241 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d60b9f6d41c5ee70575eee781a345fd.mp4 3a7dc7b4d18e50321e9edacce735b77c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/187c5e15a432523b38f7abe76172e3bc.pdf ee54d0699a1a874edb4586aa10b96cb6 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Norman Curtis Vietnam War Total Time: 33:25 Pre-War (00:10) • • • Born in Albion, MI in 1946. Joined the Air Force in March 1966. Joined the Air Force because his older brothers were in the Air Force and he wanted to get away from school. Training (02:22) • Remembers basic training as being rough, but the instructors were fair. Active Duty (03:25) • • • • • • • • • • Served at Tan Son Nhut Air Force Base in Saigon. (3:45) Also worked as an instructor for a survival school at Eglin Air Force Base in Fort Walton Beach, FL. Remembers how hot Vietnam was when he got off the plane. He worked in Vehicle Maintenance for all of the branches of the Army. He had to check the vehicles before he performed maintenance on for booby traps that the Vietcong would place. Stayed in touch with his family through recorded tapes and letters. Most of the time, he ate off base because the two times he did eat on base he got food poisoning. He, for the most part, liked his officers. He had one friend that was injured and lived, but he never saw him again. He was given the option to re-enlist, finish his service (he had 23 days left), or leave then. He chose to leave. Post-Service (19:30) • • • • He was in San Francisco when he got discharged. He went to school on the GI bill when he got back, and worked part time. He didn’t stay in contact with many of the men whom he served with. Joined the American Legion when he returned. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Curtis, Norman (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curtis, Norman Description An account of the resource Norman Curtis served in the Air Force during the Vietnam War. During his time in Vietnam, he worked at Tan Son Nhut Air Force Base in Saigon. His job was vehicle maintenance and recovery, which kept him for the most part on base but he did spend some time retrieving disabled vehicles. He also worked for a time at a survival training school at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida as an instructor. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brenner, Allison (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Air Force Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-12-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CurtisN Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/419e03776b7ebbf21c8b7664223bffc1.jpg fff3f8122108a287e00f5fd629894452 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X893 Title A name given to the resource Curtiss class, seaplane tender Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Curtiss class, US Av (seaplane tender), September 1, 1953 Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c78104f2e74b83d091cbddb45b3cffc0.mp4 78fb2d47b22c16f45ecacb2a3012286a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/175d619efd1f64d4421e3cc1b2c80e10.pdf 6da96e1dfb7ddfdb8285dba0cf7c85dd PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project Air Force, Korean War Darwin Cutler Length of Interview (00:10:30) Background Born in St. Louis, Missouri Father was a CPA and a farmer; mother was a school teacher His older brother was also a school teacher and farmer Had family that served in different branches of military Enlisted into the Air Force  Everyone was either being drafted or enlisting Training (00:01:27) In September 12, 1950, sent for training  Had to get evaluated and medically examined  Training involved running obstacle courses, gun training, etc.  It rained often where he was training  Didn’t have any specialized training at this time Adapted pretty well to the military lifestyle  Learned a lot about mechanics and honed his problem-solving skills Served in numerous bases: Lackland AFB for basic, Mather Field in California  Mather Field: operated a library  Went to Texas, Sheppard AFB, for mechanical training  Then sent to a Duty Station near Washington to work on four-engine military air transports � Sent to the field in West Palm Beach, Florida o Would walk on the beach often Did transports to Europe; were often in the air for long periods of time  Would sit behind the Co-pilot as Flight Engineer Primarily worked as a Specialized Mechanic and would do inspections and repairs for airplanes Sometime would operate as a Flight Engineer  Always flew with different people  Operations would inform them who they were flying with Met quite a few people in the service, didn’t stay in touch with most of them afterwards After Service After the military, was glad to be home Didn’t have much to readjust to, job in the service was much like a civilian job Had to go through a lot of training after basic (00:07:00)  Learned aircraft mechanics, basic mechanical work  At his duty station, always attending school to advance his grade After the Air Force, took a four-year course in being a machinist for railroads His time in the military gave him the ability to solve problems and handle stressful situations Uses a lot of the things he learned in the service in everyday life Kept in touch with his family through letters Took trips to Alaska, delivered troops (to Korea) and merchandise � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cutler, Darwin (Interview outline and video), 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cutler, Darwin Description An account of the resource Darwin Cutler enlisted into the Air Force in September 1950 and trained as a Specialized Mechanic and sometimes operated as a Flight Engineer. His job was to work on aircraft engines and transportation during the Korean War. He was based in the United States. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Clark, Mackenzie (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American United States. Air Force Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06-06 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CutlerD Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/74dcafae700ed60452d68f6a33df2149.jpg 8af6a8e8b929ed5b9105eb944e00631d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00293 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Cutting brush Blom and Lehrer Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of archaeologists Blom and Lehrer cutting through heavy underbrush near Chichen Itza. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Archaeologists Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ff97f851340b072e94b743c263f7abe6.jpg e2e4e3fdf011eba47102b1d88139d61f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_017 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a gunfight takes place between confederates, union soldiers, and backwoodsmen. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eef014f484783196fcba8658909dd743.jpg a23ce137e65f03e74258a8489806b01b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_076 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a man crouches and wields a sword, upon which a man's bloody, severed head is spiked. The man grins viciously. Behind him two others, a young man and an older man, look on with shock and disgust. All wear mid 19th century costumes. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/505f44fdf3ae9546821b207a8f7b3b6d.jpg dd352c52a91e707129be5345a3712d02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_151 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a man holds a chloroformed handkerchief to a woman's face. He has a crazed look on his face. She is in a nightgown and sitting halfway up in bed. Her grip on the side of her mattress slowly loosens. Both wear mid 19th century costumes. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2b1e84b2c1f1d0610ddc15d505361d52.jpg 5a2254ec457d48500d5936d8ad298410 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_3337 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a woman holds up two small bottles. In the background another woman watches while clutching a leather bag. Both wear mid 19th century gowns and hairstyles. The set is a potted tree and deep purple curtain in the background. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/16c3cc83765e868c4b90ce35f437cfde.jpg 4a472f9bdd7f1d0701794254b51d1367 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_3529 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image two men stand together, one singing, the other playing a fiddle. To the right, sitting on a step, two women seem upset by the musical performance. They wear frilly dresses, and one holds an open parasol. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/af765109fb498cdb9143c0dd2363b201.jpg f096b0b66e0c7ad01d42b8d1ac1a9c81 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_3961 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a woman dressed in men's clothing kneels before the beheaded body of a Union soldier and wails. Small bundles of flowers have been scattered on the man's body. Where the head should have been is instead a bloody neck and severed spine. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c17389522b301f980843452d6aa342bd.jpg 396420d385288baf2fded7d4ae414ee7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_4054 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a cleaning woman, her skirt tied up and out of the way, her hair covered, and in the midst of using a bucket and mop, stops her work to speak with wounded soldiers sitting handcuffed on hospital beds. One soldier, his arm bound with bloody bandages, looks up at her. Another sits staring at the floor hopelessly. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5f30d93424de88759c724cbac7f401d6.jpg a21b78f2eb1dd36d9eecba794de6e368 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_4060 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image three groups of actors stand onstage, all facing to the left. The first group of three women stand under a confederate flag, a second group of three women stand under the United State's flag. Between them stand four men, three of whom have respectfully removed their hats. All wear mid 19th century costumes. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/94f24d5d34b89726ba4fa5e5ddfab8dc.jpg 406e2afb6c03ba25fd0c9b727bf5054e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_4064 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this image a prisoner exchange appears to be happening. Six Union soldiers stand guard over their six Confederate prisoners, who kneel with their hands bound in front of them. A single Confederate soldier, wearing a golden sash around his waist, has taken a woman dressed in men's clothing prisoner. She kneels beside him. Four women observe from the side, and two others peer out from behind the Union soldiers. All wear mid 19th century costumes. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/43477c5c63dc7fa6567ba88cdd68c5a4.jpg 1a454961b77cdebf2f2bbb25805cc7b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Theatre Photos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Description An account of the resource Photographs of Grand Valley theater productions from the 1980s to the 2010s. Photos include shots of performances, backstage, casts and crewmembers. Included in the collection are Shakespeare Festival productions and small acts such as Bard to Go and the Greenshow. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Grand Valley State University Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-2017 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01) Subject The topic of the resource Theater Performances Plays Musicals College Students Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives. Allendale, MI 49401 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV058-01_2007F_Cymbeline_cast Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Theatre Department Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Title A name given to the resource Cymbeline (theater production), 2007 Description An account of the resource Color photograph of Grand Valley's 2007 production of "Cymbeline." In this promotional image the full cast can be seen onstage. It reads "WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR'S CYMBELINE" above, and "GRAND VALLEY SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL" and "MOMENTS IN LIFE PHOTOGRAPHY" below. Subject The topic of the resource Theater College students Plays Performances Acting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/754">Theatre Department photographs (GV058-01)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 2007s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/563c4b04a27394be1f977baf81163178.pdf 1075825fe6b17e1be43d5a4bd40be3f7 PDF Text Text Speaking Out Western Michigan’s Civil Rights Histories Grand Valley State University Special Collections Interviewee: Cynthia Mader Interviewers: Kailey Rosema, Stephen Pratt and Erica Immekus Supervising Faculty: Liberal Studies Department Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 3/13/2012 Runtime: 00:49:36 Biography and Description Cynthia Mader is an outstanding woman who is an advocate for the advancement of civil rights for the LGBTQ community in the West Michigan area, as well as a professor in Grand Valley State University‟s College of Education. Recently, Cynthia was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Women's Commission, March 13th, 2012. Cynthia‟s involvement for social justice led her to be the First Board of Directors within the Lesbian and Gay Community Network Incorporated, in which she organized Grand Rapids‟ first pride celebration, and fought with local public administration offices for the passing of laws that banned sexual orientation discrimination Transcript Kailey Rosema: Okay my name is Kailey Rosema and I‟m here with Erica Immekus and Stephen Pratt. We are interviewing Cynthia Mader downtown Grand Rapids at Grand Valley‟s Pew campus in the Eberhard building. It is Tuesday, March 15, 2012 at 11:30 A.M. So Cynthia if you don‟t mind starting off maybe telling us a little bit about your family, your background, childhood, growing up life... Cynthia Mader: It was pretty ordinary, umm nothing, nothing out of the ordinary. Umm I was raised on the other side of the state. I was born in 1942, umm so I‟m nearing retirement here at Grand Valley. So as I said, I was born on the other side of the state in Bay City, Michigan. Small family, mother, father, one sister. Umm, Catholic family. I went to Catholic schools, Catholic grade school, Catholic high school. And then I went to Aquinas College here in town, I moved to Grand Rapids, which of course is a Catholic College. And then, for 23 years I taught in a Catholic high school here in town, Catholic Central and West Catholic. So umm, as far as childhood, it was I‟m sure as ordinary and, umm, there was nothing uncommon about it. My parents were married, stayed married. They were middle class, maybe a little bit more comfortable than just middle class, but certainly not wealthy. I had good friends, got along in school. I wish I could tell you some horror stories and I don‟t have a single one to Page 1 �tell you! So, I don‟t know, are there other things that you would like to know about childhood and growing up? I did all the things that kids do. You know, and in high school, student council and all those Girl Scout kinds of things. Umm, I dated, the usual. KR: When you moved to Western Michigan, was that specifically for school? CM: Yes, that‟s what brought me here, was Aquinas College. And I never moved out again, I mean I never moved back to my hometown. I did go back there a lot, but I‟ve lived in Grand Rapids ever since. I love Grand Rapids, I think it‟s just a perfect town, perfect town for me anyway. Umm, but yes, I‟ve lived here all my life, and worked here all my life in the Grand Rapids area, but that‟s what brought me here. KR: Okay, good. Umm, so can you tell us a little bit about your education? CM: My education... Well, I‟ve had the good luck of being able to go to school a lot, I like to go to school. And I‟ve been able to because I‟m single, have been single. No family, no children. I don‟t know how people do it. I really don‟t know how, especially women, I don‟t know they do it, when they‟re working and have a family and try to get advanced degrees. But at any rate, I got my undergrad degree from Aquinas in English and education, and French and social studies too. Although I‟m certified to teach those, but it would be just a travesty if I ever tried to teach French! That was my undergrad. After that, again as I said I had the time and interest, I went on and earned three Masters degrees after that. A Masters in English, a Masters in library science, and a Masters in counseling. All of which helped with a teaching certificate because you can do all of those things in schools. And then, umm, I was teaching high school at the time during all of that, and then I began my PhD and finished that in 1994 I think it was. I had already come to Grand Valley to work by that time, but right around that time I finished that degree and I haven‟t stepped foot into a classroom as a student since then. Stephen Pratt: So was all of your college classes, Undergrad and Graduate, all at Aquinas? CM: No, umm, no, the undergrad was all there. Graduate was at Michigan State and U of M. SP: So you did bump around from Grand Rapids a little bit. CM: Oh yeah, yeah. And if I weren‟t working full time I probably would have gone further afield, but its pretty hard to do that and work full time. And for some reason it never occurred to me to take off time, you know as many many people do now, just go to the school that you want to go to and get a graduate assistantship and go full time, but that never occurred to me. I was always on a commuter basis. KR: Alright, so how did you start becoming involved in the LGBTQ community? CM: Well, I was relatively old before I became involved in the community. I always knew I was gay, I mean, as early as anyone knows anything like that. And I certainly had individual relationships during my adult life. Very stable, very good relationships. But I wasn‟t involved Page 2 �in the community at all. Teaching in a Catholic school, [CM chuckles] kind of, well, militates against that. You just don‟t. So it wasn‟t until I left K-12 teaching and went into higher ed that I had began to be involved in the gay community in town, and began to realize what a huge community it is. I think most people would be surprised how many men and women there are and how many close friendships and groups and activities... and well close friendships I guess is really...and long standing relationships. So at any rate, I became involved during a time when, lets see, it would have been... hmm, the 80‟s or early 90‟s, when the gay movement, it was a movement by then. It had not been a movement, there was just people, individual people. But by then it was becoming a rights of a gay movement for civil rights. And I happened to become involved around the time, of I don‟t know if you‟re aware of the Gay March on Washington? SP, KR, & EI: Yes [All nod and answer in agreement] CM: Are you? Okay good for you. Yes, so it was right...well you tell me the year, „87 perhaps? I can‟t remember. But that was exactly the time when I became involved. I was not on the march or anything, but people came back to this area absolutely fired up, having been on that march. And decided „Hey, we can put something together in this community!‟ Something that is formalized, something that is visible, something that is political and social, but something that gives a face to the community because there had been nothing of course as I said, just individual people. And so, at that point, many people joined together, coalesced around two men who had recently moved here from San Diego and were much more involved and politically savvy [CM laughs] than we were in Grand Rapids. But they were kind of the center of this. And from that grew the, umm, Lesbian and Gay Community Network Incorporated. I don‟t know if you‟re aware of that organization. Most organizations like that, that are small and grassroots, they just don‟t last; I think two or three years is the average life, but that is still going strong, about 20 years I think it‟s been in Grand Rapids. It serves as kind of an umbrella organization, and a political organization, a political wing to meet with politicians, to meet with city officials, with schools, and just all sorts of things- It‟s an outreach kind of organization. So that‟s when I became involved and that‟s how I became involved. I was on the first Board of Directors for the first couple years- the first couple of terms I guess for about six years or so. I have not been as involved in it, aside from being a member since that time, but it is flourishing, it‟s very very active. It met with a lot of resistance at first, umm, as you can imagine Grand Rapids in 1989 or whatever that was, 1990 was not particularly hospitable to any organization like that- let alone one that had a building, had a face, had people out interviewing with the news and things like that. So that‟s the involvement. From that point on, I became less directly involved with that, and more personally involved with friends- large large groups of friends. And probably more politically involved with women‟s issues, which is often the course I think that women in the movement take. For some reason, who knows why, it seems to happen that in these local movements, umm, they tend to be gender balanced at the beginning, but then I don‟t know whether the women kind of drop out, or the men step in [CM laughs]. I‟m not sure what it is, but they tend to be pretty male, I Page 3 �don‟t want to say dominated because that‟s kind of a negative connotation, but male-led after that. Umm, I think it‟s probably because women are maybe more interested in women‟s issues: Family care, child care, things that the YWCA would be doing, rather than the gay movement. I think that men are more tuned, boy talk about stereotypes [Subtle laughter from everyone], men are more tuned to political edge. And certainly women want rights too, I‟m not in any way denying that. But I think I‟m a little far off topic too [Everyone laughs]. So that‟s how I got involved. KR: Okay, when you were, umm you said you were the First Chair of Directors. What kind of stuff did you do for the... CM: For the network? KR: Yeah. CM: Oh yeah, First Board of Directors. Oh my Lord, well first of all just to get an outfit like that up and running is just an enormous volunteer task. We worked night and day, night and day to, you know, I mean it‟s just stuff like bylaws, mission statements, vision statements- All of which is kind of peripheral, but the first main activity was the pride celebration. Now it‟s an annual celebration in June downtown. I think now it‟s around the Ford Museum, I think, although it might be elsewhere. I haven‟t gone in a while. But to have a pride celebration in Grand Rapids, a gay pride celebration in Grand Rapids at that time, Oh my Lord, umm gay people were being shot at ya know, for organizing and being visible. That of course didn‟t happen, it was down at the Calder. Music, crafts, food, it was truly a celebration. And people kind of, [CM pauses], it was a real risk. You thought you were taking a risk to go down there. And it turned out to be very calm, entertaining. There were a lot of protesters around, but they didn‟t bother the group too much. It was, [CM pauses], It‟s almost like a test of whether those fears were accurate or not. And they were accurate, people were getting killed elsewhere, but I think in the gay community a lot of people didn‟t want to be visible because they were afraid of being discriminated against, losing their job, losing their family, whatever. So it kind of became an inner test of “Is anything bad really going to happen?”. And for the most part, no! For the most part it was a nice news story. And it has continued on ever since, that particular celebration. That was the first visible event that the network decided to do. Beyond that, oh gosh, we did a lot of organizing around a city ordinance with sexual orientation as a protected class. And that took several years with a lot of debate in the newspapers everywhere. A lot of debate, a lot of talking to city officials, umm, it just went on and on and on. And finally the city commission did indeed put in the sexual orientation ordinance that says it‟s illegal in Grand Rapids to discriminate in housing and employment, so that was a huge step. Beyond that it was ongoing activities. Umm, service projects, speaker groups, education, you name it, the network was there, and still is. Page 4 �SP: Was there any point where there was just a large amount of protesters or a large push back towards the gay community? CM: Over the ordinance there was. Yes a lot of businesses got together sending out, well you could call it hate literature if you wanted to, so there was that. But by the time the network began, the worst had happened in Grand Rapids. Again, it‟s hard to say the worst had happened because it was such an invisible group. Prior to that nobody came out, it was just, I mean you simply didn‟t. There were a few gay bars, and I, I was just kind of at the edge of that, in the sense of I was too young to have been in that particular era, but I certainly know many people who talk about raids on the gay bars, and fear and arrests and things like that. As I say I was a little too young and just missed that period. By the time I got involved, the sixties had happened, the black civil rights movement was well underway, the women‟s movement was well underway, so there was a little bit more awareness. So I can‟t say that there was ever violence by any means, there was a lot of hatred though, at the visibility. And of course, ya know, West Michigan is a very nice area, and the feeling in West Michigan has always been: “I don‟t care what you do, I just don‟t want to see it, I don‟t want to see it”. Well, that‟s not the best message to send a human being [CM chuckles]. So anyway... SP: What did, uhh, what did your family and friends think and what did, uhh.. were you still Catholic at this point? CM: ..mhmm.. Still am, uh huh. In kind of a cultural sense… SP: So what kind of feedback did you get back from… CM: ... None from my family. I never spoke about it to them…[SP says an understanding “no”] never spoke it about it to them… Um, I lived 150 miles away so it was easy not to talk about it. Um, they would visit here, and, you know, for a week and a half you can… you can live any way you want and not have your friends around or anything like that. Um, my friends by then… friends were friends… there was… [CM stutters while thinking of what to say] I‟ve never had a bad experience. I really have to say that. And I wish I could give you something juicy for your, for your tape here [group laughter] but I‟ve personally never had a bad experience. Maybe I‟ve protected myself, I don‟t know, maybe I‟ve isolated myself and not put myself out there, I don‟t think that‟s the case though. I think I‟ve had extraordinarily good friends and extraordinarily um, oh, well informed friends. So for me, that hasn‟t been much of an issue, however, there‟s something, I…I… I can‟t quite explain it and you‟re young enough so you might not get this but there‟s something just weird about saying I am gay, because all it talks about is who you fall in love with, that‟s all it talks about. And yet it becomes for some people, such an identifying trait and, you know that, “that‟s my gay friend” [CM laughs] um, rather than that‟s my friend. So, its, its just, it was a weird feeling all of that time and still is to a certain extent. I, um, I happen to teach grad classes that have a lot to do with social justice issues just like your U.S. diversity. And when we get to um, sexuality, I articulate the fact that I‟m a lesbian. [CM chuckles] It‟s kind of interesting, over the years, because I‟ve taught the class a long time, over the years, the Page 5 �reaction is different. It‟s much calmer, there‟s not, “Oh my God!”, you know, which it used to be. Um, people are much less, you know on the discussion board, much less vitriolic and I uh… gay people… [CM mocks former anti-gays views on keeping their sexuality out of the public‟s eye] “I don‟t care what they do, just keep it out of my face.” There‟s much, much less of that. So, um, the times have changed, really, times have moved forward. It‟s not there yet by any means, I don‟t know if it ever will be, but, but it‟s improving. KR: Um, when you were growing up, was there anything that further influenced you or your involvement or your identity like people, articles, news? CM: It was so oblivious. I mean I knew I wasn‟t experiencing the same things my friends were. I knew I wasn‟t falling in love with that boy in geometry [CM chuckles]. But, that was about as close as I came to, to realizing anything. I don‟t think it was until, I don‟t know, maybe late college, early… excuse me, late high school, early college, that I even put a name to what that difference was. All I knew was that, I knew enough not to talk about it. I guess I knew something, didn‟t I? I knew enough not to talk about it. Um, but mostly I just knew that I was not experiencing the same feelings that they were experiencing and talking about. And so, as far as influences, that too is hard to say. Um, there was nothing… the subject was never spoken of. Neither plus nor minus in my hometown which was a small hometown, catholic school, um, so it wasn‟t spoken about… I knew, I knew something was wrong, I thought I‟d outgrow it [CM chuckles]. Uh, so I can‟t name in influence at all. I can name good influences on, on, on the way that I grew to think about things. And the fact that I‟ve never really experienced that so called catholic guilt. I think my catholic upbringing was a little bit different then many people. It was quite enlightened, it was quite forward thinking, and so I… I kind of experienced social discomfort. Worrying about what people would think, but I never experienced that guilt, that religious guilt. So… and then beyond that, college… of course, after… by that time you know, you start to read, you start to talk, you start to inform yourself, and so yeah, those were influences on me. But, beyond that, I don‟t think… I just read widely and have followed the movement for, even before it was a movement and evolved with it. And, um… that‟s, that‟s it as far as influences. My own reading has been the biggest influence… and then um… But not growing up, there, I can‟t say one way or another at all. [CM shakes her head in disbelief of having any influences] KR: When you were working in the network, was there anyone, or anything, or an event that empowered you to become more involved or take more actions? CM: I think it was the whole series of events of just being out there. Because what it does is it tells you, nothing‟s going to happen. [Cynthia chuckles due to her ironic realization]. And not only does nothing happen, it, I think the biggest thing that happens internally. Because to go through, you know I look back to when I was teaching high school 23 years, 23 years of not being, of not identifying, not articulating who I really was, not talking about any of my outside work friends or anything like that; I think it sends a terrible message to yourself that there‟s Page 6 �something about you that can‟t be spoken about, that can see the light of day. So my involvement with the network and with that growing community of friends [Stephen Pratt coughs] allowed me to, to just abandon that way of life, I never, never ever repeat that again. KR: Um, let‟s see. Was there um, before you became involved you said there wasn‟t much, um, going on for civil rights… [in the LGBTQ community] CM: Not in the LGBT community, right, yeah. Definitely the, uh, the black community and I was very involved with that. And if you want an influence, probably that was, the whole civil rights, black civil rights movement influenced me deeply and, and made me realize, um, the political possibilities, um, how, how you could make change, how things have happened, how, how sometimes power is so subtle that people don‟t even realize that they‟re being subordinated, all of those things. The civil rights movement had a huge influence on me. The women‟s movement after that had a big influence on me also. In many ways, in many ways they‟re parallel, in many ways they‟re not, but in many ways they‟re parallel. [CM hums in agreement with her thoughts] SP: So between the two movements, there was, you had, did you have a lot of involvement in both at the time? CM: Yes I did, yes I did. It gave me a way of thinking. So that, but even then, you know, I thought well, but, but being gay is different; that‟s not, that‟s not civil, that‟s not African American, that‟s not women‟s movement, that‟s something different that‟s off to the side, don‟t, there‟s nothing to be involved there because that‟s quiet, silent, invisible. But it began to give me a way of thinking, mhmm, it allowed me then to pursue that. [CM hums in agreement with her thoughts] KR: How are you involved in the African American communities, like you were saying? CM: Yeah, well, bear in mind that that didn‟t really flourish until, well, it flourished, but it didn‟t come to the general public‟s attention until in the late fifties and sixties. At that time I was in college and I was at Aquinas [college] and Aquinas [college] is a very, very, um, good institution when it comes to social justice issues. So, uh, we marched, we sang, we licked envelopes, we did all sorts of things in that, uh, in that period of time. And then, after that I was teaching high school and so there were involvements there also, with, you know, African American student groups and, and, oh gosh, there were workshops, there was, oh it was the Vietnam war. I mean you talk about a time that was exciting, and, and just “wow” something going on all the time regarding civil rights. [CM hums in agreement with her thoughts] KR: Um, going back to your work in the LGBTQ community, [CM says “mhmm”] um, did you ever do any work outside of Grand Rapids at all? CM: No. Um, I don‟t know if you‟d like to get into this, but Grand Valley, would you like to talk about work at Grand Valley? Page 7 �KR: Yeah. SP: Of course. CM: Okay, um [CM clears her throat], well, hmm hmm. When I came to Grand Valley… I knew a lot of people here already because I lived in the area so I already had a lot of gay and lesbian friends here at Grand Valley already. But, again, a very invisible community, very invisible. And, and now, things like domestic partner benefits are a given. Things like um, protection, sexual orientation, and the affirmative action and equal protection clause, absolutely a given. But at that time, I don‟t think anyone breathed the word, um, it was just circles of friends, obviously. But as far as the university, there was nothing. And you may be familiar with some of the climate studies that have been done here at Grand Valley. I don‟t know that within your time here but about every, I don‟t know, every five to ten years, Grand Valley has done a, a so called climate study. Mostly to kind of gauge the temperature on women‟s issues and, uh, race issues and things like that. Well the first one was done shortly after I was here. And through that study, it became obvious that there was a fair population of, of gay and lesbian people, staff and faculty, who were not particularly, who didn‟t really feel like the, the… [CM chuckles] Grand Valley family, that, that we all talk about, you know, we really kind of felt second class. Because there were no benefits, none of that for families and things like that. So, as many of these things happen, it happened with a few people. I and… I‟m not going to name names because, just because, um, I don‟t know if they‟re interested in being online with this. But I and about four other women started to approach the president, uh, President Lubbers at that time. And bless his heart, President Lubbers is a good man but I think he was… pardon me President Lubbers if you listen to this [EI chuckles] but I think he was a little bit clueless uh, that there were even people on his campus… [CM laughs] And, and I think he wanted to do the right thing but of course, politically, it would be very, very difficult for him to back any kind of gay/ lesbian stuff in this town. Not with the donors that donated to Grand Valley which were very, very conservative group. And so, he encouraged us, but, I can‟t say it was out-front. We then began to expand into a more formal organization which has now become the Faculty Staff Association of Gay and Lesbian faculty and staff and we started to get together and talk about can we do as a group, not anymore as individuals, but what can we do as a group. One of the things we wanted, because every other institution had it, is domestic partner benefits. I don‟t know if you‟re aware, aware of what domestic partner benefits are just as in, um, um, straight couples. The spouse or partner, spouse, um, can get health benefits and all the other health benefits that the university affords. Um, we of course couldn‟t. And so we really began lobbying for that. We started talking to board members, we started talking to the various organizations on campus; the faculty senate, the AP association, um, women‟s commission. Every possible, conceivable organization and got their backing. And finally, after about two years of talking and saying “here we are, we‟re decent people, ya know, we‟re okay” uh, and there are about fifty of us, finally President Lubbers decided he that would back it, he would back the request for domestic partner benefits. The only thing is he wanted it to be kept fairly quiet so that the newspapers didn‟t jump on it before it was done and just ruin the whole thing. So he was, um, all set to put it for a word to the Page 8 �board of trustees and somewhere in that week in between, the newspaper did get a hold of it and there was a front page story saying Grand Valley is going to start to give domestic partner benefits. And I guess, from what I understand, he was inundated by donors. Saying, “uh uhh, [CM laughs in disbelief] our money is out of here, if you, if you do that, we will not allow that. If you go ahead and do domestic partner benefits, we‟re out of here, you will get no more money from us”. And they were big names, and you can imagine who some of those big names were. Many of our buildings are named after them. And he backed down, and it was a very difficult time, I‟m sure for him, because he had to back down publicly. After being quoted in the Grand Rapids Press as saying it was the right thing to do, six days later, he had to be quoted in the Grand Rapids Press as saying, well, perhaps I was hasty. And it was a very sad time, I‟m sure for him, and it certainly was for us. Then, there was a new president, and this goes on forever… There was a new president, new change in administration and they were no more willing, no more. That was President Murray‟s administration. He was only here for two years. He was very in tuned with the business community and just did not see it as a very wise thing to do. So… Um, we kept talking and talking and talking and finally about five years ago, the board, with very little fan fair instituted domestic benefits for LGBT in faculty and staff. And that was a huge victory. [It] sounds like such a little thing but we were; I think Grand Valley was the last in the state to do it. It might‟ve been second from last in the higher education institution. So that‟s one example here at Grand Valley. And things have just done a complete turnaround! I‟m not saying that it‟s perfect here for, um, especially here for students, it might be tough. But for faculty and staff, it‟s light years different from what it used to be. There‟s no, there‟s no negative feelings, there‟s no need to be invisible, there just isn‟t. It‟s a totally different environment. Some people may choose to for whatever reason, but totally different environment with a very active association. Uh, there‟s the LGBT center; that in itself took, uh, five years I think to convince them to get. Uh, yeah, they agreed to it in principle… [CM mocks the former Grand Valley politics] “yes yes yes yes, it‟s needed in principle…” But for the… We joke, for the first two or three years, the center, the center bear in mind, was a bookshelf [CM laughs in disbelief] over in, over in Kirkoff, or over in student services, I can‟t remember. And then, as you probably know, Professor Milt Ford really took it in hand and became the director; he was appointed director and then it became a center. Colette Beighley is the director now… It‟s a wonderful, wonderful resource. Sometimes I look at their programming; the movies and the speakers they‟re bringing in and I think, my gosh, ya know, it‟s like U of M, we‟re big time! Really fascinating programming and kind of, um, kind of, some of it‟s on the edge, ya know, they do a wonderful job. KR: Are you involved with them at all right now, currently? CM: Uhm, oh I certainly uh support. I am a member. I uhm, Being here in uhm, Grand Rapids makes it a little tough to be as involved on campus as I used to be and as I wanted to be. I, we used to be on campus, and you know you were a short walk away from everybody, it‟s a little bit different here now but, so no I am not as involved no. But I am certainly, not as directly involved, but very involved supportively. Mhmm. Page 9 �KR: Awesome, uhm, do you know what kind of projects they are currently working on at all or... CM: No, I think it‟s mostly to improve to, to just do more of the same... oh by the way are you familiar with the film, the LGBT history of West Michigan? SP: Ya, that‟s what we watched in class CM: Oh you did watch that SP: Actually we watched… [All talking at once] CM: Okay..I was, I don‟t know if you recognize.. people come up to me on the street and they say “those glasses, where have I met you before?” and we finally realized it was in that documentary! I‟m serious it has happened more than once! Which shows you how often I get glasses, get new glasses. [laughs] But yes, yeah that uhm.. but oh, what a wonderful documentary that was and the center was part of that. SP: I know that that video kinda touched on uhm, a lot of, a lot of people in the gay community that were involved with… CM: Oh, yes! SP: AIDS and STDS and… CM: Oh, yes! SP: Things of that sort, what kind of impact did that have on the Grand Rapids community? And especially personally? CM: Well, I certainly lost of gay male friends. A LOT. I can‟t tell you how many, [sighs] uhm memorial services and funerals that I might speak at or attend. A lot.. Uhm.. This might sound odd because I‟m on the one hand, AIDS was oh, in some ways it convinced the bigoted community that, this was God‟s punishment on gay people. That there you would see bumper stickers uhh, “AIDS IS GOD‟S PUNISHMENT” you‟d see bumper stickers saying that! [Explained in astonished voice] So anyway, on the one hand it had that just devastating affect politically in the community on the other hand I don‟t want in any way to at all call it a blessing but it gave a human face [pauses] to the gay community. Once people started realizing, oh my gosh. The guy I used to work with, just died of AIDS. Oh my god, I loved him. [mocking demeanor of such surprised individuals] And that of course happened, over and over and over again. I think people began to realize its not some fringe group, these are people that are integrated in my life, these are people I know. So, I would never say AIDS was a blessing on the gay community but it sure had some good results, I think. Mhmm. Uhm, and and its another group here in town as you have said, in the documentary, that the AIDS resource center was mmm, the work that they did at that time, that nobody else would, nobody would even visit those Page 10 �men. Who were sick and dying in their homes, uhm, AIDS resource center was just a magnificent work. KR: Were you involved with the AIDS resource center? CM: No, I‟m sorry to say that I wasn‟t, no. I mean as part of the network we have supported all of that, publicized all of it. But, no as far as directly working with it I didn‟t. KR: Uhm, how do you think the movie or documentary impacted people, [CM placed coffee cup on desk] not only at Grand Valley, but within our community. CM: Well you know, I, I would almost ask you that question. When I first saw it I was at the premiere showing of it, here on campus. It was over at Lucemore, it was just this fall. And it was I don‟t know if you have been told this but there was 700 people. It was uh, uh not a sellout, it was free had nothing to sell but it was an overflow audience, 200 had to watch it from another room or something like that. It was of course beautifully received there because a lot of the people who were there are knowing that it was going to be shown for the first time were people who had been involved historically for all of those years. I happened that night, to be sitting next to a student I had taught in high school. Uhm, she was a person who has been quite active in the Grand Rap… She was a straight woman, uhm but very active in the Grand Rapids community within theatre and things like that. Well I happened to be sitting next to her I mean we had [stammers] knew I mean we had seen each other through the years [breath] uh and she had probably knew that uh that I was gay, uh but her reaction was more interesting to me than the reaction of all the other people, they loved it. But after, she said I had no idea to think that when you would come in and teach us Shakespeare, [CM chuckles] that that night you were out there doing all these political things and meeting with the mayor and signing city ordinances and things like that. She said she had no idea that any of that was going on at that time, she just found that fascinating. [breathe] so uh, the time that I saw it it was very well received, I haven‟t I have shown portions in my class uh, oh the portion I show is the Jerry Crane portion. The teacher, the teacher in Byron Center that was fired and who subsequently died, I showed that and the minister who was talking uh, I knew Jerry Crane, not well, but I knew him a little bit, and his partner Randy. Uhm, so. What was the reaction when you saw it in class? KR: Uhm, I enjoyed it personally. I just thought that it was cool that people in the community at Grand Valley were spreading awareness and… CM: yeah, yeah. I was just delighted that Grand Valley had a part in it. And that‟s, that‟s the LGBT center, that‟s Collete Bagley, Bigley. Who is responsible for getting this out there, all the time. She‟s really, she‟s a dynamicist really. SP: It was definitely an eye opener, that‟s for sure. CM: Ah SP: I‟m sure it was to a lot of people Page 11 �CM: Really!? SP: Especially in our class CM: Huh..In the sense that?... SP: In the sense that, I was just unaware and that I had no idea CM: Uh huh, of all that had been going on SP: Right, yeah especially how far it had gone back into the history of Grand Rapids… CM: Oh, yeah SP: .. and community CM: and..and of course the people, that you may not recall, but the very first person talking, uh, she was just sitting alone in her room, and she had shorts on, and I can‟t remember…she was talking about the gay bar scene for women, uhm, very good friend of mine, and she had been involved during that period. Pre-dating me, she she‟s the same age as me, but as I say I kind of got involved in the community later. I wish that somebody could do a documentary on that scene, that prehistory of Grand Rapids where everybody was closeted. Uhm, and the only place that you could meet, was in the, in gay bars, and homes of course. Jeff Smith the person who did the documentary says he is thinking of doing that, probably would need to do it fairly soon because that that‟s an older population, older even than even I am, or older than even she is you know. For the most part, those women would now be in their 80s maybe, most of them, late 70s and 80s.. [pause] so, well I‟m glad that you like the documentary. KR: Mhmm.. uhm, lets see. How do you think that, like throughout the years of being an activist, uhm.. how do you think your views, did they change at all or… CM: No, I think they just became more uhm deep rooted, deep seeded, yeah. And in class when we talk about it, students often ask me if I would change, if I could. Uhm, uhh [breathes out in awe], No the answer is absolutely not. I said uh well ya know, it would be a whole lot easier for you if you did, or it would have been a lot. I think it had, I think it has given me, again I don‟t want to say that it‟s a blessing but in a way it is, I think it‟s given me kind of uh, uh a double vision. Uh, when I was growing up and younger people would say things about African Americans they would say things about, in my home town, Mexicans, they would say things about uh, single mothers, illegitimate children [laughs] and they would say things about gay people. And I, I can remember thinking, hmmm I know that‟s not true what they are saying, I know that‟s not true about me, and I know that‟s not true about what they are saying about my friends, maybe it‟s not true what they are saying about black people, or Mexican people or illegitimate children, which is what they were called, or single mothers uhm. Or welfare, maybe its not true about them either. So it has kind of given me uh, uhm like a second lense almost, to Page 12 �look through. So, no. My my answer feelings haven‟t changed, or my thoughts, they‟ve just grown more convinced. SP: Whenever students would ask you if you could change would you, did you ever, has there ever been like uh, a jealousy of not having a family like a like the normal [sarcasm], the American family CM: The American dream? [Chuckles] SP: Yeah, the American dream type of deal CM: [laughs] it really has never bothered me, I think it might some people, although with things developing as they are now that‟s gonna be possible, it already is many, many people are already living lives made it possible. But no, it‟s never been uh, a regret of mine or anything. Uh, uh. Sometimes, as I get older I wonder, hmmm who‟s gonna take care of me when I‟m in the hollowed home [sarcasm and laughs] things will work out. KR: Uhm, let‟s see. [pause] Is there uhm EI: I know you talked about how you said that you can like see changes occurring, uhm what within the community can you like truly like see a difference in like in especially like within Grand Valley if you have seen anything CM: Oh, just the openness EI: Just the openness? CM: Oh my Lord Yes. [With enthusiasm] Yeah. Just the openness. Uh, there is no other way to say it. It‟s, uh a non-issue now. And, and, and its not that its not supported I mean it it‟s an issue at the LGBT center and its an issue whenever there is harassment and stuff like that, its… it it its [stammers] just like its different era we‟re breathing. In uh, in society in general, I think that to me the biggest difference, I never [emphasized] would have in million years dream that we would talk about gay marriage. Ever! [laughs] uhm, I don‟t it will happen, it will certainly happen in our lifetimes, but ah, who would ever have thought that when you consider 25, 30 years ago, and even today some people are afraid to self-identify and now we are talking about the possibility of gay marriage, woah! Its, its remarkable and when you get discouraged, it‟s helpful to look back at at things. Doesn‟t mean there‟s any less resentment and hate out there, because there is a lot of it, but it‟ll change. Mhmm. KR: Where do you see uhm, the civil rights of the LGBTQ community going in the future. Like what topics may be.. CM: I think gay marriage is the ultimate KR: Mhmm Page 13 �CM: Mhmm, [breathes] in fact [laughs] those of us who came up through the harder times, ya know when you come up through hard times you kind of develop a sense of comradeship and we‟re all in this together against the world some, of us have said oh, when we‟re like everybody else [chuckles] maybe we‟re gonna miss that, that comradeship but ya know for African Americans it was known as black pride at that time uhm, gay pride, maybe we‟re going to miss kind of fighting against the world. Just us against them. But if so, it‟s worth it for civil rights. I mean it it it it [stammers] if we did miss that, that‟s a small thing to miss, yeah.. it‟s a good trade off to have civil rights, SP: So I know that you said that it throughout, that you‟ve seen a change throughout the straight community where they have become more accepting… CM: Mhmmm SP: ...is that, what is your reaction to the west Michigan lifestyle, if you will, that that community has become more accepting of the gay community CM: [stutters] change in them or change in? SP: A change in them, a change in... CM: In them? SP: ...how do you think, how do you feel that they, that you‟ve gotten the western Michigan people to become more accepting CM: Uhm, it was never overt hatred before, so its hard ya know its hard to say SP: Mhmm CM: Now that there is, because it was never overt before all I can say is, it it theres not the tension. Uhm, nope. Uh, you you might think twice before you self-identify, or or or are open, you might think twice, but..but by the time you think the third time you think, who cares. [laughs] they‟ll, ya know like what are they gonna do. Now that‟s not everybody. There are a lot of people who have a whole lot at stake and who, simply can‟t, I mean I‟m not in a perfect position for heaven‟s sakes, I‟m tenured faculty, you can‟t get much more safe than that. I really mean that I‟ve never had to worry about employment. Employment is a huge issue, uh in some cases uh, custody battle. Huge issue with some parents worry „I have to give up my children‟ if I‟m open. So, mhmm. KR: Uhm. So, do you have anything else you would like to share with us, any of your stories or…? CM: [laughs] Uhm, [pause] I was saying to my my partner we‟ve been together about 23 years now. She says „what are you going to say this morning, when they interview? [laughs] You‟re not going to say anything you‟re not supposed to are you, what are you gonna talk about?‟ uhm, Page 14 �actually we‟ve covered a whole lot of ground. Uhm. Nothing comes to my mind, although I am more than happy to share anything else that you can think of. KR: Uhm, do you guys have any more questions? SP: I‟m out of questions. CM: out of questions? KR: Alrighty, well uhm thank you so much. CM: Absolutely! KR: This concludes the oral history. CM: Absolutely! KR: Yep, Thank you, for your time and also thanks to Grand Valley for putting on this program. CM: Yes. Absolutely. Yes, absolutely that also. Should I be…should I sign this as far as a release form… END OF INTERVIEW Page 15 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b16f9b03fcbc64efb7da5844ef188e4c.mp3 bfe1209a2739b884102ec073862bb5dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Personal narratives Oral histories African Americans--Personal narratives Gays--Personal narratives Lesbians--Personal narratives Bisexual people--Personal narratives Transgender people--Personal narratives Veterans--Personal narratives Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Muslims--United States--Personal narratives Hispanic Americans--Personal narratives Homophobia Discrimination Islamophobia Stereotypes (Social psychology)--Upper Penninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project (GV248-01) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-05-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1930-2011 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01_Mader_Cynthia Title A name given to the resource Cynthia Mader audio interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mader, Cynthia Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rosema, Kailey Pratt, Stephen Immekus, Erica Description An account of the resource Cynthia Mader is an outstanding woman who is an advocate for the advancement of civil rights for the LGBTQ community in the West Michigan area, as well as a professor in Grand Valley State University's College of Education. Recently, Cynthia was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Women's Commission, March 13th, 2012. Cynthia's involvement for social justice led her to be the First Board of Directors within the Lesbian and Gay Community Network Incorporated, in which she organized Grand Rapids' first pride celebration, and fought with local public administration offices for the passing of laws that banned sexual orientation discrimination Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Homophobia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Relation A related resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-03-13 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3669e2c00b9e62d5f2e5bf4f55fcd550.mp3 4a714357b91d0b257ed2237b543de74f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/89d21ff5f41b6cf87fb446a554decd1d.pdf d1b327e4d499648914d89b2f7d5eb3c7 PDF Text Text Cynthia Sorenson interviewed by Gina Asman and Ken Kutzel July 21, 2018 GA: Now what you’re doing is working. Ken: Alright, we're headed down, just hit the record. Okay we'll do that. Thank you very much, Ken. Ken: You’re welcome. GA: As they leave… What do I have in my mouth? I don’t know. So, we'll get started alright.I got some questions here that I supposed to be asking you. This is Gina Asman and I'm here today with Cynthia Sorenson, my friend, and we are downstairs in the Old Schoolhouse in the place where Cynthia is very very comfortable. Today is July 21, 2018. We are in Douglas, Michigan. and this oral history is being collected as a part of The Stories of Summer project which is supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Common Herritage program. That’s quite the name. Thank you for coming today and taking the time to talk with me. I know I kinda twisted your arm to do this tonight. This is not your favorite thing I know I'm gonna ask you some different questions I hope because before I think they talked about the, the robbery at the bank was in that. Weren’t you interviewed as far as that was concerned? Well, the second time, yeah. Pat Devenhost and I were interviewed. GA: Okay, but what was the first time about then? CS: My sister and myself. GA: Okay the two of you, so you and Marge were interviewed now. Okay. Well anyway, I wanna learn more about your family history and your experiences that you've had here in the Saugatuck-Douglas area and I have to ask you this can you please tell me your full name and spell it, even though I know how. CS: Cynthia Anne Petertyl Sorensen. GA: Now, that is an interesting name. Spell it for me, please? All of it? �GA: The whole thing, especially the Peter, that’s where I get the Peter. CS: C Y N T H I A A N N E P E T E R T Y L S O R E N S E N GA: I bet Sorenson is often misspelled, isn’t it? CS: Yes. GA: And that's not very nice because it's a good Scandinavian, I think. CS: I think it's Danish. GA: Oh, Danish! Okay I’m sorry I was wrong there. Now, tell me about the Peter, because I’ve heard. CS: Petertyl. GA: I know but I've heard him calling you Peter or Pete. I guess it’s Pete. CS: It’s a nickname. A family name. GA: Tell me about that. CS: Oh, my grandmother my mother's mother's maiden name was Petertyl. GA: Your mother's mother, okay. CS: My grandmother. It’s Bohemian. GA: Oh, its Bohemian? Now, how did Bohemian and Danish get together CS: I don't know. GA: They just did. CS: They met in Chicago, my mother did. They met in Chicago. Now, what else did you need? GA: Well I just think it's such an interesting name and I heard your niece, Joan, say… �CS: No, my cousin. GA: Your cousin, that’s right. She said, “Pete was there” And I said, “Pete? Who’s Pete?” “Oh, you know, Pete.” So, I thought, oh, and that’s why I had to ask you. CS: My family nickname and then of course when I worked in the restaurant with my aunt, she would call me Pete. The customer's would call me Pete. GA: Well, tell me about that restaurant. I know it's called The Hollyhock, right? CS: The Hollyhock House. GA: The Hollyhock House. Tell me about that. CS: My aunt had that for many many years. she it was the best restaurant in town. GA: Your aunt's name was? CS: Emily Leon. GA: Ellie Leon CS: Emily. Emily Leon. GA: And then the building is still there, isn't it? CS: No, Marrows took it over and extended their restaurant. GA: But, it is where Marrows was, correct? CS: Well, Marrows was on the corner. GA: The corner, right. CS: And they took the property in between the lot and my aunt’s house. GA: Oh. CS: So, there’s actually three lots there. GA: See, I was incorrect because I thought that the back part of the side part that runs along the road there was The Hollyhock House. �CS: It was facing Water Street. GA: Water Street, yes. Because it kind of bends in there, doesn’t it? CS: Yeah. GA: How long did you work there? CS: I started when I was fourteen. GA: Oh my word. CS: Helping in the kitchen. I worked there for twenty years. GA: So all through high school and so on, then. CS: Yes. GA: And I’m sure that probably during the summertime you were really, really busy, weren’t you? CS: Very busy. There would be lines of people waiting to get in. GA: Well, I can remember hearing about it. I don’t ever remember eating at it but I can remember hearing people talk about it, that it was a very good place to eat, and it was very… What should I say? A neat place to go, a different place to go, not your typical hamburger or whatever. CS: It was all homemade food, homemade cooking. 5:08 GA: What was your favorite? CS: Well, probably her vegetable soup. [Chuckles] GA: Her vegetable soup. Did they have other kinds of soup? CS: Oh, yeah. She made it all. GA: Was there different soup on different days? �CS: She made all sorts of kinds of soups. I don’t remember if it was one a day or how she did it, but all of her soups were good. GA: But vegetable soup was your favorite? CS: Yeah. GA: What did they have for dessert? I love dessert. CS: Pies. All sorts of pies: Lemon meringue, butterscotch, and chocolate, coconut cream… GA: So, a lot of cream pies, then? CS: Oh, yeah. GA: And why did she call it The Hollyhock House? CS: She liked hollyhocks, and there were hollyhocks in the vacant lot next door. GA: Ah… and these were probably the old-fashioned ones, the singles. CS: Yeah. GA: Did you ever take them apart as a little girl? CS: Oh, yeah. GA: Make dolls? CS: Make dolls, yes. GA: I did that too. So, vegetable soup, lots of pies. CS: Lemon meringue. GA: Lemon meringue, was your favorite lemon meringue? CS: Yep. And she made a lot of sweet rolls. Her cinnamon rolls were the best. Everyone liked her cinnamon rolls. GA: So, she was probably open for breakfast then? CS: Oh, yeah. �GA: What time did you have to go to work? CS: I can’t… let’s see. I think she opened at 8:00. She started out serving dinners and decided it was easier to do breakfast because there wasn’t a lot of waste. Eggs just kept, you know. Then, she decided that breakfast was too hard because everyone wants it to be perfect. People like their eggs a certain way. GA: Scrambled, over-easy. CS: Yeah. GA: Oh, this is too hard! CS: So, she went back to dinners. GA: Oh, really? CS: And, that’s when there were line ups because the pavilion was there then. GA: Right across the street, really. CS: Mhm. And, she went back to breakfast and lunch. So, I was a waitress. I didn’t do any of the cooking. GA: Well, that’s more fun. You didn’t have to clean up, either, doing dishes? CS: No, I didn’t have to do the dishes. There were high school girls that came in and did the dishes. GA: What was the décor like inside? When you remember, what did it look like? I imagine it being sort of light, bright colors and so on? CS: Yeah. She used a lot of yellow. GA: A lot of yellow, okay. CS: Just all kind of. It was kind of open. There was a porch, a glassed in porch. The windows could be open. It was very cheerful. GA: And I assume there were tables out on the porch? Were you serving? �CS: Yeah, we served tables on the porch. In the regular restaurant, she had vases of flowers on every table. GA: Fresh flowers, I’m sure. CS: Yeah. She had a big flower garden in the back because she liked to garden. GA: So, these flowers probably came right from her garden. Yeah. GA: Neat. CS: I don’t remember… Well, I was there when the pavilion burned. GA: You remember that, then? CS: We were open. GA: Because that was early May, wasn’t it? CS: May, yes May of 19…60? GA: May 1960, yes. So you were working that day, then? CS: Yeah. It happened right around noon hour. GA: So, it was right across the street from you. CS: Yeah. GA: Oh, my word. CS: You hear the fire whistle. They had a fire whistle at that time. Everyone was running down between the pavilion and The Crowbar because there was smoke down there. And I said, “Oh, there’s a boat on fire.” I looked across the street, and there were flames inside the building way over in the far corner. And, we were full of customers, of course. I said, “Everybody better leave.” Nobody wanted to leave, they all finished their lunches, paid... GA: Oh, you’re kidding! Just kind of watched everything? CS: Yeah. �GA: Oh my word. CS: Firetrucks were pulling out of the front. GA: Well, they had the front row seats. CS: Yeah. My sister worked at Harris Pie, in the office of Harris Pie then. She and a couple of her friends came for lunch and they were waiting for a table. And they took their lunch with them back to the office. 10:10 GA: To go, yeah. CS: Finally, we got everybody out of the restaurant, and I happened to think to grab the cash box. We had a cash register, but I thought to grab the drawer and went into the backyard. My aunt had a dog at the house, so I let him out. Then, I just stood in the back and watched it burn. GA: Holding the cashbox and keeping the dog company then? CS: Yes. GA: Oh my word. CS: And while, just before we left, this lady from Douglas, Mace Acosta, came. She wanted pie and coffee. And I said, “Well, you can’t come in, we’re closed.” But she insisted, so I gave her a pie to take home. GA: Oh my word! CS: She wasn’t going to leave. GA: And she just wanted to come on in, eat her pie and watch the excitement going on across the street? CS: Yes, yep. So that’s… My cousin Frank was at Michigan State then, and some of his friends called and told him what was going on. They came and got his record collection out of the house. GA: Sure, because he was living at that house then. CS: Yes. �GA: The house didn’t burn, did it? CS: No, but the plane glass window on the front cracked. GA: On the house? CS: On the restaurant. GA: Oh, the restaurant. CS: Yeah. A couple of the firemen were keeping hoses on the roof of the house, so it didn’t burn. She also had candles, candles on all of the tables. They melted right over because it got so hot in there. GA: Oh my word. And it was probably pretty cool out because it was early in May? CS: Yeah. GA: So, it wasn’t 80 degrees or anything. CS: It was a sunny day, I remember, but… Later after the fire was out, then she opened up and made sandwiches for the firemen, or whatever they wanted to eat. A friend of hers came and helped her. GA: Now, you probably helped too, didn’t you? Or did you have to go and do something else? CS: I was there, but I don’t remember doing – GA: Well, you probably helped serve them to the firemen. CS: Yeah. I don’t remember doing that, but I must have. Of course, I had to hang out with the dog. [Both laugh] GA: And you made sure the money was safe, too. CS: Yeah. My parents were living in Lansing. GA: At that time? CS: They were coming over for the weekend and they saw all this smoke in the sky. GA: They were probably… �CS: They couldn’t get into town. They weren’t letting anyone into town. GA: Were you living at that time on Campbell Road? CS: Yeah. GA: But your folks were in Lansing, so it was just you and Marge in the house, then? CS: M-hm. GA: I didn’t know that! I thought your folks lived there all the time! CS: No. My dad worked for the State of Michigan, and he worked out of Lansing. GA: Oh. CS: They’d come over every weekend. GA: So, you two girls were just on your own then? CS: M-hm. GA: Oh, well, times are… CS: We were old enough then. GA: I know, but times are different now. [Laughs] Would you leave your teenagers there, my word! CS: Well, Marge wasn’t a teenager, so. She worked at Harris Pie, and I did the restaurant. GA: Well, now, I know that your house is really, really old. Talk about your house. You said you lived in that house after you had lived in another house downtown in Saugatuck first. CS: M-hm. GA: But this house had already been built on Campbell Road? CS: Oh, yeah. GA: But, it’s not a farmhouse. It’s too fancy to be a farmhouse. CS: Oh, it isn’t fancy. �GA: Oh, I think it is. CS: It was a farmhouse. GA: Well, it’s not a typical, plain old, what should I say, bare boned. Well, the inside wasn’t like a lot of those houses, Victorian houses. CS: It was plain. GA: But the outside is very, very elegant, as such. It was on a hill; it looks really nice there. CS: According to Jim Schmeecan, it was built in 1867 or 8, I can’t remember. GA: So it’s… my math… It’s 150 years old. CS: Yeah. It was the only house on that side of Campbell Road when we moved there. 15:03 GA: Oh, really? The only one? Was there ever a barn in there, too? CS: Oh, yeah, there was a big barn, food storage building, and a chicken coop. GA: And a chicken coop! And, you didn’t raise chickens for food? CS: Nope. GA: But there were probably already fruit trees there. CS: Oh, yeah, the whole area was a fruit orchard. GA: Peaches? CS: All kinds of fruit. Different kinds. GA: Hmm. CS: But at that time, we weren’t running the orchard at all. It was just there. GA: It was just there. CS: Yeah. It wasn’t taken care of; it wasn’t sprayed or anything like that. �GA: How old were you when you moved into that house, do you remember? Were you in high school? CS: Yeah, I was in high school. GA: You came from Chicago? CS: Yeah. Brookfield. GA: Brookfield, that’s where the zoo is. So, you came up here because your dad had a job in Saugatuck, right? CS: No. He quit his job in Chicago because he was tired of commuting through the loop. And, what he wanted to do was build. He was a builder. GA: That’s right. CS: He wanted to build houses up here. We moved here after my sister graduated from Riverside Brookfield High School, because she was going to go to Western. My dad liked to hunt and fish so he wanted to be in this area. GA: So, this was a perfect place for him! CS: M-hm. We were here… Well, we came here in October of 41. In December, there was Pearl Harbor. GA: That’s right. CS: So, the company he worked for in Chicago wanted him to come back, because they had a job out in Nebraska building ammunition storage in the fields of Nebraska. So we went out to Nebraska for, oh, almost a year. GA: Where abouts in Nebraska? CS: Sydney, Nebraska. GA: I don’t know where that is. CS: It was just a little town like Fennville. �GA: I’ve never been. Oh, like Fennville, okay! Is it in the middle of Nebraska, or where in Nebraska? CS: It’s more in the southwestern parts. GA: The southwestern parts, okay. CS: Because I know we took trips to Colorado and Wyoming while we were there. GA: Oh! So, you were there a little while then? CS: Yes. Not a full year, but. GA: Not a full year, okay. CS: Then we came back here. GA: But at that time, you did not have the house on Campbell Road, correct? CS: No. GA: Okay, so you lived in town. CS: Yeah. We lived on… first we lived on Lake Street. That house isn’t there anymore. And, then, we lived up on Mason Street. GA: Okay. CS: Then my dad built the house on Hoffman Street. GA: Oh! And is that house still there? CS: Yes, yep. GA: Do you know the address or anything? CS: I don’t know. I can’t remember enough. GA: But you’d know what it looks like, right? CS: Oh, yeah. They’ve changed it. GA: Oh, okay. �CS: That was in the 40s, then, by the late 40s. Yeah. I was in high school, so I could just walk to school, the old school. GA: The old school. Because I can remember the Saugatuck High School burned in the middle of the night, didn’t it? CS: Yeah, there was a thunder storm and they think it was struck by lightning. That was 1950.I can remember my dad was good friends with Mr. Wah. GA: Was he the superintendent? CS: Yeah. I remember where we lived, and I remember the phone ringing in the middle of the night, and my dad saying, “Oh, we’ve got to go, Saugatuck High School is burning down.” And, they were talking about where they could hold classes and so on. Could we loan them books, or just whatever? Because my dad was in Fennville at that time. So that was in 1950. GA: Yeah. See, I didn’t remember when it was. I remember that the high school was on a hill. CS: You weren’t born then. GA: Oh, well, yes I was. [Both laugh]. The high school was up on a hill, but the gym didn’t burn, did it? CS: No. It was attached to the high school building, but it didn’t burn. GA: So, only part. CS: There was no damage upstairs. Let’s see, there were four classrooms attached to the old school, red brick, and the gym was to the other side. It wasn’t near the building that burned. GA: Okay, so it was separate, then, kind of. CS: Yeah. GA: Oh, I see. See, I don’t remember that. [Clears throat]. Excuse me. I remember going to games in the gym and knowing that was not a part of the school that burned then. CS: No, it didn’t. I don’t even think there was smoke damage in there, but there was in the red brick part of the school. And, we had to have classes in the Legion Hall now in town. �20:07 GA: Probably churches or something? CS: Churches. Let’s see, where else? Well, that’s about all there was. Then the fixed up the gym and divided it into classrooms. GA: Classrooms. CS: So yeah, we did. We had classes in there. GA: Because when you graduated, I think Saugatuck was much smaller than Fennville. CS: M-hm. GA: How many were in your graduating class? CS: Ten. GA: Oh, my word! [Laughs] Now there’s probably, what, 70 or 80? CS: Oh, yeah. GA: Over 100 maybe. CS: Yeah. GA: See, I don’t know. CS: Yeah. GA: Wow. Because I can remember the building being up there, and I haven’t been… Aren’t there apartments over there now? CS: Yes, condos. GA: Condos. They just took down the school, or what? CS: Well, they took down the old school and built a one-story school. GA: I remember that too. CS: Right in that spot. �GA: Oh, really? CS: I think they took down the red brick part too. The gym was left. Then they built the onestory, but it wasn’t very well constructed. It didn’t last. GA: I guess not. CS: So, then they built where it is now. GA: Where it is now. CS: Yeah. GA: Because that’s state of the art now, as far as. My brother and sister-in-law came over and moved here from the Detroit area, and they were like, “Wow!” They couldn’t believe what a wonderful athletic facility they have. They said, “My word, this is better than anything we’ve seen in a long time.” They were really impressed. Okay, when you were in high school, they were still called the Saugatuck Indians? CS: Oh, yeah. Still are. GA: Is there going to be any change to that? CS: They’re not. GA: I hope not too, because it just… CS: We had a big meeting, oh, two or three years ago, and someone wanted to change the name, drop the name. GA: But with the name Saugatuck, that’s an Indian name. CS: An Indian name. GA: You know what it means, don’t you? CS: Bend of the river, I think. GA: I think. CS: It has different meanings, but mouth of the river, bend of the river. �GA: Saugatuck, it’s a neat, neat place. It certainly has been well-known for years and years and years. So, you lived here, too, then, when they had the jazz festivals? CS: Yeah. GA: What do you remember of that? CS: I didn’t go to those. I wasn’t interested in that. GA: From what I’ve heard, the jazz festivals were supposed to be out where the racetrack is. Yes. GA: But, people, the college kids and such, the troublemakers or whatever didn’t go to that. They just congregated in downtown. CS: Came in downtown. GA: Because they wanted to CS: Drink. GA: Drink and riot and just have a good time. CS: Yeah. GA: See, you lived then. Well, actually your address in Saugatuck was on the other side of the river, so you didn’t have to be involved in that. CS: Right. M-hm. Stayed out of town. GA: I don’t blame you. I remember seeing pictures of this just jammed with people in front of the Old Crow and such, and Coral Gables. CS: I remember, in the daytime working in the restaurant, there were always a lot of people around. GA: That would have been about the same time, then, that the pavilion burned. Was that when they had them, or was that later? CS: That was later. �GA: It was later, okay. CS: The pavilion was gone then. That was just a parking lot, I think. GA: So, there was a parking lot across from The Hollyhock. M-hm. Down on the river. GA: On the river. CS: I think that property was sold to the Singapore Yacht Club. They had the parking lot. GA: Oh, okay. CS: They had their boats docked on the water there. One more thing, going back to the fire. We were wondering what to do about classes and things. And there was talk. [Coughs] Excuse me. GA: We need a bottle of water, but we don’t have any. CS: I don’t need a water. There was talk of merging with Fennville. GA: Really? Such rivalry. CS: We did not want it. GA: I’m sure Fennville didn’t want it either. CS: We had a demonstration march. GA: Oh, really? CS: [Chuckles] I shouldn’t be telling you that. GA: Well, I went to Fennville as you know, and we would have felt the same way. We don’t want to join with those Saugatuck Indians! They are our rivals. CS: That’s when they decided to rebuild. GA: That was in the – I don’t remember that at all. CS: I don’t know if we have any pictures of it? We must have pictures… GA: So, there was a demonstration? �CS: Oh, yeah. Saying, “No, no, no, no!” And, so, they listened. 25:04 CS: Then there was another… All these people were coming to the restaurant. There was a group that came it. It was one of the musical groups at that time. I can’t remember the name, but somebody said that’s who they are. They autographed a paper napkin and left it on the table. So, I picked it up and kept it. I still have it. GA: You’ll find it some place and go, “Oh, that’s where it is!” CS: I can’t remember the name of the group. There were four or five fellows that were in it. GA: Were they singers? CS: Singers, instruments and singing. GA: Ah. CS: I’ll find it and give it to the archives. GA: Yeah! You should because that would be special. So, did you have different napkins that said Hollyhock House on them? CS: No, just plain white. GA: Plain white napkins, okay. But somebody autographed it, like The Beach Boys or something. A well-known group. CS: Yes, they were well-known at the time. I don’t know if anyone would remember them now. GA: Oh, I’m sure oldies like the two of us would remember. Now, do you remember what they ordered? You waited on them, right? CS: Yeah. It was breakfast. I don’t remember what they had. But I thought, I’m going to save that. I don’t know why, but… GA: I’m glad you did! And you’ll find it, it’ll turn up, and you’ll say, “Hey, there it is.” You probably have it in a book or something to keep itCS: In a box that I’m saving. [Both laugh] �GA: Did you have other celebrities that came to eat at The Hollyhock House? CS: I don’t remember. I was trying to remember if Burt Tilstrom came in [Indistinguishable] GA: Yes. CS: I remember when he passed by out on the street. GA: On the street. CS: And the dragon was hanging out the window. [Both laugh] Someone he knew was eating at the restaurant. So he stuck the dragon out the window. GA: That’s neat. CS: Ollie. GA: I remember watching that on TV. Cuckoo Friend and Ollie. What year was that, I can’t remember? CS: Must have been in the 50s. GA: Early 60s. CS: Yeah, 50s. GA: Okay, do you remember seeing that dragon sticking out of the window, was the pavilion in the background, or had it burned down by then? CS: I think that it burned. GA: It burned. So it had to be after 1960 of May. CS: Yeah, I’m not quite sure. GA: You said you worked there for about 20 years, then. CS: Yeah. GA: Wow. CS: Yeah, I started working there in… Let me see. I think it would have been 1965. So, maybe it wasn’t 20 years. �GA: Maybe you subbed in somewhere or helped out sometimes, too. I remember because I had a friend, Bob Breckenridge, who worked in the bank. CS: Yeah. GA: And I would mock him and say, “Yeah, you don’t even have a job. You’re finished with work at 3:00 in the afternoon. That’s no job.” CS: The bank used to close at 3. GA: I remember that, yeah. But, you start work at what time? CS: 9:00. GA: 9:00. But you didn’t leave at 3:00. CS: Oh, no, no. We were there. GA: Because you had to make sure everything was … CS: Yeah. And, let’s see what else. Well, I was offered the job at the bank. I didn’t apply for it. GA: Oh, that’s a compliment! So they came to you and said, “Cynthia.” CS: I was taking a refresher course in typing up at the high school, an evening class. Mrs. Showers, do you remember Louise Showers? GA: I remember the name, but. CS: Yeah, she was there, too, because she was starting to work at the bank. She had to learn how to type. [Chuckles] And she told the bank manager. GA: Who was? CS: Mill Stahl. GA: Okay. CS: And she said he should ask me to work there because I was such a good typist. GA: Ah. �CS: So, I came into the bank and he asked me if I’d like to work there. It was just part time, because I had to work at the restaurant in the morning. I could work at the bank in the afternoon. Well, that lasted a week, and then he wants me full time. And Irene Simonson. GA: Okay. CS: She was a customer of my aunt’s who came every day for coffee. She said she’d like to have a job working the restaurant. GA: Oh really? CS: She just jumped at the chance. GA: So, she filled in for you and you went to the bank, then. CS: Yeah. 30:00 GA: Okay, may I ask you a personal question? When you worked at The Hollyhock House, how much did you get paid an hour? Not with tips. CS: I came across some pay stubs the other day throwing stuff out, and it seems like it was about a quarter. GA: Oh, that’s good. Oh, I think so. When I worked at The Redwood, I got 50 cents an hour, and that was in the early 60s. Oh, so, my word, I didn’t know that! CS: But, we made good tips there. GA: Oh, I’m sure you would have, yes. CS: Yeah. GA: Well, that was very profitable. CS: Yeah. When you stop to think about it, it was good at that time. GA: And when you worked at the bank, you had given up your job to Irene SimonCS: Irene Simonson, yes. Her husband was the photographer. �GA: Yes. I’ve heard that name. CS: Carl. Carl Simonson. GA: I would never recognize her if I saw her, but I’ve heard the name. CS: Well, you probably knew her son, Bruce. He was village maintenance, head of village maintenance for 50 years. GA: I just nominated Tanya, but that’s it. Your cousin, Frank Lamb, I know. CS: Yeah. GA: Because he was on the basketball team. CS: Yeah. GA: I’ve probably told you, but we used to call him The Nicotine Five. Isn’t that terrible? Because it was Frank Lamb, name me some of the other guys. Lovejoy. Frank Lovejoy. CS: Yeah. Ralph Brickles. GA: Ralph Brickles. Bob Breckenridge. CS: I don’t know. But Bob was younger… Rick Francis. GA: Rick Francis, yes! I thought it was Rex, but Rex went to Fennville then. CS: Yeah. He went to Fennville. GA: He… [gasp] He changed sides. CS: Well, he had to. GA: Yeah, I think there was a little problem there. CS: He and the coach, who was the school principal at the timeGA: Oh, really? CS: Had a disturbance… GA: There was an altercation. �CS: Let’s see. Frank and Ralph, Oh, Bill Hedgeland, I think. GA: That’s right. CS: He was one of them. GA: Will Hedgeland, yes, he was one of them. Oh, that’s right. Because you had a good team. CS: Oh, yeah. GA: They were very good and I know it was always the-. When you played Saugatuck, when Fennville played, that was the game. CS: M-hm. GA: And we played each other twice. Once in Saugatuck, once in Fennville. And those were the biggest turnouts. They were the most exciting. CS: Yeah, still are. GA: The rivalry. I don’t know, when did the rivalry start? CS: Probably from the very beginning. GA: From the beginning, yeah. The Blackhawks and the Indians. The Indians were really, really tough. I remember being in that gym, and it would be so crowded. I know one time my dad was sitting up at the top, and there were guys with snare drums up above him, and a snare drum fell off and hit him right in the head. CS: Oh, gosh. GA: Isn’t that a weird thing to remember? But, it was very crowded in there, very tight. As I recall, the bleachers seemed like they were right on the floor. There was not much room at all. CS: Yeah, it wasn’t very big. GA: But, it was filled with lots of excited spectators. Wow. Now, going back to, I keep thinking about The Hollyhock. How long, then, did your aunt have that? When did she close it? CS: She closed it in 1970, I believe. GA: So, ten years after the pavilion burned. �CS: Yeah, she wasn’t well, so she had to give it up. GA: And nobody took it over? CS: Oh yeah. I can’t remember their last name, but it probably was Sullivan or something. This couple took it over and kept the name. GA: They kept the name The Hollyhock. CS: They were, they just didn’t have as good of a restaurant. GA: I’m sure all the clientele figured that out early on. CS: Yeah. I think they sold to Marrows. GA: Oh, okay. CS: Then Marrows was built in the vacant lot next door to build over the house. GA: Because Marrows has been there quite a while. CS: Oh, yeah. GA: Probably since, what, the mid 70s, then? CS: Probably. I can’t remember the years now. I know there was a couple from Indiana that had the Marrows restaurant for a year. They would come up every summer and open up. They were jealous of my aunt’s restaurant because their food wasn’t that good. [Laughs] GA: And she always liked to cook? CS: Oh, yeah. GA: But she’d never been a restauranter like this before? An entrepreneur or anything? 35:04 CS: Well, when she first came to Saugatuck, she worked at The Green Parrot, I think was the restaurant’s name, so she worked there. GA: So, she said, “I can do this even better on my own.” CS: Well, she didn’t start right away. My father and John Ball had a restaurant on Mason Street. �GA: Oh, really, your dad? CS: Yes, they just had hamburgers and chili. GA: Oh, okay. CS: And my aunt worked there as a waitress. GA: Frank’s mom? CS: Yeah. My mother did the dishes and Mrs. Ball made the pies. GA: Oh, really? CS: And from there, the Balls opened their own restaurant on Butler Street. John Ball Restaurant. I don’t remember… GA: Now is that relation to the John Ball of Grand Rapids? John Ball Park? CS: No, no. GA: No relation whatsoever. CS: And then my aunt opened her… opened Hollyhock House, because my dad went back to building. He’d rather be building than be in a restaurant. GA: That was much more his style. CS: So, my aunt opened Hollyhock House and the Balls opened their restaurant. GA: So, really, there were quite a few restaurants in Saugatuck. CS: Oh, yeah. GA: I remember the Hollyhock, and I remember you used to go downstairs and it was called…. So, it would be in the south end where… What is it called? The Old Crow in the south end? You would go downstairs and there was something called the… CS: The Ratskeller. GA: The Ratskeller, that’s right. I can remember that, and I can remember upstairs. CS: That was, uh, El Forno. �GA: El Forno. CS: And next to that was the Old Crow Bar. GA: The Old Crow Bar, okay. The Ratskeller, that’s right, it was downstairs. What do they call it… The Soda Lounge next to the drugstore? CS: That was on Butler Street. GA: Oh, that was on Butler Street, okay. CS: It was kind of at the back of The Hollyhock House, facing the other side of the street. GA: Ah, because I remember all of the Saugatuck kids going. They called it the Scrounge. CS: Oh. GA: What was it called? CS: The Soda Lounge. GA: They’d call it the Scrounge. I don’t ever remember being in it, but I remember them talking about it. CS: It had been there a long time. GA: Well, go ahead. CS: They used to, they’d go on up after the ball games. The kids could come in. GA: Oh, okay. CS: I don’t know that they were open every evening, but after aGA: After a ball game of some sort. Basketball, football, something like that. CS: Yeah. GA: Oh, no, because Saugatuck didn’t have football. CS: No. GA: That’s right, so they had… Did they have a baseball team? �CS: I don’t know, I don’t think so. GA: So, just basketball. CS: Just basketball. GA: So, no tennis or… CS: Nope. GA: Oh, my word. Then, that’s why the guys were so good. They didn’t have to practice anything else. [Both chuckle] CS: Then, The Soda Lounge moved across the street. It closed up when they were across the street next to the bank, because it was the bank on the corner. GA: Which is now The Garden, right? CS: Yeah. It was just a small… This was after Mike Kenny died. His wife and her sister had The Soda Lounge and it was just a smaller place. They ran that for a while. GA: Had the drugstore always had the soda bar in the back, there, too? CS: Yeah. Well, when we first came, it was right in the front part, The Soda Lounge. I mean, the drugstore. GA: The drugstore. CS: Over on the north wall. They had The Soda Lounge, a soda bar there. When Christianson took it over, he added on the back of the building and had it back there. GA: Is it still there? CS: Oh, yeah. GA: I remember, every summer… CS: They don’t serve all year round. It’s in the summertime. GA: Okay. Because it was always the neatest thing to come to Saugatuck. It was always kind of, “This is enemy territory.” Isn’t that terrible? �CS: It was a bad town. GA: No, it wasn’t a bad town, it was enemy territory. Oh, let’s go to Saugatuck. I can still remember that. Did you ever go to Whatnot Inn? CS: Yeah. GA: That was, when I think of it, thinking of it now, we used to go there as kids, but it was a bar then! CS: Probably, yeah. 40:00 GA: I guess, I would never allow my kids to go to a bar by themselves, but we did. Maybe our folks didn’t know. I don’t know. CS: Maybe they knew the people that were running it and it would be… GA: That’s right. CS: I don’t remember. GA: Deanne DeAngelo. CS: Deanne. GA: DeAngelos, that’s right! Sure, she was. I remember, she was a very pretty girl. Deanne DeAngelo. CS: M-hm. GA: That’s right. Well, then, I’m sure it was okay with the DeAngelos. CS: Yeah. GA: Even if it was a bar. Huh. CS: It was a family-run place. I was trying to remember when the bank was on the corner. GA: M-hm. I can remember the bank being on the corner. That’s where the rose garden is now. �CS: I think it was being remodeled or something. They had to move the money. Every night, they had to move the money out of the vault over to the drugstore. GA: Really? CS: They kept it over there. GA: Oh, my word. CS: Then they brought it back in the morning. I think they must have been remodeling at that time. I wasn’t working there then, so I can’t remember, but that was so funny that… GA: They’d take the money from the bank. CS: In the afternoon they’d take the money to the drug store in a wheelbarrow. [Both laugh]. GA: And I’m sure everybody knew what was happening. CS: Oh, yeah. There was one, two policemen in town. GA: So, they would escort it over there? CS: Yeah. GA: Oh, that’s neat! CS: And they brought it back in the morning. GA: With a police escort? CS: Yeah. GA: Now, I remember the bank being a red brick, sort of a flat building. Was it always that way? CS: It is now. It was a two-story yellow brick building on the corner. GA: Maybe I’m just remembering what it is now, because now it’s back farther than what it was. CS: M-hm. GA: Because before it was… CS: Where the rose garden is. �GA: Oh. But it was a two-story. I guess I don’t… CS: Yes, it was a two-story. There was a dentist up above, an attorney, and some lady. GA: I didn’t know that. What was it called? Not The Chemical Bank. CS: No. GA: It was called what? CS: Fruit Growers. GA: That’s right, Fruit Growers Bank. CS: Then, we merged with South Haven’s Citizens’ Trusted Savings, and it became Citizens’ Trusted Savings. And then they decided to build a new building, the red brick bank. GA: So, that was probably, what? In the 80s or 90s? I don’t know. CS: 1971. GA: Oh, 70s! CS: In 1971, they moved into the new brick building. GA: So, you remember the move, then, very vividly? CS: Oh, yeah. We had to help carry all of the stuff over to the new bank. GA: So, you were working at the bank when they were remodeling and would take it across, or was that before? CS: That was before. GA: That was before. They must have had a huge safe, then, to hold all of the money from the bank. CS: I don’t know what they, how they did it. GA: I hope they didn’t just put it on a shelf someplace. [Laughs] CS: Unless, well, there was a big vault in the bank. Maybe they could keep most of it… Well, they had to have safe deposit boxes in there. �GA: Yeah, they would take a couple… You can’t have more than ten of those. CS: And then the daily money they took over to the drug store. GA: Wow! CS: The old old bank had a corner… [Indistinguishable] GA: Oh, on the outside of it? CS: Yeah. That’s what they took down and remodeled. GA: When they were remodeling, yeah, okay. Hmmm. When was it built originally, do you know? CS: I don’t remember. GA: But, a long, long time ago. But, yellow brick? CS: M-hm. GA: Interesting. Did it take up that whole space? It was really quite large. CS: Yeah. GA: Much larger than it is now. CS: Yeah, well… GA: Did it have a basement? CS: This one has a basement. GA: There was a basement. CS: There was a basement too in the old one, yeah. GA: Did you ever go down there? CS: Yeah. It was all dark and spidery. GA: So, it wasn’t all nice and clean, you know, with lights. �CS: When they were going to tear it down and move everything over to the new bank, we had to go down there to see if there was something we had to save. A lot of stuff we probably should have saved but didn’t. It was just piled away. GA: Well, when was this new one built, then? You said about ’71. CS: Yeah. GA: So, did it take them? I mean, you moved in ’71 or ’72? CS: It was finished in 1971. GA: 1971. CS: We moved everything over there. GA: And then you worked there for how many more years? CS: Altogether, starting at the corner, 35 years. GA: Oh, my word! That’s wonderful! And this all came because you were such a good typist. CS: Yeah. And now, I can’t type. [Laughs] 45:03 GA: Oh, well, hey. Now, everything is done… The kids are good at… When they dig up students’ bodies they are going to wonder why their thumbs look so strange, but that’s how they do their typing. CS: Well, we had typewriters. GA: Well, that was before computers. CS: Yeah. We had computers towards the end. GA: Towards the end, okay. CS: Of my employment there. That’s when I got out. I didn’t want to get confused. Well, I wanted to retire anyways. GA: But you were there when they had the big robbery, weren’t you? �CS: I was working there, but I hadn’t gotten there. This happened early in the morning, 8:00 in the morning, and I got there at 8:30. It was just Pat and Frank Wicks that were there. GA: But you heard about it, then? CS: When I came to work, Pat met me at the back door, and she said, “Well, we’ve been robbed.” And then she said, “You gotta come in.” The place was full of police and sheriffs. GA: What did they ask you? CS: I really can’t remember. We had to take lie detector tests there. During the investigation, we all had to take lie detector tests. Like, where were we and when did we come to work, and all that. I can’t really remember that. GA: So, then, you would come in a back door. CS: Yeah. GA: Because banks didn’t open until what, 9:00? CS: 9:00. We never could quite figure out how they got the front door open. They just walked right in even though they had been locked the night before, but somehow they… GA: Did they ever catch them? CS: They didn’t catch-. Oh, well, they did, but this was long after. GA: Because they wore masks, like presidential masks or something like this. CS: I can’t remember that, because I didn’t see them, but one of them was arrested down in Florida. He ratted on the rest of them. GA: Oh, okay. CS: Told them who the rest of them were. GA: They had to be… They really planned that, then. CS: Yeah. They were… They were renting a condo as you come into town. It was on the river right there as you turned into Saugatuck, North Shore Harbor Condos, or something. They had been living… They were living there. They had rented there. �GA: And they just cased the whole place? CS: They knew when Brinks was going to come and pick up the money. It was…. It was Labor Day weekend. And, of course, Brinks didn’t come that Monday, so all that money was held over to the next weekend. GA: They were very professional, then, weren’t they? CS: They never did recover any of the money, but eventually all of them were caught. GA: But they never, ever figured out how they were able to get in those front windows, those front doors? CS: No. I wonder if they ever questioned them to find out how they did it. GA: I would think so, because obviously they’d have to have… CS: Tools. I don’t know. GA: You’ve had some experiences here, haven’t you? CS: Then we had a fire in the new bank. GA: Oh, I didn’t know this! Tell me about that. CS: I forget when it happened, but it was at night. Somebody coming out of The Sand Bar saw smoke coming up from the bank and called the fire department. The manager, John Guyer, was living on Cambeck Road. They called him, and he went down there, and Pat. Pat was where she lives now, so she came. They had three people to call if anything happened. One was the manager, one was Pat, and one was me. Pat tried to get me, but I didn’t hear the phone. GA: Well, it was in the middle of the night, so. CS: Yeah. Well, I did finally get down there. It was an electrical fire in the box where all the wires and things were. John Guyer, the first thing he thought about were the Carl Herman paintings. GA: Oh. �CS: There were four of them in the bank, and he got them all down. The fire was over where they were hanging on the wall. He got them all down, covered them up, and then saved them all. 50:04 GA: Well, that was very lucky. Was there much damage done inside the bank? CS: Oh, yeah. We couldn’t. We couldn’t work in there. We had to get a trailer out in the parking lot. We had to work out of the trailer. GA: For probably a couple of weeks. CS: Well, longer than that. GA: Longer than that? CS: It was during the winter. GA: Oh, no! CS: And it was cold. [Both chuckle] GA: Oh, dear. CS: Nothing under the trailer. They had straw bales under the sides. GA: But that doesn’t protect much, oh my word. CS: Every night, we had to bring everything over into the vault and lock it up. The vault was still.. GA: Still useable. CS: Still useable, yeah. GA: In the bank. CS: Because it had been closed-up while the fire was going on. GA: That would be fireproof, too, I’m sure. CS: Yeah. �GA: Wow. CS: But the restrooms were over there. [Both laugh] We didn’t have any in the trailer. GA: [Laughs] My turn! I can’t wait! Hurry up and take this customer! CS: You’d put a coat on and run over there. GA: Oh, dear. [Chuckles] When was this, do you remember what year? CS: Gosh, I can’t remember the date. GA: Well, it was after ’71, though. CS: Yeah. GA: So, probably the late 80s, maybe? CS: The 80s, okay. Yeah, it had to have been in the 80s. GA: So, the bank was really not that old. CS: No. There was a basement in that bank, too. There was smoke, the smell of smoke down there, but I don’t remember any damage in the basement. It was all on the upper level. GA: Luckily, someone was coming out of The Sand Bar and caught it. CS: Yeah. GA: Wow. CS: I don’t think of anything else. Well, it must have been around Christmastime when it happened, because we had a Christmas tree in the lobby. GA: A Christmas tree, okay. But, then you didn’t have room for that when you moved into this itty bitty… CS: Oh, no. It was… We probably got back into the bank in the spring or summer. GA: But even so, that’s gonna be quite a while. CS: It was a long time, especially in the winter to be freezing like that. �GA: See, I’d never heard that before. I’m sure a lot of people. CS: I have photographs of the trailer, it would have been the trailer. GA: I’d bet they’d like that here, it would be nice. CS: Well, they’ve got a lot of those. It was around the holidays because the people in town were so good to us. They kept bringing us food. GA: Probably hot cocoa or something like that. CS: We did have coffee. But they brought cakes, and rolls, and donuts. GA: All those good things. CS: Candy, man. A lot of stuff. GA: And I think that’s part of what makes Saugatuck so neat because it’s so small, especially in the wintertime. Everybody knows everybody. CS: Yeah. GA: Because all of the outsiders, I should say a majority of them, are gone because people are not going to come here in the wintertime, because it’s mainly the summer, the water, the hunting, the fishing. CS: One winter, we had one of those sled dog races. GA: Down to Main Street? CS: I don’t know. I think they were out of town, but they were all in town with the dogs. This was after the pavilion was gone. GA: So, after 1960. CS: Yeah. All these people were there with their sled dogs. They all came into town. GA: Well, that would be a good draw. So, they went right down Butler Street, then? Main Street? CS: I can’t remember where they raced. It had to be out of town, probably, but they parked their trailers in town. �GA: Woof, woof, lots of dogs. Well, that would be exciting. Those are good memories. CS: We used to have a rubber duck parade race on the river. GA: Oh really? CS: Where people would sponsor a rubber duck. GA: In front of the pavilion? CS: No, it was down by the ferry. We’d dump them all in the river and see who won. GA: So did they go… I don’t know what way the river flows, probably to the lake. CS: Yeah. GA: So, they would float north, right? CS: I don’t know if they had a way to keep them from going all the way to the lake. GA: They probably had a cut off for whose got there first? CS: Yeah. GA: Ah, that’s fun. CS: We only did that once? GA: Did you do it? CS: No. 55:00 GA: Oh, Cynthia, come on! Rubber duckies! [Both laugh] Were they yellow ones, or bright? CS: They were yellow. GA: And they had numbers on them so you could know whose was whose? CS: M-hm. GA: Oh, that’s neat. What else can you think of that was different? I’ve never heard of that. That’s neat. �CS: This is jumping around. GA: Oh, that’s okay. CS: They used to have Venetian Night at the pavilion where people would come in costume and they had dancing and costumes and the Venetian Boat Parade used to be really big. There used to be 25-30 boats in the parade with decorated… GA: Decorated with lights on them and costume and theme. I would assume they had a theme they would carry out? CS: I don’t know if they ever had a theme, you just decorated. There were a lot of them. And then, when gas got expensive, the boats, they didn’t want to use their gas in a parade, so. GA: And probably different organizations or families or whatever would have the boat, or it could be your little boat. CS: Yeah. GA: For example, Oxbow might have one or something like that. CS: They had one, and the Saugatuck Yacht Club and the Singapore Yacht Club. Different groups would have a boat decorated. GA: That’s neat! CS: And then, I used to sit on the roof of my aunt’s restaurant to watch it at night. GA: Oh, it was at night? CS: The boat parade was at night. GA: Oh, sure, with all of the lights on it would be much more exciting. So, you sat on the roof? CS: Yeah, I could climb out the bedroom, out of the hall window and sit and get a good view. GA: [Laughs] And not get yelled at, right? CS: That must have been after the pavilion was gone, otherwise there wouldn’t be much to see. GA: Otherwise, the pavilion would have been in the way. �CS: Yeah. GA: And nobody yelled at you for sitting on the roof? CS: No. [Both laugh] GA: Oh my word. Well, Cynthia, this has been very, very interesting. When you think of some other things, we will talk the next time we do newsletters. I’ll try to take notes or not. I don’t have a little recorder, but I think this would be really, really great for them. I thank you so much for sharing these memories with me. Remember they are going to go to Grand Valley. CS: I didn’t know that. I thought it was going to be kept here. GA: Well, yes, but they will go there. I think that’s where they are going to sort through them and put them all in, then coming back because they are going to stay here as far as this is concerned. Stories of Summer, is that what the whole thing is called? CS: A lot of mine was winter. [Chuckles] GA: Well, its memories of the Saugatuck-Douglas area. So, thank you very much, Cynthia. I appreciate that. This was fun, and it wasn’t so horrible, was it? CS: Well… GA: Well, yes, I know. [Chuckles] CS: I can’t think. GA: Oh, yes you can. CS: Of dates and things like that. I don’t remember certain dates. GA: Well, I think you’ve done a very good job. I enjoyed it, and I’ve learned a lot. We know that you will not have your picture taken because that’s what you said. CS: Right. GA: So, that’s going to be on here before I shut it off. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-SorensenC_2018-07-21 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sorensen, Cynthia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Cynthia Sorenson (audio interview and transcript) 2018 Description An account of the resource Cynthia Sorensen shares her memories of the burning of the Big Pavilion, attending high school, and working at The Hollyhock House. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Asman, Gina (interviewer) Kutzel, Ken (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Restaurants Allegan County (Mich.) Oral history Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Stories of Summer project, Kutsche Office of Local History. Grand Valley State University Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/11586951916d3d975e63b2658d50dfff.jpg 6a47fda312701dce00e9b2575b9768c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_V_29_001 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-05-14 Title A name given to the resource Cyrus N. Ray's, Colorado Tex Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man working in front of a cave opening on a hillside. Subject The topic of the resource Colorado Mining Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a179761ef0422239fe328120c94aa2f8.jpg 9e1158fc5a3ab0392805ec8a0861bd17 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00309 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1935 Title A name given to the resource Cyst burial under slabs Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of an excavated gravesite. The label on the slide reads, "Interm. Skeleton under slabs." Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Uyak Bay (Alaska) Archaeology Excavation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ed5d4639073c37b8ada5728fb5ab645e.jpg 77461f55373442ab6b2e11cb7babd71d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_595 Title A name given to the resource D-558 Skystreak research Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource D-558 Skystreak research, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/926dcd820f1340151e740787ea76e9a7.pdf 889e128aebaffc61ba8e7ed0db27cf4d PDF Text Text ZATERDAG I JUNI 1954 TIEN JAAR GE:LEDEN: .. .Een gra.ndzoze ·z·t " mi, ,z. a,i .re ·.. ; i--"-. ~- ---- ' INVASIE- opera t· .ze bracht dageraad der vrijheid Op het uur-H werd de Atlantik Wall doorbroken (Van ~en onzer redacteuren} V OOR MIJ liggen drie tekeningen. Het zijn impressies van voedselbren• gende vliegtuigen, grote in de lucht zwevende pa;k.~ette!}, L ~gertrucks ,van de Canadezen. Ze werdèn gemaakt, nu negen Jaar geleden, op een Noordhollandse dorpsschool door Piet Broekhuizen, Antje Willemsen e~ · Kees J aruen. Antje kleurde in de linke~bovenhµe;k. een grote rood•- wit-hliluwe vlag. Kees schreef onder de leger~agens met- hoekige letters WELC0ME. Piét en Kees heb ik na die laatste Meidag~ n van 1945 niet meer gezien. Antje is misschien wel get'l:.ouwd, al wilde ._ze t!)en graag verpleegster worden. Maar de drie tekeni~g~ zijn mij lief geworden om.dat ze ontstonden op zo'n ,•hijzo~der momen,t, omdat·ze wellicht nooit gemaakt zouden zijµ zonder D-day, juiiit op . die zesde Juni 1944, omdat ze nooit op die geliniëerde velletjes zouden zijn gekrabbeld als Hitler& bluf géén bluf was gebleken, als .de Führer eerder over zijn vliegende hommen had k~nnen beschikken en zijn gelee;rden hij hun pogingen ait'oomwapens te coDBtrueren meer geluk hadden gehad. ,, · Dit is Johnny Parks uit Mill Creek in lndiana (USA). Ook liij kwam ·naar Normandië. Deze foto werd genomen .t ijdens een gevechtspauze, toen Johnny even uit zijn tank was gestapt. Hij vocht met veel succes, doch viel later in de strijd. voor een vrij Europa, voor ons. Angst -omknelde ons ·hart, maa,r he·t. moes t werdèn aangevallen. Dat wordt je 'dood bij daglicht, dacht ik, toen ik in de · • , , kó1:?alt~lauwe, lucllt dè_ l:io!11fflen uit de vliegtuigen zag neerzwaBlen. De apKEES EN PIET en ook René Legrange uit Caen zouden op dit moment misschien voor de Duitse heer~-~sl 1P~l,roene zee als ~en vulkaan omhoog· b 'd ·h '• · d · b b p l · d' b k d B • l /!Poot. Ik ·had gelijk het gevoel of de d wangar ei verric ten in e som ere ossen van ommeren a I niet ie twee on e en e , . nt,e so • tw:~eld én mijn hart bleven stilstaan. ·I k daten vele maanden vóór D-day in een kleine bàot, de dood trotserend, naar de Normandische kust waren >hoorde nog in de onbarmhartige \vóesop de . stranden •zandmonsters te halen opdat kon worden vastgesteld waar uiteindelijk ,tij~ oij Tobroek de gr!lnaten· 'vlakbij g eroeid om daar . . . ' · · _ · • mij ontploften. Je kreeg een gevoel de zware geallieerde tanks· aan land zouden kunnen rollen. Als niet ontelbare kikvprsmann,;n in de · over je, al.sof je, zoals ·een Londénaàr vroege uren van D-day binnen vijf uur ond~r de ontstelde ogen vdn de vijand meer dan 3000 ,tälen ver- 'he~ z_o u . uitdrukken, ,,spiernaakt de · · d • • d -k · h dd • bl · ,P!.çc.~dil!Y ~reus ci;vèr~ak". Ook deze 1perrmgen in e _zee ~oor • e u,t a . en opge azen. . . . • . '.tQclit droeg m_e t zich d~ aµgst in allerlei Europa zou misschien nog gebukt liggen onde_r _de ·knoet van de SS al, de Brit Hughe, Hallett niet op h~t 1g~gl\anten. • Je wist, dat er geen uitgeniale idee was gekomen om een machtige, drijvende haven van .beton te doen construeren om later voor' -w~g was.. ?et .zou onvermijdelijk zijn "k k k ~ d als het guillotme-mes. · ,onzichtbaar bleef. Wij zouden ze spoedig genoeg zien .... pichter de kust ·naderencl, hoorden wij reeds de. scheepskanonnen bulde.ren. (Zes~onderd kanonnen schoten elken· 10 mmuten 2000 granaten af op de Duitse bastions, die de nacht tevoren al door de RAF waren gebeukt. met 5200 · ton bommen)._. Al ga1;1w werden gele en rode flikkermgen zichtbaar en zagen wij de granaten een grijze en .en: groenbruine kleur uitspuwen in àe ,vijaµdelijke verdedigingswerken en heuvelen. Achter elkaar vuurden de grote oorlogsschepen.· ~achtig hieven de negen 630 m.,.m. kanonnen van de "Rodney" hun enorde F ranse k ust h. et noo d za k eliJ e wer te unn,en oen. . . me, vlammende lopen. Onder de béHet ilagen van D-day was afhankelijk van talloze kleine toevalligheden. Eén enkele ogenschijnlijk ge• INk een ~g-zag-;:1f' vo!gde: wij ~nz~ sclierming. van een rookgordijn voeren ringe mi&rekening kon de gehele operatie doen mislukken Da~ waren d 70.000 tran_ · sportwagens ~er• , oers.. t,oven _ed .w a der Frmg een ,kl\~et: •w:ij ~lan~aam nadl;!;· Ons . tankontl~: .. . . . •• • · e .. • .zomermis waar oor e anse• us dingsschip hees ziJn amphieboten. WJJ geefs bi1eenge~racht in de i1_!schepingshaven,, dan had de enor!"e armada va~ bi1na 5000 schepen .geen, ,klommen 'er in en bevonden _ons spoerd zin gehad. Enorm wa, daarom de ápanning in de kleine, witgekalkte villa in Cot,wold Hill's, waar Eisen• De machtige ·ve edigingswerken, ,dig op _het Wl\tei:; Onder het yijandelijk ' ' h "d '"d t k " 'l tb k' h d· D •• • -l l' d b -l' , welke de Duitsers tot ile Atlantilc vuur ronkten wij naar de kust. Het h.. ower zie v~n tiJ . tot tiJ terug ro _om ZtJn ~- q e1p~e ingen te ou en. aar vie ten, otte e es iumg Wan hadden samengesmeed, wáren ,s~eepsgeschut bleef dreunen. Schepen over de landingsplaatsen en de aller. belangrifkste, die van de datum, van het uur-·H. niet bestand.. tegen de veren'iiîde Ivan allerlei klasse voeren aan. Amphi. : aanvalskracht der We,telijke : geát~ fbie~tánks niet snelboten, kruisers, .t orlieerden. -Deze Duitse foto van Hein- . 'pefij?a~, •s~öepen vol-- mansçhappe,n; enorme g!!v,olgen kon .hebben ten go.ede ·sp. erde vaargeulen w!'-r.en dank__ zij del· riêh en een. ,,dikke Bèrthä'1 11»ilile ·sleepbooten, lichters. of ten· kwade... . o_pnamen der ver_ltenru _ ·n-gsvliegtuigen· de onoverwint_ ijkheid der, ncizi'j . lli . . M . d Wij t ·1d d ' d 1 .;,... l Iru,de nacht werden in .P.ortsm~en•l . ~kend! Tweehonderd mijnenveg~s;, ·-,W:1i:#ic?c~#,zi~ev~fJ:}; e ba;:._.._0.:: v.eo.·.1 ,~lfo~ 0 ......,-......_ _ _ _ _ _ _....,13u.~ rJ;~;..iU1.:1u;;:11e. __ _ _ ,in~yn,lOutli" ef! '\!~ ;Wd~~ .h11,vens a~ 1:>~!!l!!ll,d '. met ·~~~e~:n~Ld::·:::-~ ~~-!ili•'~ ej_...:.:::::::.==::=::S::::::::::::::::::=:::::::.1"t:l'.S:::i~ !:S-..::=:- ~ ..._U~ë:,l.à=. naar ~ 1 :t:f!!I:J!~e Zodra .de landingsvaartuigen hun posities hadden ingenomen en · met de bodem 1chuurden over · hét ruwe zand voór de Nonnanische kust, sprong de infanterie te water om d9or de branding de . vaste wat te bereiken, of ... soms direct door vijandelijk vuur getroffen, neer te vaUén. Anderen namen de plaats der gesneuvelden in. De deur in· de vesting . werd. geopend.: :derzeese ve~sperringen, leg~en_ wU aan op het strand. De eerste ,redode Duitser hadden wij á.llanr achter ons &'e• _laten. De granaten suisden onophoudelijk over ons heen. Eén· raakte een met g-eweren ,reladen vaartuig. Een ander sloer in een benzine-tankschip, waarvan ter~tond ho,re v;uurs en rookzullen op11te,ren. Bebloed en verminkt verdwenen Uclulmen lp i!,.e zuigln,r dt!r golven. . Deze jonge doden worden verreten als niet ie~d erièlul .op de wereld ~~ ,r~'bed voor lien doe_; misschien wel · op het ogenblik zelf· van 'h · · d d un oo . ,h'e.~wae , ~~IDl' _! ·.hi~blerwe~en . r.erl·uidl!):àldeo ·~o-ll···.d _..ho'oe!_ :~--n'fufJr'::.~·- • oe>: - - • - - - -• �ALLES was gereed, doch het weer scheen tenslotte de overtocht nog onmogelijk te maken, De zee was t~ onstuimig. Als dat op 5, 6 en 7 Jum zo zou blijven, zou de aanval moeten worden uitgesteld, zou het ganse plan van de invasie kunnen uitlekken en wat dan? Pas in de morgenuren van de vijfde Juni kon Eisenhower z~jn besluit nemen. Nog was de zee met kalm genoeg, maar het moest! Zes Juni zou D-day zijn. Zes Juni zou in d~ volle betekenis van het woord beshssend worden. Om hal! zeven in de morgen dienden de eerste landingen op de Normandische kust te beginnen. En voor daarná was alles bijkans van minuut tot minuut uitgestippeld. Zelden in de wereldgeschiedems had één man een besluit moeten nemen, dat zulke Goebbels beweerde, dat de bevrijders door de Franse bevolking ( z.g. in verband met de verliezen onder de burgers en de verwoestingen) met v erachting werden gemeden. Hoe het werkelijk was, laat de ze foto zien. De "tricolore:'. hangt na zo vele jaren weer vr1J aan de gevel. Zie de verheugende boerin eens! Frankr ijk werd bevrijd en het voelde. zich dolge• lukkig. trossen losgesmeten, klonk uit één van' de landingsboten de gramofoonplaatstem van Bing Crosby, die zong over Sweet Leilani" en ging het voor~aarts. De mannen, de Britten, de Amerikanen, de kanonniers van de N~erlandse oorlogsschepen "Soemba" en "Flores", zij wilden doen wat er te doen stond. Zij voelden in hun hersenen de opdracht trillen van de Opperbevelhebber, die hij hen meegaf in de strijd: ,.De ogen van gans de wereld zijn op U gevestigd. De gebeden va_n alle vrijheidslievende volken begeleiden U. Wij gaan tesamen de overwinning tegemoet. Wij zullen niet meer halt houden voor de beslissende eindoverwinning. Laten wij Gods zegen afsmeken voor dit grote en goede werk". En zij, de mannen, zij begrepen het. Zij zouden volhouden, zij zouden het klaren. . De vloot 'voer door de nacht. Vierduizend schepen onder escorte van twaal! grote slagschepen, tachtig torpedojagers, tientallen kruisers, onderzeeboten en torpedoboten. Op weg naar de monding van de rivier de Orne en St. Laurent sur Mer op het schiereiland Cotintin. Op weg naar de stranden, welke de namen Utah, Omaha, Gold, June en Sword hadden gekregen. Op weg met talloze divisies, tanks munities, voedselvoorraden, . benzi~e. geneesmiddelen. De niet ver- an öormensen, . allèn , hadden in het Kana!ll zoveel inogelilk l onderwaterprojectielen opgeruimd. De vloot kon komen. DE oorlogscorrespondent van . ,,United Press" Richard Mac Millan, aan boord van één der tanklandingsschepen schreef over die ogenblikken: "Boven onze hoofden gonsden al de luchtarmada's met de parachutisten (drie divisies). Het waren de moedige mannen, die ik in Normandë zou ontmoeten, de ik zou weerzien in de onvergetelijlte nachten en dagen in Holland bij Nijmegen en Arnhem en in de Ardennen. De mannen hier liepen onrustig rond op het dek of leunden over de railing, uitziende naar de eerste glimp van de Normandische kust. Anderen speelden kaart of schreven een brief naar huis" Maar aan allen drong zich de gedachte op: Waar zijn wij morgen om deze tijd? Wij stelden ons van alles voor: Misschien zijn velen van ons dan gedood of gewond, misschien ben je er zelf bij .. Ik herinnerde mij het onzalige gekkenhuis van 1 schietende scheepskanonnen en kruisers, toen wij bij het doorbreken van 1 de Middellandse Zee-blokkade naar Malta, uit de lucht bij volle maan De man aan de top Onkreukbaar en onwankelbaar trouw }N die veldtocht bewees Eisenhower (om zijn eigen woorden te gebruiken) ,.dat de geallieerden onder een éénhoofdig bevel als één natie oorlog kunnen vo eren". In 1944 voerde .hij als opperbevelhebber bij de operaties tegen de kust van West-Europa het bevel over acht legers en vloot- en luchtstrijdkrachten van acht verschillende naties. Hij maakte er het hechtste militair verbond van, dat de geschiedenis heeft gekend. In het rapport, dat Eisenhower later over de periode van 6 Juni 1944 tot 8 Mei 1945 voor de verenigde chefs van staven, die hem zijn opdracht hadden ver. strekt, uitbra:::ht. concludeert hij: .,De Ver, Stalen ,! . . . . ... ....... LATER werpt Richard MacMillan ( Van D-dag tot V-dag", Elsevier, Bru;sel) nog een blik op de gevechtsterreinen. Hij zegt dan: ,.Waar de Britse luchtlandingstroepen waren neergekomen, lagen over de korenvelden en langs de heggen de wrakstukken van de zweefvliegtuigen. (Er namen 1400 van dergelijke toestellen aan de operatie deel. Elk toestel vervoerde 120 volledig uitgeruste mannen, Allen tezamen vormden deze vliegtuigen een stoet van 80 km). De geraamten van de toestellen staken nu vreemd af tegen de lucht. Beneden ons zagen wij de Schotse troepen vechten in' een weide, die vol lag met dode en stervende paarden. Het deed denken aan liet slagveld van Waterloo .... Op de rechterflank gingen Amerikaanse amphibie-tanks bij het bruggenhoofd Carentan in vlammen op. Daar vielen de do• den bij massa's toen de Duitse geschutsstellingen van bovenaf met kanonnen en machinegeweren het zand doorwoelden". DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER GENERAAL Dwight D. Eisenhower, de man, die ~e teugels van de enorme operatie "Overlord", de invasie op de kusten van Frankrijk in handen hield en daarna de opt,·ekkende geallieerde strijdkrachten n~ar de over• winning leidde, was een opperbevelhebber m de meest volstrekte zin des woord,. In Decembe'. 1941_, toen Amerika in oorlog kwam, was de toe?t!fl~hge . luitenantkolonel Eisenhower al 26 jaar beroepsmilitair. In het leger had hij de manschappen opgeleid, legerzaken .. beh_andeld en eschiedenis bestudeerd. Dit laatste was zi;n liefhebberiÎ Hij was als hoofdojficic!r nóóit bij de troep ge~eest. E!f ~aunden later voerde hij het bevel over de geatlteerde invasie van Noord-Afri~a, toes no17 de. grootste onderneming van die,i aard m de geschied1mis,, • J · ·1\'arcn àp I<'ran..°" bodem. WWûrölf&'~ de Vestinr Europa binnen. Het llchl der vrijheid becon te cloren!" en Groot Brittannië hebben niet slechts als bondgeten samengewerkt, doch als één enkele natie, al hun hulpbronnen, mens.€:n ~-n materiaal hebben ZIJ gel!Jkelijk tegen Duitsland in de strijd geworpen. De expeditielegers, die ik de eer heb gehad te mogen leiden, zowel op de slagvelden rondom de Middellandse Zee als in Noordwest Europa, werden beheerst door een geest van samenwerking die zijns gelijke niet heeft in de wereldgeschiedenis". Naijver voortsp~iten?e uit nationale gevoehghe1d, kon niet altijd worden vermeden maar was niettemin hoge uitzondering. En de wrijving, die zich nu en dan voordeed, was bovendien merendeels het gevolg van invloeden van buitenaf. HET geheim van E!senl~?wers succes lag m z1.1n pc,·soon. Hij is bescheiden, openhartig en vlug van be- sluit en even bereid anderen te prijzen als zijn eigen :fouten te erkennen, aldus een artikel in het door de Amerikaanse Voorlichtingsding in ons land uitgegeven blad "Kijk". Toen de Amerikanen bij de Faid-pas in Afrika waren verslagen, werd er bitter geklaagd, dat Amerikaanse en Britse afdelingen door elkaar waren gelopen. Toen hem dit ter ore kwam, verklaarde Eisenhower "Als de afdelingen door elkaar hebben gelopen rlan treft de blaam mij". Eisenhower kon streng zijn. Hij stond er op, ~~t zijn troepen er behoorhJk uitzagen en was nauwgezet in kwesties van etiquette. Maar zijn vriendelijk en informeel optreden hebben hem bemind gemaakt bij de troepen van alle naties. In een rede, welke hij kort na het einde van de oorlog in Europa uitsprak, schreef hij zijn eigen succes toe aan de mannen, die onder hem hadden gediend. Dat tekende hem. En hij voegde er aan toe: ,.Ik weet wat zij willen, zij willen vrede. Ieder onzer met goed begrip wenst, dat gewone mensen in de gemeenschap der geallieerde volken de gelegenheid zullen hebben voorwaarts te gaan naar grotere welvaart, niet voor óns rond deze tafel, maar voor de volken, die wij vertegenwoordigen. Dát betekent vrede". In "The Illustrated Londen News" schl'eef Cyril Falls in dat eerste jaar na de oorlog: ,.Het zal over jaren gemakkelijker zijn Eisenhowers plaats te bepamaar niemand kdn twijfe- len aan zijn geschiktheid, als strateeg en tacticus. De geschiktheid van de generaal berustte niet slechts op zijn talent als organisator, doch tevens op zijn onkreukbaarheid en onwankelbare trouw". HARD en bloedig was de strijd. Op die zesde Juni, 's middags om twaalf uur stelde Churchill het Lagerhuis formeel in kennis van de bevrijding van Rome en de landingen in Frankrijk. .,Tot dusverre melden de . bevelhebbers, dat alles volgens plan verloopt." In de middag stelde hij ook Stalin van de actie op de hoogte. De maarschalk antwoordde prompt uit Moskou, dat het grote zomeroffensief in het Oosten, zoals in Teheran was afgesproken, op 22 Juni zou beginnen. Na 24 uur van bittere gevechten leverden eenheden van het Britse Tweede Leger en de Canadese Derde divisie straatgevechten in Bayeux. Het Amerikaanse Zevende Corps rukte met tanks landinwaarts en men had radio-contact gemaakt met de Amerikaanse en Britse parachutisten. die zes uur vóór de landingen al waren afgesprongen om vernietigingsacties tegen geschutsstellingen uit te voeren en bruggen voor vernietiging te beveiligen. De toestand op de oeven van het riviertje de Vire, landingsplaats van het Amerikaanse Vijfde Corps, was onri..stwekkend, maar niet zorgbarend. Na vijf dagen waren reeds 16 geallieerde divisies in Normandië geland. Op 12 Juni was 120 km. van de kust in geallieerde handen. Hier en daar was · men al 30 km, het land binnengedrongen. In een langdurige slag bij Caen wist Montgomery de Duitse hoofdmacht vast te houden en talloze Duitse tanks werden er voorgoed onschadelijk gemaakt. Het zou nog twee maanden duren eer Parijs bevrijd kon worden. En nog schreef een onbekende dichter in het bezette Nederlandse gebied, dat zo verlangend naar de vrijheid, een barre winter tegemoet zou gaan: .Wij zijn zo moe van te lang wachten, God, Zo moe van te lang strijd en te lar1g smeken. Maar zo Gij ons alsnog verlost, o God, Geef, dat wij vóór die dag niet zijn bezweken. �..-~-• -------- ---- . --------· ZATERDAG lS JUNI 19154 Vrij Nederland Trouw Het Paro·ol Das Reich "Erg vervelend dát we nu niet uit Duinkerken weg kunnen" Times Reacties van verdrukt volk en onderdrukker op de invasie ZOWAS MONTY _,, Voor 'teerst hebben wij weer 1 , het licht gezien'' WAT IS MONTY voor een man? Met enkele typeren~e voorbeelden van zijn optreden kenschetste A. P. Herbert, M.P. in de "Daily Telegraph" • van 28 Maart 1945 deze mili• tair, die onder generaal Eisen• hower het · bevel voerde over de geallieerde expeditionnaire legers, die aan de invasie op de kust van Normandië deel• namen. Misschien mag ik pro• beren, aldus Herbert, hierop een antwoord te geven. HET IS ongemeen boeiend thans, nà tien jaar, te lezen welke de reacties waren op de eerste berichten van de inva.sie in Normandië, zowel in de ondergrondse pers als in oHiciële Duitse bladen. Tenslotte _willen wij even stilstaan bij de wijze, waarop het bekende Britse dagblad de "Times'' zijn lezers het grote nieûws mededeelde. Met ingehouden adem wachten wij het ogenblik af, waarop het burgerlijk verzet in Nederland gekoppeld zal kunnen worden aan de militaire aanval. In straffe zelftucht en in stipte gehoorzaamheid aan de orders der regering en de bevelen van het geallieerd opperbevel, en zó alleen, zal ons volk, zowel door DOEN als door QNDER de juichende kop: 6 Juni 1944: LATEN, medewerken aan de bevrijDecision Day. De legers der bevrij- ding. ding bestormen West-Eur'opa. De be&lissende aanval is -begonnen. De grootste militaire ondernemnig van alle tijden is aan de gang, schrijft VRIJ NE· DERLAND in die eerste Junidagen o.a.: Strijdend en hopend zijn wij tezamen de duistere nacht van de Duitse heer- ~ VOOR de samênstelling van ~ schappij doorgetrokken. Hoop en wan- ~ deze pagina's hebben wij ~ hoop hebben elkaar in de jaren 1940, o.a. mogen putten uit de ~ '41, '42 en '43 afgewisseld, maar than5t op de vroege morgen van de zesde Jum ~ grote hoeveelheid uniek ma- ~ 1944 weerlicht de rode ochtendgloed ~ teriaal voorhanden in het ~ offers van een' mijnramp, aldus Pieter ~ 't Hoen. moesten wij wachten tot ons van de vrijheidsdag boven West- N Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogs- ~ van buiten hulp geboden werd. De redEuropa. De soldaten der geallieerden be•. ~ d t · A d ~ ders daarginds hadden echter een moeistormen de Atlantic-WaH. Van uur tott ocumen atie te mster am. lijk en langdurig werk. Terwijl zij hun uur zijn onze gedachten en gebeden met ~ Ook diverse hier gepubliceer- ~ voorbereidingen troffen, steeg ons het de jonge mannen, die voor deze groo~~e maar moeilijke en bloedige taak ZlJ!l ~ de foto's, waarvan sommige ~ water in de nood bijna tot aan de lip.t d d ~ pen en brachten ontelbare offers. Reeds opgeleid. Laten wij naast onze vreugde N over de komst van de bevrijdingslegers N me eer er on er ogen van ~ wanhoopten sommigen, ma~r dan wer9plaats geven aan de ernst van dit ver- ~ het publiek kwamen, werden ~ ploU!eling OI? de. zesde Jum, het eerst!: schrikkelijke gebeuren. Er zal verbit- ~ ons door het Instituut in ~ g_~t m de g~1mm1ge muur geslagen. WIJ . . .. . ~ z1Jn nog met ~~red, ~aar VO?r het terd en bloedig gevochten moeten ~ worden, maar de troepen zij~- b~ter ~ bruikleen afgestaan. W11 wi!• ~ eerst _hebben WIJ weer hcht gezien. De getraind en bewapend dan V!Jf Jaar N len op deze plaats voor die ~ bres is geslagen en zal steeds groter .. ~ ~orden, tot de volkeren van Europa geleden en meer dan ooit overtuigd ~ ~ medewerking "gaa~ne . onze ~ zich df:! weg kunn~i:i ~al!~n naar een van de noodzaak van hun "hard job". ~ leven in zon en vr1Jhe1d. De prijs voor de vrijh~id is ho~~• ~ grote erkentel11kheid uiten. ~ Ook Pieter 't Hoen wijst op het grote maar ieder, die eenmaal m deze vr1J- ~ 1belang van een weldoordacht verzet ~~~~~~~'s..~~/ZZZZ~~z. heid geleefd en gewerkt heef~, weet, dat · geen prijs te hoog kan z1Jn. Dat hebben ook duizenden Nederlanders bewezen, voor de executie-peleto~s, in de martelkampen en de gevangeruscellen en in de dagelijkse strijd tegen de onderdrukker. Dat zullen wij in de koTWHOII: IRITll EERSTII: AMERIIC. LEGER mende dagen, weken en maanden op' LEGER nieuw bevestigen. Jong en oud, vrouw en man zullen daartoe zeker nog alle gelegenheid krijgen. Heft uw hoofden op volk van Nederland. Aan de kusten va~ Normandië bulderen de kanonnen der geallieerde vloten de eerste maten van uw vrijheidslied. !®c1&rnl l ~ I Het Rijksinstituut N Toen rukten wij op, de Britten om de Noord (bij Falaise), wij (de · Amerikanen) om de Zuid. Tevoren waren dè Duitse colonnes op deze weg door onze luchtmacht gebombardeerd. Zo ge ziet, met succes • •• N N l * Nimmenneer zullen wij slaven ~-ijl!, zijn ·moet worden afgewacht Mogelijk is het een afleidingsmanoeuv·re. Mogelijk komt er nog een vierde, vijfde front op de Europese kust. De vij_and bezorgde ons 2een verrassing. De v)Jandelijke luchtlandingstroepen hebb!';n het zwaar. te verantwoorden en ZlJn deels al opgeruimd." Op zeven Juni zegt ditzelfde blad: ,,Het Duitse volk is er van overtuigd dat het een zaak van leven en dood is. De vijand speelt al zijn militaire kracht I I Het verloop van de invasie in Normandië 1111 Gnlllnnll 11'!1111 op alddtrftaclll .&7J•t11,, i1111110J1nltH• AtlJVftltt« - - - Grn1 ,tUUID flct lrflH trt Aacrlkeo"•• leger IOk 1 .,. * NADAT hij landde in Normandië met een atlas in de zak en een uitgewerkt plan voor de overwinning in zijn hoofd, is mij de eer te beurt gevallen de veldmaarschalk aan het front te mogen bezoeken. Dit was in de week van de Fa• . laise-saillant. Het hoofdkwartier, een klein trailerkamp, bevond zich in de buurt van het Bois de Cerisy, een idyllisch plekje. Hoge bomen, heerlijke zonneschijn. Door de dich• te varens liepen konijntjes. Montgomery's dwaze honden: Rommel, Keitel, Hitler en Co., waren aan het stoeien .op een grote hoop camouflagenetten - en in de trailer van de generaal zong een kanarie het hoogste lied. Na ' twee maanden van vliegende bommen boven Londen was dit hoofdkwartier te velde een vredige haven en ik genoot val) de eerste rustige nacht ... En tóch had de Chief, zoals zijn ondergeschikten hém noemden, orders gegeven om voor het eerst die nacht de Falaise-saillant onder vuur te nemen. Langzaam maar zeker werd het tenondergang gedoemde gebied van de wereld af• gesloten. In tegenstelling tot hetgeen men zou verwachten. heerste er op dit hoofdkwartier koortsachtige bedrij· vigheid. Montgomery is van oordeel dat de voornaamste taak van de opperbevèlhebber is te denken.-:en hij staat erop dat daarvoor tijd en gelegenheid 1s. En zo dineerd.~n wij dan die avond, toen onder Z)Jn bevel een van de bloedigste slagen van de oorlog werd geleverd, in een omgeving, die uiterlijk een vol• komen rust ademde. Toch zaten we nu niet wat men noemt gezellig bij elkaar. Verre van dat. Deze onbe•vangenheid is welbewust en wetenschappelijk. Na het nieuws van negen uur gingen we naar de kaartenwagen om te horen wat "de jongens" te vertellen hadden. Deze "jongens" ~ij n_ de adj~ dan!~~. en de J~E;a~i~_: van hem uit, maar hij is ook vol van een gemoedelijke soort humor. Later bv. gedurende het onverwachte offensief van Von Runstedt in de Ardennen liet zijn humor hem geen ogenblik in de steek. Op het hoogtepunt van de crisis, want een crisis wás het, zei hij bv. 's morgens aan het ontbijt: .,Erg vervelend dat we dit keer niet uit Duinkerken weg kunnen, want daar zitten de Duitsers nu". · Als het slecht gaat, is Monty op zijn beat. ,.NOOIT heb ik Montgomery zekerder van zichzelf gezien dan op het ogenblik", schreef de Britse oorlogscorrespondent Alan Moorehead in zijn boek "Eclipse" over de vierde Mei 1945 toen op een woeste heuveltop op de Lüneberger Heide, in een tent de capitulatie van Duitsland een feit werd. Het was even na vijf uur. Terwijl het vuren langs het front wegstierf, werd een stilzwijgende wapenschorsing in acht genomen. In de voorafgaande dagen waren al onderhandelingen met de Duitsers gevoerd. Nu riep Monty de oorlogscorrespondenten in zijn tent bijeen om hen de toestand uiteen te zetten. De generaal was rustig, bijna opgewekt. Toen hij halfweg was gevorderd, -k :W~l'!L een koloriel binnen om te �· God zelf ·zat onze · haven .wären zun . , • · · · HET NUMMER van TROUW van midden Juni 1944 lezen wij onder de kop. ,.De Atlantik·'\\'.'~11 door,b ro~en". Duitsland heeft al ziJn troeven uitgespeeld. De geallieerde hebben hun kaarten op tafel gelegd en zij hebben llet sterkste spel. Dat is de betekenis van de invai;iedag. West-Europa zal" a~n zichzelf worden teruggegeven. VriJheid Wij zijn optimist, omdat wij met en Chr'..atelijke beschaving zullen weer Gerbrandy b id d e n om de overwinlevenskansen krijgen. Het Westen zal nir. g. de overhand bekomen en - daar moeten wij voor zorgen - behouden over Op wagens, paarden en op helden dat afschuwelijke monster uit MiddenZij onze vijand stout Europa, het Duitse Rijk. Wij zullen de eer en grootheid melden van God die ·01ts behoudt. Teneinde zich tijdig meester te kunnen maken van vitale punten in het achterland, werd met een lange reeks zweefvliegtuigen een soort luchtlift van Engeland naar Normandië ingesteld. De toestellen vervoerden elk 120 geheel uitgeruste manschappen. Een verlaten zweefvliegtuig (ze werden door "motor"-vLiegtuigen gesleept) in de buurt van het riviertje de Orne. UIIP~®l ...., VIII) ONVERVEERD ...,. JN HET PAROOL (no. 67 - 19 Juni 1944) ook al die vreugdevolle .. k~p De invasie is begonnen - De vr]Jheid ~adert - Weest bereid". Als de slacht- tegen de vijand. ,,Wij zullen moe~en strijden met alle kracht, met alle list, met alle kameraadschap die in ons is. Deze oorlog maakt ons harder, droever en wijzer. De hardheid is voor onze vijanden, de droefenis is vooo.- onze gevallen makkers. De wijsheid diene ter voorkoming van zulke rampen voor onze kinderen". DE "DEUTSCHE ZEITUNG in den NIEDERLANDEN" van 6 Juni 1944 toont hoe goed het verrassing~eleme1;1t van de invasie werkte. Men wist nl. m het kamp van de vijand op D-day nog niet waar men eigenlijk aan toe was. .,D-dag is begonnen". aldus dit naz_iblad . .,De spanning, die sedert weken m Europa heeft geheerst, begint te v:erminderen. Het derde front vormt zich. Of de landing op de kust. van. Normandië werkelijk de grote invasie zal je-ep telkens ~grote , afstarièfen afleg-; · ieruggékeerd mët hun antden •om de situatie op te nemen. woo'rd. Daarvan zou afhangen- of Nu · komen ze ieder op hun beurt er al dan ·niet een einde zoµ komen naar de grote kaart aan de wand aan tweeduizend dagen van dood, om de Chief verslag te doen. ,,Het vernietiging en ellende. ,,Zeg hun 21ste is het bos door . . . Bij de mote wachten" zei Montgomery en het len is het een beetje modderig, de volgende half uur ging hij voort brug is opgeblazen, maar ze hopen, met ons te spreken. De Duitsers dat ze het met de ducks kunnen hadden te wachten. Montgomery klaarspelen. Het 44ste valt aan om eindigde zijn oorlog precies zoals 0400 uur". Zo gaat het door .. . De hij die begonnen was, volkomen Chief stelt een paar vragen, m~ar overtuigd dat hij gelijk had en dat geeft weinig commentaar. Het liJkt de dingen zouden marcheren zoals haast of het zijn zaak niet is. Maar hij dat wenste. dit zijn de mensen door hem zelf "En nu" zei hij tenslotte, ,,gaan gekozen, die volgens zijn method_e wij het laatste bedrijf bijwonen. werken en men kan het met weiDe Duitse officieren zijn teruggenig woorden af. keerd. Wij zullen gaan zien wat hun antwoord is." Hij ging ons HOE IS MONT~? Ik wilde wel dat voor naar zijn stafwagens op de heuveltop. De Duitsers stonden in ge met hem mee had kunnen rijeen halve cirkel bij de conferenden zoals ik het op een middag heb tietent met nauw aangehaalde riegedaan door Normandië, om te zien men, stram, zwijgzaam en zenuhoe de soldaten hem groeten, Halfwachtig. Toen Monty langs ons naakte, zwetende pioniers aan het kwam, mompelde hij goedgehuwerk langs de stoffige wegen kijmeurd: ,,Dit is een groot moment". ken op, herkennen hem. schieten Hij begaf zich -rustig naar de tent overeind en groeten meestal zó buitenmodèl alsof ze willen zeggen: en ging aan het hoofd van de tafel zitten, die bedekt was met een "Dit is m ij n speciale groet voor mijn generaal". Hier voelde men legerdeken. De voorlezing van de de diepe betekenis van het militaire capitulatie-formule duurde drie misaluut. nuten. Toen hij geëindigd had, nam Er is zo veel gesproken en ge&chre• Montgomery een ongeverfde postven over de zgn. .,asex?tische fikantoor-pen op, doopte deze in de guur", die aan Cromwell zou doen inktpot en zei tot de om de tafel jdenken, die noo~t rocict ,en niet zittende Duitsers: ,,Thans zult gij de drinkt, die de Spreuken leest en stukken tekenen". de Bijbel aanhaalt, dat ik vermoed Het zou dagen, weken, misschien dat velen zich een verkeerd beeld jaren duren voor wij de betekenis van hem hebben gevormd. Deze van deze dag in ons leven volkoman is niet gestreng. Er gaat zonmen naar waarde zouden kunnen der twijfel een sterke geestkracht schatten. uit. Het Duitse volk brengt al zijn ijzeren vechtlust, fanatieke beslotenheid en onbuigzame wil tot overwinnen in de strijd en zal deze voor zich en voor Europa beslissen", DAS REICH D 1t U T I C. H t W 1) C II E N /1. lt I T tl N G • • U llW ,._ lf<IVU" I • Nóg bluffende.r uiteraard is de taal van dr Goebbels. Op 11 Juni 1944 schreef hij in zijn lijfblad "DAS REICH": Nu hebben zij hun avontuur! Ondanks alle eigen aarzeling hebbenzij het tenslotte onder Mciskou's eis van een nieuw Westelijk front er op gewaagd .. Zij namen daarbij een onberekenbaar risico op zich. Nu zijn ze op de verenigde kracht van de Duitse weermacht gestoten. Doch de Wehrmacht is volkomen klaar om ook deze hoop van de Westelijke staten, door een directe aanval op l!:uropa Duitsland ten val te brengen, te verpletteren. Op 25 Juni, toen toch wel duidelijk werd, dat dit .. verpletteren" van de geallieerde strijdkrachten geen peuleschil zou zijn, ook niet v.oor de "superieure" Duitser, . toen in de bezette landen een kreet van vreugde was opgegaan over de nu toch naderende bevrij ding, wist Goebbels in "Das Reich" te vertellen, dat hij berichten had ontvangen, dat de bevrijders in het reeds door de geallieerde veroverde deel van Frankriik "met koele verachting" waren ontvangen. ,,Onze kracht zal blijken onoverwinnelijk te zijn", zo vervolgde Josef G . .,Tenslotte zullen wij zegevieren. Wel is ons front hier en daar ingedrukt maar nergens doorbroken. Men hèeft de laatste troef uitgespeeld. Vele jonge mannen van de vijand zullen nog in het gras moeten bijten voor en aleer Churchill en Roosevelt zullen beseffen, dat ook deze onderneming tot mislukken gedoemd is .. .'' EN NU DE TIMES. Op de dag van de invasie bevatte de editie van dit oerdegelijke, statige Lo r. dense dagblad nog geen enkel bericht over het grote gebeuren. Wij vonden er slechts enkele regels in ove-.r luchtbombardementen op de Fran~e kust. En wie !!edacht zm1 hebben, dat de "Times" dan op de zevende Juni het goede 1: ieuws met vette letters op de voorpagina zou brengen, vergist zich evenzeer. Volgens, wij zouden bijna zeggen eeuwenoude 1 traditie toonde de voorpagina ook nu weer het gebruikelijke beeld van louter kolommen kleine vnl. familieadverterities. Slechts náást de kop van de 1Times stond de swniere mededeling I "Het gaat goed met de grote aanval". Meer nieuws over de invasie kon men eerst vinden op pagina vier van dit nummer. Welk een tegenstelling met de hoogborstige taal in de Duitse pers! Maar wellicht was de bedachtzaamheid en de kalmte van diezelfde Times een afspiegeling van de weloverwogenheid en de zekerheid van de zege, welke rotsvast in de harten van de Britten verankerd lag. 1 Waar zo bitter en soms wekenlang om bepaalde punten in het landingsgebied moest worden gevochten, kon verwoesting van dorpen en steden (Caen, St. Lo) niet uitblijven. Ook deze fraaie kerk met prachtige altaren en schilderstukken ging verloren. De prijs was hoog, maar voor bevrijding van de onderdrukker moest alles worden gewaagd om alles te winnen. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1954-06-05-DDay-10-year-commemoration_comb Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954-06-05 Title A name given to the resource D-Day Tien Jaar Geleden Description An account of the resource Dutch newspaper featuring articles about World War II, the German Occupation, D-Day, and liberation. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a22580829650b9b70e58c3dd66199d54.jpg 73e0eee7bca1b53fccfaa764fd54d158 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X903 Title A name given to the resource D.H. 110 Vixen British RAF night fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource D.H. 110 Vixen British RAF night fighter, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Slides World War, 1939-1945 Airplanes, Military--Recognition Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/88d052e408c399c79b4982349c4e9d30.jpg e9d082d18f2dfe9df28786c91d8d9d06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1980s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000459 Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Description An account of the resource D.J. Angus donated to Grand Valley Water Resources Institute for environmental studies of Lake Michigan. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b13a4b162afae4f06b2a3eec1bf807bf.jpg 23c13d4f56b1329362d466ffcd1b8885 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000460 Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Description An account of the resource D.J. Angus donated to Grand Valley Water Resources Institute for environmental studies of Lake Michigan. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dabe84866104b53750de88665a93477a.pdf 7e0539b1761cbb0fac350b814261e209 PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-83161 Title A name given to the resource D.S. Howard to father Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1853-05-29 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Howard, D. S. Subject The topic of the resource Natural resources Michigan Wisconsin Upper Peninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Letter from laborer and carpenter working in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to his father. He describes the Carp River area, its natural resources in comparison to Wisconsin, his daily routine, and his prospects for work. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives