site are included in the community facilities section of the Master Plan. The remaining area designated for semi-public purposes is located opposite the Township Park and includes the site being used for the Amvets Hall and adjoining baseball diamonds . FLOODPLAIN Three significant drainage channels cross the Township. Those channels, including land on both sides, are identified as floodplains on the Master Plan. This designation calls attention to the fact that these areas have unique physical characteristics, the most notable of which is presence of seasonally high water levels. Future development near these floodplains should be adequately set back from environmentally sensitive areas to avoid the problems normally associated with the development in floodplains. These areas are best suited for open space purposes. ROADS The Township's existing road system, including land reserved for right-of-way purposes, occupies nearly 1,200 acres of land. Future development in the community, as envisioned by the Master Plan, will necessitate the development of new roads, including interior subdivision roads and extensions of the section-line grid system. Additional land will be required to provide needed access improvements. A detailed description of needed road improvements is identified in the Thoroughfare Plan. -70- �I I I I I I I I I • •II II LAND USE PLAN SUMMARY The allocation of land use has been based upon the goals and objectives and the ability of the community to support such land uses. Based on preliminary figures from the 1990 Census, the number of housing units in the Township and Village increased from 1,208 to 1,412. This represents an increase of about 17 percent over the decade. The population for both units increased from 3,887 to 4,463, for an increase of about 15 percent. Over the next two decades, the population is projected to increase by about 1,200 persons, and the number of households by 650. These estimates pro_iect an increasing growth rate. The urban growth areas shown on the Land Use Plan, at a density of one unit per acre, could accommodate about 5,000 additional housing units. This does not include any development which could take place within the 15,000 acres of land designated for agricultural use. In summary, there is no need or reason to house Mure generations of growth in areas which can and should be used for agricultural pursuits. The Land Use Plan provides a framework for controlled growth. It provides goals and objectives which can be attained over the next.two decades. Land acreages have been allocated which exceed, by far, any known demand. They, nevertheless, provide for a range of choices and sites. Over the next 20 years, there will be numerous issues which must be addressed. These include growth management, water and sewer availability, economic development and provision of public services, to name a few. Many of these issues will require cooperation and coordination between the Township and the Village. Because of the geography, social and political interaction, neither community can, or should, act independent of the other in major issues. It is hoped that this Master Land Use Plan will be used as the framework or policy guide to addressing those issues. It is also intended to act as a development guide for those who wish to invest in the Mure of the Armada area. l'IOURe. MASTER PLAN ACREAGE ALLOCATIONS Rlghl-of•Way 7.4% -71- �-I I I I I • • • •II II THOROUGHFARE PLAN INTRODUCTION Road systems are designed to provide for the fast and efficient movement of people and goods both within and through a community. Unpaved roads and road alignments of early settlements that were adequate for low volumes of traffic became hazardous with increased traffic volumes. Consequently, a coordinated and improved road system needed to be provided to facilitate a smooth and safe flow of traffic. One obviously important consideration in proper transportation and land use planning is the issue of providing adequate accessibility. The automobile has reoriented land use patterns making the free movement of people and goods essential to the economic and social welfare of the community. A thoroughfare plan must, therefore, consider the relationship between the type and intensity of different land uses and the resulting generation of traffic movements to insure orderly development and a desirable environment. Through the preparation of a thoroughfare plan, a community has an opportunity to shape urban development patterns, improve the environmental quality and economic efficiency of different land uses and result in the optimum use of the existing road system . Preparation of a thoroughfare plan has two useful applications that can have important . consequences for Mure development patterns in a community. Through the identification of Mure right-of-way locations and widths, a community effectively establishes the foundation for Mure development. Furthermore, the cost of acquiring Mure right-of-way can be significantly reduced if the necessary reservation is done well in advance of Mure road construction. Establishing right-of-way locations and standards through the planning process provides a community with some authority to request right-of-way designations either through the platting or site plan review process. Designating right-of-way widths also helps a community establish consistent setback requirements which is accomplished through the administration of a zoning ordinance. This minimizes the potential of having to acquire homes or businesses when road widening becomes necessary. Preparation of a thoroughfare plan will not completely negate the need to acquire additional right-of-way which may or may not contain a house or business sometime in the Mure. The plan does, however, establish consistent standards and makes property owners aware of the community's long term growth plans. The Thoroughfare Plan is functionally related to the previously described Mure land use plan. The recommended improvements contained herein are intended to provide the road network required to support the Mure land use intensity contemplated by the land use plan. -72- �I I I I I I • • • •II THOROUGHFARE CLASSIFICATION Roads are grouped into a number of different classifications necessary for administrative, design and planning purposes. Most classification systems make a distinction based on the intended purpose of the road and the geographic areas it is intended to serve. Common road classifications include freeways, arterials, collectors and local roads. Each classification carries with it suggested minimum design standards. State trunklines carry high volumes of traffic between population centers in many counties and should be designed to facilitate traffic movement while controlling access. At the county level, the highway system includes both primary and local roads. Primary roads provide access to higher classification roads and connect population centers within the county. Local roads consist of secondary feeder roads to the primary network and residential neighborhood streets. Suggested right-of-way design standards for these various road types are shown in Table 22 and Illustration 7 . TABLE 22 SUMMARY OF ROADWAY PLANNING STANDARDS * ii i I Major Thoroughfares .( Right-of-Way 150 feet Element ! Pavement Width ! (initial stage) Secondary Thoroughfares Collector Local 120 feet 120 feet 86 feet 60 feet 84 feet 63-84 feet (24 feet) 59 feet (24 feet) 36-50 feet 28 feet 7 4 or more Urban - 4 Rural - 2 2-4 2 1 mile 1/2 mile I ! Number of I i ! Standards For: Lanes !._~cing * 1 mile -------·--··-··--····------ Adapted from Macomb County Road Commission, Macomb County, Michigan -73- �I I I I I I ' ' ' ' CROSS SECTION STANDARDS ...,.___ _ _ 36' - - - - ...,.___ _ _ _ so' - - - - - - - 1 ~----60° - - - - - LOCAL -----------i COLLECTOR - - - - - - - - - - - 86° SUBDIVISION 1 1---------59 - - - - - - l----------------120'----------------, SECONDARY :::::::::::: THOROUGHFARE ........ I - - - - - - - Medium-ACT 63'*------ 1 - - - - - - - - - High- ADT L - - -Dolly -- - - - - - - - - - 120' * ACT- Avera91 Traffic. MAJOR I ~ 84 ' ...:..*-------- ------------- I ------,I THOROUGHFARE ,J'_....__ _ I 24 ' - - - + - - !0° -I ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120 ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Initia l Stage MAJOR THOROUGH FARE -74- 7 �I I I I I I I ' ' ' ' ' EXISTING THOROUGHFARE SYSTEM The existing network of roads serving Armada Township provides the framework upon which the Thoroughfare Plan is based. It is, therefore, important that the characteristics of this system be understood. A description of the Township's thoroughfare network is provided as follows. State Routes No existing State highways cross the Township. Armada lies between M-53 on the west, which connects Romeo, Almont and Imlay City; and M-19 on the east, connecting Richmond, Memphis and Emmet. Of these two State highways, M-53 is clearly the more dominant. This highway connects metropolitan Detroit with the communities located in the 11thumb-area11 of Michigan. Traffic volumes along M-53 exceed 20,000 vehicles per day in Washington Township and 11,000 vehicles per day in Bruce Township. A portion of the M-53 Freeway bypass of Romeo Village was recently completed to 32 Mile Road. Completion of the bypass to 34 Mile Road is scheduled for 1991. Completion of the bypass, while located one mile west of the Township, may influence traffic flow through the community. One consequence of the improvement will likely be an increase in traffic along 32 Mile Road. It may also have some impact on north-south traffic, particularly along Romeo Plank and Capac Roads. County Roads County roads in Armada Township are divided into two principal classifications: primary and local. Paved primary roads crossing the Township include North Avenue, Armada Ridge Road, Armada Center Road, Romeo Plank Road, Capac Road and 32 Mile Road. Traffic volumes along these roads are shown in Illustration 8. The highest volumes of traffic occur along 32 Mile Road, North Avenue, and Romeo Plank and Capac Roads. High volumes are also noted along the one-mile segment of Armada Center Road, connecting Romeo Plank and Capac Roads. The remaining roads in the Township are classified as local roads. -75- �.,,.,_,_,_,_,.. --------VEHICLES J - PER DAY 4000 - OVER - 2000- 4000 - ·1000- 2000 .!.J cp TRAFFIC VOLUMES ARMADA TOWNSHIP IUCOII • COUNTY • IIICHIQAN ARMADA TOWNSHIP Pl.ANNING COMMISSION "•=='I. " Ce •• HhJ Pla••I"' I Nu--.,.,.,, P. C. ••ka, • lc:•lqa. 8 �I I I I I I I -,. ' ',. ' THOROUGHFARE PLAN The Thoroughfare Plan is designed to provide adequate roads to serve the Mure land use pattern envisioned by the land use plan. It is also intended to fit into the context of the County and State planned road network. The major roads shown on the Master Plan are identical to the previously described County primary roads. Only one change is proposed. The change involves the extension of Capac Road from Armada Center Road south to 33 Mile Road. This connection would continue the system of section-line roads located at one-mile intervals and would provide a more continuous route north toward Capac. All of these major roads have a planned right-of-way of 120 feet, with two exceptions. Both 32 Mile Road and Capac Road, including the Wolcott Road extension from Armada Center Road south to 32 Mile Road, have planned right-of-way widths of 150 feet. These designations correspond to the Macomb County Road Commission standards and reflect higher volumes for both roads. The Township's remaining roads are designated as secondary thoroughfares. Their intended role is principally to provide a connection to the previously described primary road system. The planned right-of-way width for these roads is also 120 feet. Any Mure roads developed to serve residential neighborhoods are classified as local roads and require 60 feet of right-of-wa~. Local subdivision streets should be designed to meet Macomb County Road Commission standards and be dedicated for public use. fl -n- �I I I I I I I ' ' '• ,.• COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN This element of the Master Plan identifies the need for those facilities and services necessary to support the community at capacity development envisioned by the land use plan. A range of services may be included within this category, including recreation, utilities, and protective services, among others. The need for these services is directly related to the size of the community, as well as the desires and expectations of its residents. It would not be reasonable or practical for the Master Plan to plan for the same range and level of facilities that may be appropriate for a more urbanized community located in southern Macomb County. Armada Township is a rural community and, while the number of residents and households continue to grow, the character of the community remains rural in nature. While the Master Plan does provide opportunities for Mure growth, the type and quantity of Mure development is not intended to change the basic rural character of the community. Most of the basic community services and facilities available to Township residents, including schools, parks and utilities, are concentrated within or proximate to the Village of Armada. Those portions of the Township planned for more intense development are arrayed around the Village, thereby providing for the more efficient use of existing facilities. This type of policy has important consequences as it minimizes the need to duplicate or extend services to less densely population portions of the community, often at considerable expense to taxpayers. UTILITIES The availability of public utilities, namely sanitary sewers and water, pays a central role in establishing a community's development potential. The intensity of Mure development is directly related to the ability of existing utility systems to accommodate this growth. Providing public utilities is a considerable expense and can have important consequences on the community's tax structure. Outside of the Armada Village boundaries, sanitary sewers and municipal water supply lines are not available to Township residents. Private wells and on-site waste water disposal systems are required for each home or business site in the Township. The use of on-site waste disposal systems is limited by the characteristics of the soils to accept and treat effluent. These systems function best at those locations with sandy soils that have good percolation characteristics. Heavy clay soils with higher water tables require the installation of more expensive engineered systems. Depending on the characteristics of individual sites, one acre is generally considered to be the minimum land area needed to accommodate the installation of a septic tank and disposal field, provide sufficient area for a reserve field, and maintain a safe isolation distance to wells. The practical effect of relying on this form of waste water disposal, therefore, is to limit the density of development in a community. -78- �I I I I I I I -~ Sanitary sewers are available within the Village of Armada. This system apparently has the capacity to permit some additional development. The Village is currently operating under a mandate from the State of Michigan to separate the combined sanitary and storm sewer lines. Armada Village is also served by a series of community wells and public water distribution system. Some testing of these wells is needed to determine more conclusively how much capacity the system has available. The need for a comprehensive regional sewer service policy as a mechanism to control urban sprawl was recently addressed by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. The sewer service area map, adopted in March 1990, shows Mure sewer services being confined primarily to the Village of Armada. The Township's Master Plan is generally consistent with this policy and strives to maintain the Village's compact development pattern by concentrating those areas considered to be suitable for residential development of a more urban density and character in those areas located proximate to the Village. To implement this policy, the Township and Village should continue discussions with the intent of establishing some type of mutually beneficial cooperative development agreement relating to the Mure extension of utilities to locations outside of the Village. The broader policies of the Master Plan, including maintaining the rural character of the community, should be considered in establishing any such policy. RECREATION Quality of life is influenced by many factors, not the least of which is the availability of parks and public open space areas. Parks not only provide areas for passive and active recreation, they also introduce welcome open space and natural areas into an urban or suburban environment; it is frequently these amenities which are necessary components to a balanced land use pattern. One frequent consequence of urban development is the loss of recreation areas to a variety of urban uses. As land becomes more valuable for these urbanized uses, it becomes more expensive to purchase for recreation activities. It is, therefore, appropriate to plan for the development of Mure recreational activities in proportion to the expansion of Armada Township's other uses, particularly residential neighborhoods. Neighborhood Parks The need for recreation facilities should consider the larger development context of the community as a whole. The demand for parks is generally related to the number of residents and the density of development within designated neighborhood areas. ~ ~ -79- �I I I I I I I ' ' ' ' ~ Armada Township is relatively sparsely populated, with existing development widely distributed over a 36-square mile area. As a result of this development pattern, the Township has no defined neighborhoods in the strictest sense of the term. The larger lot sizes that characterize most residential development in the Township generally offer enough area to meet the immediate open space needs of most residents, thereby satisfying the demand for neighborhood parks. Neighborhood recreation needs for Village and nearby Township residents can be adequately met by the existing school and park sites located in and proximate to the Village. Community Parks These parks are frequently areas of diverse environmental quality and may include areas suited for intense recreational facilities, such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. They may also feature an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation activities, such as walking, viewing, sitting and picnicking. Community parks are intended to serve a wider geographic area. Ideally, community recreation land should be provided at a ratio of between five and eight acres per 1,000 persons. Aramda Township owns and operates a 24-acre park site at the northeast corner of North Avenue and Armada Center Road. The east branch of Coon Creek crosses the property along its eastern boundary. Aside from two ball diamonds, the park remains substantially undeveloped. The size of this park should be sufficient to meet the needs of existing residents, as well as those of Mure residents anticipated during the timeframe encompassed by the Master Plan. The single greatest recreation need facing Township residents involves the development of the existing 24-acre park site. A Master Plan for this facility has been prepared which offers specific recommendations for the Mure development of this site. The Plan proposes the extension of recreation improvements to the eastern half of the site and includes a restroom/storage building, picnic shelter, horseshoe pits, shuffleboard court, tot-lot area, basketball court, picnic area, jogging trail and landscaping. These improvements are shown on Illustration 9. The Township Park site is located in close proximity to the SO-acre Armada High School property to the east. Both sites are crossed by Coon Creek, which meanders in a northeasterly direction as it leaves the Township Park site. The relationship of this water course to both sites provides a unique recreation opportunity. The proposed path system for the Township Park could be extended to the northeast along the Creek and onto the High School site. This expansion would, in effect, expand both recreation sites and offer an area for passive enjoyment of the unique natural features located along the Creek. It would also provide an expanded system for joggers, walkers and bicyclists. -80- �I I I I I I • I I I I I IL_________ _ ARMADA AREA COMMUNITY ( REVISED PLAN PARK STUDY ) 9 Co••11"i1, -81- Pl •••i•«. I Ma11•c.••••' , P. C . 11,ic • , •iclti<e•" �I I I I • • • • -.. FIRE PROTECTION Fire protection is among the most essential public services provided at the local level. Beyond the obvious need to protect residents and businesses from financial loss and personal injury, fire fighting services can also substantially reduce the cost of providing insurance. Standards contained in the Plan should be considered as the minimum necessary to provide an adequate level of fire protection for the Township. Armada Township is served by a volunteer fire department headquartered in a new building located on the Armada Center Road, east of North Avenue. This existing site should be adequate to accommodate the development anticipated by the Master Plan . The following standards offered by the National Board of Fire Underwriters, if followed, can assist a community in achieving the best possible rating. These standards are reflected below. National Board of Fire Underwriters Standards The National Board of Fire Underwriters has set minimum standards for fire protection that enable communities to get the best possibl~ rating. Since this can be an ultimate savings to the community, it is only logical to adopt these standards: 1. The water system should be able to provide a "fire flow" during a five (5) day maximum consumption period of ten (10) hours. 2. The existing system of water mains should be a minimum of eight (8) inches in diameter to serve residential development. 3. Fire hydrants should be within three or four hundred (300 or 400) feet of every structure and never more than six to eight hundred {600 to 800) feet apart. 4. A fire station should be located so that it is close to, or leading into, a major or secondary thoroughfare. 5. Within the primary service area of each fire station, there should be no barriers, natural or man-made, that would delay the effectiveness of the fire fighting equipment. · 6. The fire stations should be built and manned in such a way as to be the most efficient for the area to be served. In most larger communities, they are manned by salaried employees; however, in many areas of the country they are manned by volunteers on an extremely well-organized basis. -82- �I I I I I I • • • TABLE 23 LOCATION STANDARDS FOR FIRE STATIONS ----------·---------------Radius Served . ! Fire Station .! Pumper and Hose Company l Ladder Company High Value District Standard Resldentlal Number of Men On Duty Minimum Land Area Required 3/4 mile 1 1/2 mile 4-5 1/2 acre 1 mile 2 miles 5-6 1/2-3/4 acre i Pumper-Ladder Company . ·- - - 1 mile 8-10 1 acre ----------------------------·----·--------·..·-··-····--·-··---···-..···········-··· These standards possess a certain amount of flexibility, which is based upon the individual community's needs. -83- �I ST. CLAIR COUNTY • - • - • - rr.+!P. ._ • r-_,,-=---=--=-,-.!:a:,--,,a::a~~--=:,'!C'"'-lm:11i:=-~60~RgD~M~'A,[;j,N-=x:::11-~~R~/ BERLIN L~E~Y~~r::;w,:Pi:::, . -=aa I I I I I I I --1-I I I PRATT PRATT 0 0 PRINZ MC PHALL + u 4 © SUBURBAN • URBAN @D COMMERCIAL • INDUSTRIAL @) PUBLIC / SEMI - PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL ~ FLOOD <( Q. REil, AGRICULTURAL ::; PRATT <( B u 9 PLAIN CORRIDOR II 10 7 • UTILITIES - MAJOR ROAD SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT IRWIN IRWIN * AREA 16 17 0 IC) "'z <( 20 w z <( "' 0:: 34 -------- 21 22 34 MILE = MILE 29 PLAN MASTER ARMADA MACOMB TOWNSHIP COUNTY , MICHIGAN ARMADA TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION ,ooo 33 I I I 3 4 6 0 84 34 35 Co,u10Niry PIANNiNG & MANAGEMENT' P. C. oricA , MicltiGAN lltH ,HJ pre,ort6 .-, fMI: 11111,COMI COUHTT P!...AIOUNG COIIIWISSK>H 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Armada-Twp_Master-Plan_1991 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armada Township Planning Commission, Armada Township, Macomb County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-07-10 Title A name given to the resource Armada Township Master Plan Description An account of the resource Armada Township Master Plan developed by the Armada Township Planning Commission in partnership with Community Planning & Management, P.C. adopted on July 10, 1991. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Community Planning & Management, P.C. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Armada Township (Mich.) Macomb County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aad26887429a7adcd5fd8befc515f0e5.jpg cca02b9093231f40dab92f616415394b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G046-0012a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a gentleman holding up a peace sign with one hand and a sign reading, "Victory over the Red Beast" in the other hand during the Armed Forces Day parade in New York, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d5756e584ef9c9afceb988c7b13681ad.jpg 88a6358719eff3458016cc779b7bdf78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G046-0017a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a gentleman holding up a protest sign reading, "Stop Red Fascism" on a New York City sidewalk during the Armed Forces Day parade. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0a70ef9ad07a8cb6b755e4a9bb96d442.jpg 3b06772ebdbc64859aa0f209b6a45e68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G046-0021a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a gentleman holding up a protest sign reading, "Communist 'Peace' Means Surrender" on a New York City sidewalk during the Armed Forces Day parade. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e0046b6358c341512f4280a9e4f11001.jpg 9f1a7200da14b17f428901b7632b31db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G046-0022a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a gentleman holding up a protest sign reading, "All the Way with LBJ?" on a New York City sidewalk during the Armed Forces Day parade. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Protest movements Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/61135924312593456e2e4eed2bd1e322.jpg 72f243a2c57d091b0a23df8ca3c0137f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G046-0031a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of young Vietnam War protesters during the Armed Forces Day parade in New York, New York. In the photograph, the young protesters are seen carrying signs on a New York City sidewalk, including one that reads, "Big Firms Get Rich - GI's Die, Youth Against War & Facism." Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Protest movements Youth Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4132b9a46f022d82f5c1d3d8c7ff0acb.jpg 33729edea2900b1555029af6df0b9c48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G046-0033a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of young Vietnam War protesters from the group "Youth Against War & Facism" during the Armed Forces Day parade in New York, New York. In the photograph, the young protesters are marching on a city sidewalk while holding signs that read, "Bring the GI's Home Now" while another young man is creating his sign in the foreground. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Protest movements Youth Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8dd5fcae50d3d9da33ceeef69b6895d6.jpg 7a62fe0a3b4ebc06aabfd42c99dda4bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G047-0006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of woman holding an American flag and a sign saying, "Bomb Hanoi" during the Armed Forces Day parade in New York, New York. In the photograph, the woman is leaning against the baracaded sidewalk while the parade marches past on a New York City street. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/833be7a9f7ee98c26424b9d142b7f8a9.jpg 295298049ab720fd134880ab36bea2fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G047-0011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of woman holding an American flag and a sign during the Armed Forces Day parade in New York, New York. In the photograph, the woman is leaning against the baracaded sidewalk while the parade marches past on a New York City street. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec954dc8835fa2382044b67d6d562940.jpg bfce15a3743a2130741b30e39376d915 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G047-0027 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-05-21 Title A name given to the resource Armed Forces Day Parade, New York, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of one young woman seated and another one standing on a New York City park bench during the Armed Forces Day parade. In the photograph, one woman is holding a sign that reads, "Bomb Red China," while the other is holding an American flag. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Armed Forces Parades Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dcd3f0afc7d809b81b60f8808f3870d2.JPG 6c22ba6b07c76d88709f53646ce12893 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ronald Oakes collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oakes, Ronald Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs by Ronald Oakes, who served in the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War, and in the U.S. National Guard in the Iraq War. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968/2005 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/628">Ronald Oakes Vietnam and Iraq war photographs (RHC-80)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Iraq War, 2003-2011 Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Veterans Photographs Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project interviews, RHC-27 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-80 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-80_Oakes-Iraq-DSCF0967 Title A name given to the resource Armored HUMVEE gun truck escorts from the convoy Subject The topic of the resource Iraq War, 2003-2011 United States--History, Military United States. National Guard Military life Soldiers Photographs Description An account of the resource Armored HUMVEE gun truck escorts from the convoy. The sign on the back warns of danger to stay back in both Arabic and English. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oakes, Ronald Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ronald Oakes Vietnam and Iraq photographs (RHC-80) Relation A related resource Veterans History Project interviews, RHC-27 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Iraq War Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/555e3b0ca56e534b759a87e3aba57198.jpg 884e43e7af280987e8975e64a82a5f55 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ronald Oakes collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oakes, Ronald Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs by Ronald Oakes, who served in the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War, and in the U.S. National Guard in the Iraq War. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968/2005 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/628">Ronald Oakes Vietnam and Iraq war photographs (RHC-80)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Iraq War, 2003-2011 Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Veterans Photographs Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project interviews, RHC-27 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-80 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-80_Oakes-Iraq-armoreduptrks Title A name given to the resource Armored vehicles preparing for a convoy from FOB Q-West Subject The topic of the resource Iraq War, 2003-2011 United States--History, Military United States. National Guard Military life Soldiers Photographs Description An account of the resource Armored vehicles preparing for a convoy from FOB Q-West. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oakes, Ronald Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ronald Oakes Vietnam and Iraq photographs (RHC-80) Relation A related resource Veterans History Project interviews, RHC-27 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Iraq War Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fe9ee5056a16848174c93059ffcedc33.jpg d31420bd0c2b8a651433ccc0d7e64654 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArmstrongDorothy Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Armstrong, Dorothy Description An account of the resource Dorothy Armstrong, Education Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f84f7bfe52c8e0da5cba1b0eb4c9fd4.jpg 7d66069aace216cf0650267e9212da6d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArmstrongForrest_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Armstrong, Forrest Description An account of the resource Forrest Armstrong, Dean of William James College Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cab03baf7caaadb9dee510c19e83ea7a.jpg b614c7bc9f58abb28ddfbd3e046d1c44 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArmstrongForrest_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Armstrong, Forrest Description An account of the resource Forrest Armstrong, Dean of William James College Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/42bc57aa30e2e9868b54616583bfbd14.jpg 4f3bdbfb948cca95ee205d8d956e44ae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArmstrongForrest_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Armstrong, Forrest Description An account of the resource Forrest Armstrong, Dean of William James College Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ff483618ff74907e965c976874832f50.mp4 649a19279b670a7c9b9457be542f649d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ffd3f77fe039256ee1073dff2ca63c0a.pdf 4bde0c1fcaa09d3a88caa61a623ab5ee PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Larry R. Armstrong (18:15) Pre-Enlistment • Born in Livingston, TN (1:40) • Was a shoe shine boy when he was 8 years old (2:00) • Became a boxer when he was in his teen years (2:20) • Tried to run away and join the service, but his mother found out (2:35) • Tape is edited poorly; just the audio ends, but comes back with audio and visual Enlistment • Joined the Marines (3:45) • Very strict code of conduct (4:00) • Had an acting black sergeant named Ingraham [Ingram?](4:50) • Sergeant’s father was president at Fisk University (5:15) • Left Camp LeJeune on December 7th, 1943 (5:30) • Went to Pearl Harbor (5:50) Marshall Islands • Went to Marshall Islands 2 months later for 8 months (6:15) • Did not do any fighting, just cleanup (6:25) • Burned out trees, stood guard duty (6:50) • Had to use code words, because Japanese were still on the islands (7:10) • Had some Japanese POWs, but did not have access to them (7:30) • Stayed in touch with his family through letters, but couldn’t say much (9:40) • Food wasn’t all that good, but kept them alive (9:50) • Were supplied very well (10:05) • Felt strange not being able to see family for long periods of time (10:30) • Often went to the beach at night when he couldn’t sleep (10:50) • Mail call was most important time of the day (11:00) • Somehow found a piano, and sometimes had a sing-along (11:25) • Plenty of gambling on the Islands (11:45) • Went back to Maui, HI, and was there when the bombs were dropped on Japan (13:10) • Was processed out in November of 1945 (13:20) Coming Home • Was attached to the 4th Marine Division (13:30) • Did not see any of the casualties (13:50) • Came back by boat, stayed up all night to see the first lights of San Francisco (14:15) • Stayed on Treasure Island for 6 days, then boarded an aircraft carrier and was sent to San Diego (14:30) �• • • • Went to Camp Pendleton (14:50) Went on leave in Los Angeles for a week after he arrived (15:00) Visited Club Alabama (15:30) Did not receive USO tours while he was on the Islands (16:00) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Armstrong, Larry (Interview outline and video), 2003 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armstrong, Larry Description An account of the resource Larry Armstrong was born in Livingston, Tennessee. He joined the Marines and attended boot camp at Camp LeJeune. After boot camp, he was sent to the Marshall Islands to do clean up work such as clearing roads and standing guard. He was sent to Maui, Hawaii, and was there when the bomb was dropped on Japan. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Marine Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American African-American soldiers Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-08-18 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArmstrongL Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1b64f55a7dbd7dc7175438b0a9709c80.mp4 865c0169efff1f1c763542b8b6293b15 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef13599ed0c98ada1c77d1bd4a3b3787.pdf 634482ef9c7f81791b753a0c9a998049 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University All American Girls Professional Baseball League Veterans’ History Project Interviewee’s Name: Lou Arnold Interviewer: “Lou can you start out by telling us a little bit about yourself, for instance, where and when were you born?” I was born in Pawtucket Rhode Island in 1925-May 11, 1925. Interviewer: “They have you in the book as being born in 1923?” I mean 1923. Interviewer: “Just checking on it. That will be the one time I can catch you up on something probably. You were born in 1923 and did you grow up on Pawtucket or did you grow up somewhere else?” I’m the thirteenth child and that’s why my numbers thirteen on my uniform. I was born in Rhode Island, Pawtucket and grew up in Rhode Island. Interviewer: “What did your family do for a living?” My father, at one time, had a cemetery. I don’t know what you call it, but he took care of it and people that came to be buried and my mother never worked. My father also taught a wood working school for a while. 1:12 Interviewer: “Was he able to keep his job through the depression?” No, as a matter of fact we lost our home during the depression. You know I was young then and I had all the kids in the neighborhood come over and I said,” We got a red flag on our house, we got a red flag on our house”. We didn’t know, my mother went to New York and we had no idea and that’s what it was, they were auctioning it off—yeah, that’s something to remember. Interviewer: “Did you stay in Pawtucket and just live somewhere else?” No, I stayed in Pawtucket and I played softball. I played softball for the “Opit Milk Maids” and we won the championship in softball and we changed it to different names like the “Townies” and different names, but they were all farm gals but myself. 1:59 Interviewer: “How did you hook up with them? How did you wind up playing for them?” They were playing at the ball park one night and we went to see them and my brother-in law’s brother was there and he said, “Lou, you ought to get in and play ball with them”, 1 �and I said, “oh, I don’t know, I just pick-up”, so I went—not to the tryout, but to the team, to try with the team and I played shortstop since the first time I went. 2:21 Interviewer: “All right, had you been playing a lot just around the neighborhood before?” No, not too much, but I had a brother who use to pitch to me and I played catch with my brother, but that team—I think I was fourteen or fifteen when I started on that team and I stayed with that team. Interviewer: “You stayed with that team. Now did they pay you?” No, it was just an amateur thing, but one thing we did—we played in Boston Garden maybe every other Friday night and that’s something that—I don’t know of any other team—Mary Pratt might have, I don’t know. We use to go to the Boston Garden on Friday night. 3:09 Interviewer: “That’s an old indoor arena.” Yes, that was a big deal to us you know to go. Interviewer: “Would you get a crowd to watch you play?” They had a pretty good crowd there, yeah. Interviewer: So how was it exactly that you wind up joining the professional baseball league?” I was with the “Townies” then, and they were playing the sailors down at Newport and they had a girl pitcher and the two women pitched against each other and we were there and we played and had a good time and when we came out this man walked up and he said, “hey Lou, how would you like to play professional baseball?” And I said, “Oh, wonderful, yeah, yeah”. We had never known him, well, he asked myself and three other girls, four of us. The other three went and they called me and said, “Oh Lou you should come out, you’d love it”, but you know, at the time I had a boyfriend in the service and stuff like that you know. 4:14 I hesitated and finally I said, “I think I’m going to go”. Well, my mother was a little upset and my father was too, but anyway, I went and I remember I took the train and went to Opa-locka, Florida. That’s where they had the spring training and that’s where we had old barracks to stay in and all that. It was very good and I don’t know if you saw the movie, but it was like in the movie, you get playing a game with different people and all of a sudden the roster is up there and you go and look at it and it’s sad—say you were next to me and I got on and you know we got to be good friends playing and the girl next to me couldn’t make it, she didn’t make it and she’s crying and I’m crying and I’m crying for her, but it was a wonderful, wonderful experience. 5:12 Interviewer: “So you were trying out for which team?” 2 �They were going to pick for the teams and the “Blue Sox” picked me and I stayed with them all the time. Interviewer: “Is that the South Bend Blue Sox?” Yes, the South Bend Blue Sox. Interviewer: “At this time you said you had been a short stop.” I almost flipped when I got out there and they had a man that worked with you on pitching and he said, “We’re going to make a pitcher out of you”. At the time I had a pretty good arm, you know a shortstop can throw them over pretty good and I think that’s what made him think that I’d be a wonderful, wonderful pitcher. Well, I don’t think I was a wonderful, wonderful pitcher, but you did as they said you know and the man worked with me and everything a lot, so that’s how I got to pitch. 5:59 Never, never played another position on a team, never got the chance. Interviewer: “What they were doing with you is what they do with professional male baseball players. They may start at one position, but then they said, “well, you have the skills to go over here and that’s what we need”, so short stops can become pitchers for the very reason that you did, they had good arms. See, you had a good arm and you learned to pitch pretty well.” I don’t feel I was a star or anything. Interviewer: “Now, at the point when you joined the league, this was the point when they had gone to overhand pitching. If they had been still been doing underhand or sidearm, would you have done that?” Oh I would have if they wanted me to, but I went out for shortstop you know. 6:47 Interviewer: “and when you were shortstop, the shortstops pretty much, they would all be throwing overhand normally wouldn’t they? Throw fast.” Oh yeah. Interviewer: “That was a little more natural.” In softball you have to throw that ball over there for shortstop. Interviewer: “How was the game you were starting to play, how was that different from the softball you had been playing back up in New England?” I never played softball here. The year I came out in 1948 they went over to— Interviewer: “What I’m asking is how was that baseball different from what you had been doing in the amateur league?” 3 �Well, for one thing, the bases were farther apart and the pitching mound a little away too and it was really exciting to be honest with you though I loved softball and it is hard to pick between the two of them because I enjoyed myself at softball and I played every single game and every single day that we played. 7:44 Interviewer: “Were you a little bit older than some of the other women?” Yes, I was twenty-five, I think, when I went in or twenty-four or something like that. I think it was twenty-five or twenty-six. Interviewer: “Did that make you almost a mother figure for some of them? Would you do things to help some of them adjust?” Oh yes, yes, oh yes and I use to talk and sometimes we would have a girl keep score one time back home and going to the gym and this girl said to me, “I never do anything but score keeping”, and boy I really told that kid I said, “you know, if you didn’t keep their score nobody would have their average, nobody would know what their hitting, you’re just as important as the girl that gets the home runs”. That kid looked at me as if to say, “are you crazy lady?” 8:46 I said, “I’m serious”, and it’s true, no matter what—even if you carry the water you’re carrying it for someone to get a drink and it’s going to help them to either get a base hit or strike somebody out or throw somebody out. No matter what you do it’s professional. I couldn’t believe you know, I think the first time I made sixty-five dollars a week and I left a job that I earned thirteen dollars and seventy-five cents a week. I made more than some of the superintendents back home. It might sound crazy, but that was a lot of money a week 9:26 Interviewer: “What did you do with your money?” Well, I sent money home to my mom and a lot of them went to college, which was a very smart thing. A lot of the ball players are college graduates, but I never went to college. Interviewer: “That gets a little farther in the story. Do you remember making the trip up to South Bend and arriving there and looking around?” Well not too much, I remember I went on a train from Rhode Island to Florida and you know never being out of Rhode Island, it was really, really “whew” I was afraid somebody was going to grab me, I don’t know, but when you got there and you met all the gals—you never knew what team you were going to be on and you didn’t even know if you were going to be picked, but it was a wonderful time and what an experience for kids from Rhode Island—we just never went—maybe Boston was the farthest we went, if we went then. 10:37 What a thrill, just absolutely. You know sir I’m going to tell you— ever since I played ball, from the first night I joined the South Bend Blue Sox, I never, never in my life missed a night without thanking God for that opportunity. I’m eighty-six today and that was a wonderful time of your life. It was the cleanest league, not that there were any dirty leagues or anything, but that was one of the cleanest leagues you would ever want to be in. It made you proud if you never got off the bench just to be 4 �there. The gals were just wonderful to me, absolutely wonderful and I was so scared, but it didn’t take long for them to get with me and everything, you know. 11:27 Interviewer: “Now how much sort of support did they give you? Were they still using chaperones, did they still have a lot of rules for you to follow?” Oh yes, the chaperones were very, very good though. We had to be in by eleven, eleven thirty depending on what kind of a game it was and you weren’t supposed to wear shorts or slacks off the bus or anything like that. We wore shorts on the bus because it was so warm, but we had skirts that we put on. You wore skirts almost all the time because you couldn’t go out anyplace unless you kind of sneak out the window. If we went to the park to have a hot dog roast or something we wore shorts or slacks, but that’s a little different. 12:12 Interviewer: “Where did you live when you went up to South Bend?” I lived at I’ll say South Bend; I lived there most of the time in houses, in homes. When you went, somebody had to, if you were a rookie, somebody had to take you as their roommate, one of the older ones, someone that wasn’t a rookie. That’s how you got into a room with someone. Interviewer: “Do you remember who your first roommate was?” Her name was Thompson, but I can’t think—I think her last name was Thompson, but I’m not sure. I wasn’t with her too long because they traded--they traded like crazy, but I had wonderful roommates. 13:03 Wonderful roommates and landladies, they were just—they would have pies made for us and lots—we were really treated wonderful. I never—I worked at Bendix for thirty years and I never even said that I played ball. There were maybe five of us that worked at Bendix and none of us mentioned playing ball and when they found out that we played ball they went insane. “You never told us you played for the South Bend Blue Sox” and stuff like that. 13:35 To us it was wonderful and not private, but to me it meant so much and I never felt I was a star or anything, but I use to pitch to the stars and they got better by hitting the ball. One gal came in and she said, “Lou, I never get to do anything, sometimes I throw at the bat”, and I said, “If they didn’t have you to throw to them, how are they going to keep their eye on the ball. You mean a lot to them and don’t think that you don’t. Don’t feel that way.” That helped a lot and who was I to tell them, that’s my opinion, I mean that’s how I felt and I got wonderful, wonderful friends out of it. 14:26 Interviewer: “I will tell you, as we were organizing the set of interviews etc. and planning to call even before we got here people said again and again, “You have to talk to Lou Arnold”, which means those friends of yours are real friends and they thought she was someone we should talk to.” I’ll tell you, I get very, very touchy about it, but you can’t believe the friends I got out of this league. You just can’t believe it and I feel that I could call any single ball player that 5 �I know and I’ve met off the ball field now or they could call me and they would give me their last dime and I would give them my last dime. 15:11 Interviewer: “Now let’s shift gears a little bit and let’s go into the business of playing ball. How many games would you play do you think in the space of a week during the season?” Oh, if I played one—I never played too many games, I don’t feel like I played too many games, but I was always in the bullpen. Marty McManus used to let me go to the bullpen every single night. He use to tell me to go there. Sometimes I would come out and they would do all right and sometimes they wouldn’t do too good and they would put someone else in. Interviewer: “Did you start a lot of games?” Oh yeah, I started some games and some I stayed in and some I had to come out. 15:57 Interviewer: “You did have a season when you went ten and two.” Oh that was in fifty-one. Interviewer: “How did that happen? Did everything just work right for you that year?” You know I had a one hitter in that year and Jean [Fout] had pitched a perfect game a day or two before and I was going for a no hitter and this girl that got the hit—it was the Texas league and you know what that is, but that team played behind me like they were shot out of a cannon. They caught everything and stopped everything and threw everybody out and all that, so it ended up a one hitter and I was so thrilled about it, besides we had a wonderful, wonderful umpire, Barney Ross, and I was pitching to this girl who wasn’t the best hitter and he called a strike a ball which meant a lot because we would not had our chance to get this Texas league, so I walked up to the thing, of course my catcher was yelling at him and I said, “Barney, I want to tell you something”, and he said, “yes Lou”, and I said, “You are going blind.” He said, “Lou, I want to tell you something, you go back to that mound and I’ll show you how blind I’m getting.” 17:14 I think he gave me a break on a couple of them after that though. Interviewer: “Now, in this league did you have a regular set of umpires?” Yea, Gadget Ward and Barney Ross, those are the two I remember because we had them the most and I can’t remember the ones out of town. Interviewer: “So, there were umpires that lived near or in South Bend?” Yes, they were both in South Bend and they were both good umpires, but Gadget, if you said one thing, “boom”. 6 �Interviewer: “On the whole, do you think the players in your league were better behaved than say our male baseball players in terms of arguing with the umpire or challenging them?” Oh yes, yes they were. Instead of giving certain signals to the crowd if they’re booing or something, they never—no. 18:11 Interviewer: “Did you feel as if you had to be better behaved than the men?” No, I don’t think any of us ever gave it a thought. I don’t think any of us ever gave that a thought. You would be surprised at the women that came out, good living women. We all wanted to win you know, we’d ride the other team, but I cannot say any bad things about the women and not because I played with them because I was with the South Bend Blue Sox and I never went to another team, but we met some gals after and we would go and have something to eat, which was really against the rules, but the manager kind of knew you know. 19:02 Maybe we would meet someone after the game and go and have something to eat, but that’s all. Interviewer: “Who was the manager while you were there?” My favorite first manager was Marty McManus, the Red Sox, remember he had the Red Sox? Then I had Dave Bancroft, then I had Jean Fout’s husband and I can’t think of his name now, we won with him. Marty McManus, he was a sweetheart, oh, he was so good. 19:38 Interviewer: “Now, did you learn from the manager and from the coaches?” Oh yeah, oh yeah, learn how lead off on the bases and stuff like that. Interviewer: “Could they help you with your pitching?” Oh yea, I had my own—not my own, but we had a pitching coach that worked with us and I don’t even know his name now, but he was a nice guy. Interviewer: “Do you know what kind of pitches you could throw?” Drops and curves and changeups and today I can’t even pick up a pencil, but really it was a---not I, but some of them would throw a double drop and double—Jean Fout, Jean Fout to me was the greatest of great. I mean, even if she pitched a game and we had a double header and someone was running, coach would say, “Jean, go in and play third base”, that girl never, never said a word, never balked at all and went right in. 20:53 Interviewer: “when you were going good and pitching well in a game, were you getting people out by changing speed and locations and fooling them, what were you doing?” 7 �I don’t know, I don’t know what I did, but I had a little skill, but I didn’t have what the others had and I’m not saying that trying to be nice, it’s true, I really don’t know, but I was so thankful I was able to stay there. Interviewer: “You mentioned, you started off by going down to their spring training. Did you go down to Florida for spring training every year?” 21:32 No, the next year they started having it in South Bend and some of the team went to— overseas, they went there for a while, I’m sure they told you about that. Interviewer: “Some went to Cuba.” Cuba, yes, and I’m glad I didn’t have to go there. Interviewer: “What kind of fan support did you have? Did you have a lot of fans coming to the games?” Wonderful. I remember the first game, I was there and we worked out in the field to start and we had the skirts on and I can still hear this guy up in the stands say, “Oh look at the outfits, oh, oh, ladies, ladies”. I think about the third inning he couldn’t believe those ladies slide and everything and he would come to every game, he was really impressed. I can still hear him, he would say, “beeeutiful” when we made a nice play “beautiful”. It had to change him because those women would slide and they come in and we called them “strawberries” and they would have blood running down their legs and we would stand in front of it and fan it when we were playing. The chaperones would put methiolate on it. 22:54 They would wrap it up and they would go right back out and if they had to slide again, they would slide. Interviewer: “You were a pitcher and you probably didn’t have to slide much did you?” No, all I had to try to do is get to first base and sometimes I did on a walk, I don’t know. I don’t remember much. Interviewer: “Now, you were on the team when they won two championships, what do you remember about Guy Kennedy? How did they do with championship series, did they have play offs with a lot of teams or the two best teams or what?” It starts with, I wish I could remember the name of it, but it starts with six teams, then four teams would play and then it gets down to two and when it gets down to two, that’s the big challenge and I think it was either three out of five or four out of seven. 23:54 Interviewer: “So it was a real series like a world series.” Yes, it was a series and I’m trying to think of the name of it, but I can’t. 8 �Interviewer: “Now, one of those championship seasons you played short handed. Can you explain a little bit why you didn’t have all of your players?” Well, I really don’t know and you’ll probably hear this story from somebody else, but this girl was an excellent second baseman—came in and it was close to the ninth inning and we were leading, I think it was the ninth inning we were leading, and she sat down on the bench and she took her shoes off. Well, the manager was out there and he saw her take her shoes off and he said, “hey shorty I want you to run for second base”, and she said, “take Betty Wagner, she can run as fast as I can”, and he said, “no, no, I said get in and run”, and she said, “Betty can do it”, like this, he said, “you’re out, you don’t need to come back”, so when he said that, three or four others said, “if you let her go, I’m going”, so we ended up with seven, eight or nine players, but we had fifteen all the time to start. 25:18 It was a shame because they were all good ball players and they walked out. Interviewer: “But you still managed to win the championship.” Yea, and that was a big deal you know for everybody, that was neat. Interviewer: “Now, over the time you were playing in South Bend and that’s 19481952, did the crowds eventually start to get smaller?” In 1952 they started to get smaller because you didn’t have to have the gas tickets anymore for gas. A lot of them would come in groups or by buses. One of our biggest games was the fourth of July game and I think we had ten thousand that day and they were sitting on the grass that went up like this and they were sitting on the grass out there, but we had a pretty big crowd. 26:15 Interviewer: “You were talking about gas coupons, you mean gas rationing ended?” Yea, when gas was rationed and when the war was over they didn’t have to have rationing and they could drive. A lot of them would come on the bus or they would come in groups and a lot of them walked. Interviewer: “do you think that television had something to do with it too? They could stay home and watch something and not come out and watch you?” Well I think truthfully, in the end, yes, television. Television didn’t really put us out, but like you said, there were a lot of things they didn’t do during the war and that’s how the league started. 27:12 You know, if you talk to the one in Grand Rapids, and a young man interviewed her, she wrote an article that’s great about the beginning of it and how it started and stuff. Interviewer: “That’s why we’re here talking to you because this is part of the Veterans History Project and we’re talking to people who can tell us about different aspects of American life during wartime and things that happened because of it.” 9 �That’s what it was and that’s how it started because Wrigley wanted to do something because so many young men were taken away for war. Interviewer: “Now at the time that you were recruited to come and join this league, had you ever heard of the league before? Did you know there were women baseball players? 27:56 No, I never heard of it and that’s why that man came up to me in Newport and said, “hey Lou, how would you like to professional baseball?” “Yeah, I’d love it”, kidding with him and never knowing that man was serious and then he went to three others and I believed it. Interviewer: “At the time you joined the league or while you were in it, did you think of yourselves and doing something maybe that was new for women to be doing or significant or was it only later maybe?” I wouldn’t say that any of us did. I don’t care what team it was or ladies in that league that didn’t love the game and played for the love of the game. It’s something when you play softball all your life and all of a sudden this baseball comes out, but I think they play for the love of the game. 28:53 A lot of them, I can tell you when we worked at Bendix, never, never did we mentioned that we played and when the people found out, lord a mercy, they were shocked. Interviewer: “Did they find out about this before or after the movie came out?” Before the movie came out because they started putting write ups in the paper and that and they read all the write ups, but by the time I was working—maybe it was after the movie, I’m not sure. Interviewer: “When did you retire from Bendix?” In 1952. Interviewer: “From Bendix, not from the Blue Sox.” Well, I went to Bendix in 1952, after the league, after we finished the league. I went to Bendix on October 6, 1952 because we had a chance of getting in there and then I retired in 30, 30 and out. 29:56 Interviewer: “So you would have retired then in 1982.” In 1982. Interviewer: “Was it while you were still working at Bendix that they began to talk to you about having played in the league or was it after you retired that they were all paying attention to you?” 10 �It was after I retired from work. We worked at Bendix quite a while, six of us, maybe eight and none of us ever mentioned that we played ball. It’s just something—you’re proud, but I just never said anything. Interviewer: “Now, when you look back at it now, do you think that maybe you wound up doing something that was kind of important or that you were some of the first women professional athletes in professional team sports in this country?” 30:46 You know, because everybody is telling you that—Now, I’m giving you my own opinion, everybody is saying, do you? I just met a lady now and she said, “You mean you played professional ball?” She was going to a wedding here and she said, “Oh, I’ve got to congratulate you”, but I never thought I would see a women’s professional baseball team and never thought I’d be on one, never and it was really, really exciting, but you know you have to come home and do your wash and you lived in private homes, but the people were wonderful to me. 31:28 They would make cookies for us and different things and chicken. Interviewer: “When you think back to that time and stuff, are there particular events or things that happened to you that come back to you that you haven’t told me about here yet?” Well, I don’t know if you ever heard of—Oh God, I can’t remember his name—he use to come to the ball games to the football games in an iron lung—Snite, Fred Snite Jr., his father’s a multi millionaire and he use to bring Fred Snite to the football games in an ambulance and they had the doors fixed so when you opened the doors it was all mirrored so he could see the place. He’s in an iron lung, so we were coming home from Tampa, after—we were there playing a game after we had our spring training, and this man came up to our train, our particular train where most of the gals were, and he said, “Is there anybody in here that sings Irish songs?” 32:35 None of us knew who he was, but the girls said, “Lou, Lou”, so myself Jo Leonard and Slats Meier, I think, the three of us went. We were walking through the train, we didn’t know who he was and he said, “My son, my son would love to sing with you”, and I’m thinking a little kid like this, so we went back and as we were going through this one train, it was full of oranges and grapefruits and everything and we got to the last train and the last train had a bay window, the whole back of it was a bay window and then and they had a railing like this, it was gold, and there he was in the iron lung. 33:19 There was his wife and two daughters there and a nurse and I was—I’d never seen anything like that and they said to stand right beside of him, so I went over and I stood there and I said, “Are we going to sing some Irish song?”, and he gasped yes because he couldn’t breath and we sang songs until we were blue in the face. We just sang all the Irish songs we knew and we had a wonderful time and they came out with cookies and ice cream for us, the people there. That was an experience I’ll never forget and then his father came up and gave us oranges and asked us if we wanted oranges or grapefruit. 33:59 That was so touching and so thrilling and when I’d see him at the game, they would have that backed up and he could see both teams. 11 �Interviewer: “So, he would come to your games too? You mentioned he went to the Notre Dame football games.” No, he could never get that thing in our games. Interviewer: “But he watched the Notre Dame football games?” Every—and his father’s got a beautiful building there dedicated to him, beautiful, Fred Snite Jr. Interviewer: “How did your own career end? Did you just decide to stop playing in 1952 or did they tell you were about done?” Oh no, I had an application in for Bendix. Eddie DeLauria, who was the head of the league for one time, was the manager of our team at one time, he said, “Why don’t you put your name in for Bendix Lou? I think they’re going to be hiring”, so I went back home and I got a telegram saying, “come, there’s a job for you at Bendix”, and that’s how I got into Bendix, by playing ball and that’s another thing I thank god for every night is Bendix. Very good money, very good insurance. 35:29 Interviewer: “Now, to look back on the whole thing now, how do you think that whole time playing ball affected you? You told us a little bit about that. Did it make you a different person? Did it change the course your life took?” It never changed me a bit sir. I never ever had so many friends. When we had our first reunion just another ball player, Shirley Stavroff, we’d sit in a chair, not like this chair, and watch people come in and wonder who it was and we were hugging people we didn’t even know, we thought it was a ball player. When we had our first—I think it was sometime in the early eighties, I’m not sure just when it was, but it was in Chicago and it was just fabulous and we use to wait a couple of years, but now we have them every year. 36:22 I wish I could explain the feeling when you see different ones and they say, “Oh, Lou you’re getting thin or Lou you’re getting fat”, and stuff like that, but it’s true, I think you could ask any of them—I feel I could ask any of them if I needed something and I think they feel they could ask me if they needed something, if I had it or if they had it. Interviewer: “One other thing that one of the other players had mentioned to me about you and that was that you had helped some of them just learn some basic manners and learn how to follow the rules. Could you talk a little bit about that? What did you do for them?” 37:05 Well I—did you interview Sue Kidd? Interviewer: “Yes.” Well, Sue Kidd, I haven’t been down to her home, her father had the grocery store, the post office and everything right in Arkansas, Choctaw Arkansas, and she came into the league and she was only a kid and she would walk by or you’d give her something and she never said please, thank you, excuse me, or anything and I thought, “How strange, 12 �that girl’s so—“, and we got to be pretty good friends and I said to her, “I want to tell you something, It’s not going to cost you a cent, but I’m going to tell you something and you better listen to me”, and she would say, “Yeah Lou, yeah Lou”, and I said, “You should learn some manners because you’re such a nice person and a good person, manners would really show what kind of a lady you are”. I don’t really work with her, but when she started coming by me she would say, “Excuse me Lou “ and “thank you Lou”. She caught on and she’s very, very polite now. 38:14 Very polite and I was being interviewed someplace on the radio in Grand Rapids I think it was and she was too, the two of us, So here we were and I got to interviewing and talking to the lady and waiting for Sue and sue said, “You know, I didn’t even know how to say excuse me”, and I almost fell off the chair and she said, “That lady there taught me manners”, and I’m sitting on the chair thinking, “Oh Sue dear, please”, but she has never forgotten that and she has thanked me at different times and I told her, “I’m proud of you Sue”. She was just a hick from the sticks. When she said that I thought I would fall out of the chair, but we’re good friends, very good friends. 39:10 Interviewer. “Well, I knew to ask that because she told me about it, so I thought I would get your side.” She said that to you? Interviewer: “Yes, that’s why I’m asking for your side.” I almost didn’t tell you to be honest with you. I thought, “I don’t want to mention Sue like that”. Interviewer: “Sue’s very grateful that you did it and she put that on record herself, so that just supports what you had to say about what a good bunch of people this is.” Yeah, they were, they were and once and a while we would go over to the boat house , boat club I guess and it was right across the river from our ball park and some would play the slot machine and we’d all jitterbug and have a swell time, but I really feel the manager knew it, but we always had to get back at a certain time you know. I think he really knew it, but I don’t know for sure. There were a lot of little things we did do, we weren’t “holier than thow” you know like picking up the gals at the hotel so they could come to the boat club and dance or have a few beers or something you know. There really wasn’t much drinking in the league. Not much that I know of, of course the team I was on there wasn’t. Let me see if there’s any other interesting—It was just—like now, not because I’m being interviewed, I don’t care if you don’t ever have to use it, to be honest with you that isn’t the point. I think it’s nice of you to ask me and it was nice of Dolly to tell you to ask me, but really makes me feel good to tell you what a wonderful league it was and it’s still a league to all of us you know. 41:06 Interviewer: “We’ve spent a fair amount of time with your group here just this week doing quite a few interviews and we have to agree with you that it really is a 13 �remarkable bunch of people, so I would like to thank you for taking a little time today to come and tell me about it.” Well, thank you for asking me, but I’m telling you and you found out for yourself, some of them are great, great people. 41:30 Interviewer: “that’s right.” 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was started by Philip Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during World War II to fill the void left by the departure of most of the best male baseball players for military service. Players were recruited from across the country, and the league was successful enough to be able to continue on after the war. The league had teams based in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, and operated between 1943 and 1954. The 1954 season ended with only the Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford teams remaining. The League gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball. Many of the players went on to successful careers, and the league itself provided an important precedent for later efforts to promote women's sports. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-58)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Sports for women World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Oral history Baseball players--Minnesota Baseball players--Indiana Baseball players--Wisconsin Baseball players--Michigan Baseball players--Illinois Baseball for women--United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-10-02 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58_LArnold Title A name given to the resource Arnold, Lou (Interview transcript and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arnold, Lou Description An account of the resource Lou Arnold was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1925. She grew up in Pawtucket and played softball with her brother and eventually joined an amateur league where she played for a few teams. After playing a game with a rival team in Newport she was invited to play for the All American League. Arnold played from 1948 to 1952 for the South Bend Blue Sox as a pitcher. One of her baseball highlights came during the 1951 season when she pitched a ten and two record and led her team to the championship that year. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Baseball for women--United States Baseball Sports for women World War, 1939-1945 Baseball players--Indiana Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-09-25 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-55)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a1632dbac23058a13d2be2b1c6df4b4.mp4 914675366a473c742e5cbe4a7925e9d6 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e75abccbe99d76cfdbcceb06a24d6064.pdf 2ff6051213d90d2588d99836a2dfb16b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Bob Arntz Length: 16:34 (00:15) Background Information • Bob was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on June 8, 1944 • He went to Greenville high school and worked on his father’s dairy farm • After graduating from high school Bob got a job working in a factory • He later enlisted in the Army at a recruiting center in Detroit in 1968 (4:30) Training • Bob was sent to Fort Knox in Kentucky in February of 1968 for training • He went through 8 weeks of basic training and was sent to Maryland • Bob went through another 14 weeks in mechanic school (7:20) Vietnam • Bob was sent to Vietnam in October of 1968 • He worked as a mechanic as a while, but did not enjoy the dirty work • He then worked driving semis for transportation all over the country • There were mines all over the place that they had to work to avoid • Bob drank a lot of beer while in Vietnam, but did not have many memorable experiences in the country (8:55) Fort Riley, Kansas • After serving in Vietnam, Bob was sent to a Fort Riley for about 15 months • The base was made up of very old buildings and Bob eventually moved off base �• While in Kansas he drove 10-ton semi trucks • Bob enjoyed living in Kansas and really liked the weather (11:20) After the Service • After being discharged, Bob moved back to Michigan to be with his family • It took him 1.5 years to find a decent job • He began working in Grand Rapids, eventually got married, and remained at the job in Grand Rapids for 15 years • Bob became a much more responsible person through his years in the service • He now believes that everyone should spend 1-2 years in the service � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arntz, Bob (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arntz, Bob Description An account of the resource Bob Arntz was born in 1944 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. After graduating from high school Bob worked in a factory for a while before enlisting in the Army in 1968. Bob went through basic training in February of 1968 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. After training at Fort Knox and in Maryland, Bob was sent to Vietnam in October of 1968. Bob drove semi trucks and helped transport supplies in Vietnam. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-06-26 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ArntzB Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d68623a08231fa4f6851e1c51b3b679c.jpg e3169b29732f4c60d9a8b225f0d09517 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context AronoffDaniel Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Aronoff, Daniel Description An account of the resource Daniel Aronoff, Board of Trustees Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng