239 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/670edabbe4cfe59d621ab7595e7c70dc.jpg 84243b0f027abe3d53b79ac72ca5fed0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001068 Title A name given to the resource Cross country team Description An account of the resource Cross country team. Head coach Bill Clinger shown on far left. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Sports Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d00d1a7ac0e36a2dbd92b17af959f97.jpg 0992cd84362d342fb4bf4d3d27055ff0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CrossRobert Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Cross, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Cross, Education Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0f0090bb9f5943f2b30e5cf6bf690ee2.jpg bbe36ac641ca8b91d644cedc86610194 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M161-0042 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Crossing Guard, Cumnor, Oxfordshire Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a crossing guard holding a stop sign while two young girls cross the street in the village of Cumnor in Oxfordshire, England. In the photograph, a small road sign can be seen illustrating that the school children are crossing "Oxford Road." Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource School crossing guards--England Cumnor (England) Oxfordshire (England) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/060799b44fdfbb67eef7e487cfd0696e.mp3 574538e626d1c83c9287696d28c31809 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost VI Series The Fundamentals a Century Later Scripture Text Acts 15:1-5, Luke 19:45-20:8 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20030720 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-07-20 Title A name given to the resource Crossing the Rubicon Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on July 20, 2003 entitled "Crossing the Rubicon", as part of the series "The Fundamentals a Century Later", on the occasion of Pentecost VI, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Acts 15:1-5, Luke 19:45-20:8. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b5b22ddd58838da23576b800dc83051c.jpg d2f19351dba591248c2b9d4403dc94e9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_100 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1915-10-24 Title A name given to the resource Croton Aqueduct Bridge Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the Croton Aqueduct Bridge in New York City. Water damage is visible in the image, which was scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Bridges New York New York (N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cf1d52fcdfbc15bab0fcdd4f435d3f06.jpg f75d871ac48c334596778e217dfff831 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Red-Misc-19 Title A name given to the resource Crouch Description An account of the resource A black and white photo of five cast members performing a scene. A woman crouches in the front with her hands in the air. Four men lean over her and appear to be singing or blowing her a kiss. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Community theater Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/56694c4dcc279d3f78b9be43f33cf0f0.jpg d5b5e8204502c9e69c3066b85304f4c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X1560 Title A name given to the resource Crow (Yak-14) USSR trainer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Crow (Yak-14) USSR trainer, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Airplanes, Military--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2d0883bf6b478c24cd5870f8dba6485b.mp4 2f80e71d087f74dda18656674529c689 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/81c5a659e0bf19fa96dae6fb8ebbfc87.pdf 04c87de7566e60a9cc42bdb1f7955e08 PDF Text Text 1 Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: William Crow Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Grace Balog Interview length: 1:50:19 Interviewer: We are talking today with Bill Crow of Wichita, Kansas, and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay, Bill, start us off with some background on yourself. And to begin with, where and when were you born? Veteran: October 4th, 1927, in Butte, Montana. Interviewer: Alright. And did you grow up there? Veteran: No, we were there for about 2 years and then we moved to…Well, we moved to Oklahoma first and then to Kansas. Interviewer: Okay. And what kinds of things did your family do for a living when you were a kid? Veteran: I am sorry, I didn’t…? Interviewer: What kind of job did your father have? Or…? �2 Veteran: Well, my father was the reason we moved, because he worked for Safeway, and they sent him to Oklahoma to work in a store and then brought him up to Wichita to manage a new store that was at Main and Murdock. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And he was the manager of that new store. Interviewer: Alright. Now, this is in the 1930s in the era of the Depression. Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: But was he still, you know, earning a reasonable living then for…? Veteran: Well, then he bought half a share in a small grocery store. It’s a half a block from Safeway. And eventually, he bought the meat department too. He bought that from a German couple who had had a small grocery store there for years. Then he did that for a while. And of course, I was the kid that got to change the sawdust in the meat department and oil the floors and put the cans on the shelf and so on. Interviewer: Okay. How many kids were in your family? Veteran: My younger brother and myself. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: My younger brother was 8 years younger than me. Interviewer: Wow. So, you got to do all the work? Veteran: Yes. (00:02:14) Interviewer: Alright. Now, and then how far did you go in school? �3 Veteran: I just—I went about 2 weeks in the 10th grade. And that’s when I decided that I ought to go in the Marine Corps. Interviewer: Alright. Now before that, do you remember how you heard about Pearl Harbor? Veteran: That was on the radio. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. And when you first heard the news, did you understand what that meant? Veteran: Not really. Not really. But other than the fact that it was war. Interviewer: Now, before that, had you been paying any attention to the news in the world? The war in Europe? That kind of thing? Veteran: Well, you’d—you know, you’d see moving pictures and things like that, which gives you rather a warped sense of what goes on. Interviewer: So, you had like newsreels at the movie theater? That kind of thing? Veteran: Yes. Right. Newsreels and newspapers and so forth. Interviewer: Okay. So, you had some awareness of it. Okay, now, you were still pretty young when the war started? Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: You were 14. Now, did you…What made you decide to enlist when you did? �4 Veteran: Well, I was—I had a lot of wanderlust when I was a kid. I had run off from home about 3 times. The last time I run off, well, I hitchhiked a ride with the sheriff in Colorado, who immediately took us to jail and called my father. And we come back home. My father was a great man. I had all the admiration in the world for him. He could talk to me and get more out of me than anyone. My mother would just hit me with whatever was handy, so…Which, I deserved I know. Interviewer: Alright. So, now you are 16 years old. Veteran: I am sorry? Interviewer: Now when you were 16, that’s when you actually enlisted. Veteran: Right. Interviewer: Now, legally you couldn’t enlist until you were 17. Veteran: That’s right. Interviewer: So, how did you get into the Marine Corps? (00:04:35) Veteran: I lied about my age, and I changed the date on a birth certificate that I had so that I was 17. Interviewer: Okay. Now at that point, I mean, did your father sign for you? Veteran: Yes, he did. Interviewer: Okay. So, he was willing to send you on— Veteran: Well, his last comment that I remember was he says, “At least I will know where you are at.” Which, within 6 months’ time, he had no idea where I was at. �5 Interviewer: Alright. So, roughly when was it—what time of year did you enlist? Do you think it was late in ’43? Veteran: Yeah, it was…Yeah, it would be late in ’43. I don’t remember just what date. Interviewer: Okay. Now, what did they—so, where did you actually sign up? Where did you enlist? Veteran: Here in Wichita. Interview: Okay, in Wichita. Okay. And then once you have signed up, what do they do with you? Veteran: They sent me to Kansas City to take a physical. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And went up there on the train and come back on the train. And waited to be called. They called us very shortly. They put me on a train and sent me to San Diego. Interviewer: Alright. Do you remember anything about that train ride? Veteran: Oh yes. It was 3 days long and I never did get a seat. It was mostly stand-up time. Interviewer: Okay. Did they feed you? Veteran: Beg your pardon? Interviewer: Did they have food for you? Was there a dining car? Veteran: Yeah. Yeah, they had a dining car, but I don’t remember much about the food. �6 Interviewer: Okay. Now, when you were traveling on the train…Let’s see, did they have— do you remember if they had a steam engine? You know, like an old coal burning engine? Or a diesel or…? (00:06:38) Veteran: They had—I am sure they were burning coal. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Did you get to get off the train at all or were you just stuck on it? Veteran: No. No. Interviewer: Okay. Now they get you to San Diego. Veteran: Right. Interviewer: What kind of reception do you get at the training center? Veteran: We get a drill sergeant that is standing there waiting for the train to come in. after everybody got loaded out, why they lined everybody up and said, “Everybody that is going into the Marine Corps, follow me.” And we did. Interviewer: Now, at—was he yelling at you yet? Veteran: I am sorry? Interviewer: Did they—did he yell at you or was it just matter of fact? Veteran: Well, they were very abrupt about everything. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Veteran: Began to educate us real quick. �7 Interviewer: Okay. So, what did the basic training consist of? Veteran: We went to bootcamp for 7 weeks. Interviewer: Yep. Veteran: The first three weeks was drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill. The next three weeks were bang, bang, bang on the rifle range for three weeks. And then one week back, we were supposed to do slop chute duty, but we didn’t have to do that. Interviewer: Slop chute duty? Veteran: Yeah. Well…work in the galley. Interviewer: Okay. So, KP, whatever. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: And then they assigned us to our training. Interviewer: Okay. And then what kind of training did you get? (00:08:23) Veteran: Well, I was promoted immediately to PFC. And I remained that for the rest of the war. But I was sent to Camp Pendleton where we did combat training. We did a little bit of everything. And then they sent me to…Well, we had that combat training and bayonet training and grenade throwing and stuff like that. And running and jumping and the obstacle courses and so on. Interviewer: Okay. Did they have— Veteran: And then we finished that up and we were sent to school. �8 Interviewer: Okay. Now, while you were there, you were doing the training at Camp Pendleton, did you have field exercises where you would be out overnight or anything like that? Veteran: Oh yeah. It was a little bit of everything. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. But then you get a more specialized school now? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: So, what was that? Veteran: Well, that one—I went to school. They sent me to a communication school. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And what was it that they… Interviewer: Did you— Veteran: Well, we worked on semaphore… We worked on all kinds of communications. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Had a smattering of information on encoding. Interviewer: So, did you learn Morse code? Did you have to learn that? Veteran: No. No, I did not. We had—well, that is later on but— Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Okay. But so, were you learning how to operate a radio or how to…? Or telephone? Veteran: No. No, just basically messages and how to handle them and things like that. �9 Interviewer: Alright. And do you have any idea why they picked you for that? (00:10:33) Veteran: No, I don’t. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Other than I was just a dumb kid. Interviewer: Alright. Now, how easy or hard was it for you to adjust to life in the Marines? I mean, you had been kind of independent. Veteran: I had no problem with it because I wanted to be there. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: There were those that weren’t particularly happy about being there, which made it more difficult. But I was fortunate enough to have some good drill instructors in bootcamp. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: They were not the mercenaries that occasionally some of the guys had. Because I can recall seeing a DI being chased across the lawn at the end of a bayonet for bayonet practice because the guy was mad at him, and he was going to get him. But there were some DIs that— and our DIs were very strict but as long as you did what you were told to do, then you didn’t have any trouble. But you didn’t question anything because they would march you off into the ocean. They would, you know, tell you to get down in that mud and take you through a mess of dirt and sand and so on and then give you about 15 minutes to get everything cleaned up. And if you didn’t get them clean, I can remember one time we had all of our dungarees. And we had so many minutes to get those clean. (00:12:24) �10 Veteran: We had scrub brushes and a scrub board. And then after you got them all cleaned up, why, we’d stand out and hold them out on our arms like this and DIs would come along and inspect the clothes to see if they were clean. And if anybody’s weren’t clean, then he would just say, “Drop your arms.” And the clothes would go on the ground, and he would march us back and forth across the clothes a few times. Then he’d say, “Alright, now you’ve got 10 minutes to get them clean.” It was, you know, that type of…It was not mean, but it was meaningful because it was really training us to the point where we would act without thinking. Interviewer: Alright. Now, do you know if your drill instructors were combat veterans? Had they been to Guadalcanal or anything? Veteran: Yes, one of them had. The other two, I don’t remember for sure. But the sergeant had, and he was good. He was a good man. He was just doing his job, is what he was doing. Interviewer: Alright. Now, as you are going through these different stages of training, are they teaching you anything about the Japanese or what you might encounter when you go out there? Or was this just all learn the procedures, follow the orders? Veteran: Well, I think everybody was still thinking that all the Japanese were little bitty short guys wearing the thick glasses and—which I found out later was not true. Interviewer: Yeah. (00:14:12) Veteran: Because the first unit we run into on Peleliu was Japanese Marines. You know, I think the first dead one I saw looked like he was about 7 foot tall. Interviewer: Alright. Okay, so do you have an idea of when did you finish that training? Somewhere in ’44, I guess? �11 Veteran: Yeah, we took the combat training and then our specialist training. And then they formed our company up. Interviewer: Okay. And— Veteran: Which was the JASCO company. Interviewer: Okay. Explain what a JASCO company is. Veteran: We were a company that…Joint Assault Company that went in with the assault troops. We had—and eventually, we got Navy radiomen in with us, plus our own radiomen. And we had the Navy men were there primarily to call in the Naval gunfire. And there was an air unit that was in that would call in airstrikes. And that was the job of our unit, was to do those kind of things. And in conjunction with the assault troops. Interviewer: Okay. Now, were you attached to a larger unit? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: So, what division— Veteran: Yeah, we were attached to—that is, I was attached to the 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment with the 1st Division. Interviewer: Okay, so 1st Marine Division. Alright. Veteran: Yeah. And that was—and then they split us up among the whole regiment. And our teams went with different units. Interviewer: So, you are probably 3rd Battalion, 1st Regiment? Veteran: Mhmm. �12 Interviewer: Okay. And not the other way around. Alright. Okay, so…Now, did you get to train with them? Or do you join them someplace, or…? (00:16:21) Veteran: Well, we joined them down on the rest base, which was on Pavuvu. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: In the Russell Islands. Interviewer: Alright. Now, but you are—so you—did you form up the company back in San Diego or Pendleton? Veteran: Yes. Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, once you have formed up the company, now what happens to you? Veteran: Well, then…Well, our next operation was we just went overseas. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: They… Interviewer: What kind of ship were you on? Veteran: We were on a Dutch ship that had a Dutch crew and an American gun crew. It was an old ship named [sounds like Polio Lout] The captain on that ship was a Dutchman and he…I can still hear him. He’d say, “Garbage detail. Dump the garbage!” And that is where we started our float across the sea. Interviewer: Okay. Now, was it just your company that was on this boat, or were there other Marines? �13 Veteran: No, we had…Well, it was our unit, which was 600, over 600, men. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Was this in— Veteran: And—in total. And we stopped in Hawaii for one day and they picked up a bunch of Japanese troops. Where—what they were doing there, I have no idea. But anyway, they joined us on the ship. Interviewer: So, Japanese Americans? Veteran: Javanese. Interviewer: Oh, Javanese, like from Java? Veteran: From Java. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I—to this day, I don’t know. I assume they were there being trained for something or another. Interviewer: Okay. Because the— Veteran: But then we began our trip across the ocean. Thirty days later, why—well, we stopped first at Tulagi and Guadalcanal. And they—if I remember right, I think they unloaded the Javanese troops at Tulagi. Interviewer: Yep. (00:18:31) Veteran: And then, from Guadalcanal, we went over to our rest base which is about another 50 miles on Pavuvu. Interviewer: Okay. �14 Veteran: Which was a coconut grove. Interviewer: Alright. Now, did your ship sail in a convoy? Veteran: No. We were just a sole ship. Interviewer: Just by yourself. Because normally— Veteran: Thirty days. Interviewer: Okay. Did you do a lot of zigzagging while you were sailing? Did you change course a lot? Or not that you noticed? Veteran: I…Not that I know of. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: It is very possible that they did. Interviewer: Alright. And were— Veteran: It took long enough. Interviewer: Yeah. Now, were you worried about Japanese submarines or aircraft? Veteran: I didn’t particularly think about them, no. Interviewer: Okay. Alright, so you get to Pavuvu, you are in the Solomon Islands and now…Now, does the rest of the division— Veteran: That’s where the 1st Division was at. Interviewer: Okay, so the division is already there. So, now is then when they kind of split you up and they assign you to the different battalions? �15 Veteran: Right. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. And then, were there particular people that you worked with that you remember? Or individual— Veteran: Well, our commanding officer of our regiment was Chesty Puller, who was a legend in the Marine Corps. Interviewer: Okay. What impression did you have of him at the time? Veteran: Oh, well complete awe. He was definitely for his men. For instance, we had some natives come over from another island and they built some grass huts for us for mess halls. And officers and men were all eating in the same mess hall. (00:20:21) Veteran: And we had a new second lieutenant who had come in. He walked up and got—went up to the head of the line to get in, but he didn’t notice that the colonel was back here in line, waiting his turn. And Chesty went up and grabbed him and I don’t think that second lieutenant ever stepped in another line while he was in the Marine Corps. But that’s the way Chesty was. He was for his men. Granted, our regiment took a lot of casualties. And a lot of people blamed him for it, but he was there with you. He wasn’t just sending you. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. About how long do you think you stayed on Pavuvu? Veteran: On Pavuvu…We were there…Oh my. I suppose we were there maybe 3 or 4 months. Interviewer: Okay, so quite a while. Veteran: Which—yeah, we did night training, we did make work, make work, make work. Interviewer: Did you practice any landings? Did you use the landing craft? �16 Veteran: Yeah, we did go back over to Guadalcanal and did some assault landings, practice landings, on the Canal. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And that was when—after that, we took off for Peleliu. Interviewer: Alright. Now, what was your actual job when they were making a landing? What would you do? (00:22:15) Veteran: I was a runner. My favorite expression was when I took a message to the colonel one time. And when I was still 16 years old and very impressed by this legend of a Marine, he said, “I don’t know what we would do without you runners,” he said, “I can’t depend on these radios or telephones.” Well, he could have told me to go ride straight to the gates of hell and I would have went. But that’s the kind of an officer he was. Interviewer: Right. Okay. Veteran: But that was my job as a runner, to—if the communications broke down then my job was to get the message there by foot. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And they would say, “This needs to go to so and so and so and so.” Well, I’d, “Where are they?” “They are over there.” You know. “Here’s the telephone line. You can follow that telephone line. That will go to them.” Well, you’d follow that line about so far and then it would be blown in two or run over by a tank or something else. And you go well, okay…and you would just have to wander around until you found where you were going. Interviewer: Alright. �17 Veteran: But you would deliver the message and you would come back and… Interviewer: Okay. When you were in the Solomon Islands there, before you went to Peleliu, did they do anything to prevent you from getting malaria? Veteran: We took Atabrine tablets. Interviewer: Okay… Veteran: Which turned you yellow. Interviewer: alright. Veteran: Turned your eyes yellow, turned your skin yellow. It was a—that’s the first thing that really shocked me when I got there was to see all of these yellow guys. But that was basically to try and protect you from… Interviewer: Okay. Now, did—were there guys who tried to avoid taking it? You know, people who didn’t want to take it? (00:24:21) Veteran: We didn’t have a choice. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: When we would go through a chow line, at the end was a corpsman who was standing there and he had a bottle of Atabrine tablets and he says, “You open your mouth,” and he throws it in your mouth, and you take a sip of something and swallow it down. Interviewer: Alright. Okay, well did it work? I mean, did you get malaria? Veteran: I had malaria. Not real bad, but no it wouldn’t keep you from malaria but it would help if you did get it. �18 Interviewer: Okay. Yeah, because it was supposed to keep you from getting it. Veteran: Well, it was a terrible tasting thing. If you ever got—if you ever tried to chew one, you would never forget it. Interviewer: Alright. But they are getting you ready now for your operation. Now, when you joined the unit, were there a lot of men who were experienced soldiers? People who had been—fought at Guadalcanal or Bougainville or someplace like that? Veteran: Well, yeah in our division we had a lot of troops that had been in—on Guadalcanal. We had troops that had been in… Interviewer: I think in Gloucester was another place they went. Veteran: Yeah. Yeah, in Gloucester. New Guinea. [Cape Gloucester, on New Britain] Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Veteran: And of course, they had been in Australia for a short while. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: Just before I joined them. Interviewer: Yeah, but that was just to recover and get a little time off. Veteran: Right. Interviewer: Okay. So, now you go to Peleliu. Can you describe—it’s an island in the Peleliu archipelago. Did they tell you why you were going there? (00:26:11) Veteran: Oh yes. �19 Interviewer: What was the purpose? Veteran: Yeah, they…Our—the general got on the speakerphone and gave us quite a lecture that within 3 days, we would have this island and the air base on it, in order to have better connections with getting aircraft to and from Japan and a place for aircraft that had been to Japan and had problems and needed to land, could land because there was an airstrip on Peleliu. Interviewer: Okay. Well, I think it was kind of between Indones—you are closer to the Philippines. Veteran: It was—yeah, 10 square miles. Interviewer: Alright. And what do you remember about the invasion, the landing? Veteran: We went in in amtracs. Interviewer: And what is that? Veteran: Okay, which is—some people called them alligators. It had tracks that they run on, and they went in the water. But the bulk of the thing sit about that high out of water. And we were all—we had all gone down rope ladders and dropped into these…No, I am sorry. We didn’t that time. That time we went down. We were on an LST. We went down on the—in the—where the amtracs were at and loaded into theamtracs. And I happened to get a position where I was straddling the drive shaft that went through it and looking out the back of the amtrac. And that was my—that was the only place I had. And that’s where I rode into in the second wave. Interviewer: Okay. Now, was there a bombardment ahead of time or anything like that? (00:28:18) �20 Veteran: Oh yes. Yeah, they had shelled it for days and days and days. And you’d think there can’t be anything left. Well, they didn’t touch it. They—it was—we had very little piece of the beach the first day. And I remember going in and as we went in, why, you could begin to hear the fire coming. And they had a point about the north end of Peleliu. There was a little point that set out there and that’s where the Japanese had some boat guns dug in, the machine guns covering them and so forth. That was our biggest problem there. But as we came in, they were trying to hit the amtracs that were coming in. and I forget how many waves of amtracs there were, but from—after the amtracs, then they had—they came in in ducks, which was a different type of vehicle. Interviewer: Yeah, it’s an amphibious truck instead of an amphibious track vehicle, yeah. Veteran: And but as we went up over the reef, why, it went—the amtrac went up just like this. It almost felt like you were going to tip over backwards, you know. But by the same token, looking out the rear, I was seeing these shells. And I saw what happened to some of the amtracks. They were hit before they were come ashore, which was—our air unit was just wiped out in one of those. So, we had no people that dealt with air strikes left. But anyway, we pulled in up onto the beach. And then those old amtracks you had to jump over the side. There was no rampart. Interviewer: Okay. (00:30:33) Veteran: And so, I went over on this side. There was a shell that hit over on this side. And then all the guys that were driving the amtracs said, “Get out of here! Get out of here! Get out of here! I got to go back and get more people.” So, it went over. And… Interviewer: So, now you are on— Veteran: Basically, you just started ducking because it was nothing but fire coming. �21 Interviewer: Alright. Did you try to get off the beach or you just stay where you were? Veteran: Well, first thing you did was dig a hole, try and get some cover, because we were getting a lot of fire on the beach. They shot a lot of people on the beach. Interviewer: Okay. Now, was there opposition directly in front of you so you couldn’t go forward? Veteran: We had—they had troops in front of us, but the big item was this peninsula that stuck out here. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And that was immediately on our left flank. And they could just rake the whole beach. Interviewer: Okay. Was the Navy—were the Navy ships trying to shoot back at that? Veteran: I am sorry? Interviewer: Was anyone shooting back at the Japanese? Veteran: Oh, well yeah. Yeah, if you could see them. But you know, spotting them…But then you would get a lot of fire going and you don’t know. You can’t spot a target every time. You don’t know what you are shooting at. Interviewer: Alright. Now, was the island—was it a volcanic island or fossilized coral or…? (00:32:13) Veteran: Yeah, it had—they—all the reef and everything was just terribly sharp. And they had owned that island for 30-some years. And I think they must have been digging on it the whole time because they had places that were 3 stories deep down into those. And they had railroad �22 tracks run down inside that they could run artillery up. They had doors that would—big steel doors that would fold shut. That—if you could call Naval gunfire in, you had to get it while it was open in order to do any good. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: That’s—it was—the first day there was pretty rough. Interviewer: Okay. Now, did you just—did you have—did anyone order you to do anything that first day? Or do you just stay put? Veteran: Well, we didn’t have much choice. You couldn’t get up and go. The airstrip was relatively close to where we landed. And that of course was our first objective. But we couldn’t approach that first day at all. Interviewer: Okay. Now, what happened that first night? Once it gets dark? Veteran: I had a hole dug. And there was some activity during the night, but it was difficult to tell what was going on really. And until daylight, well then you find out what was going on at night. It was pretty wild. We had one man in our unit that went berserk and started just firing at everything and everybody. He threw a smoke—or a phosphorus grenade into the foxhole close to him that was his best buddy. And that phosphorus grenade went off and burned him real bad. And I can still remember those corpsmen hollering up and down the beach, trying to find…I forget the stuff that they had that would stop that phosphorus from just completely burning free you know. Interviewer: Right. (00:34:54) �23 Veteran: And but I don’t remember the name of it, but I remember them, you know, passing that word up and down to the—nobody had any. My sergeant wound up killing the guy that was doing all this, which…That’s…You know, that’s kind of a new experience for a 16-year-old. Interviewer: Certainly. Okay, now were—how long were you stuck on the beach? Veteran: Well, the second day I was up and running messages. Interviewer: So, were they pushing you forward into the airfield by then or…? Veteran: We took the airfield I think it was the 3rd day. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And but we were still getting the fire on it, you know, because that island was so small. No matter where you were, you were subject to it. But… Interviewer: So, when you are carrying messages, I mean, how do you—what do you do to avoid being hit? Veteran: You run fast. And offer up a little prayer and so forth. But basically, I spent most of my time just trying to find a telephone line or trying to find where I was going to deliver whatever I was supposed to deliver to whomever it was. And it was quite an education. So, I got to go a lot of different directions. But it was… Interviewer: Now, did you carry— (00:36:38) Veteran: I was still pretty ignorant of the fact, but I did make a couple of trips down through to the point. And when I got down there, we had one company down there that was literally just wiped out. And they…I just—I couldn’t get over all of the dead Marines that were laying right there on the beach. �24 Interviewer: Because that campaign, that lasted a number of weeks. I mean, it was not— Veteran: Oh yes. It went on for a long time. A matter of fact, after the war ended, there were—I think it was 30 or 40 Japanese troops who finally surrendered years after the war was over. They had lived that continuous time down in those caves and stuff that they had dug. And they had films of them, you know, when they come in to surrender. Of course, that was after we were long gone. Interviewer: Right. Now, did you carry a weapon? Veteran: Oh yes. I had an M-1. Interviewer: So, you had a rifle like anybody else. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Did you ever use it? Veteran: Yes. Yes. Whether I ever hit anybody or not is a good question, you know. If you think you see something and you think that that—then you can shoot at it, but you very seldom do you really know because basically they were dug in, and it was… (00:38:22) Veteran: They had control areas where they had dug into the ground too. And I can remember one time when I went down to the point, they had found this opening to an underground. Apparently, it was a pretty good-sized opening down under there. And but they were trying to get everybody to quiet down because they had heard some noise down in there. And they were calling down in there to make sure it wasn’t some of our troops that were down in there. And there were no answer, no answer. So, they finally just began throwing some grenades down �25 and—but I stopped and watched that for a while. Well, okay. But it was, you know, I had a job to do, and I had to go on my way. It was…It was a real learning experience for a 16-year-old kid. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: I actually turned 17 abord ship leaving Peleliu. Interviewer: Okay. Now, when you were on the island, while the battle is going on and so forth, did you have a regular place that you would sleep? Or were you just always moving around? Veteran: I was—generally, I was on the beach. And that’s where I got most of my orders from and so forth, but then I was from one end to the other and all around. Interviewer: Okay. Now, had they dug in some kind of headquarters that was— Veteran: Oh yeah, they had— Interviewer: --safer? Veteran: They had a concrete block building on the airport that was—I don’t think they ever knocked that building clear down. And that was—they had some—they had worked on that island for the whole time they owned it. Interviewer: So, you took over some of the Japanese facilities then? (00:40:24) Veteran: I am sorry? Interviewer: Your headquarters—your people kind of took over some of the Japanese facilities that they captured? Veteran: No, never really use them. No. �26 Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: No, we were just out in the open most of the time. Interviewer: Alright. Now, did you ever see any Japanese aircraft there? Veteran: Yes. Well…Not on Peleliu. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: But Okinawa, a lot of them. Yeah. That’s where the kamikaze started coming in. Interviewer: But at Peleliu they are not bothering you particularly? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: That was basically our aircraft. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: And Naval gunfire. Interviewer: Okay. Now, do you remember any Army troops landing on Peleliu? Veteran: They came in to relieve us because they pulled our regiment out after 10 days. Because we were just—we were done. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: There just wasn’t enough of us left to be effective. And they pulled us around on Purple Beach. And eventually they just took us back down to our rest base. Interviewer: Alright. And how much of the regiment was left at that point? �27 Veteran: I am sorry? Interviewer: How much of the regiment was still there? Veteran: Well, they took our First Regiment. Is—was the first ones they took out off the island. Interviewer: Right. But what kind of losses had you taken? Veteran: Some companies were just practically gone. And like the Company K that was down on that point, I think there were 8 men left out of that company. Interviewer: Alright. So, did you go back to Pavuvu? Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: Okay. (00:42:09) Veteran: Well, and of course, they had a hospital ship offside. They couldn’t get anybody out there until, I don’t know, the 3rd or 4th day before they could really get many of the wounded out. Because I know when I first—when we first got on the island, I had come up to a—against— they had a big tank trench that was dug along there down deep. And I thought that looks like pretty good cover. So, I jumped down in there and I looked over here and there is—I think there was 4 of those guys that were our Navy radiomen. What are they doing over here? Well, and then I realized they had all been tagged. They were all wounded. They had them tagged for waiting to get them off to the hospital ships. But it took a little bit to register on me what was— what the deal was. It…We—it was just a pretty tough deal. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Yeah. �28 Interviewer: Alright. Now, once you are back on Pavuvu, do they start bringing in replacements and rebuilding the regiment? Veteran: We—well, yeah when we got back down to Pavuvu, we started getting—started getting some wounded back from—that they had a Naval base over—I can’t remember the name of the island. But they had a Naval hospital over there. And that’s where they took a lot of our wounded. Little by little, why, some of the wounded guys would come back into the company. Interviewer: And did they say— (00:44:03) Veteran: Well, I had one good friend that had been hit in the right rear end. And when he came back from the hospital, why, he didn’t have any right rear end. And he was on crutches. They thought that he would recover but they finally took him back to the hospital. I never saw him again, so I don’t know just what happened from him. But… Interviewer: How long did you stay there? Did you stay there until you went to Okinawa or…? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: That’s a long time. Veteran: Yeah, we stayed there until we got ready to go to Okinawa. Interviewer: Okay. Now, at what point did you get new guys coming in? Veteran: Well, our regiment was out of there in 10 days. �29 Interviewer: No, I mean on—when you are on Pavuvu and they have to rebuild the regiment. Did you get new men coming in? Veteran: The 81st Army unit relieved us. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Because I can remember somebody, as we were going in—or out—they were going in. One guy said, “What outfit is this?” he said, “It’s 81st wildcat division.” He said, “You might be the wildcats now, but you’ll be tame pussycats before long.” Interviewer: Alright. Okay. I guess—I was asking about your first Marine regiment. You take a lot of casualties. Veteran: I am sorry? Interviewer: You took a lot of—but your unit, your regiment took a lot of casualties. Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: You go back. But then, did they send you a bunch of new recruits? Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: To replace the old ones. Veteran: We re-fitted. Of course, a lot of people lost a lot of gear and so forth, so they had to resupply us with a lot of things. Interviewer: Okay. Now, did you get to know the new guys? Did you start working with the new ones? �30 Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah, they would come in, and of course we were all living in tents, and just fill in the vacant spots. Interviewer: Okay. So, it sounds like you spend the better part of 6 months or something close to that on Pavuvu. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Rebuilding. Veteran: Yeah, that was our rest base. (00:46:22) Interviewer: So—yeah, so what was a typical day like while you were there? What did you do? Veteran: Make work. Make work. That’s all. You’d see one team coming down digging a ditch, another team coming down and filling in the ditch. Another crew went over. They were digging in this coral pit, digging up coral, loading it in trucks and bringing it up to our living area and filling in the swamps so we weren’t living in a swamp. But that went—that was a 24-hour day job. They would just—you would work a shift and then go back and work another shift and that. And oh, doing night azimuth trips where you would take your compass and shoot an azimuth at night and go out into the jungle and go so far, so long, so far…And eventually, you were supposed to come back out where you went in. but oftentimes, it was daylight before some of them come back. And it was so dark that we got to picking up pieces of rotten wood that would fluorescent and sticking that in the back of your belt so you could follow the guy ahead of you. And I can remember following one of those fluorescents and, all of a sudden, I stepped off in a big hole. But that was almost a joke, you know. �31 Interviewer: Okay, yeah. Did they do anything to provide you with entertainment? Were there movies or anything? (00:48:21) Veteran: They had a movie set up. A bunch of coconut logs laid out where we could sit on the coconut logs and watch the movies. And of course, that was a big deal, you know. We watched those movies. And at one time then, is the one time that I saw Bob Hope and part of his company. They had been over on Guadalcanal, and they heard that the 1st division was on Peleliu. And they didn’t bring their whole crew over there, but they did bring a few of them over there. And so, we saw that show. And he had…Oh my, I can’t remember this comedian who was with him. Had a big mustache. Can’t remember his name now, but and he had 3 or 4 dancers, you know. And so, he come over and put on a big show for us. We weren’t on his schedule but when he found out we were over there, he come over and they had to come over in Piper Cubs because that is the only strip we had was a Piper Cub strip. So, they couldn’t bring a whole bunch of people over there. Interviewer: Right. Now, did you get to go off the island at all? Or were you just stuck there the whole time? Veteran: No, no. Well, we went swimming. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: Or I would look for shells and things like that. Interviewer: But you didn’t get a leave or furlough or anything? �32 Veteran: Oh no. I never had a leave the whole time I was in the Marine Corps. I had a 2-day pass just before I went overseas in World War 2. And my mother and my little brother come out to visit me. And I got a 2-day pass to have with them. Interviewer: Okay. (00:50:13) Veteran: That was the only leave I ever had out of the Marine Corps. Interviewer: Alright. Okay, now— Veteran: They paid me for it all and you know. But… Interviewer: Okay, so you are on Pavuvu for a long time. You have this routine you are doing. Did you think maybe the war was going to end before you got back into it? Veteran: No. No. Interviewer: Okay. I guess they were still expecting to go to Japan. Veteran: We were getting ready for the big show up in Okinawa. Interviewer: Right. Okay. And Okinawa—so, what—when the time comes then to go to Okinawa, now what happens? Veteran: Excuse me, I— Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: I might have to change the battery on my hearing aid. Interviewer: Alright. You can go ahead and do that. Veteran: Is that alright? �33 Interviewer: Yeah. So, we are talking here about getting ready now to go to Okinawa. Veteran: Right. Interviewer: Alright, so what do you remember about that voyage? Veteran: That we were on a troop ship for 30 days. Building the convoy up and getting everybody together. We got off of the ship on an island that they had fixed up for just that purpose: to let troops get off. And they served some beer, and they served some drinks. They had basketball courts and a few things set up like that. I can’t remember the name of that island, but we were there one day. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And we got off the ship. But the rest of the time, I think we were on there—on that troop ship—about 30 days. It was a long time. Interviewer: Okay. Now, during that time, could you be on deck a lot of the time? Or did you have to be— (00:52:18) Veteran: We could get up on deck as long as there wasn’t any kind of alert or anything going on. But it was just—we just played a lot of pinochle. And there was a lot of poker games going on. Interviewer: Alright. And then once the—you actually start to go into Okinawa, what do you remember about that? Fleet bombardment, whatever… Veteran: Well…I can remember the night before and I was very apprehensive all night long because I could see another deal just like Peleliu. And yet, when it come our time to go in, we were in a freeway at that time for some reason. And yeah, we went in again on Amtracks. But I know at the control boat, our CO was on that control boat. And we were in what they called a �34 freeway. And they said, “We will send you in whenever.” They sent—as soon as we got there, they said, “Go on in.” Oh crap. We walked ashore and never fired a shot. Interviewer: Okay. Now, do you remember the bombardment before this? Veteran: Oh yes. Interviewer: Okay, what were— Veteran: They—air bombs and Naval gunfire. They just—you’d think they were sinking the whole place; you know. And but they weren’t there. Interviewer: Okay. Now— Veteran: They had evacuated all of their troops. Interviewer Right. Veteran: To the other end of the island where they were going to make their defense. The one time that they did not defend the beach. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And we were all just stunned, you know. But it was great, you know. Just walk ashore. Interviewer: Now, at that time when you are making the landing, did any Japanese aircraft show up or did they come later? (00:54:22) Veteran: No, they came right away. Interviewer: Okay. �35 Veteran: Yeah, because I can remember them because all the ships were just firing like crazy. And I think they probably shot down almost as many of our planes as they did of others. Because there was a Zero that came down along the beach. And behind him was—I think it was a Corsair? Interviewer: Quite possibly. A Corsair or Hellcat, yeah. Veteran: But anyway, one of ours was shot down from all of this anti-aircraft coming off all of these ships out in the bay. But the Japanese, that one got away. But many of them…Well, toward the end of Okinawa, when they were sending in just planes and planes and planes, they had moved us up to the other end of the island and we had a radio set up that was air warning DAT.And they would call in—I’d say flight number so and so, so many bogies. So far from Bolo Point. And then they would come on pretty soon and say splash, 10 bogies from flight number so and so, so far from Bolo Point. And then, eventually, why, the few planes that would get through would come in and you would see them go out and try to get those ships. Interviewer: Right. (00:56:18) Veteran: And I—that’s one time I felt sorry for those guys because you can’t dig a foxhole out on steel decks. Interviewer: Right. Okay. So, to go back, so basically you have seen the spectacular bombardment. You know, the air battles start. All this stuff is going on. But you just go on shore and there is nobody shooting at you. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. What did you do then once you landed? �36 Veteran: Went inland. We went into—first place we went into was an airstrip. And well…And then we stayed. Part of us went back and stayed along the beach there for quite some time. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And then our regiment went on up and they literally took one end of the island with practically no opposition to mount anything. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: But there were so many natives on there and they had—the Japanese had used that for a dumping place for their insane, for their people with mumu, which is elephantiasis. And the other disease… Interviewer: Leprosy? Veteran: Yeah, leprosy. Sorry, let me get that. Interviewer: Alright, so we had gotten to the point in your story now where you are on Okinawa, they have kind of cleared off most of the island. There is fighting going on in one end of the island. You have spent a lot of time still near the beach. Now, would you go back and forth across the island to deliver messages or just stay on the beach? (00:58:23) Veteran: Yep. Yeah, I did a lot of that. Interviewer: Okay. And you were— Veteran: And but then they moved us to the other end of the island where we set up this air control. But anyway, that was right toward the end of the war. �37 Interviewer: Right. Okay. Yeah, and so at that point—so you are not really close to heavy fighting that is going on. Veteran: No. No, we weren’t. Interviewer: That was the other end of the island. Veteran: We weren’t in it at all. Interviewer: Okay. So, you are manning the stat— Veteran: We were for a while but not for long. Interviewer: Okay. And you were talking a little bit about the civilian population was still on Okinawa. Veteran: Oh yeah. Interviewer: And it included people with physical illnesses— Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: And mental illness and so forth. Now, did those people come around where you were? Veteran: Oh yes. Yeah, they were around and a lot later, they did gather them all up. But at one time, when we were up there, we had four little orphans—kids—living with us. Utico, Satic0, Jeto, Tato… Interviewer: That’s four. Veteran: And…I can’t remember the fifth name. �38 Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: But anyway, they were all orphans and they just decided to take a liking to us and stayed there with us. But they eventually came around and rounded up all the civilians and moved them into a certain area. And but when we were there, some Japanese had come in and I was on a—delivering a message. And some Japs come in and dropped a bunch of knee mortars. (01:00:21) Veteran: I think they were shooting at a little Piper airstrip [for Piper Cub observation aircraft] that was right there. But the whole works come over right into our area. My lieutenant got shrapnel. He had like 100 holes in his tent. And he was hit a number of times. Practically everybody that was there got small pieces because knee mortars, that’s what they were. They were in to make casualties, not to necessarily kill but to make casualties so that they would have somebody to shoot at when somebody come to help them, you know. But practically everybody in the company got hit. And I was gone. Interviewer: Right. So, the Japanese would just sneak—are there people hiding somewhere? Or they brought them in by sea? Veteran: They had been bypassed, evidently. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: They had been bypassed and for some reason, they decided to come down and dump some knee mortars on that particular area. That—and then shortly after that, well the war ended. �39 Interviewer: Alright. Now, this tape is about to end so we are going to pause here. Okay, now we have taken your story to kind of the end of World War 2. Before that was announced, were you getting ready to go to Japan? Veteran: Yes. Yea, that was—we were scheduled to go into Japan. And that was what we were figuring on doing up until the time that they dropped bombs. Interviewer: Okay. Now, were you doing more training and drills to…? (01:02:14) Veteran: No. At that time, we were just reorganizing and…Of course, it was not long after that— it ended—that they sent us to China. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: We went up there to primarily repatriate the Japanese who had been in there since 1937. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And never known defeat. And that was quite an experience. Interviewer: Where did you go in China? Veteran: Tientsin. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Which was a big international port. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: It had a history of troops from all over the world, really, that were stationed in there. Marines were in there for years. But French troops, the German…You know, all kinds of troops �40 had been in there. Italian. There was a whole lot of Italians, White Russians…A little bit of everybody. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: But when we got up there, why, it was—oh, there was armies of Japanese troops that had never known defeat. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And they were all still there armed and so forth. We never had any trouble with them. Our unit was to get them back to Japan with nothing. They weren’t allowed to take hardly anything with them. And so, they were selling stuff, they were throwing stuff away. They were, you know, doing about everything they could. But we had no problems with them. We did have some problems with some of the Chinese because if you—at that time when we went up there, they disbanded our unit because we were an assault unit. Interviewer: Right. (01:04:13) Veteran: Which we had—they had no use for anymore. And they assigned me to the 1st Signal Company, and they took me into this building, and they said, “This is a teletype. You are a teletype operator.” I didn’t even know what a teletype was. But my job there was to sit there and type four letter code blurbs of messages the whole time I was on duty. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: When I was not on duty, I was almost free to go most any place. But that’s not a good idea in China. And supposedly we were supposed to be on a certain leave and, you know, you get so much liberty so often and so forth. But they made the mistake of allowing people to sign �41 out to go to what they called the division gym or the division theater. Well, that didn’t mean anything. You’d sign out and go wherever you wanted to go. But it was—it was a mess. It was a mess. They—we had—you know, they took all of us guys up there that had been down to the Pacific a couple—three years even—and turned them loose. And you could buy anything for nothing. I was a PFC, and I had all the money in the world to go out and eat and there was a lot of—like the Italian soldiers who were there when the Japanese come in and they just sold all their weapons off and everything and disbanded and started Italian restaurants. (01:06:11) Veteran: You know, and all of these—like the White Russians, I got to know a White Russian young man who was in the money market business because China had two types of money. One type, the exchange rate was like 31,000 to 1. The new Chinese money that they were printing was like maybe 1000 to 1. And so, people were working this money market by—and that was what this Russian—young Russian—I can’t even remember his name now. But I got acquainted with him and I—we went to restaurants a couple of times together. Some Chinaman would come running in and hand him an envelope and he would open it and look at it and tell him someplace else to go, you know, to exchange this. We had people in the 1st Marine Air Wing who were flying from one place to another, and they got in on this act of money changing. And they just— they would buy it cheap here, sell it high over here and vice versa, you know. And it became quite a thing over there. But I never got into that, other than I would search around, see where I could find the best exchange, you know. But theoretically, we weren’t supposed to be spending American money there anyway. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: They would give us those fake pieces of money. �42 Interviewer: Okay. And how dangerous was it there? (01:08:06) Veteran: If you were by yourself, it was very dangerous. If you were 2 or 3 together, they didn’t usually hassle you. But it was not safe to go anyplace in China by yourself. And it took a while to learn that because there was—there was a lot of things going on. It was pretty rough. Interviewer: Yeah. Now, were there—did you have—was there prostitution going on? Veteran: Oh, the prostitution was 90% of their money. It was just unreal. Just absolutely unreal. And guys would go out and mess with that stuff and just catch all kinds of diseases. I mean, terrible. But the biggest thing was go out and get drunk. Just party it up, you know. And if the Navy was in town, why, we’d fight with the Navy. If there happened to be any Army troops around, we would fight with the Army troops. Fight over whose bar you were in, you know. It even got to the point where, you know, we’d start fighting—if there were none of those guys around, we would fight between regiments or between companies. And you know, whoever was available and was—but it just got real bad. And when we first got there, they allowed us to carry weapons on our—when we went out on liberty when we had free time. But they finally tried to put a stop to that. So, then everybody carried a Kabar down in their boot. And so, you had your knife anyway. But it was a terrible thing. The bars were just rampant, and I started drinking and just oh my…Didn’t know—didn’t have any sense to me at all. It…But it was an education. (01:10:27) Interviewer: Yeah. How long did— Veteran: I was there, I was in China about 6 months. Interviewer: Okay. That’s a long time. Alright. So yet—now you find—now from there do you get to go back home now? Or what happens? �43 Veteran: Well, eventually I did. I had enough points to go home but they didn’t have ships to take us home because they were too busy hauling Chinese from one point in China to another point in China. They were hauling Chinese troops up to the north where the communists’ troops were now beginning to—they had a train that run between Peking and Tientsin. And they would sit up in the hills and shoot at the train as it went by. And eventually after some of us left, they even attacked one of our units that was down on a—I don’t—by themselves. And it got pretty serious then. But up until then it was a lot of well, the communists are coming to town tonight, so we’d be on 100% alert. Well, nobody would show up. So, it got to be kind of a hocus pocus thing, you know. But eventually, after I had left, why, then it did get pretty serious. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And they finally pulled everybody out of there. Interviewer: Okay. Now, how did they get you back home? Veteran: On a ship. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Just a big—a troop transport? Or…? Veteran: Yeah, just a regular troop ship. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yeah. (01:12:08) Interviewer: Alright. And was it a quiet voyage back or did you have bad weather? �44 Veteran: No, no didn’t have it then. We had bad weather when we left Okinawa. We had run into a lot of bad weather because there was a big storm came up and our ship—I was on a work detail. The ship was basically empty other than the work detail had gone on early. And we went out to sea to ride it out but oh my…They couldn’t cook anything, they couldn’t, you know. They’d feed us sandwiches and that was about all we could get to eat. And you would have to stand there and hold onto something to…You weren’t allowed to go on the quarter deck or any place above decks at all. But it was—we rode out a big hurricane. It was a—that was my first experience with a real storm. Interviewer Right. Okay. Now, when you get back to the states, where do you land? Veteran: I went to San Diego. Back to San Diego. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And we eventually…Well, it didn’t take us too long really. They put us out. Interviewer: Okay. So, you got your discharge in San Diego? Veteran: Yep. Got my discharge. Interviewer: Now, did they have you—ask you to join the Reserves? Or…? Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I did. Interviewer: And why did you do that? �45 Veteran: Because I made corporal. World War 2 and it took me that long to make corporal. And one of the things they said was, “Well, at least you’ll keep your rank.” And at that time, a corporal in the Marine Corps didn’t do work details, he might be in charge of work detail. But basically, he wouldn’t have to do the work that PFCs and privates did, you know. So, I thought well, maybe that’s a good idea. So, I signed up. Interviewer: Alright. But in the meantime, you are out of the Marines. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Where did you go then after you got out? (01:14:25) Veteran: I came here to Wichita and started to get an education because I had quit high school. I never even—just barely started the 10th grade. But I took my GED test. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And got a high school equivalency. And started going to college to get an education because I began to realize I needed one. And… Interviewer: So, what college did you go to? Veteran: Well, I started at Wichita State, but I didn’t last very long out there because I had one class out there that had 220-some people in it. And there was some guy sitting next to me playing a radio. And I thought man, this is not for me, so I went to Friends University. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And I loved it out there because the biggest class I ever had at Friends was 25 people. When I took—I was majoring in music. And when I took composition, I was the only one that signed up for the class. So, I took composition by conference. And it just so happens that the �46 man teaching composition was another ex-Marine. We hit it off real well. And I had him for an instructor in some other classes. And we just—I just did great with him. Interviewer: Okay. And what were you planning on doing with that? Veteran: I was planning on teaching music theory in a small Christian college. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, did you graduate from Friends? Veteran: Yes, I graduated from Friends, and I thought I was going to go to Wichita State and get my master’s degree. And I went out to the VA, and I said, “You know, I would like to sign up to get some more education.” “Well, you have had all that you can have.” Well, by then I was married and had 1 daughter. And that just wasn’t going to work too well. So, that’s when I decided that I wasn’t going to be a—be what I thought I would. (01:16:51) Interviewer: Okay. So—now what year was this now? When you graduated from college. Veteran: ’53, I think. Interviewer: So, that’s after Korea. Veteran: No. That’s… Interviewer: Because Korea starts 19— Veteran; Yeah. Yeah, that’s after Korea. Yeah, I am sorry. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: No, because I had gone to 3 years of college before Korea started. Interviewer: Okay. �47 Veteran: And that’s when I was called back. One week after Korea broke out, our Reserve Marine Corps was called up. And 2 weeks later, we were in California and formed up the 7th Regiment of the 1st Division. Interviewer: Okay. Now, when you get there and join the 7th Regiment, what proportion of the people do you think were World War 2 vets? Veteran: Probably 50%. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Pretty good percentage of them. Interviewer: Alright. And how long do you think you stayed in California then? Veteran: Not very long. We formed up the 7th Regiment, loaded it up on ships, and 3 weeks later we made the landing in Inchon. Interviewer: Alright. Now, what do you remember about that? (01:18:16) Veteran: I remember going in in a amtracagain. And sailing past a big ship that was firing 16inch guns over our heads. And come in and made the landing. And fortunately, we didn’t run into anything real drastic. For quite a little while. And matter of fact, that was a good move. That was MacArthur’s thing. Interviewer: About the last smart thing he did, yeah. Veteran: Yeah, that’s exactly right. That’s the last smart thing he did. But he—you know, we went in and went…We got over about halfway through Korea. The South Korea. Interviewer: Yeah. �48 Veteran: And then they decided that they would just pull us out. And we come back around. They pulled us back out and we got onboard a ship and went clear around the south end of Korea, went up into North Korea. They had a landing up atWonsan. MacArthur says, “Just go right on up and take North Korea.” Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And we made a very peaceful landing there after a certain length of time. It took some ships a long time to clean up the mines that had been placed out in there. But we finally go there. But then we began running into some opposition. And some of it was serious, some of it was just kind of nitpicky stuff, you know. Interviewer: Now, was your opposition at this point North Korean? Or were you getting Chinese showing up? (01:20:19) Veteran: No, we didn’t get the Chinese until we got clear. We got within 16 miles of the Yalu River. It’s where we had tow regiments up there. We had the 7th Regiment and the 5th Regiment of the 1st Division. And the 1st Regiment of the 1st Division was back here about 30 miles. And they had a perimeter set up there. But that’s when the Chinese come in. Interviewer: Okay. Now, what did—when you are going into Korea—because you go in, did you go through Seoul or close to Seoul? Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: We went through Seoul, and it was—you know, it was just leveled. �49 Interviewer: Right. Okay. And when you come around, you go to North Korea. Now what was the country like? Veteran: Mountainous. And very calm for a while. Matter of fact, I could remember one of the first buildings we stayed in was a—had been a university of some type or another. Because they had a great big pump organ in there. And I played the piano. I finally found someone to come over and pump the organ for a while for me so I could play. But nobody wanted that job full time. But we, at that time, we weren’t—you know, weren’t getting much things. We—as far as us going into North Korea, we had the North Koreans beat. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: At the 37th parallel. 39th parallel. Interviewer: Well, 38th is the official one but yeah. Veteran: 38th. Interviewer: Yeah. But they had really worn themselves out in the earlier fighting and now they were collapsing. (01:22:16) Veteran: We had cut off a whole lot of them. Because they took our regiment and attached us to the 1st Cavalry Army division for about a month. And we were supposed to be out rounding up these Korean, North Korean, troops that had been bypassed. Well, we didn’t find any to speak of you know. Because all they did was just change clothes. So, we were assigned the 1st Cavalry for about 30 days. And that’s the best we ever ate at Korea. Interviewer: Okay. So, Army food was better than Marine food. Veteran: Yeah. That was a whole different thing. �50 Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: But then they finally pulled us back. And we began our trek up north. Interviewer: Alright. Now, did you— Veteran: The further north we went, the more opposition that we received. Interviewer: Now, was it starting to get cold too? Veteran: What? Interviewer: Was the weather getting colder now? Veteran: Oh yes. Yes. Very cold. Very cold. And a lot of wind and a lot of snow and it was miserable. But… Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: We—our regiment got to within not 16 miles of the Yalu. Interviewer: Right. Okay. And were— Veteran: And they hit our two regiments with six full Chinese divisions. And all they had to do was cross the bridge and they were on us. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: So, they weren’t even really cold yet. Interviewer: Yeah. Well, a lot of them had already been positioned inside North Korea waiting for you. Veteran: Oh yeah. Yeah, they were just waiting. �51 Interviewer: So, you are in the area around the Chosin Reservoir then. Veteran: Yep. That’s right. Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Now, when that fighting starts, what happens to you? (01:24:05) Veteran: Well, the first thing that happened to me—well, we pulled—they hauled me and a bunch of other guys down and we stood in the crick bank, frozen crick bank, for…I don’t know, probably 24 hours because they thought the Chinese were coming through there. Well, they never showed up there. But then we held up there. They told us to hold up there for 2 days and we did, which allowed the Army over on the other coast to pull—start pulling—back. But then when we started pulling back, then we had a horse of a different color. The first thing that happened then: we were at Yudam-ni. That’s as far as we got. But the captain called me, and he said, “If you can’t carry it and run, burn it.” I thought oh, well, that don’t sound too good. But he knew what was coming. And we had a single road that we—it was the only way out. And they had already infiltrated down along—and they had troops set up all along there, just waiting for us to try and get out of there. And the two regiments played leapfrog with each other coming out of there. And you would—and of course it was cold, like 30 below at night. Interviewer: Now, were you just a rifleman or were you a communications guy? What was your job? Veteran: At that time, I was in communications for 7th Regiment. And but, when this started, you were troops. Interviewer: Right. �52 Veteran: There was no particular job, you know. As a matter of fact, a lot of the stuff we destroyed was stuff that was used for that kind—for communications and so on. Interviewer: Yeah. (01:26:25) Veteran: Basically, we were all troops. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And we started leapfrogging out of there. And the 1st regiment had a perimeter set up at Hagaru. And that was where we wanted to get to first to coordinate, get back with them, and there was a British battalion that was up there with us, with them. And but they had come from down south and they had taken terrible casualties getting up to that perimeter. But we had to go on this main road. It was the only way out. And vehicles were freezing up. If you didn’t keep it running constantly, they would freeze up and they were done. They would just shove them off the cliffs. But we started down that road and everybody walked except wounded. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: They—and for a long while, we were trying to load up dead too as we went along to pick up whatever dead we could and put them in the 6x trucks. But when we got to Hagaru, by the time we got there, we had so many more casualties that we had to unload all of those trucks we had filled with dead, and they were buried there. I think there was like…I can’t remember the number that we buried, but I can remember they just bulldozed a big hole out and covered them up. Interviewer: Right. As you were making that move down to Hagaru, how close do you think you got to the Chinese? (01:28:18) �53 Veteran: About as close as I am to you. Interviewer: Okay. So— Veteran: Because every time we would come around a bend, they were situated up here and we would receive fire. And at one time, they ran through us, turned around and run back through us on the road. And at that time, our whole S-2 unit got wiped out. My captain got machine gunned in both legs. And I just—I can remember seeing—I was hiding behind a tank once. And I’d look around and when the machi—when the tank would fire its machine gun, this was at night, I could see this Chinaman laying out there. He was dead. But every time they would fire, there would be enough light, and you could see him. I imagine that Chinaman got shot 150 times because he was one of the targets you could see in the dark. But it—eventually, if they would stop shooting long enough, we’d get on the road and literally just run down that road as fast as we could run. And there again, nobody riding except wounded. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: And we pulled into the perimeter at Hagaru. And we stayed there…I can’t remember now how many days we stayed there, but as we came in, we had to run by a tank that was burning. And there was a lieutenant that was trying to time it with the snipers that were up here shooting and telling us when to run, you know. It come my turn to run around that tank and I headed around that tank, and I slipped on the ice and my helmet went one way and my rifle went another way. (01:30:34) Veteran: And I got my rifle back. I just left the helmet there because there were helmets laying every place. And we finally got within and then they said—when we got around where they couldn’t shoot at us anymore, why, then they said, “Well, there’s some warming tents set up �54 down there. Go down there and find a place where you can get in and get sleep.” Because we hadn’t slept at all. And I went out and found a place. Not on a cot or anything, but on the ground, close to an oil burning stove, and went sound asleep. I mean, I just passed out. Interviewer: How long had it taken you to get from your original position down there? Veteran: Well, to that point, it was about 4 days. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yep, it was just running and stop, run and hide, run and stop. Interviewer: And now that you have gotten this far, you still have to get back down to the coast. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: So, if you— Veteran: Still got to get all the way down. And that’s where we run into a whole lot more fire. When we first began to move out of that area, then I can remember seeing Chinamen coming down off of the hill, just like a—a lot of them had suits on. And it just looked like sheets of them coming down. And if it was clear enough, then we could get some air power in. That’s—air power is the only thing that saved us up there. Because they would hit those, and you would see a black spot show up there and then pretty soon it would just fill in. There were so many of them coming. And but, thankfully we got enough of that air power in when it wasn’t snowing so bad. But when it was snowing bad, it was cold, it was bitter cold. But basically, we were just running down that road. (01:32:56) Interviewer: Mhmm. And how long did it take to get down? �55 Veteran: Ten days. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: We spent ten days that way. Interviewer: Now, was that worse than the first four days or about the same? Which part of that evacuation was— Veteran: The first eight days were terrible. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Because we got down so far and then it—right after we cleared out and when we got to Hungnam, that—they had a big river around Hungnam. Interviewer: Right. Okay. Veteran: And we pulled into there and they had ships ready to take us out. Interviewer: Alright. But I guess I was sort of asking too—I mean, was the trip from the reservoir down to Hagaru, and then you had Hagaru down to the coast. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: Were those two trips about the same in terms of how scary they were? Or was one more dangerous than the other? Veteran: Well, just getting started was the hard part. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Because we took—that’s where the bulk of our casualties were. �56 Interviewer: Because I guess— Veteran: But there are still 7000 missing up there. Well, not all Marines but—we were on the Army side too. But they are continually finding people. Matter of fact, when I went to Washington DC with the flight about 5 or 6 years ago, that next morning they were burying a young Marine whose body they had just recently found in North Korea. And he was being buried up at Arlington. Interviewer: Okay. (01:34:37) Veteran: And but he was being buried the day we left to come back. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: So, I would have loved to have gone to that service. But I was tickled to death to get to go the 2 days that I went up there. Interviewer: Right. Okay. So, now they have gotten you back down to Hungnam. Now what happens? Veteran: They evacuate us out of Hagaru. They put us on a ship where they had—evidently, it had been some kind of a…A pleasure ship of some kind. Interviewer: Okay, a passenger ship. Yep. Veteran: Yeah, a passenger ship. They had two galleys, they had hot water. They had everything going. And they were serving food 24 hours a day in those two galleys. They had hot water running and they—those of us that didn’t have any clean underwear, they were supplying us. The Navy was supplying us with some clean underwear. And they took us back down—we went clear back down to the capital of South Korea. �57 Interviewer: Seoul. Veteran: Seoul, yeah. And then we—yeah, we stayed there. That was about Christmastime. Because our chaplain had found a little organ someplace and he had a church service that night. He wanted me to play his organ for him. I was surprised. It was just a little old pump organ, you know. But I don’t know where he come up with it, but we had a Christmas. And then we came— we were being refit. New troops coming in and so forth. and I went to the hospital. I was in the hospital for 2 weeks. Interviewer: Okay, and why— (01:36:48) Veteran: Over at Maeson. Interviewer: Okay. And why were you in the hospital? Veteran: Well, I had frostbite. I had an infected tooth. I had pleurisy. I was sick. Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: And I was in the hospital I think 10 days. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And then they decided that I was well enough to go. They said, “Well, go down to this casual company.” I thought well, I will be in the casual company for a while getting rest. I wasn’t in that casual company 15 minutes. And I would—had gone down to one of these tents they had set up down there and started to sit down almost. They said, “Hey Crow, we got transportation back to your unit.” I couldn’t believe it, you know. And they took me over there and they put me in the back of a C-20—what was that? Interviewer: An airplane? �58 Veteran: Twin engine. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And they had a whole bunch of mail bags in there. And me and a pilot and a copilot. And sure enough, within very short time, I was back in our area. I went in to see the sergeant, top, and I finally found him because there was a lot of strangers around there that I didn’t even know. And when I walked in to see him, he said, “Where have you been, you gold brick so-andso?” But anyway, I was back. Interviewer: Okay. At this point in the war, the Chinese are still pushing south, and they push through Seoul. (01:38:45) Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Okay, so did you have to move? Or what happened? Veteran: Let’s see…Well, that way—that’s when we—they assigned us over to the 1st Cavalry unit. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: And we were supposed to look for some of these Chinese that had been bypassed. And that didn’t work out very well. So, then they send—we went back to the line and the line then was back at about the 48th parallel. 38th parallel. Interviewer: 38th, yeah. Okay. Veteran: And then it was back and forth, back and forth, back and forth. �59 Interviewer: Okay. Is it becoming something closer to sort of trench warfare with stable lines? Veteran: Oh yeah, at the—well, not so much that as you’d go up a ways and then you’d have to come back a ways. Interviewer: Yeah, yeah. Veteran: Then you’d go up— Interviewer: Because the Chinese—yep. Veteran: --a ways and it was just a push and shove. And it was…It was really pretty tough. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: But then it was—I can’t…Trying to remember. Interviewer: So, did you—how long—do you think you stayed into the middle of ’51 or…? (01:40:12) Veteran: We got—we were right along the parallel. Interviewer: Right. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: That’s eventually where the fighting kind of settles down. Veteran: Yeah, they have just been going back and forth, back and forth and back and forth. And but I was back with my—now at that time, they had me in charge of the message center. And I would…Oh, one of the jobs I was doing was encoding messages and decoding messages on a little CSP-1500 about like this. You’d have to set all the pins and everyday was a different set of �60 pins and so forth. Because I can remember one time the Korean army on our left flank had pulled out and left us up against a river on our side and they were trying to push us off over here. And I was in a foxhole between two tanks. And I had that message coder down there, trying to type out a message. I don’t know if I was encoding it or decoding it or what. But I mean, it was—the tanks would fire, and I would jump, and the machine guns would fire. You know, I thought this is ridiculous. You know, but that’s the—they eventually got a pontoon bridge brought across that river and we were able to get out of there. But it was—it just got to be a fiasco. It was just a back and forth and back and forth. Some of those roads I think I could have run in the dark. But…But eventually, a guy come around and said, “Your enlistment has run up. I got some papers here for you to reenlist.” And I said, “No, thank you. I am not reenlisting.” He said, “Well,” he says, “if you are going back to the States, you can’t reenlist.” I said, “I am not going to reenlist.” I said, “I am going home.” And they had come out with an All-Mar [Marine Corps] Directive that said everybody with so much time in Korea, so much time in World War 2, went home no matter what. (01:42:59) Interviewer: Yeah. Veteran: But you couldn’t re-up. So, I eventually got on a truck, and I worried that whole time I was in that truck because they were hauling me all the way from where we were up in central Korea clear down to the Pusan. Interviewer: Did you go to Seoul or Pusan? Veteran: In the dark, at night. And I thought sure as a whirl, I am going to get killed going out of here, you know. But eventually got me down there. They put me on a ship. We went over to Japan for one day and lo and behold, they still have my sea bag over there, which we had left �61 there when we stopped in Japan on the way in. So, I got my sea bag back and then they sent us home on the ship. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: And I took complete discharge then. Interviewer: Okay. So, you finally then get back home to Wichita. You get home to Kansas again. Now what do you—you went back to school to finish school? Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: Okay. And then, when you graduated, the VA didn’t want to give you anymore money. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: After those first four years. So, you are not going to be the music professor. Veteran: Yep. Interviewer: So, what did you do instead? (01:44:16) Veteran: Well, I got a job with a company that was selling aircraft parts. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: It happened that a gentleman I knew was a top patrolman for them. And I was at—well, I was working at the sheriff’s office. I had spent 4 years at the sheriff’s office as a deputy sheriff, but mainly as a dispatcher. But having some—spent some time on patrol. Interviewer: Now, were you doing that while you were in school? Or did you do that after? �62 Veteran: Yes. Interviewer: Okay. Veteran: Yep, while I was in school. Interviewer: Alright. Veteran: Because that—I worked 3rd shift there—or 2nd shift there and then I worked 3rd shift at Allway Sutton Company. And I went to school in the daytime, and I slept here and there. Interviewer: I guess. So, your family did not see you? Veteran: It was tough. It was tough because I had a wife and a child. And of course, they suffered when I got called back to Korea. They—my wife didn’t get any allotment for 4 months. Interviewer: Wow. Veteran: So, I had a good friend of mine that worked at OK Transport Company in town. He was a good friend of mine, and he loaned my wife money and wouldn’t take any of it back until I got home. And so, she got by for those 4 months, but it was a mess. Interviewer: Yeah. Alright. But now you wind up working for an aircraft parts company? Veteran: Yeah, I worked for a company for about 8 years. And then I went to work for another company for probably 6 or 7 years. And then I decided I was going to start my own company. So, I paired up with a good friend of mine. And he had a company that he was doing plastic supplies. And he had been dabbling in aircraft parts some. And I said, “Well, we will go see what we can do.” So, we just eventually split it up and he had one company and I had another company, and we did very well. And I was—I enjoyed it. And that’s what I retired from. (01:46:53) �63 Interviewer: Alright. Now, to think back to the time that you spent in the Marine Corps, how do you think that affected you? Did you change because of it or learn anything? Veteran: Well, I think I just got a little smarter. Began to realize, you know, that there was something more important than fishing or hunting or, you know, things like that that I enjoyed so much. Or like going down to play pool in the pool hall instead of going to school, and things like that. I began to realize that there was other things that needed to be done. And it was a…I changed a long ways. It—war has a way of changing your mind on a lot of things. I was—I felt so fortunate to get through as well as I did. And matter of fact, I never filed for compensation until about a year ago. That’s the first time that I went out. I used to go out to the VA once in a while after World War 2. And I just—it was such a hassle. Just a complete hassle. I just—I said, “To heck with it.” And I just give up on it. Interviewer: Okay. And— (01:48:24) Veteran: But then when my wife come down ill, I began to realize I am going to be stuck with some pretty big care bills here for a while. I said, “I am going to go up there to the government and see if I can get some compensation for frozen feet and loss of hearing and whatever.” So, I went out and I was amazed this time. They just went just like this. Interviewer: Mhmm. Well, good for them. Veteran: And I—first thing I knew, well, I was getting some compensation for hearing and my feet. And up until then, all I had ever heard was you have too much money. You have too much money. And well, so…So what? �64 Interviewer: Okay. Alright. Well, you clearly have done well for yourself. And it makes for a very good story, so I am going to close here. I would like to thank you for taking the time to share it today. Veteran: Well, I appreciate what you are doing because I know that people need to know what some people gave up for—because we lost so many great people. So many of them. And I just…And so much of it was mistakes. Mistakes that were made by leaders or thinkers or what have you. It…And it was a shame. But that’s about it. Interviewer: Yeah. Well, soldiers have to do what they have to do. Veteran: Yeah. Interviewer: You did your job. Alright. Thank you. (01:50:16) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CrowW2147V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crow, William Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-07 Title A name given to the resource Crow, William (Interview transcript and video), 2017 Description An account of the resource William Crow was born on October 4th, 1927 in Butte, Montana. He primarily grew up in Wichita, Kansas. In 1943, he altered his birthdate on his birth certificate so that he could join the Marine Corps at 16 years old. William completed his basic training in San Diego, California. He did combat training at Camp Pendleton and then later completed communication school. He was part of the 3rd battalion, 1st regiment, in the 1st Marine division that was involved in World War 2. He was sent overseas to Pavuvu in the Solomon Islands and then to Peleliu, Okinawa, and China. William’s primary assignment was to deliver messages by foot if communication systems failed. During his time serving in World War 2, he was involved in various skirmishes. He was promoted to corporal by the end of the war. Upon returning home after the war, William joined the Marine Corps Reserve. His unit was eventually called to California to help form the 7th regiment of the 1st division in response to the Korean War. He then went overseas to both North Korea and South Korea. William was involved in various skirmishes during his time serving in the Korean War. After the war, he studied music at Friends University and graduated in 1953. William lives with his family in Wichita, Kansas. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bcfa25a991e3cd3dec2c66e37efdf736.jpg e01410b8903688e195d4003d6ebd3795 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1990s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000865 Title A name given to the resource Crowd at a football game Description An account of the resource Crowd at a football game on September 29, 1990. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2309d8c7448339a6656fdf4410e13bb3.jpg 4536a8bf5abfea1997924b23d8c83369 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0113 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Crowd watching a man climb a pole on the beach Description An account of the resource Photograph of a beach full of people watching a man climb a wooden pole in the distance. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Tree climbing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4c348f3ebfb34e2c5820753383632ead.jpg a0634be4fed993a6e8fd50b06cf761a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0112 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach full of people Description An account of the resource Photograph of a crowded beach with clusters of people on the sand and exploring the dunes. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/579297856004f2d97158ab79512e79ff.jpg d62ff4069a76e186b9940ed8a0cd9ec8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7415908d137ed334f956d2859216b14d.jpg e45f4f0da600e9cdb35d62746e78eb62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-07-04 Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach on Fourth of July weekend Description An account of the resource Photograph of a large crowd standing on the beach and gathering in anticipation. On the reverse, an inscription reads "Saugatuck, 4th of July Weekend '66, circled is Terry Darling's friend Dick Criuse." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Fourth of July Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c481417d5c441c13e4d9ee16201e3207.jpg 6997f4779506481281313c5b3b2b3a03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0111 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach on Memorial Day Description An account of the resource Photograph of a crowded beach next to a large dune covered in beachgrass. The handwriting on the photograph mentions it's Memorial Day. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Memorial Day Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9650ba0c1710e8e6348c6a8330847d0a.jpg 04412811067d5de945e2f5c87b8095a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-09 Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach overlooking Lake Michigan Description An account of the resource Photograph of a busy beach with many people sunbathing, standing on the beach and in Lake Michigan. In the distance there is a bigger boat as well as some smaller boats with people joining in on the fun. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Michigan, Lake Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/073b9be10f23cbad78ab63f6fc0851f2.jpg 69bb731595a374e371697a9b58c778a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00190 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach San Sebastian Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide (blurry) of a very crowded beach in San Sebastian, Spain. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Spain San Sebastián (Spain) Beaches Outdoor recreation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4ca1e658813a9e9503c2aa7611b8a013.jpg 284d76cf292849c74bce8d358c54057f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach with boats in the distance Description An account of the resource Photograph of a crowded Lake Michigan beach with boats in the background. Many people are lying down on beach towels sunbathing while others are gathered in the water. Circa summer 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Michigan, Lake Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/25fec004fd4bcea4c2bec26da922be9d.jpg 65a8b69005436fe17687a57ab81c7d4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Crowded beach with people sunbathing Description An account of the resource Photograph of a large crowd of people sunbathing on the beach. The sky appears to be foggy and the lake is barely visible in the distance. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Michigan, Lake Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/27172cd1b7578d47932ed95edcc1be90.jpg 224c0db56263d945b80b27a598eef0ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-70s-coll_0035 Title A name given to the resource Crowded Lake Michigan Beach Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a busy day at the beach in Saugatuck, Michigan. Sunbathers and swimmers are enjoying Lake Michigan at what appears to be Oval Beach on a summer's day. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Michigan, Lake Beaches Outdoor recreation Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f8788da4d778c78be375ac3cb9dbf71b.mp4 ee1c9c981f864bcf693829f4c4b42137 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f0265b605310ab6ae9b95734c72293de.pdf d5e365c00d61544ab4e6de6c457cbc24 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project James Hugh Crowell (01:58:49) (0:00) Early years • Born in McArthur, Ohio 1924 (0:50) School • Rode a horse and buggy to school • 3-4 miles away from home o Horse stayed all day; boys had to bring food for the horse • 3 older brothers (went to school with 2 of them) • 1-room school house set back from a railroad stop • All 8 grades were in school • Had some female teachers and one male teacher • Remembers the male teacher using a willow whip on the boy next to him o A piece of the willow whip broke off and flew in between the barely open window; almost broke the window panes (3:01) Games • Tag • Little sponge ball • Had boots with jack knife o With the jack knife, used to play a game called “mumblely pig,” where you would take the knife and flip or throw it • Many kids had a pair of 4 Buckle Arnies (4:50) The Depression • Crowell’s father worked for the WPA o Father never told family what job was because he didn’t want his family to know that he went on welfare in order to provide for them o One comment (made by one of father’s work friends) Crowell will never forget: “When it came time to work, he would pick up the shovel and not put it down until it was time to quit.” • WPA o Projects run by the government like art work, forestry, etc. • Crowell’s mom stayed at home • Later, father worked for Ohio gas company (7:03) Meals prepared by mom • Baked bread once a week • Whenever would bake bread, would make bean soup o One time Crowell was carrying the bowl of bean soup to the table but dropped it because it was too hot so there was no bean soup for supper! (8:04) High school • Played baseball, basketball, and football �o o o o Liked baseball the best Played everything but catcher Lost championship game 2 – 0 Mother came and watched some games; father died of a heart attack when Crowell was 12 (9:52) Dances • Where met his wife (Mary Crowell) • Played three numbers, two slow songs and one fast one o Mary got him to dance all three numbers! (10:42) The death of his father • His mom, brothers, and himself lived with a doctor and his family o Mom kept house for them • Mom then went into practical nursing o When boys were in high school, would be gone for 2 weeks at a time • 4 boys o Elmer (oldest), Acen(?), Phil, and Jim (11:36) Current events during high school years • Crowell paid attention to the political arena • Used to get a current events magazine o Knew that the Japanese was secretly building up their navy; o Battleships had 18 inch rifles, which was against the League of Nations (which only allowed 16 inch rifles) • League of Nations o Useless because makes laws but cannot enforce them • Germany o Obvious that building up for war • Many US lawmakers were isolationists o FDR – Crowell had no love for him but respects what he did ƒ Started Lend Lease program • At the start of the WWII draft, many soldiers practiced with broomsticks because all the rifles from WWI and other ammunitions had been sent overseas to England • Press was often misleading • Other current events o Amelia Earhart o Lindenburgh’s kidnapped baby • In the 1930s, remembers that Hitler took over Poland and the smaller countries and Mussolini took over Ethiopia and Albania (16:56) Pearl Harbor • Sunday night o Crowell was staying with his brother in Kalamazoo and he would hitchhike back and forth from Athens [Michigan] o Stood at corner of where M-78 runs through Athens o A sailor came and ended up hitchhiking with him o The sailor had just arrived home on leave but got a telegram saying to report back immediately for duty. �o A salesman in a Ford Coupe picked them up and dropped Crowell off in Kalamazoo o Sailor was going to continue to Great Lakes, IL o News came on the radio saying that Pearl Harbor had been hit o Soldier said, “I know where I’m going now.” • The next day Crowell heard all the speeches, including FDR’s “a day that will live in infamy” (18:42) After Pearl Harbor • Graduated in June of 1942 • Enlisted in the Navy in September 1942 • Prior to enlisting, worked in Kalamazoo at NYA, which was training for shop work • Started working in Kalamazoo then went to Battle Creek • Had trouble enlisting because of a bad hand (20:16) Enlistment • Went to Detroit for a physical o Had to sign a waiver and wait a few weeks • Was sworn into the Navy • First Navy meal was beans! • Boarded train in Grand Rapids and traveled to Great Lakes, IL o Traveled on an old coach with a steam engine (21:49) After boot camp • Went to Jacksonville, FL radio school • Seattle, WA for gunnery school o On way to Seattle, train stopped in Chicago where Crowell got to see his mom, brothers, and girlfriend (Mary) for the last time before the end of the war • Went from Seattle to San Francisco on a train called a “40 and 8,” meaning that the car could carry 40 men or 8 mules. o Kerosene lights that would swing back and forth o Hot so would open the sliding wooden doors but then the dust would be incredible o One time, a little boy who was selling peaches jumped aboard their car; he sold the soldiers peaches and then had the soldiers hold him by the hands over the ground so that he could “run off” the train instead of jumping off. (24:12) First day at Great Lakes • Fastest haircut in life • When entered, each soldier was given $5, which ended up all being spent on the haircut, razor, toothbrush, and other required Navy items • Received a huge uniform (size 38 when he was a size 34 or smaller) (28:28) Boot camp • Barracks o Slept in hammocks o Tables were always in the middle �o Barracks were built in the shape of an ‘H’ where the center would be the laundry room and the toilets o One time, Crowell was assigned to introduce his barracks for inspection, making sure to salute the officers; the first officer through the door was Mickey Cochrane! • Testing o Took various test to see which school you were best suited for o Crowell loved flying but he couldn’t make it into flight school so decided to do aviation radio o Went to Jacksonville, FL for training (28:35) Jacksonville, FL • At the Naval Air Station, learned radio theory, worked with tube radios, learned Morse Code, and radar (which was brand new) o Wrote a letter home to parents talking about working with “radar” but his parents thought he kept misspelling “radio” • Explains the workings of radar o The machine pulsed 600 times a second (33:20) Friends • Cosby, a tall, thin boy from West Virginia (34:28) After gunnery school • Went to Seattle where trained with 12 inch shotguns • Crowell was 4th out of 100 in shooting skills • Learned how to fire machine guns, both .30 and .50 caliber (37:26) Alameda, CA • Became a part of CASU - 6 o Carrier Aircraft Service Unit • When VB-18 was formed, he was assigned to that unit in August 1943 o dive bombing squadron • trained until November then went to Watsonville, CA for more training • Flew with pilot steady named Art Chevelle o Randomly assigned to go on a practice flight with Chevelle during training o every so often, Crowell would be assigned another training flight with Chevelle o one night, Crowell couldn’t sleep and got this feeling that Chevelle was the pilot he needed to fly with o went down to the hanger and Chevelle if he could fly with him o Chevelle and Crowell made 266 flights together; the last 22 flights were made in combat • Talks about a softball game between officers and other Navy men • E-5 plane had controls in the backseat so if the pilot became injured, the gunner could fly the plane • After Thanksgiving, went to Crow’s Nest, CA for more training o Crowell turned down offer for NAP because liked what he was doing and who he was flying with (48:52) Hawaii �• Went on Lexington Carrier to Pearl Harbor where transferred using Jacob’s Ladders to the Ann Sheridan troop ship • Trained to navigate by radar • Night flight with Chevelle o Training flight operation was cancelled that day because of the weather o Chevelle and Crowell went out to practice o A few months later, Chevelle and Crowell needed to make a landing on carrier in a bad storm, which because of training, they successfully did (54:14) More about training • Crowell and Chevelle were making a navigation hop with Watkins and Fussell o Crowell and Chevelle were the tracking plane where the followed and checked the other plane for navigation • There was a really bad rain storm and Chevelle and Crowell began to think the other plane was lost • Crowell called radio, etc.; he did everything to try and get through to the gunner but the gunner couldn’t read code • Crowell wrote on a piece of paper “ARE YOU LOST?” and put it up against the window • The other plane motioned yes • Crowell used EB Adapter to get back on track o Used radio beacon and found signal o 2 days earlier, walked into an operations building and on the chalkboard was: “new EB frequency…55 kilos” o Crowell had written that down on a piece of paper and put it in his pocket o The day of the storm, that was the frequency Crowell needed to use to find the signal o Corrected plane direction by 10 degrees and they made if safely back • How the radio beacon works o If fly out of beacon, the radio signal will die o If fly into the beacon, the radio signal gets stronger TAPE 2 (0:00) Carrier operations • Lost 3 men in 4 months due to crashes • When joined VB-18 squadron, first thing you did was make a will (2:15) Combat • Started over Palau Islands, east of the Philippines • Above Babelthaup saw first burst of anti-aircraft fire • Watched a bomb hit a hill then slide down the hill into a forest where it blew up • In the southern Philippines (Mindanao), got into some real anti-aircraft fire • Burned the city of Lalle? the second day o The day before, threw out literature telling the people to clear out • Chevelle started in on dive but the smoke was so intense that he pulled out at 4,000 or 5,000 feet • Came in on a big cement wharf �• So close to the water, Crowell thought that the ripples were created by their plane however they were actually created by enemy machine gun fire (5:28) Landing accident • Crowell and Chevelle torn plane to pieces landing one time • When landed, plane bounced over 3 cables and hit the turrets, which snapped the plane in two • Crowell was thrown 100 -150 feet forward; bit through lip, had a hole in his elbow and knee and dislocated arm • Chevelle had a huge bump on his head • A motion picture has been made about this accident (8:27) More about combat • Heavy fire at a distance • Flying over Formosa to Okinawa October 1944 • Crowell, like always, rode backwards and saw the enemy crossfire o Looked like red straws of a broom (10:16) Battle of Leyte Gulf • Ship anti-aircraft is different from land anti-aircraft fire • Flying back to the Philippines when found Japanese fleet • Crowell’s ship was the only mainland carrier in striking distance of fleet until late afternoon • 28 planes versus the 29 Japanese ships o 1 ship has the anti-aircraft capacity to hold off 12 planes • At 18,000 feet, anti-aircraft fire was everywhere o Each ship had its own color of anti-aircraft fire so would know where bursts were going; looked like fireworks • An out of body experience o At one point, Crowell remembers seeing himself struggling against the gunner shoulder straps as if a strait jacket but he could do anything about it; couldn’t stop self o Then heard music of a hymn “Be Still My Soul” and the most comfortable feeling imaginable fell over him o Crowell was put at ease in the midst of fire and noise o Was relaxed even though the rest of the flight was wild • During the flight, 40 mm were blowing by them so close, it was as if you could catch them • Chevelle hit a Japanese battleship dead center and it exploded • In total, lost 2 planes • Squadron leader did a rendezvous to round up the planes that were left • Heard and saw huge splashes below • The Japanese were still firing but using their big guns; they had figured out the range but not the correct elevation • When Crowell got back, looked up hymn in hymnal and sure enough, “Be Still My Soul” was there (17:25) October 25, 1944 �• Decoy task force of carriers drew their plane feet while the real Japanese ships snuck through and shelled troops on • October 26, Panay, Palawan (west Philippines) • Ben Preston led the flight and found fleet of Japanese • Chevelle and Crowell asked for permission to pullout because couldn’t see target through the cloud cover • Permission granted so found another target and went back down • Crowell decided to look through the front window and found self looking down 2 gun turrets shooting at them • All 4 bursts hit behind Crowell and Chevelle, so close that their plane shook • Chevelle and Crowell dove again and just nearly missed hitting the ship with their fire o But hit close enough to ship where still caused some damage • When Chevelle and Crowell came back up, found themselves lost because in flying into the operation, their plane was a “wingman,” meaning that the pilot was focusing on flying the plane wing to wing as opposed to navigation • Worked their way to the Eastern Philippines • Met up with 3 other planes (WASPs) headed north • Strangely, could not communicate with them at all • Tried to pick up radio beacon from ship and failed • Crowell just leaned his head over and prayed • When opened his eyes, full blown signal on EB Adapter o It was a full blown signal right away, an answer to a prayer • Called pilot and peeled off, left the three planes alone • Found carrier and landed • When landed, plane died; there was NO fuel left • Crowell and Chevelle surprisingly beat the other planes from the squadron back to the carrier • Many planes went into the water because out of fuel; all pilots were rescued (31:23) Dogfights over Manila (37:47) Massive air attack • November 25, 1944 • 2 suicide planes hit the carrier as well as a 1000 pound bomb • Ship and task group was firing o Took off during the attack o One fighter pilot took off from the elevator just seconds before the bomb landed on that spot o When that pilot took off, the deck was swinging about • Group landed at Leyte because the carrier was hit badly and couldn’t be used in operation (39:22) Back to the United States • Lost 15% training and lost another 40% to combat • Traveled back on the carrier Intrepid • Chevelle went to fly fighter planes – “Bearcats” which were the fastest propeller driven aircraft �• Crowell went to Jacksonville, FL and then down by Key West until February 1946 • Chevelle nominated Crowell for the Yorktown’s Combat Air Crewman’s Roll of Honor and Crowell was sworn in (43:42) More information on rescuing pilots • Destroyers would go out and pick up pilots whose planes lost fuel before landing • Pilots would ride in life rafts which were in the plane; they also wore Mae Wests • Rescued soldiers would get to carrier by Jacobs Ladder seat (46:18) Suicide Planes • Crowell was in the Torpedo Defense room, located below the hanger deck at the aft of the ship • Sounded general quarters, which meant under attack • Scrambled to deck and saw a Japanese torpedo plane right in his face • Ran like crazy • Torpedo did not hit or was a dud because there was no explosion (48:46) Navy discharge • Discharged at Jacksonville, FL • Went to Ohio to visit relatives • Then lived with his girlfriend’s brother and wife • Started business school on the GI Bill • Got married • During the war, he and Mary wrote letters back and forth many times (53:25) Marriage • Church wedding • Proposed to Mary in her bedroom, when she had brought him there to show him the cedar chest she had purchased with the money he had been sending her • Inside the pocket of his uniform, he had rings he had bought in Pearl Harbor on his way back to the states • Worked as a clerk for Sinclair Refining Co. • Later, he and his brother started own business • In 1967 switched to selling wholesale hardware (59:26) Kids • Had 2 children of his own • Has many grandchildren and a few great-grand children • He and Mary have been married for over 60 years � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crowell, James Hugh (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crowell, James Hugh Description An account of the resource James Crowell is a WW II veteran who served in the United States Navy from November 1942 to February 1946 in the South Pacific. In this interview, Crowell shares with great detail his time in combat, including the Battle of Leyte Gulf, dogfights over Manila, suicide attacks, a massive air attack on November 25, 1944, and a landing accident that threw Crowell 150 feet from his plane. This accident, which both Crowell and his pilot survived, was made part of a motion picture. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Naval gunners Veterans Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CrowellJ Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b280f848497c9430a60931d1c0e1c7df.mp4 a54f5554793e55357bddb0c6a68dc710 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/269d47184b3b6aa1f94e7203eec658e0.pdf 4fa9ed81737b1f70dc3fa0b902b467ac PDF Text Text Mary Crowell Interview Transcript Interviewer: Charles Collins Transcribed by Emilee Johnson Length: 1:16:41 Charles Collins: Well, Mary, I’m Charles Collins and today we’re going to do your oral history, actually your whole lifetime. So Mary, let us start out by me asking you your full name, your maiden name as well as your married name, where, and when you were born. Mary: My name is Mary Louise Mitchell Crowell. Mitchell is my maiden name. And I was born near East LeRoy, well, between East LeRoy and Pine Creek, those were two little villages, so I was actually born in the country in August of 1926, the last day of August. Charles Collins: Nineteen twenty—? Mary: Six. Charles Collins: Six? Mary: Mmhmm. That dates me. [laughs] Charles Collins: Yes it does, doesn’t you? It makes you be a nice young lady. Mary: A little. [laughs] Charles Collins: Mary, tell me what you remember about before you went to school. Mary: 1:00 Well, I was raised on a farm, the fourth of…well, I had two brothers and a sister older than myself, and then there was a sister and two brothers younger. There’s four years difference between my older sister and myself. My mother thought that, one time we were at home talking about children and at that time abortions, and my mother made the remark, “Well, I thought I had my family until you came along.” And I acted a little shocked at that remark and I said, “Well, Mom, I’m terribly sorry that I upset your plans.” Which, I said, “I’m a little confused, I’m not sure if I was a very good baby or if I was a bad baby that you had to have two more boys 2:00 and a girl to corral me!” But she said, “No, I’m glad I had you.” So from that point on, I would always get a dozen gladiolas and give to her on my birthday. Charles Collins: Aw, good! Mary: And tell her, I’m thankful that you had me. [laughs] And I think she said she was too. �Charles Collins: So tell me the names of your siblings. Mary: My oldest brother was Eldon Mitchell. Eldon…well, let’s see…gosh, he’s been gone a few years and I’ve forgotten his middle name! [laughs] Eldon …well, let’s say Eldon Mitchell. Charles Collins: Ok Mary: And Leon Mitchell, and Marcille Mitchell Wayne, that was her married name, and then my younger sister was Fern Mitchell Bishop, and my next brother was Gordon Mitchell, and then Franklin Mitchell was our youngest. Charles Collins: So your mother had 3:00 seven children. Mary: That’s correct, and they were all born at home, delivered by the same doctor which was Dr. Funk. I was born on the last day of August and they were harvesting oats at my father’s farm. And, of course, there were many men gathered for the process of, thrashing oats, and my mother had two sister-in-laws there, helping her with the dinner that day, and they had dinner for the men. And, she said that she got washed up, and got freshened up a little bit, went to bed and then they called Dr. Funk because I was on the way! [laughs] So I was born right after they harvested and were thrashing oats. Charles Collins: Well, now, tell me, did she get up do dishes afterwards too? [laughs] Mary: [laughs] No, I think she took the excuse to stay in bed a few days! [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Oh my! Mary: 4:00 So that’s how women…we were all born at home. Charles Collins: That’s very interesting, I’m sure your grandchildren will be very interested to hear that. Mary: They’ll be quite surprised. Charles Collins: Yes. Mary, tell us a little bit about the things you did before you went to grade school. Mary: Well, my younger sister and I had a play house in the grape arbor. It wasn’t built, you know, with wood and ladders and things like kids have today, but it was just how the grapes grew over the framework of wire, and we would fix our little playhouse in that grape arbor. Well, we had seen our mother as she baked cakes and so forth, and crack eggs and stir them into the batter, and for some reason or other one day, my sister and I decided we would go out to the henhouse 5:00 and get a few eggs and put them in with our mud pies. We thought that was great fun. But when it came the end of the week, when my mother usually took the eggs and the �cream into Athens and sell them, and that money went towards buying flour and sugar and things like that that we needed, she discovered that her eggs were short that week. [laughs] So as she looks around, and then she went to the grape arbor, she found shucks. So, I think that answered where the eggs went that week. [laughs] Charles Collins: And what did she say about that? Mary: Well, she was a very mild-mannered woman, and I think she knew that we probably saw the repercussions from what happened and so, we didn’t get a spanking for it but we knew that we weren’t to do that again. [laughs] Probably some of the 6:00 games we used to play? Charles Collins: Yes! Mary: We had a two-story house, farmhouse, and we would play Andy-I-over. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: And that’s where we took a ball and threw it over the roof, and you tried to catch the people on the other side before they caught the ball. So that was a game— Charles Collins: That was a fun game. Mary: Yes, it was, and not only that but we were getting our aerobics and our exercise at the same time. [laughs] And we had hopscotch and I can remember as a child, my dad thrashed wheat and corn…or, wheat and rye, and oats, and then he had a corn husker that he used for doing custom corn husking for the farmers, and as the thrashing machine was parked in our yard, we kids used to climb up on that and jump off. Well, that was really, five feet, 7:00 I would say, that we kids used to jump off of there. And we just thought that was great fun, running and jumping up on that machinery and jumping off. Until our legs got to aching and then we decided it was time to quit. [laughs] And another thing that we used to do was walk on stilts. We had, you probably know what those are like, a couple of sticks with a little wedge nailed to it, and we would get on those stilts and see who could walk the furthest. Charles Collins: Without falling off. Mary: Without falling off. And one time when our grandchildren were home, and Jim had built some stilts for them, why they were having difficulty trying to even stand up on those. So I said, “Oh, I think Grandma’d better show you how to do that.” Well, they looked at me in disbelief, that Grandma could get on 8:00 two things like that and walk around. But I showed them Grandma could still do it. [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Well, that’s rather interesting isn’t it? Mary: [laughs] That’s jumping ahead a few years. �Charles Collins: Couple days anyway? Mary: Yes. So another thing that we used to do in play, we would take an old tire with a stick. And we would see how long we could keep that tire rotating as we would keep pushing it along with a stick. Now, I don’t know if anyone else ever had a game like that or not, but we had a lot of fun doing it. And we also had a horse that we would ride. Charles Collins: That was fun, wasn’t it? Mary: Bareback. Charles Collins: Oh, you rode bareback? Aha! Mary: Yes. One time when I was riding bareback, the horse leaned over to eat, and of course, I slid over the neck of the horse, and my foot caught in the bridle, and I hung head-down. 9:00 And I just hung there for a while because I didn’t know how to get myself back out of that situation. But I had an older brother that came and rescued me. So some of that play could be a little— Charles Collins: Could be a little bit dangerous, couldn’t it? Mary: Yes. And we always would hop out of the hay mow too. Jump in and out of the hay mow, so that fun. Charles Collins: And that was in a fairly good-sized barn at that time. Mary: Yes it was. Charles Collins: How large a farm did your family have? Mary: Well, my dad was farming about 10 to 40 acres, cause he would do some custom farming too. Charles Collins: Was that his full-time job, farming? Mary: Well he did farming and then he did the custom harvesting for some farmers, and then he also had a saw mill. And he sawed ties for the New York Central Railroad. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: And one time when they were just finishing, a order for the New York Central Railroad, 10:00 the truck was loaded with the ties, and he was just using…he was left-handed, so he was using a little stick-like or board to kind of move some of the saw dust away from the saw, so it could be carried off to the pile where they carried it away. Charles Collins: Sure. �Mary: And he bumped his elbow and it threw his arm against the idling saw and cut it almost off completely. Charles Collins: Oh my! Mary: Mmhmm, so they rushed him with that load of ties and the truck, to the nearest farmhouse and they got in…they happened to catch the man at home, and he transported him to the hospital in Battle Creek, and the man that had just drove into the yard happened to be the man…he wanted to go with them, he was the man that donated the blood to my 11:00 father. Charles Collins: Wow! Mary: But Dad did lose his arm. Charles Collins: Did lose his arm? Mary: Yes, just about six inches below the left elbow. Charles Collins: And, how old was he at that time? Mary: Oh, he was probably in his late fifties. Charles Collins: Ok. Well, that was kind of a traumatic thing for you to see and to understand wasn’t it? Mary: Yes, but he was a determined gentleman. And, when he came home from the hospital, the first thing he did was get on the tractor and drive to East LeRoy to just show himself that he could operate the tractor. Charles Collins: Still could do that. [laughs] Mary: Could still operate the tractor! Charles Collins: Well, now, Mary, as…as life went along, and you started school, where did you start school at? Mary: I started school, it was just about a mile from where we lived, and it was a one-room school, 12:00 we went through the 8th grade there. , I had a teacher that was a cousin, at one time, and my older, next to my oldest brother, attended, my sister was there, and myself. And I can remember a picture that we had taken of that school, and I was sitting on the front row. And I had, it must’ve been early spring, because I had a ridge around my ankles, and I realize that I must’ve had my over…my winter underwear still on. Cause Mom wouldn’t let us leave the house until it got warm enough to take that underwear off. [laughs] So, that’s what we wore for warm clothing was some underwear. �Charles Collins: What were the winters like there, at your area? Mary: Some were very cold, we may have snow up to the fence rows, 13:00 and I can remember that my…our mothers sent warm meals to school with us. And that meant that my mother one day, fixed some vegetable beef stew and took it off the wood-burning stove that we had, that’s what she cooked with, a wood-burning stove, and we carried that to, about a mile, to our one-room school. By the time we got to the school it had begun to ice around the edge. [laughs] And so, that was a cold winter. Charles Collins: Yes it was! Did the school have a stove you could put it on then and keep it warm? Mary: Yes, we had a stove. It was a large, wood-burning…I think it was wood-burning completely, stove, and the teacher would put that pot of stew on there. And that’s what we had for lunch. Another thing that our teacher would do, they had a willow stick, 14:00 wooden stick that would lean…well, I’d say it was probably about five feet tall. And they had it leaning back in the corner, back of the wood-burning stove. And every kid knew, if they misbehaved, they would get that willow stick, probably, on their behind. But I never once saw it used. Charles Collins: Oh, wow! Mary: Never once. Charles Collins: It was just there for— Mary: It was there and people knew what it could be used for. Charles Collins: For information, they knew what it did! [laughs] Mary: Yes, yes. [laughs] And we, of course, being a one-room school, we, when we got our work done, we could listen to the class ahead of us, at what they were studying. And spelling was always a subject that interested me. And we had what was called spelling bees. Charles Collins: Yes. Mary: And we would go around to the different schools and have our spelling bees. 15:00 Well, I had to be in the 4th grade before they would let me go to any of the spelling bees. And one spelling bee was held at a school which was called The Little Red Schoolhouse. And the last two people still standing at the end of that spelling bee was my older sister and myself. And I thought, “Oh gosh, I got to be against Marcille!” And of course, I was challenged to speak the word…or to spell the word, acquaintance. And I was just so sure of myself, I just said “H-u-q-ui-n-t-i-n-c-e.” And my sister said, “She forgot the c.” So my sister won! [laughs] So that’s the way it was spelled then, anyway. �Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: But, it was interesting. And 16:00 as I look back on history, I feel fortunate that I went to a one-room school because it was fun. Charles Collins: And you learned so much in advance that the next grade was a little bit easier for you wasn’t it? Mary: Yes, yes. And we could play ball and different things at school. And to show you what the economic times were like, at that time, I recall one child coming to school and they must’ve had two penny suckers. Now, a penny sucker would be pretty good size, probably a little smaller than a golf ball. But it was good size for a penny. Charles Collins: Pretty close. Mary: Yes. So, we didn’t have candy at disposal like kids have candy today. But I sucked on that candy bar…or, that candy sucker for a while, 17:00 and then I saw my sister around, and I gave it to my younger sister to finish…finish the sucker. [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Ok! Mary: So, there was a feeling that you shared. Charles Collins: What kind of games did you play while you was at school? Mary: Well, we played ball. And some, we did have a friend…a couple of girls that had bicycles. Charles Collins: Ok, that was fun. Mary: Now that was really, they had to be rich to have a bicycle. Charles Collins: Yes they did. Mary: At least in my eyes. And I learned to ride on one of their bicycles. So we had bikes that we could share and kids would learn to ride on. Then as winter came, we could slide downhill. So there were…we made our own fun. Charles Collins: That’s true and …it was fun. And as you went on through 18:00 your schooling, did you have a 8th grade graduation ceremony? Mary: Yes, we did. But there’s one thing I’d like to say about the one-room school. We didn’t have flush toilets or anything like that that you have in schools today. We had to go outside. Charles Collins: To an outhouse. �Mary: To an outhouse. Winter and summer. Yes. But , yes, we had graduation from the 8th grade. That was recognized. And we used to have programs, especially at Christmas time, so that we gained some experience in performing. Charles Collins: Could you recall any of those special programs that you participated in? Mary: Well, I can recall the Christmas programs but I cannot recall what I did! [laughs] Charles Collins: Ok. Mary, as you went on through school, what year was it that you graduated from the 8th grade? Do you remember that? Mary: Let’s see. 19:00 Well, I graduated in 1944 from high school. So about 1940. Charles Collins: So it must’ve been 1940. Mary: Yes. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: And , then when we graduated we went into Athens, which was a larger village. And , my first day in Athens high school, I sat in the farthest corner because I was very shy, and I thought that looked like Grand Canyon to come into that building. And um, I just sat in the corner, and sort of looked out the window because I was afraid to look across that assembly hall. It looked so huge. And um, finally, I kind of turned around in my seat and looked off across the building at the [SKIPPED] looking over that freshman class. Well, I must confess that one of those boys 20:00 turned out to be my husband. Charles Collins: Oh! Is that right? Mary: There was him and his 3 friends. Charles Collins: And they were checking out the freshmen. Mary: And they were checking out the freshmen, so I don’t know whether he had his eye on me at that time or not. [laughs] Charles Collins: Well he must have for a little bit cause he was looking that way. Mary: Yeah. Yes he was. Charles Collins: Well now as you went to high school in 1940— Mary: Yes. Charles Collins: Tell me a little bit about what was happening in the world at that time, do you remember? �Mary: Well, I remember that we, some came to school by car, they would sort of carpool. In other words, my brothers had a car and they might have a few they would transport. Charles Collins: That would ride with them. Mary: Yes. But I came in town and stayed with a family. So then I walked from their home to school. 21:00 And um, we didn’t have but one major sport, either…in the fall it would be football, and in the winter, basketball, and in the spring it would be baseball. And I was not taking part in any of those sports because girls really were not involved in sports at that time. Charles Collins: They…did they have cheerleaders at that time? Mary: Yes they did. But I was too shy. Charles Collins: Sure. Mary: You know, I was so shy that…finally, it must’ve been sophomore or junior year… Because when the teacher would ask us to maybe read aloud in class, that frightened me terribly, I’d just think, well I can’t do that, you know, with all these kids. 22:00 But gradually I realized I didn’t want to be so shy. And um, so one time when they were trying out for cheerleaders, I thought, there’s one way to start getting myself out of this and that’s forcing myself. So I thought, I’m just going to try out for cheerleading. So I did, and I got chosen as a cheerleader. Charles Collins: Oh boy! Mary: So [laughs] that started me a little bit in getting over the shyness. Charles Collins: Yes, I bet it did. Mary: Then I’d take part in plays and so forth. Charles Collins: Do you remember any of the plays that you took part in? The names of them or what you did? Mary: Well, of course, I’d play some part. I don’t recall that I played a major part in any. But my goodness, I can’t remember any of those plays. Charles Collins: So tell us, did you get involved in any of the school dances? Mary: Oh, that was something I loved to do. I loved to dance. Because at one time, we lived just 23:00 a few doors, in Pine Creek, and we were about two doors from a dance hall. Charles Collins: Oh my! �Mary: Just around the corner. And my mother would let my younger sister and myself go to the dance hall because we had two brothers and a sister there that were older than we. And we danced every dance. That was our exercise. Charles Collins: Oh, that was fun, wasn’t it? Mary: It was wonderful fun. And I look at the kids today and I think, oh, I wish you could enjoy the fun I had dancing! [laughs] But yes, I did, I always took an opportunity to go to a dance that I could. Charles Collins: Mary, do you remember in 1941, where you were at when Pearl Harbor happened? Mary: Well, I was of course in school, at that time. Charles Collins: You’d be sophomore. Mary: And I remember of hearing that on the radio and realizing that we were at war. 24:00 Yes. Charles Collins: Probably as a young sophomore in high school, it didn’t really come home to affect you that much or did it? Mary: Well it didn’t until after I realized that…I had started dating Jim, and that he had enlisted, and was going off to the service. Charles Collins: Yes. Mary: So then I kept closer contact with the war. Charles Collins: Sure. What did you do as a high school teenager in those early years of the war, did you do anything special? Mary: Well, of course, many of the boys in my class, especially our graduating class, were already in service or enlisting, and so much of it was left to we girls to have our own fun. 25:00 I can recall a friend of mine, driving to our house, and this was just before the term, before the fall term started in school. And we decided we would drive from there into Athens and come back home, just for something to do. Well, on the way there, everything went fine, but on the way home, we had two flat tires. And course, we managed to get the tires changed, but it was quite a chore. [laughs] Charles Collins: I bet it was! Mary: Two girls! Inexperienced. But we managed to do that. But for our senior year, this same friend and I, Eleanor Hayward, was her name, and she and I had a room rented in Battle Creek �and we worked as waitresses 26:00 in a restaurant, that summer. And earned…this is back when you got a nickel tip. Charles Collins: Yes, it was a lot. Mary: Or a dime, if you were really making money. And we were paid $16 a week. And then our tips on that probably got us somewhere around $20-25 a week. Charles Collins: That was big money then. Mary: Oh, yes, that was… But we had earned enough money that summer that I was able to buy my class ring and my pictures, my senior pictures, paid for those. Charles Collins: Yourself. Mary: Myself. Yes. Charles Collins: That’s interesting. Mary: Yes, because we tried to be as independent as we could because we knew our folks didn’t have much money. Charles Collins: Well that’s what I was going to think, possibly had you not done that, you wouldn’t have had a class ring or senior pictures. Mary: That’s true, that’s true. Because when 27:00 I graduated from high school, I was offered a $300 scholarship and I was planning on going into the Nursing Cadet Corps. At that time, you know, during the war. Charles Collins: Yes. Mary: We had the Cadet Corps forming, and I thought, well, that’s a good way for me to get a nursing degree and , maybe I can do it that way. Because my folks didn’t have the means to send me on to school. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: So, I was 17 years old when I graduated. And of course they would not take you in the Nursing Cadet Corps until you were 18. Well, my birthday being the last of August, I had to wait a while. But I wasn’t one to sit around, so I went to work for Civil Service. And I worked at 28:00 Percy Jones General Hospital briefly, then I was working as a clerk typist out at Fort Custer. And this is where I got a vision of what it was like with these gentlemen coming back from way, some of them coming back oh, maybe 36 hours from the battlefield. And they came and then went to Percy Jones General Hospital. The critical ones went right there first, but there were some that needed psychiatric care, and they were still housed there at Fort Custer. And we �also had the prisoners of war, the German prisoners of war, housed at Fort Custer. So that was my experience through World War II working in the supply office. Charles Collins: Did you have much contact with the prisoners of war? Mary: No, I didn’t because I was in the office working as a clerk typist. 29:00 But I knew that they were there. Then shortly after the war was over, I was working for Equable Life Insurance Company and that was downtown Battle Creek. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary, do you remember VE Day? When it happened and where you were at? Mary: Well, I remember again, I remember hearing this on TV…not on TV, on the radio, and reading about it in the paper. But I can remember that it was a happy day because we knew that that was the end of World War II. Charles Collins: For Germany. And then VJ Day was the end of the war. Mary: Yes. Charles Collins: Do you recall hearing about and reading about us bombing the Japanese with the atom bombs? Mary: Yes, 30:00 I do. Charles Collins: And, what did you think about that? Mary: Well, I thought, when I saw some of the pictures that were printed out that was a horrible thing for civilians to be destroyed in that large a quantity. But then I also realized that we…the war would just continue because there didn’t seem to be much let up and that we had to do something drastic. But at the same time, we put faith in our leadership that our leaders knew best what needed to be done. So we trusted them that this is what had to be done. Charles Collins: And as VJ day happened, where were you? Mary: Oh, I was in Battle Creek. Charles Collins: And did you experience any of the revelry or…what happened that day? Mary: No, I guess I just came home and thought I’d stay where it was safe! [laughs] Charles Collins: 31:00 Probably was a wise idea! [laughs] During that wartime period, tell us what happened as far as rationing was concerned, and that type of thing. �Mary: Yes, we had books of course that rationed sugar and so forth, and gas, and so there was much, where we would share things together like transportation and so forth, it was shared to cut down on the consumption of gasoline. And I can remember silk hose—we couldn’t buy silk hose anymore during the war because the silk went into making parachutes and so forth. And we girls used to get a colored lotion and we’d put that on our legs, shave our legs and put this colored lotion on, and draw a black strip up you know, 32:00 with eyebrow liner, to make it look like we had a seam in the back! [laughs] And that would make it look like we had hose on. Charles Collins: To make it look like you had silk hose on. Mary: So those were some of the things and it was an all-out effort for the war. We did everything we could. Saved oil or saved lard, and tin cans, anything that we could do to help the war effort. Charles Collins: Being in Battle Creek, there obviously was some USO things happening and so on, did you go to any of those dances since you liked to dance? Mary: Yes, occasionally we would, and, when I was serving as a clerk typist at Fort Custer, at our place where we’d usually go to eat, there was a 33:00 gentleman there kind of tapping around and dancing like and we girls said, “Oh, he’s just trying to show off,” because there’s a group of us girls eating there. Well, later we found out that he was with the USO and he came to our table and he said, “Well, do any of you girls like to dance?” And course I spoke up and said, “Yes, I do.” And, a couple of the other girls did too. So he said, “Well, we’d like to use you in a routine that we’re doing. Would that be ok with you girls? We’re going to practice on such and such a night.” So we had gone and we’d practiced the steps and what the routine was going to be. And we thought, gosh we’re going to be able perform in one of the…one of these performances for the servicemen here. But they were shipped out before we could ever perform! [laughs] Charles Collins: Do you 34:00 know what the man’s name was? Mary: I don’t recall that. Husband: Colabrusco. Mary: Pardon? Husband: Colabrusco. Charles Collins: Colabrusco? See there? Mary: Colabrusco! Well, I had to get that from my husband! [laughs] He has a better memory than I do. �Charles Collins: Yeah, obviously. Did you happen to see any of the headliners at that time, at the USO performances and so on? Any of the big-name bands, or anything like that? Mary: Well, I’m sure I did. You see, I haven’t rehearsed this over the years like my husband with his, calls and reunions and so forth. Charles Collins: Well, that’s ok. Mary: But I’m sure many of the name bands were there. Charles Collins: So as you continued on with your life after the Second World War, what did you do? 35:00 Mary: Well, of course, Jim and I married— Charles Collins: Tell us about that, how you met him after the war, and dating and so on. Mary: Well, of course, as soon as he came home, he sought me out, and of course, he had proposed. He had sent me money for a cedar chest and the cedar chest was at my parents’ home. So, when I came to their home, why, he happened to be there to surprise me. And, so after talking a certain length of time, with the family and all, and I said, “Well, you’d probably like to see where some of your money went.” So I took him upstairs to my bedroom to show him the cedar chest. So while we were up there, he 36:00 pulls these…the ring out and said would I marry him. Charles Collins: And of course you said, “No!” [laughs] Mary: [laughs] Well, I said, that looked pretty sincere, so I said “yes!” [laughs] Charles Collins: And you still have those rings. Mary: And they were purchased in Pearl Harbor. Charles Collins: Isn’t that something? Mary: Yes. Charles Collins: Yeah. So tell us about your wedding. Mary: So our wedding was May the 18th, and this May the 18th it’ll be 61 years ago. Charles Collins: Wow. Mary: So that’s a long time. Charles Collins: Yep. �Mary: He was a slow learner—took me a long time to break him in! [laughs] Charles Collins: Did you ever get in a fight? Mary: Oh, any married couple, you get in squabbles! [laughs] But none sincere. Charles Collins: Obviously not too serious, right? [laughs] Mary: Right. But the day that we were married, I had made the wedding dresses and so forth, and my wedding dress, I could only find 37:00 enough satin, now this is in 1946, and I could only find enough satin to make the bodice part of the dress and the rest had to be made out of netting. And so, I did the best I could with the material I had. And then, the day of the wedding, we went to the woods, which is across the road from my folks’ property, and it had many dogwood in blossom. Charles Collins: Oh, yes! Mary: And I thought, those dogwood are so beautiful! And we gathered the dogwood and put them in baskets that we had got from the greenhouse and used those as our alter flowers. And they were beautiful. Charles Collins: And you made your own wedding dress. Mary: And I made my own wedding dress and veil and the flower girl and the ring bearer and the pillow. And the pillow that 38:00 I made, I have refurbished that and our granddaughter used that! Charles Collins: Oh, isn’t that neat? Mary: Yes. But so it was an evening wedding in the Congregational Church at Athens and Reverend Perrin performed the ceremony and his three brothers [nods toward husband] were in the service and my two brothers at that time, were in the wedding. And of course a nephew and a little niece and two of Jim’s nieces were in the wedding and my sister was the maid of honor and then I had 3 that were the bridesmaids. Charles Collins: So did you have a big crowd? Mary: Yes. I come from a large family! [laughs] But it was one of the first weddings held in a church 39:00 there in that community in a long, long time, that I remember. In fact, some of the people said, “Oh, you had a fancy wedding.” Well I didn’t think it was so fancy, I don’t think it cost much over $150! [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Nowadays it’s $10,000! Well, Mary, as you were married, where did you and your husband live? �Mary: We lived in a two-room apartment, upstairs apartment, in Battle Creek. And our transportation was a Model A Ford. My folks had never had a Model A Ford. [SKIP] Jim said he was going to buy a Model A Ford, I thought, my word, he’s taking me back to the horse and buggy days almost. 40:00 But in World War II you had to have your name, after World War II, you had to have your name on a list to even get a used car! Charles Collins: That’s right. Mary: So, this car, my brother knew someone who had a car they would be willing to sell and that was this Model A Ford. And it had leather bucket seats, and well I call them bucket seats, and yellow spoke wheels! [laughs] Charles Collins: Oh wow! Pretty neat, huh? Mary: So we wish we had it today! [laughs] So that was our first car and it served the purpose well. Charles Collins: And did you work then or—? Mary: Yes, I did. Charles Collins: Or did you become a homemaker? Mary: No, I worked at the Equable Life Insurance Company, and that was on the 11th floor of the Security National Bank Building, downtown Battle Creek. And Jim was going to [unintelligible] Business School at that time. I came 41:00 home from work one day, and here was Jim and the books were all over the living room floor and I thought, what happened? You know, that here the books are and he looks like he’s not going on to school, you know, what’s happening here? What have I married, you know? Somebody’s [unintelligible] in the middle of things? [laughs] But he found that he was feeling changes adjusting to civilian life, married life and now, whether he wanted to go on to school or not. And he didn’t want to see himself sitting inside the rest of his life doing nothing, well, doing something, rather, the rest of his life. He just didn’t know quite sure what. But anyway he went to work for Sinclair Oil Company in Battle Creek, so we worked there 42:00 until he and his brother decided to join in business in Athens. Charles Collins: And did you continue to work for the insurance company? Mary: I worked until I became about 3 or 4 months pregnant. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: And then I quit because back then you didn’t work till delivery time. Charles Collins: Right. �Mary: You just worked until you began to show, as they call it. And then you quit your work. So then I stayed home and became a mother and was a mother for 2 children: a daughter and a son. And we were living in Athens. And of course, I was an independent person at that period of time in my life, I liked to do everything myself, kind of like a 2-year-old kid. And I didn’t want everybody to know my business and I thought, if I go and live in Athens, I’m going to be 43:00 where everybody knows my business and I didn’t move to Athens very happy. You know, I really didn’t think I’d like it. But I thought, well, that’s where he seems to be destined to go. So I went. And spent our time there rearing the children and becoming involved in community. I was quite a volunteer or, they twisted your arm, as they say. And then as time moved on and the kids grew up through their stages of life, why, I saw that Athens was the best place to raise them. I thought he had chosen well. But in the meantime, our son was just starting school 44:00 and I was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Charles Collins: Ok. So you spent a little time recovering from that. Mary: Yes, back at that time, you had to be hospitalized. Charles Collins: Yes. Mary: It didn’t matter if your [prognosis] was negative or not, you had to be hospitalized. So, I had quite a rest period [laughs] for 11 months. Charles Collins: What hospital did you go to? Mary: Kimble Sanitarium. At that time, it was a sanitarium at Battle Creek. People came from Detroit, I had a roommate that was from Detroit when I first went in. And of course that was quite an experience, to think, oh my goodness, I’m leaving two young kids here at home! And have to worry about them. Charles Collins: So for a while, Jim was mother and father both! Mary: Yes, I think so! 45:00 [laughs] But a girl that we had that babysat for the children, which was infrequent, I didn’t leave them much, she came. In fact, her mother was working for us in the business. She was doing some office work. And one day when Jim went to the office, she said, “Well, why don’t you have Ruth Ellen just come and stay with the children and she can take them to school, and be there with them.” And it was the perfect set-up because then the children were able to be at home. Charles Collins: Sure. Mary: And we had a grandma in the area, which was the mother of friends of ours and she would take our son in the afternoon. Course, our son, at that time, he was reading, 46:00 and he �seemed to grasp words well. And he liked to read the Funnies. And so he would get the Funnies [laughs] as soon as they came, and read them, and then go back out and play. __________: Was this before kindergarten? Mary: This was before kindergarten. __________: Whoa! Mary: So the kids, where he stayed after school, you know, they thought it was fun to see him read the Funnies to them. So they let him read the Funnies [laughs]. But it was years later that I learned the teacher that he had in kindergarten, that one day she was reading a story to the children, and of course, Rod was standing at her elbow, reading along with her, that is, visually, and she was 47:00 embellishing the story to make it and he finally, after she read several pages, he stepped back and looked at her and said, “Mrs. [unintelligible], don’t you know how to read?” [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Cause she…there was words coming out that he didn’t see on the paper, right? Mary: Yes. [laughs] So I was happy for her to share that because I had missed out on his kindergarten completely, I wasn’t home. So I was glad to know that little incident that the teacher had to experience. Charles Collins: So, while you were at the sanatorium, there, did you form any friends? Mary: Yes, I did. And one of the girls came from Detroit, and she was with me several months. Because my involvement was in the lower right lobe, it wasn’t throughout the rest of the lung. 48:00 It was there. And they kept me in bed because it would be like swinging a broken arm, they couldn’t have the diaphragm hitting the lungs and have me walking around. So, bedtime 24 hours a day for 5 months. Charles Collins: 5 months. Mary: Well, really it was 6 months, because I’d gone to Ann Arbor for lung surgery and they excised that from my lung. Charles Collins: Ok. Yes. Mary: And so it was 6 months before they would let me out of bed once a day. _______: So you had to learn how to walk all over again. Mary: Well, this was an experience, for sure. But when I was in Ann Arbor, they said, “Well, you can call your husband, and let him know what time you’re going to have surgery 49:00 �tomorrow.” Well, the part that [laughs]…there wasn’t a telephone in the room, you know, and it was probably the distance of, oh, the front door here to probably the windows in the kitchen area here. I don’t know how many feet is that? Charles Collins: Oh, about 20. Mary: 20? Well, it was about 20 feet from my bed to down the hall where the phone was. And the nurses were busy because there were 4 of us in this room. And they couldn’t be in there, they knew we were all going to surgery sometime the following day. So I thought, well, Lord, I guess it’s you and me down that hall. I gotta make a call. So I got out of bed, stood up, course I’d been getting out of bed 50:00 to stand and move to a chair that had a bed pan on it and then back to my bed. That was my toilet facilities. So I thought, well here we go. Went down that hall, just fine, came back, didn’t tremble, didn’t get wobbly, or nothing. Charles Collins: Good. ________Female voice: Wow! After 5-6 months. Charles Collins: So now you’ve spent 5 months in bed, or 6 total. Mary: Six, well, another month when I got back cause I went to Ann Arbor, and another month back to the hospital. Charles Collins: And after that time, what did you do? Mary: Course when we were in the hospital, we did crafts, you know? Charles Collins: Sure. Mary: Occupational crafts. Ceramics, and needlework, and that type thing. But I’m an avid reader, 51:00 so I read a great deal. And of course you had a roommate. And the room was kind of U-shaped, so there would be really 5 girls that could kind of chat back and forth a little bit. Charles Collins: Sure. So, you were there 6 months and you had about 5 months more to go. Mary: Yes, well, that’s right. I went there 11 months. Because then you sort of came…your exercise [unintelligible] Charles Collins: So you went through a rehab period of time. Mary: Yes, so that was— Charles Collins: Then you had the opportunity to get done and go home. �Mary: Yes, but I think for…you see, when I went in, I would think, now, you know, I wanted to be a good mother, I want to stay home with my kids. And how come that lady, who was a neighbor, 52:00 she can go up to the tavern and leave her kids and everything else and Lord, you’re putting me in the hospital and here she is out there ramming around. I had that kind of little tension there, you know? But I thought, well, you don’t get well with a bad attitude. That was one of the first things they said to us. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: That your mental attitude has a lot to do with your recovery. Charles Collins: And it does. Mary: It does. Because, there was a lady that was around in the other section, and every day she cried. Because she couldn’t be home and spend her time with her family. But I felt that I had to trust that I would be taken care of. Charles Collins: And as you got well and left 53:00 for home, what did you do? Mary: Well first of all, I had to get used to hearing the refrigerator run! [laughs] I had to get used to someone sleeping with me! [laughs] Charles Collins: Sure! _________: Which is odd! Mary: Yes, it is, when you’re used to sleeping alone! [laughs] Charles Collins: Sure. Mary: And all the noises, you’d be surprised at the noises that are in a home that all of a sudden you have to get used to. _________: You take them for granted. Mary: And they’re taken for granted. And I realized how weak I was when I would get up and try to get breakfast. And then, I would get breakfast and the kids would get off to school, and I would sit down or lie down and rest a while. _______: Did you have anybody in to help you? Mary: I could have but I didn’t have because I knew that that was part 54:00 of my rehabilitation. That I needed to regain the strength. And it was the right thing to do that because I just gradually…at first I thought maybe I’ll never be strong again, but gradually I grew. �_____: How did the kids get along when you was gone? Mary: Well, I think they did fairly well because they had the same babysitter and they had the same home setting. It’s just that mom wasn’t there. ______: Did they have a problem getting reacquainted with you after 11 months? Mary: I don’t think so. I didn’t sense it. No, I didn’t sense it. And Jim’s shaking his head no. ________: I was going to say because they were quite young. Mary: Yes. Yes. Kindergarten and first grade. ______: That’s a long time for a child that age. To you know, not to see somebody. _____Mary Martha?: Had they been allowed to visit you? 55:00 Mary: Yes, well, they could come and visit outside. See, they weren’t allowed to come into the facility itself. Charles Collins: Right. Mary: But when it was summer weather, and I could go outside, then they came. _____: Oh, then they got to see you during that 11 months. Mary: Well first it was through the winter months, from August on through till the following spring and then they could come. But then, let’s see, at Thanksgiving time, I was allowed at 24 hour visit home. But now that 24 hours included going home and getting back. And institutionalization is an interesting thing because you become institutionalized when you spend that much time in a building and with a group of people. So I found that when I went home, 56:00 I didn’t sleep well because there were noises and so forth I wasn’t used to. I was glad to be home but at the same time I knew I had to get back to the institution to get well. To have them let me go home. Charles Collins: So after that 11 months and you got home, what went on? Mary: Well, of course it was the adjustment to getting back to home life and everything, and we had built a garage house, and I’ll put that into its perspective, but when our children were very, very small, we had built this garage house with the anticipation 57:00 of building a house there. And it was a new development in Athens. Charles Collins: OK. �Mary: But we needed a double-car garage and we thought, well, we can do that with the funds we have. And we borrowed $1,800 from a brother, and he graciously loaned us that, and we paid it back with a monthly pay. And then there was a lady who had lost her husband, and she called one day wondering if we would be willing to sell our garage house. Well, we had never thought about it, and so I said, “Well, let us think about it.” And then a little bit later, she called again. And I thought, well, she’s quite sincere about this. So we thought well, if we could 58:00 possibly get some land that we had looked at, but the man who owned the land had the name of Shingledecker [laughs]—that’s quite a name! Charles Collins: Yeah! Mary: He just didn’t want to sell any land because he might want to raise some potatoes at 90 years of age. Well, anyway, we finally decided we would sell the house and we rented a small house, out at the edge of town. And it was while we lived in that small house, that I was then admitted to the hospital and discovered that I had TB. And so you see how God seems to work things in sequences and so the fact that we moved to the larger place, it had 2 bedrooms, that gave 59:00 the girl staying with the children a bedroom, and she and our daughter had that bedroom and Jim and our son had the other bedroom. And Jim came in, I remember, one time he said, Rodney didn’t like to sleep on that one pillow because it had “Hers” on it! [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Ok. Mary: Oh, so much for his reading. So, kind of after this stint in the hospital, then we were in the process of thinking about building. And thought, well, we did have a chance to buy the property that we wanted out of town, so we thought that would be a good place to maybe build a house. And so it’s out in the country, we call it the suburbs of Athens. And we built our home, 1:00:00 but we couldn’t get all of the money for the mortgage because it didn’t have a fire hydrant next to it. But it had a river flowing through the backyard. [laughs] Charles Collins: [laughs] Ok! Mary: So as the home progressed, we did have some financing where we could get the shell of it up. Charles Collins: Ok. Mary: And we thought, well, we’ll let it set through the winter until the following spring and see if we can get it financed and finished. So, we did. And so we were able to build in a spot where we really thought we could enjoy living in. And we have, we’ve enjoyed it very much. Charles Collins: And you still live in that same home? Mary: We still live in that same 1:01:00 home. �Charles Collins: Wow! So you lived there, 40-some years. Mary: Close to 50, about 49 years. Yes. Charles Collins: I bet that’d be fun to move. Mary: Oh! I only plan to move feet first. [laughs] But in all the years of the kids growing up through school, we became involved in volunteer work, and after I got out of the san, I felt a strong urge to become more involved in the church. So we became church leaders or youth leaders, as it’s called. [laughs] And Mary Martha was one of our young people in the group. Charles Collins: All right! Mary: And we used to take retreats in the fall and go up to Pilgrim Haven or Silver…Lake 1:02:00 and spend a weekend there with the youth and that was really a very pleasant thing for us to do, but now, as you think about it, with the responsibilities with children and things happening and lawsuits, it would be a challenge to do. But they were a wonderful group to work with. And we did that about ten years, so we’ve been involved in church work a great deal. And I think the church work has permeated through our children because our daughter has become a major in music and both vocal and keyboard, she plays for churches and so forth. Charles Collins: Good! Mary: And our son is a pastor so I think that work probably influenced them and I think Mary Martha was a real influence on our son behaving in class. [laughs] I think she made him write 100 times or more that he would not be making…he would not be 1:03:00 talking so much in class? Was that it? [looks toward Mary Martha] Mary Martha: Something to that affect, yes. He was in my first teaching class when I graduated from college. Mary: And so that I have in his scrapbook. He kept that all the years and gave it back to us, it’s in his scrapbook. So with all of that and I became very active in the TB Association, became their Christmas Seal chairperson. Charles Collins: Oh right! Mary: And then their president. So, for the Calhoun Country Tuberculosis Association. So that gave me quite a bit of experience in… Because it was through their x-ray machine, that they used to do x-rays throughout the county that my TB was discovered. And the classmate that I used to run around with when I was admitted to Kimble Sanitarium, 1:04:00 she was one of the girls that worked there. Charles Collins: All right! �Mary: So that was a comfort too. But being involved in the TB Association and church and other organizations that seemed to come along, that was a way of expressing my gratitude for the people. That was something that sort of bothered me, I thought, well how do you repay so many people? Charles Collins: Yes! Mary: You know, just like a light bulb one day, it said, pass it on! Charles Collins: [laughs] Pass it on. Mary: Pass it on. Charles Collins: Help somebody else. Mary: That’s right. Charles Collins: That’s right. Mary: That’s right. Charles Collins: How do you repay it on? You help somebody else. Mary: That’s right, you pass it on. So then as our children were graduating from college, and our son was still in college, I thought, you know, I’ve done so much volunteer work, 1:05:00 I guess I’ll do something a little different, I’ll take a class over at K…Kellogg Community College was giving adult classes over at Union City. So I thought, well, I guess I’ll go over there just for fun and take a class at night. So I signed up for English 101, that’s usually what everybody takes when they start college. So I took a class in English and I kept taking another class and another class and finally the prof said, well, you folks need to go visit Kellogg Community College and see what you think of it, and you should continue on with your courses, because there were some kids, most of them, 1:06:00 were college-age kids and there was just one other gentleman and myself that were adults in this class. In fact, the very first class session we had, it was Chuck Spore who ran the John Deere Implement business in Athens and his daughter was in the class, and she said, “Well, Mrs. Crowell,” she said, “my dad would like to come to this class, but he didn’t want to come and be the only adult.” So, she says, “I’m gonna go home and tell him you’re here!” So she did, so he came! Charles Collins: All right! Mary: So we had, at one point in our English, we had to write some poetry. And we had gone into Battle Creek to visit KCC at that time, but I had left our car at the filling station to be serviced, so 1:07:00 we all rode in his car to Battle Creek. And when we came back, I said, “Well, if you’d just let me off at the filling station, I’ll pick up our car.” And he said, “Ok.” So �we pulled into the filling station which is after hours, you know, it was dark outside and using the car lights and so forth, and he said, “Well, just a minute, I’d like to read you all the poem I wrote.” So we said, “Ok.” So as we sat there with the dome light on in the car, and he was starting to read his poetry, a police car drives up! [laughs] And the police says, “Oh, I was wondering what was going on here.” [laughs] Well, of course we told him, the gentleman is letting me off to pick up my car, because what policeman would believe 1:08:00 that you were reading poetry? [laughs] Well anyway, it was a lot of fun! ____: If he’d believed it, you really want him to be a policeman! [laughs] Mary: [laughs] So anyway, as I was progressing on through these one-course stints, you know, through college material, I was talking with our daughter one weekend, and she said, “Well, Mom,” she said, “You’re getting enough credits, you ought to do something with it.” Well, of course the instructor had told me the same thing. And I thought, well, I was doing this just for fun. But she said, “Well, you thought about being a nurse at one time. Why don’t you look into that?” So I thought, well, I guess I will. So I looked 1:09:00 into nursing and I started taking nursing courses. ________: Now how old was you then? Mary: In my mid-40s, about 47-8. So I thought, well, you know. So I was taking all the courses, prerequisites and so forth. But I transferred because my daughter was getting married and my schedule was pretty heavy because we also had a paper route, that we had for our son to have in the summer or weekend so he could have a job to help…Because we didn’t believe in just handing everything to our children. We believed in kind of having them have a part in it. So you see, when I would go to KCC for a particular class, I’d always schedule that in the morning. 1:10:00 Then I’d go the Inquire and pick up the bundles that needed to be dropped off for the people out through our area, so I became a bundle… _______: A bundle lady! [laughs] Mary: [laughs] I guess, they called me bundle lady ever since, I guess. Anyway, so that kind of worked just fine, to do that for a while. But again, I took time off when our daughter got married, she got married in December. Then when I got ready to go back to KCC, they said, “Well we don’t have any openings.” And they had assured me there’d be an opening. And I thought, well, now what do I do. Well I was kind of devastated to think, you know I could do that, but again, you know, the Lord has a hand in it. So I thought, well, I’m going over to 1:11:00 KVCC in Kalamazoo, that means a longer drive, but just see what things are. So I went over to KVCC and continued my courses. And you know, how happy I was, because I got clinical experience at Borgess and Bronson and saw open heart surgery, all those things I wouldn’t have seen in Battle �Creek. Now, I don’t mean to put Battle Creek down, it’s just that they were different types of hospitals at that time. ___: Yes. Mary: So I got my nursing, I finished an LPN degree, wrote state boards to see if I could do it, you know, in a certain length of time, I passed it OK, went on a year more for my RN and passed that. ____: Oh my goodness. Mary: First time. So then I thought, well, now I can start work. Well I did and how 1:12:00 great it seemed to get a paycheck for what I was paying to learn! [laughs] Well, I worked about 6 years in the hospital and then I wanted to go into home nursing, visiting nurse, and that I thoroughly enjoyed because that fit me very well. ___: You just worked when you wanted to then, didn’t you? Mary: Well, I worked steady. So I was on the road, driving, in all kinds of weather to see patients. And now my hospitalization fit in. You know, my experience in the hospital, I knew exactly what a patient was going through. But I never talked about my stint, you know, I never let that on to any patient, because we didn’t talk about ourselves, or we didn’t talk about politics. But you know, 1:13:00 there would just seem to be a ???? that a patient and I had. _____: Well, you know or you’d been through just about whatever they had. You can relate to it. Mary: Yes. So I could see that my time was valuable. Charles Collins: So how long did you spend as a home nurse? Mary: Oh, it was about 18 years. Charles Collins: Really? ____: Wow. Charles Collins: So are you still doing that? Mary: Well, I keep my licenses current. I keep writing my exams to stay current. I still keep getting calls to come work. I even got one from Alaska! Charles Collins: Really? So that’s too bad you didn’t take that! [laughs] �Mary: It wasn’t a call, you know, it was not an audible call but it was an appeal, Alaska needed nurses. And if I were younger, yes, I’d do that, but I could 1:14:00 still do part time nursing if I wanted to but I feel we still need to have our time together. Charles Collins: Sure you do. Mary: So that’s kind of where we’re at right now. And of course our children are in Texas and Kansas and that lends itself to travel. Charles Collins: Well now, it’s been a pleasure doing your interview! And you know, for a lady that said she didn’t have much to say, an hour and a half is pretty good isn’t it? Mary: Well I’d like to say I still, I’m still doing community work. Charles Collins: Good! Mary: I’m a board member for Calhoun County Senior Allocation Committee. This is a millage that’s been voted in for service to seniors. And there a board that’s been formed by commissioners, we have commissioners representing each facet of the county. So 1:15:00 I am privileged to serve on that board as we allocate funds for other people serving the public. So I’m still— Charles Collins: That’s great. Mary: Filling a need. Charles Collins: And you still teach Sunday School, yes? Mary: Oh, yes, I’ve been trying to get out of that job! [laughs] Charles Collins: That’s a fun job! ___: Now you haven’t covered other talents you have. I hear you’re pretty good in art. Mary: Well, I guess, when Jim does his sawing, I do my work on the other end of the ping pong table and I do weaving of rugs, which I an inter-braiding, so that I find a good winter-time hobby. ___: And you sew. Mary: And I sew. Yes. Charles Collins: Well you learned to sew rather early in life, being that you made your wedding dress. �Mary: Yes, in fact, my sister and I would always buy material 1:16:00 just alike and we dressed alike every day of school and people thought we were twins. Because we dressed alike. But we did it merely because we could cut to an advantage, having one bolt or 2 or 3 yards of material making our dresses and skirts and so forth. ___: Now what do you do with the rugs and stuff that you make? Mary: Those, I usually have given those away. And I don’t think Mary Martha has one yet. [laughs] Mary Martha: Not yet! Charles Collins: Well it’s time. Mary: Well I guess she’s got her bid in. [laughs] 1:16:41 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crowell, Mary Louise Mitchell (Interview transcript and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crowell, Mary Louise Mitchell Description An account of the resource Mary Louise Crowell shares what life was like at home prior to, during, and after WW II. With the US involvement in WW II, Mary explains what it meant to take an active role in the war at home like saving lard, oil, tin cans, and using ration books. During the war, Mary worked for the Civil Service at Fort Custer as a clerk typist and attended many of the USO events. When WW II ended, Mary married her soldier, Jim Crowell, and together they raised two children. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Navy spouses Military spouses Civil service Veterans United Service Organizations (U.S.) Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CrowellM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aff6c726f136e2037728519bf982c190.pdf 9d7378dde17fa39019450ecd075b79f9 PDF Text Text Crucified Violence in History Memorial Day Weekend Psalm 33:12; John 11:49 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan May 27, 2001 Transcription of the spoken sermon This past week, we had to bury Nancy's brother, Larry Dornbos. On Monday, as we gathered at the Presbyterian Church in Grand Haven in the lounge to receive friends, there was more than one collage, there were other mementos that were very sensitively arranged, which represented the life of Larry. Two things were very prominent; one was, of course, Larry was a fisherman loving the outdoors, but the other was a reminder that he was a World War II veteran. Being 76 years of age, he was at that prime time for that great war. And, as I looked over the collage and saw his picture, I was reminded of today being Memorial Day, thinking about this service of worship in which we would remember those who served their country, and indeed paid that supreme sacrifice. Thinking about that, memories came to my mind, and then I had another realization and that is that the memories that come to my mind will not come to the minds of people who are much younger than I am. I experienced the second world war as a child, but old enough to feel something of what the nation was going through. I was six years old, and going to a Sunday evening service in Kalamazoo on December 7, 1941, when the attack on Pearl Harbor, the battle of which is being celebrated in what's supposed to be a blockbuster film this weekend, was announced. I was nine years old, and remember celebrating V-E Day and V-J Day. I had two brothers-in-law who served in the European theatre. As I was thinking about that, I thought how many are there out there who will remember if I say that my brothers-in-law were in the Battle of the Bulge, that terrible, terrible European experience. My sisters were part of that spirit of the nation and, against the wise counsel of my father, they foolishly married boys that were going off to service. And wouldn't a parent say, "Is that wise to do? Couldn't you wait?" Of course, they couldn't wait. I was thinking about some of the names of battles and some of the famous places, and remembering my old grandmother reading the newspaper and saying, "They've got Rommel on the run." I can remember the tension. I felt some of the fear because we had loved ones over there. I remember the flag with the stars hanging in the sanctuary of my home church in Kalamazoo, and the stars that © Grand Valley State University �Crucified! Violence in History Richard A. Rhem Page 2 hung in the windows of the neighborhood. I can remember it was a time of genuine threat. It was also, I suppose, ironically, one of the best times in terms of the nation and its spirit, and its unity. Sir Kenneth Clark – who has done a wonderful video series on civilization some years ago now for the BBC, also printed in a book – makes a statement which I looked for but couldn't find quickly. He's almost hesitant to say that times of war, as you trace the history of civilization, have been times when the best and the noblest have been elicited from the human spirit, ironic though that is. But, at Larry's funeral before those collages, I began to think about all those memories, and then as I said began to realize there are a few with white hair and a few of us without any hair, who are the only ones who probably can be triggered by that type of thing. A good friend of mine gave me the book, Flags of Our Fathers. It's the story of the raising of the flag on Iwo Jima, the six marines that finally got to the top of the mountain and raised that flag. There was a photograph which captured that event. It's maybe the most famous photograph in the world. If you go to Washington, D.C., you'll see a monument with that re-enacted. One of the six died in the 90s, and his son wrote a story, Flags of Our Fathers, and he tells the story about how he never heard from his father anything about that event. Even though his father was a war hero who had been one of those six captured on film, the picture never hung in their home. He told how people would call for interviews and his father would always say, "Tell them I'm on a fishing trip." He would never speak of that event. His son would probe him on occasion, as would other children of the family, but he wouldn't talk. All he would say is, “The real heroes were the ones that didn't come back.” Even though he had been thus honored, he couldn't speak of it. When he died in, I think, 1993 they found in a closet hidden in an office, three cardboard boxes with mementos, in which they learned that their father had received the Navy Cross which I think is the second highest badge of honor one can receive. The family never knew it and, out of the mementos, his son found letters which caused him to begin to trace the story of the other six. Three died in action, two others died of broken hearts and alcoholism. His father was the only one of the six that survived to live a relatively normal life. Anyway, James Bradley tells the story of his father, John. As I read that, I realized that those who have experienced war in its depth and in its horror do not speak of it. I have a person that I know speaks of his World War II experience continually. He never got out of the country, but the ones that were there have been so deeply impacted by it, that they don't speak easily of it. Just recently there's been the story, the uncovering of the incident of Vietnam with former Senator Bob Kerry. Somebody, I suppose, a journalist, a writer, who knows - digging into this stuff, causing Senator Kerry to speak after all these years of that Navy Seal operation. Evidence again of the horror of war, of its insanity, of its dehumanizing, of its destruction of the human soul and spirit. © Grand Valley State University �Crucified! Violence in History Richard A. Rhem Page 3 Well, what got all this going was a photograph in the collage of Larry, a handsome young man, which he sent home from Burma where he served as a kid. There he was in this photo, and I looked at him and I've known this, we've all known this, but it just struck me - he was a child. He was a beautiful young boy. And what I suppose impacted me doubly was the fact that he was the age of my oldest grandchild. I thought to myself, dear God, we send our children to fight our wars. We send our children into that insanity. We expose our children to that horror, to that human devastation. The book Flags of Our Fathers was dedicated to the father of John Bradley, and to the mothers who gave their sons. In that dedicatory page, there's a statement from, I suppose, a Japanese woman: "Mothers should negotiate between nations." The mothers of the fighting countries would agree. Stop this killing now. Stop it now. Indeed, we should send the mothers to the negotiating table because I cannot believe, in spite of the fact that I can remember, I cannot believe that we send our children off to war. So, as I was thinking about that and thinking about today, I remembered that two or three weeks ago when the President suggested that the whole world situation has changed, and that the old kinds of defenses won't work any more, that it's no use having all of our missiles aimed at Russia or China, but that the real threat to our world today are those few rogue nations, and that what we need is a missile defense system in space, I remember in the sermon suggesting that maybe rather than finding a more sophisticated defense system, that this might be the time, seeing that we are overwhelmingly powerful on the world scene today, for our President and our Secretary of State to go to the rogue nations and to sit down with them and to say, "What do you need?" "What are your dreams?" "What drives you?" And, "Can we help you to become a part of a human community?" I said that, admitting that it was a silly idea. Admitting that I don't understand international politics. Admitting that it's a very complex situation. But, I said it out of my own intuition, out of my own deep human spirit. I said, "Why can't we change the feel of the global situation? Why can't we initiate and inaugurate something that might have a positive effect on the lives of the human family?" Well you know several of you went out the door and suggested that it was a good idea. I get all kinds of stuff at the door, "Wonderful sermon." "You were marvelous this morning." "I was deeply moved ." "I could have just as well slept in this morning." "You had nothing to say, what a preposterous idea." All of that, then sometimes you know, when you really nice people want to say something but there's nothing nice to say, you just sort of stand there and stammer. But, there are times when I say something, and I know that it registered, that you have said, too, "You know, that's true. Why can't we do something like that?" I know that that is highly impractical, that it is idealistic, and I suppose hopelessly romantic. You don't vote for a president that would do that kind of © Grand Valley State University �Crucified! Violence in History Richard A. Rhem Page 4 thing. You don't vote for some one like me for president. I don't know if I would vote for me. It's scary. It's scary, isn't it? You vote for people like Caiaphas. Caiaphas, the high priest. Two people went down in infamy at the time of Jesus' crucifixion. Pontius Pilate actually made it into our most popular creed - "suffered under Pontius Pilate." But, Caiaphas, not making it into the creed nonetheless has a name that is identified with infamy, for he was the High Priest at the time when Jesus was crucified. Caiaphas was a wily politician. In that situation, the religious and political leaders, were all wrapped up into one person, and Caiaphas was it. Obviously, Judah was an occupied nation. The Roman legions were at the ready. The best they could hope for was to collaborate with the Roman power in such a way that they could carry on some modicum of their Jewish life. Caiaphas was a leader, the high priest, leader of the Sanhedrin. The Sadducean party was the ruling party. I think Caiaphas would have been a fellow you would enjoy having at a dinner conversation. He was pragmatic. He was a realist. Jesus was causing quite a stir. And that final miracle had really caused a ripple of anxiety in the ruling circles. There was a bit of panic. They were frenzied. What are we going to do? What are we going to do? Caiaphas demonstrated why he was a high priest, not only in a priestly family; leadership rises to the top often. This man, fulfilling the role that was expected of him said, "Look, this is a no brainer. It's better that one man die than that the nation perish. If we let this go on, the Romans are going to come in here and they're going to destroy our holy place, our temple, and they're going to destroy the nation. If we let this man go on, the Romans are going to come in here and there's going to be a lot of blood that's going to flow in the streets. Obviously, you have to do away with him." In history, that's the way it is. And pragmatic politicians who are responsible and reasonable have to do things that are often unsavory, things that they don't want to do, things they can't put their heart into; it's never a clean-cut situation. On the one hand there is the nation, there is the temple, there's this grand tradition. On the other hand, I'm also the high priest and I've got it fairly well right now. I would rather not have the Romans here, but the Romans being here, I'm still getting along quite well, thank you very much, in my collaborative role. I'm just reminded of a lady I roomed with in the Netherlands, an older lady who told me that, when the Netherlands was liberated in the Hague, the neighbors went and got the collaborators - the ones who had worked with the Nazis - shaved their heads, and marched them down the middle of the street. Collaborators are not well liked, but what do you do if you are a leader like Caiaphas? You call it the Caiaphas principle, I suppose. It's a principle in which real politic continues to take place. It's a kind of reasoning that leads to spending billions of dollars for a missile defense system. What are we to do? What are we to do? I do realize the depth of darkness and evil that is present in the world. I do realize that human nature is such that it's going © Grand Valley State University �Crucified! Violence in History Richard A. Rhem Page 5 to be a long, long time before there's something like the peaceable kingdom. But I wonder if we aren't at a point in history where we have to say, we can't any longer do business as usual. I wonder if we don't have to call into question reasonable and responsible people who want to lead us in ways that are business as usual. I wonder if the globe hasn't become so small that the world has become a neighborhood, if we are not too tightly bound with one another, if it isn't time for us to think of some other way. How would we think? Well wouldn't we think of Jesus? The church calendar on Thursday was Ascension Day, forty days after Easter. We run from the darkness of Good Friday, the crucifixion, to Easter Sunday and the brightness, because we would prefer resurrection, of course. Then, forty days later to see him ascended at the throne of power of the universe to know that King Jesus is on the throne ruling. Of course, in that early story as they understood it, as they communicated it, they expected his imminent return in power and great glory, to judge the nations. Those who followed King Jesus, even though they had seen him crucified, believed that, somehow or other, ultimately there would be the triumph, there would be the kingdom and the power and the glory! It's been 2,000 years, and I don't think that King Jesus is going to come back and make it all right. I don't see any evidence that God has ever done something that intrusive way. It seems to me that God has done all that God can do, and that is to put into our midst a flesh and blood model. The word became flesh and dwelt among us, and he spoke of the compassion and the goodness of God. He lived for justice. He reached out to the lame and the leper, and he challenged the Caiaphas principle. He challenged all the institutional forms of structures that make society possible, but become ends in themselves and become oppressive. And, in thus challenging them, he became a threat to them and he spoke his truth, and held his ground, and didn't flinch, knowing surely that his end would be violent death. I don't think that God can do more than God has done. And I don't think we ought to live with that illusion that, somehow or other, when it all gets really dark on earth, the heavens will open and the Son of Man will come and the nations will be judged. The nations will be judged, they'll be judged by the righteousness and the justice with which they live. And what, concretely, does Jesus embody? I see it nowhere more eloquently spoken than that word at the cross when he is being crucified when he says, "Father forgive them, they don't know what they are doing." They knew what they were doing. They knew good and well what they were doing. They were perpetuating the status quo. They were preserving what was, even though it wasn't ideal. They were holding on to their world, to their privilege, to their position. They were keeping the wolves at bay. They were trying to hold on, to preserve, to perpetuate power and privilege. They knew what they were doing. © Grand Valley State University �Crucified! Violence in History Richard A. Rhem Page 6 But, they didn't know what they were doing, because what they were doing was futile. There's only one thing that will finally work and make a difference, and that is when humankind learns to say, "Dear God, forgive them. Dear God, awaken them. Dear God, through my own self-sacrifice, raise some beacon of love and grace that will turn hostility and hatred and violence into embrace and inclusion and community." The Psalmist knew it long ago: an army cannot save, a war horse is a vain hope for victory. Isn't it ironic that as we speak the Caiaphas principle is operative in Israel once again? What will happen there? Will Sharon finally have enough? Will the old warrior in him rise up and say, "Destroy them." But, you can't destroy them. In 1976, I saw immigrant camps filled with those who hadn't been there in 1948, but were born subsequently and were already refugees at the point of their birth. Now there's another whole generation, so what if you wipe out a million or two? Look at the Balkans where they still feud over some battle back in the 13th century. Animals remember and lust for revenge. There's only one thing - only one thing – that changes them and that is the love and the grace lived out by Jesus. It's a scary business. It's a scary business, and it's our only hope. God help us. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Memorial Day Weekend, Eastertide VI Series Credo Scripture Text Psalm 33:5-17, John 11:45-53, Luke 23:32-34 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20010527 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001-05-27 Title A name given to the resource Crucified! Violence in History Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on May 27, 2001 entitled "Crucified! Violence in History", as part of the series "Credo", on the occasion of Memorial Day Weekend, Eastertide VI, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Psalm 33:5-17, John 11:45-53, Luke 23:32-34. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Global Community Non-violence https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6b1e6316e29f996d710dcf4a1246a7c6.jpg d7f2398a30618e57765001b55839d57d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00234 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Crucruno Dolmen Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a group of people gathered around the Crucruno dolmen in Plouharnel, France. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Megalithic monuments France Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc531ac920b5424af2035da886cd5c82.pdf 2cb25531879bd463166dacde8ae1d641 PDF Text Text ON THE ROAD with Michael Ivan T he re 's an exciting new gay re sort complex near Saugatuck . Douglas Dunes is nestled on seven beautiful acres nea r Lake Michigan and Saugatuck 's fam ed "Oval Beach". When my traveling co mpanion and I arrived, we were warmly greeted by the owners , Carl and Larry . These two people are to tally ded icated to the success of their new venture And a success it certai nly serves liquor. The bartenders must be "talented ". as my "seven-n '-sevens " were almost as good as Paul's from the "Ca fe ". After a big dinner . we cou ldn 't decide whether to take a dip in the heated pool. or go back to th e room for a nap so that we'd be refreshed for the evenings activities . We decided on the nap since it was a bit chi ll y this early in the season (although just looking at the hunks that se rve drinks out there is enough to make one sweat 1) i sl 11 Their facilities include "Si r Douglas" . an elegant dining room with a succulent menu featuring such entrees as " Medallions of Veal Piccati " My favori te was "Chic ken Georgette" . Th e head Chef , Geo rge, is ve ry meticulous in his cooki ng , only fresh vege tables are used . Th e se rvings are plentiful , but light on the calories - which is a welcome thought for those of us trying to fit into our swi msuits 1 Th e Restaurant also RESORTS PERSONALS HOT SUMMER. Se nd for most descriptive brochure. Wild re sort now open and taking reservati ons. Saugatuck Lodges, 69 Fire Island Drive, Saugat uck, MI 49453 or call (6 16) 857-4269. THANK YOU, to m y fr iend s in th e Det roit gay commun ity. Especially Chri s, Linda, Steve , Bob and Tony Rome. Th anks agai n! K.C. HAPPY BIRTHDAY to " my guy"' I love yo u Shannon ... FOR SALE SERVICES HOME-MATE SPECIALISTS : Det roi t 's first professional roommat e service. As featured on " PM Magazine" TV-2, and choose from 100's ... the most compatible person . All ages, tastes, backgrounds, and occupations. References checked. Confidential interview. Call 644-6845. JOBS UNLIMITED, Need a job? Or want job change? Fo r furth er information send your name and add ress and five doll ars to 2480 Caledonia, Toledo, Ohio 43605. Specify job intere st. COUNSELING by Gay Psyc hologist. Men and Women . Individ ually or in coup les . Call 342-3947 lor appoin tm ent , unti l 11 p. m. ARTHUR ABELA R.E. ELECTROLYSIS AND SKIN CARE CENTER. Body and Facial hair removed permanently also Bi ogenic fac ials . Free private con• sultations M-F, 5 pm - 9 pm . Sat. 9 am • 5 pm . Call 751 0378. S MOVING SALE. Living room furn it ure and odd and ends . Call after 7 P.M. 261-0282. FOR SALE. 79 Thund erbird , T-Top, Loaded .:_ 17,000 miles. $4.500, Call 541-7290. CRUISE CLASSIFIEDS are only $.25 a word with a $3.50 minimum and they get results . If you wish to run a picture with the classified , add $3.50 to you r total. Br i ng or mail yo ur classified ads along with yo ur check to Rome Enterprises Inc ., 940 W. McNichols Rd ., Detroit , Ml 48203 . Deadline is 4 p.m . Friday for the following week 's issue. upport your advertisers they bring this magazine to you! •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • VIDEO TAPE SPECIAL : OF THE WEEK : VHS or BETA FORMAT Many other Selections Available Low Introductory price S49.9S •e 6r-"1i,id'S1 .. ,et1,.E'- HIOOffEV s-rAflfl1" 8 "' • • • • • ••• ••• •• •• ••• • Ava ila ble only at THE IRVING THEATRE, 21220 Fenkell . Detroit . Ml 48223 . 53 1-2369 , Mail Orders Accepted , Send Check or Money Order . Add $5 .00 fo r postage and handling Master Charge and Vi sa Accepted : e • • • • • ····•···························· 6/CRU ISE • CRUISE /3 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-DouglasDunes_0014 Title A name given to the resource Cruisin' Around Description An account of the resource Black and white interior pages of Cruise entertainment publication featuring an article entitled, "Cruisin' Around: On the Road with Michael Ivan." The article highlights a new gay resort near Saugatuck, known as Douglas Dunes, and describes the food served, atmosphere, and the men who served drinks near the pool. Under the brief article is an advertisement for the video tape special of the week and the prices for The Irving Theatre. The right side of the publication includes classifieds, advertisements for services, personals, stuff for sale, and resorts. There is an advertisement for a Detroit night club called The Outlaws on the bottom right of the page. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Douglas (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich) Advertising fliers Pamphlets Gay culture Gay press publications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6e2ee0041f11b61b1a3481cb4a0a08ce.pdf e84f6ec2f954554380bcc0c6e915d53c PDF Text Text •'JIG,, ltS'1 •:'J ..'► ·'·,..,_.• I , ... " cr(iisin' . 'I>' l I If" ' r..", ·" . . , >'· : the bookstore with Robert Henry •I l ~·1,,~·:,1,c.,:,: ~A),-.. I Ti i 1 SPRINGWOOD BY LARRY PARR HARD COVER $11.95 PLANTAGENET HOUSE P.O. Box 271 BLACKSHEAR, GEORGIA 31516 Larry Parr 's Springwood is se t du ring the antebellum days in Alabama, but it is not a historical novel. It tells the tale of passionate devotion between two men, but it is not a love story. Springwood is a compelling portrait of beauty and hatred which _traps your att ention from the very first page . The story opens on the auction bl ock on New Orleans ' Market Street. It is here th at we are introduc ed to the central charac ters with which the author presents his picture of humanity . First there is Shawn Taylor , son of Red Taylor , high-spirited but tender and future hei r to Springwood Plan tation . And then there is Jay, the slave buck, rug ged but quick-witted and up for sale. A fateful bond form s between these two men, a bond of trust and respect set in a time of violence and bigotry . In the following pages we are made witness to their dilemma from its sudden beginning through its tragic outcome . l 1\ft.t\ ~ ,. •I ' J:. ,..~ • "': I f' I t' •' '-.~.,4l\-.~,t·~...l:,~· ,. . ~( :.\;_/ , '.-.yt 'r r ""-• -r)t,.,} . , •~f'i._-~•.Jl Admittedly, Springwood can also be read and enjoyed simply for its su rface value, in much the same way that George Orwell 's Animal Farm ca n be viewed as a light fantasy . The photographic descripti ons and provocative dialogue make for a colorful adventure: The sky above was bright blue, not hazy blue of hot summer days, and the air was tinged with the smell of ripening apples from the orchard. The leaves on the trees along the Alabama had dried at the edges weeks earlier, and they swirled to the ground or floated along the river. They rustled under the horse 's hooves, pleasantly crunching, crisp as the air. The edge of the river was pep· pered with fallen leaves, crimson, gold and dust brown . Overhead, naked limbs stretched in the sunshine, preparing for a new cycle of life. But there is more to this novel than an exciting plot. Although the perspective is c learly dated , and the associated views more intense, these attitudes persist . With thi s in mind, we ca n overlook the occasional mistakes in dialect and time reference to see th e author's underlying intention. wh ich is, acco rding to Shawn , that "sometimes yo u have to beat down the truth and hide what's beautiful just to survive. " ·1 v~ PFJJ~!~DnFJ!l~ MONDAY 3-4-1 9 P.M.-CLOSING DANCE DANCE DANCE 12/CRU ISE -· ~I Open Mon -Fr, . Noon-2 00 A M Sat !Ind Sun 6 . 00 p m -2 00 a n, DOWNTOWN! 624 Third Street(?' i:ort) Detroit • 964~- ) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-DouglasDunes_0013 Title A name given to the resource Cruisin' the Bookstore Description An account of the resource Two interior pages of Cruise entertainment publication featuring a "Cruisin' the Bookstore" book review and advertisements for historic LGBTQ bar and nightclubs. The publication features black, white, and bright yellow lettering. The left side of the pamphlet features a horizontal ad which reads: "December is Party Month. Backstreet, 15606 Joy Road, Detroit, 272-8959. 'After Hours' Every Saturday 'Til 5 A.M." The right side features an article entitled "Cruisin' the Bookstore" and a review of the book "Springwood" by Larry Parr. At the bottom of the page is an ad for a dance club called The Parsonage in Detroit. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Douglas (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich) Advertising fliers Pamphlets Gay culture Gay press publications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives