212 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b533094def8d73b9ff3272f207becacc.mp4 b1eeaf39f7018b3ef431df7706c7a984 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9406c11ecdc441af6d4d29523b9de8d7.pdf d10832a8b7f468ee10032eff6354baca PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Kevin Ferrara Interviewer: Dani Davsto Date: September 29, 2021 DD: I’m Dani Devasto and today, September 29, 2021 I have the pleasure of chatting with Kevin Ferrara. Hi Kevin KF: Hey Dani how are you? DD: I’m doing well, How are you? KF: I’m doing well. DD: Alright, Kevin can you tell me where you’re from and where you currently live? KF: Sure, I grew up here in central Pennsylvania, and after doing 20 years in the military I came full circle. Came back here. Right now I live in Wolrich, Pennsylvania, which is, for those that are unfamiliar it’s between State college, home of Penn State, and Williamsport, home of little league baseball. So if you look at a Pennsylvania map I’m almost smack dab in the center. DD: Awesome, and how long have you been in Wolrich? KF: Moved back here a couple years now. I retired from the Air Force in 2017. I grew up in Avis, Pennsylvania which is about 3 or 4 miles down the road from Wolrich. But born and raised here in Pennsylvania, grew up here all my life with the exception of the military. DD: Okay, Thank you. Can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAs in your communities? KF: I absolutely can. I started a volunteer firefighter service here in Pennsylvania in 1988. Foam really wasn’t an issue, the firefighting foam that contains PFAS [Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances] that we found. It really wasn’t being used here in central Pennsylvania. I only became a aware of it and started seeing it in 1991 when I entered the United States Air Force. We went through the DOD [Department of Defense] fire academy at the time. Which was at Son Nhut Air Force Base in Ranto, Illinois. We were exposed to it, slathered in it, ya know, covered in it. It got in our eyes, our ears, our mouth, you know, on our bare skin. And then after I left Cant-or, Son Nhut Air Force Base. My first assignment was Cannon Air Force base in Clovis, New Mexico. And That's getting a lot of attention now because of the dairy farmers, that are �nearby. Their dairy cows are contaminated, the Aquaphor systems are contaminated. And the reason for that because we release each trip firefighting foam that contained PFAS pretty much every day. So I got out for 6 years in 1995, I returned here to Pennsylvania, only to return back to the Air Force in 2001. Different bases I was assigned to. It was the same thing. We used the firefighting foam that has PFAS in it pretty much every day. I eventually got to Langley Air Force Base and their combat command headquarters started seeing some emails about PFAS and everything. But throughout my 20 year career I was exposed to A-trip firefighting foam that we now know contained toxic PFAS. And you know, unfortunately we are learning now that the turnout gear, the firefighter turnout gear, that we wore for all of that time contained PFAS as well, the protective coating. So, firefighters, we got a double dose. There was really no way we could get away from the stuff. And you know, that was my experiences, you know. Either, you know, being physically exposed to it, you know with the products the firefighters use, in the drinking water. You know so, firefighters, we have a larger exposure than what the normal everyday citizen gets. DD: Can you say a little bit more about the, you said that you were using foam almost daily or daily. What kinds of things were you doing or why were you using foam? KF: Sure. So, at Cannon Air Force Base, what we, this is where I got the routine of, they call it an operational check, and all of the airport rescue firefighting vehicles or crash trucks. As a lot of us call them. We would take the trucks on the flight lines, somewhere on the flight line and discharge, and actually turn on the foam system. And discharge foam to make sure the trucks were operational. We did this every day, ya know, 365 days a year. We had 2 shifts. My shift would do it every other day, the other shift would do it every other day. It wouldn’t be, it wouldn’t be a lot, but it added up over time, and this happened at every military installation that had a flying mission. So if you had a crash truck, the crews took the trucks on a flight line or the training areas, somewhere on the installation and discharge foam to just simply make sure it was operational. Aside from that, if we obviously had an emergency, and aircraft incident where we needed to spray foam we would do that. And you know some of the incidents it was copious amounts. We had foam trailers, there was a few incidents, 1,000 gallon foam trailers, where we would have to, employ that and start using that foam, some incidents, depending on the size of the incidents. It would not be uncommon to discharge, hundreds of gallons of foam, concentrate, that was pure foam, into the environment. Training exercises. We would do live fire training, and use copious amounts of foam, to suppress that as well. Because for liquid fuel fire the only way you can put it out is to sit there for hours let it burn out or discharge foam. That would snuff it out and extinguish the fire. And that happened at every installation that had those capabilities. So, you know, Air Force alone there was over 200 plus military installations, just here in the United States. That would do that almost every day. You know. Operations checks you know, monthly live fire training. �DD: You mentioned earlier, drinking water, can you say more about that? KF: Sure, so at Cannon Air Force Base, in- I only learned all this in the past couple years, you know. While I was active duty in the military nobody ever told us about, you know, the hazards you know, with firefighting foam, PFAS, and contamination. And I’ve since learned with drinking water contamination at Cannon Air Force base, like I said, we would discharge the foam every day and that seeped into the aquifer system. At Cannon Air Force base, the city of Clovis, that was a mile down the road from the base, and residents in between. Their drinking water came from wells that pulled water out of these aquifer systems. So the entire time I was at Cannon Air Force base, you know, the four years I was there, I was polluting the aquifer system, and then as unknown to us we were drinking that polluted aquifer. So we were drinking contaminated water. So it came full circle. I don't know if it was karma for us or what [chuckle] you know, I feel guilty. You know. Had i known then there is no way I would have discharged the foam you know. There are so many people, and it’s not just in New Mexico. I mean it’s across the country, Michigan is getting a lot of attention because of the contamination up there. Here in Pennsylvania we just recently learned one-third of the state has PFAS pollution in drinking water. And it's shocking to know that and the more and more research that goes on the more and more water systems we find are polluted with PFAS. DD: How did you, start to learn, that, about PFAS and that is was a problem? KF: Well, like I said, I was at air combat command from 2010 til 2017 when I retired and about 2014 I started seeing a few emails that popped up that had the acronym PFAS in it. So it PFAS, P-F-A-S, and then we say the acronym PFOA, P-F-O-A and PFOS, P-F-O-S. But there was really no other emails or clarification that specified or defined what those acronyms meant. So I sort of just of- I'll be honest, I brushed them off. I like okay, you know, they are talking about it, but there is no other guidance behind it. And after it retired, the environmental working group sort of got in touch with me, through a fellow firefighter, and during some conversations that when they started sending me information the military timelines, of H triple F and PFAS and the more I read through it, I could physically feel my body just start tingling in frustration and anger, in shock and awe because since 1973 I found the military knew about H triple F and that it contained PFAS and it was hazardous. Up until, you know, from that point up until probably a few years ago nobody really said anything. And it was, pretty much left up to me and other firefighters to dig for this information and that's really the only way we found out what PFAS was. Through a network of environmental groups. Fellow firefighters that really started digging into this, and you know it was it was just unbelievable that the foam manufacturers, the military, there was people that knew about this. We as firefighters, we as veterans, we as military personnel were never told about this. And definitely the public was never told about this. Which is, it’s alarming to know, only 50 years this stuff has been going on and only now are we really �scratching the surface of the amount of damage PFAS had caused within our environment, within our communities. DD: So you post retirement, sounds like, you pretty much started kind of uncovering and learning about the situation, and then what for you? KF: Well, I sort of got trust into the whole PFAS and firefighter safety thing. I have no regrets of doing it, you know, like you said you know, I’m retired, I do my own fire service consulting, I do a podcast with firefighter health and safety, and I’ve gotten so much feedback with these firefighters. Not just here in the United States but really across the globe that are impacted by firefighting foam that contains PFAS, turnout gear that contains PFAS, and I’m getting bombarded. And I appreciate it because it is a learning for both me and those that are sending me questions. I’m getting bombarded with questions though. One, what is PFAS, because, you know, it’s simply not out there, and I keep foot stomping education, education, education on what PFAS is. I’m dealing with legislation, I’ve talked to congress you know, participated in some of the hearings down there in DC, on PFAS, for mediation and protection of firefighters. You know. I’m doing surveys, you know, I guess at the end of the day, I'm doing what I’m doing. I’m trying to educate firefighters, protecting them, because really nobody in, I’ll say leadership, you know, the government entities, it simply doesn’t seem that they are doing enough, if anything at all to really educated and protect firefighters. So, you know, like I said before I got nothing to lose as a retiree. I got a lot of time on my hands, so you know. I’m happy to go ahead and-and do all the-the behind the scenes effort to help firefighters. Cause the last thing I want them to do is worry about, what is PFAS, what their health and safety when they are on the job. They got to focus on the job and not worry about, you know, these other things. You know. If I can let them focus on their job and then on their off days get them spun up on what PFAS is, then that’s what I’m happy to do. DD: I mean there's already so much risk in firefighting though. {chuckle} KF: Yeah, that's what I tell everybody. You know, firefighting is inherently dangerous, we know that. You know, but the products that were supplied to us, you know, the firefighting foam and the turnout gear. The last thing we expected is the products we used to perform our jobs were actually harming us. You know, we know going into a burning building, you know going into a hazardous material situation it’s going to be risky like you said. But you know for god sakes provide us with some products, some equipment that isn't going to harm us before we get to the incident scene. DD: Yeah, It sounds like PFAS is really impacting your life in multiple ways. Both, you know, personally and through your work as you worked with the foam and the gear. But also now it’s �shaping your life and the activities that you are doing. The service and leadership you are providing. KF: It has. I’ll be honest, when I retired, I did 20 years in the military, 20 years in the air force and I was ready to hang up firefighting. You know I was like, I did it and I was like let me move onto something else. And then, I got involved with a local volunteer department down here and then of course that the PFAS issue came up and it brought me, it sort of sucked me back in. And like I said I have no regrets of doing it, I’m actually excited, you know, to be able to help. But it is, it’s a life changing issue. I got some health concerns with my exposure, not as bad as a lot of the firefighters I’ve talked to. PFAS whether it’s physically impact, mentally impact, its causing people to think and rethink the way they operate and the way they live. DD: What concerns do you have about PFAS contamination moving forward? KF: You know, I’ve always said until you cut off the source of contamination you can’t fix the problem. You know. The problem being that PFAS contamination is ongoing. You know. Remediation efforts are years down the road. There's still a lot of research and testing going on. Until you cut off that source of contamination you really can’t start doing anything else. And now with firefighters, the DOD they are now looking at replacing the fluorinated foams with the non-fluorinated foams they have to do that by 1 October 2023. Which is fiscal year 24, but that's, I've always said, that time frame, that gap in there, you still have firefighters and nonpersonnel still being exposed to fluorinated foam. It’s still in use. A lot of the volunteer departments, the municipal departments are not getting a lot of the conversation with this. A lot of focus on military with DOD and federal level, but the same foam, the same turnout gear is being used within our municipal, fire departments or local communities. And that is where is a lot of the exposure is occurring. So I think going forward education is number 1. Getting people informed with that, meeting with their local leaders, local fire departments and really pushing the issue and saying look, we have to cut off the source, and then go from there. DD: What kinds of advice do you give to people who are active still in firefighting, when they learn about PFAS, but then they ask then what now? KF: The first piece of advice that I tell them is personal protection. Don’t rely on others, you know, and that goes for everybody, is that, your personal safety starts with you. In terms of your situational awareness, if you are around the foam, make sure you have proper, you know, personal proper protective equipment on, gloves, you know, certain clothing, definitely eye, you know, eye protection. Don’t for the volunteer firefighters that take their turnout gear home, I can’t stress this enough, don’t take it, and put it in your vehicle. A lot of firefighters will just put it in their truck, on top of the gear, on top of the PFAS, obviously, you know is the soot and other products or combustion that absorbs into the turnout gear. So, you know, I tell them all of that as �you transfer, gets onto your clothes, your skin then they take it home and now you have crossed contaminated your home. You know, that with fire fighters that live in the fire station. The same thing. Don’t wash your personal clothing with, you know, your duty clothing, your work uniforms and everything. You know, it’s really a matter of, you know, just taking personal precautions, wash your hands, use gloves when you using turnout gear, don’t use turnout gear if you don’t have to, obviously we can’t get away from that as firefighters. But if you don’t have to put it on, don’t put it on. It’s that simple. Showers, after every call, take a shower and wash all of those contaminates off because we’ve learned that turnout gear especially is creates what is called PFAS dust. And you may not see that, and you know it covers the inside of the truck, it gets absorbed into the air condition systems, and it just, like I said you know just, situation awareness is the big thig. Be aware of your surroundings. Be aware of what you are using and then personal hygiene, decontamination procedures and then go from there. If you are worried about the drinking water, look at different filtration systems that are out there. Now there's only a few that’ll filter out PFAS and there are a little expensive, you know. But, again talk to your- I would say talk to your local water suppliers in the community, and say hey are you testing for PFAS? Are you filtering for PFAS? If there not, you know, it's a judgement call. You may want to look at bottled water. I know the military handed out bottled water to some communities because of the PFAS contamination. It's tough, we could go on and on and on and talk about what should be done and you know, what needs to be done, what's not done, but at the end of the day, you know like I said, it comes down to, you know, everybody is responsible for their own safety and to do their homework. That's a big thing, you know, research on this. DD: Are there particular things on your agenda, your next steps, or things that you're looking towards? KF: Yeah. There are a few pieces of legislation, right now, that I'm trying to get pushed. There's the Mike Elestic Firefighting Protection Act. Um. And that pretty much talks about military firefighters, and with PFAS contamination. Cause I worked with Mike, I had a little bit of a crossover with Mike who's a former Air Force firefighter and then he went as a DOD civilian firefighter. So that’s sort of near and dear to my heart. There’s a Neil Hogan piece of legislation out there as well, for federal firefighters. We're just trying to get, whether it’s local, state, or federal officials to really get involved in this to make this a priority. It should be a bipartisan matter, but it seems like it’s not. There’s you know. You know there’s as with any piece of legislation there’s back and forth on it but at the end of the day for me, you know, I’m really passionate about this, put all your differences aside and look at the big picture and say hey, this is a health and safety issue. Not just for firefighters, for everybody, Americans, people overseas, cause it's a global issue. It's, you know, not just an isolated issue. Then really you know, personally just educating firefighters. You know, I'm an instructor here in the state of Pennsylvania, so, you know, I’m working with the state fire academy to push this out more, and more, and educate firefighters. Obviously with my podcast you know. I do that. Any opportunity �I get to talk about this, you know, I get excited about this because it, that tells me that this topic is getting the attention that it needs to. So that's where I am today. The more I can talk about it the better. DD: From an education standpoint, do you find that this is something that, is being included in instruction and education, that these kinds of topics? Or is this something that is maybe, is still coming or could be included more? KF: Depending on where you're at. Here in Pennsylvania, you know, I had the pleasure of working with the state fire academy on their administrator on a PFAS awareness program. It’s a short program, its baby steps, it's the first step towards getting to the bigger picture. I don’t believe the department of defense is really doing much. They sent out a few fact sheets, a few brochures. I’m not really sure what they're doing at the DOD fire academy. I think they do mention it a little bit but it's not getting the attention it really needs to. Like I said within the volunteer fire service community, you know, its hard getting, you know first and foremost, its hard getting training with volunteer firefighters, simply because of funding. But they get the word out, it's a challenge. And I say that because for the longest time firefighters have been using foam and there's a big misconception that foam is safe. You know, it's simply soap and water. There’s nothing wrong with it and it's time to get that mentality out of the fire service and educate them and prove to them that, no, firefighting foam that contains PFAS isn’t soap and water. It's actually harmful, it's actually toxic. But I found that once you change the mentality, once you open their eyes and ears to it, they're more receptive then, you know, they sort of lean in and their like hmm maybe, you know, there is something to be concerned about here. But that’s the biggest challenge, is getting the word out and educating folks. I wish every state fire academy across the United States would incorporate, similar programs that they have here in Pennsylvania. Overseas they’re starting to do that, it's gaining a lot of attention. I know in Australia they have a really great program. They got rid of, you know, a lot of the PFAS foams. So there is some success stories out there. I just wish it would reverberate across the oceans and you know, where everybody would be on the same page but unfortunately were not there yet. DD: Well it sounds like you’re working to make that happen. KF: I’m trying {laughs} I’m doing the best I can. {chuckle} DD: Well, Kevin, before I wrap up, is there anything else that you would like to add or anything you would like to go back to and say more about? KF: The big thing is, you know, like I said with the water contamination, I would just encourage your audience members to reach out to their local community leadership and start asking the questions. Be like, hey, you know, PFAS is on the radar, we heard a lot about it in the media, �What are we doing locally? Don’t be afraid to ask questions. And you know, especially for the firefighters out there don't be afraid to ask questions. Because at the end of the day, like I said before you know, health and safety is the big thing and if you don't ask the questions you're never going to know the answer. And you’re never going to know if those that are responsible are doing what they should be doing to protect those they serve. You know, with news media, any type of media, please pick up on this and talk about it cause the, you know almost with any topic, the more and more you talk about it, the more and more people listen to, and you know, as they start uniting. That coalition, that network becomes stronger and stronger. As a team, that's where we all come together and get rid of PFAS. Or at least, you know, regulate it and minimize exposure. Because I don’t think we will ever get rid of PFAS but you know at the very least we need to minimize unnecessary exposure to it. The other thing is PFAs blood testing. That’s something that I’m really pushing for right now is PFAS blood testing cause we really don’t know what's in our body unless you test for it. Something that I found with firefighters is that they have high levels of PFAS in their blood. Unfortunately there is no magic pill to get rid of it. But that’ll tell us, do we need to, you know, it's almost a threshold. The EPA said 70 parts per trillion of PFAS in drinking water but if we see elevated levels of PFAS in firefighters blood, then we can say, okay let's get you away from PFAS so we don’t add to that. You know unfortunately it has a huge half-life so it’s going to take a while. And that's something a lot of firefighters have contacted me about is their medical concerns. If I have a high level of PFAS am I going to get cancer? Am I going to get some other medical illness? And that's a big concern, and it goes back to what I said before, is that. I don't want to see firefighters focusing on that and getting hurt on the job because their mind is elsewhere. You know, worrying about am I going to get sick, is my family going to get sick. There's a lot of work to do, you know, with PFAS, I appreciate you getting involved in this. And many others cause like I said I mean, the more people involved the more attention is going to get, and I think the faster action is going to be taken to protect citizens, fire fighters, everybody that either is or could potentially be exposed to PFAS. DD: Yeah absolutely. Thank you so much Kevin for taking the time to share your story and experiences today. KF: Great, like I said before I appreciate the invite. Thank you, Thank you. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0031 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ferarra, Kevin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-09-29 Title A name given to the resource Kevin Ferrara, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Kevin Ferrera grew up in central Pennsylvania and returned there after spending 20 years in the military. Kevin discusses his work exposure to PFAS through firefighting foam used on air force bases. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/be104c379c02f7f4aac936d2296104c0.mp4 6e5565dc5fb0a867bf1a0ecc85c21fca https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0c727892593e3e4eb85db2f4996a8349.pdf 52e054986a3a2bd975606aa04cf5e066 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Daniele Fernandez Yugoslav War/Peacetime/War in Afghanistan 50 minutes 21 seconds (00:00:10) Early Life -Born on May 28, 1977 in Brooklyn, New York -Both of his parents were from the Dominican Republic -His father owned a series of supermarkets and then a restaurant -His parents divorced when he was young -He has two brothers and three sisters -He is the oldest sibling -Three of his cousins served in the military -Prior to enlisting he was working as a deliveryman in Lower Manhattan (00:01:37) Enlisting in the Army and Basic Training -He was married to his (now) ex-wife who was pregnant -He decided that joining the Army would allow for him to provide for his family -He chose the Army based on its employment opportunities -He decided to go into the medical field -He was nervous about going into the Army -His family members that served tried to prepare him for it though -Learned that teamwork was key for success in basic training -He joined on October 1, 1997 in Brooklyn, New York -At the time the Yugoslav Wars were being fought -He was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma for basic training -During his time there his training platoon was getting a new drill sergeant every two weeks -There was a program where reservists were getting cycled to learn how to train soldiers -This meant that the drill sergeants were always tough and unrelenting (00:05:02) Advanced Individual Training -He was sent to Fort Sam Houston, Texas for ten weeks of combat medic AIT -The training consisted of learning basic emergency medical skills -How to set up an IV and give shots -How to assess trauma -How to transport wounded -Received some training by working in a ward -Learned how to give medicine through an IV (00:06:03) Adjusting to the Army -It was challenging to come from a big city -He was already tough from living in New York which helped some -Had to learn how to work with people from different states or even different countries -Learned that the more you worked with different people the more social you become -The biggest adjustment was adapting to working and living with different people (00:07:03) Overview of First Enlistment -He was sent to Bamberg, Germany where he served with the 82nd Engineer Battalion �-He was assigned to work as a combat medic -He would work on base and also went out into the field to aid companies on maneuvers -He remembers the first time that he went to Kosovo -He remembers when he got to Kosovo an EOD demolition was scheduled for that day -He was in a mess hall and no one knew there knew that it was scheduled for that day -When they heard the explosion everyone thought they were under attack -It was difficult to adjust to living in Germany compared to living in America (00:09:05) Deployment to Kosovo -During his time with the 82nd Engineer Battalion he was deployed to Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo -Remembers that Kosovo was much different than Germany -He was stuck on a base as opposed to being allowed to explore the area like in Germany -If he was allowed to leave the base movement was restricted -Being kept on the base strengthened the sense of camaraderie -There was fear that local forces might attack the base -The base had Blackhawk, Apache, and Kiowa helicopters as well as tanker aircraft -There were forces on the base from Spain and the United Arab Emirates -Navy Seabees were building up the base and the surrounding area at the time (00:10:50) Working in Kosovo -Remembers that a Special Forces Humvee hit a landmine in the Russian sector -The mission was to look for and mark where unexploded ordnance was -They would have to explain to children that certain areas were not safe to go to -Remembers that two children didn’t listen and were killed as a result -Remembers an M113 armored personnel carrier lost its brakes and almost went over a cliff -He was out doing a recon mission and their vehicle broke down -They were stuck in the field for two days -Fortunately a Kosovar family took them in while they waited for help -Some of the men in the motor pool got hurt by falling objects -Remembers a lieutenant got hit in the head by a falling light and had a concussion -He remembers treating a wounded Serbian national -His job as a combat medic was to do preliminary treatment and stabilize wounded personnel -There was an incident where some UN workers were fired upon by Kosovar militants -Two men were wounded and he was sent to treat them -It was the first time that he ever treated someone in an emergency setting (00:14:24) Working in Germany -When he was in Germany a sergeant was working underneath a vehicle and the jack collapsed -It landed on his chest and trapped him underneath it -Surprisingly he only had to spend a night in the hospital -While in Germany a soldier was mauled by a wild boar and he treated that -There weren’t any emergency situations while he was stationed in Bamberg (00:15:20) Downtime and Memories -His fondest memories are of the camaraderie when he was serving in Europe -He had a lot of fun when he was stationed in Germany -Did the same things that you would do in college, just in a different setting -In Kosovo, on Saturdays the base would have a “Caribbean Night” -He enjoyed that because of his own Dominican heritage �(00:16:30) Reenlisting and Working at Fort Jackson -After his enlistment was up he reenlisted and was stationed at Fort Jackson, South Carolina -He started off working in the family practice in the fort’s hospital -After that he moved on to working in the Troop Medical Clinic -Consisted of treating soldiers that were wounded during basic training -Working in a hospital was stressful, but it was also mundane -It didn’t feel like being in the Army, it felt more like a regular 9-5 job -This improved a little bit when he was transferred to the Troop Medical Clinic -He would go out to training sites to be prepared in case someone got wounded -It felt like being back in the field, but it still wasn’t the same -Dehydration was a common problem for the recruits -Head injuries were another common occurrence -Recruits would also get hurt on the obstacle course and during hand-hand combat training -Most of the soldiers were young and inexperienced -This meant that if they got an otherwise small injury it might scare them more -Example: One recruit got dehydrated, passed out, and then went into shock -An older soldier would have woken up, drank some water, and been fine -During his time at Fort Jackson there were two casualties due to heat stroke -This caused a change of protocol to ensure that that didn’t happen again -He did enjoy getting to see old friends from Bamberg coming through Fort Jackson -They were training to be drill sergeants, chaplains, or administrators -After Fort Jackson he got out of the Army (00:22:30) Deployments during Reenlistment -When he reenlisted he was sent to Bosnia, Sinai Peninsula (in Egypt), and Afghanistan -He was sent to Bosnia before the September 11th Attacks -Most likely in July and August of 2001 -He was working in an emergency room on the base -He was also going out and setting up free clinics to treat civilians -He was sent to the Sinai Peninsula after Bosnia -It was his first time experiencing the desert -He was on an outpost for thirty days -Consisted of doing nothing but lifting weights or watching TV (00:24:10) Deployment to Afghanistan -He was deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation: Anaconda -The tour lasted four months -He was in the Battle of Takur Ghar -Arrived in March 2002 -There were no bases at the time so they had to fly out of Kandahar Air Base -He was with Alpha Company 187th Infantry Regiment “Rakkasans” 101st Airborne Division -It was an intense deployment -They would have to fly into valleys in Chinook helicopters -The helicopters were loud so the enemy knew that they were coming -He was a frontline medic -He treated friendly and enemy wounded -It was fast paced and put his combat medic skills to the test �(00:26:17) Fighting in Afghanistan -When you’re in combat your fight or flight reflex kicks in -You’re always on alert which was difficult to turn off after coming home -Had to accept the things that he could control and the things that he couldn’t -Has since lived with the guilt of choosing who could be saved and who couldn’t be -It was difficult to treat wounded enemy combatants -Sometimes they even tried to fight back while you treated them -Had to let go of his ego and treat them anyway as per the Rules of Engagement (00:29:37) Getting Wounded -During his time in the Army he suffered a number of concussions -Two concussions were while he was setting up a tent in Germany and a beam fell on his head -He sustained an explosive concussion while he was on a blasting range -Another explosive concussion while he was on the AT-4 (anti-tank weapon) range -You were supposed to wait an hour between each shot that was fired -You were also only supposed to do four shots in one day -He did not do this -In Afghanistan he was resting his head on a boulder and a rocket propelled grenade hit it -The force was so strong that it knocked him away from the boulder -He fell down a hill a couple times during firefights and hit his head on the way down (00:32:50) Relationships in Afghanistan -He made bonds with the soldiers that he served with there -It wasn’t as strong as it would have been if he had deployed with the 82nd Engineers -Although the bond wasn’t as strong he still came to trust those he served with (00:33:45) Downtime in Afghanistan -There was some recreation at the Kandahar Air Base -Able to play soccer and basketball -You could watch television or go on the internet if you brought a laptop with you -Kandahar was still very basic in 2002 though -If you didn’t bring something with you, then you didn’t have much to do -For a lot of soldiers it was their first deployment and didn’t know what to bring -During downtime everyone basically kept to themselves (00:34:49) Contact with Family -When he was deployed to Afghanistan he didn’t tell his family that he was going there -They would have suffered too much from worry -The only person he told was his cousin, but even then he kept the details vague -Told her that he was doing medical training in the region -He sent letters, but never called while he was in Afghanistan -He told them that he was just training -When he got back from his deployment he finally told his family where he was -His family was upset for a while, but eventually got over it (00:36:47) End of Service -On October 26, 2003 he was discharged from the Army -He left the Army with the rank of specialist -When he left the Army the Iraq War was raging -The insurgency was becoming more intense -A lot of soldiers were disenfranchised with the Bush Administration and the war �-He didn’t want to deploy with people who didn’t believe in the war -He didn’t agree with the idea of fighting two wars at once -He felt that the only protest he could do was to not reenlist -He didn’t want to risk his life for the Iraq War -He would have stayed if Iraq had been after Afghanistan -He didn’t agree with the strategy for fighting in Iraq (00:39:14) Coming Home & Life after the War -His family welcomed him home from the Army with open arms and love -Shortly after leaving the Army he began to have problems with post-traumatic stress disorder -His family didn’t understand what he was going through -In general, the community welcomed him home positively -He was thanked by strangers for having served -Some people were antagonistic about it though -He just learned to take it in stride and ignore it -Feels that he fought so that people could have those kinds of opinions -The first years back into the civilian world were difficult to adjust to -He felt like he didn’t fit in -Also felt a sense of entitlement for having risked his life for the country -When he went back to work he looked for places that employed other veterans -Worked better in an environment that was military oriented -He didn’t feel comfortable being in a corporate setting -He now works for a biohazard cleanup company with former police officers and other veterans -Enjoys the work because it’s similar to how the Army worked -All of his friends are veterans -He stays in contact with those that he served with -He is now a member of the Student Veterans of Broward College in Fort Lauderdale, Florida -Also part of the American Legion and the Disabled American Veterans (00:46:05) Reflections on Service -The Army made him more goal oriented -He does everything step by step -It taught him to be patient, to see the value of life, and the value of living in America -He learned not to be so materialistic -He is now more family oriented -Taught him how to discipline his son better -War should be the last option -If war is the only solution then plan it and think about it carefully -Feels that Iraq was rushed into without a concrete plan -Feels that the U.S. strategy made the insurgency and terrorism worse -Feels that our lives are so wrapped up in materialism that we lose focus of what is important -We forgot that time is finite and needs to be used well, by citizens and politicians � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FernandezD1729V Title A name given to the resource Fernandez, Daniele (Interview outline and video), 2015 Description An account of the resource Daniele Fernandez was born to Dominican immigrants in 1977 in Brooklyn, New York. In 1997, hee enlisted in the Army and was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma for basic training and Fort Sam Houston, Texas for combat medic training. During his first enlistment he was sent to Bamberg, Germany where he joined the 82nd Engineer Battalion and was also deployed to Kosovo during that time to Camp Bondsteel. He reenlisted and was based out of Fort Jackson, South Carolina where he worked on the base, but was also deployed. He was sent to Bosnia, the Sinai Peninsula, and to Afghanistan in March 2002 where he took part in Operation: Anaconda with the 187th Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fernandez, Daniele Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Vega, Nikki (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-02-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/306e421988b268c891189e6580b586ad.pdf 326b5631c3e14940613f23a3a07d8623 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-4386 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Caleb B. Smith from Wm. P. Fessenden recommending Mr. John E. Sherman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869 Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 United States--Politics and government--19th century Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869 Smith, Caleb B. (Caleb Blood), 1808-1864 Description An account of the resource Letter to Secretary of the Interior, Caleb B. Smith from U.S. Senator from Maine, William P. Fessenden recommending Mr. John E. Sherman for a clerkship. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/512de0c2fbf48375bcfb8050761f04c0.m4v d5b4439250e76137a05c1815995603ab https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1c106802744a02352d7c6210853ec0aa.pdf 0e68cc9612006380fc0ccab6af5bbd8d PDF Text Text Fidler, Merrie Grand Valley State University All American Girls Professional Baseball League Veterans History Project Interviewee’s Name: Merrie Fidler Length of Interview: (01:35:18) Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Chelsea Chandler Interviewer: “Okay, so, Merrie, just a little bit of background on you. Where and when were you born?” I was born in Weed, California, which is about ninety miles south of the Oregon border, on October 31st, 1943. Interviewer: “All right. Now did you grow up in northern California?” Yes, I grew up about—Well, in Dunsmuir, California, which is about thirty miles south of Weed, and then when I was seven, I moved to the Redding area, which is about fifty miles south of Dunsmuir. So all in the northern California area. (1:00) Interviewer: “All right, and what did your family do for a living when you were growing up?” My dad was a conductor on the railroad. Dunsmuir was a turnaround for the SP in northern California. And my mother didn’t work. And she just—Well, wasn’t just a housekeeper, but, you know, she raised us kids. Interviewer: “She wasn’t paid. She worked, but she wasn’t paid.” She worked, but she wasn’t paid. Yeah. Interviewer: “Right. Okay, and when did you finish high school?” I finished high school in June of 1961. Interviewer: “Okay, and then what did you do once you graduate?” Well, when I graduated, I went to college, and I started out at a junior college in the Redding area. And then I decided to go to a bible college in Los Angeles, and I was there three years. And I decided that I wasn’t sure I wanted to be a teacher. (2:00) So I quit school and landed in the Sacramento area where my sister lived and got a job as a secretary at the PE department at the University of California at Davis, which is just outside of Sacramento. 1 �Fidler, Merrie Interviewer: “Okay. Now in your early life, did you play sports, or did you get out a lot, or did you develop that interest later?” No. My dad and brothers—I had two brothers, and they were eight and ten years older than I. And my dad was a rabid Yankees fan. And so we listened to Yankees games on the radio from as early as I can remember. And my dad and two brothers played on a city league team when my brothers got old enough to do that. And I remember as about a four-year-old going to the city park every Sunday afternoon or to one of the neighboring city parks to watch Dad or the boys play baseball. And so I grew up with sports, and as soon as I went to school, I played ball on the playgrounds. And my brothers had played catch with me as I grew up and showed an interest. And so when I was in the first grade, I was out on the playground playing with the older kids, and they were sometimes amazed that I could hit the ball almost as well as they could. So I grew up playing volleyball, basketball, and softball through school. Interviewer: “Okay. Well, when you were training to be a teacher, were you training to do PE or just general elementary or something else?” (4:04) I trained to—I majored in physical education and planned to teach either high school or college. Interviewer: “Okay. And so you got sort of sidetracked, but now we’ve gotten you—You’re now working as a secretary in the PE department, and then how do you move on from there? I mean, eventually you get more education.” Well, I—My office was right above the swimming pool, and I worked for the—I did work for several of the coaches as well as the intramural sports program. And one day I was looking at the swimming coach, and I’m watching him coach the swimming team, and I thought, “You know, I don’t think I want to be a secretary the rest of my life.” So I went back to school and got my BA and teaching credential, and a flyer came across the desk for a job at—for an intramural assistant at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. And I was graduating—getting my teaching credential at the end of that semester, and so—And I was very familiar with intramurals, having done all of the administrative stuff for it, and also while I was back at school, I had gone to working as an intramural assistant part-time. And I flew back and had an interview, and they hired me. And when I was there, I could work on a master’s degree as a staff member without a lot of expense, and I thought, “Well, I should take advantage of that opportunity.” And I did, and at that time UMass Amherst had a sport history track in the physical education master’s degree program. (6:08) And science was never one of my strong points, so I opted for the sport history. And I took a course called “American Women in Sport” as part of that. Interviewer: “Okay. Now what year was that?” And that was in 1971. And part of the assignment for that course was to go through the Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature and find all of the articles dealing with American women in sport that we could. And in the process of that, I found a little 1943 Time magazine article about a women’s professional softball league created by Philip Wrigley. Well, I knew about Philip Wrigley, and I thought, “Boy, I’ve been playing softball all these years, and I never heard about this league.” Of course, I was way off on the West coast, and this was in the Midwest. So I talked 2 �Fidler, Merrie to one of my doctoral student colleagues and asked him, “You know, how would I find out more about this league?” And he said, “Well, why don’t you write to the league city newspaper sports editors and see if there’s anybody around that remembers anything?” And so at that time I only knew that there were four teams in the league, and so I wrote. And the sports editor from South Bend—his name was Joe Boland—he had been the scorekeeper and also a—on the board of the South Bend Blue Sox team. And he responded and said, “Well, you need to get in touch with Jean Faut Winsch,” who I learned later was one of the best overhand pitchers in the league. (8:11) And so I contacted her and asked her if I could stop and interview her on the way home from Christmas vacation that year. And she said yes, and so I did that. And in the process of interviewing her, she brought out nine three-inch-wide binders of league and team board meeting minutes that one of the directors—one of the presidents of the South Bend team had put together. And I looked through those, and I said, “You know, Jean, there’s no way I can do justice to these on a weekend. Would you trust me to take them with me?” And bless her heart. She did. And I used those. There was a lot of information, especially the league board meeting minutes. A lot of information in those that I was able to use in the book. And that was the starting point of my research, and so I wound up doing my master’s degree—my master’s thesis on the—Well, my thesis is entitled, “The Development and Decline of the All-American Girls Baseball League.” Interviewer: “Okay, and what kind of range of research did you do for the thesis? I mean, you had her materials. Did you contact other people or other teams or things like that?” Well, while I was at South Bend, Jean arranged interviews with me for—with Chet Grant who had been a manager of the South Bend team, with Lucille Moore who had been a chaperone, with Ed DesLauriers who had been a business manager, and with Lucille Moore who had been a chaperone, and also with Lib Mahon and Betsy Jochum who still lived in South Bend and had been players. (10:10) And so I interviewed them, and in the process of the interview with Chet Grant, he said, “Well, you ought to get in touch with Arthur Meyerhoff.” And at that time I didn’t know who Arthur Meyerhoff was, but Chet said, “Well, he worked with Wrigley and getting the league started, and he ran the league for a few years.” And he gave me his contact information. And so I wrote a letter to Mr. Meyerhoff and asked if I could arrange an interview with him. And I believe that was the next Christmas vacation. I went home to California, and he lived down by San Diego and was there at that time. And so I drove down and interviewed him, and in the course of the conversation, he said, “Well, you know, you really ought to come to my office at the Wrigley building in Chicago and go through my files.” And so I believe it was the next summer—It may have been two summers. I don’t recall at the moment. But the following summer I went to his office in the Chicago building. I spent a week or eight-hour days going through his files on the All-American League, and it was really nice because he had this nice, big desk in his office, you know, and his secretaries would bring file drawers in to me, and I’d go through them. And he let me copy things, and if there were extra copies of things, I could take one. And so I just kind of fell into a lot of wonderful primary material for my thesis. (12:08) Interviewer: “So what was the reaction of these people as you’re contacting them? Were they surprised anyone was interested? Did they think it was about time?” They were mostly surprised, you know, and the common question is, “Well, why are you researching this lady?” And I said, “Well, I just was fascinated by the fact that there was this 3 �Fidler, Merrie professional softball league that I had never heard of.” And I had always played softball and, you know, been a baseball fan, and so it just captured my interest. Interviewer: “Okay, now you—So did it take sort of several years to do the thesis, or…?” Yes, I was working full-time and taking classes part-time, and in the meantime I had moved to St. Paul, Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota where I got another job as an intramural sports assistant. And the reason I moved from UMass to Minnesota was because the professor I was working closely with had gotten a job there, and I wanted to finish up my work with him. And that was beneficial because in one of the PE department meetings, they had the intramural folks in there, too, and so some of the women on the PE staff, you know, got together and were talking. And so I gravitated there, and so they asked me what I was doing my thesis on, and I said, “Well, I’m doing it on the All-American Girls Baseball League.” (14:00) And unbeknownst to me, Nancy Mudge Cato, who had played in the league, was there in that group and said, “Oh, I played in that league.” And so I got to interview her, and she then put me in touch with Jean Cione who was working at the University of Michigan who I later arranged to interview, too. So that’s kind of how I met some of the players that I was able to interview. Interviewer: “Okay, now at the time you’re doing this work in the 70s, was there any kind of organization? Did the players have an association then?” No, they didn’t. They were all—A lot of them were kind of freshly retired, but they hadn’t—And they kept in touch with individuals, but there was no group organization. But I had contacted— been able to contact Marilyn Jenkins in Michigan, and she had put me in touch with June Peppas who was also in Michigan and a couple of other players. And it was fortunate that I had a contact with June Peppas. When I finished my thesis, I sent a copy of it to all of the players that I had interviewed, and so Marilyn obviously got a copy of it. And she shared it with June, and June wrote me a letter one time and said, “Would it be all right—”And June was a printer. And she asked if it would be okay if she made copies of it and shared it with other players, and I said, “Sure.” Because I was happy to get it out there, you know. And then it was June—And I don’t know if my thesis was the stimulant or not or had a part in it, but June was the one who started the newsletter with the purpose of having a national reunion. (16:13) And so I always like to think that my thesis had a little bit to do with it, but I don’t know that it did. Interviewer: “Okay. Yeah. When did they have their first reunion?” Their first reunion was in 1982. It was July of 1982. Interviewer: “Okay, and then can I go back, I guess, to your career trajectory? Okay, you’ll finish the thesis. Now do you go on to an academic position at that point, or what do you do next?” Well, when I was just about to finish writing my thesis, my dad had a serious heart attack, and so I told my mom I’d come home and help out. And she says, “Don’t you come before you finish that thesis.” Because she knew that once I got away that I probably wouldn't. And so I said, “Okay. I’ll finish it this summer and then come home.” And so I did that. And she was a realtor, 4 �Fidler, Merrie and I helped her out in her office for a little bit and did substitute teaching. And through the substitute teaching, I got a job at a high school nearby—Anderson Union High School—and taught there for twenty-seven years and retired in 2003. Interviewer: “Okay. Now you did eventually, I guess—Let’s back up a little bit. So you had made your contacts with the league. So then did you continue to stay in touch with those people and communicate with them?” Yeah, I did. I was able to attend that first reunion and met some more of the players there, and I even spoke to the group about my dream—was that they would establish a centralized location for their memorabilia and documents and stuff like that. (18:15) And Dottie Collins was there, and she wrote me later that she shared that dream. And so she, you know, asked me if I was going to do anything about that. And I was in California, and I said, “No, it would be better if you did that someplace that was centralized to the league.” And so the players started getting together then in little mini reunions and started talking about, you know, what to do, and then Sharon Roepke had kind of a similar experience to mine. She heard about the league from a friend and went to the Hall of Fame to find out more and found out that the Hall of Fame didn’t have anything. And so then she made it her objective to get the Hall of Fame to recognize the league, and in the process she asked me for a copy of my thesis, which I gave her. But she was able to travel to the different cities where players were, and she located them through the phone books and tax records and that sort of thing. And she actually traveled to where they were to interview them and all. And then they started having mini reunions together. And in one of those mini reunions, Ruth Davis from South Bend—she had been a bat girl for the Blue Sox and had a contract to play in the 1955 season, and, of course, the league ended in 1954—but she was at that meeting, and she said, “Well, let’s have a national reunion.” (20:30) And everybody said, “Well, that’s a good idea, but it’s going to be a lot of work.” And Ruth said, “Well, it can’t be too hard.” And she arranged the first reunion. Well, when they all got together then—And then they started talking about being recognized in the Hall of Fame, and Sharon Roepke was at that first reunion and started, you know, stirring the pot for that. Well, they finally were able to do that and get the league recognized in the fall of 1988, and I was able to go to that reunion. And then, of course, they started the newsletter, and I wrote some little articles for the newsletter. And then when the Players Association organized, you know, I always paid dues so I could keep the newsletters coming. And I wasn’t able to go to any other reunions because most of them were held in the fall of the year when I teaching and coaching. But when I retired in 2003, I said, “Well, one of the things I want to do is go to another All-American reunion.” And that year the reunion was in Syracuse, New York, and one of the—And that’s where I met Jane Moffet, who was on the board of directors at the time, and Dolly White. (22:09) And Jane and Dolly encouraged me to see if I could get my thesis published because they had read it. And so one of the activities we did during that reunion was to go to the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown and see the women in baseball display there and some other things, of course. And so I talked to the research librarian there, Tim Wiles, and asked him if he knew any publishers that I could approach with my thesis. And he recommended a couple. And so I wrote to McFarland, and they agreed to publish it. So I did some additional research on the Players Association at that point because I was impressed with how much they had come together and some of the things they had accomplished. And so I added more information, and then, in the meantime, I’d been in contact with other players and so I incorporated some information from interviewing them. 5 �Fidler, Merrie Interviewer: “Because the book itself seems pretty comprehensive at least to the outsider. It’s certainly valuable when you’re trying to make a documentary about the subject. But yeah. Because you cover very carefully the history of the league in a lot of dimensions and what’s going on, and so it’s sort of the starting point for anybody doing research. Occasionally, some of my own students. Yeah, so we appreciate your having done that. Now there were some other things getting published. So Sharon Roepke—Did she have a book, too?” She had a small book—more pamphlet-sized—that she did on the history of the league. (24:02) But she didn’t do a big one. Her focus after the players were recognized by the Hall of Fame was in making baseball cards for the players, and so she started that effort. Interviewer: “Right. Okay, and then one of the, I guess, sons or nephews of one of the players made his own documentary back in the 80s.” Yeah, Kelly Candaele. Interviewer: “And that, in turn—Now was that what got Penny Marshall’s attention originally?” Yes, that was aired on PBS at least in the Los Angeles area and maybe nationally. I’m not for sure. But an assistant of Penny Marshall’s saw it, and Penny Marshall was a big Yankees fan also. Baseball fan. And she saw it and then decided that she wanted to make a movie of it. And that process went in a little bit of a roundabout way, but eventually she wound up as director of A League of Their Own. Interviewer: “Okay, and what kind of impact did the film have on the association?” Well, in one fell swoop, it informed the United States and Canada and the rest of the world as it went to those countries that there was a women’s professional baseball league that existed during World War II. And the film was pretty historically accurate. There were some scenes that were entertainment, but it was fairly historically accurate. And it was well-done. (26:04) And it captured the interest of anybody who went to see it. And it became one of those films that you go back and see again and again, and when it’s on TV, you watch it again. And so—And it’s still, you know—You ask somebody if they’ve seen A League of Their Own. They go, “Oh, yes, that was one of my favorite movies.” Interviewer: “Yeah, yeah, and even a lot of younger people have seen it, so it’s still—It has legs, if you will.” And I’ve heard that there’s a possibility they’ll start showing it again on the big screen. Interviewer: “Okay. Let’s see. Now did the film—Did that bring in more of the former players to the association?” 6 �Fidler, Merrie Well, what it did is it made people aware of them, and then they started talking about—to others that they had been players in that league. And yes, it was baseball, not softball. And then they began getting the recognition that they should have had much earlier. And people began seeking autographs. They were invited to Major League parks to throw out the first pitch. And people began having, you know—Local baseball and softball teams would ask them to come and speak. And so they began getting a lot of recognition and deservedly so. Interviewer: “All right. Now let’s—Going to back up a little bit now to kind of—sort of talk about the league’s history itself. Now you mentioned early on—You talked about Philip K. Wrigley. And can you kind of just—sort of tell the basic story there? What happened and how the league came about to begin with?” (28:07) Yes. World War I, of course, started in 1941. World War II. I’m sorry. World War II started in 1941, and Major Leaguers and Minor Leaguers started being drafted or signing up for the war. And, of course, Wrigley—Landis, the commissioner of baseball, made his appeal to President Roosevelt about if baseball should go forward or not, and the president said yes. He thought it was good for the country to have that kind of entertainment. But then, in the fall of 1942, the War Department was going to have a big manpower push in the summer of 1943, and they told the Major League Baseball owners this and that there was a good chance that Major League baseball would have to be postponed for that season at least. And Wrigley was a very—I can’t think of the word I want to use right now, but he was the type of businessman that was very creative. Entrepreneur. And he knew that if baseball was postponed that his Wrigley Field both in Los Angeles and in Chicago would be empty, and there were a lot of jobs there. And so he was—He wondered what he could use those fields for to keep them up and running. And so he had some people that he asked to research. And in the 30s especially and early 40s, softball was a very popular sport for both men and women, and the amateur softball associations at that time promoted women’s softball just the same as they did men’s. (30:25) They had city, district, regional, and national competitions for both, so the skill of the woman players was very good because, you know, those that went to the national playoffs, they had to be good to get there. And in the—at the end of the softball seasons, Wrigley had his field available for the championship games for the city. And so he knew softball was—And he would—It would fill the stands and for both the men and the women. And so the committee came up with—that softball would be a good alternative for baseball in the fields. And so he came up with the idea. “Well, let’s organize a women’s professional softball league.” And he originally was going to put it in the large baseball diamonds but decided for whatever reason to keep it in the smaller cities where war production was going on to provide recreation for the war workers. And his advertising agent, Arthur Meyerhoff, was one of the people he utilized to go to the cities that he had chosen and, you know, work with the businessmen there to back—help back the teams. (32:17) And so he started the All-American Girls Softball League. That was the title, but the rules of play were those of baseball because he thought that baseball was a better spectator sport than softball because there was more pitching. There was leading off and stealing. And although the basepaths and pitching distance were shorter than baseball’s regulation field, they used baseball bats, all players used gloves, which was not the case with softball at the time, there were nine fielders instead of ten, which was common to softball at the time, they could lead off and steal—he expanded the basepaths longer than those of softball so that leading off and stealing was allowed—and the pitching motion—the rules for the pitching motion in softball—in his softball 7 �Fidler, Merrie and in baseball were the same. And so from the beginning the league played baseball rules except for the underhand pitch. And it’s interesting to read the baseball pitching rules because they don’t stipulate how the ball has to be delivered. Interviewer: “And there have always been some underhand pitchers around, some of them very successful. So that’s within the framework of the rules.” Yes, that’s within the framework of the rules. So I like to point out that the league played baseball from the beginning, and as time progressed, they lengthened the basepaths and the pitching distance. And in 1948 the pitching style became overhand. (34:02) And the fans then recognized that. “Oh, yeah, this is baseball. It’s not softball.” Interviewer: “Now what size ball did they use when they started?” Well, they started out with a twelve-inch softball, and in a couple of years they reduced it to an eleven-inch. And then the next step was ten and three quarters, or maybe it was ten and a half. I guess it was ten and a half. And then ten-inch, and then they finally—The last year of play they used the regulation nine-inch ball. Interviewer: “Okay, now what was the motivation for making the ball size smaller?” Well, you know, I think probably to give the appearance more of baseball than of softball. And, of course, they started allowing a sidearm—a modified sidearm pitch in 1946, and I think that it was—the smaller ball was easier for the players to handle. Not quite as heavy to throw the longer distances and that sort of thing. I’m sure those all fit in. Interviewer: “Yeah. Now some of the pitchers talk about how it was just that much easier to handle. The ball got smaller. They could throw more kinds of pitches and do more things with it, too. But yeah, so instead it looks more like baseball then as they go forward. Okay, now as the—So they have the idea to go ahead and form a league, and Meyerhoff is going around and signed up some cities to start playing in. Now the Hollywood film spends a certain amount of time on the whole recruitment process and so forth and scouts wandering around far corners of the country to find talent in all sorts of odd places. How do they actually wind up recruiting their players?” (36:04) Well, Wrigley used his professional scouts, and they had a network. And they just started searching for the best players all over the country and in Canada, and, you know, probably they had some cow pasture encounters just like the movie had. They also had encounters with urban areas like Cincinatti, Chicago, Boston, Regina, Saskatchewan, you know, where there were big centers of softball. Detroit. Interviewer: “Was there a substantial group in California, too?” Yes, there was a group in California. They came a little bit later. I think they were the 1944 crop from the LA area. Softball. And I’d like to say about the softball—That title was only used the first year, and about midway through the season, Wrigley and Meyerhoff started advertising it as 8 �Fidler, Merrie girls’ baseball. And the newspaper men said, “Well, it’s not really baseball because it’s of the underhand pitch, and it’s not really softball because of, you know, the leading off and stealing and the use of baseball bats.” And so in—at the end of the 1943 season, they changed the name of the league to the All-American Girls Professional Ball League. So they didn’t have soft or base in it. (38:05) But when Meyerhoff took it over in 1945, at the end of that season, he said, “I’m going to change it to All-American Girls Baseball because that’s the rules we’re playing.” And so from that point on it was All-American Girls Baseball League. There was another name change in 1951 when the local team owners bought Meyerhoff out, and they changed the name to American Girls Baseball League. But by then in the communities it was so well-known as AllAmerican that the locals still referred to it and the newspaper articles still referred to it often as All-American League. Interviewer: “And that’s the name that the league itself—the association today still uses.” Well, the Players Association changed it a little bit because they incorporated the 1944—’45 title, and from then on the title under Meyerhoff and combined it to be the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, which it actually was. It’s probably the most descriptive title because it was a truly professional league. Interviewer: “Plus, the kind of thing done to confuse poor documentary filmmakers who try to make things simpler. ‘What label did they use?’ Yeah. Okay, now just to fill in another piece of this then—People, I think, understand baseball versus softball. The softball is larger than a baseball. That’s pretty easy to see. You talked about baseball bats versus softball bats. If you’re not a softball player, what’s the difference?” The circumference at the end of the bat. Baseball is two and three quarters, and I don’t know exactly what softball is, but I’d say it’s probably not more than two and a quarter. I’d have to look that up for sure. Interviewer: “And how does that make a difference?” (40:12) Well, it’s the amount of surface of the bat that can contact the ball. In softball, you have the thinner bat but the larger ball, and in baseball, you have the smaller ball but the larger bat. So the idea is that you have—probably have roughly about the same surface contact one way or the other. Interviewer: “And then would the baseball bat then be heavier because it’s thicker?” Yes. Interviewer: “So you can hit the ball harder.” Yeah. And longer. I think they’re a little bit longer. I’m not for sure on that, though. I’d have to do a little research. Interviewer: “Okay, but they are fundamentally two different animals. But they picked one or the other. Okay. Let’s go back sort of to the recruitment. So they’re getting people out— 9 �Fidler, Merrie What proportion of them do you think were coming out of organized leagues as opposed to just random individual pickups?” I think nearly all of them came out of organized leagues because they had to have a high level of skill to be recruited by Wrigley’s scouts, and not only did they have to be—have a high level of skill, but they also had to present high quality of character in some fashion because he was— Wrigley was very image conscious in his publicity and promotion even of, you know, his gum, and he was very aware that publicity was very important to selling the product. (42:03) And so there are—Some folks have shared with me that they believe that if there were two players that had equal skill and one was more petite-looking, he chose—He had his scouts choose the more petite-looking ones. And if you look at the stature of the former players today, they’re all fairly short and, you know, sixty—seventy years ago, were probably all fairly thin and petite-looking. Not to say that there weren’t some taller players, too, especially in the later years, but you look at those first ones and look at their size and weight, and you get the idea. Well, you know, the petite women in skirted uniforms playing with a high level of skill. You know, it’s something that captured the fans and kept them coming back. Interviewer: “So softball players wore pants, right?” At that time, they emulated the men’s baseball uniforms, and most of the teams wore either baseball pants or, in the warmer climes, shorts and long socks. And so the skirted uniform was a novelty, but there again Wrigley was very image conscious. And the most acceptable women in sport in society at that time were figure skaters, tennis players, hockey players, and they all wore skirted uniforms. (44:09) Interviewer: “Okay. Hockey as in field rather than ice.” As in field hockey. Yeah, not ice hockey. Yeah, and they all wore skirted uniforms. And so he wanted his endeavor to be socially acceptable, and I think that was one of the factors that led to the creation of the skirted uniform. Interviewer: “Okay. Now along with the skirted uniform, one of the things that people tend to be aware of about the league was that when it started they had very elaborate rules and regulations regarding how the women dressed or wore their hair or had makeup. And there was actually a charm school run by Helena Rubinstein’s people in Chicago. I mean, so how much of that actually happened, and how long did it last?” Well, I think that the rules of character and dress and that sort of thing were not all that different than what was going on in colleges at the time. You know, if you talk to women who went to college in the 40s and 50s—They couldn’t leave their dorm rooms in pants, and they’ll tell you stories about—Well, they had a long skirt that they wore over their jeans to go to breakfast. You know, and then they’d go back to their room and get dressed for classes. Or wore over their pajamas to go to breakfast. So the rules that Wrigley established for appearance off the field were, again, rules that were the highest standard of the day. The charm school training was actually a Meyerhoff idea as a publicity thing, you know, and it probably was stimulated by the fact that a lot of the players emulated the walk and movement characteristics of the men’s stars. 10 �Fidler, Merrie (46:22) And so they wanted, again, to project the image of femininity, and one of the best ways to teach that was through charm school training. Like Rubinstein was very popular at that time period, and so they hired her and others later on. And that lasted—I’m not exactly sure how many years, but I know at least the first three or four. Interviewer: “Because I had—Because Anne O’Dowd, I think, started in about ‘49 or so. Talking about going to the spring training and having it there, and she said by then there was just a couple of teams—kind of smaller groups, not altogether in the same place—but two teams were together, and there was a charm school there. Others talked about going around the same time. So I was kind of surprised there was still something around that late, but did that just kind of depend on what the teams did?” Well, that may have been that particular team’s—one of their focuses that—Yes, that’s the image they wanted their team to project. And, again, new players coming in, you know, would—may have had more manly mannerisms of movement and that sort of thing, and they wanted to instruct them, you know. You know, in public this is how you walk and act and that sort of thing. (48:04) Interviewer: “Now when they’re first recruiting the players, how old were they?” Well, I think in 1943 there were some players that started out at age fifteen. In fact, I think Sophie Kurys was only fifteen. Well, I know Dottie Schroeder was only fifteen that year. And I’ve done a little research, and I think that that was—that they didn’t recruit players any younger than fifteen because of the child labor laws. But there was a clause in the child labor laws that individuals who were in a professional sport could be recruited at age fifteen. Well, Dolly White, I know—They first—She went to spring training in Pascagoula in 1946, and she was only fourteen at the time. And her mother talked to Max Carey who was running the camp at that time, and she asked about if she was good enough. And he said, “Well, we don’t want to take her now because she’s a little bit young.” And her mother said, “Well, I didn’t want you to take her. I just wanted to know if she was good enough.” And he said yes, and then he contacted her the following year. And she went to spring training in Cuba at age fifteen and was contracted to play with the league at that time. (50:01) Interviewer: “Okay. Now when the league started up, what kind of response did they get that first year or so?” Well, I think that first year with four teams they had over 176,000 spectators, so that was really pretty good. Interviewer: “And it was a shorter season than the modern Major League season is.” Right. They started at the end of May, and, I believe, finished right at the beginning of September. Like the first week of September. But they still played like a hundred games that season, and Chet Grant said, “You know, I went to the first game because I think it was—Marty McManus was coaching.” And he had been a Major League player. And he said, “I really went to see him.” But he said, “Once I saw them play and the skill that they had and all—” He said, “ I 11 �Fidler, Merrie was captivated, and I kept going back. And that’s how I became involved in becoming a manager of the league.” And that’s kind of the response you get from people you talk to or fans. They were captivated by the skill that they displayed. Interviewer: “And it did well enough that the league expanded after that.” Yes, and that started under Meyerhoff, I believe, in 1945. They expanded with two more teams, and then in a couple years it was two more. In ‘47 they had eight teams, and then in ‘48 they expanded to ten teams. And probably would have been better if they had kept to the eight teams because they diluted their talent pool a little bit. (52:10) Interviewer: “Yeah. Did they have problems recruiting new players?” Well, as the league transitioned from more like softball to more like baseball, they had trouble getting softball players skilled enough to make the transition to the longer basepaths and longer pitching distance. And then after 1948 dealing with overhand pitching instead of underhand pitching. And one of my theories is that if they had left the game where it was in 1948 or maybe 1949 with the basepaths and the pitching distance that it may have lasted longer because I think that going to the baseball distances that the men use was beyond the talent of the players at that time, especially those with the image of petite women. I mean, nowadays women who are— because they have it in the schools—Women who are taller and stronger, you know, can handle the longer basepaths and pitching distance a little better. But at that time they didn’t recruit that kind of a player, and probably those women who were taller and stronger at that time period didn’t have the training, you know, to get involved in the league. (54:07) Interviewer: “Okay. Now one of the things the league did at a certain point in its history was that they created a couple of sort of junior level teams that were traveling teams or barnstorming teams that would travel together around the country on buses, and they played each other in exhibition games as a means of preparing some of these new players to make that transition. So when were they actually doing that?” I believe that started in 1949, and actually there was a precursor to that in the Chicago area. Meyerhoff set up a minor league in the Chicago area. There were four teams, and they played— the same uniforms, the same rules—and they were younger players from the playground areas. And they signed contracts and everything just like the All-American League did. And then in 1948 they had ten teams, and the season was not as successful. And so they dropped back to eight teams. Well, they—Some of those players were not as skilled as the rest of the AllAmericans, but they had potential. And so Meyerhoff started off in 1949 with what he called rookie touring teams. There were two teams, and they traveled together on the same bus. And he scheduled them to play exhibition games through the South and up the East coast. And it was a training ground for them. And some of them during the season were called up from the touring team, were recommended by the manager, called up from the touring team to fill in for somebody who had been injured on one of the All-American teams. (56:12) And that—Those touring teams operated in 1949 and 1950, and during the 1950 season, they were especially blessed by being able to play in exhibition games in Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C and Yankees Stadium in New York. And so that was fun. 12 �Fidler, Merrie Interviewer: “Okay. Now why did that stop? Because they don’t—They’re not doing it at the end of the league.” Well, at the end of the 1950 season, the individual team directors decided that the money they were paying from gate receipts to management or to Meyerhoff for advertising and publicity and umpires and that sort of thing—that they could do it themselves for less money, and they’d make money on it instead of losing money on it because, you know, baseball—Even Major League Baseball owners lose money on baseball. And there were some factors in effect that reduced fan participation. And so they bought Meyerhoff out, and they felt that the rookie touring teams were too expensive. And so they cut off one of the player development programs that was there, and in my mind they started cutting off their nose to spite their face. (58:15) And another thing they did—And, you know, they were businessmen, and it’s hard to understand why except that money was getting tight. And there was a recession in the works, you know, nationally. But they didn’t seem to understand that the rookie touring team was publicity and promotion as well as player development. And another thing that they cut fairly dramatically was the general publicity program that Meyerhoff had set in place. And so to me that was another factor that, you know— They whittled off a little more of their nose to spite their face. And so that’s why that transpired. Interviewer: “Okay. Now kind of backtracking into another piece of this—We’ve talked some about, you know, who the players were and where they came from and what kind of experience or talent—skills and stuff they had when they came in. Now the spring training for the league changed a lot depending on what year you were in. So the first year that was Wrigley Field or in Chicago someplace else?” No, it was at—The first year was in Wrigley Field in Chicago. Well, they had whittled down the number of players pretty much with tryout schools in urban areas like Cincinatti and Regina and Chicago and Detroit and wherever else they got players from. (1:00:00) And then in ‘44 I believe it was in Peru, Illinois. And one of the unique things about the league is that they took all of the players for all of the teams and had spring training together, and then instead of the team directors picking players, the league had an allocation committee that got together. And it included the managers and Meyerhoff and some of the administrative people, and they tried to delegate players to teams on an equal skill basis. So if they had four strong first basemen, that was good. They could put them around. But if they had two strong first basemen—second basemen and two weak ones, then they tried to say, “Okay, this team has so many strong players. We’ll give them one of the weaker second basemen in order to even out the competitive level of all four teams or all eight teams as the case may be.” And, in theory, that was good. Interviewer: “Now once a player was assigned to a team, did it become kind of customary to keep a lot of those same players from one year to the next? They would move some periodically.” Yeah. I think each team tried to keep a core of players that were the most skilled and became fan favorites like, I’m sure, Dorothy Kamenshek in Rockford. (1:02:15) You know, she was a Rockford Peach her whole career in the league, and I suspect that Rockford had dibs on her, you know, kind of thing. And they also had kind of a unique system of—If a particular regular player 13 �Fidler, Merrie on a team got injured or ill or pregnant, you know, and couldn’t play for a period of time, that they would borrow a substitute from another team in order to fill in that position. Like, for instance, a first baseman on another team—a substitute first baseman on another team might be almost comparable to the starter on this team, and so they’d pull her over and have her play until the other player could come back or just keep her, depending. Because everything was operated by a central office instead of by individual team offices. And so that’s how they dealt with that. Interviewer: “Okay. Now what determined where the league had spring training? Because they were in all sorts of odd places. Pascagoula, Mississippi, Opa-Locka, Florida, Cuba. I mean, what was at work there?” You know, I don’t know except that after the war—During the war, they had to train in fairly local centers because of gas and rubber rationing. (1:04:08) There was no outside transportation. Once the war was over, 1946 was the first spring training where they all went to Pascagoula, and my feeling is that prices were cheaper in the South than, say, in the Chicago area. And in Pascagoula, they utilized an abandoned Navy base for rooms and, you know, food. And they had fields there. Plenty of field space. And they could have everybody together and have spring training in the South like the big leagues did. You know, I think that was probably part of it. And it was, you know, a novelty and might be a recruiting tool, you know, to say, “Oh, we’re going to hold spring training in the South this year.” You know, as opposed to Regina, Saskatchewan. Where it would be warmer and more pleasant and that sort of thing. The Cuba trip, I really believe, was done through connections with Branch Rickey. And, of course, ‘47 was the first year that Jackie Robinson could play, and they didn’t want to go to the South with him because they knew there would be problems because of segregation, integration, and that sort of thing. And so the Dodgers went to Cuba. Well, Branch Rickey and Philip Wrigley, you know, had joined together to start the league, and then there was Max Carey who was a good friend of Branch Rickey. (1:06:07) And I think they kind of, you know, collaborated on, you know, that spring training in Cuba even with the flight expenses would be cheaper than in the South. And they had good facilities. They had good hotels. And, you know, it was—The Dodgers were going to be there, and the All-Americans could follow. And they captured the fans there in Cuba who I have since learned that—and I forget who the researcher—who the newspaper guy was—but he was a black man, and he said he went to Cuba when the Dodgers did to follow Jackie Robinson and reported back to his paper that he knew that the Cubans were very religious, and he found out that baseball was their religion. And so it was natural for the Cuban baseball public to come out and watch the girls play. And, in fact, I know that Max Carey worked with a gentleman from Cuba to train some Cuban woman players in the All-American game before the All-Americans got there so that they could have a game together. And so that was the first exposure of Cuban women to the All-American baseball, and, in fact, they had a Cuban woman player join the AllAmerican League, come back to play with the team, but she was too homesick and couldn’t stay. Vialat was her last name. (1:08:05) And that was the beginning of the league kind of drafting Cuban players to play in the league. Interviewer: “Okay, because there were a number of Cubans who wound up playing for them.” Yes. 14 �Fidler, Merrie Interviewer: “Okay. Now after the Cuba trip, they—or at least some of them also did a kind of Latin American tour. Central America, South America. At least around the Caribbean. When was that, and how did that work?” Okay. After the 1947 season, Meyerhoff took a team of players to Cuba, and they did exhibition games there. And that was pretty successful. And along the way—And I’m not exactly sure when Meyerhoff conceived this, but he conceived of starting an international girls’ baseball league to include Cuba and Puerto Rico. And I think it built in his brain, you know. “Well, why don’t we go to Latin America and do some exhibition games and see what we come up with? And maybe it will be very lucrative.” Because fans would come to see a novelty like that, and there were baseball people and teams there and all. And it’s my theory that he went to cities in Guatemala and those Central American countries—and Venezuela and Puerto Rico—where Wrigley had gum enterprises going. (1:10:01) And he did that in the winter of 1949. That particular trip was from February—the month of February and part of March in the winter of 1949. And there’s a—At the South Bend History Museum, there’s a folder of stuff that Annabelle Lee contributed, and there’s a picture of the All-Americans playing against a Puerto Rican team. And the Puerto Rican team has the same style uniform as the All-American league, so the—And that was probably done in advance of the All-Americans getting there with the style of uniform and the women playing. And, you know, I don’t know. One of my bucket list things is to someday go to Cuba and Puerto Rico and go through the library newspapers and, you know, see if I can find out if there were women’s leagues there before the All-Americans got there or if they were developed just prior to the All-Americans getting there to play. But I know that they— Most of the tour—Central and South America—were All-American players and Cuban players playing against each other. Exhibition games. There was a mention somewhere in Venezuela of—that the fans really turned out when the Venezuelan team played against the All-Americans. And I know that the Puerto Rican teams played against the All-Americans, and, of course, in Cuba they had Cuban teams playing against the All-Americans. (1:12:03) Interviewer: “Okay. Now how successful was the Latin American tour? Were there problems with it?” There were some problems with it. Apparently, the Cuban representative who traveled with the team was not totally honest about some of the transportation costs. And so what happened was he charged management system more than he spent, which meant that Meyerhoff then had to put forth more money to pay for the whole thing. And he wasn’t going to do that by himself, so he charged the team managers to kick in to pay the players because the players said, “Well, we’re not going to play if you don’t pay us. We’re not going to play during the regular season if you don’t pay us.” And that was some of the star players in the league. So they helped to pay—The team directors helped to pay Meyerhoff off, but they were not happy about it. And that was probably part of the beginning of the conflict between management and team directors. Interviewer: “Okay. Now did the whole league go on the Latin American tour or just parts of it?” 15 �Fidler, Merrie No, just selected players, and they were—They also used some Cuban players, and so what they did was they allocated the players to the two teams with some All-Americans and some Cubans so that the teams were as even as possible so when the fans went to see them, you know, there wasn’t blowouts type of thing. (1:14:06) But it was basically All-Americans and Cuban players. Interviewer: “Now after Meyerhoff was out of the picture, did the teams kind of go to holding more local-wise spring training in different places, or what happened?” Yeah. That was the beginning of teams pairing up and going to a location to have their spring trainings together and doing their exhibitions back to their home cities together. I know there was a year when a couple of teams went to North Carolina, and a couple went to lower Illinois, and a couple went to upstate New York or something like that so that they got exposure. But it wasn’t as centralized. The administration wasn’t as centralized as it had been before. Interviewer: “Right. Okay. Let’s see. Now how long did players tend to stay in the league, or what range do we see?” You know, I really haven’t looked at that for the players. That would be a good thing to do. To go to the website and go through all of the players and find out how many years they played. The stars played longer, but some only played a year or two. One of the things that affected the length that players could play was their ability to adjust to the longer pitching distances if they were pitchers. The change in pitching style. I mean, there aren’t a whole lot of players that can change from being an outstanding underhand pitcher to an outstanding overhand pitcher. (1:16:00) There were a few. But that was a factor for pitchers. But also, you know, for catchers, throwing a longer distance to second base was a factor. So as the league expanded the basepaths and pitching distance, it affected whether a player could make it or not. And some of the early pitchers, I know, when—Even like from ‘43 to ‘44, I think there was a change in the distance. A couple of feet of the pitching distance. And some of the pitchers couldn’t adjust to that, and so they didn’t play anymore. Interviewer: “All right, and there were occasional people like Jean Faut. And I suppose she’s kind of exceptional. She was really happy to go to a full overhand because—And some of them who had learned kind of on their own or individually were throwing overhand because that was what the boys did, which would have helped them.” Right, and some of the outfielders with stronger arms. They trained them to become pitchers. Like Rose Gacioch. You know, she’d been an outstanding outfielder, and as she got older, you know, she still wanted to play. And they needed overhand pitchers, and so there were quite a few outfielders that turned into pitchers. Helen Nordquist was one, you know. Interviewer: “Okay. All right. Where did the managers come from?” Well, you know, Wrigley was very smart. I think he knew that people would come out to see Major League managers if they wouldn’t initially come out to watch woman baseball players. And, you know, and some of those managers during the war may have needed a job. Some of those former Major Leaguers may have needed a job, and he knew them, knew their character, 16 �Fidler, Merrie and so solicited them to be managers. And some of the early managers like Johnny Gottselig— He was a Chicago Blackhawk. (1:18:12) Wrigley knew him. He knew that he had coached women’s softball teams up in Saskatchewan and been successful. And so that’s how he got involved. Of course, it was after the hockey season. Interviewer: “Okay, and at what point did he bring in Jimmie Foxx?” Well, Jimmie Foxx actually came in in 1951, and that was after the Wrigley-Meyerhoff era. And I should say here that Meyerhoff continued the standards and policies that Wrigley had started with. He expanded a little bit on the field and ball dimensions, but everything else was pretty much as Wrigley had set it up. The independent team owners—When they took over in 1951, they kind of dropped off on some things, especially like the publicity, but, you know, they—I think they too recognized that having a Major League manager was an advantage. And I suspect that somebody in Fort Wayne had connections with Jimmie Foxx, and he had just recently retired. Either that or—I’d have to go back. Whether he’d recently retired or recently been inducted in the Hall of Fame. Anyway, they recruited him to manage in the league, and he managed for a couple years. Interviewer: “Yeah. I seem to recall something a few years back about complaints that Jimmie Foxx wasn’t in the Hall of Fame. He had five hundred home runs and wasn’t there.” (1:20:00) No, he’s there now. Interviewer: “Yeah. Anyway, yeah. Because I guess one of the things is the assumption like with the Penny Marshall film. The assumption is that Tom Hanks’s character, Jimmy Dugan, is sort of loosely modeled after Jimmie Foxx except for the little thing where Jimmie Foxx came in a lot later. Because I think that may be an assumption that people might have. That he’s not one of the original managers.” No. No, he wasn’t. And that’s another thing that’s a little bit misleading about the film is that it gives the impression that the league started with overhand pitching the first year. You know, which is—But there again, for the purposes of the film, they wanted everybody to know that it was baseball, not softball. And they didn’t have time to cover all of the details, but yeah, Jimmie wasn’t one of the first managers. Interviewer: “Okay. Well, the players in their interviews—In their interviews, they talk about different managers and so forth, and one who keeps popping up a lot is Bill Allington. So who was he, or what was his background?” Well, Bill Allington was a Minor League player. And I’m not sure if he managed any men’s teams in southern California, but he managed women’s softball in southern California. And he was also involved in acting in some of the early baseball films. And so he kind of had a couple of jobs, I guess, but he loved baseball. I think it was Kammie that told me that she felt if Bill’s head was cracked open, baseballs would roll out, you know. And he was a stickler for his players knowing the rules, and he’d quiz them on bus trips. (1:22:00) They said that there was always 17 �Fidler, Merrie quizzing going on on the bus trips. He’d say, “Kamenshek, if a fly ball is hit to an infielder with a runner on first base, is that infield fly rule or not?” You know, that kind of thing. And I think that’s part of why he was such a successful manager because his players knew the rules on the field, and they reacted instinctively to situations that those who weren’t as up on the rules might not have done. And Kammie said that after practices he took her aside. And he would work with any of the players after practice that wanted to. And she wanted to improve her bunting. And so he put handkerchiefs down on the ground in front of home plate and threw pitches at her and had her work at bunting to the handkerchiefs. And one of the pitchers—I don’t remember exactly who right now, but she said that that was one of the problems with Kammie. She could bunt that ball anyplace she wanted to. Interviewer: “All right. Now when the league folded, he kind of kept going in a form for the next couple years. He created his own traveling team. So can you talk about that?” Well, and there again, I think he recognized how skilled these women were, and he was baseball man through and through. And he didn’t want to give up. (1:24:00) And so he put together a team of players who were willing. He tried to recruit others who said, “No, I’ve got to go to college this year,” or, “I got to get a real job,” or, “No, I’m getting married.” Or something of that nature. But he put together a talented crew of players and barnstormed with them around the Midwest and even down into the South and along the East Coast. And I think he hoped that he could—And they played against men’s teams because there weren’t that many talented women’s teams. And they exchanged batteries so that the men were throwing, you know, to the men batters, and the women were throwing to the women batters. And I guess it was pretty good entertainment. And he did that for three years. ‘55 through ‘58. And then, I guess, it didn’t become as lucrative anymore, or it didn’t have enough players who were willing to go with him anymore or something of that nature. Interviewer: “And then women’s baseball kind of—to a large degree disappears. And, I mean, there are, today, women playing baseball in various organized fashion and efforts to kind of have more of them do it. But the league itself—Most people really didn’t know anything about, you know—Still are people occasionally now who didn’t know. And the film was kind of a revelation to a lot of them. I guess, sort of the question comes up on some level. You know, were these women, you know, pioneers in sports, or did they do things that had a lasting impact? Because you could argue on the one hand that, well, they kind of went away and then women’s sports got going separately later. But is there more to it than that?” (1:26:09) Well, I think in the Midwest where the teams played—I think that had an impact on at least some of the populace. Ruth Davis, for instance, was batgirl for the South Bend Blue Sox, and she mentioned that the women playing baseball, which—Even at that time women weren’t supposed to be playing baseball. That that expanded her view that, well, if women can play baseball, women can do anything else they want. And that motivated her to seek out following her interests in college and university. There was a fan—shoot, her name escapes me right now— who went to the Grand Rapids Chicks games and became a professor at one of the New York universities. Columbia University, I think. And she knew—And you have to keep in mind that the Division for Girls’ and Women’s Sports in education at the time—Their philosophy was, 18 �Fidler, Merrie “Yes, we want girls to play, but we want all girls to play, and we don’t want to focus on just the skilled. We want, you know, everybody to have an opportunity to play.” Which is wonderful. Wonderful philosophy. (1:28:01) But it didn’t provide those highly skilled girls with the opportunity to participate in highly skilled competition like the boys had in school and colleges. But this lady became—obtained a doctorate in physical education, and she knew from watching the Grand Rapids Chicks that women could develop high level skills and that high level competition was a good thing for women. And she also recognized that girls and women were paying the same fees in college, which included intercollegiate sports that they didn’t have an opportunity for. And so she was a moving force in the Division for Girls’ and Women’s Sports to change the focus to allow women to have interscholastic and intercollegiate sport. And they had strict rules, but at least they still had the opportunity to play. And so the individual teams, I believe, had an effect on the people in the local populaces to accept women playing highly skilled competition with each other. Interviewer: “Okay. I guess one thing that I’ve observed in just interviewing and getting to know a lot of the players is that they went on often to do pretty remarkable things, and a fair number of them wind up being educators and even professionals in physical education. And some of them were pretty much in the trenches to help promote Title IX or help enforce it when it came in. And so they’re going out with an understanding of what they can do and what women can do and in a lot of cases, whether it’s at a high school level or a college level or whatever, encourage women to do it. So that piece of it certainly goes there. So there’s not a direct, linear sort of descent from this league to the WNBA or something like that, but a lot of those things were possible because of groundwork that does in part come out of this.” (1:30:24) Yeah. I think there’s a connection, like you say, especially with those who went on to college and coached. And, you know, when Title IX was in the works, they said, “Yes. Let’s do that.” And they did provide some of the groundwork for it because of their experience and how satisfying playing that high level competition can be. And yeah, Dolly White, for instance— Dolly Brumfield White—she would not have been able to go to college without the money she earned playing professional baseball. She came from a lower class, Southern family. Just her father worked as a mechanic. Her mother did some clerical work later. But basically she grew up, you know, with a single parent providing for the family of two girls and a boy. And she told me that if there was to be college for anybody, it would have been the boy. And she was really— got upset at times with her father because the boy was always first. She was the oldest, but when it came to having a car, the boy got the car first. Type of thing. (1:32:00) And so if she hadn’t earned the money she earned playing professional baseball, she would never have been able to go to college. And she went to college, majored in physical education, became a recreation specialist, and did a great deal to educate people in the field of recreation who then went out to become heads of recreational parks in Alabama and Arkansas and in that area where she taught. And so, yeah, I think, you know, individually those women had influences. And like Lou Stone Richards—She married and had a family and coached for boys’ little league teams. Well, Andrew Card was one of those little league players, and he became George Bush’s Chief of Staff. You know, so it’s fun to see those influences. 19 �Fidler, Merrie Interviewer: “Well, even today long afterward the personalities of these women kind of still stand out. They really are a pretty remarkable bunch of people, and you’ve done them a great service by going and recording their history. And it’s kind of up to all of us, I guess, now to make sure that people remember this and give them the credit they deserve.” Yeah. It was a unique thing, and I think—You know, my hope and, I think, the hope of a number of the players at least is that there comes a situation in the not too distant future where young women will again have the opportunity to play professional baseball in their own league. (1:34:08) They shouldn’t have to play with or against men. You know, they should have their own league and their own competition among—excellent competition among themselves. Not that it would be objectionable to having individual highly skilled, highly capable women play on a men’s team. But that would not include the majority of highly skilled woman players. Interviewer: “And in other sports, they’re already doing it.” Yes. Like in basketball. They have a women’s professional basketball league, you know, and they’re not asked to compete against bigger, stronger men. And I think that’s the way it should be for baseball, too. And, you know, there’s things in the works. That hopefully it will happen. Interviewer: “All right. I’d just like to close out here by thanking you for taking the time and talking to me about all this.” Oh, my pleasure. (01:35:18) 20 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was started by Philip Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during World War II to fill the void left by the departure of most of the best male baseball players for military service. Players were recruited from across the country, and the league was successful enough to be able to continue on after the war. The league had teams based in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, and operated between 1943 and 1954. The 1954 season ended with only the Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford teams remaining. The League gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball. Many of the players went on to successful careers, and the league itself provided an important precedent for later efforts to promote women's sports. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-58)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Sports for women World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Oral history Baseball players--Minnesota Baseball players--Indiana Baseball players--Wisconsin Baseball players--Michigan Baseball players--Illinois Baseball for women--United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-10-02 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58_FidlerM1969BB Title A name given to the resource Fidler, Merrie (Interview transcript and video), 2016 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fidler, Merrie Description An account of the resource Merrie Fidler was born in Weed, California, on October 31, 1943. She attended community college in the Redding area, then a Bible college in Los Angeles before dropping out of school and working as a secretary in the physical education department at UC – Davis. Merrie completed her bachelor’s degree and got her teaching credentials, then pursued a master’s degree at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. During her master work, she took a course on American women in sports and discovered the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Over the course of several years she interviewed former players and managers and eventually completed her thesis, The Development & Decline of the All-American Girls Baseball League. She went on to contact more players and became part of the League’s association and attended the reunions. Merrie is now the association’s historian and a contributor to its newsletter. Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Baseball players--Michigan Baseball players--California Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-10-22 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-55)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6705a763ae859404c0696e1343deca9f.pdf 59092a308e499a5976d5256428f9f608 PDF Text Text ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-family-journal_1937-1938 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937/1938 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Travel Journal, 1937-1938 Description An account of the resource Field Family travel journal, including trips to Mexico City, Texas, and California November 21, 1936 to April 3, 1937 (California), December 17, 1937 to April 14, 1938 (Mexico City). Blank pages not scanned (including pp247-325). Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Diaries Travel Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6b74e3ea85e07b9a3db0ac7240eb42e4.pdf 664c3b59a0d9fc4a0c05869aeb6efbf9 PDF Text Text ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-family-journal_1939-1940 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939/1940 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Travel Journal, 1939-1940 Description An account of the resource Field Family travel journal, including trips to California, New York, and Florida. Blank pages not scanned. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Diaries Travel Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/484e6db25d1edae70eefead9a368b75a.pdf f88ba31c25b3235db9a4ad9eaed1df88 PDF Text Text ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-family-journal_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Journal, 1941 Description An account of the resource Field Family journal, includes notes about daily life in Shelby, Michigan and Long Beach, California as well as other notes from trips. Of particular note are reflections and description from December, 1941 and the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Blank pages not scanned. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Diaries Travel Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/00ff88574bee7460c56a7e2579ad092d.pdf d344692611904c3320431d9b67f203c4 PDF Text Text ���������������������������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1926-1927 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926/1953 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1926-1927, 1953 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1926-1927, with records from 1953 included as well. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Some details regarding household expenses also included. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f62734cf6fe42defb3a93c0576403d14.pdf a76527f30c501c7eba4ec03b681abf3c PDF Text Text ���������������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1927-1928 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927/1928 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1927-1928 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1927-1928. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Some details regarding household expenses and insurance are also included. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f024e71a353aa5b46e6f3a061192c2ad.pdf a590893df5106e981ad180b781a05110 PDF Text Text ������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1929-1930 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929/1930 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1929-1930 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1920-1930. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b212ee6f34c15d518fee5bb97240102a.pdf fe53926df22533bebd6df7ac1aed373e PDF Text Text ���������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1930 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1930 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1930. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/63d6b5be7a718789fced27916321b58c.pdf e66c97539798491c6b9a043f30deba99 PDF Text Text �/ ·, I D (E II F G H I J K L M M� N 0 p Q R s T u V w y z ���������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1931 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1931 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1931. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/41ec2607960aa8d51e55ff17a35c6294.pdf 2347c9b4482c61308560923d2f012d05 PDF Text Text ��������������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1934 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1934 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1934. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for 1934, including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b91638632811338c04c35b49fea3ac8.pdf 1a1b3dd97e9474a8570cd5387b644298 PDF Text Text ��������������������������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1935 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1935 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1935 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1935. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for 1935, including cost of sales. Pages 54-86 were blank so were not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/147749f23136e872ce51bde21246950a.pdf 25ac84c08e7dac4ecb30ab6f2f7bdb43 PDF Text Text ������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1936 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1936 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1936 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1936. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for 1936, including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5f9b87a14fe030fa4480a26af2310eff.pdf 2855bb56170abdcb7ade2c3d34c0f6d9 PDF Text Text �������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1937 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1937 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1937. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/55611449f60f37d17c8e180f226390db.pdf 6978c55bb8d381fa90282b23a8389cd7 PDF Text Text ���������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1939 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1939 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1939. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/33da56baf0a9a3d400722d76c79a9721.pdf 4329d0df43c07a8071fbb592102a20f2 PDF Text Text �������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1940 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1940 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1940. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3d0972ffb1fad9723eeff1c901921eeb.pdf 9c5905582bba5424672c0e34226d7acb PDF Text Text ����������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1941 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1941. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/945155ebe9729c005123c4ddf2b22d2e.pdf 48d0583cedee877b4d2c5b1b10c3fddb PDF Text Text ����������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1942 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1942 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1942. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/60b3a620bc1e91a896023d1b76b324dd.pdf 5896ba2dfd619bb6ad58c6881c325658 PDF Text Text ��������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1943 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1943 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1943. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9621b9c653db4c7f1889f8221450dd4.pdf bbd7eca21e9c3d91d2dd6bbd44cfab2c PDF Text Text ����������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1944 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1944 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1944. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/249df92e9386ddc5e10221c38d790ae6.pdf 1f294004581660ce3d7b0ef13b35faaa PDF Text Text ������������������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1945 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1945 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1945. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/959ff207113e25c35927ee6dd0ae23de.pdf 040a3d4eaf35f874c79c8223962d1ddf PDF Text Text ��������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Field-farm-records_1946 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Field family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Title A name given to the resource Field Family Farm Records, 1946 Description An account of the resource Farm Records from 1946. Diary includes all expenses, crops, and labor related to family farm for that period including cost of sales. Blank pages not scanned. Shelby, Michigan. Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peterson, Marjorie (Field) Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Subject The topic of the resource Shelby (Mich.) Farms Account books Diaries Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives