262 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8b5b52d7b67f1d3629941fd2e361ba7a.pdf 60dcab5a244c324018b4e487ce207f78 PDF Text Text Day 93. by windoworks On next Monday (June 15) the hair and nail salons are allowed to open. Among the many ‘I’m not doing that again’ decisions I have made are - no more hair dye (I’m prepared to embrace the grey) and no more nail polish. I am prepared to return to my nail salon but no more nail polish. It’s too hard to manage for myself. As I type this my nails are the shortest they have been for years! So, I contacted the hair salon and the new hair stylist that Ben recommended (after he decided to retire from hairdressing), texted me back and we managed to set up a hair appointment for me. She is letting me come in early in the morning when there will be less clients there. So here are he conditions for my visit: The salon will no longer have a waiting area. When you arrive at the salon for your appointment, please call the salon or text me directly. When the client scheduled before you has exited the building we will call or text you to come in for your appointment. This will allow me to properly sanitize my station and tools between each appointment. Please wear a facemask into the salon. I will be wearing one while I work with you and ask that you wear one as I bring you to my station and/or when you are walking through the salon. If you forget your mask don’t stress, the salon will have disposable masks available for you. Additional Safety Measures. We have reorganized our stylist stations. At your next appointment you will notice quite a bit more space between each station. This is to ensure that all of our guests are able to maintain a safe distance from each other while they are with us. We have also added partitions between the shampoo bowls for your safety. All stylists and employees will have a temperature check daily upon arrival to the salon. If you yourself are not feeling well, please reschedule your appointment for a later date. Price Changes. The state of Michigan is requiring some specific changes to prevent the spread of Covid 19. To be compliant, we are spending money on items we never expected we would need. From building partitions to purchasing thermometers, HEPA filters, additional supplies, staff hours, and PPE…it’s all adding up. In order to keep things running smoothly, the salon will need to increase prices slightly. Please expect to pay $5 more per adult service. As ever, we appreciate your understanding and compassion! So that sounds exciting doesn’t it? Yesterday we ordered cheese (from The Cheese Lady - yum!) and reeds for Craig’s saxophone, all online. The cheese is in the cooler outside the store, and you call for your order at the music store. In both cases, the doors are locked. You call and they bring your purchases out to you. And also yesterday, I purchased 2 Charles Wysocki 1000 piece jigsaw puzzles online. I can pick them both up at Barnes & Noble at Rivertown Crossing Mall. Again, I wait in the car (which I describe on the phone) �and the assistant will bring them out to me. We drove past Trader Joe’s on the way to the music store and people were still lined up 6 feet apart, wearing masks and waiting to be admitted. This is the new routine. As you exit your car anywhere, you get out your mask and put it on. It’s becoming the same as putting your gloves and hat on in winter. It’s not comfortable wearing a mask, but its the right thing to do. There are still 130,000 houses in Michigan without power. There are an extraordinary number of really big trees down in streets around us and so far there is no sign of any cleanup. Another big concern is rising water levels in other dams across Michigan which may be in the same state of disrepair as the 2 near Midland were. Yesterday we had the first of our ‘proper’ virtual programs for the Women’s City Club. Grand Rapids’ Mayor Rosalynn Bliss talked to us via Zoom for almost an hour. We had submitted some questions and she answered most, and added a great deal about what was happening locally, statewide and nationally with COVID-19 and racism. She talked a great deal and it was a tribute to her that I never zoned out once. I also feel a great deal more informed. On Wednesday, the U.S. reached another dire landmark in its fight against COVID-19 after surpassing 2 million confirmed cases around the country. New cases are rising in at least 20 states, even as restrictions on daily life continue to ease across the country. The U.S. total represents more than 25% of the confirmed cases worldwide. More than a dozen states continue to show new highs in the number of coronavirus cases or hospitalizations weeks after beginning to reopen. The spikes provide disturbing data points in the ongoing tug of war between the economic costs of restrictions and the human cost of lifting them. Worse times are ahead. The preponderance of evidence indicates community transmission is increasing. We should be concerned about the rising numbers in some states like Arizona and Texas, South Carolina, North Carolina. These states have big outbreaks right now. This morning Florida is reporting a significant increase of cases overnight. It’s not a second wave as some people are saying. Most states never really got rid of the first wave. And in the “You couldn’t make this stuff up“ category: • A Maine facility that produces tests for Abbott Labs to detect the novel coronavirus has become the site of a viral outbreak. �• Tesla employees in California revealed that several of their colleagues tested positive for the coronavirus following chief executive Elon Musk’s reopening of the company’s main production facility last month in defiance of government public health orders. • Members of the D.C. National Guard who were deployed last week in response to the protests over George Floyd’s killing have tested positive, but a spokeswoman refuses to reveal how many troops have the virus. Two members of the Nebraska National Guard who were activated last week in Lincoln, Neb., also tested positive. I love that there’s a face palm emoji. I have begun making bread and bread rolls. Admittedly I use an almond flour packet, but the online bread delivery system seems to have broken down somehow, so I thoughtI had better start baking. I also try to use all fruit and vegetables and not throw anything out. I made gluten free macaroni cheese recently and we used up the leftovers by frying them in portions which was surprisingly delicious. We have cooked 3 meals a day since early March. It’s not that I don’t want to eat a take out meal, it just seems that I am more comfortable with homemade. Now truthfully, we do buy treats from Rise, our favorite gluten free bakery, and gf cupcakes from Cakabakery. But Cakabakery is only open 2 days a week and I always forget until the open day is over. Today’s risk assessment: 4. Keep higher risk activities as short as possible Brief exposure: Brief encounters, particularly those outside — like passing someone on the sidewalk or a runner who huffs and puffs past your picnic — are unlikely to make you sick. Face-to-face contact: Wear a mask, and keep close conversations short. We don’t know the level of exposure required to make you sick, but estimates range from a few hundred to 1,000 copies of the virus. In theory, you might reach the higher estimate after just five minutes of close conversation, given that a person might expel 200 viral particles a minute through speech. When health officials perform contact tracing, they typically look for people with whom you’ve spent at least 15 minutes in close contact. Indoor exposure: In an enclosed space, like an office, at a birthday party, in a restaurant or in a church, you can still become infected from a person across the room if you share the same air for an extended period of time. There’s no proven time limit that is safest, but based on contact tracing guidelines and the average rate at which we expel viral particles — through breathing, speaking and coughing — it’s best to keep indoor activities, like shopping or haircuts, to less than an hour. Even shorter is better. �As you make decisions, consider the volume of air space (open space is safer than a small meeting room), the number of people in the space (fewer is better) and how much time everyone is together (keep it brief). Okay, perhaps I’ll just get my hair cut. ��Just an Oliver fix for the day. And a note to make you laugh: at daycare they told Zoe that he babbles all day and the staff said to each other: OMG, imagine when he starts actually talking! That’s a true Benjamin. The next big day in Brandon. First we drove to the coast to Dunwich Heath and Beach which is a National Trust property. I was particularly taken with the beautiful heather on the cliffs. ������From the top: another of my sitting on the beach photos; Craig paddling (braver than me); eating our picnic lunch and that’s Sizemore B nuclear power station in the distance; the gorgeous heather and me sitting in one of those giant beach chairs - it was dammed difficult to get out of! This wasn’t the end of our day - we visited 2 other places on our way home but I’ll post them tomorrow. So, the rain has gone, the weather is cooler, the sun is shining and the wind has dropped. Stay healthy, stay safe and stay brave. We can do it! � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-12_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-93 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-12 Title A name given to the resource Day 93 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3b73a33d8d52ce13c653fef9e2e680d0.pdf 15c42fe1c8899ae7dfe4c0f376833509 PDF Text Text Day 94. by windoworks When I first began this Pandemic Diary I wrote about my feelings because, this was going to be over soon, right? After a few days I added the daily flashback feature. In the beginning I referred to friends and family by their initials in posts and it became more and more clumsy and confusing. Then my neighbor asked me to just put names in and so that change was made. Next, I added photos sent to me by friends from around the world. I added information about both my sons companies during the pandemic,and then I had to learn how to delete that information from those posts. Next, I decided to turn the flashback section into a vacation record instead of random photos. I began reading and researching and thinking ‘I wonder if my readers will find this interesting?’ At first I included all names and positions in quoted articles until my daughter told me that was long ad unwieldy. So I began to paraphrase and if I couldn’t remember the source I italicized the quote. Readers found that so much easier that now I italicize anything that isn’t my own words. Craig has observed that the posts are gradually getting longer, and they are. One friend said she skips over the Stats while another friend said they’re always interesting. Every day I decide what will be interesting and what will be overkill. My fact file increases and decreases every few days. Recently my friend Merrilyn sent me a blogpost by an American author. The post she sent me was about how the author writes her books. Writing is a whole life event for me. Before the pandemic I was continuing with my autobiography. I have written short stories and a novella and I tinker with the novella from time to time. But I love writing the blogpost. Before the pandemic, I mostly used it as a travel diary and an armchair travel experience for some friends who can no longer travel themselves. Occasionally I would write a piece if I was fired up about something. In the first few weeks of writing this diary, I refused to use the president’s name, citing the White House or the administration instead. Now I do use his name, but he will never deserve a capital letter from me, ever. Now here’s a question. How much longer will I write it? Well, I’m sending it to the Pandemic Archives at Grand Valley State University, so I think perhaps I should continue until we are ‘out of the woods’, but I can’t imagine when that will be. So keep reading, dear readers. I so appreciate you. The Auburn Readers Bookclub collected a really nice sum of money which we are donating to St Cecelia’s School of Music in Stephanie Burr’s name. It is enough to pay for a student for one year, I believe and I know Stephanie would be proud. This article sent to me by Zoe: �What has happened to statues – rolled into harbours, set aflame on their plinths, defaced with graffiti, hung with signs – is merely the visible form of what historians, buried in archives, wrestling with raw material, have been quietly doing to the myths of the past for decades, uncovering and tapping into computers – documenting a more complete account. The time for a public reckoning with the ongoing legacy of slavery, the horrors of colonial expansion, and the fact that we have not considered violence against people of colour, or women, to be of particular note, has come. We need to stop thinking about history as a kind of binary “positive” or “negative", as either nice or bad, but as something that reflects all of the wild chaos, dark violence, and glorious triumphs of humanity; the story of all of us. We could remove statues from plinths and place them at our height, or lower. We could place other figures around them, of the slaves they traded or controlled; show the massacres, the conflicts, the long hidden stories. We could create virtual reality resets, where you might look at a monument and its surrounds through the eyes of a slave, or soldier, a worker, or a maid. We could collect offensive statues and cluster them in museums where their stories would be fully told from myriad perspectives. Or we could grind them to dust and mix them with concrete, placing them on paths we walk on to a place, a country, where we not only accept the truth, but welcome it. Julie Baird, Sydney Morning Herald. And to show you the acrimony and dysfunction between the federal government and the states: • Trump renewed his threat to take federal action against demonstrators in a tweet to Washington State officials demanding that they crack down on protests in Seattle. “Take back your city NOW,” Trump wrote in a tweet directed at Mayor Jenny Durkan (D) and Gov. Jay Inslee (D). “If you don’t do it, I will. This is not a game.” Durkan replied: “Go back to your bunker.” And this: • Kelly Wroblewski, director of infectious diseases at the Association of Public Health Laboratories, said the federal government is not even providing the kind of routine guidance it normally gives in screening for flu and other outbreaks. “The states are on their own,” she said. “There has been no coordination.” I think we all knew that some weeks ago. In New Zealand my son and his wife have flown to Queenstown in the South Island for a few days vacation. In Melbourne my youngest son has gone to the countryside with friends, also for a short vacation. It’s hard for me to imagine doing that. The last risk assessment point: Keep taking pandemic precautions �Already some people in many communities have stopped wearing masks, suspended social distancing and returned to their pre-pandemic socializing. Time will tell if case counts start to rise as a result, but in the coming months you would be wise to adopt the following habits. Keep a mask handy. Wear a mask in enclosed spaces, when you shop or go to the office and anytime you are in close contact with people outside your household. Practice social distancing — staying six feet apart — when you are with people who live outside your household. Keep social activities outdoors. Wash hands frequently, and be mindful about touching public surfaces (elevator buttons, hand rails, subway poles, and other high-touch areas) Adopt stricter quarantine practices if you or someone in your circle is at higher risk. And just to emphasize this point: Hospitalizations for coronavirus cases have been on the rise in at least nine states since Memorial Day: Texas, North and South Carolina, California, Oregon, Arkansas, Mississippi, Utah and Arizona. More than a dozen states, plus Puerto Rico, are recording their highest averages of new cases since the pandemic began. And the total number of new cases also continues to increase worldwide. Experts say this is not just because testing has become more widespread. As states continue to push ahead with reopening, these are flashing red lights that we are not out of the woods, the danger of a second wave remains high and bringing folks back to work – while necessary for economic recovery – is fraught. Americans may be moving on, but the virus is not. One crucial caveat is that the virus will outlast the summer — everywhere. During the 1918-19 flu, transmission rates fell in the warmer months, only to soar again in the fall. “People thought it was over,” as Apoorva Mandavilli, a science reporter at The Times, said, “and stopped taking precautions.” And just to lighten the mood: Attention, bears of Yosemite National Park! You’ve apparently been taking advantage of having the run of the place, but the tourists are coming back. After shutting down in March, the California park plans to reopen on Thursday — with restrictions, of course. Before you worry about encountering some free solo climbers, bear friends, note that only about half the average number of June visitors will be allowed in, each car must make an online reservation and park shuttles won’t be running. Apparently the park rangers are waiting with baited breath to see what happens. I have more Oliver photos to choose from. ��Painting at daycare. Note the concentration and the yellow paint suspiciously around his mouth. That’s because it was banana flavored. I can’t quite wrap my head around banana flavored paint. Today’s flashback. Still on the day we visited Dunwich Beach and Heath, on our way home we drove into the parking lot at Sizewell B Nuclear Power Station. Firstly, I was surprised that we could drive into the parking lot. Sizewell B is a pressurized water reactor - the only commercial one in the UK. If you wish to read more about Sizewell A,B and C, I recommend Wikipedia. After the first technical sentence, my eyes glazed over. ����From the top: the view of Sizemore B across Dunwich Heath; me standing next to spent nuclear fuel rods; how the reactor works; and the view of the reactor from the parking lot. I was really surprised to learn that we could go inside a visitors center and have a guided tour. Of course we weren’t allowed into the reactor area and our guide was really sweet and very reassuring but honestly, I felt so much calmer after we drove out of the parking lot. I’m sure it was completely safe and again, I’m glad I did it, and I never have to do it again. There is one more stop on our way home and we’ll talk about that tomorrow. Remember - it isn’t over yet, even though the sun is shining and the birds are singing. It’s still out there and perhaps its just waiting for us to be careless. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-13_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-94 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-13 Title A name given to the resource Day 94 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/516d7b0e63de138b87f2de23d8a97102.pdf ab1af67f5edc72b7ec52b1a014414786 PDF Text Text Day 95 by windoworks First, I have to correct something I wrote yesterday. The paint Oliver was playing with is not banana flavored but it might be edible. It’s certainly not toxic. Now that I’ve cleared that up, this morning I am back to trying to decide what to include in today’s post. First up, negligence and self interest at their absolute best: Trump fans seeking tickets to his rally in Tulsa next week must acknowledge a disclaimer that they won't sue the campaign if they get sick. “By attending the Rally, you and any guests voluntarily assume all risks related to exposure to COVID-19 and agree not to hold Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.” and others associated with the event liable, states a notice on the rally's registration page. The president has repeatedly disparaged his own administration's anti-contagion recommendations, and said he wants big crowds at his events despite the health risks. The schools reopening debate continues with schools and colleges unsure of future resurgences. When can America’s schools safely reopen? That is the question on the minds of millions of parents, caregivers and yes, even kids. It was also the subject of Thursday's Congressional hearing before the Senate’s Education Committee. And, wouldn’t you know, the answer to the question was, “It’s complicated.” First of all, reopening schools will be expensive. Lots of schools will struggle to provide students with masks, gloves and sanitizer, hire cleaning staff and nurses, conduct testing and contact tracing, and plan for socially distant classrooms. Yes, you heard that, right: some school districts will likely see a mix of remote and in-person learning, so wrap your heads around more homeschooling. All summer camps have been canceled which is an integral part of summer life for some families. In Grand Rapids the Public Museum posted this: Virtual Camp Curious kicks off on Monday! Camps are offered throughout the summer with one day and multi-day options. Choose from a variety of camp offerings for kids ages pre-K through ninth grade, starting as low as $20. Campers will investigate, learn and play through the use of common household items, observations of organisms in their neighborhood, and the GRPM’s digital Collections. New camps this year include Survivors and Time Travelers. Learn about plant and animal adaptations, and explore ancient civilizations. My neighbors across the road are both school teachers and they reported that the sudden switch to online classes was not a success. In fact some districts in Kent County gave up online teaching efforts and simply said that the summer vacation would start early this year. It is all very well for institutions to set in place �all the rules, restrictions, routines etc., but I wonder how many parents will feel comfortable when the first day back arrives. So some big questions. This article was long and I have cut it down significantly but it answers some questions that we all have. From the Alabama Political Reporter newspaper: Dr David Thrasher. Montgomery-area pulmonologist and the head of pulmonology at Jackson Hospital. COVID-19 originated in China, most likely in November or December of 2019. COVID-19 is just another instance in the long history of the so-called zoonoses-diseases that jump from animals to humans. The domestication of the horse led to the virus responsible for the common cold in humans as well as the Spanish Flu. The domestication of chickens gave humans chickenpox, shingles and various strains of the bird flu. Pigs were the source of influenza, measles and smallpox. Tuberculosis emerged from cattle. I get frustrated and actually mad when I hear people say that COVID-19 is no more deadly or dangerous than the seasonal flu. These statements clearly come from people who’ve never treated patients in an intensive care unit with COVID-19 patients. I’ve heard this from physicians as well as laypeople. I have treated every seasonal flu episode since 1983. This is not close to seasonal flu. Masks: This isn’t Republican versus Democrat or Auburn versus Alabama. We are all on the same team. Wearing a mask helps protect your neighbor. It doesn’t make you a criminal. It doesn’t make you a bank robber. It simply helps protect your neighbor. Some people tell me I don’t like to wear a mask because it’s hot. Believe me, if you don’t like wearing a mask, you are really not going to like my ventilator! When will it be over? The short answer is when a vaccine is available. And this news story: In pretty amazing medical news, doctors at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago announced Thursday that they've performed the first successful double-lung transplant on a COVID-19 patient in the United States. The lungs of a woman in her 20s became so damaged by COVID-19 that she could not survive without her blood being oxygenated outside her body on an ECMO machine. Following the procedure’s success, doctors are evaluating five other patients to determine whether they are candidates for a lung transplant So to lighten the mood, this photo is from the Fiskars Mill area in Finland where my friend Auli and her husband Juhani went out for a day trip which included a very nice looking lunch (from the other photos posted). ��Yesterday we drove downtown to walk around the GVSU campus and cross over the Blue Bridge. Many of the particle board covers over the doors and windows of shops etc had been removed and business was slowly starting up again. Here I am on the Blue Bridge. The river has risen again but most notable is its chocolate brown color. The 3 main hotels downtown are still completely boarded shut, with the Amway Grand having one side door access open. I wonder how hotels will survive? As I write this, there are 2 more hotels almost finished construction downtown. There was talk of building a second convention center as Grand Rapids has become a very popular convention/conference destination. I’m not sure what will happen with that. The city is actively discussing ‘social spaces’ for downtown and perhaps some neighborhoods. I think it involves closing part of some streets to allow outside performance spaces and dining areas. The plan is to make them temporary and then if they work well, convert them to permanent spaces. I like this idea. Here’s something Craig discovered near our house on one of his walks yesterday with Murphy. ���A help yourself library, food and game spot! Also yesterday I noticed this: ��The first rose of the season despite the hard frost which burnt some of the leaves. Oliver: it was a big weekend for Oliver. Firstly on Saturday morning he visited his fathers house for the first time while mum had her hair cut. Here he is playing with Christian’s dogs. �Then on Sunday Christian took Oliver to Ebenezer on the outskirts of Sydney for a family birthday celebration. Here’s Oliver with his cousins on his fathers side. �I think he had a lovely time being cuddled by everyone. Back to Brandon. On our way home from Dunwich Heath and Sizemore B we came across this ruin of Leiston Abbey. It was originally built in 1183 and was a Canons Regular (White canons) rule. I really don’t �understand those distinctions so you can look this up for yourself. In 1977 it was purchased to become the home of Pro Corda Trust, a center for the training and education of chamber musicians. The center was closed but we wandered around the ruins. ���Most early evenings in Brandon, Craig would cross the road from our cottage, walk down an alley and come out on Gashouse Drove . I think Gashouse comes a building that used to be a storage for gas products but has been converted to a private dwelling now. A drove describes the medieval path that leads from Brandon to Santon Downham and they would drive cattle or sheep to the trading port on the river at Santon Downham. ��There were houses on one side at the start and horse farms on the other. He always stopped to say hello to the horses. Thats it for today. See you tomorrow. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-14_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-95 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-14 Title A name given to the resource Day 95 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef959fc85a5208fded9279bb64ddcfe2.pdf 0361b76b92534c453511058a04189069 PDF Text Text Day 96 by windoworks Should we go out? Should we stay home? Should we visit stores? Should we continue to order online? Are our state figures leveling or are they rising again? In some ways it was easier 14 weeks ago when we began this staying in place. At that time it felt like outside was the enemy and of course, it was the tail end of winter. Now it is warm and sunny, everyone is gardening and sitting on their front porches and chatting at a safe distance to their neighbors. But some have thrown caution to the winds and are attending protests (commendable, but with a mask please), others are just ignoring signs and going inside stores as if it was June 2019. Everything has been canceled, including all 4th of July celebrations, and we Americans love a public holiday and all the parades and fun runs and food booths that accompany them. All gone for this year - and who knows about next year? ArtPrize is canceled and perhaps that’s the end of that venture. It was interesting, sometimes exciting, sometimes disappointing, always overcrowded and occasionally irritating. It’s founder, Nick DeVos, just wanted to start people talking about constitutes art - and we certainly argued about that! Everyone became an art critic. The cynics among us say that ArtPrize was begun as a way to bring people downtown, and it certainly did. It also brought visitors from other states and some overseas artists in the first few years. Our neighbors are having their house painted. It’s going to be a bright blue shade. It’s a bold statement and it makes me think about the color of our house - which has Craig groaning. And no, this isn’t another of my ‘projects’, its one Craig has been talking about. He’s thinking of painting part of the back wall of the house and that might be a good spot to try a different color on the top half of the wall. Yesterday Craig harvested the 2 rows of lettuce - they were just about to bolt, I think. So we gave 3 big bags to our neighbors and kept a big bag for ourselves. Then he planted more lettuce seeds, red stalk radish micro greens and some smooth leaf spinach seeds. We’ll see how those go. And like everyone else in our neighborhood, we began cleaning out the basement, completely cleaned out and rearranged the garage and put some ‘treasures’ out on the curb for free. This has been happening all over Eastown as people rid themselves of items they’ll never use again. Our other neighbor, TJ, the builder, is run off his feet and has had to turn some jobs down. This all comes from being stuck inside your house and thinking things like ‘I hate this kitchen’. Usually you never notice the flaws in your house until you’re there inside for 14 weeks straight. And yes, I have an area I would love to change - but that’ll keep for another year or so. �An ongoing discussion: To fix policing, we must first recognize how much we have come to over-rely on law enforcement. We turn to the police in situations where years of experience and common sense tell us that their involvement is unnecessary, and can make things worse. We ask police to take accident reports, respond to people who have overdosed and arrest, rather than cite, people who might have intentionally or not passed a counterfeit $20 bill. We call police to roust homeless people from corners and doorsteps, resolve verbal squabbles between family members and strangers alike, and arrest children for behavior that once would have been handled as a school disciplinary issue. Here are 8 policies that may curtail police violence under the hashtag; #8cantwait BAN CHOKEHOLDS & STRANGLEHOLDS Allowing officers to choke or strangle civilians results in the unnecessary death or serious injury of civilians. Both chokeholds and all other neck restraints must be banned in all cases. REQUIRE DE-ESCALATION Require officers to de-escalate situations, where possible, by communicating with subjects, maintaining distance, and otherwise eliminating the need to use force. REQUIRE WARNING BEFORE SHOOTING Require officers to give a verbal warning in all situations before using deadly force. REQUIRES EXHAUST ALL ALTERNATIVES BEFORE SHOOTING Require officers to exhaust all other alternatives, including non-force and less lethal force options, prior to resorting to deadly force. DUTY TO INTERVENE Require officers to intervene and stop excessive force used by other officers and report these incidents immediately to a supervisor. BAN SHOOTING AT MOVING VEHICLES Ban officers from shooting at moving vehicles in all cases, which is regarded as a particularly dangerous and ineffective tactic. While some departments may restrict shooting at vehicles to particular situations, these loopholes allow for police to continue killing in situations that are all too common. 62 people were killed by police last year in these situations. This must be categorically banned. REQUIRE USE OF FORCE CONTINUUM Establish a Force Continuum that restricts the most severe types of force to the most extreme situations and creates clear policy restrictions on the use of each police weapon and tactic. REQUIRE COMPREHENSIVE REPORTING Require officers to report each time they use force or threaten to use force against civilians. �Comprehensive reporting includes requiring officers to report whenever they point a firearm at someone, in addition to all other types of force. Yesterday we went to Tassell Park to check out its suitability for the proposed Women’s City Club picnic lunch while socially distancing in mid July. It was a cool but gorgeous day and the park is lovely. ��The park is next to the Thornapple River and has a working dam. The water was high, fast and very brown. Tassell Park had a number of statues and Craig liked this one. �He and Murphy walked past the community gardens again and look at the progress! ��And again in Brandon. One weekend, with a lot of fanfare and shopkeepers telling us we had to come along, Brandon held its annual Ferry Days festival. On Saturday night it kicked off with a folk concert at one of the local pubs next to the Little Ouse River. We walked down and ate dinner at the pub and then went into the back room for the concert. It was great fun. We were introduced as special American visitors staying in the town (which elicited a lot of Why Brandon questions from the locals). It turned out that the main band was a group of 3 famous folk musicians and the Brandon Folk Club was very proud to have booked them. They played a number of instruments and one of them sang. ���From the top: the leader of the group, Nick Hart, singing. Next, the trio playing and finally Nick introduced us to Stepping, which is like tap dancing but simpler. Tomorrow we will look at Sunday - the main Ferry Day celebration and all the fun. This morning there is a serious note of alarm sounding in the press. Cases are beginning to rise again in a larger number of states. Hospital wards are beginning to fill up again. My neighbor tells me that Michigan numbers are beginning to rise. In research it appeared we had 59.000 cases on Friday and 65,000 cases this morning. I cannot confirm that rise and the figures always vary from different state and county sources. Beijing has locked down an area around a live market due to a new hot spot outbreak and is testing everyone in the area. It gets a bit depressing sometimes, doesn’t it? So, stay safe and I’ll see you tomorrow. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-15_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-96 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-15 Title A name given to the resource Day 96 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a32bbd4576ef4c008d47c413d425c871.pdf 2f3b0a2f7fa02177ef739f0c76b8cf52 PDF Text Text Day 97 by windoworks This pandemic is changing our lives and although it would be more than enough by itself, we have other earth shattering events happening all around the world. There is so much distress and anger that small successes get overlooked. Yesterday they released a group of platypuses back into their natural habitat in Canberra Australia. The bushfires (remember them?) burnt the area around their pond home so badly that they had to be rescued, treated and housed at Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney. The zoo opened a wildlife refuge and rehabilitation center to cope with many of the injured and displaced animals from the fires. Here’s a video link. I don’t usually put links in but this is one I felt strongly about posting. You have to click on the link and then click on the video which will take you to a twitter post. Watch it all the way to the end. It’s hard to watch, its shocking and mostly, it make me think hard. My friend Fred posted it and I am reposting it from his newsletter.https://www.upworthy.com/woman-puts-protests-into-historicalcontext And here’s a poem that my friend Merrilyn sent me: And people stayed at home And read books And listened And they rested And did exercises And made art and played And learned new ways of being And stopped and listened More deeply Someone meditated, someone prayed Someone met their shadow And people began to think differently And people healed. And in the absence of people who Lived in ignorant ways Dangerous, meaningless and heartless, The earth also began to heal And when the danger ended and People found themselves They grieved for the dead And made new choices �And dreamed of new visions And created new ways of living And completely healed the earth Just as they were healed. And speaking of art, here is some of the most inspiring artworks from downtown Grand Rapids. ���And here’s an interesting article: �LaDonna Norman, who is organizing a movement to defund the Grand Rapids Police Department, explained the movement in the streets is inspired by decades of discrimination and abuse the black community has faced. Norman spoke of modern-day redlining and other ways that the black community is treated differently, and she believes more aggressive police tactics are used on black people and in black neighborhoods. In Grand Rapids, protesters took to the streets on May 30 to demand changes to policing and issues of equality. But the scene in the city’s downtown area devolved into a riot late that evening and about 100 businesses were damaged, seven police cars were burned and several businesses were looted. The chaos caused an estimated $2.4 million in damage, according to city officials. Defunding the Grand Rapids Police Department would mean reducing its budget, she said, which accounts for more than $56 million in expenditures from the city’s general fund. Norman said the money could be better spent on community relations and resources such as rehabilitation, reentry, and counseling for mental illness, for example. For years we’ve been harassed and brutalized and I think despite all the efforts to hold police accountable, they have continued to act violently toward the black community without accountability and without resolution," Norman said. Meanwhile in Atlanta: Medical examiners in Atlanta say the death of Rayshard Brooks is a homicide. Bodycam video released by the Atlanta police department shows Brooks calmly and politely responding to police. Brooks, who is black, grabbed a taser from police and pointed it at an officer while running away. The officer who shot Brooks twice in the back has been fired. A second officer nearby has been placed on administrative duty. Atlanta’s police chief has resigned. And yesterday in the Supreme Court: Justice Neil M. Gorsuch and Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. joined the Supreme Court’s four liberals this morning to rule that the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination “because of sex,” protects gay and transgender employees. Last night I joined a webinar with over a thousand other Michigander women, while our governor, attorney general, federal senators and congresswomen (and many others) spoke about Joe Biden and supporting his run for President. Governor Whitmer was wearing her “That Woman from Michigan” tshirt and she encouraged us all to be that woman. I want a t-shirt that says: Proud to be one of Those Women from Michigan. I loved listening to Dana Nessel, our Attorney General. She said when she was running, that she would be prepared to take the administration to court if necessary. What she didn’t expect was that as the AG she would be taking them to court almost every day! Yesterday we walked in Aquinas College and went through the forest where the Stations of the Cross are. It was cool, quiet and green. �I don’t remember where this came from, but listen up people: �We hate to break it to you, but the surge in new coronavirus cases reported around the country isn’t the second wave of the virus. We’re still in the first one. Prominent forecasters are predicting a slow, steady accumulation of additional deaths between now and Oct. 1. What’s actually scarier? A true second wave of COVID-19 infections could still show up later in this year. Growing evidence shows the coronavirus will likely spread more easily as the weather turns cold. And I had to print this - because Andrew Cuomo: Some governors are threatening to shut their states back down as covid-19 cases and hospitalizations climb. Mask-less New Yorkers gathered shoulder-to-shoulder outside bars and restaurants over the weekend as if they had entirely forgotten about social distancing. “Don’t make me come down there …” New York Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo (D) tweeted in response to a video of one gathering. Here’s another photo of Oliver: �This one came with the words: What? Is this not how everyone eats? The Sunday Ferry Days celebration in Brandon. There was a lot to do and see and I have a very sweet and amusing video of Craig being taught to step by Nick but I can’t seem to add videos to this blog, so you’ll just have to imagine it. ����From the top: the bridge over the Little Ouse River which replaced the ferry. Next, Nick teaching a group of children stepping. Then 2 photos of a play called Imaginary Menagerie. It wasn’t as comfortable sitting on those hay bales as you might think. Tomorrow there will be more excursions from Brandon. I hope you are enjoying them as much as I am remembering them. So, to all of you across the world - stay safe, stay well and smile. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-16_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-97 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-16 Title A name given to the resource Day 97 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/40d9b4af04c3655ec3dc3972bfebc859.pdf 83010182c89a2140467c4e73db93bfe9 PDF Text Text Day 98 by windoworks Today marks 14 weeks since we began staying at home. Never in my wildest dreams. This pandemic has thrown us all out of our ruts. You know, that place where you feel most comfortable, your daily routine, your fast held beliefs, your assurance that you know your place in the world and you are sure of everyone else’s too. And along comes this cataclysmic event and nothing is familiar. You are surrounded by uncertainty, anxiety, grief and anger and the great unknown. I think that’s the hardest part: the great unknown. It is a time of great introspection. We all have a lot of time to think about our lives and about how we live them and should we make changes? I watch the great mass of people stirring, awakening and standing up and demanding to be heard. And demanding that as we are now outside our rut, in the extreme uncomfortable, now is the time to look at ourselves and begin to think. In my life there have been a number of ‘thrown out of the rut’ moments. They were always awful and they have always led to a powerful, positive change. I live in hope that after everything resolves we will all be living as our better selves. So to lighten the mood (I do try not to climb on my soapbox too often), here’s what Craig spent most of yesterday afternoon doing: ��Because when he said to me that he wanted to repaint the back of the house, I said: why white? And we compromised on white on the bottom half and red on the top. Now all we have to do is decide on which red. And no, this wasn’t one of my projects. Francis S. Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, said, “I understand how people must be very tired of this at this point. But the virus doesn’t care that we’re tired. The virus is still out there. And this: • British clinical trials found that dexamethasone, a widely available steroid, reduced the death rate for covid-19 patients with severe lung damage. It’s the first time that a drug has appeared to increase the odds of survival. • A group of Tulsa residents and business owners is suing to prevent President Trump from holding a large indoor campaign rally there on Saturday. Meanwhile, the Oklahoma city’s mayor, G.T. Bynum (R), says he won’t use his emergency powers to block the event even though he has concerns about it. • Australia will probably keep its borders closed through the start of 2021, according to a government minister. • Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández said late Tuesday that he has tested positive for the �coronavirus but was suffering only mild symptoms and would continue in his job. He said two of his aides and his wife, Ana García, have also tested positive • New Zealand announced changes to the country’s quarantine policy Wednesday, following the revelation that two women, who traveled from Britain, were given special permission to visit a dying relative despite the fact that one of them was experiencing covid-19 symptoms. They came into contact with at least 320 people. • Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) said Tuesday that the state will not shut down again, despite hitting a record high of 2,783 new cases in 24 hours. At this point I feel we need a Oliver photo, because babies. ����I gave you a triple dose to make you smile. We have begun walking in the mornings. Yesterday we drove out to Ravine Park (my choice) and walked along the track by the Grand River. We saw a big turtle sunning himself on a log but he jumped into the water before Craig could get a photo. ����And yes, that is a snake sunning itself on a log in the water. As always, walking by the water always lowers my anxiety levels and it was quiet and green and the bird sounds and the croaking frog made it a wonderful treat for the day. Yes, we’re still in Brandon. I had insisted that we should make as many day excursions as possible and in going through the photos, we certainly saw a lot. One day we drove to Covehithe Beach and Nature Reserve. This beach lies on the North Sea and to get to it you have to walk alongside farmers fields. ����This is the favorite sort of beach for me - wild and empty. You can see the weather was wild too. There’s the obligatory photo of me sitting on the beach and then there’s the pig farm we walked past, both going to the beach and going back to our car. Tomorrow more adventures. Two days ago, I was bringing the hummingbird feeder inside to refill it (they had drunk it dry!) when a hummingbird flew around me as if to say - hurry up! I have babies to feed. They drink from the feeder all day long and I love watching them. I also love watching the pair of woodpeckers (who really like seed blocks) and the pair of cardinals and the different finches that appear from time to time. And one day a few weeks ago, an Oriole kept trying to drink from the hummingbird feeder. I wonder how the bears are coping in Yosemite with the sudden influx of humans? Chin up, buttercup. I’ll speak to you tomorrow. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-17_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-98 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-17 Title A name given to the resource Day 98 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5a2fa0bf8c7c8e7e274fd3b9bf787abb.pdf 7bcb42c5a39272a862f88b7362bb2391 PDF Text Text Day 99. by windoworks First of all - nearly 100 days. 100 days! I remember when I thought 70 days was ridiculous. The year is passing in extraordinary circumstances. This morning is one of those times where I don’t know where to start. There can be the tendency to be weighed down by the constant anxiety, anger and negativity swirling around us. We are still 10 weeks (by my calculation) away fro Grand Valley State University opening and it seems to be going full steam ahead. Here’s part of an interesting and possibly alarming article: Many university leaders aren’t sure how well on-campus living and in-person classes will work during this pandemic. Some acknowledge it may not work at all. It will require radical changes to the normal campus experience, like canceling many activities, rotating which students can return (to keep dorms from being too full) and continuing to hold classes online (to protect professors). This approach is likely to frustrate students — and it still might not prevent new coronavirus outbreaks. Nearly all distinctive parts of a campus experience, including parties, meals and extracurriculars, revolve around close social contact, often indoors. So what explains the surge of “We’re open!” announcements? Competitive pressure, in part. Many colleges will face serious financial problems if they lose a year of tuition and other revenue. Now professors and administrators have begun publicly criticizing reopening plans: “My suspicion,” Susan Dynarski, a University of Michigan economist, wrote on Twitter, is that “colleges are holding out hope of in-person classes in order to keep up enrollments.” She added: “If they tell the difficult truth now, many students will decide to take a year off,” which “will send college finances into a tailspin.” Here’s the last 2 photos from downtown that Craig took. ��The mask or not to mask debate continues apace. My friend Rich said it perfectly - its all about respect, that is respecting my right to stay safe and well as opposed to your right to freedom to choose. Freedom to choose means freedom to choose to make me sick. And if you’re still not sure, I offer this: �It’s the second row from the top that catches my attention, because there’s me on the right, masked, and still at a high risk. And here’s what I have discovered. If you are out walking in the sunshine, you can have the mask tied around your neck and if someone comes near you - voila! You just pull it up over your mouth and nose! If there is no one near you the entire time you are walking, then you don’t need to pull it up. But inside anywhere except your own home - WEAR THAT DAMN MASK! Or, don’t visit stores, bars, hair salons, nail salons - order online and learn to live with long, unruly hair. I heard that all US airlines have been lax about insisting on masks and have now been shamed into insisting passengers wear a mask or don’t board the plane. They had to be shamed into this! Really at this point, I’m speechless. �And here’s one of the reasons for this laxity in general: The Trump administration has largely stopped treating the coronavirus as a crisis, with the president saying in an interview Wednesday night that it was “fading away.” The White House’s task force now meets just twice a week. Experts like Drs. Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx speak to the president less often. The country’s designated “testing czar” has returned to his old job. With federal leadership receding and cases climbing in many places, state officials have been left to figure out how to handle the situation on their own. This saying dates from the 1600s, and it is as true today as it was then: The fish rots from the head. What does this mean? It comes from the idea that after a fish is caught and killed, it first begins to spoil at the head. Nowadays it is used to describe the idea that leadership is the root cause of an organizations failure and demise. It is true whether that organization is a country or a company. I think we have the perfect example here with our president and his minions and sadly, I think the rot has already begun to spread down. Reopening isn't going well in many places. Data indicate that the country has yet to quash the first wave of the virus — let alone a second one. Florida, Texas, Arizona and Oklahoma are among approximately a dozen states seeing a surge in cases and hospitalizations. From Phoenix to Myrtle Beach, Houston to Orlando, restaurants are closing again; this time, it’s not because owners fear that someone in their midst might catch the coronavirus — it’s because they know that they already have. And because we know that pandemics come with other catastrophes such as floods - now we have fires. Wildfires are rampaging across parts of the Desert Southwest and California, where an active start to the summer fire season is underway as some states in the region are seeing a spike in coronavirus cases. Continued dry, hot and windy weather is forecast in the vicinity of the Bush Fire raging northeast of Phoenix, which nearly doubled in size Monday night into early Tuesday. As of Wednesday morning it became the seventh-largest fire in Arizona history. On Tuesday, Arizona hit a new high for daily new cases, reporting 2,392 positive tests. This was the 11th day this month that the state set a new case high, according to a Washington Post analysis. The number of covid-19 hospitalizations in Arizona has increased by 81 percent since Memorial Day, with 1,506 people now hospitalized. Inpatient beds across the state are at 80 percent capacity. And because, its Andrew Cuomo: Gov. Andrew Cuomo issued an executive order requiring every local government — in collaboration with community members — to redesign the state's more than 500 police forces by April 2021 or risk losing state funding. �So enough chitchat, do it now or we’ll take your funding away. That’s one way of starting a meaningful conversation. I am putting this Oliver photo here because so far its been a tough read: ��Yasss, that great big TV which I just have to tip my head back so far to see. And I have to hold on to the cupboard door to stop myself from falling backwards and hitting my head on one of my toys (which I have done before, so I know it hurts). Yesterday we went walking at Fairplains Cemetery because there were 2 other people there, far, far away. Everyone else was dead (I can’t believe I typed that). From New Zealand, the Church of the Good Shepherd at Tekapo, midwinter. �One of our next excursions while living in Brandon, was to Knetishall Heath. This is both a biological Site of Special Interest and a nature reserve. It’s an area where wild ponies and cattle graze. ����So first we had our picnic lunch and then we walked along the trails. The ponies just stood in the way and we ended up edging cautiously around them. We saw several groups of ponies, all in gorgeous condition. They eat the wild grasses and keep the trails clear. What an amazing experience! Another sunny warm day. Keep smiling. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-18_BenjaminPamela_PD-Day-99 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin, Pamela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-18 Title A name given to the resource Day 99 Description An account of the resource Daily journal entry of Pamela Benjamin, spouse of GVSU history professor, Craig Benjamin, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally self-published on WordPress. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/209aa2b39f9aef03a7c6bf943d9a69ce.pdf 8aa220c1b2e180ac602334f518fde72d PDF Text Text •••••••••• SEPTEMBER 11, 2008 for Kent County SEPTEMBER 18, 2008 for Ottawa County Get involved and invest in your community As part of Grand Valley's United Way kickoff, we invite you to join other faculty and staff for a DAY OF CARING. September 2· 10, 2008 Clothing for Crime Victims (C4CV) Thursday, September 11 1:30pm-4:30pm Super Hero Book Project Thursday, September 18 12pm-2ptn LOYElnc. Assessment Center. Become an advocate for the < Children 's Assessment Center. Bring all of the donated items collected to the CAC and get a tour. You will hear from professionals who provide services to child victims UVE UN\lEll of suspected sexual abuse, and a mother who's been there . Co-sponsored by: GVSU United Way Team Women's Center Spots are limited, so sign up today! Register by Sept. 8, 2008 at 331-2748 or at www.gvsu.edu/women_cen and click on "RSVP for Programs" @ GRANDVALLEY SrATEl.JNivERSITY Carpooling options available for most projects. Allison Huyck, AmeriCorps VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) Grand Valle State University Graduate � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_Womens-Center_2008_Fall_Day-of-Caring.pdf Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Women's Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09 Title A name given to the resource Day of Caring Description An account of the resource Poster with information on the events. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Caring Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Women's Center Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/38465fbe70fc3893602829c4774237aa.pdf fadca38b4cefa99c45b8ac7e89981f17 PDF Text Text - April 16 1 2008 0 • i ence whether for a day or an hour supporting the silenced minority ending discrimination against the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender community allies and family members unite against violence April 15 Kickoff Rally 9:00 p.m. -- Pere Marquette (204) Kirkhof Center .. Allendale Campus pick up your silence packets, free t--shirt and ask questions April 16 Silent March 11:40 a.m. at the clock tower (Allendale campus) Breaking the Silence Rally APPROVED POSTING FOR "CAMPUS EVENTS" BOARD 9 p.m ... Grand River Room (250) Kirkhof Center .. Allendale Campus Speaker .. C.C. Carter APR 1720~0 GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSllY OFFICE OF STUDENT LIFE E--mail outabout@student.gvsu.edu for more information Special thanks to our sponsors: Bachelor's of Social Work Student Organization LGBT Resource Center Black Student Union Liberal Studies Dept. - -areer ervlce- - - - - - - -- ..,.·b · era to ie to.den rganizati«tCollege Democrats Counseling & Career Development Center Dean of Students Eyes Wide Open Padnos International Center Office of Multicultural Affairs Office of Student Life Out 'N' About l I , t ' I Univenity Bookstore - Allendale Wesley Fellowship at GVSU - - - - - -,xi:omen and ender-Studies D-ep•+.-- -. Women's Center � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2008_Day-of-Silence-Poster Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-16 Title A name given to the resource Day of Silence Description An account of the resource Poster announcing the dates, times, and locations of events related to the Day of Silence. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Bullying Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8cde68d210b50b1f65e38ceac033a230.pdf a8db84d3766b63919ee4780c69a5bc6b PDF Text Text CELEBRATES THE 5th ANNUAL GRAND ENTRY: Sat. 1 p.m. & 7 p.m. Sun.1 p.m. DAY OF THE EAGLE POW WOW JUNE 7 & 8, 1986 EVERYONE WELCOME HOST DRUM · SILVER CREEK SINGERS MALE HEAD DANCER -APESANAHKWAT FEMALE HEAD DANCER · VERONICA MEDICINE HEAD JUDGE· GLORIA McCULLOUGH MASTER OF CEREMONIES· GEORGE CORNELL ARENA DIRECTOR · ARNIE PARISH SECURITY PRIMITIVE CAMPING . For convenience camping, please call E.J. Tourist Park at 616-536-2561 or for area motels, please call E.J. Chamber of Commerce at 616-536-7351 . For further information or pre-registration, please write· Anishinabe Inter-Tribal Council, Inc., P. 0. Box 656, East Jordan, Ml 49727, ATTENTION: Gigi Antoine, Executive Director or phone 616-536-2162. DANCE CATEGORY REGULATIONS· All contestants must register by 1 p.m. Saturday. NO EX· CEPTIONS. Point system will be used, based on participation in all grand entries, Inter-Tribal Dances, closing ceremonies and specialty dances. REGISTRATION: FRIDAY 6 p.m. · 9 p.m. · Saturday 9 a.m. · 1 p.m. ALL DRUMS MUST REGISTER BY 1 P. M. SATURDAY -NO EXCEPTIONS ADMISSION: $3.00 · Commemoration Button · Good for all weekend $2.00 · Sunday Button $1 .50 Children under 12, Handicapped & Elders Children under 5 FREE DRUGS, ALCOHOL, PETS & FIREARMS ARE NOT ALLOWED! DIRECTIONS · End of Mill St. Watch for Pow Wow Signs TRADERS of Indian craf ts. supplies. food · BY INVITATION ONLY · Contact: Gigi Anto ine · 616-536-2162 NO FACTORY · NO IMPORTS $20.00 per day · $30.00 per weekend PAYABLE AT PRE,REGISTRATION · All ch ecks payable to: Anish i nabe Inter-Tribal Council. Inc. Bring tables, long extension cords, lawn chairs, blankets, containers fo r water. Lim ited space . limited electricity First come · First served FREE MEALS TO PARTICIPANTS CAMP GROUNDS OPEN FRIDAY AT 6 P. M. b,, ~ '~= Mlchlaan Council for thlt Arts � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_day-of-the-eagle-pow-wow_1986-06 Title A name given to the resource Day of the Eagle Pow Wow, June 1986 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-06 Description An account of the resource Day of the Eagle Pow Wow flyer, East Jordan MI, June 7-8, 1986 collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anishinabe Inter-Tribal Council Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/73135690e5d1641abfb8e006e61f9a1d.mp4 d3034ddcc6d3543d11dcbe9f824d0904 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f091fa35239e20c5417f8bbd581fc920.pdf 43e8b521e5657402361c02c7db0ccb22 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam War Harold Day 38:52 Introduction (00:24)       Harold was born in Ava, Missouri on June 26, 1949. He grew up there with his family that was in the restaurant business along with farming. Harold went up to tenth grade in high school; he then moved to Kansas City and eventually began working for General Motors. He worked there for ten years before getting into the auto body business. Harold was drafted on April 8, 1969 into the United States Army. At that point, he knew that a war was going on and that people were getting killed. He went on with his life until they came looking for him. He had an uncle that was in World War I, but no other relatives that were veterans. Military Training (02:15)               Harold was sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri for his basic training. When they first got to training, they were given their uniforms and then the training started. The instructors were tough, but they needed to be to get them in shape. Harold did not have any trouble adjusting to military life, since he was used to having discipline growing up. Most of the instructors were likely Vietnam Vets but he wasn’t sure. Basic training lasted 8 weeks, followed by AIT (Advanced Individual Training). (04:12) While at AIT, each man was assigned their MOS (Military Occupational Specialty), Harold’s was Eleven Delta, armored. AIT was conducted at Fort Knox, Kentucky. AIT differed from basic training because along with the physical aspect of training, they also learned their individual jobs. Harold was trained on the M114 (armored personnel carrier) and tanks (M48, M60). All aspects of the vehicle are learned such as being the mechanic, driver and other jobs on the vehicle crew. When he was drafted, he knew he was going to Vietnam. AIT was an additional 8 weeks. After that training was completed, Harold was sent home for thirty days and then was sent to Vietnam. Vietnam (05:58)  Harold went to Oakland, and was flown to Hawaii, Guam and then to Vietnam on a chartered commercial flight. �             His first impression of the country of Vietnam was hot and muggy. Their plane landed in Long Binh, a large base outside of Saigon. They landed during the day, and they were immediately sent through processing which included being issued their jungle fatigues. (07:06) The processing into country took about threes days, and Harold was then assigned to the 1st Battalion, 4th Cavalry, 1st Infantry Division. They were based out of Lai Khe, which is located north of Saigon. The area around the base was farms, rice fields and a rubber plantation called “The Michelin”. Harold’s unit was an armored one that included M113 APC’s and M48 tanks. He was made a tank driver. He joined them when they were out in the field. He was trucked out to his unit and he began working. Before he went out in the field, he was given some initial in-country training about booby traps and other things to be mindful of while in Vietnam by the 1st Division. (09:46) In their area of operations, not much was going on, but they ran convoys and some shooting but not much. One APC was called out one night and while driving through a mud hole a command detonated mine was set off and injured some people. They primarily worked within their armored unit, and Harold did not feel in danger with the unit at that time. The civilians would come out and see the soldiers as they drove by in their tanks. They would ask for candy and c-rations. (11:54) The morale was good with the men, everything they did was routine and not to demanding. They did not have any big issues with drugs, and Harold let his fellow soldiers know that his number one goal was to get home safe and he would not let anything jeopardize that. Harold was with the tank unit from September till the first or second week of November. He did not like the tank commander on his vehicle, so he volunteered to go to sniper school. (13:48) Sniper Training and Operations (13:55)        Harold heard on the radio that they were looking for volunteers for sniper school so he decided to sign-up. As a boy, he hunted and was familiar with shooting. Out of 23 shooters that completed the course, he graduated 5th. Sniper training was a lot of shooting; they did not receive any training on missions or anything other than shooting. When he was given his diploma after graduating the course, General Wolf told the men that if they were misused, get a hold of him and he would get things fixed. After that training they were sent around in teams observing the country side in towers that were air lifted around the area. (15:48) While doing that, they did not see many Vietnamese, most likely because the tower was clearly visible to everyone, especially the enemy. �      Harold did not feel exposed or vulnerable in the towers because he could see and hit the enemy long before they could hit him. He remained with the 1st Infantry Division until they pulled out February 1970, then he was reassigned to the 101st Airborne. Harold knew that being sent to another unit that was up north was more dangerous because things were more hostile up there. They were flown on a C-130 north to Camp Eagle where the division headquarters was located. (17:38) With the 101st, they started using helicopters instead of trucks. Harold and one other sniper were put with a reconnaissance unit and missions began almost immediately. The first month of operating, did not have a drastic amount of enemy activity. They were operating around Hue City, A Shau Valley and Khe Sanh. (19:45) They performed various missions including basic reconnaissance, rescue operations and anything else that came up. The snipers basically operated as regular infantry and he got along great with the other men. Ripcord (21:28)            One day they came around asking for volunteers to go up to Firebase Ripcord for perimeter guard, they volunteered for 10 days but ended up staying for 30. This was in June when they were there. The base was in the mountains and was just like any other firebase to them. Harold and his sniper partner did not find out what really happened there until thirty years later. They began taking mortar rounds one day, and after the attack, they paced the hits off and one was 13 feet from his position and another was 9 feet. (23:28) As perimeter guard, Harold does not recall any targets to shoot at while there. In a five day period 10 men from his troop were killed, including 7 killed on July 8th. It still bothers him to this day, because he always wonders if there was something else that he could have done to keep them alive. They had more enemy in the area than they could have ever anticipated. Harold feels that the upper echelon of leadership truly cared about the men and they did everything they could to keep them safe and out of harm’s way. Harold has learned more about this in the last few years after reading and studying on the subject and from attending the Ripcord reunions. (26:03) After Ripcord was abandoned, he continued to work in the area. When he had thirty days left in country, the First Sergeant came up and asked Harold if he could weld. He told him that he could so he had to make some kitchen sinks to keep him out of the field. 10 days left in country, Harold was sent out in the field and he was then asked to extend for 58 days and then after that he would be given an early out. He decided to go home and serve his remaining time in the states where he had a better survival rate. When Harold got home, he was stationed at Fort Hood, Texas and he served another seven months and then got out of the army. Looking Back (27:40) �        Back in the armor unit, when they would shut down for the night they would park the vehicles in a circle like a wagon train. They would then erect a protective fence that would catch RPG’s. Most of the time they were given hot meals, but when a vehicle broke down or something else happened they might miss it. Once, they got stuck in the mud and it caused them to miss their cold beers and hot meals. (28:52) When they got stuck, they would hook APC’s to the tank and pull them out. On one occasion it took ten APC’s back to back pulling to get Harold’s tank out of a mud hole. With the 1st Infantry Division, they spent most of their time out in field. When Harold was with the 101st, they used helicopters for entry and extractions. They also worked hand in hand with the Army Rangers. (30:28) 50% of his time in Vietnam was spent in the field. They were on base more than a regular infantry unit was. On their reconnaissance patrols they would find weapons, information and documents and they would find these in bunkers that people left behind. July 8th was the worst day for him in Vietnam because seven of his fellow soldiers were killed. (32:28) After July 8th, the morale of the unit went down due to the mourning of their losses, but they continued with their mission. Replacements were sent to replace the losses, but not right away. Back in the States (33:29)        When he was sent back to Fort Hood, a buddy of his told him in order to not pull duty for thirty days to stay gone, which he did successfully. They didn’t do much, they would run maneuvers in the field and chase deer with tracks but they had it easy. Harold did not pay much attention to the war protesters. He got his job back at General Motors in Kansas City and later got into auto body painting. After working in Kansas City, he moved down to Texas in the 1980s and once he retired he moved back to Missouri. (35:55) His military service made him more disciplined and allowed him to be able to handle the outside world in a better way. It made him tougher, and he would do it again if he could. Give him a gun and he’s ready to go. When he was living in Texas near Fort Hood, he met a Vietnam vet that got Harold in touch with General Harrison who was the commanding officer of the 3rd Brigade during Ripcord. Harold got to know him and his wife and he was invited to attend a reunion in Springfield, Missouri. This is now the third Ripcord reunion that Harold has attended. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Day, Harold (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Day, Harold Description An account of the resource Harold was born in Ava, Missouri on June 26, 1949. He worked for General Motors in Kansas City before being drafted into the United States Army in 1969. After basic training, Harold was made a crewman on armored vehicles such as M114 APC's and M48 and M60 tanks. He was sent to Vietnam and assigned to the 1st Battalion, 4th Cavalry, 1st Infantry Division. Harold served as a tank driver before volunteering to go to sniper school. He graduated fifth in his class and was later reassigned with the 101st Airborne. Harold spent thirty days on Firebase Ripcord. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-10-11 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DayH1544V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6b172811871820a013d0e4f270f4036e.mp4 892ceeec6e407878e6a69846dcb4c299 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e64eae7b242635538362e32917fb5926.pdf 764caf8501c220ec19b6b99acf2a4b1b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Operation Iraqi Freedom Interviewee’s Name: Mike Day Interview Length: 45 minutes Pre-Enlistment (00:30) • Childhood (00:35) o Born in Napa Valley, California in September, 1984. At age 2, he and his parents moved first to Whitehall and then Grand Rapids, Michigan. (00:37) • Family (0:42) o Growing up, his father worked as a fiber optics man on televisions. (00:51) • Education (01:08) o In high school, Day mentions being a small town boy involved in activities such as going to the beach and spending time with friends. (01:32) o When 9/11 hit, Day was age 17 and was in the principal’s office and he relates how he saw the World Trade Center being attacked. (01:41) Enlistment/Basic Training (02:03) • Why he joined (02:14) o Upon completion of high school, being that he was 17 and not quite eligible to gin up for the service, he didn’t know what he was going to do. In April, 2003 he walked into a recruiter’s office and signed up and was on his way to Fort Knox for basic training by May to be in the National Guard. (02:30) • Where he went (03:10) o Fort Knox basic training (03:17) ƒ Describes his attendance of basic training at Fort Knox in some detail. (03:23) ƒ Day mentions how his drill sergeants yelled at new recruits like him. (04:04) �ƒ Basic for Day lasted about 9 weeks in three phases: Red in which they underwent intensive training, White in which they eased up on a trainee and blue phase in which they allowed the trainee to make phone calls home. At the end of it, he was given a 1-day pass to visit family and friends. (05:00) o Fort Leonard Wood training (05:37) ƒ Was shipped for from Fort Knox to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri where he spent 5 ½ weeks training and learning how to operate trucks. Mentions this experience in some detail. (05:44) ƒ Day spends some time describing some of his military responsibilities with the big military trucks he worked with. (06:05) During his stay there, he received a letter detailing what he could expect when he was deploying to Iraq. After this experience he went home unsure if he was ready for school yet. (07:17) o Other activities (07:31) ƒ Briefly describes his work with 7up and the day he was called up by the National Guard to go to Detroit and then Grayling, Michigan to pick up his training equipment. (07:50) ƒ Briefly describes in some detail summer training and forward operation base experiences. (08:50) ƒ At about that time, he was still living with his parents when he received a call from his staff sergeant who told him to report to the 1461st Transportation Company(09:36) A week later he was attached to the 61st Transportation Company doing some drills, and then off to Camp Atterbury, Indiana. (10:20) ƒ His impressions of Iraq up to this point were all based on what he heard from the media. (10:45) o Camp Atterbury training (11:10) ƒ Went down to Camp Atterbury, where he trained for 3 months in 1st Aid and road marching. (11:18) ƒ Had a lot of training in the searching and disarming of IEDs before encountering them in Iraq. Day mentions what his body armor consisted of. (12:02) Once deployed in Iraq, he was issued an additional 20 pounds of body armor for the weak points in his vest. (13:23) �ƒ The type of weapons he trained was M-4s and M-16s. (13:33) ƒ After 3 months there, he was sent by air aboard a C-130 aircraft, making a brief stop in Germany and flew on to Kuwait. (14:48) Active Duty (14:55) • Where he went (15:05) o Camp Speicher background (15:10) ƒ Geographically, Camp Speicher is in Northern Iraq near Tikrit, Iraq. He briefly describes his impressions of Iraq. (15:14) ƒ Being attached to a heavy transportation unit his responsibilities included transporting Abraham tanks, heavy equipment, and other equipment places. (16:32) ƒ On base, he briefly mentions different interactions with other American military branches and British personnel. (16:52) o Military missions (17:35) ƒ On his first mission, Day went to Baghdad where he was pulled out of transport platoon duty because he was found to have computer skills and because of this he was put in charge to head up a MWR. (17:40) ƒ Afterwards, he received a mission from his CO to go to Camp Liberty in Baghdad. (18:13) ƒ • About that time, the level of danger was potentially dangerous. Sometimes they came across IEDs but rarely he was ever shot at. (18:52) • Briefly describes the setup of a typical convoy looked like and how to look for IEDs. His first mission took place at about November 2006. (19:58) • Got fired at by a bunch of tracers. Called in the men in the gun trucks who fired their 50-calibers. Briefly describes what transpires when a mine blows a tire. (21:14) • Briefly describes how an IED blows up a humvee, and/or a convoy truck. (22:52) Briefly describes his daily schedule. (24:03) �o Living conditions (25:39) ƒ Among the places, Day mentions being deployed are Camp Liberty in Baghdad; Camp Speicher near Tikrit; and Camp Anaconda in Balad, Iraq. According to Day these camps each had their own feels. (27:43) ƒ Contact with Iraqi civilians was limited. The most he saw were shepherds herding their sheep until he got to the big cities where it was more heavily populated. (28:33) ƒ Was in Iraq for 11 ½ months with his National Guard unit. For the most part respect was shown all around with the various branches. (29:30) ƒ The unit his unit was to replace showed them their duties and responsibilities and where to go. (30:57) o Other activities (31:50) ƒ On one encounter, Day was attached to a unit an area called Area 51 a place where Kuwaiti civilians and refugees congregated. Attached with 5 others who were mostly interpreters he was responsible for the care of 500 internationals. (32:54) Briefly describes his time with them. (33:05) o Going Home (34:46) ƒ Before going home, Day trained the new replacements and then went back to Camp Atterbury, Indiana where he spent 4 days. Was then paraded onto a parade field in Jackson, Michigan with many other officers to hear Gov. Granholm and other generals speak to them and then to be discharged afterwards. (35:10) ƒ Mentions that he had a few more drills with the 61st before returning to the 1463rd unit out of Wyoming, Michigan. (35:54) After the Service (36:10) • Adjusting to Home (36:15) o Spent the first couple of days in shock and readjusting to ordinary life. Also spent time with friends and family. (36:31s) o Afterwards, he went on to attend MCC for a while and then to GVSU. (36:47) o While readjusting to civilian life, he relates how with the mentality of showing no emotions and surviving everyday ruined many relationships he pursued afterwards. (37:42) �• Military service after he was discharged (38:02) o Day is currently spending another 3 years in the military mainly because it offers him the chance for a payment bonus. To kids who might want to join the military he mentions how positive the training and discipline he learned as a result of joining the Armed Services. Also mentions that they should know what they are signing up for before joining. (38:40) o Day wraps by mentioning that the military forced him to grow up and briefly mentions what his future plans were. (41:43) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Day, Mike (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Day, Mike Description An account of the resource Mike Day was a veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom who is currently serving in the National Guard. His recent term of deployment lasted about 11 ½ months. In this account, Day discusses his pre-enlistment year, his enlistment and training in the U.S. His term of active duty in Iraq has taken him to various camps and cities in Iraq as part of a transportation company. Among his duties included serving as a convoy truck operator transporting military equipment to their destinations. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Kentwood, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-05-19 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DayM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0dcf08b47728c3caea35c7a98d3ed013.pdf 7b6beac919afe8861b9973fe1066bec1 PDF Text Text fflA/TER LAnD U/E PLAn �DAYTON TOWNSHIP Dayton Township Board John DeKuiper, Supervisor Eloise Kunnen, Clerk Don Akershoek, Treasurer Russel Boeskool, Trustee William Edbrooke, Trustee Newaygo, County Michigan Dayton Township Planning Commission Preston Krommendyk, Chainnan Nonnan Knorr, Secretary Maxine Annis Perry DeKryger John DeKuiper Myron Kokx Jr. c.M. Shigley Harvey Van Hemert Planning Consultant Snell ·Environmental Group ·1120 May Street Lansing, Michigan 48906 ( 517) 374-6800 IC'.\ 5nell Environmental Group \;;;JI LANSING NXAHAP0US AKRON �Introduction �INTRODUCTION The report that is comprised of the following pages of illustrations, maps and text is the Master Land Use Plan for Dayton Township. It is intended to be very different from other land use plans--those "thick reports" that all too often serve as a "dust collector" on a shelf somewhere. This document is an active, working instrument--a guide for an equally dynamic, changing and forward-looking community. The Master Land Use Plan intended for Dayton Township is a participatory document. · "Planning, to be effective, must not be imposed from above on the premise that the planners know what's good for the planned. The small minority whose job it .is to prepare the plan must find out not only what can, in effect, b~ ~echnically achieved, but what it is the ·planned want" (Cecil Stewart, The Prospect of Cities, ·1952). The elected and appointed officials responsible for its review and direction come from all areas and elements of the Township. The groundwork for their actions came, in a large part, from the attitudes and opinions expressed by residents at large. Discussions were conducted and decisions realized, in an open interchange of ideas. WHAT IS A LAND USE PLAN? The term "Master Land Use Plan, is synonymous with several other expressions such as "general development plan, "master plan," "community plan, and the like. The basic intent and components of these documents are similar, however. A Master Land Use Plan is an official policy guide which states community· goals and suggests actions by which such goals may be reached in a coordinated manner. 11 11 11 The Township Planning Act (P.A. 168 of 1959, as amended) states that the contents of a "land use plan" shall include maps, plats, charts and descriptive, explanatory and other related matter and shall show the Planning Commission's recommendations for the physical development of the unincorporated area of the Township. Further, such a pl an shal 1: 1 �1. Classify and allocate land for a variety of uses; 2. Define the "location, character and extent" of various public works such as streets, sewer and water, and the like; 3. Make recommendations relative to public lands or facilities; and, 4. Give recommendations for implementing any proposals -made regarding the above items. This Master Land Use Plan can be further described as long-range and general, yet comprehensive. The fact that it is long-range implies that it is forward-looking, establishing the relationships between potential population levels, land use needs and support facilities • . As a 11 general 11 document, this Plan establishes broad principles and policies intended to accommodate a variety of issues. This Plan is 11 comprehensive" in its relationship to all land uses. Finally, the tenn "Pl an" implies .a document conta_ined both in text and map fonn. 11 11 NEED FOR A LAND USE PLAN No community stands still through time. To maintain the quality of life and environment, and to protect the health, safety, welfare and convenience of its residents, Dayton Township must be prepared to meet the challenge of the future. Unguided development may lead to land use conflicts, the loss of farmland and water, and the waste of tax dollars. State enabling legi.slation (P.A. 184 of 1943, as amended) implies that zoning ordinances adopted to meet Township goals "shall be based upon a plan." It is the intent of this document to fi 11 such a need for Dayton Township. As a policy instrument, the Plan is adopted by the Tm•mship Planning Commission in accordance with the provisions of Act 168 and does, therefore, not have the status of a law. This provides the Plan with the flexibility necessary to allow review and adjustment as conditions change over time. By comparison, the Dayton Township Zoning Ordinance is a specific statement of land use control, adopted by ordinance, and as such, carries the weight of law. 2 �THE PLANNING PROCESS The following diagram illustrates the four basic steps employed to arrive at a Master Land Use Plan for Dayton Township. Planning, at its rational best, is a continual process and includes: 1. Background and Analysis-Element: assemble and study an array of background data and other technical or non-technical infonnation peculiar to Dayton Township and gennane to fonnulation of the Plan; 2. Policy Element: pub 1i c input; 3. Plan Element: both a written and graphic representation of potential land use arrangement; 4. Implementation/Change Element: suggestions for carrying out Plan proposals, checking on progress and adapting to changing times • detennination of problems, trends, potentials and . · .. ' PLANNING PROCESS BACKGROUND ANALYSIS & POLICY Plan IMPLEMENTATION/ CHANGE • Background studies • Goals • Text • Suggestions • Data inventory • Actions • Map • Re-evaluate/ modify • Analysis-synthesis Fig.1 3 �GENERAL PURPOSES OF THE PLAN General purposes of the Master Land Use Plan for Dayton Township are to: • Encourage the use of lands and resources in accordance with their character and adaptability. • Facilitate provision for systems of transportation, sewage disposal, safe and adequate water supply, education, recreation, and other pub 1i c requirements. · • Conserve the expenditure of public funds for impr_ovements and services. • Limit the improper use of land, resources and properties. • Limit the over-crowding of land by buildings and people. • Insure a desirable trend and character of land, building, and population development. DEFINITIONS Unfortunately the terminology of planning and zoning can be as different to the lay citizen as the language barrier that greets a traveler in a foreign country. Appendix A attempts to list and define those terms that are common to planning commission work or that are found within the text of this Plan. An understanding of their meaning will aid in an understanding of this document, permitting both the public and Township Planning Commissioners to communicate effectively. 4 �.13ocl~ground & Analysis �REGIONAL OVERVIEW Newaygo County. is located in the west-central part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, being immediately north of the Grand Rapids-Kent County metropolitan area and separated from Lake Michigan by Oceana and Muskegon counties to the immediate west. Dayton Township surrounds on three sides the City of Fremont si.tuated north of Fremont Lake in west-central Newaygo County. Dayton Township is located some 45 miles north of Grand Rapids and approximately 28 miles northeast of Muskegon. PHYSIOGRAPHY The physical features of Newaygo County are, for the most part, a direct result of the most recent glacial period, having been covered by a large ice lobe. Surface features show considerable variation in relief, but no great range in elevation. Primary topographic features are rolling, plateau uplands (moraines) and plains. Both features are irregular in shape, size and occurrence throughout the County. Secondary topographic features occur where there are till plains or old glacial drainage valleys and include; rounded hills, dry valleys, low gravelly knolls and ridges, shallow swales, large swamps and lakes. Parts of Dayton and adjoining townships to the east comprise a plain having an elevation of 800 feet above sea level. Small tributaries have cut back from the Muskegon River and developed deep, steep- sided ravines; some to depths of 30-40 feet. The rough uplands north of Fremont are characterized by rel _a tively strong relief and steep-sided depressions occupied by lakes. CLIMATE . ····- ·. - ·· -- - --- The climate of Newaygo County and Dayton Township is defined as continental. This implies short and mild summers, coupled with winter months that are fairly long and cold. Seasons change gradually, the average difference in temperature between winter and .spring being 20°F, and 23°F between fall and winter. Both spring and fall are characterized by sharp freezes and cold waves. The mean winter temperature is 23.4°F, but fluctuations from 59° to -37°F have been recorded. The coldest month of the year is February with an average temperature of 21.8°F; July is the hottest month with a mean of 70.6°F. Summers are generally mild, however, a maximum temperature of 102°F has been recorded. Hot days are usually accompanied by oppressive high humidity. The 6 �..•··:·•, .. ui ·.·. ·-:,::, '~ ... I • ,•,,:J.:: :--:/ 111 average frost~free period is 132 days, ample for production of a wide range of crops. The frost-free period varies considerably on a localized level, due to elevation and air drainage. In some places frost may occur in any month, yet moving west towards Lake Michigan the frost-free period is extended. Average annual precipitation is 31.14 inches; yearly snowfall averages 40.5 inches. Precipitation is fairly well distributed throughout the year. Prevailing winds are westerly and rarely of high velocity • AREA HISTORY The soil and climate of the region in which Dayton Township is located makes is closely Indians and a few French trappers, Newaygo County began its recorded hi story when it \'1as opened _for white settlement in 1836. A group of capitalists .from Chicago, hedaded by Hi ram Pi ersons kand Henry Pennoyer and guided by Mitchel 1 Charl eau , ma e their way up the Mus egon River in search of water power sites for mil 1s. The first settlement was established in 1837 at what . is now Newaygo. The county was organized in 1840, and the population began to grow, mostly in connection with the lumber industry. ~~J·J· ·tied it ideal for white pine. Consequently, the hi story of the area ~--r--,,-~~:-:::-~~,arr-~~-~-·~::t,_ with .the lumbering industry. Originally traversed only by D A y 1.wrn !Ii. T O ~ C .:.-~. ·:·.?] •._.-·.=._ \ _ In 1855, a group of families from the southern part of the state settled at Fremont. In the same year the first dam and sawmill were built there. Dayton Township was organized in 1857 and in the following years frame buildings were erected and a school was built. The population of the township and the county increased rapidly as the local industry began to boom. By 1860, 17 lumber mills were operating in the county, as well as 2 flour mills. Three sidewheel steamers and several lumber scows plied the Muskegon River. In 1869, the Newaygo Republican reported that the spring log drive to Lake Michigan filled the river for 27 miles. In 1873, the railroad reached Newaygo from Grand Rapids, with a branch extending through Fremont to Hart. This development brought about a major change in the lumber business. Previously, all cutting had been done during winter months so that the logs could be easily skidded to the rivers and floated to the lake. Consequently, the cut areas were close to the rivers and covered with three to four foot stumps that reached above the snow. The · railroads opened up the interior and also made it possible to set up portable shingle mills to cut up the stumps. This new phase of the industry helped clear large tracts of· land for farming. 7 �As logging reached its height in the early 1880 1 s, the population and prosperity of the region continued to grow. A county medical association, a county fair and an increasing number of businesses and professional offices were established. In 1898, a group of businessmen from Grand Rapids inspected the marl beds north of Newaygo and by 1902 the newly formed Newaygo Portland Cement Company was shipping its first barrels out. This opened a new economic era, which prospered for over thirty years. Since that time the region. has become attractive to vacationers and sportsmen, offering streams, lakes and woodlands for their enjoyment. Agriculture is ·also important, and fanning continues to be a major activity. During the 1940'~, the U.S. Forest Service began replanting non-productive land in pine forests, looking forward to a new economic phase. Sources: Newaygo White Pine Heritage, 1976 • . Robert I. Thompson, Newaygo Bicentennial Committee. Cradle Days of Newaygo County, 1962. Harry S. Spooner, Newaygo, Michigan. The First White Pathfinders of Newaygo County, Michigan, 1954. County, Michigan. Newaygo 8 · �SOCIAL ELEMENTS POPULATION TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS A recognition of population characteristics and possible changes is necessary to properly plan for the future. Failure to discern trends in population change, for instan_ce, may result in inadequate governmental services or increased social costs. Obviously, the U.S. Census is the single source for data on the social/economic character of Dayton Township. While population tabulations are available, more detailed data will not be available for severa·l months. It is the intent of local officials that this Master Land Use Plan be a working document and not a compilation of little-used statistics. You will notice that such information is utilized on a selective basis. POPULATION TRENDS .,., 0 0 ~Ot,o oooooo~ ' ~ooo .o o • o o ~ ~J:?R ooo o ~YJ · ~c,ooo 0 000 ~ 0 oo ~,ot>u~ -~ ( J o o ~ ~ (V1MY10 c 6 o"' ~ · .. · The size, distribution and particular qualities of the local population are important factors in planning the relationships of residential and non-residential land uses. Utilizing any available up-to-date information as well as relating historical trends, it becomes possible to create a realistic understanding of population change. The 1980 Census tabulations are both preliminary and incomplete at this time. However, on the basis of unofficial counts it is possible to judge the rate of growth for Dayton Township as compared with the State, Newaygo County and other townships. Table 1 reflects the rate of growth of Dayton Township from 1950-1980, relative to the State and Newaygo County. Growth rates for the last two decades for Newaygo County and several adjoining communities are _ contained on Tabie 2. Information from Table 2 is shown graphically on Figures 2 and 3. The (unofficial) 1980 total of 1,979 residents reflects a slower growth rate for Dayton Township than adjoining communities--especially those to the west in Muskegon County. There are, however, two elements to be recognized: 1) the 1970 population of Dayton Township was greater than most municipalities in Newaygo County; ranking third and surpassed only by Sheridan Township and Fremont (applying a similar increase to a smaller base figure would result in a much higher rate); and 2) the 1978 annexation of land from Dayton Township to Fremont was a small but contributing factor in this decreased rate of growth. 9 �The 1970-1980 growth rate for Newaygo County was 18.6%,. nearly six times that experienced by Dayton Township. Even with the annexation of additional lands and residents, the City of Fremont is shown to have declined in population size by 4.2%. The large rates of increase undergone by Lincoln and Sherman townships in Newaygo County and Holton and Cedar Creek townships in Muskegon County are largely due to their small 1970 population base. Muskegon County, to the west, showed· only a small population decline reflecting more stability than in prior decades. While it is premature for any definitive statements, it does appear that out-migration from the Muskegon Metropolitan Area may be impacting out-county municipalities. The ramifications for bordering townships -in Newaygo County is unknown, although increasing energy costs on commuting, in particular, may diminish such a trend. TABLE 1 DAYTON TOWNSHIP POPULATION TRENDS 1950-1980 AREA . State of Michigan 1950 1960 1970 1980 ~;371,766 7,823,194 8,875,083 9,258,344 % CHANGE 1950-1980 45.3 Newaygo County 21~567 24,160 27,992 33,226 54.1 Dayton Township 1,523 1,709 1,910 1,979 29.9 Source: 1970 Census; Bureau of the Census · 1980 Census; Final Tabulations 9/80 10 �TABLE 2 DAYTON TOWNSHIP AREA GROWTH 1960-1980 % CHANGE % CHANGE 1960-1970 1980* 1970-1980 27,992 15.9 33,226 +18.7 1,709 1,910 11.8 1,979 +3.6 Lincoln Township 444 490 10.4 740 +51.0 Shennan Township 1,085 · 1,411 30.0 1,723 +22.1 Garfield Township 1,713 1,448 -15.5 1,605 +10.8 Newaygo City 1,447 . 1,381 -4.6 1,212 -12.2 Sheridan Township 2,256 2,477 9.8 2,586 +4.4 Fremont City 3,384 3,465 2.4 3,320 -4.2 Denver Township 1,237 1,326 7.2 1,397 +2.6 Greenwood Township 508 575 13.2 809 +40.7 Hesperia Village 819 877 6.6 847 -3.4 Holton Township 1,449 1,499 3.5 1,998 +33.3 Cedar Creek Township 1,224 1,467 19.9 2,300 +56.8 AREA 1960 1970 Newaygo County 24,160 Dayton Township 9/80 11 �~fef:t::.'HWOOD + 13,2. --· ,• . : . . . . r.v-He~pe~r~ :-·_ ,_: · ~?:> · H . +f>. ~ ··.i :I H'Ol-TOH +3.5 I I I I I II. . i; It I 1 1 11 .. ·. •' .· I ~~~ ~ +30.0 . - _____ .......!I Ii ~~ J,.._ ! ·: · .' to rte.1<-MAN ,. .... ,.. ,,,,,,,,,, .. ,.. ,.... ,,,,,1 '"'"'"""""'"""1! . ... :·:· . .?t:}'_:·. ! ·1 I ·._·:,:· .. _.., : frerriont Ce.OAR Cf?l=t=~ + ICf. C/ +~.Lt· SHf:F:IPAN . ·. +q.e .···' . . . { .. . . REGIONAL GROWTH/Percent Change 1960-1970 FIG. 2 12 �I ·. .. .. C7iRe.f:.'HWOOD +L¼).7 .... ., ' .,, . ~ I •( • 'D f:.~ VE:F-·. ~- .,+; .. +33."3 . ...,,' - : •,•·, -:;L.IHCOL.t.'i ., +El.-0 : .. ~ I . 1 .. ~ ·. .. ·!f.H_:~rl_~. 7, . :I ... ·. ., :3-~ -., ·. .. .. :, .. .. ,, ·. (i, , .. HOl.-TOH ... ,. .. .. .. ' .. t ·: . ., r·. ' II 11 I I I ·<o rtt:-1< l'MH 1 I + -i:z.-i i .- I .. . :1 i I ~·- t~ ,: CEDAR Cf?l::'e~ +56,B ,~ I I .f rer,,on+J . . -L-1-:2... . ~ .:.. : : .. .... SHf.1<-1 P~N .. +-'t<Lf- - ' . G\~1<.Fll:::1-P .. +\0-8 ·. . •. .. '. .... ... .. ... . ,·; : ' .. .. . .: .. \ I Hewyo.90) -/2,Z REGIONAL GROWTH/PerCent •. Change . ·1970- 1980 · 13 �POPULATION PROJECTIONS Certainly all population estimates, even .those _prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Census, are inaccurate· to some degree·. · Further, projecting future population levels for small municipalities, such as Dayton Township, can be a risky undertaking. It must be realized that most techniques utilized in population projections are more dependable for the short-range of 5-10 years than for a longer period. As local conditions or variables change, such projections can then be updated over time. Further, local population shifts caused by non-demographic factors, such as annexation, have resulted in an unstable tracking for past population levels in Dayton Township--which are, in large part the basis for estimate of future levels. The following are the most acceptable methods for projecting population levels for small areas. The ratio-component method assumes that a sub-unit (Dayton Township) of a ·1arger entity (Newaygo County) will continue to "capture" a fixed proportion {5.96% in 1980) of the growth achieved by the larger unit. One fallacy of this approach is that it does not account for population shifts within the larger unit. The Department of Management and Budget of the State of Michigan prepares and updates population projections for every county, and such a projection serves as the basis for the ratio-component approach. A second method utilizes building permit statistics for the most recent five year peri ad (1974-1979). and applies the preliminary 1980 tabul ati ans for both total population (1979) and persons per household {2~85) as a take-off-point • . Future increases are then an arithmetic projection from the 1980 base. It should be noted that new single-family construction totals include the place~ ment of mobile home units in Dayton Township (see Table 3-1). The third method is an arithmetic projection using the growth rate from 19601980 as the basis for ·estimation. Such an approach will indicate future growth, assuming past long-term trends _continue without a drastic change that would upset the Township's demographic composition. In that it would reflect the 1978 annexation, an arithmetic projection of the 1970-1980 growth rate (unofficial 1980 census) is also indicated. 14 �A geometric · projection method re~lects the average annual rate of population change for the Township over a detennined period of time (1960-1980) and the extension of this rate (.79% per year) into the future. A fifth method employs projections fonnulated by the West Michigan Regional Planning Commission (WMRPC) for all minor civil divisions in Newaygo County and Region 8. Th~ projections were developed in 1977 for five year intervals and as adapted to the following fonnat, the population levels for intervening years were extrapolated. A final method, the so-called analysis method, is a mid-range or averaged projection based upon a combination of th.e most probable of the above projection methods. This approach implies both a "best judgement analysis'' resulting in projections founded on a "reasonable anticipation" of future growth. ,, The population projections derived from these calculations are contained in Table 3 and graphically depicted on Figure 4. These projections suggest that during the next ten years the population of .Dayton Township might increase by a minimum of 70 persons, a maximum of 550, and a more probable of 231. 15 �TABLE 3 DAYTON TOWNSHIP POPULATION PROJECTIONS 1980-2010 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1,979 2,013 2,258 · 2,413 2,531 2,702 2,874 1,979 2,254 2,529 2,804 3,079 3,354 3,629 1,979 2,046 1,979 . 2,014 2,113 2,049 2,180 2,084 2,247 2,119 2,314 2,154 2,381 2,189 (1960-1980) (. 79% per year) 1,979 2,055 2,119 2,201 2,286 2,376 2,469 5. WMRPC 1,979 2,255 2,400 2,545 2,690 2,835 2,980 q. Analysis Method 1,979 2,090 2,210 2,305 2,400 2,485 2,575 PROJECTION METHOD. 1. Ratio-Component ·. · {5.96% of Newaygo County) 2. Building Statistics 1974-1979 3. Arithmetic {1960-1980) {1970-1980) 4. Geometric 16 �--, 4000 3500 3000 ,,,,,,,,, z -~0 ..J . ;/, 2500 :::, C. 0 C. 2000 1500 1000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 ·2000 2005 2010 YEARS LEGEND Ratio-Component - - • - - 15.96% Newaygo County! Building Statistics - - - - - - - - - - (1974-19791 I 1960- 19801---1 1970 - 1980 I ........................... Arithmetic Geometric I 1960-1980 I ........ I . 79% per year) WMRPC ••11111 • 1 • 11- • , ....., Analysis Method 17 �DAYTON TOWNSHIP'S FISCAL BASE State Equalized Valuation The State Equalized Value (SEV) of property is established by the State, the County Equalization Board, and the Tmmship Assessor. By law, this value is to be set at 50% of the true cash value of a given property. Taxes are then levied on the property value which has been established through the SEV procedure. When ·one hears reference to the tax base in a community, what is being discussed is the combined economic value of property upon which taxes are collected (or SEV). As the Township Board determines the annual budget, or makes plans for the financial future of Dayton Township, they must be cognizant of the local tax base. Decisions concerning millage rates necessary to generate sufficient operating revenues for governmental operations and activities will then be determined from tax base information. The tax base in Dayton Township has grown over threefold in recent years (see Table 4). Disregarding the obvious impact that inflatio~ (and state-wide equalization) has had on these totals, the implication is that property values are up and if millage levels stay the same, the· To\'mship will have more revenue to spend per resident. While no predictions of future trends are established, it is important to acknowledge the relationship between economic growth and the financial ability of local government to provide services to its residents. Government Expenditures ·: .,. ,... ...- ·:. :-. ·: :':- . .. During the most recent fiscal year, ending March 31, 1980, Dayton Township spent nearly $71,000 for services to local residents. Utilizing an estimated 1979 population level of 1,970 persons the per capita cost for these services totaled $35.97. Major line item expenditures are those common to all municipalities--fire protection and street maintenance or construction. Roadway improvements alone accounted for over 55% of the 1979-1980 budget. The budgetary data on Table 5 is intended to assist in charting the growth and cost of public services provided by .Dayton Township. Future budget ex- · penditures and per capita expenses can be compared against this benchmark. 18 �TABLE 4 DAYTON TOWNSHIP EQUALIZED VALUATION YEAR TOTAL EQUALIZED VALUATION 197Q $ 4,925,899 1971 5,425,854 1972 PERCENT CHANGE ESTIMATED POPULATION PER CAPITA EQUALIZED VALUATION 1,910 $ 2,579.00 9.2% 1, 917 -' 2,830.39 +9.7 5,710,850 5.0% 1,924 2,968.22 +4.9 1973 7,510,689 24.-0% · 1,931 3,889.53 +31.4 1974 8,186,062 8.3% 1,938 4,223.97 +8.6 1975 9,096,700 10.0% . 1,945 4,676.97 +10.7 1976 9,397,060 3.2% 1,952 4,814.06 +2.9 1977 11,435,152 17.8% 1,959 5,837.24 +21.2 1978 12,708,900 10.0% 1,963 6,474.22. +10.9 1979 14,080,755 9.7% 1,970 7,147.59 +10.4 · 1980 16,183,894 13.0% 1,979 8,177.81 +14.4 PERCENT CHANGE ., Source: Dayton Township Assessment Records 9/80 .19 �TABLE 5 .DAYTON TOWNSHIP BUDGET EXPENDITURES 1979-1980 · CATEGORY . DISBURSEMENT PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE* Gen~ral Administration Township Trust~es Supervisor~Assessor Clerk's Office Board of Review Treasurer's Office $ 4,717.10 5,950.59 3,204.89 360.00 3,721.79 TOTAL $17,954.37 $ 9.11 T-0wnship Hall $ 3,027.86 $ 1.54 Miscellaneous Fi re Department Roads Other (landfill, cemeta ry, etc. ) $ 6,960.66 40,041.13 $ 3.53 20.32 2,872.16 1.46 TOTAL $70,856.18 $ 35.97 *Based on 1979 population estimate of 1,970 residents Source: Dayton Township Board of Trustees 9/80 20 �COMMUNITY .ATTITUDE SURVEY/INPUT There are several components necessary for the development of a reasonable and useful land use plan. These· include an analysis of trends, perceived assets or problems, past fonnal or infonnal strategies and finally, public opinion. "Who lans our communit? There must be an emphasis on neighborhoods sub-areas ~nd their relationship to the total comprehensive plan. It starts with a map that shows your house, on your lot, on your street. That is where we start. It does not start with a rap about a bar chart that shows the various uses of energy. It does not start with a map of a regional transportation system. It does not start with a discussion about how we control the use of land. It starts with your house, your lot, and your street. When we get there then vie can begin to get people interested. 11 (Cantanese and Farmer, 1978). Pri~r to the collection and analysis of any background data on the community, the Dayton Township Planning Commission prepared a community attitude questionnaire on various land use or community issues. The long-tenn reasonableness and acceptance.of any planning program was felt to hinge on a sensitivity to local opinions and concerns. The questionnaire was an initial vehicle for obtaining llpersonal, local input 11 into the planning process. The survey was distributed to all households and property owners of record in the Township. Social scientists commonly apply a 10% response factor as a rule of thumb measurement of success when utilizing a mail-out/mail-back survey •. Final response to the survey exceeded 21%, indicating the concern of local citizenry and their willingness to share their view points with the Commission. The questionnaire proved a success -- and was of substantial assistance and guidance to the Planning Commission in forn1ulating the goals and policies that follow. The survey responses did reflect the following general information and attitudes. (See also Appendix C). 21 �1. The long-tenn stability of the Dayton Township ."community" was dram·atical ly evidenced by the lack of any population shifts since 1975 (63.1% responding had not moved since 1975) and the strong indication (88.7%) of those that intend to remain as Township residents in the foreseeable future. Based on such indicators, one could diminish the potential for at least any out-migration in the short-range. 2. All of those responding to the survey owned their homes, the vast majority of which (92%) were single-family detached structures. Responses were also received from those residing in mobile homes, duplexes and multi-family _units. 3. Perceptions of one's surroundings are critical in fonnulating attitudes towards one's neighborhood or community. The most attractive feature of Dayton Township, as perceived by its residents is its "agricultural or rural atmosphere. 11 Survey respondents ranked proximity to pl ace of employment and scenic natural resources as the second and third most important characteri sties • . As could be anticipated, taxes were considered the least attractive feature of living in Dayton Township. 4. Residents indicated strong support for protecting active agricultural lands from non-agricultural · development. 5. An equally strong response supported protection of lands abutting streams and lakes from intensive development. When questioned as to whether wetlands, woodlots and floodplains should also receive some degree of protection or conservation through zoning, the support for such a measure dropped by several percentage points from the prior response. Local input appeared to indicate the usage of individually-owned woodlots, or wetlands. 6. The acid test, of course, for complete support for any protective policy towards sensitive natural elements is similar support of a desired implementation meth_od. When the question was posed as to whether zoning would be an acceptable means of retaining agricultural lands or protecting streambanks and lakeshore, the majority still answered favorably, but by a slightly smaller number. 22 �7. A domfnant {78%) majority of those responding felt that there are sufficient retail stores and commercial facilities to serve basic needs. Over half favored limiting the location of such facilities to areas where they would conveniently serve population concentrations. 8. Regarding residential growth, public opinion was against allowing "strip" development of single-family homes in all areas of the Township, and in favor of requiring mobile homes to be located in mobile home parks. Almost half of the respondents considered 1 acre to be a desirable minimum lot size for single-family residences on rural, non-subdivision lots. About the same number indicated a need for an increase in the number of available single-family homes, and for an elderly housing complex. · There was strong support towards discouraging any future increase in the number of mobile homes, rental apartments, duplexes, as well as relaxing the zoning requirements for "second homes" - cabins, cottages, and the like. 9. Respondents showed a fairly strong interest in encouraging small industrial facilities to locate in the Township, providing such development was confined to an industrial park. 10. Residents very strongly supported {94.7%) the statement that. the overall quality of life in Dayton Township is "good." In defining reasons for this, they indicated being pleased with the rate of growth in the Township and the preservation of its natural attractions. They also cited adequate and convenient shopping facilities, . availability of employment opportunities, and the good education provided by public schools. The majority were satisfied with public services, though individual comments indicated a desire for better road maintenance and ·a Township (or local) landfill. · . 11. Two issues - roadway improvements and disposal of solid waste - were ranked high on the list of the most important problems facing Dayton Township as perceived by its residents. However, those items were outranked by what is ·considered to be (even nationally) the number one problem - rising taxes. . 23 �EXISTING LAND USE Prior to the attempts by communities to organize growth and development (or land use planning as we presently know it) little thought was given to controlling, much less monitoring the character or direction of expansion. Land use patterns evolved along natural or cultural constraints. The terrain of a community, proximity to water, the early routing of a highway or development of i commercial center, a11· impacted the configuration and composition of existing communities. Early settlement activities including lumbering and, more recently, agriculture, plus the proximity to Fremont and the employment/ cultural opportunities therein have all had an effect on the present land use character of Dayton Township. Natural influences over land use include topography, the several lakes in the community and the extent of those soils capable of sustaining agricultural practices. An analysis of present conditions and trends is vital to formulate a scenario of what is likely to occur in future years. In this light, the collection and mapping of existing land uses as accurately as possible is a _critical component of this planning program. We must recognize past land use decisions both positive and negative, so that past mistakes might be avoided and planning for desirable, orderly growth consummated. LAND USE CATEGORIES The location and identity of existing land uses was compiled by the Dayton Township Planning Commission during April and May, 1980. The key to such an inventory is one of establishing and defining various use designations and then identifying those lands occupied by such a use at the time of the survey. The parameters established for each use category were as follows: Agriculture and Undeveloped: All lands_ used for active farming, woodlots, orchards, as well as all vacant properties. Single Family and Farm.Residential: An area containing a structure intended for occupancy by one family, including all accessory buildings normally associated with the dwelling. Homes in conjunction with an active farming operation are indicated separately. In sparsely settled rural areas for both single-family and farm residences, a one acre unit was assumed. 24 �Mobile Home . Residential: Any mobile home on an individual parcel. Commercial: Land used by establishments providing commodities or services to the general public. This includes retail stores, offices for professional services, motels, commercial recreation uses and all accessory elements, including parking. Industrial/Manufacturing: Land used for storage or processing of products or materials; including limited retail activity incidental to the primary industrial use. Public: Any publicly owned buildings or property. Quasi-Public: Any building or property owned by a non-profit organization, or that which is usually open to the general public. Includes golf courses, churches, clubs, public utility buildings and the like. LAND USE ANALYSIS Dayton Township could best be described as being a lightly populated, rural and agricultural community. The only areas of concentrated development surround the City of Fremont on its _north and :west, and Martin Lake. Figure 5 depicts the existing land use distribution within the -Township as derived from the aforementioned survey. A statistical compilation of approximate land use acreages and their proportion of the whole is shown on Table 6. Historically, the township and range system of land subdivision formed most Michigan townships as a 6 mile by 6 mile square. Dayton Township is roughly 34.3 square miles in extent (less than the normal 36 square miles) due to the boundary adjustment that created the City of Fremont. Of the 21,977 acres in the Township, only 6.5% are committed to developed or urban-type uses. This leaves in excess of 20,000 acres in agricultural lands, undeveloped open lands, woodlots and water. Of the 1,400 acres of Dayton Township that is developed, roughly 40% is occupied as residential, 9% is in public or semipublic uses, only 4% is attached to commercial or industrial facilities and 46% is committed to highway rights-of-way. _25 �Residential development in the community is predominantly single-family-scattered site or rural subdivision, and fann-residences with several dispersed mobile homes. There are, however, two primary. and one secondary settlement areas which warrant special attention in this planning process. These major areas include the 11 lakes" districts north of Fremont and east of Ramshorn Drive, and the developed M-82 corridor west of Fremont and south of 44th Street. A smaller settlement node exists around the periphery of Martin Lake. The scattered site residential development is rather well distributed throughout the Township. As might be expected in the northern, more rural sector of the Township, fewer homes exist along the roadways. The overall density for Dayton Township is approximately 16 units per square mile--or about 40 to 50 people per square mile on the average. The northern half of the Township (north of 24th Street) averages only 10 units per square mile in density. No significant conflicts in land usage are noticeable at this time. A primary area of future potential discord, however, is the mixed use corridor along M-82 west of Fremont. It could be anticipated though, that Fremont will continue to serve as an attractor for both residential and non-residential growth--and that the interface between the City and Township will be impacted by such expansion. 26 �TABLE 6 · EXISTING LAND USE DAYTON TOWNSHIP - 1980 ,: Developed Acres % Total Acres 572 40.9% 2.6% 363 .181 28 25.9% 12.9% 2.0,: 1.7% . 0.8% 124 . 8. 9% 0.6% 123 1 8.8% 0.1% 0.6% 0.01,: 54 3.8% O.J,: 16 38 1.1% 2.7% o.a 650 46.'4% 3.0r. 65D 46.4% J.o,: 1,400 100.0% 6.5,: Acres Lanq Use Res jdcnt i al ~jnole Family F~nn Residence Mobile Homes Pub 11 c[' Semi-Pub lie I Py~l1c SQllli-Public a.a •' Comrnarci al£ Industrial Cpmmerci al lndustr1 al Transeortat1on Road R.o.w. (02.4 mi.) TOTAL DEVELOPED LAND A!Jrf cul ture[Undevel oeed Agricultural/Undeveloped Woodlots Open Wc1ter Recreat fonal TOTAL UNDEVELOPED LAND TOTAL ACRES 0.2% 20,577 93 . 6% 18,535 . 1,767 133 142 84.3% . 0.6% 0.7,: · 20,577 93.6% 21,977 · a.a,: ·100.0% Source: Dayton Township Planning Conmfss1on 27 �... , ., DAYTON ·· +I-~~ TOWNSHIP -" •!!.' ., Newaygo County, Mlchig.n I I· 1:t.:__ . , ., Slngle Family Residence , Farm Residence Mobile Home , E c Commercial , Industrial/Manufacturing , Public Use o Quasi-Public Use ~ Recreational Use D Agricultural and Undeveloped Existing Land Use FIG.5 28 �NATURAL ELEMENTS The traditional approach to land use planning begins with a projection of future population or economic growth in a community based on perceived local or regional trends. These projections are then translated into future land demand for various types of development. The basic assumption of this approach has been that growth will bring positive benefits to the community and that such growth can best be promoted by encouraging land use patterns that minimize development costs and maximize accessibility. In ·many past instances, planning has ignored the importance of natural systems. · Priorities were set, programs initiated and facilities built with little or no concern for impacts on the physical landscape. Scenic natural amenities and rich fannland, long defined as key ingredients to the American quality of life, have rapidly disappeared primarily through haphaz~rd suburban sprawl or improper uses of rural lands. 11 We have but one explicit model of the world and that is built on economics. The present face of the land of the free is its clearest testimony, even as the Gross National Product is the proof of its success. Money is our measure, convenience is cohort, the short term is its span and the. devi 1 may take the hindmost is the morality. 11 (Ian McHarg, 1969.) Philosophies are changing - growth projections are no longer considered as vital preconditions of a desirable future for any community. To be truly comprehensive, land use planning must be more than the mere accommodation of projected growth in such a fashion as to be compatible. If planning is to be rational it must decide how much as well as where growth ought to occur - being sensitive to the physical capability of the land to accept various fonns of development. The constraints placed upon development by the environment are very real and should ·become a key for decision making and land use location judgements. 29 �LAND CAPABILITY ANALYSIS How many people, houses and cars can we put into an area before the natural quality of the setting is reduced? Could we institute stringent development controls or build sewage treatment plants in time to alleviate additional problems? How do we accommodate the trade-offs between growth and environmental or -social costs? These are the type of questions that are addressed by a process known as a "land capability analys _is, 11 or the identification of · situations where human activity is likely to adversely impact the natural environment or where the natural .environment is likely to hann human activity. These areas of conflicts between human activities and the natural environment can be grouped into three classes: Hazard Areas: A good example of a hazard area is a floodplain. The threat to life and property from flooding is well documented, and even our best efforts to abate flooding have not prevented a steadily increasing national loss. By using infonnation available from Federal sources, floodplains can be delineated, and the planner is able to predict where a conflict exists between the natural environment, and certain land uses. Other hazard areas include: steep slopes with unstable soil which are prone • to slippage, and soils with inadequate bearing capacity. Valuable Resource Areas: Development often makes use or extraction of a valuable natural resource impossible. Such resources as oil, sand, gravel, and agricultural land become inaccessible as residential, commercial or industrial uses fill in the area. When maps delineating natural resource areas are part of the planning process, the planner can suggest alternatives designed to lessen the impact. For instance, the development might be delayed until the resource is extracted or growth policies (e.g. sewer and water extensions) could be altered to protect the resource. 30 �Environmentally Fragile, or Unique Areas: There is an accelerating concern over the loss of irreplaceable natural areas. While few attempt to quantify the loss, most seem to appreciate that our forests, wetlands, wildlife areas, parks, preserves, etc., contribute significantly to the quality of life. Certain of these areas, due to inherent fragility or to their one-of-a-kind status, are deserving of special attention in the planning process. Wetlands, for example, while harboring much flora and fauna, serve as retention basins for flood waters, help to recharge underground aquifers, and act as a water purifying system. Underground aquifers represent both a valuable and .fragile resource, subject to contamination by seepage from waste dumps and the like. The key then, is to identjfy the fragile, hazardous and unique areas so that conflicts with human activities can be anticipated •. This is done by overlaying a series of maps, each displaying one variable. Conceptually, one has a base map and onto that map he overlays maps showing hazard areas, valuable resource areas, and environmentally fragile or unique areas •. Carrying Capacity Concept An accessory planning process to that detailed above is the 11 carrying capacity concept. 11 Such a concept defines the ability of both the natural and manmade systems to absorb population growth without significant degradation or breakdown. Application of this process is based on the following assumptions: 1. That any area of the community could be developed if the public is willing to make sacrifices in terms of economic or social trade-offs incurred. 2. That the costs or trade-offs of growth can be identified and then quantified in some manner. The threshold beyond which environmental quality would decline is normally associated with a population level, which of course, varies depending upon the resource involved. 31 �3. That ·the ability of a given resource to absorb growth or development can be altered by human action. Obviously, sanitary se\-1age systems and water treatment plants are examples of human intervention to improve environmental quality. 4. That those areas necessitating the least number of trade-offs be given the highest priority for development. The limit of capacity for a given area or resource still remains as a judgmental ·act. Although, based on scientific and engineering principles, a choice is still required to dra\-1 the line between the 11 acceptable 11 and 11 unacceptable 11 areas. To date, the carrying capacity concept of land planning has been implemented in various ways. The least effective, yet perhaps most widely used, places the developer in an adversary role and the community attempts 11 ann twisting 11 to get him to recognize natural constraints. Second, are those development controls such as a Planned Unit Development ordinance that encourage consideration of significant resources and the protection of sensitive features (also floodplain ordinances, etc.). A third possible route is to develop an environmentally oriented land use plan - utilizing accepted standards for various resource items. Finally, is what has been tenned 11 zoni ng by pOcket calcul ator11, in which detailed quantifiable standards are developed, prescribing development intensity or density ·levels per environmental element or setting. (Perhaps in an optimum situation, actual dollar costs could be assigned to the various categories, indicating development costs per resource area). The intent of both the land capability analysis and the carrying capacity concept as applied to Dayton Township, is to provide a framework for decision-making. Certainly there may come, as implementation techniques through zoning, some modification of the processes mentioned above. However, the primary thrust is to provide a set of tools for the Planning Commis.sion and Township Board to use in reviewing and guiding development. Not so much a 11 no you cannot bui 1d there 11 but rather a "the 1imitations or costs to building there are significant 11 • 32 �NATURAL ELEMENTS MAPPING The environmental data illustrated on the maps in this section has been obtained from U.S. Soil Conservation District ·maps, U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, aerial photography and infrared photography obtained from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, and resource mapping compiled by the West Michigan Regional Planning Commission. At a minimum, it appeared there are certain sensitive areas in the Township which, if developed will have the highest social or economic costs, as mentioned. above. Once mapped, the options for utilization of those lands falling out of a given category, become more evident. These so-called 11 eco-determinants11 include: 1. Lands with slopes in excess ·of 12% may suffer soil erosion if disturbed. 2. Wetlands aid in the recharge of groundwaters, serve as natural filters for waterborne pollutants, and are often wildlife habitat areas. 3. Woodlands provide surf~ce drainage control and aesthetic features. 4. Lands with poorly drained soils are not conducive to development, either without sewers or structural compensation. 5. Lands with high agricultural capability or active agricultural lands may be of significant importance to the local economy or for food production and, as such, should be reserved for agricultural use as much as possible. 6. Floodplain is unsuitable for intensive development as structures or personal property may be subject to drainage or loss. 33 �11111111 Slope Analysis While many natural elements .by themselves are not inhibitive to development, the factor of steep slopes may be the most sensitive to land disturbance and construction. While the vast majority of the land surface in Dayton Township is quite level to rolling {less than 9% slope) there are localized areas with ·moderate or moderate to severe slopes (see Figure 6). Those areas of the Township with significant slopes are oriented in a northeast-southwest direction, probably due to glacial activity. Certainly these areas afford a definite potential for pleasant residential sites, especially in terms of vistas and views. Our planning must be responsive to the potential problems associated with the more severe slopes, such as slumping or erosion and land uses or intensities of use assigned accordingly. Wetlands Wetlands (commonly known as swamps or marshes) are poorly drained areas that display periodic fluctuations in water level, from persistent standing water in spring to nearly dry in late summer (with attendent changes in vegetative cover and composition). In most instances wetlands have surface or sub-surface soil characteristics which provide for the replenishment of the groundwater supply. Wetlands also prevent flooding of roads or properties during periods of excessive rain or snow-melt by their capacity for water storage. They provide habitat and cover for wildlife species and may serve as a nat.ural filter for waterborne pollutants. Traditionally, it has not been difficult to deter development, especially residential, from locating in wetlands, as filling and drainage can be quite costly. However, as prime lands become unavailable, or pressures for economic returns on marginal lands become greater, sites including or perhaps bordering wetlands become more attractive. The total disruption or depletion of all wetland areas would not be in the best interests of the Township as a whole. In more localized situations, wetlands play an even more significant role, warranting our attention and concern. Excepting those that fonn the fringe areas around certain lakes, wetlands are scattered throughout Dayton Township with really no pattern to their existence (see Figure 7). 34 �Forest Cover {Woodlands) Forest cover in this section· of the state was mapped and classified by the West Michigan Regional Planning Commission, utilizing infrared photography. The extent, type and.stand size of those woodlots in Dayton Township is reflected on Figure 8. The largest wooded areas in Dayton Township are situated along streams or drains on the interior of sections, or in wetlands. Wooded areas absorb surfac~ water runoff faster than any other land type. They. also function as windbreaks and simply, yet necessarily, as visual/aesthetic elements of the community. As such, they should -be carefully managed to preserve their natural and social value. Forests in Dayton Township reflect the impact of logging to this area of the state with the dominance of second-growth species, especially aspen. In mapped form the woodlots show the cultural impact, especially of agricultural practices which have further defined · the edge of these areas and, over a period of time, reduced their extent. t:.LAY ~ ~ 1 0 1 - i OIC ct,.. f l ' ~ ~ Of 151-0'-t.Y .,.Til~"TVU c~ ~I\ ~ '111?-~'P ~ T W.,UW-. ()<.~CtiAU.Y ~ T ; tE.. 1 Z<Jlt.-Plt\Gr~ f!'t)l.l-DW '1{11/1.-r~~ .$(X.H -rH>.r rt, R/'(ff.1-W- -r}\A(f ~ ti OT I M ~ lri. 11\!i -~Wt,\ 1~ ~ ~ l \ ·e.tD, @ AK'<~ll. -~e>cn\ -nl1~,~J.!,IWP1U-/f. OJI. LA~ Cf ~ I "1AAr 6 tm- fUtttr ~ fl'JT lWIU\/1/t.( ~ ~I~ n,nl:c,/U~ ~Ii. Soil Limitations: Residential Figure 9 depicts the respective limitations of all lands in Dayton Township for development without public sanitary sewers. Wastewater treatment and disposal would, therefore, need to be accomplished on-site with tile fields and septic tanks. The map was developed from recent Soil Conservation Service soil maps of Dayton Township, with limitation capabilities derived from soil management group classifications developed by soil specialists at Michigan · State University (Soil Mana ement Units and Land Use Plannin , Mokma, Whiteside and Schneider, M.s.u., 1974. The characteristics of the mana~ement of groups vary, depending upon the traits of the individual soil series and the slope of the lands. Lands were ranked into one of five classifications, ranging from slight to very severe limitations to development. Most of Dayton Tmmship is within the slight to moderate range implying ·minimal constraints. The areas of severe to very severe limitations correspond to wetland areas or streams/ drainage-ways, which might appear to indicate the extent of alluvial soils (unconsolidated mix of sand, silt and clay), perhaps carried by glacial melt water. 35 �For purposes of consistent, long-range planning, certain areas of Dayton Township were analyzed as to their soil capability for development support, should sanitary sewerage be provided, thereby eliminating the need for on~site disposal.· Realistically, one must consider the current costs of providing such a service, any identified need and certainly potential jurisdictional issues. However, this effort was intended as a means of determining if soil limitations would change·significantly should some form of public sewer ever be extended into the southern half of Dayton Township--be it from the City of Fremont or some other system. Figure 10 does indicate that a sewer system would have minimal impact on the development restraints of this area. Soil Limitations: Agricultural Utilizing the soil management groups discussed above, the soil types in Dayton Township were classified as to their potential for agricultural use--based, · for the most part, on individual soil .characteris~ics (water table, soil content, etc.) as well as topography. Figure 11 provides an initial tool in delineating the best agricultural lands in the Township permitting policy decisions as to the use of this resource. The extent of active agricultural areas indicates slight to moderate limitations for farming practices exhibited by most of the soil types in Dayton Township. Areas of constraints are generally limited to drainage-ways (alluvial soils perhaps) and ridge lines or steep slopes. Active Agriculturat Lands Recent (1978) infrared photography was applied to define the extent of active agricultural lands in the Township. Figure 12 illustrates the location of orchard and specialty crop areas--particularly orchards which are quite common in the area--and other lands used for row cropping, hay or pasture, or other farming. Certain portions of the areas represented may have been fallow at the time of the inventory, yet the evidence of recent farming activity was perceptible. The most significant element represented by such mapping is the substantial extent of agricultural activities on the land surface of Dayton Township. As mentioned previously in the land use inventory, agricultural and undeveloped areas encompass 94% of the Township. 36 �LAND CAPABILITY MAP Upon completion of the various base maps (Figures 5-12) they were utilized in an overlay fashion, thereby compounding the limitations of various elements for individual areas. A sketch "land capability map" resulted. Lacking the detailed infonnation necessary to assign potential development costs per acre per capability or.other ·more sophisticated approaches entailing detailed studies, a simplistic technique was employed. This was based on the assumption that each identified natural element (eco-determinant) carried equal w~ight, as follows. Resource Wetlands Steep Slope Areas Forest Severe Soils Prime Agricultural Soils Active Agricultural Soils Open Space Ratio 1.0 -1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Open Space Component= Minimum acreage of open (undeveloped) space per developed lot by multiplying acreage of resource x Open Space Ratio. The "land capability map" was then juxtaposed with existing land use patterns indicating areas of growth movement. The supporting rationale is that areas with more limitations need more land area to adequately support development (structure) plus, more importantly, on-site wastewater treatment and a safe, _drinkable water supply. The planning proposals developed from this system are elaborated on in the Summary of the Master Land Use Plan. "The community planner's diagrams will begin with a layout of land uses fitted to the topography. The traffic ways of various types will be traced along gently rising and falling grades not only to provide desirable access and views, but also to ensure gravity flow of the · stonn water mains and sewers within the rights-of-way. The best of the natural cover will be preserved, the best of the landscape features conserved, as the planner seeks in all ways to develop systems of harmony." (Simonds, 1978). 37 �, DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo County, Michigan DEGREE OF SLOPE ~ STEEP 27%·47% r:::::::;,,i MODERATE 9%·27% C:J GENTLE less than 9% @_j Slope Analysis acale,r•1500' FIG.6 38 �DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo Cou~ty, • Michigan WETLANDS FIG. 7 39 �DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo County, Michigan , P2 ' O@@@[ru@l TYPE CLASSIFICATION p PIM WhU• PIM Ritd Pine JKk Pine Oek North-em Hardwood• Pw Pr PJ 0 . M 0 Asi,.t1 • Blrd'I Lowland Hardwood• Conlfe, Swamp H Non-fcwHI E STAND SIZE and STOCKING R•p,o6i.,c:Uon 0 1 2 Sapllng 3 lfllrl:T •5 Po'- Timb« 7 Saw nm~ • 05 . Low Mtldlurn High Low Medium High lo• a Med ium 9 High """ ,,. Forest Cover """ II Ill ~ :lh •iIDJ 11m:ill l~i7 aulo-1"• 1500' FIG. 8 n ~ncll Envi,onmcntol 0rovp O,,~ _.....,.~ 40 --...ii �DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo County, Michigan · [ill]] C:=J C:::J I.Iii - • SLIGHT MODERATE MODERATE-SEVERE SEVERE VERY SEVERE Limitations to Residential Development Without Public Sewer acal•-T• 1500' FIG. 9 41 �• •tt -------------------------------- lHtl DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo County, Michigan HHH C=:J SLIGHT MODERATE LJ . MODERATE-SEVERE - SEVERE Ill VERY SEVERE Limitations to Residential Development With Public Sewer D El l!EWJ:~ . dill tll&l t"=i7 FIG.10 . 42 �DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo County, Michigan D@@@[ru@I b::::d SLIGHT CJ MODERATE [=:J MODERATE-SEVERE - SEVERE Ill VERY SEVERE Limitations to Agricultural Use aule-1"• 1500' FIG.11 43 �·-iThe Pion. Goals & Actions �· POLICY Any successful public program requires some form of agreement as to the direction that program should take. Such an agreement is arrived at through the determination of objectives and implementing actions. The community can be best served if that determination is established under the joint guidance of community leaders and the · general public. The Master Land Use Plan for Dayton Township provides direction for the future of the community in two forms. It expresses graphically (in map form) proposed land use arrangements within the Township and in written form, the concerns, standards and desired implementing actions as seen by the residents of the community. This written portion of the Master Plan takes the form of a planning policy. DEFINITION A 11 policy 11 is a statement of position prepared by a public body. It should be based on a community-wide consensus of goals and provide specific expression of those goals and the desired means of implementing them. As such, it provides a basis for-decision-making and enables the community to approach specific problems within the framework of a total plan. Policy - A statement or document of a public body that forms ~he basis for enacting legislation or making decisions. 11 (American Planning Association, 1976). 11 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Community participation in the formulation of policy is important due to the sensitivity surrounding such issues as personal land usage and property rights and values. Community-wide consensus as to both planning tools and development policies is vital -to the preparation of realistic plans for future growth. The coordination of individual concerns of a social or economic nature with the long-tenn goals of the community can provide a livable seting with the opportunity for alternative and satisfying lifestyles. And ·this, after all, is the underlying motive for land use planning. 46 �POLitY AND LAND USE A planning policy makes a general . statement of intent for the community and thereby establishes parameters within which decisions can be made. At this level, the policy is a framework for realistic land use management systems and is not static, but sensitive to changing conditions. The policy then establishes the means by which such general intentions may be implemented, speaking more to the point of the decision-making process, but without addressing specific problems. POLICY AND THE FUTURE Change is an inevitable process. It has made Dayton Township what it is now and, barring unforeseen major regional shifts in growth, land use, personal mobility and the like, the current trends will continue to effect the rural communities of the State of Michigan. With its substantial vacant lands, quality residential areas, active farms, streams and lake shorelines and its general rural atmosphere, Dayton Township has a potential for growth. Such growth is likely to take the form of re-· sidential development occurring along major roadways in the community, in woodlots, on presently productive agricultural lands and, in som~ instances, on parcels having less than desirable natural characteristics. By establishing realistic and concise policies regarding such issues and areas, Dayton . Township can meet any challenge that change brings in a definitive rather than a reactioDary posture. The advantages of establishing a planning policy include: ADVANTAGES OF POLICY 1. Public Understanding and Participation: The straightforward character of the planning policy aids public understanding of the planning process. With this understQnding, people are more able to participate in the discussion and decision-making process, and public confidence in local government is enhanced. 47 �2. Consistency: Clearly stated policies covering all concerns of comprehensive planning_can do much to minimize the possibility of arbitrary decision-making. 3. · Efficiency: When a reappearing nature, of time spent· on an quality of planning community is confronted with problems of a clearly stated . policies may reduce the amount individual proposal without lowering the recommendations. 4 • . Coordination: Planning policies create a single framework within which all elements of government may act in concert on development proposals. 5. Stability: Planning policies, by their general nature, provide an element of stability as specific zoning or planning proposals are modified over time. 6. Guide to Decision-Making and Review: A policy is helpful as a guide in adopting land use controls, and to the courts in judging the fairness of specific controls in the context of an overall goal structure for community planning. 48 �GENERAL POLICY STATEMENT DAYTON TOWNSHIP GENERAL GOALS GOALS: 1. To guide the future of the Township in such a fashion so as to preserve and enhance its desirable qualities, improving the quality of life for present and future residents, thereby keeping· the community a safe and attractive place in which to live, work and play. 2. Maximize the optimum and economical use of land. 3. Promote community identity and civic pride. 4. Provide a decent, helpful, safe and pleasant (home) environment. 5. Conduct land use planning and zoning activities with consideration given to the land uses or plans for properties in adjoining communities, as well as the Newaygo County Land Use Plan. IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS 1. Promote the continued health, safety and general welfare of both present and future residents of Dayton Township. 2. Encourage the type of community that promotes numerous opportunities for personal ~hoice and a range of opportunities. 3. Maintain and enhance those positive attributes of the Township's environment that have attracted residents into the area. 4. Improve those undesirable elements which may be detrime~tal to ·the health, safety or. convenience of Township residents. 5. In order to maintain the low intensity, open space, low stress lifestyle sought by current Township residents, Dayton Township will strive to manage future growth and development in such a fa?hion so as to efficiently utilize existing land and its limited fiscal resources. 49 �DAYTON TOWNSHIP MASTER LAND USE PLAN GOALS: To formulate a land use plan that is flexible, reasonable and adequate to meet the needs and desires of Township residents; one that allows for the proper conservatioh or use of all resources including a determination of the probable future need for lands, their most advantageous designations and potentials, and for services, facilities and utilities required to equip such land. IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS: 1. 2. Dayton Township will adopt a Master Land Use Plan (text and map) indicating areas into which specific land uses should be directed. The Plan will: a. classify and allocate land for agricultural, residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, public, forest and other uses; b. establish the general location, character and extent of streets, roads, highways, railroads, bridges, water-related developments, drainage-ways, sewer and water systems and the like; and c. recommend the general character, extent and layout for any public grounds, open spaces, parks, buildings or other facilities. The Master Land Use Plan will be used by the Planning Commission and Township Board to guide their decisions on matters of gro~rth, development and land usage. 50 �3. The Dayton Township Zoning Ordinance will be reviewed and revised in light of an adopted Master Land Use Plan to reflect the proposals contained in the Plan and to enforce its land use policies by means of local .ordinances. 4. The Community Attitude Survey has shown that the residents of Dayton Township are· well satisfied with the present quality of life in the Township. They are, however, concerned about what the future holds for their community and want to make improvements where possible. This positive community attitude is a resource that will continue to be en.cou raged and ut i1 i zed. 5. Members of the Planning Commission and Township Board will be encouraged to support legislation, on the federal and, especially, the state level, that will enhance the possibilities for a general Township law to implement a land use plan; including the balancing of concerns over the natural environment with local needs and desires. LAND USE MANAGEMENT . GOALS: To provide for a system of residential and non-residential land uses coordinated to meet present and future needs efficiently and practically, both in an environmental and economical sense, without adversely affecting the quality of living in Dayton Township. IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS: 1. Encourage orderly, planned growth and development that establ .i shes a unifying, yet distinctive character to sub-areas of the community. Such growth would separate and, in a sense, protect both residential and nonresidential development as well as agricultural and open space uses. 2. Growth should be regulated as to its rate and intensity in specific districts, consistent with pre-determined desired characteristics. 3. Unmanaged sprawl and 11 leapfrog 11 development indicate an unplanned, inefficient approach to land use, and should be prevented. 51 �4. Discourage random "spot zonings" of higher intensity residential or nonresidential uses; thereby promoting cohesive zoning districts and a wider application of "special land use" provisions, through zoning, to accommodate specified situations. 5. Growth should be managed to the extent that it is a function of overall carrying capacity, not only of the physical {land) resource, but also including elements as public costs and the provision of public roads, services and utilities. 6. New development should be orderly, to reduce the energy inefficiencies of discontinuous development patterns. AGRICULTURAL/ENVIRONMENTAL/OPEN .SPACE RESOURCES GOALS: To use all legitimate supporting techniques possible to preserve and protect agricultural and open space elements in Dayton Township; both to maintain them as functional use areas and to retain the predominantly rural atmosphere of the area due to its contribution to the l9cal quality of life. IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS: 1. Preserve for agricultural use those lands in Dayton Township that are best suited for agricultural use and of the highest productivity. 2. Discourage the development of non-agricultural uses on designated agri~ cultural soils. Such development impairs efficient agricultural practices, removes forever the best agricultural fields from production and could result in future conflicts between rural homeowners and farmers. 3. Discourage the extension into designated agricultural areas, of utilities or other public improvements that are not compatible with an agricultural use district or that would otherwise jeopardize the integrity of these districts. 4. Provide, through zoning, a means of maintaining low population densities in all agricultural areas, as well as on environmentally sensitive lands, to reduce the potential for rapid encroachment on such properties by less desirable land uses. 52 �5. Identify vacant lands (agricultural or other) that could be best utilized as transitional or holding districts; which by virtue of their relationship to development corridors or adjoining parcels currently experiencing growth could provide the needed options for accommodating, yet implementing the other basic policies of this plan. 11 11 11 11 6. Support that portion of the local economic/employment base consisting of farming and specialty agriculture enterprises by encouraging and conserving such uses. The cash inflow to local ag-oriented services, as well as general retail enterprises from family farms in Dayton Township, is felt to be significant. Without ·this local support, businesses in the area may find themselves -missing an important consumer. 7. Protect open space or environmental resources, especially agricultural lands, which usually provide far greater returns to the community in taxes (per/acre) vs. services required than they would if developed. Protecting such areas where feasible, encourages judicious fiscal spending for public services. 8. Marshy areas and wetlands provide important resource functions. Dayton Township has identified wetland areas in the community, as a function of this planning process, and will protect these resources to the greatest extent possible from any significant disturbance, draining or filling. 9. Development along drainage-ways and lake shoreline fringe will be carefully regulated in order to protect unwary land purchasers as well as the general public from development practices which may cause pollution. 10. Among the resource features identified as part of this plannin.g program, include .all woodlot areas in Dayton Township. Current practices, especially the cutting of trees for fuel, are causing a diminution of these woodlots. Instead of clear cutting activities in which all existing trees in a given area are removed, the Township encourages proper management of woodlots so that they will support future usage by future generations of residents. 11 11 53 �RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS: To encourage variety in residential development so that all segments of the population may be housed in a safe, functional, aesthetically pleasing fashion; and to plan residential districts as defined areas of compatible style and . density ·with appropriate support facilities to maintain a stable, lowstress lifestyle. IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS: 1. Encourage a balanced and expanded range of housing types to accommodate a range of income and age groups, household sizes, location and style preference. 2. Encourage residential development that reflects the predominant character of existing development and land capabilities. 3. Regulate "group housing" (mobile home parks, multi-family units or single-family subdivisions) so that it will blend well with the character of a give~ locale, or the low-intensity character of the community. 4. Encourage rural sub di visions, rather than 11 scattered 11 or especially 11 strip 11 single-family development. Rural subdivisions provide a unified, economical approach to single-family growth; however, they should be located -adjacent to existing areas of similar development or in designated growth 11 corridors 11 or II sectors". 5. Encourage the adoption of subdivision regulations to guide th~ quality of new residential development in Dayton Tow.nshi p. 6. Discourage extensive 11 strip 11 residential development along roadways in the Township. Such development is an inefficient use of land, committing the future use of road frontage, often in narrow, deep lots, and inhibiting access to interior portions of larger acreages. 7. Adopt reg'ulations limiting to a single unit, the number of residences that can be serviced by a private drive or roadway. 54 �8. The housing needs of retired, elderly and low-income families or individuals will be considered and reflected in future development decisions. Dayton Township, however, does recognize the needs of such individuals for shopping, health care, employment, etc., or the possible lack of mobility, makes the adjoining City of Fremont a more suitable location for such housing. 9. Encourage diversified housing types to enable all citizens an equal opportunity within their financial means to secure housing of their choice. 10. Protect residential areas from activities that produce excessive noise, dirt, odors or traffic. NON-RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS: To provide guidelines for commercial, industrial, office or other types of non-residential land use with the aim of meeting the.needs of the Township residents, preserving a pleasing environment, and preventing conflicts between non-residential areas and surrounding land uses. IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS: 1. . 2. 3. Discourage "spot zoning 11 of non-residential uses • Realize that the availability of 11 comparison 11 or 11 regional 11 shopping opportunities in nearby Fremont, or in the larger metropolitan_ areas of Grand Rapids or Muskegon, a short drive away, serve the needs of Township residents and, for the most part, precludes the necessity for such retail facilities in Dayton Township. Encourage the development of limited commercial ventures in carefully controlled locations. Commercial services provided would be of the 11 nei ghborhood ·service 11 or "convenience" seal e. Such facilities should be located adjacent to areas of existing or projected residential growth. 55 �4. While industrial or·commercial development could impact in a positive fashion the tax base of Dayton Township, there are certain costs attendant with such facilities. It is the concern of local decisionmakers that any extensive non-residential development would be incompatible with the present character of the Township. Such uses may be more appropriately accommodated in areas where necessary support elements (sewer,· water, rail, "Class A" roads, etc.) exist, rather than in a rural, lightly settled community. Industrial facilities, specifically, while they will not be encouraged, will not necessarily be prohibited. Industry would be more appropriately accommodated in' other areas of Newaygo County, where planning efforts have been directed towards attracting an industrial base. PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES GOALS: To encourage public services and facilities in the most efficient manner possible to meet existing and future needs of Township residents. Also, to maintain the present quality of the roadway network in the Township and encourage provision of an integrated transportation system moving people and goods within and through the community in a safe and pleasant manner. IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS: 1. In accordance with the provisions established in P.A. 168 of 1959 (as amended) the Dayton Township Planning Commission desires to review and comment on the general location, character and extent of newly proposed roadways or roadway extensions, occurring in the Township. · · 2. Recognize that public iervices and facilities should be sensitive to the needs of Township residents and therefore be expanded or revised when necessary to more effectively serve local residents. 3. Where possible, public services should be coordinated on a cooperative basis between Dayton Township and adjacent units of government. 56 �The Plan_Standards & Mop �THE PLAN - STANDARDS AND MAP STANDARDS The Master Land Use Plan for Dayton Township is based upon a thoughtful analysis of community characteristics and constraints, as well as a careful study of perceived community needs, problems and potential. These expressions are described in desired policies for future direction. A remaining element in the establishment of the Plan is that of determining the range of minimum standards for a variety of issues· that are applicable to the future of Dayton Township. Planning standards are not intended to be expressed as inflexible rules, but rather are intended to reflect an average of what has occurred in other communities in similar circumstances, or more importantly, what has been developed as guidelines specifically for Dayton Township. Standards experienced through a monitoring of other communities may provide decision-making parameters, especially in the realm of community facilities. Yet, the representation of local standards entails the needs, preferences and unique characteristics of our community. The standards· contained herein are considered appropriate "to promote public health, safety and general welfare to encourage the use of resources in accordance with their character and adaptability; to avoid the overcrowding of land by buildings or people; to lessen congestion on public roads and streets; (and) to facilitate provision . for a system of transportation, sewage disposal, safe and adequate water supply, recreation and other public improvements." (P.A. 108 as amended). ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS To repeat our prior premise, for the use of land to be rational, whatever that use might be, it must begin with a study of the land and its natural opportunities or constraints. "Farmers will fit their orchards and fields to the land confonnation and to the soil types and depths. Their furrows will be plowed along the contours so that water and rain will be retained to seep into the ground. Their buildings will be protected from the stonns yet lifted ·above the frost pockets, and out of the dews and damps. Their homes will receive the summer breezes, but not after these breezes have played across the barn yard coops and pens. Barn and hayloft will be kept 'crosswind' and out of the path of flying sparks from the chimneys." (Simonds, 1973). 58 �7 Through this Plan we are, in reality, proposing no more than that expressed above--an enlightened approach to land use, and a process whereby local officials might review and guide land use proposals--not always in a negative mode but rather one of appreciating the limitations or social costs that exist. COMMUNITY FACILITIES STANDARDS Community facilities are considered to be those public land -uses either O\'med by . the public or operated by private enterprises in the public interest. The term ~ncompasses a wide range of activities, or facilities, including education, health care, recreation, libraries, utilities, cemetaries, and so forth. Churches, private recreation uses or service/club organizations, although defined in the broader category of public and semi-public land uses are not classified as community facilities. Such uses generally have entrance requirements which may preclude their access to the public-at-large. Community facilities fonn a network of services, meeting the physical, cultural, social or protective needs of the community. Studies have determined that they weigh heavily in the perceived desirability of a given community as a place to live, work or play. The response of Dayton Township's residents (Community Attitude Questionnaire) did not vary significantly from other national or state studies of similar intent. Important factors contributing to community satisfaction included: • • • • Good schools Good public services Recreation opportunities Safe, quiet neighborhood areas These factors specifically are related to community facilities--their availability and quality. In addition, community facilities may impact urban growth patterns. Public utilities especially will determine where more intense uses may locate~ Decisions on open space will detern1ine physical form by preserving agricultural fields or wetlands. 59 �Public land ~ses, unlike private land uses which are built at the expense of the individual developer, require substantial financial investment on the part of the community. The financial commitment to .provide fire (and police) protection, parks, adequate roads, and if necessary, water or sewer is substantial regardless of the land use pattern that evolves in a community. Studies have documented (The Costs of Sprawl, CEQ 1974) that low density spra\'ll is by far the most costly to service adequately for any community size. Part of the purposeful strategy of this Master Land Use Plan for Dayton Township is one of accommodating future development yet with the minimum public cost. PUBLIC SCHOOL FACILITIES We are a society that places substantial emphasis on· formal education. Public school facilities and educational programs in some manner touch the lives of all Township residents or tax-paying property owners. While school authorities will determine educational local planning officials are in the unique position Township development trends and current (as well as terns - to assist in the sel_ection of future school policies and objectives, of being knowledgable to proposed) land use patfacility sites. Schools have traditionally been regarded as single .purpose facilities for use by students and faculty. · This concept has changed and schools are being viewed as potential park and recreation/community centers for use by the entire community. . Please see -Appendix D for additional discussion of school planning standards. Location standards suggest that school facilities should: 1. Be near the population centers they are to serve. 2. The immediate environment should be safe, pleasant, reasonably attractive and conducive to learning. 3. Be easily accessible from improved highways. 60 �OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION The concepts of open space and recreation quite obviously have differing implications to various individuals depending upon age, income, interest, place of residence and a host of other variables. One of the goals of this plan is to provide opportunities for satisfying the leisure needs for all segments of the population~ As we have established, Dayton Township is a community rich in open space, agricultural lands, rolling topography, small lakes and scenic vistas. The relationship between these identifiable amenities and perceived individual -or community needs leaves these elements--open space and recreation--in a grey area. This is evidenced by the negative reaction in the community attitude survey towards more active participation by the Township in providing recreational programs or facilities. Location standards suggest that open space and recreation areas should: 1. Avoid physical barriers such as heavily traveled roads and railroads. 2. Use natural areas having certain aesthetic advantages where possible. 3. Be conveniently located, large and properly designed and constructed. 4. Be provided in combination with schools or public building, where possible. RESIDENTIAL LAND USE STANDARDS Housing is much more than simple shelter for the basic social unit--the family--but rather its location and general appearance has significant influence on neighborhood or community environment and the overall quality of human life. Because of these far reaching implications as well as the fact that, as a land use, residential development will be the dominant item for Dayton Township, the quality of development and environmental situation is of primary importance for p~anning and governmental decision-making. Based upon the population and housing projections as fonnulated in previous sections of this document, it is possible to plan for the number of new residential living units which can be expected by the year 2010. As is indicated in Table D-3 (Appendix D) Dayton Township can expect the construction of approximately 233 residential units to house the anticipated increase in population. It is recommended that Table D-3 be utilized as a guideline for directing anticipated residential growth. 61 �Location standards suggest that residential areas should: 1. Avoid areas with environmental limitations to residential development. 2. Be convenient to -work and leisure activities. 3. Be protected-from traffic and incompatible land uses. 4. Be economical -to develop. 5. Be developed within a range of residential densities to accommodate a variety of lifestyles. COMMERCIAL LAND USE STANDARDS In projecting potential demands for commercial land use we must first identify the type of shopping facilities most likely to develop within Dayton Township. The most common fonn of retail activity · is the neighborhood shopping center which provides convenience items and personal services--hardware stores, gas . stations and -laundromats are typical establishments. The secondary level is that of the community shopping center which has all or most of the convenience functions, but most importantly, providing an expanded selection and particularly durable goods such as large appliances. The third modern retail• ing level is the regional shopping center with its major department stores . -t?"'.__.~ and further expanded selection. It must be recognized that Dayton Township's ~o-,, J . - - ~ close proximity to the metropolitan centers of Grand Rapids and Muskegon, as ~~~ well as the smaller urban center of Fremont provides a multitude of shopping . alternatives within a reasonable distance, to meet the bulk of local shopping needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that any regional commercial development will occur within the Township. Furthennore, any expansion or redevelopment of the commercial core within Fremont will also affect the demand for development of retail services in outlying townships. 11 11 11 11 11 '· 11 Planning for commercial uses should insure compatibility with land uses existing in the locale surrounding their proposed locations. Appropriate measures should be developed within the zoning ordinance to protect both the economic and aesthetic values of single-family and agricultural properties. 62 �Location standards suggest that commercial uses should: 1 Adjoin heavy traffic flows. 2. Be clustered near each other, in convenient proximity to the client they are intended to serve. 3. Have sites of adequate size for shops, off-street parking, loading and landscaping. 4. Recognize existing land use patterns to avoid incompatible situations. INDUSTRIAL LAND USE STANDARDS As with commercial development, it must be recognized that the population to be served must be considered in terms of accessibili.ty to the employment center. Therefore, the area of influence for an industrial employer would exceed the boundaries of Dayton Township. Further, it must be acknowledged that competing employment centers in the region, particularly Gerber s in Fremont, as well as other industries in the Muskegon area, will attract portions of the total available labor market. 1 Location standards suggest that industrial areas should: 1. Be located so as to minimize any possible adverse effects of the industrial use in regard· to adjacent non-industrial uses. 2. Have convenient access to transportation systems, especially highways and railroads. 3. Have adequate land with sufficient reserve for future expansion. 4. Have adequate utilities; water, sanitary sewer (if available), waste disposal, and power. 63 �MASTER LAND USE PLAN MAP The text and accompanying diagrams in this Plan have set forth the planning constraints and potentials of Dayton Township. The Plan has explored community needs and preferences and examined e1ements ranging from local population base to soil capabilities. Finally it has set standards for development which will provide fonn to the goals and proposed actions of the Plan. With the above comments as introduction, specific development features are portrayed in map fonn on Figure 13 that follows. The Plan Map (Figure 13) is the ultimate summation of the data, goals and standards contained herein and, of course, the singular item of primary interest to the readers of this report. The summary that follows will be of assistance to those interested in the total Plan concept, as well as the rationale applied to specific areas or used to relate a given segment of the Plan to other segments. SUMMARY OF THE MASTER LAND USE PLAN At the heart of the Master Land Use Plan are the actual plan proposals for future growth and development in Dayton Township. These plan proposals deal with the following interrelated subject areas: 1. Natural resources; 2. Residential development; 3. Commercial areas; 4. Industrial areas; 5. The M-82 corridor; 6. Public services/facilities, and; 7. Design and aesthetics. 64 �Preceeding the summary comments are several brief, guiding principles which warrant examination. These include: 1. The Plan is a flexible tool: It is not meant as a monument cast in bronze, never to be adjusted or ch~nged. The Master Land Use Plan is a general guide to be used by Township government to give direction for the future. · It will be reviewed periodically and altered as conditions in the community change. · 2• . The Plan is not a zoning map: The Plan reflects future land use arrangements in light of the development that exists, but does not depict a "new 11 zoning district map. In that the Plan and zoning map are to be in reasonable harmony, it is likely that future zoning districts will take the shape of the Plan. 3. The Plan is ·adequate: The land use allocations reflected on the Plan Map are based upon existing development patterns, as well as the best available projections of land use needs based upon presently accepted planning standards. The Plan Map realistically contains sufficient land area to meet anticipated needs and demands for every residential and nonresidential use. Natural Resources 1. There are substantial areas in the Township containing soils not suitable for septic field~ or similar methods of on-site disposal. These occur in an area bounded by 24th Street, •Fitzgerald Avenue and 40th Street; and another situated between 24th and 8th streets east of Green Avenue. Residential densities assigned to all portions of the Township reflect localized soil cap~bilities. · 2. The elements of slope and natural terrain have a very limited impact on the Towriship as a whole. The only concentration of steep slopes occur north of 8th Street and east of Bricker Avenue and in a northwest orientation in the Martin Lake area. 3. Topography plays a most important role in determining where utilities such_as sanitary sewer and water can be extended in an economically feasible fashion. It would app~ar that the natural drainage basins surrounding the City of Fremont would permit gravity flow of both sewer and water, should they ever be extended into Dayton Township. 65 �4. Wooded areas are limited in their number and extent 1n the Township. Most remaining woodlots are found along drainage-ways or at the interior of sections. 5. There are very few areas in Dayton Township that, due to slope, drainage or soil composition, rate as being undesirable for agricultural purposes. This is not to say that agricultural production in the Township is high, but such a factor is consi~tent with the prevailing rural-agricultural character. Residential Development 1. Utilizing the total projected population for Dayton Tocluding anticipated household size and housing type preference, it was determined that the total housing stock in the Township may increase by over 200 units in the next thirty years. 2. The Master Land Use Plan anticipates a variety of housing types and densities. a. Residential 1: It is this area into which the bulk of residential growth will be directed, as the present residential density is highest there, public services could realistically be provided if necessary and such an approach provides a logical, efficient and energy conserving approach to future growth. Higher residential densities (particularly mobile homes and multifamily units) could be accommodated within specified sub-areas within this district. Also, lot size requirements would be comparable to those existing under current zoning requirements (15,000 to 18,000 square feet). b. Agricultural 3: This is the transitional fringe, currently containing many farms, however, due to terrain, roadway access and close proximity to Fremont, it could be very desirable for 11 suburban11 residential growth. Lot area requirements should be adjusted accordingly, considering the likelihood of solely on-site wastewater disposal. The proposed lot size requirement is a minimum of one acre. 66 �c. Agricultural 2: This interior portion of the Township is predominantly agricultural, yet it has undergone a limited amount of rural residential growth. If "hobby farm" or "rural residential development is to occur it would be best accommodated in this area-rather than disrupting the more dominant agricultural acreages to the north. Residential lot sizes should be increased over the . Agricultural 3 districts to conform to the desired rural character. The proposed lot size requirement is a minimum of two acres. 11 d. Agricultural 1: This portion of Dayton Township includes the vast northern two-thirds and southwest corner of the community. These areas have the lowest population or dwelling unit density and have received the least amount of parcelization (lot splits to smaller parcels). The dominant character of this area is rural and agricultural. Planning proposals for this region are oriented towards supporting and protecting active : agricu1tural uses. It is inte~ded that productive soils, or other limiting features be protected and that the density of development be kept the lowest of any area of the Township. The proposed lot size requirement is a minimum of five acres. Commercial Areas 1. Shopping facilities in and immediately adjacent to Fremont serve not only City residents but also a much larger market area containing most of the adjoining townships. Planning standards applied to future population levels indicate a moderate amount of new commercial development in Dayton Township will serve anticipated growth. 2. For reasons of access, potential availability of sewer and water, and existing land use mix, the Master Land Use Plan will direct new commercial gro~~h in areas adjacent to existng commercial development. These areas include portions of the M-82 corridor west of Fremont. Planning proposats for this corridor include: In-fill: Promote in-fill non-residential development of vacant parcels within the corridor. Mix: Through zoning regulations, accommodate the residential and nonresidential use mix in this sector. 67 �Limit: Major non-residential (specifically commercial) growth will be limited to this area of Dayton Township, as opposed to any "four corners" sort of development in the interior of the community. Phase: It is proposed that the Commercial 1 areas receive any new growth in the short-range, with the Commercial 2 ·district serving as a "holding zone" and continuing in its present mode until the Commercial 1 area is fully developed. The intent ii to avoid premature, leap-frog commercial growth along M-82. Industrial Areas. 1. Recent history has shown that many communities have zoned areas to attract industrial growth - zoning far in excess of what could reasonably be expected to develop. Industrial facilities will certainly not be prohibited in ·Dayton Township, however, they will not be encouraged. Industry would be more appropriately accommodated in other communities in Newaygo County where efforts have been made to attract such uses. The non-residential portions of the M-82 corridor would be more suitable for small-scale industry than other areas of the Township. The M-82 Corridor 1. Extensive strip commercial development poses many problems to the community, retail customers and businesses. Dispersed retail development is inconvenient to customers. Numerous curb cuts cause disruption in traffic flow and, in turn contribute to traffi'c congestion by reducing ·the roadway capacity. · The Plan realizes that a demand for commercially zoned property exists and that there is the potential for additional commercial development in the Township. The Plan accommodates these considerations by designating blocks of land along the M-82 corridor for such expansion. A major planning component of this Plan is to guide commercial uses into these selected areas and maintaining other lands along M-82 for future residential growth. 2. Possible suggestions to be resolved in the implementation phase of this Plan is control over access at sensitive locations along M-82 or even the need for frontage drives connecting large commercial businesses. Such actions would encourage a higher standard of safety and general welfare for all individuals traveling on M-82 within Dayton Tmmship. 68 �Public Services/Facilities 1. The costs of providing sanitary sewer to outlying areas of the Township would be very high in such low density areas. Therefore, districts of intensive developme~t are proposed for that sector of the Township with the greatest likelihood for such service. A similar system of constraints apply to any public water service. 2. Potential population growth is not at a :level whereby extensive public expenditures for services or facilities such as parks, roads or schools will be needed in the immediate future. Dayton Township does, however, recognize the necessity for prudent expansion of public services or facilities as needs arise and public funds permit. Further, many issues, such as solid waste, require a regional planning approach--within which Dayton Township will participate. Design and Aesthetics 1. Rational arrangement of land uses to encourage compatibility and discourage conflict will preserve the present quality of life for future Township residents. 69 �DAYTON TOWNSHIP Newaygo County, Michigan ~®@@[ru@l LJ LJ AGRICULTURAL 2 ~ AGRICULTURAL 3 ~ RESIDENTIAL 1 m - AGRICULTURAL 1 COMMERCIAL 1 COMMERCIAL 2 MASTER LAND USE PLAN 70 �IMPLEMENTATION It is the overriding purpose of this Master Land Use Plan to establish a coordinated Township program for land usage that will best promote general health, safety, morals, convenience, welfare, economy and efficiency. However, the Plan must be implemented so that Dayton Township will realize the benefits of its proposals. This Plan will be a successful guide for the future of Dayton Township only if it is continually used in the decision-making process of citizens, developers and Township officials. The first act of implementation of this Plan should be its official adoption. Recognition of the Plan must come from two sources--the Planning Commission and the Township Board. Michigan Statute states 11 The Planning Commission shall make and adopt a basic plan as a guide for the development of unincorporated portions of the Township. 11 The Plan has offical status upon its adoption by the Planning Commission. The Plan should then be forwarded to the Township Board for their review and adoption, for it is the Board which has the power to implement the Plan through the passage of ordinances and expenditures of public funds. Actions to consider in implementing the Plan can be grouped into five general categories: 1and use controls, financial aids, 1ocal government programs, intergovernmental cooperation and citizen involvement. The most effective tool Dayton Township may utilize in guiding future land use is the Zoning Ordinance. The Ordinance should reflect the growth patterns established in the Master Land Use Plan. The continual updating and review -0f the Zoning Ordinance is essential. Without good zoning there is 1ittl e protection from new development for Township property owner_s and 1ittl e guidance to developers desiring to build within the Township. The Township, through its participation in Federal or State grant programs and its expenditure of funds for public improvements, can encourage certain types of development in the desired areas of the community. For example, Federal grant programs provide for the extension of sanitary sewer into portions of the Township. 71 -- ----- - - �Third, the Township can implement the Plan through local government programs. One such element is that of the ongoing planning process. It is important that the Plan be constantly used in making decisions, reevaluated often, and kept up-to-date by utilizing current information. Another such element is that of the Capital Improvements Program {C.I.P.). The C.I.P. is simply a capital budget, normally extending six years into the future. Based upon data presented in · the Master Land Use Plan, the Township Board may foresee the need for improvements in certain areas of the Township or can encourage development through the expenditure of public funds. The Township must recognize its role in the region and Newaygo County, and continue to cooperate with other governments conducting programs affecting Township residents. To this -end, these governments and agencies should be provided with copies of the Plan and consulted concerning its implementation. Finally, the Plan will only be successful if Township residents get behind it and support its goals and suggestions for improved community living conditions. Residents have already helped through their willingness to contribute their talents on boards and commissions and/or their ideas. Such involvement should be encouraged in the future. Involving Township residents in community decision-making requires a commitment of the Planning Commission and the Township Board. to disseminate information on a regular basis through the news media and public forums. The public must have the necessary background information to make rational decisions about how they want their community to develop. 72 �Appendices �APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS �APPENDIX A DEF! NITI ONS BUFFER ZONE: A strip of land created to separate and protect one type of land use from another: for example, as a screen of planting or fencing to insulate the surroundings from the noi~e, smoke or visual aspects of an industrial zone or junkyard. CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT: Generally refers to a development pattern in which uses are grouped or clustered rather than spread evenly throughout a parcel as in conventional lotby-lot development. COMMUNITY FACILITIES: Public or privately owned facilities used by the public, such as streets, schools, libraries, parks and playgrounds: also facilities owned and operated by nonprofit private agencies. COMPATIBILITY: The characteristics of different uses or activities that permit them to be located near each other in harmony and without conflict. It is a general but important concept which forms the basis for segregation of uses in districts. DENSITY: The average num~er of ·familes, persons, or housing units per unit of land; usually density is expressed 11 per acre. 11 A-1 �HIGHEST AND BEST USE: The use of land in such a way that its development will bring maximum profit to the owner. It's a theoretical real estate concept that does not take into account the externalities from such a use of land; thus public regulations often limit land use to some activity that will provide the owner with less than maximum profits in order to minimize spillover costs to other properties and the public at large. HOLD I NG ZONE: . Usually a district established in the zoning ordinance on a temporary basis awaiting applications for rezoning; usually very low density zones. IN ACCORDANCE WITH A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN: Zoning should be consistent with public policies arrived at through detailed study and analysis, i.e., a comprehenisve (land use) plan. I NT ENS ITY: The degree to which land is used. While frequently used synonymously with density, intensity has a broader meaning, referring to leve,-s of concentration or activity. LANDSCAPING: Changing, rearranging, or adding to the original vegetation or scenery of a piece of land to produce an aesthetic effect appropriate for the use to which the land is put. It may include reshaping the land by moving the earth, as well as preserving the original vegetation or adding vegetation. LAND USE CONTROLS: A term generally referring to the use of police power techniques to control and guide land use and development; including zoning and subdivision regulations. A-2 �LEAP FROG DEVELOPMENT: The development of relatively cheap land on the urban fringe by jumping over the more expensive land located immediately adjacent to existing development. This leaves intervening vacant land behind and results in a haphazard shotgun pattern of development. · PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUD): A form of development usually characterized by a unified site design for a number of housing units, clustering buildings and providing common open space, density increases and a mix of building types and land uses. It permits the planning of a project and the calculation of densities over the entire development rather than on an individual lot-by-lot basis. PLAT: A map, generally of a subdivision -showing the location, boundaries and ownership of individual properties. POLICE POWER: The inherent right of a government to restrict an individuals conduct or his use of his pro_perty in order to protect the health, safety, welfare and morals of the community. SITE PLAN: A plan, to_scale, showing uses and structures proposed for a parcel of land. SPOT ZONING: Zo'ning an isolated piece of property differently from the zoning of the surrounding area, usually for an incompatible use and to favor the owner of the property. Such zoning has been held to be illegal by the courts on the grounds that it is unreasonable and capricious. Laymen generally think that it always is illegal and use t~e term loosely. A-3 �STRIP ZONING: A ribbon of development, usually commercial, extending along both sides of a major street. TRANSITIONAL USES; Uses which, by their nature or level and scale of activity, act as a transition or buffer between two .or more incompatible uses. URBAN FRINGE: An area at the edge of an urban area usually made up of mixed agricultural and urban land uses. ZONING: A police power measure enacted primarily by general purpose units of government, in which the community is divided into districts or zones within \thich permitted and special land uses are established as are regulations governing other development standards. Requirements vary from district to district but they must be uniform within districts. A-4 �APPENDIX B HOUSIHG DATA �TABLE 1!-1 DAYTON TOWNSHIP RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION 1974-1979 1978 1979 TYPE OF UNIT 1974 1975 1976 1977 Single Family 13 11 21 14 6 9 5 8 9 1 22 15 10 4 7 Mobile Home Total New Units 13 11 26 5 11 11 Additfons/ Alterations 6 ' Source: Dayton Township Building Permits 9/80 TABLE 8-2 DAYTON TOWNSHIP HOUSING CONDITION - 1978 Dayton Township Total Year-Round Units 635 Standard Substandard 436 199 Suitable for Rehabilitation Source: 181 Newaygo County Planning Commission and Intennediate School District - 1978 Survey 9/80 B-1 �APPENDIX C COMMUNITY ATTITUDE SURVEY �P'~C::LIM\NA~, · April 28, 1980 Of ~E~UL.T=:, QU E:-s·noN NAlfZ-.E_ Dear Dayton To1mship P.esident: With the intent of attending to the future well-being of Dayton Township and its residents, the To1mshiµ Board and Planning Coomission have initiated preparation of a Master Land Use Plan and revisions to the current Dayton To1-mshi p Zoning Ordinance. We are worldng on these documents 11i th the assistance of a planning consultant. The purpose of the attached questionnaire is, first and foremost, to obtain a better understanding of -your thoughts and concerns about the future of Dayton Township. As a resident, property 01-mer or voter in Dayton To1-msh i p, what type of community do you want for yourself and your children? We 1.ou 1d 1 i ke to kno1-1 .Pl ease fil 1 out the fa 1101-ii ng survey and return it by Hay 24, 1980. A return address is shown on the back of the survey. Feel free to leave it ~lith one of the members of the T01-mship Board or Planning Commission, or place it in the mail. You may sign your name if you 1-iish. Al I responses will re~ain c011pletely confidential. Additional co~ies may be obtained frcx:i Eloise r..unner To1-mship Clerk. \.le are looking fornard to receiving your comments and input. Thank you for your help and interest. Dayton To1-1nship Board Dayton To1-inshi:, Planning Coomission. ~- •••••••••••••• a ••• l a ••••••••• a •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - I. •• I • J • J, • - · 7! --·· - --- i I ...I I _I' -;., - t· ,. II · Il I t, I Ii f ' . . I . - _I i, . _ ., i¾-t - • ( l I .___"'' L,......,( -" .... '' I ~~ DAYTON TOWNSHIP ,;j , .•·, _ ~ . ... r \. ., ! .I',· , l: . -B'-i1 New•J'90 Cour,ty, ~ I ~- _" . · • · ·· f maaar ~~fi')@'.l I ! I. ,, ,.· ,/· · ...,_"'r1] _. _. ·1 '-=-1-.r_,1: , -~-1-rJ , -..._.·"·.l ,! ·- · _ : I ?- . -\ r----.r-)A ~---I-·1' \\- -j' I' . / ;-~rr-~jf ·- ~ .-.- . t - I-~"-- _r\ I1· I -,,..--\V 'L.... . ..,\!, .... .·r 1... ~~ . I ~ . !· /--- _ _ 1rI L."' ·--] 11/ l ; 'lI - --,l.. t; f .• I I !! n . -:-~ mm •••• ri Ii ~ II:._,./N <:,-, lI /,. '/1', 1 I.. -.-~ i' Ll ~~ )1b 1.-i ) a ?I ,,!ll ~DI. t:r:::J, _,,,_ 1-...IJ �neral Information II How long ~ave you lived in Dayton Township? 15.1'5 Years II If you have moved in the past 5 years, indicate your previous place· of residence. \3.GCX,Fremont ( a ~ Did Not Move ~Other Address/Dayton Twp. 4a Else11here \4.G. /oDutside in Ne1iaygo County Newaygo County Do you intend to remain a Township resident in the foreseeable future? 0 -I~- •• •• •• a •• •• •II •• •• Land Use Preference Questions Please check the response which most closely describes your faelings toHard the fol101iing questions. If you wish to make additional c:.mnents on any 1tcfeel free to do so. Uncertain ~ 3. Do you feel that active agricultural lands in the Township should be protected from non-agricultural development? 4. Would you support land use controls (particularly -zoning) as a means of retaining such agr1c~ltural lands? 0 II you feel that lands abutting the •• 5. Dostreams and various lakes in the T01•mship should be protected from intensive Using the map on the preceding page, please place an "X" indicating •• qevel opment? the general of the To1mship lihere you reside. •• 6. Would you support land use controls as a Where does the primary 1iage earner i n your family work? n~ans of protecting those areas abutting •• \?.0% Muskegon Area the streams and lakes in Dayton Township? ,Z5..2,¾Dayton. Twp. • L5,¾ .Grand Rapids Area certain natural areas such as •• 7. Should 4~Fremont s1iamps, wetlands, woodlots, floodplains, •• etc, be conserved or retained through l6.~ /4,0ther (Specify) _ _ _ _ __ zoning? , •• Do you 01m your home or rent7 Should scattered single family home • construction be permitted as "strip" Rent •• loo.%- o~m Home residential development, with residences on shallow lots along the road frontage, Do you live in a:9Z.e,%single family home '5,0°l,mobile home •• of the Township? ....- oT.k.,_ duplex (2-family home) \.6% apartmen~ •• 9. , inShaulalld areas future mobile homes be required to locate in mobile home parks rather • on a -scattered basis throughout particular characteristict;keep you living in Dayton Township? • than ,,, What {IHJmber in order of decreasing_ importance; therefore 11 " ' ~ important, etc.) • the Township? • • 10. Are there sufficient retail stores and _Z::_ Proximity to place(s) of employment •• commercial facilities in Fremont and Hesperia to serve the basic needs of .,,, ,h_ Currently farming as a means of employment •• Dayton Township's residents? • 11. Should commercial facilities be limited •• in their location to those areas where would be convenient to serve the II": •• they needs of Township residents? .. •• I Scenic natural resources • filll'j or rural atmosphere •• urban centers (Muskegon, Grand Rapids) •• --:/._ Recreational nearby •• Opportunities •• Other (please specify) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ • ~.'Z. /4 Uncertain 0 1.lf210 area G::,'?).o /o 1(.9°/ 0 211.. I_ , _-, ./1.0/0 ~/c ~o/4o C:.f.>, c.. "'J l1.1•/. t 0 8• I I :., ~ II C-2 �Yes 12. Uncertain No Should industrial development be confined to an industrial park? 1';.2°/p Should the To1mship encourage so-called ~ •second horne" develop1nent (cabins, cottages) by relaxing any zoning requirer.tents for such uses? 'ZQA.¾ Other To1mships in Newaygo County have varying residential lot size require;ients for the developr.1ent of single family residences on rural, non-subdivision lots. What do you feel should be the minimum lot size requironent for such development in Dayton To1mship? izt5.¾1;2 _,4~1 acre aero? ~ l - 1 / 2 a<:res (5...5$2 acres Do you feel there is a need to increase the number of the following types of hou~ing? A. 8. c. D. [. A. ll. c•. D. E. F, G. H. I. Co-:/1o5 Overall quality of life is good Devel opmcnt hds rep! aced areas of natural beauty The area has generally become 1es s tranquil Too many people arc moving into O.:iyton To1inship Public services have improved· Road quality Is adequate . Shopping facil itics arc adequate ancl convenient Employment opportunities are available Public schools arc providing a 1100d education 19. If so, what are they? 20. If your property taxes had to ·be ra I sed to pay for these ne11 services, would you stil 1 favor having these services? Yes Uncertain {2{;;2" ID.<)% Are there some services you 1·10ul d rather do Hi thout in order to pay 10~1er taxes? l'b:1:/,, :i'U>% 21, acres ~ 1arger than 5 acres 22. If so, 1"/hat are they? 23. Is the To1mship level of goverrvnent best suited to be dealing with your basic publ"ic service needs? 24. Should Dayton Township take a more active role in providing recreational services to Township residents? 25. _Should Dayton Township initiate progr&ns to purchase sites for future park and recreational facilities that would be conveniently located for all To1mship residents? 26. What do you feel are the most important problems facing Dayton Toi (Number in decreasing order of importance; therefore #1 " most im: (i;;,~ no restrictions QX/i, other Yes (pl ease specify) Uncertain Mobile homes Hcntal apartments Duplexes (2-family units) Single family homes An elderly housing complex How do you feel _about living in D.1yton To1mship? Are there some pub! le serv.i ces that Dayton To1mship or Newaygo County do not provide that you 11ould like to have in this area? IAA_"fo Should smal 1 industrial facilities be encouraged to locate in Dayton To1mship? Uncertain 18. Yes Uncertain 'Z.9.2!J" · 1f.o•/o ?.:1..,320 ~l.b.o/o 1.1.:.Q.i'o e£9r>/o 1-Qz_o/,, _1§~~/o. ~5o/o. Yes Uncertain ..:l:_ Roadway improvements __::2_ Disposal of solid waste {landfill) _t;;i_ Regulating developmcnt/urbarlization pressures _:J._ Fire and police protection _5_ Control of nuisances, such as noise or junk _L_ Rising taxes ..J!2_ Se11age ~ disposal Annexation pressures Other (please specify) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ C--3 �iLP6P "IW lUOWaJ.:J ·a/\V uaaJ8 ·s LLS8 d!4SUMO.L UOlAE?Q )fJal:>' uauun)I as!Ol3 3H3H dWV.LS 3JVld ~amamaema • a •• am • m• a •••• 27. m•• mamamamm • mma • aaam~mmmsmmma • ammmmaaa ••• On a scale frcm Oto 10, if 10 represents a perfect CQf,lmunity or To1mshi;:, in the State, one that would be an ideal pl ace to 1 ive in; and O represents the \'/Orst possible situation you can ir.1agine; 1·1here on the scale 1·10uld you place Dayton T01·mship? \-/here 1·10uld you piace Dayton To1·mship five (5) yea rs fra:i nO\I? · n, ~ Davton To~mshio Board Dayton To1mship Planning Cor.i.-:iission John DeKuiper, Supervisor Eloise Kunnen, Clerk Don Akershoek William Edbrooke Lafayette Waters Preston Kromr.1endyk, Chainnan Noman Knorr, Secretary i1axine Annis Perry DeKryger John DeKuiper Myron l~okx, Jr. C.M. Shigley Harvey Van Hemert m~E • a �OJ\YTON TOWNSHIP COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE ATTITUDE TAl3ULATION OF WRITTEN RESPONSES/COMMENTS Question: 2. Wfiat . particular .characteristics keep yo_u living in Dayton Township? - Just satisfied living here Retirement home - Near family and built on family land - Centennial home - Newaygo Countyl1as much more to offer for foster children than Oceana County - the special help some of them need and the whole system - Tradition - No urban congestion - Proximity to children's activities - Outside ot Fremont - Sma 11 tO\m country living - We like our property - Officals do job well - o~m home - ~/here I was rai scd - Wanted to have some land of our own in rural atmosphere - Can't afford to move - Can't afford to move with inflation robbing our income, and your Planning Commission is more government caused inflation - Quiet and good neighbors - Wonderful people - Family, friends - Caring neighbors - Retirement - Quiet, country - Proximity to aged parent - Friends and neighbors - Born here C-5 �Question: 18. Are there some pub 1i c services that Dayton TO\mshi p or Newaygo County do not provide that you would like to have in this area? · - To~mshi p dump - Park· - Child care facilities; "meals on Hheels for shut- . ins" - Pub 1i c dun.Ip - Township park - Public transportation - A private motel for the public - Pickup trash on roadsides - No CO\•t manure on Stone Road from fanners - Adequate tax assessment - Public transportation We are not a\•tare of any services other than roads - Improved roads - Adequate road repair - Would like our county to keep up roads better, too many pot holes on our paved ro.ads, maybe better use of men on county payroll - We are close enough to Muskegon and Grand Rapids for any needs we don't have met here - Improve the roads - ~etter snow plowing, better road repair - A good pre-school program - Roads, sewage system around · lakes - Just freedom, especially from TAXES - Transportation; cab service, bus service Better waste disposal - Portal to portal bus service, more recreational facilities like a swimming pool - Better county police patroling - Better county roads - Tmmshi p dump - Snow plowing when needed on weekends - Patch paved roads in spring earlier ·so there would be less maintenance \then they do patch them. Put more chloride on gravel roads during su~ner months. - Appreciate a dump C-6 -- -- . - - �Question 18, Continued -~More foster care homes for the elderly (not nursing home), pre-school program not based on wages but on need - Nice res~urant, better road maintenance - Better road maintenance · - Better road maintenance such as unfilled holes in blacktop - Sewer systen, paved roads - Access to lqkes (boat ramps) C-7 �Question: 21. Are there some services you Hould rather do without in order to pay 10\-1er taxes? - Pre-school breakfasts and lunches plus other social programs - Less restrictions - Benefits other than proper wages for all Salting road that don't need it - Government give-away programs - Government subsidies, farm support programs - Se1r1er service - Welfare too easy ·to get, cut down on school tax - Zoning, building inspectors - Too much money wasted in school system - I am uncertain what services are provided now - The ones we don't have - Don't know what are offered - Further expansion of public salaties and controls - Some school services I d name some if there were any. What services do we get? Darn few. Provide less controls, not more - Would require a review of current budget I'm not sure what services we receive. We don't have street lights or road upkeep. vlel fare Do not use the brine truck, less frequent roadside trimming I don't knciw what township services are - Mental health - Dog licensing, less government - Hhat service do He have? - Have the v10rk of all intermediate school district enployees evaluated and unnecessary one (jobs) eliminated - Other than land use and voting organization I am not aware of services provided by the TO\-mshi p that affect me personally in my daily life. - I think our schools could be run more efficiently - School busing - Comµuteri zat ion of county records - Not many non-basic activities I C-8 �Miscellaneous Comments: - We need elderly housing desperately - Elderly housing is not necessary in Dayton Tmmship - Green Street sou~h of 32nd needs repair - Green Street and 24th - we can hardly make it through our road in the spring - Fann machinery shops seem okay in the farming area because of their proximity to the farmer and his needs - Need more retail clothing stores - at reasonable prices - Could use a K-Mart - All prices are consistently higher than Grand Rapids and Muskegon - especially groceries - Eloise, I think this questionnaire is a great idea, thanks. - Aren't the lakes and streams in the Township already overdeveloped? - Need a roadside picnic area with picnic tables - Our road doesn t get plowed sometimes for two to tllree days - Every spring you could hury a car in the hole in front of Eloise Kunnen 1 s house on Green Street - Additional services mean more taxes - Give us taxpayers a break 1 C-10 �TABLE D-1 RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR SCHOOL SERVICE .AREAS DESIRABLE SERVICE AREA RADIUS IN MILES MAXIMUM SERVICE AREA RADIUS IN MILES El ernentary (K-6 o'r K-8) 0.25 0.5 Junior High (7-8 or 7-9) o. 50 Senior High (9-12 or 10-12) 0.75 TYPE OF SCHOOL Source: · 0.75 1.0 Planning Design Criteria, DeChiara and Koppelman, 1969. 9/80 The table above shows the recommended service radii (the geographical area a school serves) for the different school levels. The rural nature of the Dayton community often makes these radii impractical since the number of children in low density neighborhoods is too small to support a· school. Recent trends toward a central campus for junior and senior high students also make some of the service areas unrealistic. Dayton Township is serviced by Fremont Public Schools which encompasses other adjoining canmunities as well. Projections of pupil growth based on housing and population increases, and then impact as school facilities is, therefore, an indirect association. As Dayton Township's population base increases, it can be anticipated that such growth will affect the facilities of the Fremont District. The following general parameters establish the extent of such impact. D-1 �Assume: - Each household will generate .50 elementary students; .25 middle school students, and .25 high school students. Assume: - Two hundred thirty three (233) new households from 1980-2010. Calculations: .50 elementary pupils/HH - 116 additional students in 2010,@ 25 students/ · class= 4.6 teaching stations needed@ 20 teaching stations per elementary school= 1/4 new elementary school. - .25 high school puifils/HH = 58 additional students in 2010,@ 400-500 pupils per middle school= 1/6 new middle school • • 25 high school pupils/HH = 58 additional students in 2010,@ 1200 pupils per high school= 1/20 new high school. 0-2 �TABLE D-2 GENERAL RECREATION SPACE STANDARDS* TYPE OF AREA ACRES/1000 POPULATION SIZE RANGE SERVICE RADIUS {MILES} Neighborhood Playground 1.5 1-5 acres Sub neighborhood .25 - .5 Miles Neighborhood Park 2.0 5-20 acres •25 - • 5 Mi1 es NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL TOTAL 3.5 Community Playfield 1.5 20-50 acres 1.5 Mi1es Community Park 3.5 20-100 acres 2.0 Miles Major Park 2.0 100+ acres 3.0 Miles COMMUNITY LEVEL TOTAL 7.0 GRAND TOTAL (15 Minutes Driving Time) 10.5 ~source: Joseph DeChiara and Lee Koppelman, Plannin Desi n Criteria, (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969 and Robert Guechner, National Park Recreation ·and Open Space Standards, (Washington, D.c., 1970). . 9/80 "'See next page D-3 �TABLE D-3 DAYTON TOWNSHIP RESIDENTIAL STANDARDS* HOUSING TYPE NUMBER OF UNITS 1980-1985 REQUIRED ACREAGE NUMBER OF UNITS 1985-2010 REQUIRED ACREAGE Farm Residence (20 Ac. per farm) 4 {10%) 80 19 380 Single Family (3 Ac. per unit) 8 {20%) 24 39 13 Single Family (2 Ac. per unit) 8 (20%) 16 39 20 Single Family (1 Ac. per unit) 11 (30%) 11 58 58 Mobile Home Park . (5 unit~ per Ac.) 4 {10%) 1 19 4 Mobile Home Individual {l unit per Ac.) 4 {10%) 4 19 19 136 194 494 39 *Person per household estimate = 2.85 (1980-1985); 2.5 persons {1985-2010) 9/80 0·5 �I I i § I I I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Dayton-Twp_Master-Land-Use-Plan_1980 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dayton Township Planning Commission, Dayton Township, Newaygo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Title A name given to the resource Dayton Township Master Land Use Plan Description An account of the resource The Dayton Township Master Land Use Plan was prepared by the Dayton Township Planning Commission with the Snell Environmental Group in 1980. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Snell Environmental Group (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Dayton Township (Mich.) Newaygo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a219c8335d71ae827e260879e1cda03.jpg 893b69e1c0e444a83a8b672da9f058e5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X844 Title A name given to the resource DDE and converted essex, aircraft carrier Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDE and converted essex, , US aircraft carrier, September 1, 1952. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cd13c0282ef63af243f90eb55ab33dcc.jpg 396877f1700aef9e7b8991bd1899f7bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X828 Title A name given to the resource DDE Fletcher class, conversion Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDE Fletcher class, , US destroyer converted, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8235eb02ba87923858b689cc8390438e.jpg ee975a55bd502b8f35827ea6eef6350d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X814 Title A name given to the resource DDR radar picket destroyer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDR, , US radar picket destroyer, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e090700ffc249092a7a0adc8cfa4172b.jpg ab108fc91939f92f769dc768d3241110 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X823 Title A name given to the resource DDR, radar picket Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDR, , US radar picket destroyer, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/376d6103fbb05b0031273de3a5da5f11.jpg c27a1d6e185f020b9cd3d69341bb72f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X815a Title A name given to the resource DDR, radar picket destroyer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDR, , US radar picket destroyer, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fbc39af88a362ce02cfed26a6472ae48.jpg 54b912b11c3553cc1488da98fd333e62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X816 Title A name given to the resource DDR, radar picket destroyer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDR, , US radar picket destroyer, April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a6135674ef46a7d1a7f4b5f1fb498f5d.jpg 7f63fd68a1cfd589683082a6f19eb994 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X817 Title A name given to the resource DDR, radar picket destroyer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource DDR, , US radar picket destroyer, April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/13ba0a56a56044ca97c7171da800caf9.pdf dac9ef9e988865a994e1b2c29983c771 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource De antiquitate Judaica [folium 36] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_036Josephus1470 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Josephus, Flavius Description An account of the resource One leaf of De antiquitate Judaica, De bello Judaico, by Flavius Josephus and translated by Rufinus Aquileiensis. Printed in Augsburg by Johann Schüssler in 1470. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW M15160; ISTC ij00481000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Augsburg: Johann Schüssler Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Josephus, Flavius Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1470 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aquileiensis, Rufinus (translator) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/727fa9e77abfb241c783b9f8790e8d13.mp4 de875f5a5635dc6c3f4585b8f188c381 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4be26c81880a021172b035d79d6678f6.pdf 41e77aa8a880b01da56b889d59a55288 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Edward de Blécourt (01:22:46) (00:25) Background Information • • • • • Edward was born in Phoenix, Arizona on October 9, 1981 and later moved to Michigan when he was 5 years old Edward’s father was an electrical engineer and his mother stayed at home He graduated from high school in May of 2000 and joined the Army Reserve on September 11, 2000 because he wanted to travel and get out of Michigan Edward was in the Army Reserve while working two other jobs He had just started college and finished basic training when the towers were attacked in New York (2:30) Basic Training October 2000 • Edward was sent to Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri for basic training and AIT • It was freezing cold during training while they were drilling and working with artillery • Edward was training with all different types of people from all over the US • He began Advanced Infantry Training working with large trucks and tractor trailers in different types of weather and terrain • Edward trained for 6 months and then only had to report one weekend a month • He had been working with the 180th Transportation Company in Muskegon, MI (8:30) After 9/11 • Edward was called up for service after 9/11 into Fort Custer in Michigan • The atmosphere was very stressful and it seemed like no one knew what was going on • Many of the people there had previously fought during Desert Storm • All the rules tightened and everyone was more strict • In January of 2003 Edward was involuntarily transferred to Delaware and only had three days to get ready • They were sent to Fort Dix in New Jersey and taking tests before leaving • Edward was part of a new unit, the 946th and just getting to know everyone (14:20) Iraq • Edward received orders to leave in march and was on an 18 hour flight to Kuwait • They arrived on April 4, 2003 and the place smelled terrible • Landing was kind of scary and chaotic with everyone running all over the place • He had gone from training in the freezing cold to a very hot environment • They were staying in tents at Camp Wolf with no cots or sleeping bags �• Another unit had to move in also and the place was very crowded (21:00) Living Quarters • The Company began looking for somewhere else to stay and checked about three other camps, which were all full • They slept outside for a few days and then ended setting up in a huge warehouse that had about 18,000 people living in it • They began going on missions from Kuwait into Iraq and delivering fuel and gas • There were many people on the side of the road begging • They often got stuck in Iraq because it was too late to travel across the country • They would have to sleep outside near their trucks; it was very hot with many bugs and sandstorms (27:30) Progress of the War • Edward and others did not know anything about what was going on with the progress of the war • He would have to stand in line for four hours for a phone call and only had twenty minutes to talk • There was no Stars and Stripes for any news, just rumors • Edward continued delivering supplies, but often the AC in the trucks malfunctioned and the temperature could reach 140 degrees • They drove as quickly as possible to avoid being attacked and so that they could get back to their living quarters on time (39:30) QRF • The men continued to be told that they would be going home any time, probably next month • They were then told that they were doing so well that they would have to remain there for another 6 months • They were sent back to Kuwait and formed the QRF: Quick Reaction Force and basically guarding in Kuwait for 5 months in anticipation of an attack • They were very bored and there was usually no work to be done • Edward often played video games and it was nice because there was AC • He went into Kuwait City a few times and everyone there was very nice (47:30) Waiting to Leave • Edward had since learned a little bit of Arabic and some cultural customs • He went on a few humanitarian missions and got to know a few civilians • Many heard that they would not be in Iraq for a whole year so that the government would not have to pay them veterans benefits �• They were continually pulled off missions and replaced, told they were going home the next day, but then something would always go wrong (50:45) Back in the US • Edward left Camp Wolf and stopped in Amsterdam and then landed in New Jersey • They stayed at Fort Dix for two weeks and then were sent back to Michigan • It was hard for Edward to get back to civilian life and he continued in the Reserve until March of 2008 • Edward began attending college again at Davenport University and had to eventually get surgery on both his knees • Driving very fast for long periods of time over rough terrain had messed up his knees • The government paid for his surgery, but it took years for it to all get set up (1:02:10) Driving in the Desert • There were no roads in the desert or infrastructure • The roads that do exist are in very poor condition and have been through battle • Many trucks went into Iraq and were shortly completely destroyed • There was dust everywhere and often accidents • They always had to drive too fast to meet their deadlines • Sometimes they would be traveling in a convoy of 100 trucks (1:12:15) Looking Back • Edward was not part of an established unit, but would have like to have been working in a hierarchy with people he knew and trusted • Many times things were confusing and no one knew who was in charge � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource de Blécourt, Edward (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource de Blécourt, Edward Description An account of the resource Edward de Blécourt was born in Arizona in 1981 and later moved to Michigan. He joined the Army Reserve in 2000 and was called to active duty after 9/11. He was sent to Kuwait in March of 2003 and served as a machine gunner on trucks that delivered fuel to bases all over Iraq, but primarily on the Kuwait-Baghdad highway. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army Reserve Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-02 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeBlecourtE Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3bcfd50ac0ec2b5d41bb346606a008da.pdf 4c02e9773b81c09c2dbc4d1f23f0db40 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource De censuris ecclesiasticis, sive de excommunicationibus. De sponsalibus et matrimonio. [folium 198] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_198Florentinus1474 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus, Saint, Archbishop of Florence, 1389-1459 Description An account of the resource One leaf from De censuris ecclesiasticis, sive de excommunicationibus, De sponsalibus et matrimonio, by Antoninus Florentinus. Printed in Venice by Johannes de Colonia and Johannes Manthen on September 23, 1474. Illustrated with red Lombard initial with filigree extension in margin in brown ink. [GW 2070; ISTC ia00776000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Johannes de Colonia and Johannes Manthen Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1474 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/608426cbb6d84d877e63f07a3fd9241e.pdf 87af2ce3da0b1c47db343ed3c946bb14 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource De civitate dei [folium 104] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_104Augustinus1494 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo Description An account of the resource One leaf from De civitate dei by Aurelius Augustinus. Printed in Freiburg im Breisgau by Kilianus Piscator (Fischer) in 1494. [GW 2890; ISTC ia01246000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Freiburg im Breisgau: Kilianus Piscator (Fischer) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1494 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text