199 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9cb448f171337692a0da6e3eadd6e6a3.pdf 697dfb952be3a4e459cc23961e3a99ca PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Primitivo Cruz Interviewers: José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 3/27/2012 Biography and Description Primitivo Cruz is a Young Lord at heart who studied at De Paul University. He has researched and written several poems and papers on the Young Lords. Mr. Cruz performed several of his poems and songs at the Young Lords 40th Anniversary, celebrating the official founding of the Young Lords on September 23, 1968. Most of his work is political by nature, focusing on the Puerto Rican experience, the right to Puerto Rican self-determination, as well as the rights of new immigrants. He work celebrates the efforts of many different leaders and movements. Mr. Cruz is well-known across Chicago and beyond as an artist, writer, and activist.In 2011, Mr. Cruz was involved in the Occupy Wall Street or Chicago Occupation demonstrations. He discusses this work, as well as that of his wife, Diana Cruz, who is an actress in the Vida Bella Ensemble, a writer in the Neighborhood Writing Alliance, and a member of the Chicago Puerto Rican Community Chorus. �Transcript JOSE JIMENEZ: Okay, if you can give me your name and where you were born? PRIMITIVO CRUZ: Okay, sure. Primitivo Cruz is my name and I was born in Chicago, Illinois back in 1977. JJ: What month? PC: July. JJ: July, 1977. PC: Yeah, July 10th, 1977 to be exact, yeah. JJ: Okay. And your parents, when did they first come to Chicago? PC: Yeah, my dad came... JJ: And their names (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). PC: Sure. My dad is also named Primitivo Cruz and he came to Chicago back in 1967 and my mom (Spanish) [Beba Ramos?] came in 19, I believe it was 1974, [00:01:00] yeah. JJ: And so, what town are they from in Puerto Rico and where did they come? PC: My father’s from a town called Las Piedras, which is like on the northeast side of the island and my mom is from Peñuelas which is like southwest, it’s right next to Ponce. JJ: Okay. (audio cuts out) PC: Okay. So, I have a brother and his name is Jose Cruz and then I have a sister from my father’s previous marriage and her name is [Marta Hinojosa?], so yeah. 1 �JJ: Okay. So, you grew up in -- your father came to what neighborhood first? [00:02:00] PC: When my father came to Chicago, he lived in the Lakeview area by Wrigley Field. Yeah, so... JJ: What street did he live on? PC: Cornelia and Rita. JJ: And Rita? PC: Yeah. And that’s where -- my uncle lived there first, so he... JJ: What was your uncle’s name? PC: Jose Manuel Cruz. And he still lives and he no longer lives in Chicago, he lives in Las Piedras again. Yeah, so when my father first came, he met his first wife and they had a child and then they separated. And then shortly after that, that’s when he met my mom. [00:03:00] JJ: What kinda work did he do when he first came? PC: My dad was a factory welder, he used to work for this company called Production Metal Company, yeah. And so, what my father would do back in those days is that he would go back and forth from Chicago to Puerto Rico a lot. Because he was a young guy and I mean, he was basically making money to build a house for my grandmother in the same site where they had a wooden house. So, that house actually now belongs to my father. JJ: In Las Piedras. PC: Yes. In Las Piedras, yeah. 2 �JJ: So, that was his mission, basically to come here and to make some money and go back? [00:04:00] PC: Yeah, yeah. But, you know, I mean, as soon as you come -- I mean, it seems to me that back in those days it was actually a lot easier to find work and kinda leave and come back. Based on what my father has told me about those days where -- and since Chicago back in those days was a very industrial town, so you had a lot of factories around. So, my father was able to go ahead and just go back and forth for a while. JJ: Okay, what about your mother, what kind of work did she do? PC: My mom actually -- when my mom first came to Chicago, she was doing factory work as well by what was known back then as Comiskey Park where the [00:05:00] Chicago White Sox played. She used to work making screws and making nails. But as soon as I was born, my mom actually stopped working and she just stayed home until, I would say until the 1990s, actually like in ’96, that’s when I started college, so she felt like she should go ahead and work. JJ: And then what did she do then? PC: She took care of the elderly, so she would go to where they lived and she would cook, clean and do whatever it was that they needed. So that was known as a homemaker is what she did. JJ: Okay. And your father remained doing the same thing? PC: Yeah, my father was a factory welder for about 25 years, yeah. JJ: Okay. So, are they both in Puerto Rico now? PC: They live in Chicago as well. 3 �JJ: Oh, they’re living here now? PC: Yeah, they’re still here. JJ: Okay. Now, when was the first time that you heard about the Young Lords? PC: The first time I heard about the Young Lords was when I was at DePaul University as a student. I went to this presentation by... JJ: What were you studying there? PC: I was studying Latin American studies, just learning about the different Latin American countries and about Latinos in the United States as well. So, that’s [00:07:00] what I studied there. JJ: Okay, so you heard about him, you went to some kinda meeting you said? PC: Yeah, there was a presentation that a person by the name of Mervin Mendez, he was giving a presentation entitled “Latinos in Lincoln Park.” And that was the first time that I ever heard of the Young Lords. And I was really inspired by that, I mean, I subsequently met up with Mervin a couple of more times because I wanted to hear more about the Young Lords and what become about them, you know, because I had never heard of that. And I think what really got my attention was that [00:08:00] I knew about Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, but I had no idea that there was a Puerto Rican group that was very much patterned after the Black Panthers in that way. So, I mean that was really inspiring and just also the fact that it was a turf gang that transformed itself into a political organization just kind of -- one of the things that I kind of took from that is a lot of social change actually comes from the ground up like it’s just regular people that are kind of part of the street life and that are part of the [00:09:00] 4 �neighborhood. If you band together, you could do some great things. I mean, the Young Lords’ legacy, that’s basically something that we can still continue to this day. I mean, a lot of the same issues that the Young Lords fought back then are the same exact issues that we are fighting right now. I mean, gentrification is still there, but now we live further west on the North Side and they keep pushing people further west. And yeah, I mean, there have definitely been a lot of community initiatives. I was once a community organizer myself when I came out of college. [00:10:00] But one of the things that I found about that was that nonprofits are kind of tied to funding, and then you have to ask yourself, where is it that the comes from. And you realize that that comes from a lot of wealthy people that feel some sort of a guilt trip about what’s going on. But in terms of having a grassroots movement like that, I mean, I would love to see something like that again. People say that these are different times, but it’s kinda like that old cliché like [00:11:00] “The more things change then the more things stay the same.” So, it’s just that right now we’re just dealing with the same kinds of issues, but now we’re dealing with those for the west, you know. JJ: Now, you were fascinated not just with any group, but you were fascinated with the Black Panthers. Why so militant? PC: Because it’s a group of people that have kind of decided that they are no longer gonna just take whatever they get, and that they were gonna fight for social justice. And it’s just this whole thing of banding together to do something. JJ: But why do you feel that that that was necessary? [00:12:00] 5 �PC: Because I feel that power was not only just convincing people. Like a group like the Black Panthers is they were very confrontational when they actually needed to do that. And it is done by the very people that are being oppressed. So, I mean, that I feel was a very transformative experience for everybody, for those people that participated and even for [00:13:00] those people that just looked on or that came after, they actually leave that legacy of struggle for you to refer back to. JJ: So, did this come out of your life growing up in Chicago? Where did you grow up, what neighborhood did you grow up in? PC: I grew up in a couple of areas, but mainly Logan Square. JJ: (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). What were some of the areas you grew up in? PC: Yeah, so it’s Logan Square, the West Humboldt Park area, Bucktown, Wicker Park, so, you know, maybe -- those were the areas. JJ: So grew up in Wicker Park too then. PC: Mm-hmm. JJ: Okay, because Wicker Park no longer exists as a Latino community today or -did you grow up when it was changing? PC: Yeah, you know, I mean, [00:14:00] we moved there back in I believe it was 1987. So, that was actually the first time that I encountered gentrification, I was 10 years old. But of course, I didn’t know that term back then, but I knew that there was a very big difference between the new residents that lived there and the older people that were there like the longtime community people. 6 �JJ: What kind of (overlapping dialogue; inaudible), what do you mean, (overlapping dialogue; inaudible)? PC: I mean, it’s just in terms of like you could definitely tell that the newer people that moved into the area were -- they had more money than the rest of us [00:15:00], you know. You would see ‘em leave for work and you would see ‘em dressed nice and they had the nice car and yeah, I mean they would build these humongous, humongous houses like right next to this old brick Chicago building, and so you knew that there was definitely a big difference between us and them, us, we were just working class folks. And by the way, my particular block was a very interesting block man, we had all kinds of people that lived in that block. We had... JJ: Which block was that, explain? PC: It’s the 1600 [00:16:00] block of Hermitage in Bucktown. Yeah, I mean, we had people from Poland, we had Mexicanos, some Puerto Ricans, we had -- man, I actually remember that we actually had a house where there were transvestite prostitutes and his pimp and all this. But then, you know, right next to those people you had like professionals and all of this, but they were just starting to come in around the late ‘80s or so. JJ: In the late ’80s? PC: Yeah. JJ: Okay. Had you heard what type of neighborhood before that, before the ‘80s? PC: Yeah, my father told me that [00:17:00] there were a lot of Puerto Ricans that actually lived there. There is a building right on the corner of Wabansia and 7 �Marshfield and there was a school across the street called Jonathan Burr School, that’s where I went to school for like the last five years of grammar school. But anyway, that particular building there, my father told me that a lot of people from Las Piedras lived in that building, which was very interesting. When my father tells me -- back in those days when my father would tell me that Puerto Ricans lived here or that Puerto Ricans lived there, I thought that he was full of it, you know, (laughs) because [00:18:00] when I go to these particular areas, there’s no Puerto Ricans to be found these days. But then that actually goes back to when I went to college, and I went to that presentation about Latinos in the Lincoln Park area. I mean, that brought up a whole conversation about the fact that Puerto Ricans lived all over Chicago at one point and that we were actually the largest Latino group in the city of Chicago. We meaning -- Puerto Ricans came, we started coming around the 1950s. [00:19:00] I mean, we may not be the longest living group in the city, but we were definitely a big group. JJ: Okay, so you grew up in Logan Square you said, and Bucktown and some of these other communities. PC: Yeah. JJ: And so, when you were growing up in Logan Square, when you say Logan Square, what streets were you... PC: Let’s see, Logan Square, I used to live on Kimball by Armitage, Hamlin and -- JJ: Fullerton? PC: -- Fullerton, and most recently, Cortland and Spaulding. Yeah. 8 �JJ: And what do you remember, what year did you [00:20:00] start remembering things? PC: Kimball... JJ: What was it like growing up there? PC: Yeah, Logan Square, we had our, you know... JJ: What type of population? PC: What type of population. I mean, there was Puerto Rican, Mexican and a little bit of African American. Yeah. JJ: And what do you remember? PC: What do I remember about Logan Square, man, it’s just... JJ: I mean, who were your friends and what (overlapping dialogue; inaudible)? PC: Yeah, well look, the thing about me is that I actually lived a very sheltered life. So, my father wouldn’t let us go out and just play with other kids. JJ: Why was that, I mean why... PC: You know, like [00:21:00] I mean, I feel like that was more of an overprotectiveness. JJ: But why were you being protected, I mean from who? PC: I was being protected from the other kids -- see, one of the things about me is -one, is that I used to wear these thick, these big thick glasses and I have always had a speech impediment. So, my father didn’t want me to talk to other kids or play with other kids because they were gonna make fun of me. And yeah, that was pretty much true. When I was in school, yeah, I would get made fun of a lot. 9 �And my brother, he didn’t have all that, but there was still this thing of [00:22:00], “I have to protect my kids,” and that’s the way we were raised. JJ: Okay, so with you, it had to do with the speech impediment -- PC: Yeah. JJ: -- and it had to do with the glasses. PC: Yeah. JJ: But your brother, you said he had to be protected too. PC: Yeah. JJ: Was there anything in the neighborhood that you had to be protected from? PC: Well, you know, they were definitely scared of gangs there. In those days, yeah, we definitely had gangs. But to be perfectly honest with you, when gangbangers would look at me, it was no big deal because I was just a nerdy kid with big glasses, so, “He’s part of the neighborhood,” you know what I mean, like I [00:23:00] wasn’t a threat. But things do go on in the street, so he was basically trying to protect us from a lot of the gang violence. And yeah, I mean, I remember one time, me and my brother were playing catch in the alley and my father was there, and we see one of the neighborhood kids man, oh, and he was one of the few Puerto Ricans that lived in the area at that time. (audio cuts out) running down the alley and then we heard this car screeching tires and then we see it and then it comes straight down, you know, just it comes [00:24:00] straight down the alley and me and my brother and my father had to scatter and just move to the side because they were trying to run the kid over. We saw things like that. We saw kids get jumped and all that kind of stuff, we saw fights. One 10 �thing that we never saw there in that particular area, but we saw later was we saw -- was that we didn’t see any shootings even though we would hear about that. But when I lived in Bucktown, we didn’t see any of that. JJ: With cars chasing [00:25:00] people and -- PC: Yeah, those kinds of things, yeah. JJ: -- fist fights and stuff like that? PC: Yeah, yeah. But what is very interesting about that is that I would actually get into fights anyway, not with gang members but with kids that would tease me. I mean, you know, we all fought. JJ: Were they Puerto Rican or were they just... PC: You know what, one of them was, yeah. It’s such a small world because it turns out and I come to find this out, I don’t know, 20 something years later that his blood uncle who lives in Florida is my uncle too, but not by blood because he [00:26:00] got married to my aunt. (laughs) So, you know, it turns out that, I mean, we’re not blood related, but we have that connection. Since it was a predominantly Mexican area at that time, yeah, I mean, I used to get into fights with Mexican kids and stuff. And it wasn’t over that, but it was just over little things that I just got tired, you know, and I said, “You know what man, I’m gonna have to fight to get this person off my back,” you know what I mean, with my thick glasses and all. And if I got my butt kicked, then I got it kicked. But what was great about that was that that person would not bother you anymore. [00:27:00] (laughs) JJ: What about the rest of your -- you said you have a brother and a sister? 11 �PC: Yeah. JJ: How was their life growing up there in Bucktown? PC: In Bucktown, well my sister, we... JJ: Why do they call it Bucktown (overlapping dialogue; inaudible)? PC: You know what, I heard something about goats, but I really don’t know (laughs) what the deal is with that. I just didn’t get into why they call it that. Yeah, I mean, I’m not really sure. But when it... JJ: It’s the area around from what street to what street? PC: You know what, generally speaking, man, I would say that it goes from -- and this is just me talking, you know what I mean, I don’t really know the official -- JJ: Boundaries, yeah. PC: -- boundaries of it. But I would say from like Armitage and like Western [00:28:00] to like North Avenue and then Ashland. But that’s a (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). JJ: So, like from Ashland to Western, from Armitage to North Avenue? PC: Yeah, yeah. JJ: Okay, so that was Bucktown, okay. So, you said your brothers and sisters, what was their life like? PC: Yeah, well when it comes to my sister, I mean father lost contact with her years ago and he didn’t know where she was. So, we actually found her back in ’97, yeah. But in terms of my brother, I mean... JJ: So, are you in contact with her now? PC: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. 12 �JJ: And what do you mean you found her? PC: Let’s see, I found her on the internet. [00:29:00] JJ: You told your father. PC: Yeah, yeah, yeah. JJ: What he say? PC: Oh well, he sent for her to come so that she could visit and so that she could meet us and everything. JJ: And you’ve been in contact ever since. PC: Yeah, yeah, yeah. JJ: Okay, so your brother, what about him, (overlapping dialogue; inaudible)? PC: Yeah, me and him grew up together and I think that he went through a lot of the same experiences that I went through. Yeah, I mean we basically grew up the same exact way. And he probably sees things differently than I do, meaning that he probably has his own story about things. But yeah, [00:30:00] there’s not much to say -- I mean, one of the things about him is that he was more active in terms of -- let’s see, like I really wanted to play baseball when I was a kid, but, you know, since I had the thick glasses and it was dangerous and blah, blah, blah, I couldn’t do it. But my brother, he got to play and all of that, so it was just different. So, I kinda had to live those things through him, just kinda cheer him on and just do that. JJ: So, he was on a team and... PC: Yeah, yeah. JJ: A neighborhood team or -- 13 �PC: Yeah, yeah. He used to play in this park called Churchill Field which is on Damen Avenue [00:31:00] and [Bloomingdale?] I think it is. It’s right by Cortland there. Now they don’t use it as a baseball diamond anymore, now it’s a park for dogs. (laughs) Yeah, and it’s a lot nicer than back then. JJ: For the dogs (inaudible). PC: Yeah. (laughs) JJ: [They were?] against dogs. PC: I have a dog myself [and everything?]. JJ: But it’s nicer you said (inaudible). PC: Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it’s a nicer... JJ: Were there any community groups at all working with the youth at all at that time or any organizations that you remember? PC: Yeah, I mean, I remember that there was BUILD, which is still there. [00:32:00] JJ: What kind of work did BUILD do? PC: As far as I know, that was what they called street intervention. So, they had people come to the schools and talk to us about the whole gang life and drugs and all that stuff, which I think is really the best way to, I don’t know, to inform kids about the whole gang culture, you know what I mean? I don’t think it’s enough to say, “Don’t join gangs.” But I think it’s also important to know why they existed in the first place and what they have become now. It's just really important to kinda draw distinctions between both. [00:33:00] Because based on what I know now, the whole gang life wasn’t necessarily a bad thing, sometimes it was something that you needed to do or that you needed to be a part of. 14 �JJ: Where did you get the knowledge and why do you feel that way? PC: Definitely when I found out about the Young Lords, that just changed my whole perception. And when I was a kid back in the 1980s, I mean, I actually -- and this was in the Humboldt Park area, north -- Monticello is where I used to live. My mom would come home from the grocery store and, she [00:34:00] had all these bags in this cart and they would all be standing right there and they would all see us and stuff, and they would actually help my mom with the groceries. So, those things kinda stay with you. JJ: Who’s they? PC: I’m not sure what -- I mean, I know that they were young kids that would just hang around and we just kind of assumed that they were a gang and that they were a crew. But I’m not sure which -- JJ: Group. PC: -- which group it was, which particular gang it was. But yeah, there was definitely fear instilled in us at home, you know, “Oh, you know, those guys are dangerous, blah, blah, blah and those guys are crazy and blah, blah, blah.” [00:35:00] And of course we would see things too, you know. But when it came to us, we were cool, we were part of the neighborhood, and we were little kids. We were also potential gang members anyway in their eyes. I know that -- my father told me that he would actually talk to them and just be cool with them, so that they would protect his car, you know. So, he would go and buy a six pack of beer and sit with them and talk to them and they said, [00:36:00] “You know what, yeah, you are fine.” But he was still afraid of it. We were still afraid of the violence and all 15 �of that. And things would definitely happen, I mean, we would see people bash people’s car windows in and stuff like that. And I remember seeing canes on the floor, canes, you now, that they would actually use and stuff like that. You definitely knew that there was an element of danger early on, yeah. JJ: And so, the gang was basically like part of living up -- and part of the neighborhood, they were connected, everybody knew them, I mean, everybody -- PC: Yeah. JJ: -- was connected one way or the other. Your father [00:37:00] would relate to them, but he didn’t want you to relate to them. PC: Yeah, yeah, yeah. JJ: So, he was kind of like -- that was his way of protecting you by just kinda hanging out a little with all these are my kids and, you know. PC: Yeah. JJ: So, he could kind of relate to them, but he didn’t want you to be in that world? PC: Right, right. JJ: Is that how you see it or how did you see it? PC: I mean, yeah, that’s definitely part of it, that’s definitely part of what he was feeling, you know, that -- and then... JJ: And why do you think he understood their world better than you would understand? PC: Because I think my father wanted us to grow up and be a certain way and he didn’t want us to be like him. JJ: Oh, so he was like them -- 16 �PC: Yeah. JJ: -- in a way. He could relate to them. PC: Yeah, yeah. [00:38:00] And one of the things that was instilled in us is, “No, you guys are going to school. You guys are going to school. You guys can’t think about that. You guys -- no, not my kids, you all are not gonna go into that kinda lifestyle (inaudible).” But then he was also keeping us away from other kids that didn’t have anything to do with that. So, it was kinda like a very isolating experience. I mean, we did have friends in school, and we were allowed to kind of be with certain kids as long as my father knew their parents and [00:39:00] as long as he knew that they were okay. Then maybe we could play with them or whatever or be friends or whatever. But yeah, I mean, it was definitely tough for us to just kind of relate to what he... JJ: How did he know their parents, (inaudible) relate to their parents? PC: Let’s see, so the way that he met some of them was that when my brother played baseball, that’s how he would meet parents of kids. And that’s where he would make friends with them and just see if -- I mean, it’s just like anybody else, you might click with this person and you might not click with this other person for whatever reason. So, there was actually one [00:40:00] particular family where he's like, “You know what, those guys are cool, so you guys can hang out and play and blah, blah, blah.” But that was pretty much only one family. (laughs) And then we kind of -- we meaning the kids kinda like outgrew each other, you know, like we just had different interests after a while, so we just kinda stopped being friends I guess you could say. (laughs) Yeah. 17 �JJ: So, in school what kept you motivated in school, I mean, what... PC: Man, I don’t know what kept me motivated in school. (laughs) I really don’t man. I don’t know how I got as far as getting a bachelor’s degree, I really don’t. JJ: And you went to grammar school. PC: Yeah. JJ: Where did you go to high school? [00:41:00] PC: Lane Tech High School. JJ: Lane Tech? PC: Yeah. JJ: That’s a pretty good athletic school (inaudible). PC: I mean, it’s a pretty good academic school, yeah. JJ: Academic. PC: Yeah. JJ: What type of population and what years? PC: I went there from 1992 to 1996. And we had all kinds of students. That was a great experience for me because I got to meet all kinds of people, I mean all kinds of people, people that were from -- we had Greek people, Italian people, Syrian people, Indian people, other Latino groups like Guatemalans, Colombians, people from Africa, Ethiopia, [00:42:00] Nigeria, people from Asia. Well, you know, I just said India, but you know, people from Japan, China and people from Thailand, the Philippines. I mean, we had ‘em all. So, that was great to see that, and that was great to kind of be around all of those kind of groups because you realize how big the world is. I mean, that school was actually huge, there’s like 18 �4,000 students there. That was a good experience in that sense. But Lane Tech also had its problems though. JJ: Before we go into the problems, so it was very diverse, was it like a magnet school, how was it diverse? Was the community diverse or -- PC: Yeah, no. JJ: -- did people come [00:43:00] from all over? PC: Yeah, so people came from all over the city. What it was was that there was -they would actually pick kids that were like the top of their class and all of that. So, they would pick kids from all over Chicago, as long as you lived I believe it was north of Roosevelt Road and if you were in good academic standing and if you applied to the school, you could get into the school. So, yeah, I definitely worked my butt off the last two years of grammar school because I really wanted to get into that school and [00:44:00] I barely did, I barely got into the school. But, I mean, I was there for all four years and stuff. And that was definitely a tough experience too for different reasons. JJ: (inaudible) what sort of reasons? PC: Well, in terms of just -- I said earlier that there were about 4,000 students and that’s a huge student body. I mean, if you go inside of a classroom, it’s like 30, 40 kids sometimes. And so, the teacher couldn’t give you the proper attention all of the time and all that. And then of course there were some classes that you just didn’t want the teacher to even look at you (laughs) because you knew that [00:45:00] she -- I definitely felt like, what is it, like a small fish in a big pond 19 �there. Definitely felt like I wasn’t the smartest kid because you had some brains over there. JJ: (inaudible) you didn’t want the teacher to call on you? PC: Yeah man, when I had to read out loud especially, what a problem, what a problem, or just to ask me a question man, it was just really nerve racking, you know. Sometimes I think I would just... JJ: You laugh, I mean what were you thinking? PC: Just that sometimes you would prefer to be invisible. (laughs) When I was there, it was just like (audio cuts out) “I really don’t wanna rock the boat and I just wanna get through these four years and get outta [00:46:00] there,” you know. JJ: Yeah, okay. So, you got through the four years, now you’re going into DePaul? PC: Yeah. Well, and also, can I say something about when I was in grammar school? JJ: (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). PC: Yeah, yeah. Because what you were asking me about what -- JJ: Motivated? PC: -- motivated me to keep going in school too was, I think it was fifth or sixth grade, sixth grade, sixth grade we had 50 people in sixth grade at Jonathan Burr Elementary School. And we were picked by this foundation called the Polk Brothers Foundation, they have this program called the I Have a Dream Program. [00:47:00] And that particular program, they’re a nationwide program, I think it started in New York City. But it’s basically a group of very wealthy people got together and said to us, ‘If you guys get through high school, we can assist 20 �you financially through college.” So, during those years when we had a person assigned to us -- well, actually three, I think it was three, three people assigned to us to kind of make sure that we did go to college and that was there for us and all of this. So, I had that, and I don’t think a lot of kids had that. [00:48:00] You know what, it’s not that I don’t think, it’s that I know. So that is actually one of the main reasons why I got through high school and why I went through college, not only because I was promised money, but because we had people that were on us all of the time trying to get us to get better in school or they would actually take us to outings and stuff like that. We got to do some real cool things. JJ: What kinda outings? PC: We would go play basketball, we would do bowling, we would go see plays if we wanted to. If we were off from school, we would go and do like a [00:49:00] career day and we would go to a particular company, and they would talk about what they did and they had a lot of people of color there. I actually remember meeting Puerto Rican engineers, African American engineers, people that were professional. So, you know, we got to see people that looked like us that did those kinda jobs, you know, just to kind of say we’re just as smart as anybody else. I mean, that’s what I took from it. So, we got to see a lot of different things that I know that a lot of kids didn’t get to do [00:50:00] when they were growing up. And then there was definitely a struggle there between my father and the person that served as our -- JJ: Mentor? PC: -- mentor, yeah. 21 �JJ: What kinda struggle? PC: So, there were definitely a lot of clashes, like there were times when my father didn’t want me to go to this thing because, “I don’t really know him and I don’t know -- and I don’t know what’s gonna happen. And, you know, some of those kids are actually bad kids.” It was that kinda thing. And then he would call up and talk to my dad and he would try to [00:51:00] reason with my father and blah, blah, blah. And I think in the end, I feel like my father -- felt very challenged, but I think my father at that particular time -- I guess he got through my father, you know what I mean? Yeah, he didn’t like him to call, but he would still talk to him. And then my father would say things like, “Well, (Spanish),” about this, that and the other. Yeah, he is right about this, that and the other, but you would see a look on his face like, “Yeah, he's right, damn it.” (laughs) JJ: Why was your father so worried about your safety and protecting you? Did something happen to him or something that... PC: Well, first of all, I mean he definitely had a lot of things that – would happened to him, in terms of just getting into fights. When my father was young, just like any other young person, you like to go out and you like to have fun, you like to meet girls and blah, blah, blah. So, what he would do is that he would go to the neighborhood bars and hang out and dance, whatever, and whatever. So, you know, I mean, fights broke out, you know, folks get drunk, you know. JJ: At the neighborhood bar? PC: Yeah. JJ: With other Latinos? 22 �PC: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Folks would get drunk and blah, blah, blah and there -- and then if he was with his brother and if his brother got into a fight [00:53:00] of course my father had to go in... JJ: Was his brother in a gang or something? PC: No, no. JJ: But they were just bar fights? PC: Yeah, yeah. JJ: A lot of bar fights? PC: Yeah. JJ: What area was that? PC: Cornelia and Reta over there. JJ: Oh Cornelia, yeah. PC: But... JJ: Actually, there were a few gangs in there. PC: Then... JJ: A few bar gangs (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). PC: A few bar gangs? JJ: Yeah. PC: But they would actually go to Las Vegas Night Club on Armitage all the way west over there, to -- they would go to, man La Concha which I have no idea where that’s at anymore. Is it on North and California over there? JJ: (inaudible) yeah, a lot of people used to go there. 23 �PC: Habana San Juan. These are all things and names that I have heard him talk about. So, that’s where he would hang. [00:54:00] Oh, of course, he would go to the Aragon Ballroom. So, those are the kind of places where they would go to. JJ: And he would definitely get into fights. Had he ever gone to jail -- PC: Once or twice... JJ: -- do you know for a fight or a brawl or anything? PC: As far as I know, no, no. JJ: Okay, but he wouldn’t be into brawls. PC: Yeah, yeah, yeah. And it’s funny because in my wife’s family and in mine, they are very similar with that kind of stuff, like, “Oh, you can’t go out.” But with me, with me and my brother, it’s kinda weird because they usually would do that with girls, girls were the ones that were highly protected in that way. [00:55:00] Something else that comes to mind too is that both of my parents... JJ: (inaudible) there was a big gang epidemic later too, maybe that could be it too. PC: I mean, yeah. JJ: So, it wasn’t just the girls, it would be the youth. PC: Yeah, yeah. JJ: Yeah, I don’t know, I don’t know. What do you think? What do you think? PC: I mean, I definitely think that it’s a combination of things, it’s just not one thing. Yeah, I mean, yeah, definitely there were a lot of gangs. JJ: I mean, you were there, so I’m asking you (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). PC: Yeah, yeah. Part of it too that both of my parents, they -- well first of all, my mom wasn’t raised by her parents. My mom was raised by her grandparents. 24 �JJ: Why was that? PC: Because my grandfather and my grandmother split up. [00:56:00] And I forget how many kids they had, but it was way too many for just one parent to take care of. So, some were, I think three -- yeah, three were given to the grandparent and I think there were two that were given to this aunt. So, they were all kinda like split up, split from each other. And then as far as my father’s concerned, his father passed away when my dad was like nine or ten. So, my father wasn’t raised by his father. You could say that my father was raised by [00:57:00] one of my uncles, which was his older brother and he has always said that he really wasn’t raised by his mom and that he used to cause a lot of trouble with his mom. Because he actually left when he was 16. So, I don’t know if he was just afraid that we were gonna turn into him. (laughs) I’m not really sure what that is, I’m not really sure. I think part of it has to do with the fact that he really didn’t -- I mean, yes my uncle raised him, but he was only four years older than my father. So, my father didn’t have a real father figure. [00:58:00] So, maybe he just didn’t know how to do it, or he -- and so he just felt, “Let me -- “ but the flip side to that is that we spent a lot of quality time with my father anyway because we would practice playing ball. I was not part of a team, but we would practice together and just kind of do exercise. That’s kind of like the -- I mean, we definitely got to spend a lot more time than I think most kids our age. That’s why we can still speak Spanish, that’s why [00:59:00] I feel like we knew things about our family because my father would sit and just tell us stories about people, people that were blood related, but we didn’t know personally because they lived in Puerto 25 �Rico, and we live here. But he would make those people come alive for us. So, when we did finally get a chance to go see these people, it felt like I had known these people all of my life. We would see pictures of them and all of that. So, to me, it was just yeah, that’s this guy and that’s this girl and there’s this person and this is what happened and this is -- so [01:00:00] I mean, because they were like that, we pretty much grew up in our house, we didn’t go out and play with the other kids and all that. And then in my house you spoke Spanish or you -- you still speak Spanish in my house. So those things are there. So, you know, I mean, it’s not all bad and it’s not all good. JJ: And it kept you out of the gang. PC: It kept me out of a gang even though to be perfectly honest with you, I really don’t think that I would have joined the gang anyway and I don’t think that they woulda wanted me anyway, so -- (laughs) because I’m not a tough guy. JJ: You were in the same neighborhood, I mean(inaudible) -- PC: Yeah. JJ: -- but you were in the same neighborhood. But it kept you out of there and it got you to DePaul. PC: Mm-hmm. JJ: Do you think that’s what kept you outta there [01:01:00] or am I making an assumption? I wanna know what you think. PC: What kept me outta the gang culture? JJ: Did your father spending quality time with you, did that contribute to keeping you out of the gang culture? 26 �PC: I mean, I would say so. It’s really hard to tell because there was no desire within me ever to be part of the gang culture. JJ: And why is that? PC: Because of the way that it was -- one was it was based on what I was told and based on what I saw. I didn’t wanna get my head bashed in, you know what I mean? (laughs) But, yeah, it’s funny because I do run into kids that grew up with me and [01:02:00] they’re not kids anymore, they’re my same age, and we talk and everything. And they say to me, “Yeah -- “ now that we’re grown it’s like one of the things that they say to me is, “Well, you know, I just wanted to be a part of something back then, and, my dad wasn’t around,” and all of this. So, that’s part of the reason why they actually felt like they needed to join because they really wanted to have -- because they wanted to know how to be men. That’s like a big reason why a lot of the kids that I grew up with [01:03:00] got into the culture like that. And some were just intimidated by the gang members, and they said, “You are gonna join the gang and that’s that, or else.” Whatever that was. So, you had those two things going on. JJ: Okay, 1982 or 1983, the Harold Washington campaign was in the Logan Square area and the Young Lords, even though they weren’t using that name were very active in your area where you live. Were you living in Logan Square at that time, 1982 and ’83? PC: Nineteen eighty-two and ’83 I was in West Humboldt Park. 27 �JJ: West Humboldt Park, okay. And also Harold Washington, there was another office in that area working very strong in the Humboldt Park area, West [01:04:00] Humboldt Park. Do you remember, how old were you at that time? PC: Nineteen eighty-two and ’83, I was four and five. JJ: Oh, you were only four and five. PC: Yeah. JJ: Okay, so you don’t recall any of that. PC: You know what, the only -- yes, I mean, the only thing that I do recall unfortunately (laughs) is that my mom who she was the only one that would vote, and she didn’t wanna vote for Washington. She wanted Jane Byrne. JJ: Okay. PC: (laughs) So, that’s the other thing I remember from that particular... JJ: A lot of Puerto Ricans went for Jane Byrne in the beginning and (inaudible). So, she was basically following the Puerto Rican culture at that time, a lot of Puerto Rican (inaudible) Jane Byrne. PC: Really, I didn’t know that. Yeah, yeah. JJ: And I think the Young Lords [01:05:00] took people to Harold Washington and other groups and [West Town Coalition?]. Okay, so did your father ever mention the Young Lords or anything like that or was that named mentioned? PC: You know, not the Young Lords. He was more familiar with Los Hijos del Diablo. JJ: Oh, Los Hijos del Diablo. PC: Los Hijos del Diablo and La Hacha Vieja. 28 �JJ: Oh, La Hacha Vieja. What did he say about La Hacha Viejas and Los Hijos del Diablo, let’s go over those groups. Both of those groups were connected in a way with the Young Lords. PC: The Young Lords? JJ: Yeah. (inaudible). PC: Still working? JJ: They’re working. PC: Okay. He would basically tell me that especially with Los Hijos del Diablo, they [01:06:00] would actually hang out at a particular bar. I’m not sure where that bar was or anything like that, but he said that you knew when they would walk into the door and all of this. And I’m like, “Why?” “Oh, because they were these big guys and blah, blah.” But he really didn’t -- that’s kinda like as far as it goes. He talks about seeing a lot of afros every once in a while and all this stuff and that he wouldn’t mess with them and that he would stay away and all of that and blah, blah, blah and that it was dangerous and that you just didn’t wanna get into it with them and blah, blah, blah. So, it was that kinda of thing. JJ: And what did he say about the La Hacha Viejas? PC: La Hacha Vieja, you know, he didn’t say too much. JJ: They were one of the first [01:07:00] gangs in Chicago and stuff like that. PC: Yeah, yeah. JJ: We’re kinda finishing it up. What do you think is important in terms of this project that we’re trying to do here just telling the history of the Lincoln Park, but in 29 �general the community, the Puerto Rican community and displacement and (inaudible)? PC: Yeah, I mean... JJ: What keeps you inspired? Because I know that every time we talk about the Young Lords, you’re excited. PC: Yeah, I get excited, yeah, yeah. JJ: (inaudible). PC: Yeah, you know, I think one of the things [01:08:00] is that what (audio cuts out) what the Young Lords did, I feel that it can be done again. JJ: What is it that Young Lords did that you feel should be done again? What aspect of the Young Lords (overlapping dialogue; inaudible)? PC: Yeah, I mean for me it would be great to see a gang turn into a political organization just like back in those days. And I’m always afraid to say that it’s never gonna happen. One is because I want it to happen and two is because that’s very pessimistic to say, “Ah, you know, these are just a bunch of kids that don’t know anything.” But the fact of the matter is is that that could happen again. [01:09:00] Maybe it’s just that there are people out there -- and I know that there are plenty of people out there that just don’t know about the Young Lords, they don’t know what you guys were all about. But what really concerns me though is that we live in a very materialist culture. I mean, young people now, they’re just kind of obsessed with money, money and just kinda like the -we tend to glorify -- and I am gonna add this -- and I am gonna include myself in 30 �this age bracket, because it’s my particular age group and I’m 34 years old. When [01:10:00] the whole... JJ: Hippie? PC: I can’t say it. JJ: Hip-hop movement. PC: Yeah. When the whole hip-hop movement came about, it wasn’t about that, you know what I mean? And that was actually a form of kind of social activism. And when it started in New York City, from my understanding is that the whole gang culture kind of stopped being and they all kinda joined together [01:11:00] as well. And I would say from like the 1970s to about the 1980s there has been a claim that there were no gangs out there. So, the way that that started was kind of reminiscent of what the Young Lords were about, but it was slightly different. There is, as far as I know, there are not a lot of Latino groups out there that kinda think in terms of the reorganization of society. One of the things was that [01:12:00] Black Panthers and the Young Lords were about -- you were very anticapitalist and very much looking at socialism as a way of being. And so, a lot of groups don’t have that, I mean, a lot of activist groups don’t have that, they’re more reformer groups and all of that. Yeah, so I think that’s what’s different now in that there is a lot of people that have come into the rap world and talk [01:13:00] about the cars and talk about the gold. And they will glorify Scarface, Tony Montana and Don Corleone, the Godfather and all of this stuff. So, it’s just kind of like -- and it’s just gotten worse. I mean, it has gotten to the point where there’s so much buffoonery. And you have a lot of these rappers that are like... 31 �JJ: (inaudible) We are gonna have to finish it up. PC: Okay. You know, that are like really not saying anything and they’re very influential, but there’s no [01:14:00] consciousness with what they’re saying. But who knows, I mean, somebody might come up and do something interesting, so, you never know. JJ: Okay. END OF VIDEO FILE 32 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d7a3608d7b28661ded31b3a6b94f30e.mp4 b80a71c6514dd529b8b20980208fa6ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Primitivo Cruz vídeo entrevista y biografía Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Puertorriqueños--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Puerto Rico--Autonomía y movimientos independentistas Artes, Puertorriqueños--Illinois--Chicago Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Cruz_Primitivo Title A name given to the resource Primitivo Cruz video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cruz, Primitivo Description An account of the resource Primitivo Cruz is a Young Lord at heart who studied at DePaul University. He has researched and written several poems and papers on the Young Lords. Mr. Cruz performed several of his poems and songs at the Young Lords 40th Anniversary, celebrating the official founding of the Young Lords on September 23, 1968. Most of his work is political by nature, focusing on the Puerto Rican experience, the right to Puerto Rican self-determination, as well as the rights of new immigrants. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Puerto Ricans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Puerto Rico--Autonomy and independence movements Arts, Puerto Rican--Illinois--Chicago Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-03-27 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8bcddbc48ba0b9a88ed0ab81905850ca.pdf eb09fe4d2359e5506753cc80f15264d3 PDF Text Text Speaking Out Western Michigan’s Civil Rights Histories Interviewee: Donald Cullen Interviewers: Ian Baert and Heather Taylor Supervising Faculty: Melanie Shell-Weiss Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 2/26/2012 Biography and Description Donald Cullen grew up near Royal Oak, Michigan. After being in the 4th Marine division on Iwo Jima, he was stationed in Hawaii before returning to Michigan. Donald now lives in Whitehall, Michigan, near his daughters. His love for the game of golf is as great now as it was back in high school. He discusses war. Transcript CULLEN: Well compared to the, the P-8 that’s a big ship you know. BAERT: Um hm CULLEN: It’ll hold a couple thousand men. Well, you know you’re bobbin up and down like this, you know that it’s stationary, and (pauses) a guy gets crushed in there. BAERT: Oh Really BENEDICT: (Interrupts) after he comes… CULLEN: Next that sticks in my mind more than anything… (Daughter Interrupts again) BENEDICT: After he comes, after he comes home BAERT: Yea? BENEDICT: Uh, makes it through everything over there, and then that’s what happened to him CULLEN: And then when we get aboard the P-8, and the guy says, “What do you, (stutters), what do you want to eat? Swiss steak or something else you know? (Daughter and narrator laugh). After eatin’ rations for a month (everyone laughs more), you know? He says, “I don’t care.” They even had ice cream with that meal, uh so, it was uh… (Interrupted) BENEDICT: Didn’t you want spam Dad? (Everyone laughs) CULLEN: You know I’ll tell you one thing, I never, (stutters), I never minded spam. BENEDICT: Uh hm CULLEN: I didn’t always, (stutter), I mean compare to some of the other things we had I think. But it was, I was in an outfit that has a lot of guys from Detroit. That’s where I was from, Detroit, and it was, I don’t Page 1 �know, about 50% guys from right, (stutters), right around the Detroit area. I went to one, (paused) reunion they had, like you know just the guys in our outfit that was from around Detroit there. BAERT: Um hm CULLEN: And I never went to anymore that was it. (Chuckles) BAERT: Yea BENEDICT: Tell Ian when you went down to sign up dad. This is a good story. When you went down to sign up. CULLEN: I (stutters) I don’t know what you’re talking about. BENEDICT: Well, well… CULLEN: I know when I went down there BENEDICT: Yea, and you told me that you were gonna sign up for the army CULLEN: Oh, oh yea I wanted to go in the airborne, hmm, cause I had a, my brother was in the airborne, And, the guy says, “No.” he says, “We got our quota, we take the first 500 men.” that day for the army, and so he says, “We got Navy, Coast Guard, or Marine Core.” And I said, “Oh, I’ll take the Marine Core.” (Chuckles) And that was uh, (paused), the guys never thought nothing of it, it was, but uh I didn’t want that Navy, they was, (daughter chuckling in the background), I was reading about it in the paper all the time. Those ships were getting sunk right out of New York Harbor. I says, “I want, I want dry land.” (Everyone laughs). BENEDICT: And Charley. Bill’s dad, he went down and he wanted to be in the Navy, cause he loved that water. Oh no, no, he couldn’t, they put him in the infancy 2:35 – 2:40 BAERT: Oh, I never knew… (Interrupted) CULLEN: (interrupts) Well uh…… BENEDICT: They do? BAERT: So you grew up around Detroit CULLEN: Yep I was uh, in uh, I was uh drafted. BAERT: Uh hm CULLEN: and uh, I was a draft warden for 62 out of Plymouth, MI. That was just, not too far from here. (Waiter comes takes drink orders, etc.) BAERT: That’s where all of my roommates are at, right around from Detroit, like uh. CULLEN: You, (stutters), you are? BAERT: My roommates are right around from Detroit. Livonia… Page 2 �CULLEN: Yep, that’s where I was BAERT: Yep, and… CULLEN: Livonia BAERT: uh Royal Oak, they have that big theater there. CULLEN: That’s where I was born, Royal Oak BAERT: Oh really? Yep, that’s where one of my roommates is from and he lives two blocks from the theater down there, so its uh, that’s why I was just curious though. CULLEN: Royal Oak Township. BAERT: Yep, it’s uh, it’s a nice area. CULLEN: I, I don’t even know what it’s like. BAERT: Oh Really? CULLEN: I was move away from there when I was just a little 3:36 – 3:42???? BAERT: Um, so you were, so you were drafted, uh we were talking about um, your childhood, um like, did you have any, like dreams jobs when you were younger? CULLEN: No BAERT: No CULLEN: Uh I, I think uh why I went in uh engineer outfit is uh I’d worked as a carpenter’s helper, you know, roofing houses, and I think that’s why they, why I went in a engineers. BAERT: Uh hm But I never had no, I wasn’t a carpenter I was just a, haul the lumber and nail em’. BAERT: Yea BENEDICT: Well wouldn’t you say caddying was a dream job for yea? CULLEN: (laughing) Oh, I, I caddied for a long time. BAERT: Yea? BENEDICT: (laughing) Oh Yea BAERT: I was going to do that for a ser too. I (stuttered) looked into that, that would have been a fun job. I love golf so, that would have been nice, but… CULLEN: Wouldn’t it? I think uh, well the, the guys around, I ….4:38 – 4:40 With a fella, well we was in school all the time, and uh, boy we played every golf course around this time of the year. You know, when they was closed up, and we knew they would be open (laughing) BAERT: Yea (laughing) Page 3 �CULLEN: We’d go out to Birmingham, or Oakland Hills, (laughing) drive right up the club, There was no other cars around BENEDICT: Just like they were members (laughing) CULLEN: Yea with an old 36’ Ford (laughing) BAERT: Yea (laughing) CULLEN: Henry, this guy that hung around us all the time. He had uh, he worked at Cadillac’s BAERT: Yea? CULLEN: And he drove the cars off the assembly line out into the parking lot there, you know, wherever they need them. (Laughing) And there he had to get into that old 36’ Ford, he had to drive it (5:17 - 5:23) and they don’t have no brakes you know them old 36’ Fords, mechanical brakes, and they never worked (everyone laughs). It was (paused) Henry he went into uh, he went into the Army after the war, and maybe he was little younger than me, I don’t know, and he went over in Korea. He was playing polo all the time, riding horses. I guess he had a good time doing that (laughing). BAERT: Yea definitely CULLEN: He was uh, we caddied together and played golf together all the time. He was a nice buddy. I watched hockey, not watched it, I mean I listened to it. We’d play table tennis, you know, in a garage with a (laughing) a little (6:26-6:30) we was always bumping our head on that thing. Anyway, that’s when Detroit won the first 3 games against Toronto. What was it 1942? (Laughing) Well I thought maybe you knew the hockey… BENEDICT: Dad, I was still a star in heaven (laughing) CULLEN: Detroit wins the first 3 games just blowing Toronto out. They lose the next four. BAERT: Oh, wow CULLEN: I think 1942 BENEDICT: So we come to be Red Wing’s Fans from way back. BAERT: Do you have any Siblings? Did you have any brothers or sisters? CULLEN: Yea there was five of us, and my oldest sister, she’s gone, and so is my older brother. And my younger sister, she uh not doing good, her minds going, like mine is too. Donna told me to, 7:27 – 7:35 I, I drive over here I thought she told me to meet her over here. BENEDICT: I said, I see him at the casway and I said to Bill, well there goes dad, (laughter). Good thing it’s a small town. We can track him down (laughs). CULLEN: I pulled in over here this morning I thought it was at 9:00. Page 4 �BAERT: Ah CULLEN: The cop was across the street waiting, boy I had to be careful I didn’t do anything wrong. He was just waiting for someone to pull a boner, and he was going to nail them. I don’t mind the police being on alert like that cause I, I usually drive I think slow enough. I don’t, I don’t speed too much. But uh, you know most the time when I’m driving, every once in a while I’ll look and if I see a speed limit sign, I’ll look at the speedometer, you know the speedometer, I’m going exactly what that reads up there. Now is that just, I don’t BENEDICT: That’s talent, that’s skill (laughter) CULLEN: But honestly I’ll, if it says 25 I’ll be maybe doing 26 or 27, but right in there BAERT: Yea, that’s what I usually do too, so. BENEDICT: Dad has also a younger brother. BAERT: Oh ok CULLEN: Yep, Jack he’s a. Does he? Jack was a brickplayer. That longed for me to… BENEDICT: (interrupts) 8:59 CULLEN: He uh, we worked together for a while trimming trees for the city of Detroit, well that was, we enjoyed that I think both of us. We had nice foreman. I think having a good ser means a lot to a job. It makes the day go by so much faster. I gotta tell you this story with this foreman we had. He’s great big guy. Big teeth, just a big smile on his face all of the time. We’re trimming on this street you know, I knock down a branch or maybe about this big, and (estimates size) just about covered all the way across the road. And there’s, oh about this much snow I’d say (estimates again), fresh snow. This UPS guy he’s coming along, and he’s got a delivery, he’s pushing this branch along. This big ol’ foreman we got he said, “Can’t you read that sign, it says do not enter.” “Road closed.” And he’s getting pushed backwards and he’s got feet about like that (laughs). He’s a great big guy. He loses his temper, the first time I ever seen him lose his temper. He says. “Goddamn you!” He says, “Stop it!” (Laughs)I never seen Harvey, Harvey Brinks was a 10:27, never seen him get like that, but there he, he got pushed off edge by 15, 20 feet backwards. The guy couldn’t get across that, Harvey’s feet was there. He couldn’t get away. It ticked me, you know, I was, having a bird’s eye view I was up the tree watching it. Oh, that Harvey was a… Then we, we went over on another Street, Boston Blvd, maybe you know that. Well, that was the wealthiest street in Detroit, you know way back. Henry Ford lived there, and the whole haul of General Motor people. Everybody that had money lived on Boston Street. The trees hadn’t been trimmed in about 20 years, since the WPA had been there. They were way up there; they had trees up there about 80 feet somewhere, Elm trees, big ones. We’d be up there climbing around. Harvey was up and say, “Coffee!” (Laugh) He’d just like to see us come sailing down out of some trees. It was his way of having a good day. He was uh, really uh, good foreman. I liked him a lot. He had a, had a brother that was into racing. (Stammers a little) Page 5 �His brother in law bought this Lincoln, or (paused), I think it was Lincoln. And that was the fastest thing, you know for the track, riding on the track PAULINE: Oh ok CULLEN: Like what they’re doing today. I, I see that on television every once in a while. They had a big crack up yesterday. Did you happen to see that or anything? BAERT: I saw it on ESPN, yea CULLEN: I was watching that… BENEDICT: Oh is that a NASCAR or? CULLEN: Yea about 3 or 4 of them right together coming into, they only had about a half a, not even half a lap to go. BAERT: Yea the quarter turn, cause uh, the 11th place guy at, right before the crash ended up winning the race. CULLEN: (laughing) Yep! BAERT: Which is weird so (laughing) CULLEN: you know there was a car there I was watching, he was, I think he had the most speed. But boy they kept him pinned in back there. BENEDICT: Well I think they use that as a strategy don’t they? To kind of widdle people out. BAERT: What did your parents do? CULLEN: What? BAERT: What did you parents do for work? CULLEN: Oh I don’t know (laughter). My mother she was a worker, my dad was an outman. Then he had a pool hall over in Highland Park. I, I never, I think I, I didn’t spend I don’t think 3 hours in that pool hall. I, I never, I rather play table tennis more than pool. BAERT: Yea CULLEN: Look it there’s the dog tag I got. BENEDICT: Yea this is um, Dad’s dog tag. BAERT: Oh this is awesome! BENEDICT: Yep, isn’t that great that we found, we were, um looking for, uh the toy box um grandma, she had a toy box for all of us grandchildren you know, and um Jenna now that she has a child. She said, “Oh can you find grandma’s toy box?” So dad and I were down in the basement looking around. We found his (sea bag 14:02 – 14:05). BAERT: Oh Really? Wow. Page 6 �BENEDICT: And I said, “Look it dad.” And it was his I.D. and, um his dog tag was in it, and we had cleaned out a couple other boxes and I said, “And what’s this?” and I pulled this great big piece of metal out of his (sea bag) about this long (gestures), all the cleaning and looking was over when I found that, that uh gun barrel. (Laughing) CULLEN: Oh (laughing). My brother Jack had sent into the army, and he got an old rifle and uh then he bought an extra gun barrel, because they didn’t recommend that gun barrel that was on there. That it may not be useful, so then Jack bought an extra barrel, and he gave it to me. Well, it’s a, I don’t know if you know rifles or not, but there are some that have 3 grooves and some of them got 4. Well the 4 groove it shoots a little straighter, it puts a little more spin on it. BENEDICT: So he has me looking, and I’m not (stutters), I don’t know what I’m looking for. He says, “Hold it up to the light hunny. I can’t see it real good. Is that a 3 groove or a 4 groove?” Well what on Earth am I looking for? (Daughter laughs) So I have this barrel… (Interrupted) CULLEN: Riflemen’s the only ones that have any, uh knowledge of that. You know most people pick up a rifle and they don’t know… (Background noise, multiple people talking) BENEDICT: Dad knew he had it but didn’t know where it was, well they it laid at the bottom of the, of a (sea bag). CULLEN: Did you look at that close Donna? BENEDICT: Yea I looked at it close. CULLEN: No but there’s something on there I bet you didn’t notice. See that little “C” over there? BENEDICT: Uh hm CULLEN: That’s what denomination we are. See I was baptized Catholic BENEDICT: Oh, ok MR BENEDICT: Show Ian CULLEN: And type “O” blood. That’s when I went in 1943. PAULINE: That’s pretty nice. BENEDICT: Isn’t that something to put that on there? BAERT: It is. BENEDICT: Yea DAVE: See that was, when I went in, in the 80’s that was uh, you’re religion was a big (16:02 – 16:06 BENEDICT: Oh yes GUY 1: I bet you it isn’t anymore. PAULINE: It might be. Page 7 �BENEDICT: But you, but you look at, um the cemetery, um you know Arlington National they all have record if you are Christian, or whether you are Jewish or… CULLEN: What other questions you got? BAERT: Well I was just looking at, uh like, well we already talked about like, if you had any like, where you saw yourself in 10 years and stuff like that. Did you play any sports when you were younger, when you were a kid? You remember playing sports with your friends or anything like that? CULLEN: Well we played sports, uh all, like um when I got out of the service we went my brother; my brother took over my grandmother’s house right down pretty close to the ball park. BAERT: Oh ok CULLEN: On Balt and Temple. It was right on ….street 17:11. There was my older brother Gordon, and Jack and I and then there was Cullen family across the road (laughing). BAERT: Yea? BENEDICT: No relation CULLEN: (Laughing) Yea no relation, two boys, and then Henry and Mrs. Lawrence would come over. That’s it. But uh I always ched around with Henry. He had blond hair and his brother had black hair, Chet. Anyways, we had almost a softball team right there, the three of us with two across the road, and Henry and Lawrence, they’d come. We’d play softball almost every night. BAERT: Oh right? CULLEN: At Naple Field, and we had a short right field fence and, well the street run there, the way the ball diamond was outlaid. I played short right field there. We was playing black guys. You know they, they loved to play ball. Anyways, there was one hit out there to me and I caught it, and I threw it into, Lawrence was catching. He tagged a guy out. The guy couldn’t make it from third base (laughter). Well it was a short right field wall and all; you know it never went out very far. You only got a single if you hit it over the fence; you know at a certain so many posts down. Then it was a double and then there was an entrance way down there and I think if you had it past that it was a homer. BAERT: Oh yea? (Laughs) CULLEN: Isn’t that something? BAERT: Yea CULLEN: The way we had it figured single, double, and then a homer (laughs). But uh, it was the bat boy for the tigers, well Lawrence our catcher he uh went with his sister who was Lawrence’s girlfriend, isn’t that something? (Laughs) BAERT: Yea BENEDICT: Did it get you into the games? Page 8 �CULLEN: uh they never got me into the games. Lawrence’s did, but I mean they called him Tarzan, all the girls were on there, cause he had long black hair. The only one, you know, that had long hair. I don’t think I’ve ever had long hair in my lifetime except when I was a real little guy BENEDICT: How’d you like Stevie’s hair yesterday? Did that remind you of Christopher or what? (Laughs) CULLEN: I use to cut the boys hair but, then they got so big and they wanted long hair, so I hung up the clippers. BENEDICT: And my mom, Christopher had beautiful curly hair and he didn’t want to have his hair cut you know, and mom didn’t want him to get his hair cut. Here’s dad clipping the other boy’s hair and poor Christopher, you know he would run and hide (laughs). Well now he has a son and Stevie showed up, and it was the spitting image. I couldn’t believe it, it was my baby brother right there his child with long hair, and he’s a hockey player. I said… (Waitress comes and clears table) I said I didn’t know if I should call him Justin Bieber or not. He had the bangs all over. (laughs) but tell, yea, tell him, I want you to tell Ian the story about, um when you guys were cadian and the cadies could play on Mondays. CULLEN: Monday mornings. Henry 20:46 and I, we’d be the first ones out there. We’d play 18 holes before there’d be, uh footprints of anybody else on the course. BAERT: Wow CULLEN: We’d play 18 holes and there wouldn’t be no other caddies out there yet. Now, that’s going around a pretty good time. BENEDICT: What was the name of the course, um Forest… CULLEN: Forest Lake BENEDICT: Forest Lake, and um a friend of mine, son, was getting married and they would come down there. And so they were going to hold the reception at Forest Lake Country Club. So I said to dad, “Do you know where Forest Lake Country Club is?” I got to tell you a story about Forest Lake, but anyhow. Really, it’s very ritzy place now, but what did you say that the course was um private then went public? CULLEN: Yep, during the wartime cause people didn’t have gas to travel very far. Everybody had a ticket right on your windshield. You know, when you went into the gas station. You had service men in there, they’d come out. Well you had to show your card, and then they’d punch it too so you couldn’t get more gas then what you were allowed. You were only allowed so much gas a week. I don’t think this country really realized how much the United States dedicated to that war. I mean everybody it wasn’t just… BAERT: That’s what we were talking about the difference between, um like, a limited war and like a full war went. That entire economy, everything was dedicated to the war effort compared to like now where it’s hardly ever, hardly at all. Was there anything else besides gasoline that everyone struggled at, that was rationalized? 22:47-22:49 CULLEN: Oh I, I think, uh meat too, I think you had to have, uh food stamps. It was I think everything, but everybody was into it. I mean I don’t care, the whole family everybody would do certain things. Page 9 �BENEDICT: Uh hm, or gave up certain things, yep. CULLEN: My sister Joel, that’s, uh older then I am, she was, she worked in the factory. She worked on the B29’s and I didn’t even know they were making the B29’s. Isn’t that something? Marge she worked in the factory too. That was my oldest sister. She was 9 years older than I was. MR. BENEDICT: So did you get drafted Don? CULLEN: Yes MR. BENEDICT: where’d you go to base? CULLEN: San Diego MR. BENEDICT: Oh yea, Camp Pendleton? CULLEN: What? MR. BENEDICT: Camp Pendleton? CULLEN: No San Diego Base. MR. BENEDICT: Oh really? CULLEN: And then you, up north a ways was Camp Pendleton. I was at the rifle range, uh I think I was there for a week, or two week, I forget now. But uh, you had to go through the rifle range and that was, you know, when you were in boot camp. But that San Diego boot camp, that (24:19 – 24:22) I bet you is a mile. I never seen such a thing and the navy was down at the end of it. The Navy uh, I think they had a boot camp down there at the end of that; but sometimes well I don’t know how many platoons they had but… (Waitress comes to table gain bringing something) I don’t know how many platoons they had… MR. BENEDICT: You want to eat yet? CULLEN: What? MR. BENEDICT: Are you ready to eat? CULLEN: Well uh I was going to eat with Sherrill afterwards, but I don’t, I don’t turn away food very well. (Laughter) I don’t, I don’t eat a lot but whatever I take and put on my plate I eat. BENEDICT: Now how much did you weight when you entered the core? CULLEN: you’re asking questions I don’t know. BENEDICT: How much do you weigh now? CULLEN: well I’m losing weight now, but I was 157 pound for 30, 40 years. I didn’t have to get on the scale to know how much I weighed, I weighed the same. (Background noise, joking around, and laughter) Page 10 �[After returning from the buffet area] CULLEN: Are you familiar with Muskegon? PAULINE: A little, I have been here years ago. I haven’t been around here in a long time CULLEN: What do they call it? The steak and agger. PAULINE: Oh? CULLEN: We went there at 9 o’clock in the morning and honestly it’s all, I don’t know how much bigger it is than this here place, maybe two or three times bigger. Almost all the seats were taken. BAERT: Oh really? Wow. CULLEN: At 9 o’clock in the morning. For breakfast. PAULINE: It must be a good place then. CULLEN: Oh, you know what? I said Bill, I think, I said, in fact I must be a big man, big eater because everybody, everybody, honestly the biggest servings you have ever seen. Really I have never seen anything like that! [Chuckles from group in the background] CULLEN: but uh, I talked with a fella that he wants to know about when I caddied. He is with Michigan, what is it? I don’t know what Bobby is with. What is the topper? What does he have to do with? The Michigan golf association or something? BENEDICT: GAM? Golf? Yeah the golf association of Michigan CULLEN: He was down there at the steak and agger. BENEDICT: When? CULLEN: Yesterday Morning. But he left at 9 o’clock. We just missed him. BENEDICT: And he’s been um he’s been battling severe cancer. He has been at the U of M. CULLEN: he is getting where he can drive a car. But he called me up every once in a while [in laughter]. One time I told him lets go over and play Lincoln fields. He says where’s that Don? I say it’s like in golf cars. He said it reminds me of the fields around our house growing up as a young kid. I says it got the nickname Lincoln fields. Oh he laughed! He has never got over that. BENEDICT: And his other friend didn’t particularly care for that. CULLEN: oh no. the guy we played golf with all the time Ken, he didn’t think that was funny at all. [Laughter from others]. Bill: One time I asked him how his golf game was, and he said a lot better than his dad’s game was! Page 11 �BAERT: you said you used to play softball with African-Americans in the area? And stuff like that? Were they treated [cut off] CULLEN: we didn’t have any uniforms, we just played every night. In the ser time. Not on the weekends. And it was um, I think I enjoyed playing that softball more than any sport. I think I liked it more than golf. PAULINE: we played it all the time all day long when I was a kid. CULLEN: Softball? Oh it gets into you doesn’t it? PAULINE: I didn’t really have a mitt for the longest time, I finally asked for a mitt for my birthday. I had one with no pocket in it, the pocket was coming off, and it was the only thing I had to keep my hand protected. CULLEN: I had an old black mitt, and you know, I punched holes in it and sowed it and put a string, a shoe lace across there, to hold my fingers together. I think afterward I see others they put leather on and around that up there at the top you know? And sowed their fingers together. But I did before they did I think. But that old glove... we used to play the ford republic. Have you heard of the ford republic? BAERT: I think I have heard of it. CULLEN: well Henry Ford had a place for wayward kids and uh, they had a big, what is it, a big farm. They had all kinds of things there. We used to play them. We used to go and play the Ford republic there and in softball, or baseball. I was pitching one time, I threw, I was the pitcher, I threw nine curve balls and struck out three guys. In nine pitches, they never touched the ball. Against the ford republic. But somebody stole my glove down there. Yeah that black one I had the black lace around it. So I went down there the next day and told em, I told the coach I said somebody stole my glove yesterday. He said he thinks he knew who just gone done it. And he went and looked in these guys locker and it wasn’t there, went in the next one and there it was. He knew the guys that were stealers. [Laughter in the background] CULLEN: and the coach he, I said someone stole my glove and he said, I think I can find it. And I couldn’t believe it. BAERT: do you remember, like how, when you were a kid, how civil rights were coming up? Or not really? CULLEN: nope, there were no, blacks, it was something to see a black person. You just didn’t see em around our house. BAERT: that was just one thing that we talked about. Um did you notice how society was starting to change more technological more uh emphasis on education at all? Did you ever notice that when you were a kid? How things were changing? CULLEN: no, not too much. I was... I would play hard and go right home to bed. Page 12 �BAERT: yeah this ser I worked in a factory, that’s exactly what I did too. I would work a twelve hour shift, id workout then I was... CULLEN: you would wanna go to bed! BAERT: haha exactly! PAULINE: He may have seen a difference in vehicles over the years being from Detroit. BAERT: before the war, did you have any presumptions or did you have any feelings about the war before3 you entered? CULLEN: oh I don’t think so. BAERT: you don’t think so? Was it, well it was all around you, but was it, was your family really focused on it at all with stamps or anything like that? CULLEN: I remember hearing President Roosevelt when he declared war on Japan. BENEDICT: but your brother was already in the service before wasn’t he? CULLEN: no. BENEDICT: oh he wasn’t? CULLEN: oh, he went in before I did but not very long before I did. BENEDICT: oh ok. CULLEN: I think I got discharged before he did. Couple, maybe two or three weeks but our division was the first one to break up too when the war ended; of the Marine divisions. BAERT: um, how were you treated when you came back? CULLEN: um pretty good, pretty good id say. BAERT: Pretty good? That was the one difference between each war when people came back, and how they were treated. CULLEN: I think everyone was treated the same, I think you got three hundred dollars. BAERT: oh really? CULLEN: Must turn out payment. Uh, I don’t think people got any more or any less, it was three hundred dollars and everyone got the same. BENEDICT: yeah, but think how the Vietnam vets were treated dad. Think about the Vietnam vets were treated when they came back. BAERT: yeah they were harassed and different things like that for a long time. Page 13 �CULLEN: oh... I don’t think we had any of that. BAERT: Oh, did you earn any service medals or any ribbons or anything like that? CULLEN: no. BAERT: No? CULLEN: oh, I got some citation for the unit citation; you know the citation everyone in our outfit got one. BAERT: oh ok. Um well after the war what kinda like jobs did you have, and uh like where you decided to settle down? CULLEN: it was pretty hard for me, I’d take, one year I think I had 6 or 7 jobs. BAERT: On the west side of the state? Over here? CULLEN: around Michigan, around Detroit. [Chuckles] I think I worked for the city the longest; I worked there a couple years. About 3 years. BENEDICT: and then how did you come up here dad? CULLEN: How’d I come up here? Well my mother had, lived just out here, on silver crick road. And uh, I used to come up here. I seen and ended up playing golf at white lake, I used to play at white lake. MR. BENEDICT: That’s where he met his wife BAERT: oh ok CULLEN: I got to meet her, and next thing we got married. It was uh Nina was now Max peach, this is a story from Max peach she is an old timer out there. But Nina beat all the men down there one Sunday morning; her golf score was lower than any of the men [chuckles]. And Max, he never forgets a thing. He knows just how far he hit the ball on number 8! At white lake. [Laughter in the background] CULLEN: I even forgot that. BENEDICT: it was amazing that we are living out there and being out there. Having that be our golf course and that’s where they met. PAULINE: that’s pretty neat. BENEDICT: then Jenna, our daughter, met her husband there; he was the assistant pro at the golf course and met Eric at White lake. PAULINE: so how did the men take getting beat by a woman, did they handle it very well? [Laughter breaks out] Page 14 �CULLEN: Ma that tickled max peach more than anybody. BAERT: when you were raising your kids, you rose them on the west side right? CULLEN: they all went to Montigue. BAERT: how do you think that was different for them from you, growing up in Detroit? CULLEN: ohh I think they have way more to offer the kids this day, but uh I think like the, I told Donna the other day I took two hours of typing in ah, I never monkied with a type writer sense, and the key board, I still remembered it. BENEDICT: I showed him my cell phone, the texting, and he knows that they were the same way the type writer was? And I said yeah. And he rattled off the order of the keys. BAERT: oh yeah? CULLEN: and I haven’t picked up a type writer in… I have not been around one sense I was in school, in 9th grade. END OF INTERVIEW Page 15 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3b4bd04e3de773a30524bc505bd2c3f.mp3 30d68b880445b5734a29f13467703995 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Personal narratives Oral histories African Americans--Personal narratives Gays--Personal narratives Lesbians--Personal narratives Bisexual people--Personal narratives Transgender people--Personal narratives Veterans--Personal narratives Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Muslims--United States--Personal narratives Hispanic Americans--Personal narratives Homophobia Discrimination Islamophobia Stereotypes (Social psychology)--Upper Penninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project (GV248-01) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-05-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1930-2011 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01_Cullen_Donald Title A name given to the resource Donald Cullen audio interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cullen, Donald Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baert, Ian Taylor, Heather Description An account of the resource Donald Cullen grew up near Royal Oak, Michigan. After being in the 4th Marine division on Iwo Jima, he was stationed in Hawaii before returning to Michigan. Donald now lives in Whitehall, Michigan, near his daughters. His love for the game of golf is as great now as it was back in high school. He discusses war. Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Veterans--Personal narratives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Relation A related resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-02-26 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9ee5090284814523ac0d0cf5c97cd83c.pdf fda19d8c8ffd700d0569e254113f4f23 PDF Text Text Young   L ords   In  Lincoln  Park   Interviewee:  Dennis  Cunningham   Interviewers:  Jose  Jimenez   Location:  Grand  Valley  State  University  Special  Collections   Date:  10/4/2016   Runtime:  01:16:40         Biography  and  Description   Oral  history  of  Dennis  Cunningham,  interviewed  by  Jose  “Cha-­‐Cha”  Jimenez  on  October  04,  2016  about   the  Young  Lords  in  Lincoln  Park.   Dennis  co-­‐founded  the  People’s  Law  Office  originally  located  in  Lincoln  Park,,  Chicago  at  2156   North  Halsted  Street.  These  were  movement  lawyers  who  began  working  with  the  Lawyer’s  Guild   at  the  1968  Democratic  convention  protests.  Later  they  took  on  court  cases  of  the  Panthers,  Young   Lords  and  New  Left.  In  1969,  the  People’s  Law  Offices  negotiated  for  the  Young  Lords  during  their   McCormick  Theological  Seminary  take-­‐over  and  received  $25,000  in  seed  money  after  the  Young   Lords  won  all  of  their  demands.  It  included  $650,000  for  low  income  housing  investment  and   $50,000  to  open  up  two  free  health  clinics  In  1973  Dennis  moved  to  New  York  to  work  on  the  Attica   Prison  Riot  cases..  Here  he  discusses  a  major  case  of  the  People’s  Law  Office:  the  assassination  trial   of  Chairman  Fred  Hampton  of  the  Black  Panther  Party.   �Dennis  was  born  in  Chicago  in  the  suburbs.  At  age  15  he  studied  at  the  University  of  Chicago  and   went  to  work  as  a  journalist  and  then  a  bartender  for  Second  City  where  he  met  and  married  his   actress  wife,  Mona.  By  the  age  of  27  he  considered  himself  a  drop  out  from  society  and  went  with   Filmmaker  Howard  Alk  to  the  march  on  Washington  just  to  observe.  He  then  entered  law  School  at   Loyola  and  began  working  at  city  hall  for  Mayor  Richard  J.  Daley  in  human  relations,  on  Panic   Pedaling  cases.  Black  and  White  realtors  would  frighten  White  homeowners  into  selling  by  telling   them  that  Blacks  were  moving  in  and  it  would  lower  their  property  values.  He  soon  left  because  it   was  planned  and  a  smoke  screen  with  few  convictions.  When  the  riots  occurred  after  Martin  Luther   King  was  murdered,  Dennis  recalls  going  to  the  courthouse  and  jail  at  26th  and  California  and   witnessing,  “another  world.”  He  said  that  it  was  chaotic  with  inmates  living  outside  in  the  yard  and   that  it  literally  took  him  three  days  to  locate  a  prisoner  who  he  was  trying  to  bond  out.  The  police   were  “vindictive  and  dangerous,”  he  said.   He  remembers  marching  down  Division  with  Chairman  Fred  Hampton,  in  the  Young  Lords  Manuel   Ramos  March.  Manuel  was  killed  by  an  off  duty  policeman  and  the  march  was  10,000  strong.  An   unmarked  police  car  u-­‐turned  and  drove  on  top  of  the  sidewalk,  staring  both  he  and  Fred  Hampton   down.  The  rest  of  the  oral  history  focuses  on  the  Hampton  Trial.   �Transcript DENNIS CUNNINGHAM: And I remember the Manuel Ramos March. I remember going to Church, but I don’t know which of those came first. You know? (break in audio) JOSE JIMENEZ: Your name and where you were born and then how you came to be connected to the Young Lords. DC: Okay. All right? JJ: Yeah. DC: My name is Dennis Cunningham. I come from Chicago. I was born there in 1936. I grew up more in the suburbs than the city, but I left when I was, like, 15 to go to school at the University of Chicago. They had this program to get in there early. That took me out of the suburbs altogether. Up here, too. And, you know, I got [00:01:00] out of college, and I had a job. I got a job as a journalist ’cause that was sort of what I always thought I was gonna do. But I didn’t like it much at all, you know? And I was -- I had this girlfriend. She had gone to France. I went to France. I stayed a year -- for a couple years. And I came back -- I was, like, this was -- we’re talking about the middle of the ’50s. And I was like what you would call a dropout, really, then. And I came back, and I worked on Rush Street, you know, [where I was a?] bartender. And I got involved with Second City. And at first, I was a bartender there. Then I was in the company. And my friend, Howard Alk, and I decided we should go to the March on Washington to see it, you know, for the spectacle. [So I we rode in on those trains?]. [00:02:00] I told this in one of the workshops that, you know, on 1 �the way back, he says, we get should get involved in this stuff. And I was kind of thunderstruck by that notion, you know? Because the whole point of being a dropout is you ain’t involved in anything, you know? But that really was like a revelation, you know? ’Cause I didn’t know -- by that time, I’m 27 years old. I’m married. I got a new baby. I didn’t -- and I was kind of done at the Second City. They were downsizing, and I was fringe, and there wasn’t [really?] too much future there. And so I got this idea to be a lawyer. I said if I was a lawyer, I could be involved, but I could still make a living, you know, and I could be connected and have something to give more than my body. I can’t go out there and lay in the street ’cause I got a wife and kid, I got to deal with all that. JJ: [00:03:00] [And you were married? Was it for a long time?]? DC: No, we had only been married a year. And then the baby came, and -- JJ: [What was her name?]? DC: Mona Mellis. JJ: And the baby’s name? DC: And the baby, Delia. She came in June of ’63. And then we went, August, on the March, and September, I’d gotten my way into Loyola Law School. JJ: And she’s an attorney, too? DC: Huh? JJ: She’s an attorney, too? DC: No, she’s not an attorney. She was an actress at Second City. JJ: (inaudible) __: (inaudible) 2 �DC: And -- __: [I think they’re working on the --?] DC: You know, then -- __: (inaudible) DC: -- I went to law school for four years. I went at night. I’d work in the daytime. I had -- and got another kid and another kid. And by the time I got out, you know, I wasn’t that political, even, then. I mean, I had [00:04:00] this notion, this general notion, but I wasn’t tuned in to the politics of what was going on that much. I tell you what happened. I worked for a couple of years there while I was in school. I worked for the city of Chicago. I was working for Mayor Daley, and I was in the Commission on Human Relations. And I was a human relations officer on ’54, ’55, ’56. JJ: (inaudible) [office?]. DC: Yeah. And I -- __: It’s okay. DC: You know, we would go out and investigate complaints of discrimination by real estate brokers or by hospitals and stuff like that, ’cause there was an ordinance. And we’d work up the cases as investigators and bring it to the human relations commission. They’d white wash it. But the only time they didn’t white wash it was when that was against a Black real estate agent or broker for panic [00:05:00] pedaling, you know, trying to get the white people to move out so the Black people could move in to -- block by block on the south side. It was happening like crazy. I mean, it was the main thing they were concerned about, 3 �what they call panic pedaling, because people would go to the white neighborhoods on the fringe of the ghetto, which was just expanding and expanding, and they’d say, you’d better sell now because the Black people -- two more Black people move in your block, your property value is gonna go right down, and they went for it in mass hordes, you know? And white real estate brokers would sort of get away with it, give ’em a slap on the wrist. The Black ones, they’d really -- they’d fine ’em. I think there was one guy lost his license. JJ: And Daley was doing it. DC: Daley was doing -- JJ: [He was fining them?]. DC: Yeah, yeah. JJ: [But it was his plan?]. DC: Yeah, well, the commission did it, and the commission was sort of independent, and they had [00:06:00] liberals on it, a couple. But they would always find a reason to let people off the hook, you know? And then all that Ben Willis stuff started to happen. Ben Willis was the superintendent of the schools. He started taking money outta the Black schools, and people started in -- and for a while, they were demonstrating every day. There’d be a big march every day. It started Navy Pier, I think. I can’t remember. Al Raby was the organizer of that. And I would get a sign, a lot of times, to go and just monitor the march. I remember [I did?] a whole march through Cabrini-Green, me and Dick Gregory. And he was - he would march, you know, and I got started talking to him. And, you know, he had all these comments about what’s going on. But, you know -- and then Martin 4 �Luther King came to Chicago with the campaign to end slums there. And he [00:07:00] marched in Gage Park, and he got hit with a brick, you know? JJ: [Did you march with him?]? DC: No, I wasn’t there. No, that -- I wanted to go, but they had another division in the office of the guys -- couple of Black guys they had on the staff that would go to those things. But that was in ’66, and by that time, I really had enough. [There’s our books?]. Can we stop for a sec? JJ: Sure. DC: Jeff. (break in audio) JJ: We were talking about -- DC: It was ’66. King left, you know? He had a sit-down, and Mayor Daley talked stuff. And they took the opportunity to get the hell outta there, the whole SCLC because it was -- I mean, they’d bitten of more than they could chew in Chicago. They didn’t know what they were getting into, I think, [00:08:00] in the whole -- I mean, no blame, because it came out like an eruption, the racism in those communities, and the anger. And it was astounding, you know, in that sense that it was so virulent and so nasty. JJ: So how many years were you there? DC: I was there two -- about two full years. And then I said I’m not -- you know, I can’t be a part of this no more, you know? And I walked -- JJ: [Why did you feel that way]? 5 �DC: Just because it was too much suppressing the movement, you know? And it was too hypocritical, and it was too -- JJ: [Well, how were they suppressing the movement? By whitewashing it, or?] -- DC: No, no, they’d kind of -- if they would march, the cops wouldn’t give ’em the protection. If they would [00:09:00] sit in some place -- I mean, I don’t really remember the details. It was just they couldn’t get any place, and they couldn’t get any rhythm trying to talk to people about let’s do this or let’s do that about the slums here. No, they said, “Let’s do this about the outside agitators. You know, let’s get ’em outta here.” And they did. They got the message, and they’d be beating their heads against the wall there, or worse, because the environment -the atmosphere was so hostile, you know? And because, I think, they couldn’t see a way through it, you know? They couldn’t see a strategic approach that would actually pay off, as opposed to just get ’em in deeper and deeper repression. And, I mean, I’m saying that, [00:10:00] and I really don’t know. I mean, that’s just my recollection of the sense I had of what was happening. And I don’t know if anybody’s really written that much about it, but I -- when I think about it, and I think I’d like to see if anybody has, you know? And see what people said that were on the inside of the movement. Anyway, you know, then I went to work as a clerk for a lawyer that I knew. And -- JJ: What lawyer? DC: His name was Mitchell Edelson. JJ: (inaudible) 6 �DC: Junior. And he showed me a lot of the stuff, which came in handy. And then when I graduated -- well, I graduated in the spring, and I got sworn in in the fall, like November of ’67. And -- JJ: [As a student of a university?]? DC: Loyola. [00:11:00] JJ: Loyola. That’s right. DC: Loyola, yeah, which was not the fancy skyscrapers that you see today. It was this crappy, three-story building on the same corner, there at Pearson and Wabash. And it also was not the kind of public interest stuff that has developed there since then. They’ve got a lot of stuff going on. And the school has grown, and they have international practice, and they have all these clinics, and they have all this stuff, you know? They got a lot of money. I don’t know where. But, you know, I had a sign on my house. And I had one guy, a neighbor, you know, and he had some problem buying his house. And I was -- oh my God, what am I getting myself into here, you know? And I worked with Neighborhood Commons. Remember them? [00:12:00] JJ: [Explain what you mean by Neighborhood Commons?]. DC: Richard Brown and them. JJ: [They kind?] (inaudible) -- DC: That was a -- JJ: [They were?] divide and conquer. [They were?] (inaudible) -- DC: They were -- JJ: Neighborhood Commons was against -- 7 �DC: Was against urban renewal and stuff, yeah. They were trying to hold the mixture in that territory from north of North Avenue, mainly, you know, coming up the Armitage. And they bought some buildings, and then different people could move in, different mixed families and stuff like that. And, yeah, Richard was their go-to guy. And he -- JJ: (inaudible) -- no, not (inaudible). Richard -- DC: Dick Brown. JJ: Dick Brown. DC: Yeah, yeah. And there was a couple reverends, [Neal Scheidel?]. He lived right down the street from me. I mean, we lived just right down Dayton from the Church. [00:13:00] And that was -- we were, like, on the borderline, you know? There were Black people beyond us, and there was white people short of us. But what they wanted to do -- we’d been involved in that, like, as residents of the community when they were pushing the urban renewal along North Avenue. And the Commons got involved in it, and they said, you know, they finally changed it all, and the Neighborhood Commons built a bunch of the -- or sponsored with the city. JJ: (inaudible) DC: They’d built the whole raft of townhouses and stuff there, two- or three-story apartment buildings and with mixed residencies. But it was also still a border. The ghetto wasn’t gonna go any further north, you know? And Puerto Rican people that were living in Lincoln Park were already getting squeezed out, you 8 �know, because it was already -- people were [00:14:00] -- you know, the -- what’d they call, the flight from the suburbs? JJ: (inaudible) DC: People want to live in the city. They want to live near downtown, and -- JJ: [They made an inner city suburb?]. DC: Yeah, yeah, exactly. That’s exactly -- JJ: To bring them back to the [burb?]. DC: -- what they did. They’d bring them back. And so then I was just there those couple of months. And then Martin Luther King was murdered. And then there were all these sweeps, those huge National Guard sweeps and shit in streets. They locked up, like, 8,000 or 9,000 people in two or three days. They had them in the yard -- JJ: (inaudible) DC: -- at the Cook County jail, just people -- just in the yard. And they didn’t know who they had. They didn’t know nothing except they had, you know, swept -done sweeps on different blocks and took everybody that they found. [00:15:00] And most of them, they would arrest them in the street, but then they would say that they had arrested them inside a building and charge ’em with burglary. So they had all these thousands of Black people -- JJ: Change the complaint? Or -- DC: They just said it from the beginning. “This is a burglary. This guy was in there.” “I wasn’t ever in that building.” “Yes, you were.” And so they had probably 3,000, 4,000 people charged with felonies coming outta that thing. And then they -- over 9 �the course of the next few months, they made deals with all of ’em. We’ll give you probation. You can get out of jail. But now you got a felony on your record. And people went for it, you know? They had to get out. They had been walking - going to the store, everything. And there was a guy from the neighborhood that had been mixed up with Neighborhood Commons, [Ed Brownell?]. [00:16:00] And had been caught in a sweep, and nobody knew where he was, and nobody could find him. And I went to the county jail, and I said -- you know, they said, well, we got him here somewhere. And I sat in that jail for two, three days waiting for them to find this guy so I could bond him out. I’m getting a red-hot introduction, you know, to how it really works. I had been in the criminal court of 26th Street one time when I was still clerking for this dude. And he had a guy -- a Black guy that worked for him, [did runs?] -- serve subpoenas and shit like that that got busted in some kind of stupid shit. And he couldn’t go to court one day, so he sent me out there, you know? And I didn’t know what the hell to do. I’m just sitting there watching. Gets all the way to the end of the call. They finally call this guy’s case. And I think -- I had talked to the prosecutor. He said, [00:17:00] “We ain’t gonna do nothing with that guy, you know? We’re gonna just postpone the case.” So I told him he could go home. So I come up front [of Judge Ryan?]. He says, “Well, where’s the defendant?” I said, “Well, Judge, I told him he could go home.” He said, “You sent him home?” I said, “Well, yeah. You’re gonna give a continuum.” He said, “I’mma lock you up back there.” (laughs) So, I mean, that’s like another world, 26th Street, you know? But I got started going there. I went a lot more after that, but then the next thing that happened was that the 10 �Lawyers Guild came to Chicago to recruit people, lawyers, to deal with the convention because they knew that everybody was gonna come and sit in and shit. And they -- so they were looking for lawyers to line them up in advance to do that. [00:18:00] Bernardine Dohrn was the delegate for the operative from the guild that came out to organize that. So I said, “I’ll do it.” And we had a committee. And I said this in the workshop, you know? Two weeks after the convention, me and Ted Stein are sitting in this office. We got 300 cases, and nobody is there anymore, you know? All the defendants are gone, and all the lawyers are gone, and we don’t, either of us, know a damn thing, you know? We’re just as green as the grass. And we’re gonna -- what are we gonna do with all these cases? And I started going to trial in a bunch of cases that they wouldn’t postpone, but they were all infractions, so you don’t get a jury. So they were quick, but what you do get to do is cross-examine the cop about the circumstances of the election. So I got all this experience. [00:19:00] I must’ve tried 20, 25 cases in -- from, you know, September -JJ: (inaudible) [with infractions, there’s no trial?]? DC: Right. It’s like a petty offense, and the most you can get is six months in jail. And the Supreme Court says if that’s the worst that can happen to you, you’re not entitled to a lawyer, you know, an appointed lawyer or anything. Different ones had lawyers. And then we became lawyers for a lot of ’em. And so that was like a training ground for me. And then, you know, right toward the end of ’68, Howard Alk, again, had -- he had met the Panthers and asked if they didn’t want 11 �to make a movie about themselves. And they said, “Yeah, we do.” And so he and -- him and Mike Gray had started just following ’em around, filming. And -JJ: [00:20:00] (inaudible) DC: Huh? JJ: Mike who? DC: Mike Gray. JJ: Oh, Mike Gray. DC: Yeah. And they said -- and then Howard -- I ran into Howard, and he says, “Man, I met the Black Panthers, you know?” He said, “They need lawyers.” I said, ”No kidding, you know?” I said. So he took me to meet ’em. I went to the office. I met Fred. I met Bobby Rush. I met some of the guys. And they said, “Yeah, that’s -- you know, we’re getting hassled all the time. Guys are getting locked up. People who we’re trying to work with in the community are getting locked up for hanging around us. We need lawyers.” So I said, “Well, I’ll help you. And I got some friends I think might be able to help. Just let me know what’s happening.” And I told the story today, too, the other -- no, it was today. JJ: (inaudible) DC: All of a sudden I get a phone call at the end of January, start of February. I get a phone call one day, [00:21:00] and it’s this big voice [on it?], says, “Mr. Cunningham?” I said, “Yeah?” “This is Judge Connely.” He says, “You represent Fred Hampton?” And I said, “Well, yeah. I guess I do.” And he said, “Well, you’ll be here at nine o’clock in the morning because you’re going to trial.” I said, “Okay.” I showed up, and we did go to trial. And it was a case of them doing a 12 �demonstration in Maywood about the swimming pool. And there were two other people arrested with him. One of them was, like, a local -- a Black guy who was a dentist or something, well-established citizen, but who had, you know, supported the protest. And they had had this march to the city council meeting in Maywood. And a few of them went inside. They wouldn’t let the rest of ’em inside, [00:22:00] so crowd got a little bit unruly outside, and they shot out a bunch of tear gas. The tear gas went inside the council chambers, and all the people were weeping. They had to can the meeting. I think it came in while Fred was speaking to them about the swimming pool. And so they charged him with mob action. And this dentist, Ivory, Dr. Ivory, he was in the case, and some other dude. And so then, when I got to the trial, it turned out Jim Montgomery was representing Dr. Ivory, who was an upstanding citizen and could pay a fee. And he was plenty experienced, so all I had to do was just kinda lay and copy him, you know? ’Cause I -- from the very start of the voir dire, I’d never been through any of it. I mean, like I say, I’d tried all these no-jury cases. [00:23:00] They’re very different things. And somehow we got through it. I just -- you know, I would literally -- I mean, you’d change the questions a little bit, but he would examine a guy, and then I would examine him. And then the public defender had the third guy, and he would just kinda lay it out. And it was a lot of stumping through it. Took a couple of days. But then in the closing arguments, I got all carried away, and I’m saying, “They got tear gas in the city council chambers. You know they gotta hold somebody responsible and make somebody the scapegoat, and that’s the scapegoat right there, and you can’t let them, blah, blah, blah.” And he was 13 �acquitted. And so that was really great, you know? And that’s --[00:24:00] and he felt good. I felt good. Everybody felt good. But the next thing I knew, a couple of months later, all of a sudden, he was on trial on that ice cream case. And I hadn’t even known about that. He hadn’t said anything to me about that. And in fact, I think there had been a -- at least one incident with the cops in between, like one of those raids on the office or some other thing, a confrontation in the street, so that there was -JJ: Well he was arrested(inaudible) DC: Yeah. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Yeah, but I think that was later in the year. JJ: [Was it later?]? DC: That was more -- JJ: (inaudible) DC: There -- JJ: The month between February and March. (inaudible) February 12. DC: In ’69. JJ: Yeah. DC: Yeah, okay. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Well, that was right around that time, yeah. Well, so then he had that case, too, you know? And -- JJ: (inaudible) [00:25:00] 14 �DC: But then he was in this ice cream case with this other lawyer -- JJ: (inaudible) DC: -- and it was kinda weak, you know? Yeah. JJ: (laughs) DC: She -- anyway, he went down in that case. And what happened right in the middle of the case, they realized who they were dealing with, so they brought in some senior guy, and he just went off about Fred. And then they got Fred on the witness stand. They asked him, was he a revolutionary communist? He said, “Yeah. You know it.” And did he believe in the violent overthrow -- “Yeah.” JJ: (laughs) DC: And the judge -- I knew the judge. I had this other case with him. And he told me during the trial, he’s -- “Ah, this case is horse shit. I’ll give him probation if (inaudible).” But after they sent the big dogs in there, he wound up giving him two to five. And then he went off to Menard. [00:26:00] And then we worked and worked for a couple of months and finally got him out. But the quid pro quo for getting him out was that they would have an accelerated schedule for the appeal, so we had to write the brief immediately -- I mean, usually, appeal would take a year and a half, two years. This one took three months, two months. Had a -- he said, “You get the brief in here in a couple of weeks,” and da, da, da, and boom. So he was going back to prison. He had, I think, I don’t know, 8 or 10 more days before he was -- the mandate said he had to report. And that was over the time when he was murdered. But also, during that time, I had got appendicitis, and was in the hospital, and then I was home. I couldn’t move. They cut me down 15 �the middle instead of just going in there by your hip, you know? He said, “Oh, it might [00:27:00] be your gallbladder, so we’ll just go --” you know, guy -- he’s got 12 interns that are watching him, and he’s one of these big -JJ: [Training them?]? DC: -- barrel-chested, white-haired assholes, jaw coming out to here. But I was really laid up, you know? And I was still laid out on the night he was killed. I couldn’t really -- I got up outta bed and went to the funeral. It was, like, a week later. And I had to go back and stay in bed all the way through the holidays. Or maybe not that long because we started having meetings, and they were going to court, and they started that coroner’s inquest, I think, after the first of the year. And by that time, I was back, and I was part of that. And then all that stuff happened, you know, [00:28:00] that spring of 1970, when there was all this behind-the-scenes stuff happening with Hanrahan and the FBI or the US Attorney’s office because they had a federal grand jury. And they were really trying to look into it. But they made a deal, you know? Okay, which we later found out about in a document, that the Panthers case -- the charges against the Panthers would be dismissed, and no cops would be indicted. Then they had a special prosecutor in the state system later, Barney Sears, but that was, like, another year or two before that all happened because a bunch of the cops did get indicted, but it was for, like, lying on a police report, and it was obstruction of justice [00:29:00] and nothing about the murder. JJ: And so nobody went to jail for (inaudible)? 16 �DC: No, no. The survivors of the raid were freed, and those charges were dropped. And the grand jury, instead of indicting the cops, issued this special report saying how fucked up the police procedures had been used in the raid and this and that, and everything was wrong with it, but we’re not gonna charge anybody individual ’cause it’s just, like, the system malfunctioning. If you can think of anything more insincere. JJ: [If you can kind of? How did] (inaudible)? DC: Well, we -- right in that period, we were representing most of the survivors. We had some of our pals, Jo-anne Wolfson, Warren Wolfson. They took one or two of the people. Montgomery had [Deborah?]. [00:30:00] I forget who else, but we had three or four of ’em. And then we decided we had to start a civil suit about the raid and about the killing. And we did that, but we -- again, we were so green, we really didn’t know how to do it. And we got some help from the Center for Constitutional Rights in New York. We knew those people a little bit. JJ: (inaudible) DC: You know, here’s what you gotta put in the complaint, and here’s what you gotta do. And it wasn’t only them. Kermit Coleman helped us. He was the ACLU guy. And we got the complaint filed. And I forget how quick it was, but it wasn’t too long before the judge threw it out. So now we’re in the appeals court. And the people -- again, [00:31:00] the New York people were helping us. And we got that reversed and got the complaint reinstated. In the meantime, we’re dealing with all these other Panther cases. But now him and me and a couple other guys -- Skip Andrew. You remember him? 17 �JJ: (inaudible) DC: And we were starting to go to 26th Street a lot, and we were getting other cases, and we were trying to support ourselves with the bond slips. And that sorta just went on. And then the stuff happened at Attica. And we had a big fight in the office. By that time, we had opened the office. We opened the office in August of ’69. JJ: (inaudible) DC: [00:32:00] Do what? JJ: [Go ahead and tell them about the office?]? DC: The office -- after I met Fred and Bobby, I came back -- we had started, ’cause -I need to go back. When we were the Chicago Legal Defense Committee, dealing with all the busts from the convention, is when me and Ted Stein -- and Ted says one day, “Well, I heard about these people in New York. They started a firm just to represent the movement.” I said -- it’s like another light bulb you know? And so we started having meetings. I remember him, ’cause me and him had met Jeff Haas about the -- around the Martin Luther King stuff. We had both had this same idea, you know? We’d go down to the 11th and State in the evening and help the people who had got busted during the day, you know? And they weren’t [00:33:00] giving ’em too much play, you know? I got a sign [I think?] I was -- you know, we went and found whoever was there, the lawyers that were -already knew anything. And he said, “Just go here, go there, da, da, da.” And I wound up in a stairwell at 11th and State where they pulled the desk in there, and they put the judge in there. And they started bringing the juveniles through. And 18 �it was the state’s attorney and me and the judge and cops. And they’d keep bringing these kids. And if the kids’ parents were there, he’d tell ’em to go home with the parents. If they weren’t, lock ’em up, and it didn’t matter what the hell I said, you know? I was like a potted plant in here. And they took a break at some point, and I started wandering around. I went into a court room, and there he was, and he was standing up in a real court room. He was standing up at the podium, and he was waving his arms and hollering at the judge. I said, [00:34:00] “Whoa,” you know? So then when this idea of having an office, that’s the first guy I thought of. So we started having these meetings, and that’s when I met Fred and Bobby. JJ: You and Ted Stein? DC: Me, Ted, Jeff -- JJ: Well, I mean, you had [Ted with you?]. DC: Yeah, yeah. And I don’t remember -- he might not’ve been at the first couple of meetings. And Skip Andrew and Don Stang. I don’t think there was anybody else. Kadish was involved in it, but that was later. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Later -- you know, months later on. And then after I met Fred and Bobby and they said, “We need lawyers,” I went back the next meeting. I said, “Well, if we do go ahead and start an office, we get the Black Panther party as our clients, you know?” And he said, “All right. Let’s go.” [00:35:00] So by -- pretty much by January, we had decided we would do it. And we started seeing what we can -what we were gonna do, how we were gonna work it out. But in the meantime, 19 �we started representing the Panthers. And they were getting busted, and I remember almost the first case, beside that one where the judge called me up, was two guys that they had just met. And they were just starting to talk to him about the Panthers, and they got busted on some bullshit, and they were locked up. And two, three people went to work to try and get ’em out, you know, and work on their cases and stuff. And we’re like, okay. How we were ever gonna get paid, we just -- in some miraculous way, we -- all those guys -- and it was all guys at that point -- all white guys. One way or another [00:36:00] -- I mean, two or three were working -- he was working for legal aid. They were working in some program, Skip and Don, at -- I think at Northwestern University. But they were lawyers. And somehow, we kept tabling the issue of how we were gonna support ourselves. We got the store in the summer and got it fixed up, put in a concrete gun emplacement. JJ: [When was this]? DC: The store, I think we opened it in August. JJ: [When was it?]? DC: Sixty-nine -- 2156 North Halsted, right on the corner of Webster, right next to Glascott’s Bar, there. JJ: And it was in October of ’69 or ’68? DC: August, we opened it, ’69. JJ: Sixty-nine. DC: Sixty-nine. JJ: And then -- 20 �DC: I mean, Fred was already -- JJ: (inaudible) before that -- DC: -- convicted -- no, we were -- JJ: [You were?] meeting there -- DC: Yeah, we were meeting, and [00:37:00] we were gonna do it. JJ: You were meeting [in private?]. DC: Yeah, yeah. And we were going to court. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Maybe. JJ: Just kinda takes -- DC: ’Cause your stuff started to come in about that time, right? JJ: [About the same time, yeah?]. DC: And we didn’t have a problem thinking, well, this is more of the same, you know? We were just gonna deal with it. I don’t know, you know? Looking back from different perspectives of the time since then, it really was extraordinary that it all came together the way it did and that we launched ourselves into that without having any idea of how we were gonna support ourselves, you know? Just some kind of way. I had -- after the King riots, through the Neighborhood Commons, [then Meister Brau?] come -- he came around, said, “Gee, [00:38:00], you know, we like to be felt like we’re part of the community. What can we do to help you folks?” They said, “Well, we got this lawyer. He’s helping us, and don’t have any income, so why don’t you give him a stipend?” So he came to me and said, “Well, how much should we tell ’em to give you?” I’m like, what do I need, or what do I 21 �believe they’ll agree to, you know? So I went low, like a fool. But at least it was a little something, you know? And me and Mona had bought this house on Dayton Street. And the mortgage was about half of it. It was $300 a month I was getting, and the mortgage, I think, was $147 a month. Phew. But then -- so we went through all that stuff, and we went through the appeal [00:39:00] and the civil case about Fred. And we were doing more criminal work. And then, when the Attica stuff happened, before it happened, we had gone to a -- all of us or many of us had been at a Lawyers Guild convention in Boulder, Colorado, which was an occasion where there was a big struggle in the organization about letting law students become members or letting legal workers become members. There had been -- at the previous convention, there was a struggle about law students, and the youth outvoted the older people, who said, “Oh, you can’t do that, you know? You’ll invalidate all our credibility as a bar association. Can’t have students be members.” So now, this time, it was about having legal workers, and never mind that bar association shit. [00:40:00] We’re a political organization, and we won that, too. And so it was like a time -- there was a lot of stuff on the rise. It was on the rise in Chicago. And then when the Attica stuff started to happen, I mean, we had been in Stateville. We had a case there. I think the Panthers -- some Panthers were involved in the shootout with cops in Carbondale. JJ: [Right?]. DC: And Jeff and Mike and Flint all went down there and had a trial and won. And I’m pretty sure that was before -- that was in ’70, but I’m not -- I can’t exactly 22 �remember. Could’ve been later. But anyway, got in this big argument about whether we could afford or whether we had any kinda where-with-all to try to send some people to Attica to help with what was ever gonna happen, ’cause it was -- they were still -- it was before the assault, [00:41:00] the [retake?]. And Jeff -- I lost the argument ’cause I said some stupid shit and some sexist shit. But -- I lost that -- I won the argument, we’ll go, but you can’t go. Somebody else gonna go. So he went. But then we became really involved in that. By the time -- by Christmastime, I was up there for two, three weeks at a time, going to prison every day, meeting all these guys, all the brothers, and waiting to see what was gonna happen, what the state was gonna do in the aftermath of the rebellion. And what they finally did, by the end of ’72, was indict 62 brothers -- or -- yeah. [00:42:00] And there was 42 indictments, 1,400 felony counts, half of which were life sentences for kidnapping and stuff for taking the hostages. So now, that was a really big involvement, commitment. And I was going back and forth, spending time up there, come back to Chicago, and they were going through it. And that’s probably when the appeal in the Hampton case was finished, and it was reinstated. They started to litigate that. And, you know, we had some -- had [these scenes?] in Buffalo. In the Erie County Jail, they brought -- they indicted prisoners there. And we had -- you know, they did different stuff. We had actions in the federal court. We had lawyers from all over. There were [00:43:00] a bunch of lawyers from Detroit. There were lawyers from Cleveland. There were lawyers from New York City. There were some lawyers from Virginia. And at some point after the brothers were indicted, the judge -- they had a special judge 23 �to handle those cases. And he said, “Well, I think every one of these defendants needs his own lawyer.” So now we had to recruit 60 lawyers and get ’em to do this case. And there were a couple of lawyers in Buffalo that were doing it, and that was it. So we did. And, I mean, that was a huge project, political project. I finally wound up going up there to live in ’73. I lived up there for a couple of years. But during that time, then, it all came out that they were totally manipulating the investigation. They were indicting only -- they didn’t indict any cops, even though they had all this cold-blooded murder that had gone on in the yard, and including [00:44:00] -- they killed 10 of -- 9 of their own, the hostages. They just shot ’em up. And so then the stuff kinda died down behind the scandal, and there was an investigation of the investigation, and there was an investigation of that investigation, and there was a lot of stuff. And so I went back to Chicago. And at that point, they had been doing depositions and going through, Flint and Jeff, mainly, the pretrial stuff for the Hampton case on the remand after the appeal. And we’re fighting the judge to get him to tell them to give us documents. And the Church committee had started, and so they were getting documents and bringing out [00:45:00] this stuff. And we finally had the contact with the guy who was working on the Church committee staff. And we were getting a trickle of documents. And so we were -- they were trading documents, okay? (break in audio) 24 �DC: Time the Attica event was in September of ’71, and we already had cases with two guys. And a lot of that -- the stuff -- I mean, you already had the Church, right? JJ: Yeah, we had the Church back then. DC: You had the Church still in ’69, or was it -- JJ: Yeah, ’69. DC: -- in ’70? In ’69 you had the Church. JJ: Then they flooded the neighborhood with drugs, (inaudible) but they did that [intentionally?]. DC: Yeah. Yeah, well, we’re thinking that they could -- they had a vulnerable prey. JJ: They might, because people were (inaudible) instead of correcting the situation like they used to, [00:46:00] let it (inaudible) and they would put ’em in (inaudible) I mean, the people in the neighborhood knew that. DC: But there was -- gentrification was going on, right? People were getting displaced big time, pushed outta Lincoln Park. JJ: It was unstable, the whole neighborhood, because, you know, you’re talking about Rush Street, and that’s where we started as a community. That’s Chicago and State. That was Lincoln Park, before and then in the early ’50s, we went to Lincoln Park. And by the time the people (inaudible) with all the different groups came, it was towards the tail end of the community. (inaudible). DC: Of -- right, of the displacement. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Yeah, yeah. And they all were moving to West Town. 25 �JJ: So -- DC: So then -- well, I mean, I don’t -- I remember, like I said, the -- JJ: (inaudible) that you remember -- DC: Yeah, I remember that. Yeah, I remember that. I hadn’t remembered it until you mentioned it the [00:47:00] other day. But yeah, that was a big deal. That was terrific, you know? And that was dealing with people who were potential allies, right? They were sympathetic, and they -- same thing with the takeover of the Church, right? There was not that much resistance. JJ: No, no, Reverend Gaskin was with us. He was with us. The congregation (inaudible) DC: Uh-huh. JJ: But then they tried to blame it on us, on the Young Lords. At least that was insinuated [by them?]. DC: Yeah, yeah. And when was Manuel killed? JJ: It was just before the (inaudible), May 4. DC: In September of ’70? JJ: May 4, ’69. DC: Of ’69? It was way in ’69? Oh, yeah, well, it had to be, because I remember -- I remember on a march. I was with Fred. And we were staying -- [00:48:00] I remember we were staying -- JJ: Oh, Fred was in the march? Okay, [I didn’t know when Fred was?]. 26 �DC: No, he was there. He was in the march. I was with him. It was some other people. And at some point, I think it was going west on Division Street. I think it was Division Street. Could’ve been North Avenue, maybe. JJ: I went to the march that day, and (inaudible) DC: But going west on Division, right? JJ: It was. DC: And we had kinda dropped off the march, and we were on a side street, just 50 feet from the corner. I don’t know why. We were talking about something or something. And the end of the march, and here comes the Bureau car, right? And they turned around. They made a left turn right onto the street in front of where we were standing on the parkway. And a cop had the window open. You know, it was plainclothes. And Fred looks down [00:49:00] at the guy. And he’s just kinda crawling by. And he says, “Mm, gang intelligence.” He says, “I can’t wait till the guerrilla warfare starts.” I says, “Holy shit. What the fuck?” You know, oh, that came back to me so many times. That’s a whole, enormous hidden subject, especially in an event like this. You know, it was the -- I don’t want to call it the dark side, but the hyper-active side, that more extreme side, of the Panthers’ operations, in those days, was the urge to provoke them, to challenge the cops. JJ: [War on gangs?]. DC: [00:50:00] Yeah. JJ: [War on gangs?]. 27 �DC: Yeah. And ’cause Hanrahan had gotten elected in ’68 on the war on gangs, and he was talking about the P. Stones and them, and you guys. And that’s how he got that group, [Gloves?] and them, assigned to his office, ’cause they had used to have -- they always had a police detail in the state’s attorney’s office, but they were old guys, fat guys that were near retirement, and they would go out, serve subpoenas, you know, or bring a witness to court. They didn’t do shit. And all of a sudden, he’s got all these red-hot, nasty, younger cops, [there were?] 14 cops in the raiding party, I think. And they were not old, fat cops, you know. They were young, like Gloves, [00:51:00] not green. Very experienced from kicking ass in the neighborhoods, in the minority neighborhoods. And those were the guys that he sent on the raids. Well, anyway, by ’75, we’re -- the Church committee is going. We’re going on the Hampton stuff and the discovery. They’re coming in saying, “We got no more documents.” We had this one US attorney who had kinda a conscience. He got kicked off the case around then, but before that the whole thing had come out about O’Neal being in -- the spy. And we told ’em, “Okay, give us O’Neal’s deposition.” [00:52:00] And they said, “All right, but it’s gonna be secret, you know? So you show up at the airport on such-and-such morning, and you’ll go with us, and we’ll go to where O’Neal is, and you can take his deposition and then come back.” So we did. Me, him, Flint, and [Bill Bender?], this guy from the CCR. And we went. And that was still this conscience guy in the US attorney’s office, was the only one they had there. We went to Detroit. We went to the federal building there. We got in a room. And we sat him down, started questioning him, questioned him all day. And this guy 28 �just let us. And he really -- he told us whatever we asked of him, you know? And one of the things he told us was, you know, the pretext for the raid was, oh, they’ve got illegal weapons in there, in the apartment, and that was what was in the search warrant, that they [00:53:00] pretended to be going to serve. And so I asked ’em, you know, we’ve been dealing with the FBI all this time, and you always go and meet your guy and you tell him what’s going on with the Panthers, and he questions you and you give him information about whatever you’re asking about, about whatever they’re doing. And he -- O’Neal was right in the middle of the chapter. You know, he was Fred’s bodyguard for a while. JJ: He came to(inaudible) at Church, [helped to?] train the Young Lords in security, so he would come and -- DC: He was very enterprising as an agent, you know? And as a Panther. And he said they never gave a shit about the guns, illegal, legal, whatever. But now they got this search warrant, says they got illegal weapons in the apartment, so now we got a pretext to go and raid it. Anyway, that had come at such a shock, that he was [00:54:00] an agent. And then we understood why the [Harold?] and [Truelock?] -- remember Truelock? Did you know him? JJ: I remember Truelock DC: They were from the Panthers. He was somebody Fred had met in jail that came out and joined up. And when they heard the cops coming up the stairs, they woke up and ran to the back to try to get Fred up to get ready for what was gonna happen. They couldn’t wake him. They couldn’t wake him, ’cause he was drugged. And so then all that stuff had happened, and we had this case, and 29 �now we’re dealing with the Church committee and trading documents. And this guy gave us some documents, including the floor plan, and another one about -JJ: [So they gave you that?]? DC: [00:55:00] No, the US attorney gave it to us. JJ: (inaudible) DC: You know, ’cause -- JJ: They had to give it to you. DC: Yeah, but they were supposed to turn over everything, and we had these comprehensive discovery requests, and they would just dole out a little bit, a little bit to make us try and satisfy us. But the more we got, the more we wanted, you know? And you could tell from the documents that there was more. You could tell from serial numbers and all that kinda stuff. And plus, we were getting information from this guy that worked for the Church committee, and we were giving him our stuff. And we made this one motion -- me and Flint worked out this long motion where we accused the judge of pretending that he didn’t think there were any documents, even though there’d been all these indications that we listed there were more. And he still denies it. [00:56:00] “You’ve had wonderful cooperation. You’ve had all these documents.” By that time, we did have several hundred pages, but nothing that said anything about COINTELPRO, which -- they were only -- had really only begun to really out it, you know, after they started -- ’cause the Church committee couldn’t get what they wanted, you know? JJ: And then -- 30 �DC: So -- okay. (inaudible) so by the time the trial -- the trial started in January ’76, they started picking the jury. And we had maybe, I think, a generous estimate -- I don’t really remember exactly, but maybe a thousand pages of FBI documents about the Panthers. And they were mostly -- almost all of ’em [00:57:00] were the kind of documents that they prepared to turn over in cases, you know? Later, we found when you read the real documents, then you compare it with the -what they call the 302, which is the form that they use for a statement about a police report, like, that they’re gonna turn over to the defense. And there’s all kind of variations, you know? I mean, they would just clean stuff up and hide stuff. But he insisted that the trial had to start, the judge, and we started. We started picking the jury. And in January -- we were still picking it in February. And all of a sudden in February, I get a call. Well, they’re gonna start the shit in Buffalo again. They’re gonna start up with these hearings and those indictments, even though there’d been all this scandal. So I had to leave and go back. And I was gone for three or four months. By the time I came back, you know, we were full in the middle of the trial. [00:58:00] And right about the time I came back, or even just before -- right -- no, the time I came back, they had this main agent on the witness stand who had been the one who ran O’Neal as his control, and who he would always meet with and tell him stuff and stuff, and who he gave the floor plan to, and who had given the floor plan to the cops, because they were saying you gotta raid the Panthers because they got all these illegal guns in there, which, in fact, when they -- JJ: [Who was saying that?]? 31 �DC: The FBI was saying that to the cops. JJ: (inaudible) they had the -- DC: Because, yeah, yeah, ’cause they were watching the whole time. I mean, and they sent those -- the fake letters to Jeff Ford, trying to make him think the Panthers were gonna -- out to get him, and that he should strike first. I mean, it was a bunch of stuff had happened, but it was sub rosa, you know? It was them doing [00:59:00] their thing. And in the trial, then, they were cross-examining this agent, Mitchell. And he referred to something that -- and we said, “Well, is that written up in a document?” And, he said, “Well, it should be, but I don’t know.” I said, “Well, why don’t you find that document?” And the judge said, “Yeah, you should find that document.” And Mitchell was on the stand for about a week, a week and a half, you know? End of the day, every day, we’d say, “Did you find the document?” “No, still looking.” And he was done with his testimony, was gonna leave the witness stand and be excused. And so Jeff and Montgomery, I think, [01:00:00] who was in the trial off and on, said, “Well, what about this document? Before he’s excused as a witness, we gotta--” he said, “Yeah, well, I did find it, you know? I found --” Go, “Okay, well, where’d you find it?” Da, da, da, da. And then he says, “Well, it was in a file about one of the Panthers named so-and-so, Lincoln.” You had a file about a Panther named Lincoln? Did you have a file about a Panther named Fred Hampton? “Well, you know --” And then everybody started arguing, and all the lawyers are shouting at each other, you know? And the judge finally bangs the gavel, and he says, “We’re gonna strike this out.” He says, “You just bring all these files up here tomorrow morning, and 32 �we’ll get to the bottom of this and make sure that they got everything.” So he came to court the next day. I’m just coming to watch, you know? And here come these [01:01:00] interns, whoever they were, with, like, shopping carts, three or four shopping carts, piled high with these files. JJ: The documents. DC: Files, yeah. JJ: (inaudible) documents. DC: Yeah, but COINTELPRO files. They had a file on every member of the Panthers. I mean, there was -- in the end, it was, like, 250,000 page of documents. A lot of them were total duplicates, you know? They’d write the same memo and put it in 12 files, you know, of 12 different Panthers. They had all -- collateral, other files. __: (inaudible) DC: Okay. I’ll be here. __: (inaudible)? JJ: [What’d he say?]? DC: Cubs are up 2 to nothing. JJ: Oh, yeah. DC: (laughs) __: [First inning, two runs?]. DC: Oh! JJ: [It’s permanent?]. __: Huh? JJ: It’s permanent in the video. 33 �__: In the video? (laughter) DC: Yeah, right? __: We’ll remember this day [01:02:00] [if they win?]. DC: Let’s hope it goes okay. JJ: Yeah. __: I’m gonna go to the bathroom, and -- JJ: Yeah, we’re almost done. __: -- [come back?]. DC: Okay. We’re almost through, so come back, and we’ll -- __: (inaudible) kick you outta here, but -- DC: Okay. JJ: Okay. (inaudible) DC: So he says he -- they come in with all these documents. He says, “Well, what are those?” He says, “Well, these are files on the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther party.” “Well, you better turn ’em over.” And we said, “Judge, we gotta stop the case here and let us read these files.” I mean, in the first day there was, like, 100,000 pages. Oh, no, we’re not stopping the trial. He told the jury, “Blame me that there’s a problem with these documents. It’s my fault.” JJ: Which judge was this? DC: Judge Perry. JJ: Judge Perry. 34 �DC: Judge Joe Sam Perry, a man from Alabama who had moved up here and got a job as a lawyer and been made a judge, a federal judge, [01:03:00] and he’d been a judge a long time. He was old and cranky and forgetful and, you know, although he’d been good to me a couple of times in some weird way. One time -oh, I won’t even tell that. JJ: (laughs) DC: Anyway, you know, so then he made the trial keep going, and we’re reading. They turned over copies of the documents, and we’re reading them at night and then using ’em to cross-examine the witnesses and the -- and like I say, in the end, it was something like, yeah, a round number was -- concluded it was 250,000 pages of files that they had that they said that they didn’t have and that these lawyers from Washington had stood up and swore didn’t exist. Judge says, “Blame me. I’m not gonna be bothered with that.” So the trial went on for another year [01:04:00] after that, after which the jury indicated they were pretty well hung, and so the judge dismissed the case. You know, he said, “Well, there was never enough evidence here to even go to the jury. We’ll throw it out.” Which was a boon to us because it made the standard really low on appeal, that just to show there was evidence, you know? But he had held Jeff and Flint in contempt a couple of times, and we were appealing that, and we were appealing the hiding of the documents, and we were appealing everything we could think of. I mean, me and Flint spent six months writing a brief, you know? It was that thick. And we got the right panel, and we got a reversal, a strong reversal. And then we got -- and I was back and forth. Finally, they threw everything out at Attica 35 �[01:05:00], so I was done for then. We had a civil suit we had started, but we weren’t directly involved in that. Michael and I had been up there in criminal cases a lot, and like I said, those two -- couple of two years, I stayed up there. And so then it was time to appeal the Hampton case. And we wrote this brief. And we had -- he had -- the judge assessed, like, $100,000 in costs against us and set $100,000 appeal bond. And they suspended that, court of appeals. And then we argued it, finally, in ’79. And the trial finished in June of ’77. I think it was in summer of ’79 we finally [01:06:00] argued the case. One of the judges had been an FBI agent, and he was a leading member of the society of exagents. JJ: (laughs) DC: And left it off his resume in the court. You couldn’t find it out. We only found it out -- JJ: (inaudible) DC: Judge Wilbur Pell. And in the government brief, US government brief, the guy had written something to the effect that said, these charges against these officers are insolent. They’re outrageous. You shouldn’t be allowed to come in a court and say things like that about sworn peace officers. So we put in the brief -- I put in the brief that there was this fascist-minded -- fascist-minded approach to the -- JJ: (inaudible) DC: -- prosecution [01:07:00] or to the government defense of the case, that it couldn’t be allowed to be heard because the accusations were so scandalous. And Jeff and Flint both argued for a while, and the government argued. And at 36 �the end of the government’s argument, the guy said, you know, “They called me a fascist in their brief. I’ve never been insulted like that before the judge in my whole” -- and Judge Pell turns around -- and he goes to sit down. And he turns around. I’m gonna get up to give the rebuttal argument. He says, “What about that, Mr. Cunningham? If we decide against you, are we fascists, too?” JJ: (laughs) DC: And I go, “No, judge, not exactly, but --” and I tried. Oh, I was so nonplussed. I didn’t know -- you know, it’s one of those times you think, oh, if only I’d thought of the right stuff to say, I’d’ve burned his ass up, but I gave ground, you know? Jeff listened to it when he was writing the book, and he said, [01:08:00] “It doesn’t sound as bad as you think,” you know? But it’s -- I still -- it’s something that mortified me afterwards when I realized I hadn’t just said yes, you know? You would be because that’s a fascist idea, that you can’t go to court when the cops abuse your rights. And if you said that that was okay, then you’d be subscribing to that. But that would’ve been simple enough if it had only occurred to me, you know? That’s always what happens. JJ: (inaudible) they’d challenge the thing about not having representation on the jury. DC: Yes. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Yes, we did that in the Days of Rage case. JJ: (inaudible) DC: That it was mostly -- it wasn’t so much the jury as the grand jury. And they proved that there hadn’t been any Black people on a grand jury for years. 37 �JJ: (inaudible) DC: Yeah, there were three or four cases, [01:09:00] including -- you remember the case of Brian Flanagan, that was accused of messing up Elrod, the city attorney, who chased him down the street and dove to try and tackle him and rammed his head into a wall and was crippled for the rest of his life based on that, but they tried to hang it all on Brian. And Warren, and it was Jeff, I think, and Warren Wolfson represent him, got an acquittal. And then Brian goes out and says, “Oh, we fucked ’em up, man. We got out. I was guilty as shit,” and on and on. You know, whoa, buddy. (inaudible) Come on, dude, you know? Who do you think you’re dealing with? Which was the same kinda feeling -- I mean, you had that feeling about a lot of stuff that happened, frankly, especially me, ’cause I was older. I had these kids. I thought [01:10:00] you know, it’s too dangerous. These cops are too vindictive, you know? And they hate it. And that had been shown in the different raids. You know that picture of the door of their office with shotgun holes in it? And that time -- the one time they raided the office, and somebody was talking about that yesterday. JJ: (inaudible)I have a picture. DC: And pissed in the cereal that was for the breakfast program and set fire to it one time. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Ugh. I mean, you know, not that that kind of racism in cops doesn’t still exist and get promoted by their work as cops, but there, they had an excuse against the Panthers and you guys [01:11:00] to insist on it as part of the cop philosophy. 38 �And then, you know, when Gilhooly and Rappaport were killed, and Jake Winters was killed, that was all the motivation they needed, you know? As much as it was instigated by the FBI and enabled by the FBI with the floor plan and the -and drugging Fred and all the stuff that O’Neal had done -JJ: Do you remember anything about Reverend Jackson’s case at all? Was that mentioned? DC: I remember -- I only remember -- JJ: I don’t know what happened -- DC: I don’t, either. And I don’t think anything ever really did. JJ: Nobody (inaudible) DC: They never knew -- whatever they knew [01:12:00] they kept to themselves. JJ: (inaudible) and they lost the file -- DC: Was that -- JJ: -- at Garrett seminary. DC: Yeah? JJ: [The files there -- they lost ’em?]. And that was recent, a couple of years ago. DC: That probably -- JJ: And one of the professors from the university -- and he had set up the appointment and everything. DC: And they -- JJ: (inaudible) we have a file. When they went there, there were no files. DC: Wow. JJ: At the Garrett -- 39 �DC: They would still have agents watching for (inaudible)? The file might’ve been gone for a long time. JJ: Yeah, right. DC: You know? JJ: They just didn’t -- DC: Going back to the time when it was -- all that stuff was more active, you know? JJ: Right, right. DC: You never know. JJ: But we had (inaudible) family (inaudible) investigated, they opened all the files where the police had investigated us. (laughs) DC: Yeah. Yeah, well, it was that kind of thing. They could say, well, it was probably them, you know? JJ: But we opened up the Church -- that was the first time we let ’em come in [01:13:00] and look at the files and everything. DC: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. That was really an unbelievable mystery, an unbelievable trauma, that that happened to those people. And you could see it coming from a lot of different places, possibly, you know? Just no way to really understand it. JJ: Right. Well, they took advantage of anything. They took advantage of the Young Lords that were just coming from a gang into a political movement, and they took advantage of that community. DC: Well, do you remember the date they were killed? JJ: The date was September 29. Of Reverend Johnson? DC: Yeah. 40 �JJ: September 29. It was only two months before Fred Hampton. Two months before Fred Hampton. And then there was also other things going on, [lynching?] (inaudible). DC: Yes. JJ: (inaudible) DC: Yeah, there was. (overlapping dialogue; inaudible) DC: Yeah, yeah. [01:14:00] And they had that attack in LA right after Fred was killed. And the whole community came out then and made them stop. Somebody said that yesterday, one of those things that they had heard -- they had learned at some point afterwards that Gates had ordered a tank. The cops had a tank. They were gonna bring the tank down there ’cause Geronimo had made them fortify the office. They had all these sandbags inside, you know? So they were really kind of safe in here. Phew. But then that’s the same kind of thing, is the level of hostility on the part of the cops, that they would bring a tank, let alone that they would make the attack at 4:00 in the morning, just like they did in Chicago. JJ: Any final thoughts? DC: The final word? My final thought is, you know, [01:15:00] -- we -- when the Hampton case was remanded by the court of appeals, it went to the Supreme Court, then too. They tried to get it in the Supreme Court. And the appeals court had awarded us fees for winning the appeal, but the Supreme Court said, oh, no, they didn’t win anything. All they did was go back to square one, no fees. And 41 �they did it without hearing arguments or briefs or anything. They just said on the face of it, you can’t have this money. Thurgood Marshall dissented and said, no, we should at least have this question briefed and have them come and argue and have it dealt with as a real case. But the others all voted against him. And again, you know, ’cause that Judge [01:16:00] Pell had written this really vituperative dissent in the appeal, and now, Judge Lewis Powell on the Supreme Court wrote the same kind of appeal -- yeah, we can go. JJ: [Sure?]. DC: And that was -- So I say that to say, and finish up on that note, that the hostility was in the courts as well. It wasn’t so pervasive, but it was real. [We’re getting?] -- JJ: Is that it? DC: Yeah. JJ: Thank you. DC: I mean, you know, I’ll think about it. I’ll send you another line. All right? END OF VIDEO FILE 42 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b88019b589ea3605e77e9d46f4da055f.mp4 8ed129e7e11525731983ff463e3f64ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Dennis Cunningham vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry Historia oral de Dennis Cunningham, entrevistado por José 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 23/10/2016 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Narrativas personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Cunningham_Dennis Title A name given to the resource Dennis Cunningham video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cunningham, Dennis Description An account of the resource Oral history of Dennis Cunningham, interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez on 10/23/2016 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-10-23 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/11cc0a8c7e5a170862bd06db1a335596.mp4 762baeffba01ff425bc7b6b2631cfa49 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d38c0b5861c8395a12fc620aea8462ef.pdf 10d42c29a0b9e9ed96608dbafbfb09b9 PDF Text Text William James College Interviews GV016-16 Interviewer: Barbara Roos Interviewee: Tom Cunningham Date: 1984 Part: 1 of 2 [Barbara] Okay, the first question I have for you then is: Why James? [Tom] Why William James? As the name of the college? Well, actually he was… I thought him last rather than first. I thought about the entire structure of the college first and the notions of the college should be. I think I'd coined the phrase… yes, in fact, I know I was. Coined the notion of psychosocial humanism, rather than scientific humanism, or more classical humanism to describe what I thought would be the appropriate type of curriculum for our own day and had also coined the notion of college should be future-oriented, and person-oriented, and career-oriented. It is evident that we didn't want to go around call me in College III, that was the name of the task force I was asked to head. And so, what name? It's easy to name something before it's founded, then to name it after it's been in existence for a length of time. College of Arts and Sciences had not gotten a name, and apparently would never get a name for that very reason. There are too many persons that had a stake in this name or that name. It's like guessing what name to give that before it actually started. I had happened to have been reading about that a year before that some works on William James. I'd read James twenty years before as a phenomena – as a pragmatist. But some works by John Wilde particularly. From the Universal of Cal… University Florida. He had been at Harvard and Northwestern, he's a phenomenologist. He had written a rather interesting book on James as a phenomenologist. I never thought a James in that connection before and so it occurred much of the ideas that I had. Mainly the concerned with psychology, even social psychology. And the concern of manufacturing your own persona. So, it was a natural but when I had thought of the materials concerning psychosocial humanism and the other things that I wrote about, even talked about the divisions of the college that would come about. The emphasis on environment and so on. I had no name in mind. But then when push came to shove, I thought we better get in name before the college we founded and James just came to my mind. I had a difficult time convincing the committee to go for that name, to tell you the truth. [Barbara] What did they want? [Tom] They had nothing in particular. But it just looked like I was doing too much. Someone wanted to name it after a guy named Maxie. I don't know I think it was a Maxi training school for boys in the Detroit area. Some had some frivolous names, I thought. But I think much of it seemed to me that I looked like I was �having too much to say. But I thought James was a natural name for the orientation that they had voted on and was only a matter of time before they came around to recognizing it. I said: "Yeah, it would be an appropriate name." [Barbara] Maybe you better go back. [Barbara] I asked the wrong first question. Tell me what the charge was, and how you came up with the notions for the character of the college. [Tom] Well, I had finished my first year teaching here at Grand Valley, and sometime in the late summer or early fall I received a phone call from the President. And I knew it was him because my wife was about to have our first son as it turned out to be. President found me and asked me would I consider heading a committee to found a new college. The task force was in charge – College III task force. My inclination as a first-year faculty, having completed my first year as a member of faculty here was: one does not lightly turn down any of the President's requests. And truth to tell, I always have been interested in educational activities. I have a master’s degree in education among my degrees. I'm history and theory of criticism of universities. So, I thought this would be a time to put my ideas, if I had any, into practice. But of course, I had asked the President: "What do you want? What's the charge?" And there was a written charge, and it's written in the documents. But I thought more revealing was a conversation that I had with the President. I had completed my first year teaching at Grand Valley, and was about ready to start my second, And the president had completed his first full academic year Grand Valley. And was beginning to do his second. He had become president about eighteen months previously. Basically, had obviously had to learn this terrain, and the existing colleges on campus. There were two at the time: College of Arts and Sciences, and Thomas Jefferson College; and having grasped that, understood that then the obvious for him, too. I say it's obvious now, looking back, was for him to look at the founding Grand Valley State Colleges and to look to what was considered to be unique in the colleges. So, I give him full credit for that. He first took charge of the colleges that existed and then he very adroitly moved to begin a third college. Grand Valley apparently had been founded to have four relatively similar size colleges. That was the founding image twenty-five years before. Each college apparently had two or three thousand students total of between nine and fifteen thousand students on campus. That was the notion on the colleges were founded twenty-five years ago now. So, he said to me: "I have two bits of advice." He said: "One of them is I want to college that would enroll a large number of students, and then I would also point out to you that we do have one small college here in campus. Thomas Jefferson College." I think what he meant by that… I didn't think to inquire any further the times. I think what he meant by that was that the College of Arts and Sciences, at that time, enrolled something like twenty-two hundred students. Thomas Jefferson college had perhaps two maybe three hundred students. So, �the time two college is one of which enrolled between eighty-five ninety percent of its number students on campus. The other college, because of its nature, seemed unlikely that would enroll much more than three hundred students. [Tom] So, it seems me he was getting me a charge to have a larger college, then Thomas Jefferson and it's possibly the college’s largest is the College of Arts and Sciences. That in turn meant that look and see where students who have to enroll from then try to excogitate from those factors the likely orientation of the college. So, it seemed to me that the College of Arts and Sciences seemed rather traditional. You could either duplicate that, or else one can attempt to make something different. I chose to do the latter and make something somewhat different. But yet stick to the President's charge. It was to make something that would be different than the College of Arts and Sciences. But make something that would also enroll a significant number of students. With that in mind, the whole thing was my fields my students were interested in. I majored in philosophy, teach philosophy, and since I majored in physics as an undergraduate, and have some degrees in physics, history of science I should say, it seemed fairly evident that the college should not focus on physical sciences. A number of people majored in physical sciences. Very small to begin with. They tend to be traditionally oriented and therefore one of the orientations that some of the committee members wanted, namely, to focus on environmental sciences seemed to me to be misdirected. I have nothing against the environment, I enjoy environmental sciences. But the sheer fact of needing to know, in any serious way, work in environmental sciences – you need to know biology, geology perhaps, certainly chemistry – meant that you were going to limit the number student who would major in fields like that. Feels like time since we had one college [inaudible] all about the sizes which had very few majors and those fields seem to have it and we were not in this particular area. [Inaudible] another college I would have… would be competing for the same small pool. So we're not being [?]. Environmental sciences, in my mind, should be the focus of the new college. It should contain that, it seemed to me, as a program, but not as a complete focus. Some had thought of focusing the college on the University of Wisconsin's Green Bay which is focused on Environmental Sciences. Others had attempted to focus the college pretty much on, as I would say, Thomas Jefferson College had been focused. Namely imitating Evergreen College in Washington state, as a possible way of organizing college too but it tended to be a small college, and therefore seemed to me that that would not obey what the President had laid down. So, the notion… once again I'm concerned about the persons and the focus on Evergreen College, and colleges of that sort aren't developing a person… seemed to me to be utterly and totally important and of grave concern for anyone in our own day. Where the sense of the self is more problematic perhaps than in previous centuries, and where the students who would come to us would tend to have a more diffuse identity than students at more traditional colleges. It seems to me that students come to Grand Valley as students in �general in our around modern age do not come from a [?] background, do not have what sociologists I think all described notions, rather they achieve their self. [Tom] And so it seemed that rather than having a college where one would fit in because one's grandfather had gone there, or because one was a member of a certain class. You would really have to have a college in which some opportunity would be provided to assist the student to grow as a person and that the notion of a person oriented it also cemented the notion in my mind of psychosocial humanism. So those two things work together. However, psychosocial humanism also borders on how one gets along with people in social context, not merely how one develops internally. And therefore, it seemed to me that one could use this facet to develop the person. To recognize a person's development communities. To recognize also that communities have functions to take care of and so, granted that the one focus or one division of the unit on Environmental Sciences. And another concern with Social Relations, it seemed fairly evident that Social Relations would have in generally a larger market for possible auditors than say-Environmental Sciences. However, Social Relations… there are a limited number of jobs. Large, but a limited number of jobs for sociologist and even a psychologist it appeared to me. But most of the jobs in our own age, and throughout history have been concerned with business. People seem to forget that. I happen to have degrees in history of science, and one of my specialties was in studying Babylonian clay tablets. They're about ten to fifteen thousand clay tablets, about as big as your hand with inscriptions on them. And everyone remembers, whoever studies the history science, those are Babylonian clay tablets which talk about astronomy. Or talk to some degree about how the geometry. Really looking on the… what do they say, the Pythagorean theorem. Square of the hypotenuse equals how many squares of the other two sides. It's a famous tablet that shows that in algebraic form shows these triads. But, as a matter of fact, of those ten to fifteen thousand tablets there's only about two hundred tablets which would be called scientific. There's another hundred two hundred tablets which should be called, oh, casual. There's this one tablet that I remember reading where this student is writing home asking for money. [Laughter] Fits in with what we normally think of student life. but leaving aside those for five hundred maybe a thousand tablets which have to do with what we would consider intellectual matters. The great plurality of the of the tablets had to do with a simple computation. Business dealings, they were business records. So, I'm saying in Babylonian epics, in our own epic, the tendency of society is to have business and social concerns or service concerns attached to some sort of records and keeping records. It seemed fairly evident then that, like it or not, the business of America is business. As one of our former presidents said, and therefore most of the jobs would be in business. So, I had the third and most important part of the colleges, it seemed to me, would be in what I named administration and information management. I like acronyms so it was AIM – “Aim.” I had also copied this, I must say from a professor at Dartmouth College �who later became its president, John Kemeny, a great mathematician. [Tom] So, it seemed to me that the largest of those three units with these administration and information management, and that would where be where William James College would have the largest number of those majors. I have to admit that's one thing I had not entered my mind was to have media group but, as soon as it’s proposed by a committee members I certainly assented. It seems to me that if William Shakespeare were alive and writing today, he would be writing as Lucas does or any of the cinematographers who would be writing for cinema or for media. So those four units seemed to me to fit in a nice package. Administration and information management being where most of the jobs would be concerned. Those who would work in such professions would learn about how to govern people, and how to govern themselves from such relations component. They would learn a deeper reflection on man from their emphasis on psycho-socio humanism. And they would also learn about the world in which they… members by the concern for environmental science. [Barbara] This may be a troubling question. Did you do any marketing research as they would be running around doing today? [Tom] Did I do what? Market? [Barbara] This came from your sense of things. Did you run out and test these notions? That this would be where the students were. [Tom] Well, in in a very indirect way. One of my roommates in college is a fairly significant, at that time, was fairly significant member of IBM Corporation. And I consulted with him informally over the phone. I also did read the literature. Seems like one of the easiest things to do rather than make your market research is to read literature. Much has been printed before by persons whom we could not afford to hire. So, I did a great deal of reading in what was written about universities. From the beginning and then studied particularly Canadian universities over the last twenty years. Because Canada underwent an enormous expansion between nineteen forty-five and nineteen sixty-five with their universities. For a very narrow base, classically oriented universities, to a much broader set of universities that was encompassing. That we're allowing for a person who never come to college to go to college. So, I did reading rather than having survey done. [Barbara] We're going to run out of tape. We have another tape it’s just that we just don't want to interrupt an open answer. [Camera operator] [Inaudible] �[Barbara] We have another five minutes? Okay. [Tom] My face was not very mobile, was it? [Barbara] [Inaudible] I'd like to ask. Would you say something briefly about synopticity, which seems to have started right away. [Tom] About what? [Barbara] Synopticity? [Tom] Oh, yes. That was actually--I liked that very much. [Barbara] And then your comments as someone from the outside do you think we grew in the right way or did we get skewed off? And then something about the courses that were working against the success of the college. If you have any observations on them. [Tom] Alright. [Camera operator] [Barbara] This is not the right tripod. [indistinct mumbling] [Inaudible] It’s not the right tripod. [Camera operator] Okay. [Barbara] So authenticity seems there from the beginning. [Tom] Oh, yeah. Yes, the synoptic lectures here. That was probably the third thing of which I'm most proud in attempting to develop within James. It seemed to me that the most difficult thing for a regional college is how to keep the faculty active. And it's for that reason I designed the synoptic program. The synoptic program I envision would be rather similar to actually what William James had done. In the gifted lecture series, that were later titled, “The Variety of Religious Experience.” A way to bring to a… to Edinburgh a matter of fact, in James' case. To bring to a campus a visiting dignitary who it in ten twelve days open up his entire mind and give you his view of the universe. And I call them synoptic lectures. They would take place here at Grand Valley. I recognize them as highly significant to the students. I think the most important thing you can do for students to give them a view of the universe. That it allows people to tie together in some sort of a fashion. The diverse notions they have and to make an intellectual synthesis to the degree they have as well. About their entire status, and the entire stance to the universe. But I really thought of it is crucially important for the faculty. Grand Valley State College is in the middle of the peninsula. Grand Rapids is a good �size city, but it's not a metropolis. [Tom] It doesn't have the resources available to it as Chicago, or New York, or Detroit. And so, to me, it seemed to be crucial to keep the faculty active; to have a variety of persons from the faculty over a period of years would pick. As becoming some master teacher in their field to come to campus and to enunciate to students at a common level, not a technical level. The great ideas the faculty had. And I was following a man named Jerome Bruner. A good cognitive psychologist. In fact, he was one of the synoptic lecturers I had invited, as well Jean Piaget, who said that: "One can always explain, in a decent way, any idea at a level that would be capable of being understood by a particular audience.” So, that was the whole notion of a synoptic lecture: to give us a view of the universe for the students, but also to give the faculty chance to plan ahead for the great mind that they would consider dominant in that field. Plan ahead for that person visit to initiate students in that, and of course keep the faculty active. So, in a sense, I was looking to the faculty. Students come and go after four years. But the faculty can be here for twenty years. And it could easily turn over old ideas many times, unless one had stimuli from such great minds. Such as Jean Piaget, or a person like that. [Barbara] Would you comment on your observation from the outside that the development of our college… [Tom] Well, I guess, I did stay outside William James College. I tried to start off as best I could, you know with the committee. We did the best we could to get it going. And then I thought once you hire faculty, let the faculty do what they considered best. And obviously the fact that they proceeded in the certain direction. I think I would express concern. Seemed to me that the faculty either did not understand or did not pay attention to what President Lubbers said and asked in his first year. Namely that it would be a large college, and that it would enroll a wide variety of students in a broad number of fields. It seemed to me that the college never put the personnel into any administration information management program that the numbers of students would justify. I think when the faculty decided for whatever reason, probably very good reasons – I was not a member of the committees at the side of these – that they would not grow exponentially. But rather they would only replicate. I think that was crucial. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William James College Interviews Description An account of the resource Videotaped interviews of William James College faculty, students and administrators by Barbara Roos. William James College opened in 1971 as the third baccalaureate degree granting college for Grand Valley. It was originally designed to be an interdisciplinary, non-departmentalized college consisting of concentration programs, rather than majors. Curriculum was organized around three concentrations that were meant to be interdisciplinary career preparation offerings: Social Relations, Administration and Information Management, and Environmental Studies. The college was discontinued in 1983 during a reorganization of Grand Valley. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/69">William James College faculty and student interviews (GV016-16)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Universities and colleges Oral histories Alternative education Interdisciplinary approach in education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Roos, Barbara (Interviewer) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV016-16 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV016-16_GVSU_09_Cunningham Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cunningham, Tom Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Title A name given to the resource Tom Cunningham interview (1 of 2, video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Interview with Tom Cunningham by Barbara Roos, documenting the history of Grand Valley State's William James College. William James College was the third baccalaureate degree granting college for Grand Valley. It was originally designed to be an interdisciplinary, non-departmentalized college consisting of concentration programs, rather than majors. The college opened in 1971 and was discontinued in 1983 during a reorganization of Grand Valley State. Dr. Thomas Cunningham was a faculty member of William James College and longtime GVSU professor who was credited with heading the WJC Planning Task Force that founded the college. In this interview, Tom discusses the origin of the name "William James College" and how the character of the new college was created. This interview is part 1 of 2 for Tom Cunningham. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Roos, Barbara (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Universities and colleges Oral histories Lectures and lecturing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/69">William James College faculty and student interviews (GV016-16)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a35c2d05aa6a1750dc3ab9311882bdc3.mp4 f5d4d2533eda1e30b2afc769d9ff0676 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/80acad654035dba4f8c8b2edaa8fc212.pdf 1a9a17cd2107f484430a80c8fc5540fb PDF Text Text William James College Interviews GV016-16 Interviewer: Barbara Roos Interviewee: Tom Cunningham Date: 1984 Part: 2 of 2 [Barbara] Where were we? We were talking about growing... [Tom] Oh yes, I gather it was a crucial decision sometime in the second and third year of William James College faculty. Where they decided not to grow exponentially, you know, for a variety of reasons. They wanted to get to know each other. Each member of the faculty. But I think it was an unfortunate decision. At the time Grand Valley as in whole and in general was growing. And there's a certain number of faculty positions that are open when you're growing that become closed by the times. Not to grab hold of those faculty positions, for whatever good reason, means they are going to be closed to you later. And you will not have those choices to make later. So, it seemed to me that the faculty was deciding that they would be of a certain size and no bigger, and that's permissible. But it also meant that you had one college that continue to grow, College of Arts and Sciences, which would continue to have something like eighty/ninety percent of the of the students on campus. And therefore, all the other colleges, now two of them and then the third to start later, would define themselves in the shadow of that much larger college. Whereas the foundation documents of Grand Valley and the wish of the President was that you would have a number of colleges, each the same size. You can do the things if you are the same size. I looked to Oxford and Oxford University, where you have all your college and you're a Trinity College… they're pretty much the same size. The Trinity does not step over [inaudible]. They're members of a larger unit and they get service to the university. Each doing it in its own particular fashion. I don't think that ever took place here at Grand Valley, because the College of Arts and Sciences just ballooned. Whereas the other colleges I had to find themselves to be smaller for variety a of reasons, and I think that's an unfortunate. I think that eventually assisted in the demise of William James College. [Barbara] As we're on this topic, can you comment further on some of the reasons why the school had to be closed after only eleven years. [Tom] I don't know whether it had to be closed or not. But I do think that… why would it close? I suppose because most of the functions that it had been doing and then taken over by other units. It seems to me that William James was on its slippery slope when it gave up the Administration and Information Management program. I had never thought about computers, personal computers notion. I had thought of mainframes as John Kemeny at Dartmouth is associated with twenty-five �years ago. If I hadn't really known about the personal computers and could predict that, I would have invested my money and Apple computers and be a millionaire and not be here. But it was evident that the administration information management was a high growth potential. [Tom] For one reason or another it never achieved that here in William James College, and indeed, William James College allowed the computer personnel to be removed from it. That to me was already an indication that it was in its death throes. I think after that simply a matter of time. Why did it end? One can always look for scapegoats. There is a conspiratorial view history, with which I'm not in agreement, which says all of my problems are outside made. And even Freud knew that most of our problems are within me. And at James you would say that, too, I think. I do think that institutions survive – even if they're unpopular – if they perform a function. Nobody likes a prison. Not the prisoners, not even the people that work in the prisons. And certainly not the people that live next to prisons. Prisons endure because they perform a socially useful function. I think William James College, in the certain sense, died because it ceased to do that. Or at least deceased to do that in a unique fashion or in any cost-effective fashion. I don't have the data on cost effectiveness but one could look to that it seems to me. What I do think in the decision not to grow made it evident that William James would define itself in terms of a counter cultural college. In other words, it would look to and react against the larger college on campus. Whereas it certainly had the opportunity to be as large as the largest of colleges. So, I think in the great refusal it sealed its own fate. [Barbara] Many years ago you had certain… you did readings, and you had a philosophy on what would be important to found a college. Now, it's 1985. Would you do it the same way with the same rank order of importance to your decisions, or what would you do differently now? [Tom] Well, it does seem to me that college is still must fill a socially and personally useful task, and I think the tasks that were laid out at William James, however imperfectly, addressed or were attempting to address those issues. I do think that every agent, I mention from Babylonian age on, does look to service type jobs, does look to careers, I would say, in a variety of functions. In a variety of hierarchy, see. Careers in business, careers in psychology or sociology or whatever. I do think most of the documents I wrote to William James would be useful in assisting and founding any college. And I think that would be particularly useful in founding a college in our own day. One that would look to assisting. For example, that in Administration and Information Management. That was where most of the jobs would be for the next century. As far as any data showed. University of Texas at Austin is putting something like fifteen [inaudible] professors. A million-dollar chairs exactly in information management. Not that everyone who goes and gets a degree in information management will become a �computer specialist. But rather they will use computers. I think computers, which is simply another word for handling information, is really where the growth of American universities will be in the next century. [Barbara] What about the question of community though, and preparing this tape? What I get from our alums is a passionate attachment to this college. Because it fulfilled something that wasn't available to let most run the society. That's gone from Grand Valley, is it not? Can you imagine another college being founded in the near future? A small college that has this sense of community? [Tom] I don't know, I doubt it. I don't know why community has to be founded in a college-wide unit. I do know, for example, our geology majors in the College of Arts and Sciences in Grand Valley’s college now have always been closely knit. I think they're closely knit because their experiences on the digs. Our anthropology and our geology majors particularly are closely knit. I think something similar happens to our nursing group. Granted that there is attention there because only a certain number of spots are allowed for junior and senior years. But in anyone who shares an intense educational experience is an opportunity for community. I do think some of the community aspects maybe a function of the faculty meeting community more than students do. I think faculty come at a certain age, and you can go through community experiences at a certain number of times. But after all, if you're a normal faculty member you have your own family and that's where you will receive most of your community inputs. I do think that faculty require close interaction with students. I think that happens with majors, but I think the tragedy of American education in general, seems to me, is that the freshmen and sophomores are ignored, and the juniors and seniors majors in the field are prized. I think the inverse should be true. Freshman should be intensely worked with, that is where you develop community. And then the sophomores and juniors, they're around and they're your resources to talking to other freshmen. And I think that's what William James and smaller colleges tend to do. They have an intense experience with freshman students and that endures over the four years. I think in having large lecture courses in other colleges, for example, and now in Grand Valley in general. That sense, that opportunity for community is lost. So, I would say have freshman seminars, or perhaps even seminars directed to persons who might major in particular field as a freshman or plan on majoring. And you would have a community experience that could grow. [Barbara] Thank you. [Inaudible] I am out of questions, but I am not out of tape. Is there something else you would like to tell us? [Tom] No, I think you asked the basic questions. Namely how did it start. What occurred. [Barbara] I guess I do have one more question. Just something that doesn't feel real to me. �Lubbers asked you to do this. You say you did a lot of reading, but that cannot be the whole answer. How did you come up with this much this fast? [Tom] I worked… Isaac Newton was asked one day how he thought about gravity. And he said how he discovered the formula about gravity. He said by thinking on it [Latin?] day and night. I was working eighteen / nineteen hours a day for a period of three months. I have a picture of my newborn son who's born in September tenth, nineteen seventy. And he was lying on my chest. In fact, this jacket I wore when I interviewed with the President. I wore it. Well, my interview with the President (when he gave me those directions about the schools). Tommy was lying on my chest, and I was just sleeping between two o'clock feeding and six o'clock when I would get up. But I had been working steadily. I thought about education for forty-years. Twenty-years as a college student and university student. And it was a chance to put into practice all of my ideas. And I wrote them up because they were all of my ideas. I would also like to point out that Saint Augustine, someplace or other, says that most skills are learned in a short time when you're young or not at all. And I guess I wrote this material in a short time because I thought about it at great length under a period of many years. [Barbara] Quickly, what are your various educational experiences? [Tom] Three years ago I graduated law school. That was my ninth academic degree. I had studied physics as an undergraduate after serving in the United States Navy and Notre Dame. And, then I studied for the Roman Catholic priesthood and obtain six of my degrees. Three in philosophy, and three in theology. I picked up a doctorate degree in history science (medieval science) at the University of Wisconsin. And I think the degree I liked best of all is the master’s degree I obtained in education - history, theory, and criticism. That's basically what I do at William James College, was to lay out what I thought was important. [Barbara] Where is that master’s from? [Tom] From the University of Wisconsin. [Barbara] Wisconsin? Okay. [Tom] I did that University. One of the ways in which you see how ideas and science take root, is to see how they can transfer into a curriculum. In other words, Isaac Newton discovers gravity. How long does it take to get into a curriculum? That's what I did. That's why I majored in history, that's why I took a master’s in educational history. [Barbara] Okay. �[Tom] That didn't hurt it all. [Laughter] [Barbara] Thank you so much. That was very interesting. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William James College Interviews Description An account of the resource Videotaped interviews of William James College faculty, students and administrators by Barbara Roos. William James College opened in 1971 as the third baccalaureate degree granting college for Grand Valley. It was originally designed to be an interdisciplinary, non-departmentalized college consisting of concentration programs, rather than majors. Curriculum was organized around three concentrations that were meant to be interdisciplinary career preparation offerings: Social Relations, Administration and Information Management, and Environmental Studies. The college was discontinued in 1983 during a reorganization of Grand Valley. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/69">William James College faculty and student interviews (GV016-16)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Universities and colleges Oral histories Alternative education Interdisciplinary approach in education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Roos, Barbara (Interviewer) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV016-16 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV016-16_GVSU_10_Cunningham Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cunningham, Tom Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Title A name given to the resource Tom Cunningham interview (2 of 2, video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Interview with Tom Cunningham by Barbara Roos, documenting the history of Grand Valley State's William James College. William James College was the third baccalaureate degree granting college for Grand Valley. It was originally designed to be an interdisciplinary, non-departmentalized college consisting of concentration programs, rather than majors. The college opened in 1971 and was discontinued in 1983 during a reorganization of Grand Valley State. Dr. Thomas Cunningham was a faculty member of William James College and longtime GVSU professor who was credited with heading the WJC Planning Task Force that founded the college. In this interview, Tom discusses the growth of William James College and how it played a role in the closing of the college after eleven years. This interview is part 2 of 2 for Tom Cunningham. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Roos, Barbara (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Universities and colleges Oral histories College administrators Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/69">William James College faculty and student interviews (GV016-16)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/57b28aef574fb79f421a53299f4ce2f7.pdf f2de246d626f99254afe45d1cc5bb44d PDF Text Text ,I ~ ~ ,::, c::: r-r, ...... r,,, ...... . ' .... ·:::::···················:::::::::::..:::::;::::::::::: •·········••'•'•'••··············::·::·:} �ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The City of Negaunee Planning Commission would like to express their appreciation to the many groups and individuals who have contributed to the development of this Comprehensive Plan, including the City of Negaunee Planning Commission, the Negaunee City Council, former Planning Commission members, City staff, and all the citizens who took the time to provide input to the planning process. Your input and support were invaluable to our efforts. Neirnunee Citv Council Negaunee Planning Commission Raymond Rappazini, Mayor Glenn Binoneimi Paul Gravedoni Robert Juidici John Savolainen Fred Terres Clelia T erzaghi Les Ross, Chairman Michael Cardone Ronald Gilmore Richard Karno Gary Koski Dennis Ombrello Larry Peterson Ellen Skaates-Weingarten Robert Sylvester �COivfPREHENSIVE PLAN RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION CITY OF NEGAUNEE PLANNING COMMISSION WHEREAS, The City of Negaunee Planning Commission is established in accordance with the Municipal Planning Act, Act 285 of 1931, M.C.L. 125 .33 ; and WHEREAS, the City of Negaunee Planning Commission has prepared a Comprehensive Plan for the City of Negaunee, in accordance with M.C .L. 125 .36; and WHEREAS, this Comprehensive Plan contains maps and narrative describing trends and conditions relating to the population, economy, natural features , land use, community facilities and services, housing, transportation and recreation within the City of Negaunee; and WHEREAS, this plan also contains goals, policies and objectives to be used to guide future development of the City of Negaunee, NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the City of Negaunee Planning Commission, to adopt the City of Negaunee Comprehensive Plan as the official Master Plan for the City of Negaunee. I certify that the above is a tn1e and complete copy of a resolution passed by the City of Negaunee Planning Commission on at the regular meeting on August 17, 1999. By : -+----\-;;-J--- ---L---=-----.._ Les R ss, hai rman City of Negaunee Planning Commission Date: August 17, 1999 �TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 OVERVIEW AND BRlEF DESCRlPTION ................................... I 1.1 Introduction ...................................................... I 1.2 Community Description ............................................. 2 2.0 POPULATION .......................................................... 1 2.1 Introduction ...................................................... 1 2.2 Population Trends ................................................. 1 2.3 Population Estimates ............................................... 5 2.4 Age and Gender Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5 Racial Composition ............................................... 12 2.6 Educational Attainment ............................................ 12 2.7 Household Characteristics .......................................... 13 2.8 Population Projections ............................................. 15 2.9 Population Density ................................................ 18 2.10 Issues and Opportunities ....................... : ................... 18 3.0 ECONOMIC BASE ...................................................... 1 3.1 Introduction ...................................................... 1 3.2 Area Economy .................................................... 1 3.3 Labor Force and Employment ........................................ 2 3.4 Employment by Sector .............................................. 7 3.5 Employment by Place of Work ...................................... 10 3.6 Major Employers ................................................. 11 3.7 Income ......................................................... 13 3. 8 Poverty Rates .............................................. . ..... 16 3. 9 Issues and Opportunities ........................................... 18 4.0 NATURAL FEATURES .................................................. 4.1 Topography ...................................................... 4.2 Geology ................................................... . ..... 4.3 Mineral Resources ................................................. 4.4 Soils ............................................................ 4.5 Water Features .................................................... 4.6 Wildlife ......................................................... 4.7 Climate .......................................................... 4.8 Issues and Opportunities ............................................ 1 1 1 3 3 5 6 6 6 �5.0 LAND USE ............................................................ 5.1 Historical Land Use Patterns ......................................... 5.2 Factors Affecting Land Use ............ . ........ : .................... 5.3 Current Use Inventory .............................................. 5.4 Public and Quasi-Public Land Use .................................... 5.5 Land Ownership ................................................... 5.6 Contaminated Sites ...... . ......................................... 5.7 Land Use Trends .................................................. 5.8 Issues and Opportunities ............................................ 1 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 9 6.0 PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY FACILITIES .................................. 1 6.1 Introduction ..................... . ................................ 1 6.2 Community Facilities and Services ................................ . ... 1 6.3 Public Buildings ................................................... 5 6.4 Other Public Facilities and Services ...... . ............................ 8 6.5 Issues and Opportunities ........................................... 10 7.0 HOUSING ............................................................. 1 7.1 Introduction ...................................................... 1 7.2 Housing Characteristics ............................................. 1 7 .3 Financial Characteristics ........................................... 10 7.4 Selected Housing Characteristics ..................................... 13 7.5 Issues and Opportunities ........................................... 16 8.0 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES .................................... 1 8.1 Existing Recreational Facilities ....................................... 1 8.2 Nearby Recreational Sites ........................................... 5 8.3 Recent Developments .............................................. 7 8.4 Local Recreation Needs .................... . ........................ 7 8.5 Recreation Needs Standards ......................................... 10 8.6 Park Accessibility .......................................... . ..... 12 8. 7 Historical Resources .............................................. 15 8.8 Issues and Opportunities ..... . ..................................... 18 9.0 TRANSPORTATION .................................................... 1 9 .1 Introduction ...................................................... 1 9.2 Use of Private Vehicles ............................................. 1 9.3 Road System ..................................................... 3 9.4 National Functional Classification of Roads ............................. 4 9.5 Condition of Streets and Bridges ...................................... 7 9.6 Financing ................................... _. .................... 7 9.7 Parking .......................................................... 8 9.8 Sub-State Area Long Ran_ge Plan ...................................... 8 9.9 Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) ............ .................... 10 9.10 Traffic Volume .......................................... . ........ 10 �9.11 9 .12 9.13 9.14 9 .15 9 .16 10.0 Public Transportation ....................... . ...................... 12 Inter-Community Bus Service ....................................... 14 Port ............................................................ 14 Air Transportation ................................................ 15 Railroads ....................................................... 20 Issues and Opportunities ....... ........ ..... .. ...... .. .... . ........ 21 GOALS, POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES ..................................... 1 10.1 Introduction . ..... .... ..... .............. ... .. ... .. .. .. . . . ........ 1 10.2 Economy ............................... . . . ...................... 2 10.3 Natural Features ................................................... 4 10.4 Land Use ....... . ........ . .... .... .. ... ........ . . . ............... 5 10.5 Public and Community Facilities ...................................... 7 10.6 Housing ........... . ......... .. ..... . . ... .. . ..................... 8 10. 7 Recreation/Historical ............................................... 9 10.8 Transportation ................................................... 13 �1.0 OVERVIEW AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction The Comprehensive Plan contained in this document represents the culmination of months of discussion and study by the City of Negaunee Planning Commission, with technical assistance from the Central Upper Peninsula Regional Commission (CUPP AD). The plan also incorporates information from other planning efforts previously undertaken, including site-specific plans such as the Teal Lake Master Plan, and previous development of goals and objectives for the City. The document can be divided into two primary areas -- background information, and goals, policies and objectives which will guides the City's future development. Background information on population trends, the local economy, land use, and community facilities, among other items, is useful is forming a complete picture of the community's growth and development over time -- in other words, "where are we now, and how did we get here?" Chapter 10 focuses on the City of Negaunee's future. Once the Planning Commission gained an understanding of the past and present situation and trends in the community, the question became "where do we want to go in the future, and what policies can help our community achieve those goals?" The last chapter of this plan builds on the first nine, and provides a framework for guiding the city's future development. In addition to providing a general framework for development, the goals, policies and objectives articulated in this plan will assist the Planning Commission to update the zoning ordinance to reflect the desired future directions for the city, and to review proposed public improvements in accordance with Act 285 of 1931, the Municipal Planning Act. The City or Village Zoning Act, Act 207 of 1921, requires that zoning regulations and districts be established "in accordance with a plan designed to promote or accomplish the objectives of this act" (MCL 125.581, Sec. 1(2)). This Comprehensive Plan meets this statutory requirement. The Municipal Planning Act, under which the Planning Commission is established, states that "no street, square, park or other public way, ground, or open space, or public building or structure, shall be constrncted or authorized ... until the location, character, and extent thereof shall have been submitted to and approved by the commission." In other words, the Planning Commission is charged with reviewing public improvements to determine the consistency of such improvements with the City's Comprehensive Plan. Such review is not binding on the City Council; if the Planning Commission finds that a proposed public improvement is not consistent with the objectives of the plan, the Council can overrule the disapproval by a 2/3 majority vote of its entire membership. However, Planning Commission review provides a valuable tool for ensuring that public improvements promote the goals and objectives defined during this lengthy and exhaustive planning process. Chapter I Page I �1.2 Community Description The City of Negaunee is located in central Marquette County, and is part of the urban area which includes the cities of Marquette and Ishpeming. U.S. 41 and M-28 run through the City from east to west, and M-35 intersects with U.S. 41/M-28 just east of the City, connecting the area to areas to the south. Negaunee is the third-largest local unit of government in the County in terms of population, behind the other two cities; a total of about 35,000 people live in the urban area, or about half of the County's 1990 population. The first iron ore discovered in the Upper Peninsula was discovered in what is now the City of Negaunee in 1844. In 1845 the Jackson Iron Company was formed, and mining began in 1846. The settlement known as Negaunee was founded in 1846, although it would not incorporate as a village or city for several years. Over the next few years. many more mines were established throughout the Marquette Iron Range. In addition to mining the raw ore, a forge on the Carp River and a charcoal blast furnace in what is now downtown Negaunee were developed to partially process the ore before shipping it out of the area. Ore was hauled by rail to Marquette or Escanaba, where it was then shipped to steel mills. In 1858, Teal Lake Township was organized. and in 1865 the Village ofNegaunee was established. In 1873 the first charter election for the City of Negaunee was held, and the community has been a city ever since. From a population of 124 in 1850, the City had grown to over 8,500 by 1900. Negaunee's grow1h and development have been closely tied to the iron mining industry. By the mid 1860s, surface ore deposits were becoming depleted, and underground mining began. Underground mines required a greater investment of capital, and as mines grew larger so did the companies which operated them. Several smaller companies were eventually consolidated into the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, which today operates the two remaining active iron mines in the Upper Peninsula. As employment and production at the mines dropped, many communities experienced economic hard times and a loss of population. In Negaunee, for example, the population has declined slowly but steadily since 1940, with the 1990 Census showing 4,741 residents,just over half the population at the tum of the century. By the early 1960s, nearly 322 million tons of iron ore had been shipped from the Marquette Iron Range. Peak production occurred in 1929, when nearly 17 million tons was shipped, while in 1932 production dropped to less than one million tons. In the 1950s, mining operations began to shift from the production of raw ore to pelletized ore. B ypelletizing the low-grade ores, a more concentrated product was produced, making shipping more cost-effective. From 1956 through 1998, a total of 400 million tons of pellets had been shipped from the Marquette Iron Range. The relative share of employment provided by mining has dropped over the past 75 years. As of 1998, the Tilden and Empire mines employ a total of about 1,850, and produce a combined total Chapter I Page 2 �of just over 15 million tons of ore. Mining is still a significant employer in the area, but the economy has diversified, and communities are looking to other economic sectors for future growth. While mining has declined, it still remains a part of Negaunee's past and present. The Michigan Iron Industry Museum, located near the site of the Carp River Forge, contains exhibits telling the story of iron mining in the area. The Negaunee High School's sports teams are known as the Miners, and many area residents worked in the mines at some point in their life. Physical evidence of mining in the area includes the two remaining active mines, many abandoned mines, and large expanses of caving grounds resulting from past mining activities. Another large Marquette County employer which has suffered a decline in recent years is K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base near Gwinn in the southern part of the County. The base, once one of the largest employers in the Upper Peninsula, and home to 3,600 military personnel, closed in September, 1995. The City of Negaunee did not suffer much direct impact from the base closure, but has suffered some indirect effects. Rental housing at the former base is being offered at very attractive rates, resulting in some housing vacancies in the urban corridor, and the loss of population and payroll associated with the base has had an effect on the retail and service sectors throughout the County. In 1999, Marquette County plans to move the Marquette County Airport from its present location just east of the City to Sawyer. It is difficult to predict what the effects of this move may be, beyond causing local residents to drive farther for air travel. As is the case with many other cities in the Upper Peninsula, Negaunee's population has been declining and growing older over the past 10-20 years, while there has been relatively little new development and investment. In Negaunee's case, the large expanses of caving grounds and mining company land ownership have placed constraints on growth due to a lack of available sites. The community has retained an attractive downtown area, and housing and commercial areas have not deteriorated or become blighted. In recent years, new commercial development has occurred along U.S. 4 l /M-28, infrastructure improvements have been made, and new subdivisions have been platted. It is hoped that the years to come will see the declining population trend reverse, and that there will be continued investment and growth in the community. Chapter I Page 3 �2.0 POPULATION 2.1 Introduction Population change is the primary component in tracking a community's past growth as well as predicting future population trends. Population characteristics relate directly to a community ' s housing, educational, community and recreational facility needs, and to its future economic development. Fluctuations in the economy can greatly influence the population trends and characteristics in a community. In addition to looking at population trends within a specific community, it is helpful to look at the trends and changes which take place in surrounding and neighboring communities. Communities do not exist in a vacuum; instead residents of one community may work in another community, send their children to school in yet another community, and travel to other areas to purchase goods and services. In order to gain a better appreciation of the population trends affecting the City of Negaunee, this chapter will present information not only for the City, but for the City of Ishpeming, the neighboring townships of Negaunee, Ishpeming, Richmond and Tilden, and for the City of Marquette, Marquette County and the State of Michigan. 2.2 Population Trends The population of the City of Negaunee has been declining over the past 50 years, as shown in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1 . The sharpest decline occurred between 1960 and 1970, when the City ' s population decreased by 14.3 percent. Between the 1970 and 1980 Censuses, the decline was only 1.1 percent, followed in the 1980 by a decline of 8.6 percent. Overall, since the 1940 Census, the City ' s population has declined by 30.4 percent, from 6,813 people in 1940 to 4,741 in 1990. The population of the neighboring City of Ishpeming has followed a similar pattern, with a decline of 24.3 percent since 1940. Meanwhile, the surrounding townships have generally shown population increases, particularly in Negaunee and Ishpeming townships. This trend is not uncommon in Michigan and the remainder of the country. In major metropolitan areas, this trend takes the form of migration from the city to its surrounding suburbs, while in more rural areas people are moving from cities into surrounding rural areas. The reasons for this migration are many, including lower taxes and user fees, lower development costs, a desire for a more rural lifestyle, desire for larger residential lots, etc. Many cities in the Upper Peninsula have seen extensive residential subdivisions established in the surrounding townships over the past 10 to 20 years. Chapter 2 - Page I �TAllLE 2-1 PO PULAT ION 1940- 1990, SELECTED AREAS Arca 1940 1950 % Change. 1940-50 % Clrnnge, 1950-60 1960 % Change, 1960-70 1970 1980 % Change, 1970-80 1990 % Change , 1980-90 % Change, 1940-90 Negaunee C ity 6,8 13 6,472 -5.0 6, 126 -5.3 5,248 - 14.3 5, 189 - I. I 4,74 1 -8 .6 -30 4 Ishpeming C ity 9,49 1 8,962 -5.6 8,857 - 1.2 8,245 -6.9 7,5 38 -8.6 7,200 -4 .5 -24 .3 Negaunee Twp. 568 909 60.0 1,383 52 .1 1,760 27 .3 2,443 38.8 2,368 -3 . 1 3 16.9 Richmo nd Twp. 1,225 1, 197 -2 .3 1,4 11 17.9 1,277 -9.5 1,246 -2.4 1,095 - 12 .1 - 10.6 Ishpeming Twp. 1,33 1 1,5 17 14.0 2,238 47.5 2,376 6.2 3,6 12 52 .0 3,5 15 -2 .7 164 . 1 Tilden Twp. 967 932 -3.6 922 I.I 883 -4 .2 1,044 18.2 1,0 10 -3 .3 4.4 Marquelle Twp. 780 1,280 64. 1 1,880 46.9 1,703 -9.4 2,669 56.7 2,757 3.3 253 .5 Marqucllc Ci ty 15,928 17,202 8.0 19,824 15.2 2 1,967 10.8 23,288 6.0 2 1,9 77 -5 .6 38.0 Marquette Co. 47 , 144 47,654 1.2 56, 154 17.8 64,686 15.2 74 , 10 1 9.9 70,887 -4 .3 50.4 154,496 149,865 -3 .0 157,257 4.9 165,744 5.4 182,390 10.0 177,692 -2.6 I 5.0 5,256, 106 6,37 1,766 21.2 7,824,965 22.8 8,875,083 13.4 9,262,07 8 4.4 9,295 ,297 0.4 76.8 13 1,669,275 15 1,325 ,798 14.9 179.323 , 175 18.5 203,302,03 1 13.4 226,542, 199 11.4 248,709,873 9.8 88 .9 CU PPAD Region Mi chi gan United Stales So urce: U.S. llu rcau of the Ce ns us, Ce nsus data for years ci ted. Chapter 2 - Page 2 i ~ �FIGURE 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990 , SELECTED AREAS 10 ,000 9 ,000 8 ,962 8,000 7 ,200 7 ,000 6 ,000 C: ... .!:! "' :, 5, 5 ,248 5 ,000 C. 0 0.. 4 ,000 3 ,000 2 ,757 2 ,368 2,000 1 ,000 1 ,095 568 0 1940 1950 1960 1980 1970 Year -<>- Negaunee Township -D-1 shpem i ng Township --tr- Marquette Townsh ip ~ Richmond Township ----llE- City of Negaunee -O- city of Ishpeming Source : U .S . Bureau of the Census , Census data for years c ited . Chapter 2 - Page 3 1990 �The population of Marquette County increased from 1940 to 1990 by 23 ,743 persons, or 50.4 percent. Of the County ' s three cities, Marquette was the only one which increased, along with several townships. Countywide, a significant portion of the population growth is attributable to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, with large population increases in Forsyth, Sands and West Branch townships, which encompass the former base. Between 1950 and 1960, for example. Sands Township's population grew by over 800 percent. The six county CUPPAD Region experienced some population decline in the 1940s, which was then followed by steady growth from 1950-1980, with a population increase of22 percent; however, in the decade of the 1990s, the region lost 4,602 persons. The State of Michigan in each of the decades from 1940 to 1990 incurred growth in population, with a 50-year period increase of 76.8 percent. Population change is the result of a combination of natural increase and migration. When births within a community within a period of time exceed deaths, a positive natural increase occurs. If deaths exceed births, a negative natural increase is the result. Communities with a relatively young population tend to have a high natural increase, since the birth rate is relatively high. Those communities with a large number of older people tend to have a small natural increase; a negative natural increase is uncommon. Net migration is the difference between the number of people moving into a community and the number of people moving out. Net migration is positive when more people move into an area than move out. Economically depressed areas often experience significant out-migration as residents leave for real or perceived employment opportunities elsewhere. In Marquette County, births exceeded deaths in the 1960s, ' 70s and ' 80s. From 1960 to 1969, and from 1970 to 1979 in-migration occurred, while out-migration was the rule between 1980 and 1989. The County's population increased from 1960 to 1980, as a result of in-migration combined with the natural increase in population. In the last decade (1980-89) out-migration exceeded the natural increase to result in a declining population for Marquette County, as shown in Table 2-2. Significant out-migration ap~ears to have occurred county-wide following the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in 1995. The 1996 population estimate for Marquette County was 62,017, down 12.5 percent from the 1990 Census figure of 70,887. Within the central U .P. from 1980 to 1989, Dickinson County was the only county in the central U.P. in which net in-migration occurred, and was the only county in the region to see its population increase during this decade. Chapter 2 - Page 4 �TABLE 2-2 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE, MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1960-1989 1960-69 1970-79 1980-1989 13 ,733 12,781 11 ,558 Deaths 5,694 5,380 5,039 Natural increase 8,039 7,401 6,519 493 2,014 -9,733 8,532 9,415 -3.214 Live births Migration Total population change Source: Michigan Information Center, Michigan Dept. of Management & Budget. __ '),., .) Population Estimates The Michigan Department of Management and Budget assists the U.S. Bureau of the Census with development of population estimates for years between decennial censuses. These estimates are based on formulas which attempt to estimate migration, births and deaths in a community, and also respond to a certain extent to known local changes. Examples of changes which were noted by the DMB in developing the most recent population estimates were the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB and the opening of the Eastwood Nursing Home. The population estimates for the City ofNegaunee from 1991 through 1996 indicate a continued population decline. The 1996 population estimate is 3,559, down 24.9 percent from the 1990 population of 4,741. The City of Ishpeming is estimated to have experienced a similar decline of 24.7 percent. Of the townships surrounding the City of Negaunee, all but one are estimated to have grown since 1990. Ishpeming, Richmond and Tilden townships all are estimated to have experienced increases of around 45 percent, as have many other smaller townships in the county. Negaunee Township's 1996 population estimate of 2,242 reflects a net decrease of 5.3 percent from 1990; however, the 1994 estimate is 2,458, an increase of 3.8 percent. Marquette County's population was estimated at 62,017 persons in 1996, which was a decrease of8,870 persons or 12.5 percent from 1990. The majority of this decrease occurred in Forsyth, Sands and West Branch Townships, and can be related to the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. However, trends elsewhere in the county, including a decline of over 20 percent in the City of Marquette, appear to be inconsistent with local observation. In those smaller townships with significant population increases, the rate of increase generally tends to be about 45 percent, indicating that these increases are the result of a formula applied to several units of government. It should be emphasized that the subcounty populations are only estimates, and that more accurate information on recent population trends will not be available until the 2000 Census is completed. Chapter 2 - Page 5 �TABLE 2-3 POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR SELECTED AREAS. 1990-1996 1990 Census Area 1991 Est. 1992 Est. 1993 Est. 1994 Est. 1995 Est. 1996 Est. % Change 1990-1994 Negaunee City 4,741 4,659 4,574 4,455 4,257 3,838 3,559 -24.9 Ishpeming City 7,200 7,073 6,944 6,764 6,464 5,839 5,420 -24.7 Negaunee Twp. 2,368 2,405 2,445 2,480 2,458 2,310 2.242 -5.3 Richmond Twp. 1,095 1,261 1,334 1,456 1,548 1,540 1,571 43 .5 Ishpeming Twp. 3,519 3,934 4,311 4,716 5,031 5,023 5,112 45.3 Tilden Twp. 1,0IO 1, 128 1,242 1,361 1,450 1,443 1,474 45 .9 Marquette Twp. 2,757 2,955 3.154 3, 132 3,068 2,861 2,742 -0 .5 Sands Twp 2,696 2,794 2,980 3,061 2,909 2,199 2, 150 -20.3 70.887 71,308 71,844 71,748 70,068 64,716 62.017 -12.5 Marquette Co. Source: Department of Management and Budget, Subcounty Population Estimates of Michigan, 1996 .. 2.4 Age and Gender Composition According to figures from the 1990 Census, the population of the City of Negaunee is considerably older than that of Marquette County as a whole. The median age of Negaunee residents in 1990 was 36.9 years (Table 2-4), more than six years higher than the County median age of 30.7. Between 1970 and 1990, the City' s median age increased 2.6 years, although the median age actually decreased between 1970 and 1980. The City's older age structure is most likely the result of young adults out-migrating to other areas with larger populations for educational and job opportunities. The out-migration to neighboring townships may also play a factor in this aging of the population, since many of those who build in these new subdivisions are families with children. On the whole, the aging population of the City is following state and national trends, which result from a combination of factors. The primary causes of this aging are increased life expectancies, combined with the fact that the largest segment of the population, the so-called "baby boomers," are aging. A trend toward smaller families, with many people choosing to delay childbearing or not to have children, also contributes toward this trend. Chapter 2 - Page 6 ,r:- �TABLE 2-4 MEDIAN AGE, 1970-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1970 1980 1990 % Change, 1970-90 City ofNegaunee 34.3 31.8 36.9 7.6 City of Ishpeming 33.5 32.7 36.2 8.1 Negaunee Twp. 25 .7 28.7 33.8 31.5 Richmond Township 31.4 30.7 37.1 l&.2 Ishpeming Township 27.9 28.4 35 .5 27.2 Tilden Township 30.9 28.3 33.7 9.1 Marquette County 24.2 26.1 30.7 26.9 Michigan 26.3 28.8 32 .6 24.0 United States 27.9 30.0 32.9 17.9 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, Table I; 1980 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 44; 1970 Census of Population, Characteristics of the Population, Table 33. Table 2-5 illustrates the age structure of the population of the City's population based on various age groups that can influence local decisionmaking. Persons ages five through 18 make up the school age portion of the population. which is further divided into elementary, middle and high school age groups. Persons aged 16 through 65 make up the portion of the population generally considered to be of working age, while those 18 and older are of voting age. These categories are, of course, subject to a variety of unknowns. For example, not everyone 18 or older actually votes, and many people between the ages of 16 and 64 are not in the labor force, or work only part time. However, this breakdown does give communities a sense of the distribution of their population, and how a given community compares to other communities. As can be seen in Table 2-5, nearly 21 percent of the City s population is of school age. This is considerably lower than the County's 27.9 percent, and slightly lower than the state's 21.6 percent. Marquette County's high number of children in the elementary age group appears to have been related largely to the presence of many young families at K.I. Sawyer AFB, and the County population's age structure is expected to change as the full impact of the base closure is absorbed. About 60 percent of the local population is of working age, which is less than at the County and state level. This is related to the relatively high proportion of residents 65 and over; with nearly 19 percent of the local population in this age group, the City is well above the statewide average. The opening of the Eastwood ursing Home in August, 1994, with about 100 residents, means that the proportion of older residents is now probably even higher. Seventy-six percent of the City's residents were of voting age in 1990. Chapter 2 - Page 7 �TABLE 2-5 AGE GROUPS. SELECTED AREAS , 1990 Marquette County Percent City of Negaunee School Age Male Female Total State Percent Percent 5-11 278 214 492 10.4 17 .9 I I.I 12-14 105 107 212 4.5 4.2 4.7 15-18 145 134 279 5.9 5.8 5.8 Working, Voting & Retired Age 16-64 1,390 1,469 2,859 60.3 70.0 64.5 18+ 1,668 1,935 3,603 76.0 74.0 73.5 65 T 354 544 898 18.9 11.3 11.9 Source: U.S . Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 54 and STF IA Table Pl4. More detailed information on the age and gender composition of the local population can be found in Table 2-6. This table indicates the population distribution of the City of Negaunee by age and sex according to the 1970, 1980 and 1990 Censuses. Besides giving a more detailed picture of the City's current population. this table gives the ability to analyze population changes over a period of years . In 1990 the age group of 3 5-44 years made up the largest portion of the city ' s total population at 716 persons, or 15 .1 percent. Those persons born between approximately 1945 and 1965 are commonly known as the "baby boomer generation," and were 25 to 45 years of age at the time of the 1990 Census. Persons of the "baby boomer generation" comprise about 28 percent of the City's population. Children aged five to 14, many of whom are probably the children of "baby boomers," made up nearly 15 percent of the City's population. On the other end of the age spectrum, nine percent of the population of the City was 75 years of age and over in 1990, while about 19 percent was 65 years old or older. An analysis of the information in Table 2-6 by age cohort provides another perspective on age distribution within the population. An age cohort is made up of people born within a given time period, such as those born between 1970 and 1980 (10 years). The age cohort of 5-14 years of age in the 1970 Census consists of persons born from 1956 through 1965. Between the 1970 and 1980 Censuses, the oldest members of this cohort would be finishing high school, entering the work force, going off to college, perhaps getting married or entering military service. The youngest members would be completing elementary school and Chapter 2 - Page 8 �beginning high school. In 1980, at the time of the Census, these individuals would be 15 to 24 years old. During the 1980s, the older members of the cohort would be a working and raising famihes , while the younger members were furthering their education and/or entering the workforce. By 1990, this cohort would be between the ages of 25 and 34. By studying the population fluctuations within this and other groups, we can evaluate in-migration and outmigration, a key component of population change. The cohort of people aged five to 14 in 1970 totaled 891 persons. By 1980, this cohort (now 1524 years old) totaled 893 , a net increase of two . This means that either the same peop1e stayed in the community, or as many people of that age moved into the City as moved out during the 1970s. From 1980 to 1990, however, when these residents were 25-34 years old, the total for the cohort had dropped to 657, a loss of 236. With mortality being a relatively minor factor at this age, it can be assumed that the vast majority of this loss was from out-migration. This may have consisted of young people leaving the community for educational or employment opportunities. The cohort aged 15-24 in 1970 decreased by 71 persons by 1980, probably a result of outmigration. This cohort decreased again by 1990. this time by 87 persons. The 25-34 cohort held fairly steady between 1970 and 1980, but then dropped by 31 persons in 1990, when the cohort was 45-54 years old. Those aged 3 5-44 in 1970 decreased by only 27 in 1980, and then by 41 in 1990. In 1970. a total of 708 persons were aged 45-54; 613 people, a decrease of 95 , were 55-64 in 1980. By 1990, this cohort had decreased to 474, a loss of 139 people. The information presented above shows that out-migration among young adults was a significant factor in population decline during the past 20 years. Mortality is probably the greatest factor in the loss of members of the older age cohorts, but mortality is generally offset by births. However, there are fewer people each decade in the under five and five to 14 age groups, indicating that the birth rate is also declining. It is also useful to note the numbers of people in the older age groups, which has increased steadily despite a declining population. For example, in 1970 there were 649 people 65 and over in the City, representing 12.4 percent of the population. By 1980 there were 803 people 65 and over, or 15.5 percent, while in 1990 the number was 898, or 18.9 percent. This indicates that the older segment of the population will have a growing influence on the character of the community, and may affect the type and amount of services the City and other service providers will offer. For example, the needs of an older population may differ from those of younger residents with regard to transportation, housing, recreational facilities , etc. There may also be changes in the community's willingness or ability to pay for services and facilities . Overall, there are slightly more females than males in the City of Negaunee. The ratio of males to females was nearly even in 1970, but since then the proportion of women has been increasing slightly. As a general rule, in all cultures, more males than females are born. However, higher mortality rates for males are higher during the first 30-40 years of life. while females enjoy a longer life expectancy. Table 2-6 reflects this, with a higher number of males in the younger age group, but significantly more women in the older age groups. Chapter 2 - Page 9 �TABLE 2-6 MALE AND FEMALE DISTRIBUTION BY AGE GROUP, CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1970-1990 Age Group 1970 1980 Male # Female % # 1990 Male % Under 5 230 4.4 165 3. 1 5-14 456 8.7 435 8.35 # Female # % 175 3.4 185 Female Male % 3.6J # 136 I 2.9 % # % I 132 I 2.8 I 15-24 1 ::I[Iill1:ll ')gj;,j4JJ:J!Jl!:ll )i:!!l::!:JJ:I ! )J:: : :1!: il1l !:)!:!1 35-44 280 75 & older Subtotal 100 1.9 169 3.2 2,620 49.9 2,628 50.1 5.9 1 :l::::::::1::::::~if,::::ir :1: : :1:1: : 1: : 1: ~~~1:1 2,560 51.5 Soi.1rce: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, Characteristics of Population, Table 35; 1980 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 39a; 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 68 . Note: The percentages in this table renect the relationship to the total population. Chapter 2 - Page I0 ) ) ) �FIGURE2-2 AGE DISTRIBUTION Negaunee Township 1970 Ac• Under5 5-14 - ll.1 24.0 l6.l JS-24 21-34 126 ll-44 11.7 9.4 <S-54 SS-64 6:i-74 75 &Older 9.0 0 J.5 J.5 6 4 2 ID 8 12 14 18 16 2) 22 24 20 22 24 20 22 24 l'etUnt 1980 Ac• Undet5 7.8 5. 14 1117 IS-24 17.7 2S-34 16.6 35-44 13.3 9.6 4 ►54 5 ►64 6.S 6► 74 58 75 &Older 3.9 0 2 4 6 10 8 I2 14 18 16 PercuL 1990 AF U"'1er5 5.9 ►14 16.8 15-24 25.J,1 35"'4 142 - JS2 17.6 45-54 13.9 Ill 55-64 65-74 6li &Ok1er 0 53 3.0 2 4 6 8 10 - 12 14 16 18 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1970 Cemus of Popula lion, Fust Co wit; 1980 Census of Population, S'IF 1, 010; 1990 Census of Population, S'IF 1A, P014. Chapter 2 - Page I I �2.5 Racial Composition The racial make-up of the City of Negaunee, like the Upper Peninsula as a whole, is primarily persons who are white. In 1990, the other race categories accounted for a total of 63 residents, or 1.3 percent of the total population (Table 2-7). The largest minority group was the American Indian, Eskimo or Aleut, followed by Asian and Pacific Islander. In 1980, there were only 35 City residents, or 0.7 percent, who described themselves as belonging to one of the non-white racial groups. This increase, which occurred primarily in the American Indian group, may have been due either to in-migration, or to a renewed sense of racial heritage. In 1990, 16 persons identified themselves as being of Hispanic origins, up from 14 in 1980. These individuals can be of any race, so are not shown in Table 2-7. TABLE 2-7 NUMBER OF PERSONS BY RACE, CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1980 AND 1990 1980 Race Number 1990 Percent Number Percent White 5,154 99.3 4,678 98.7 Black 0 0.0 1 -- American Indian, Eskimo & Aleut 18 0.3 48 1.0 Asian and Pacific Islander 11 0.2 11 0.2 6 0.1 3 0.1 5,189 100.0 4,741 100.0 Other Races Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census STF, IA Table P8; and 1980 Census of Population STF 1, Table 007. 2.6 Educational Attainment Over 22 percent of City of Negaunee residents 25 years of age and over in 1990 had no high school diploma. This was considerably lower than the same figure for Marquette County, where 81.8 percent of people 25 and over hold at least a high school diploma. However, the high school graduate ratio is slightly higher in the City than in tlle state as a whole, where 76.8 percent of resident 25 and over have diplomas or equivalents. The higher rate at the County level may be related to the presence of Northern Michigan University, where both students and staff are nearly always high school graduates. Chapter 2 - Page l 2 �The proportion of people holding bachelor' s degrees or higher, 13. 7 percent, is considerably lower than the County or state level. This may be somewhat related to the older populati"on in the City; higher education was less common for previous generations, and there are probably many older residents who dropped out of school or gave up the opportunity for further education in order to work and/or support families. Recent trends indicate that employers are now requiring their employees to have higher educational levels. Many of the largest employers in Marquette County are in the health care or education sectors, both of which generally require education beyond high school. Even many industries which formerly required little in the way of educational level are now looking for employees with some post-high school education. due to the highly technical nature of some of the equipment that is used . A highly trained and educated workforce is an asset in attracting employers to a community. TABLE 2-8 EDUCATIONAL A TTAfNMENT OF PERSONS 25 YEARS AND OVER. 1990 Marquette County City ofNegaunee Educational Level Number Percent Number Percent State of Michigan Number Percent Less than 9th Grade 234 7.4 2,851 6.7 452 ,893 7.8 9th-12th Grade, No Diploma 472 14.9 4.875 11.5 902,866 15 .5 1,280 40 .5 15, 144 35.7 1,887,449 32.3 Some College, No Degree 543 17 .2 8, 172 19.3 1, 191,518 20.4 Associate Degree 200 6 .3 2,755 6.5 392,869 6.7 Bachelor's Degree 318 10 . 1 5,707 13 .5 638,267 10.9 Graduate or Professional Degree 116 3 .7 2,882 6.8 375,780 6.4 High School Graduate or Higher 2,457 77 .7 34,660 81.8 4,485 ,883 76.8 434 13 .7 8,589 20.3 1,014.047 17.4 High School Graduate Bachelor's Degree or Higher Source: U.S . Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P057 . 2. 7 Household Characteristics Evaluation of the changes in household characteristics in a community can often provide additional insights about population trends. Household relationships reflect changing social values, economic conditions, and demographic changes such as increased lifespans and the increasing mobility of our society. The U.S. Census defines a household as all persons who occupy a housing unit; e.g. , a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any group ofrelated or Chapter 2 - Page 13 �unrelated persons sharing living quarters. A family consists of a householder and one or more persons living in the same household who are related by birth, marriage. or adoption. A nonfamily household can be one person living alone, or any combination of people not related by blood, marriage or adoption. From 1980 to 1990 the population of the City of Negaunee decreased 8.6 percent. During that same period, the number of households decreased only 1.8 percent, and the average household size decreased from 2.63 persons in 1980 to 2.46 persons in 1990. Table 2-9 shows the changes in households which took place during the 1980s. A significant decrease in family households, especially married-couple families, was nearly offset by an increase in one-person households. The number of family households decreased by 15.5 percent between 1980 and 1990, while the number of non-family households increased 21.2 percent. The number and proportion of family households with an unmarried head of household, either male or female, increased over this time period; however, it is important to note that not all of these households are single-parent households. Of the 182 female-headed households with no husband present in 1990, 116, or 63 .7 percent, had related children in the household. Maleheaded households with no wife present totaled 49 in 1990; 20 of these households, or 40.8 percent, had related children present. For the sake of comparison, 483 of the married couple families, or 44.4 percent, had related children percent. Figures on the presence of children in 1980 are not readily available. The number of non-family householders living alone increased by 24.1 percent, from 449 to 557; the majority of these households are elderly people living alone. Households consisting of a householder over 65 or over living alone increased 3 7.3 percent between 1980 and 1990. The average household size during this period decreased from 2.63 persons to 2.46 persons. Chapter 2 - Page 14 �TABLE 2-9 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FOR CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1980 - 1990 1990 1980 Household Type Number Percent Number Percent 1,562 79.5 1,320 68.4 1,261 64.1 1,089 56.4 156 7.9 182 9.4 Male Householder 45 2.3 49 2.5 Non-Family Households 504 25.6 611 31.6 Householder Living Alone 449 22.8 557 28.8 Householder 65 or Over 244 12.4 335 I 7.3 1,966 100.0 1,931 100.0 Family Households Married-Couple Family Female Householder Total Households Average Household Size 2.63 2.46 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF IA, P003, P016, and H017A; and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, STF I, 003, 016, 022., and 035. 2.8 Population Projections Population projections are very useful for units of government when trying to anticipate future demands for public services. However, the major component for making population projections, future in- and out-migration, is very difficult to predict. The main problem is this data depends heavily on the future economic trends of the locality and other areas. The other components of population projections, fertility and mortality data, have less of an impact on population change, particularly for smaller jurisdictions. In 1996. the Michigan Department of Management and Budget prepared baseline population projections to the year 2020 for counties of the state using a special formula that utilizes the three main components of population change; births, deaths, and migration. These population projections can assist counties in making predictions of future demographic trends. The 30-year population forecast for Marquette County projects a downward population trend, with an overall 5.96 percent decrease from 1990 to 2020 (Tables 2-10, 2-11 and Figure 2-3). Though anticipated to grow from 1995 to 2000, the county is projected to experience a drop in population in the ensuing years. Marquette and Menominee counties are the only counties in the central U.P. with an expected decline in the next three decades. Alger County to the east is projected to have the largest increase, at 13.74 percent during the 30-year time period. The populations of Delta, Dickinson and Schoolcraft counties are also predicted to grow during this time period. Chapter 2 - Page 15 �TABLE2-l0 POPULATION PROJECTIONS. SELECTED AREAS. 1990-2020 Area 1990 Census 2000 1995 2005 2010 2015 2020 Alger Co. 8,972 9,847 9.920 10.009 10. l 14 10.192 10.205 Delta Co. 37.780 38,582 38,741 38.906 39,004 39,244 39.400 Dickinson Co. 26,83 l 27.161 27,416 27.547 27,746 27,942 28.096 Marquette Co. 70,887 65.427 69,135 68,916 68,393 67,016 66.661 Menominee Co. 24,920 24.537 23 ,576 22.518 21 ,497 20,565 19,581 Schoolcraft Co. 8,302 8.706 8,779 8.861 8,926 8,970 8.929 177,692 174.260 177,617 176.757 175 ,740 174.529 172,872 9.295,297 9.556.063 9,786,685 9,963 ,788 I 0.121 ,298 10,284,960 10.454,737 248. 709.873 262.073.000 275.005.000 287.092.000 299. I 94.000 311.833 .000 324.668.000 CUPPAD Region Michigan United States Source: Depanment of Management and Budget. Population to Year 2020 in Michigan. 1996. TABLE 2- 11 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, PERCENT CHANGE, 1990-2020 Area 1990-95 19952000 2000-05 2005-10 2010-15 2015 -20 19902020 Alger County 9.75 0.74 0.90 1.05 0.77 0.13 13.74 Delta County 2.12 0.54 0.30 0.41 0.46 0.40 4.29 Dickinson County 1.23 0.94 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.55 4.71 Marquette County -7.70 5.67 -0.32 -0.76 - 1.14 - 1.4 1 -5.96 Menominee County -1.54 -3.92 -4.49 -4.53 -4.34 -4.78 -21.42 Schoolcraft County 4.87 0.84 0.93 0.73 0.49 -0.46 7.55 -1.93 1.93 -0.48 -5.8 -0.69 -0.95 -2.71 Michigan 2.81 2.41 1.8 1 1.58 1.62 1.65 12.47 United States 5.37 4.93 4.40 4.22 4.22 4. 12 30.54 CUPPAD Region Source: Department of Management and Budget, Population to Year 2020 in Michigan, 1996. Chapter 2 - Page 16 �FIGURE 2-3 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990-2020 80,000 170,887 70,000 68,916 68,393 67,616 66,661 65,427 60,000 50,000 C: - .2 ~ :l a. 40,000 37,780 38 582 26,831 27 161 24,920 24,537 38,741 38 906 39 004 39,244 39,400 27 547 27,746 27,942 28,096 20,565 19,581 0 c.. 30,000 27,416 23,576 22,518 20,000 - 10,000 21,497 8,972 9, 47 9,920 10,009 10 114 10,192 10,205 8,302 8,706 8,779 8,861 8,926 8,970 8,929 I I I I 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year ---¢---Dickinson Co. -0-- Menominee Co. --&--- Delta Co. ~Marquette Co. --¼- Alger - 0 - Schoolcraft Co. Co. Source: Department of Management and Budget, Population to Year 2020 in Michigan, 1996. Chapter 2 - Page 17 �2.9 Population Density With a 1990 population of 4,741 persons and a land area of 13.8 square miles, the City of Negaunee's population density was 343.6 persons per square mile (Table 2-12). This figure compares with a density of 38.9 persons per square mile at the county level and 163.6 persons per square mile at the state level. Compared with the cities of Ishpeming and Marquette, the population density of the City of Negaunee is relatively low. The 1990 population density varies widely throughout the City. The vast majority of the population is concentrated in the platted areas of the City, near the intersection of U.S. 41/M-28 and Business M-28. Much of the southern and western portions of the City are in large undeveloped tracts of land, with several thousand acres owned by Cleveland Cliffs or other mining interests. The population density within these areas is probably close to zero persons per square mile, while the density of the platted areas is much greater than the average. With the majority of the City's population concentrated in an area of about three square miles, the density of the populated areas is probably closer to 1,500 persons per square mile. TABLE 2-12 POPULATION DENSITIES, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Place Land Area (Sq . Miles) Population Persons/Sq. Mile City ofNegaunee 13 .8 4,741 343.6 City of Ishpeming 8.7 7,200 827 .6 Negaunee Township 42 .1 2 ,368 56.2 Richmond Township 55 .6 1095 19.7 Ishpeming Township 86.5 3,515 40 .6 Tilden Township 94.3 1010 10.7 1821.3 70,887 38 .9 56,809.2 9,295 ,297 163 .6 Marquette County Michigan Source: U.S . Bureau of the Census, Summary of Population and Housing Characteristics, 1990, Table 15 . 2.10 Issues and Opportunities Census data indicates that the City of Negaunee has been experiencing a population decline over the past 50 years. Decreases in population can mean a declining number of users for City services, and can result in a declining tax base. The median age of the City's population has increased over the past 20 years, and is significantly higher than the median age county and statewide. The proportion of residents 65 and over is much higher than in the county and state as a whole. An older population can have an effect on the type and level of services a community provides. Chapter 2 - Page 18 �Despite a decline of 8.6 percent in the City's population, the number of households decreased only 1.8 percent between 1980 and 1990. This is a result of more people living alone and smaller average household sizes, and mirrors state and national trends. This modest decline in the number of households may somewhat offset the loss of user fees and tax base that could result from the population decline; it also indicates that housing demand is not merely a function of population levels. Between 1980 and 1990, changes in the household structure in the City ofNegaunee occurred. The number of family households, particularly married-couple families, decreased, while the number of single-parent households and persons living alone increased. The number of people over 65 and living alone increased 37.3 percent over this period. Such changes can influence future demands for housing, transportation and other services. Population projections at the county level indicate a continued decline in Marquette County's population over the next 20 years. This projected decline is probably based on recent losses due to the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. It is difficult to predict whether the City's population decline will continue, and to what extent successful redevelopment of K.I. Saw-yer could reverse the countywide decline. The population density for the City of Negaunee as a whole is relatively low for a city; however, the population is concentrated onto a small area of the City as a result of large parcels of undeveloped land in corporate ownership, and actual density of the developed area is certainly much higher than the average density for the entire City. Chapter 2 - Page 19 �3.0 ECONOMIC BASE 3 .1 Introduction The City of Negaunee is situated within the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban corridor. These three cities, along with the relatively urbanized areas within Negaunee, Marquette and Chocolay townships adjacent to the cities, form the trade and employment center for Marquette County and beyond. The City of Marquette is the largest city in the Upper Peninsula, and as such, draws customers from considerable distance to enjoy the shopping and services provided there. The presence of Marquette General Hospital and Northern Michigan University reinforce the corridor·s ability to attract people. Although information will be presented for the City of Negaunee wherever it is available, much economic information is available only at the county level. Even where information is available at the local level, the City of Negaunee figures may not accurately reflect the local economy. Residents of the urban corridor move freely between communities, and may purchase goods and services in one or more communities, while living and working in others. 3.2 Area Economy Like the rest of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Negaunee's economic history is closely related to its natural resources. Mining and logging were mainstays of the local economy 100 years ago. Logging and lumbering became a less important part of the economy as the white pine forests which covered much of the Upper Peninsula were cut over. Areas which had access to natural port facilities, such as Escanaba and Menominee, retained strong ties to the wood products industry. while in Marquette County the focus remained on iron ore mining. Mines in the Marquette Iron Range have provided thousands of jobs and provided vast quantities of iron ore to the steel mills of the lower Great Lakes region. Eventually, most of the mines in Marquette County closed as the ore bodies were exhausted or the costs of extracting and shipping the ore rose. In 1999, only two mines remain operational in Marquette County -- the Empire Mine in Richmond Township and the Tilden Mine in Tilden Township. County-wide, the economy has diversified beyond its original natural resource base. The service and retail trade sectors have become the largest employment sectors in the county, while manufacturing has diminished in relative importance. The county includes a regional health care facility, a state university, and a number of government offices. Between the mid-1950s and 1995, K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was a major employer in the county, until the base closed officially on September 30, 1995. Within the City of Negaunee, the economy has historically been closely tied to the mining industry. Although there are currently no mines or processing facilities operating in the City, the Empire Mine is located directly south of the City near Palmer. The actual mining operations take place outside the City, but waste rock piles do extend into the City, and are being extended Chapter 3 - Page I �further north. The most recent Census figures indicate that the mining industry is still one of the largest employers of City residents. 3 .3 Labor Force and Employment Unemployment data is collected at the county level by the Michigan Employment Security Commission, and unemployment and labor force information from MESC are available dating back to the early 1960s. Prior to that time, unemployment figures were based on data collected by the U.S . Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. The information summarized in Table 3-1 and Figure 3-1 shows that unemployment in Marquette County has generally followed the same trends as the six-county central region, the Upper Peninsula, and the state and nation. Unemployment rates rose during the late 1970s and 80s, peaking in 1982 at 22.5 percent. Since that time the unemployment rate has followed a fairly consistent pattern of decline until 1990, when an increase of 1.2 percentage points occurred. In mid 1990 the country encountered a moderate economic decline. The Upper Peninsula experienced a slowdown in employment growth, which was similar to the rest of the nation. Unemployment rose in 1990 and 1991, then declined again until 1995, when the closure ofK.I. Sawyer AFB caused rates to rise again. The 1996 rate and year to date info1mation for 1997 indicates that unemployment is again decreasing in Marquette County. Unemployment has generally been lower in Marquette County than the regional and Upper Peninsula averages, although local unemployment remains well above state and national rates. The rise in unemployment in 1995 pushed Marquette County's rate close to the regional average, but since then it has dropped again. The unemployment rate for 1996 showed an improvement; the result of a decline in the local civilian labor force. From 1995 to 1996, 775 persons left the labor force, with the result that there were 175 less persons employed as compared to the previous year. Although the county's population declined between 1980 and 1990, the labor force has grown during that time, as shown in Table 3-1. This growth continued until 1993, when the County's labor force reached 33,550 persons. By 1996, the labor force had dropped to 31,300 persons, reflecting the direct and indirect loss of employment associated with the closure of the KI Sawyer AFB. It should be noted that the labor force and unemployment figures from MESC do not reflect military personnel; however, spouses of military personnel who left the area when the military personnel were transferred elsewhere would contribute to the drop in the local labor force. Civilian employees who accepted transfers out of the area would also contribute to this decline. The net result of the labor force decline is that while there are fewer people employed in the County, there were also fewer unemployed and seeking work, causing a drop in the unemployment rate. Chapter 3 - Page 2 ~ �FIGURE 3-1 UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS SELECTED AREAS 25 20 15 10 5 0 lO co 0, lO r-- 0, r-r-- r-- co 0, 0, 0, 0, M lO co r-co co 0, 0, 0, 0, co M 0, 0, 0, lO 0, 0, 0, 0, Year --0- Marquette Co. Source: --0----- Ce ntra I U .P. -{:r-U.P MESC, 1965 -1996. Chapter 3 - Page 3 ~Michigan -¼- u .s. �TABLE 3-1 MARQUETTE COUNTY LABOR FORCE AND UNEM PLOYMENT. 1965-1996 Unemployment Rates County Civilian Labor Force Emploved Unemploved Marquette County Total Re2ion U.P. Michi2an U.S. 1965 18.700 1.100 19.800 5.6 6.2 7.7 3.9 4.5 1970 19,820 1.380 21,200 6.5 7.8 9.3 7.0 4.9 1975 29.775 2.275 27.050 8.4 10.5 12.3 12.5 8.5 1976 29.525 2.725 32.250 8.4 9. 1 12.2 9.4 7.7 1977 28.750 2.750 31.500 8.7 9.3 11.8 8.2 7.0 1978 31.775 2.500 34.275 7.3 8.3 10.7 6.9 6.0 1979 27.950 2.825 30,775 9.2 9.1 10.4 7.8 5.8 1980 26.650 3.925 30.575 12.8 11.5 12.2 12.4 7.1 1981 26.650 3.675 30.225 12 . 1 11.8 13.3 12.3 7.6 1982 24.050 6.975 31.025 22.5 19.0 18.9 15.5 9.7 1983 24.575 4.775 29.350 16.3 16.3 17.4 14.2 9.6 198-l 25.225 3.300 28.525 11.6 13.6 15.5 11.2 7.5 1985 24,900 3.575 28.450 12.5 13.6 15. 1 9.9 7.2 1986 25.275 3.325 28.600 11.6 12.2 13.4 8.8 7.0 1987 26.475 2.350 28.800 8.1 9. 1 10.5 8.2 6.2 1988 26,925 2.000 28.925 6.9 7.9 8.8 7.6 5.5 1989 27.550 2.000 29,550 6.8 7.2 8.2 7. 1 5.3 1990 29.375 2.650 32.025 8.3 9.4 9.2 7.6 5.3 1991 29.700 2.800 32,500 8.6 10.0 10.7 9.3 6.7 1992 30,750 2.750 33,500 8.2 IO.I 11.0 8.9 7.4 1993 3 1,200 2.350 33.550 7.0 8. 1 8.7 7.1 6.8 1994 3 1, 125 2,375 33.500 7. 1 8.0 8.7 5.9 6.1 1995 29.500 2.575 32,075 8. 1 8.3 8.9 5.3 5.6 1996 29.325 1.975 3 1.300 6.3 7.1 7.9 4.9 5.-l Source: U.S. Cens us, 1940-1 960 & MESC, 1965-1996. Increases in the labor force have been the norm on a nationwide basis, even in areas where the population has declined. Two factors have accounted for much of the increase: record numbers of young people entering the work force during the 1970s and 1980s as the "baby boomers" reached working age, and an ever-increasing number of women entering the work force. Chapter 3 - Page 4 �The proportion and number of women in the labor force has increased in both the City of Negaunee and Marquette County, as shown in Table 3-2 . Within Marquette County, women now make up approximately 55 percent of the county's labor force, compared to about 35 percent two decades ago. In the City of Negaunee, females comprised about 32 percent of the labor force in 1970, which increased by 1990 to 42.6 percent. A more drastic increase occurred for women with children, particularly those with children under six years of age, as shown in Table 3-2. Looking at City of Negaunee figures, in 1970, about 27 percent of the women with children under six in the City were in the labor force; this proportion remained unchanged in 1980, but increased significantly in 1990 to 63 percent. Women with children between the ages of six and 17 also increased their participation in the labor force during the past decades, from 43.3 percent in 1970 to 60.4 percent in 1990. County-wide, a quarter of the mothers with young children were in the labor force and by 1990, their participation has risen to over fifty percent. A similar trend can also be seen with women with older children; within that particular segment about 40 percent were in the labor force in 1970 and by 1990 over two-thirds of the mothers with older children were either employed or unemployed but actively seeking work. Another way of expressing the above trend is to note that in 1990, women with children (any age) made up 18.8 percent of the City's labor force and 17.6 percent of the county's. About 44 percent of the female labor force in the City are women with children; county-wide, this figure is 40.6 percent. In addition to reflecting changes in values and in the family structure and the economic need for two-income families, the statistics on women in the labor force also point out potential impacts on employers and local service providers, in terms of day care, health care costs. educational and recreational programs, etc. Chapter 3 - Page 5 �TABLE 3-2 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, 1970-1990 1970 1980 No No 0/n 1990 No % % Citv of Negaunee Women (16 years & over) In labor force 2,002 645 100.0 32.2 2,057 675 100.0 32.8 1,972 876 100.0 44.9 Women with children In labor force 676 221 100.0 32.7 722 257 100.0 35.6 603 387 100.0 64.2 Women w/children <6 In labor force 257 70 100.0 27.2 371 101 100.0 27.2 284 179 100.0 63.0 Women w/children 6-17 In labor force 349 151 100.0 43.3 351 156 100.0 44.4 444 268 100.0 60.4 21 ,834 7,605 100.0 34.8 27, 158 12,175 100.0 33.8 26,974 14,849 100.0 55 .0 Women w/children In labor force 8,681 2.782 100.0 32.0 10,354 4,632 100.0 44.7 9,322 6,032 100.0 64.7 Women w/children <6 In labor force 4 ,416 1,058 100.0 24.0 5,239 1,843 100.0 35.2 4,521 2,555 100.0 56.5 Women w/children 6-17 In labor force 4,265 1,724 100.0 40.4 5,115 2,789 100.0 54 .5 6,847 4,660 100.0 68.0 Marquette County Women (I 6 years & over) In labor force Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Fourth Count, 17,54,57,55; 1980 STF3, 054, 055, 057; 1990 STF3A, P070 , P073 . TABLE 3-3 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE, 1990 City of Negaunee Number Percent Number Percent Labor force 2,056 100.0 34,334 100.0 Male I, 180 ~7.4 19,485 56.8 876 387 489 42.6 18.8 23.8 14,849 6,032 8,817 43.2 17.6 25.7 Female With children Without children Source : U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 STF3A, P070, P074. Chapter 3 - Page 6 .- Marquette County �3 .4 Employment by Sector According to the U.S. Census, employment patterns in Marquette County have changed since 1970. The biggest changes are the decrease in the relative importance of mining and manufacturing to the county's economy. The percentage oflocal employment in these sectors has dropped by well over half since 1970. The service sector has been the strongest sector of the Marquette County economy in recent years, and continues to grow in importance. The presence of Northern Michigan University and Marquette General Hospital, two large service sector employers, help to boost Marquette County's reliance on the service sector. This sector also includes those employed in educational services. Retail trade has _become increasingly important to the local economy, with 20.6 percent of county residents employed in retail trade in 1990 compared to 16.4 percent in 1970. TABLE 3-4 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR, MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1970-1990 1970 1990 1980 Sector Number Percent Number Percent Number 166 0.8 3,773* I 3.8 227 0.8 3,210 15.6 * 1,987 6.7 7-t8 3.6 1,256 4.6 1,462 5.1 Manufacturing 2,687 13.1 1,430 5.2 1,613 5.6 Transportation & Public Utilities 1,302 6.3 1,733 6.3 2,192 7.6 744 3.6 687 2.5 715 2.5 3,383 16.4 4,889 17.8 5,948 20.6 597 2.9 1, 109 4.0 1,317 4.6 Service 6,311 30.7 10,483 38.2 11 ,076 38.4 Public Administration 1,435 7.0 2,063 7.5 2,321 8.0 20,583 100.0 27,423 100.0 28 ,858 100.0 Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Mining Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Total Percent * Mining was combined with agriculture, forestry and fisheries in I 980 Source: U.S. Census, l 970- I 990 The construction sector has grown during the past 20 years. The growth in 1980 probably reflects the economic prosperity of the late 1970s, when a significant amount of new construction took place at the mines, universities/schools, paper/pulp mills and hospitals. During the recession of the early 1980s, this sector decreased, to rebound as economic conditions improved with a number of large construction projects. Transportation and public utilities have grown Chapter 3 - Page 7 �during the past two decades, as has finance, insurance and real estate. The public administration sector, which would include civilian employees at K.I. Sawyer, grew slightly during this period, but may drop over the next few years as a result of the closing ofK.I. Sawyer. When the City ofNegaunee's employment is compared to the county, region and state, it can be seen that the local economy is also heavily dependent on retail trade and the service sector. Manufacturing is slightly more important than on a county-wide basis, while retail trade and mining employ a greater percentage of the local population. Although the service sector employs the highest percentage of local residents, it is relatively less important to the local economy than at the County level. It should be pointed out that these figures reflect the employment sector of persons living within the City and county; the jobs held by these residents may actually be located outside the county or City. TABLE 3-5 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR. 1990 City of Negaunee Marquette County CUPPAD Region State of Michigan Percent Percent Percent Sector Number Percent 9 0.5 0.8 2 .2 1.7 271 14.3 6.9 2 .9 0. 3 70 3.7 5. 1 6.5 4.9 Manufacturing 115 6. 1 5.6 17.6 24.6 Transportation & Public Utilities 165 8.7 7.6 6.7 5.4 ... ... .,., 1.7 2.5 2.7 4.0 46 5 24.6 20.6 19.8 18 .0 91 4 .8 4.6 4.1 5.5 Service 544 28.7 38 .3 31.9 31.8 Public Administration 131 6.9 8.0 5.6 3.8 1,894 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture. forestry , & fisheries Mining Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance. Insurance, & Real Estate Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990, STF 3A, P077. Service sector employment has been the fastest-growing sector nationally and statewide, while local employment in this sector has been also increased. The decline in manufacturing employment is consistent with state and national trends, although some central Upper Peninsula counties have seen increases in manufacturing employment. The relative importance of manufacturing is greater in many other counties in the region; for example, 36.6 percent of Chapter 3 - Page 8 �Menominee County's employment is in the manufacturing sector. The increase in retail trade employment is also consistent with broader trends, although greater increases have occurred statewide and nationally; wholesale trade has generally increased in other areas, while in Marquette County it remained stable. TABLE 3-6 MARQUETTE COUNTY EARNrNGS BY rNDUSTRY, 1975- 1990 (THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS) 1980 1975 Earni ngs Farm 375 0. 1 Non farm 289.489 Private Earni ngs Percent 2.226 0.5 99.9 -161.229 187.447 64.7 973 Mining Earni ngs Percent 0.3 99.5 534.234 3 12-647 67.5 0.3 738 69,240 23 .9 Construction 16.042 Manufacturi ng Transportation & Utilities Earnings $ Percen t 90 1 0. 1 99.7 705.382 99.9 333.304 62.2 4-13.736 62.8 0.2 77 1 0.1 1.340 0.2 119.689 25 .8 83.96 1 15 .6 76.868 10.9 5.5 22,030 4.8 24, 182 -l.5 37.02 1 5.2 11.228 3.9 14.236 3. 1 11.267 2. 1 17.076 2.4 13 .855 -l .8 22.122 4 .8 39.5-1 3 7.4 56.931 8. 1 9.0 18 3.1 13,423 2.9 J 1.670 2.2 16.782 2.4 27,233 9.4 -U.801 9.2 52.924 9.9 61.200 8.7 6, 168 2. 1 11,472 2.5 12,-11 4 2.3 23.339 3.3 33 .690 11.6 66.136 14.3 96.572 18.0 153.1 79 21.7 !02.042 35.2 148,582 32. 1 200.930 37 .5 26 1,646 37 .0 Federal. Civi li an 13.354 4.6 16.825 3.6 2 1,094 3.9 25.274 3.6 Military 4 1.653 14.4 50.027 10.8 74.8 12 14 .0 83.894 11 .9 State & Local 47,035 16.2 8 1,730 17.6 I 05 ,024 19.6 152,478 21.6 Total Earnings 289.864 100.0 463 .455 100.0 535 .574 100.0 706.283 IOO.O Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance. Insur. & Real Estate Services Government $ $ 1990 1.340 Ag .. Fo restry & Fisheries $ Percent 1985 So urce: U.S. Departme nt of Co mmerce, Bureau of Eco nomi c Analysis Although the service sector provided the greatest number of jobs in Marquette County, with 38.3 percent of the county's employment in 1990, this sector provided only 2 1. 7 percent of the county's earnings that year. However, educational services, which are included in Table 3-5 under Services, accounted for 14.5 percent of the County's employment. The information in Table 3-6, which is compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, includes teachers and others employed in the educational sector under State and Local Government. A truer picture of the relationship between employment and earnings in the service sector comes when educational services are removed from the employment information; the remaining service sector employment accounts for 23 .8 percent of employment, compared to 21. 7 percent of earnings. Chapter 3 - Page 9 �Retail trade, which was the second-largest provider of employment (20.6 percent) in the county, was responsible for 8.7 percent of the county's earnings. Although mining provided only 6.9 percent of Marquette County's employment, 10.9 percent oflocal earnings came from mining. Manufacturing, which provided 5.6 percent of Marquette County's employment in 1990, generated only 2.4 percent of income. The above figures illustrate that although retail and service sector jobs are becoming less oriented towards minimum-wage, part-time jobs, jobs in mining and some other sectors are more highpaying. Government jobs also provide higher earnings levels. Interestingly, manufacturing employment in Marquette County provides a relatively tiny share of earnings; manufacturing jobs have traditionally been viewed as high-wage jobs. With manufacturing employment declining. or at best stable, in many regions of the country, the job security once associated with mining, manufacturing and even many government jobs is no longer a reality . Marquette County has seen first-hand evidence of this with the closure of numerous mines, and the recent closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB . Although attraction of new manufacturing jobs may seem to be the answer. the competition for such jobs is very stiff. and in some cases the incentives necessary to attract new industrial development may negate the economic benefit to a community. More significant is the need to develop a diversified economy, with less reliance on any single sector; when losses of jobs and income occur in one sector, it has less effect on the overall economy. When the earnings figures in Table 3-6 are compared against the U.S. Department of Commerce inflation figure for the years 1980-1990. it can be seen that most sectors provided less earnings in 1990 than in 1980 after adjustment for inflation. This follows the pattern discussed in Section 3.6 with regards to local incomes, which are based primarily on earnings from employment. The only sectors to increase over the rate of inflation were transportation and utilities, services. government finance , insurance and real estate. and construction. Earnings from mining declined the most, down 61.7 percent after inflation; overall earnings declined by 8.7 percent over the decade after inflation. With the eventual move of the Marquette County airport operations to K.I. Sawyer, the "former airport" property could potentially be available for industrial or commercial ventures. Questions of ownership, needed and planned infrastructure improvements need to be addressed. The· moving of the airport could potentially cause the loss of some local employment, while redevelopment of this property for industrial or commercial purposes could provide additional jobs and income for the local economy. It is estimated that the airport move will take place in mid-1999. 3.5 Employment by Place of Work The vast majority of employed City of Negaunee residents work within Marquette County. Of the employed residents of the City in 1980, 3 .5 percent worked outside of Marquette County but in the state of Michigan; only three residents worked outside the State. Unfortunately, data on place of work is not available for cities and townships. It is probably safe to assume that many of the Negaunee residents who work in the County work outside of the City of Negaunee; It is also Chapter 3 - Page I0 �probably safe to assume that many residents of other communities commute into Negaunee for work. TABLE 3-7 WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY PLACE OF WORK, CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1990 Characteristics Number Percent Total City Residents Employed 1,854 100.0 Worked in Michigan 1,851 99.8 Worked in Marquette County 1,786 96 .3 65 3.5 .,,, 0.2 Worked Outside of County Worked Outside of Michigan Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, P045 . 3.6 Major Employers Once Marquette County" s largest employer, the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB resulted in the loss of about 4,700 jobs (3,600 military and 1,100 civilian). Most major employers are located in the City of Marquette, and with the exception of the Tilden Magnetite Partnership and the Empire Iron Mining Partnership, are generally service-related. Over the past century, the economy of the central Upper Peninsula has been dominated by mining, especially iron ore mining. The iron ore industry has been sensitive over the century to cycles of boom and bust. Much of the cycle has been related to the same cycles as the national ·economy. The iron mining industry reacted to the demand for high grade ore by developing pelletizing plants to tum low grade ore into high grade pellets. All mining is now done on surface in open pit mines. The last underground mines were closed in the late 1970's. In 1996, the Empire Mine produced 8.1 million tons of iron ore pellets. The Tilden Mine produced 6.7 million tons. Initial production nominations for 1997 had Empire scheduled to produce 8.3 million tons with Tilden at 7.0 million tons. These were initial nominations. and final production figures may be different, depending upon steel industry business conditions. Collectively, orth American steel makers reported mostly positive earnings for 1996. Many steel making companies forecast 1997 to be another solid year within the industry. Iron ore pellet demand remains fairly strong. and, as a result. both Empire and Tilden were projected to produce at or above their rated capacity in 1997. Chapter 3 - Page I I �The Tilden Mine continues to produce both hematite and magnetite iron ore pellets. Magnetite production was added in 1989 at considerable expense to the mine's partners. Producing magnetite pellets utilizes different methods and equipment at the mine and as a result only one type of ore can be processed during any one period. The Empire Mine utilizes only magnetite ore. Costs and quality continue to be of paramount concern at both mines due to the highly competitive iron ore industry. In 1976, 14.5 million tons of iron ore pellets were produced on the Marquette Iron Range. Production peaked at 15 .5 million tons in 1981, with three mines, the Tilden, Empire and Republic operating in Marquette County. The following year production dropped to 6.9 million tons as the steel industry hit a slump and the Republic Mine was idled. Production returned to nearly 15.2 million tons in 1989 as Empire produced a record 8.1 million tons. 1993 production was approximately 12.6 million tons down from 1992's 13 .6 million tons. Production in 1993 was hampered by a five-week strike at Tilden and Empire by members of the United Steelworkers of America. Production in 1994 was more than 13.5 million tons. In 1995, production was 14.1 million tons. On the Marquette Iron Range, there were 3,500 mining employees in 1968. By 1971, employment was at 2,800 but later increased to 4,000 in 1979. During the 1980s, employment dropped following the 1981 production peak, and the drop continued through the early 1990s to the current level. In 1996, there were about 2,100 employees, approximately the same number as 1995. One of the other large employers in the immediate area, AMR Eagle (formerly Simmons Airlines), has moved its regional aircraft maintenance facility from the Marquette County Airport in Negaunee Township to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB. It is unknown at this time if the increased commuting distance for employees who live in the Negaunee area will cause a shift in employment patterns. Marquette General Hospital, another major employer in the urban corridor, has recently announced expansion plans. Northern Michigan University experienced a drop in enrollment and a loss of jobs as a result of K.I. Sawyer's closing, but still remains one of the County's largest employers. Chapter 3 - Page 12 �TABLE 3-8 MARQUETTE COUNTY MAJOR EMPLOYERS, 1994, 1996 & 1997 Employment Firm Product 10011 lOOt:: 1007 Marquette General Hospital 1,725 1.831 1,895 Health Care Northern Michigan University 1,200 1,119 1,122 Education Empire Iron Mining Partnership 1,130 1,020 1,097 Iron Ore Pellets Tilden Magnetite Partnership 825 848 877 Iron Ore Pellets Marquette Area Public Schools 550 574 568 Education Michigan Dept. of Corrections 420 438 441 Marquette Branch Prison Alger-Marquette Community Mental Health 375 366 419 Public Health Services MFC First National Bank 350 367 375 Financial Services City of Marquette 300 289 309 Local Government Marquette County 250 245 292 Local Government Wal*Mart 239 256 269 Department Store Bell Memorial Hospital 224 266 242 Health Care Negaunee Schools 250 250 236 Education Gwinn Area Community Schools 400 264 234 Education Simmons LJ Enterprises (now AMR Eagle) 380 268 206 Air Transportation Source: Michigan Employment Security Commission, 1994 & 1996 3.7 Income Examination of local income trends, and comparison of local income figures to state and national averages provides information about the amount of wealth that is available locally for expenditures on goods and services. Income figures also reflect the wages and salaries paid to local workers. Table 3-9 shows that incomes in City of egaunee and Marquette County are generally relatively low when compared to state averages. Income is measured in three ways: per capita income. which is derived from the total income reported for a community divided by the total population; household income, the average income reported for all households, including families; and family income, which includes married-couple families and other households made up of persons Chapter 3 - Page 13 �related by blood, marriage or adoption, but does not include persons living alone, unrelated persons sharing living quarters, or other non-family households. Income for 1979 (from the 1980 Census) are shown in 1979, as a figure that is "adjusted for inflation". The "inflation adjusted" 1989 dollar figure uses the U.S. Department of Commerce inflation factor of 1.676 for the period of 1979-1989. A household with annual income of $12-450 in 1979 would require an income of 1.676 times that amount, or $20,866, in 1989 just to keep pace with inflation. The 1989 actual income is the income as reported in the 1990 Census. TABLE 3-9 INCOME LEVELS, 1979-1989 1979 Actual Income 1989 Actual Income % Change After Adj . for Intl 1989 Income Adj . for Intl . % of State $6,826 SI 1,440 88 .8 $10,692 75.5 -6.5 Marquette Co. 6, 187 10,369 80.5 I 1,025 77.9 6.3 Michigan 7,688 12.885 100.0 14, 154 100.0 9.8 $17,325 $29,036 90 .1 $23 ,345 75.3 -19.6 Marquette Co. 16,517 27,683 85 .9 25, 137 81 -9.2 Michigan 19,223 32.218 100.0 31 ,020 100.0 -3 .7 $19,778 $33 , 148 89 .5 $30,026 81.9 -9.4 19,492 32,669 88 .2 30,249 82 .5 -7.4 $22, 107 $37,051 100.0 $36,652 100.0 -1.l % of State Per Capita Income City of Negaunee Median Household Income City of Negaunee Median Family Income City of Negaunee Marquette Co. Michigan Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P080A , Pl 14A, and Pl07A and 1980 STF3 , 069,074 , 085 . Per capita incomes locally are well below state averages, ~nd the City's per capita income has dropped significantly after adjustment for inflation. The County and the state showed a small increase in per capita incomes after inflation. Both household and family incomes dropped when adjusted for inflation, and the decrease in all cases was greater than the drop at the state level, meaning that the local area also lost ground Chapter 3 - Page 14 �when compared to statewide averages. The most substantial drop occurred with regard for household income, with nearly a 20 percent drop after adjustment for inflation. In summary, these income figures show that local residents make less money than the average Michigan resident. and the purchasing power of local residents dropped during the 1980s. Although income was higher in 1990 than in 1980, the increases failed to keep up with inflation. This impacts the ability of local residents to purchase housing and other goods and services· it also affects the ability and/or willingness to support local programs through taxes or user fees. While the low incomes may be partially offset by lower costs of some items, such as land and housing in the local area compared to statewide averages. many consumer goods are priced at the same or even higher rates than the state as a whole. Comparing the number of households in the various income groups shows that the City of Negaunee contains a higher percentage of households in the lowest income groups than the state as a whole, and in general the number of lower-income households is higher than County averages. There are also fewer households in the high income groups. This information is displayed in Table 3-10. It is significant that 22.7 percent, or nearly one quarter, of the City's households reported income of less than $10,000 per year. TABLE 3-10 HOUSEHOLDS BY ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, 1989 City of Negaunee Marquette County Michigan Annual Income Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Less than $5,000 130 6.8 1,311 5.4 203,692 5.9 $5,000-$9,999 304 15.9 3,276 13.4 329,871 9.6 $10,000-$14,999 190 9.9 2,776 11.3 293,659 8.6 $15,000-$24,999 381 17.4 5,268 8.9 562,017 16.4 $25,000-$34,999 349 18.2 4,481 18.3 525,350 15.3 $35,000-$49,999 356 18.6 4,631 18.9 638,963 18.7 $50,000-$74,999 174 9.1 2,762 11.3 556.760 16.3 $75,000-$99,999 24 1.3 519 2.1 185.137 5.4 5 0.3 376 1.5 128,673 3.8 1,916 100.0 24,500 100.0 3,424.122 100.0 $100,000 or More Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, Table P080. Chapter 3 - Page 15 �Table 3-11 shows the type of income for households in the City of Negaunee, Marquette County and the state. The City has a higher proportion of residents receiving income from wages and salaries, and from non-farm self-employment than the County or the state. Slightly more residents receive retirement income, while a lower proportion receive public assistance or Social Security. Because retirement, Social Security and other forms of what is commonly called "fixed income" tend to remain fairly constant over time, with periodic adjustments to compensate for inflation, the households that rely on these forms of income are often less able to deal with unexpected large expenditures or even relatively small increases in the costs of goods and services. This also affects the willingness of this segment of the population to absorb increased taxes and user fees. TABLE 3-11 HOUSEHOLDS* WITH INCOME BY TYPE OF INCOME, 1989 City ofNegaunee Income Percent No. Marquette Co. Michigan Percent Percent Earnings 711 83 .9 79.4 78 .5 Wage or Salary 689 81.3 77.9 76.5 87 10.3 8. 1 9.8 3 0.4 0.4 1.6 Interest, Dividend, or Net Rental 263 31.3 38.1 41.8 Social Security 201 23 .7 26 .1 26 .7 41 4.8 7.1 9.6 Retirement Income 153 18.1 17.7 17.4 All Other 101 11.9 12.2 12.5 Total Occupied Households 847 Non-Farm Self-Employment Farm Self-Employment Public Assistance *Households may be counted more than once according to number of sources of income. Individual sources of income does not equal "total occupied households." Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A. 3.8 Poverty Rates Another measure of local incomes is the poverty rate. Po*rty levels are determined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census based on a complex formula including 48 different thresholds. The poverty level for a family of four in 1990 was $12,674. Poverty rates generally increased between 1980 and 1990 in the City of Negaunee; the county also experienced a general increase in poverty levels. Chapter 3 - Page 16 �In 1990, the poverty rate for all persons in the City ofNegaunee was 13.6 percent, slightly higher than Marquette County's rate of 12.6 percent and the statewide rate of 13.1 percent. The poverty rate for young children was lower than the state and the County, and showed a decline from 1980. However, the poverty rate for all children under age 18 rose sharply from 1980 to 1990, and was considerably higher than the County rate. The poverty rate for persons 65 and over increased sharply from 1980 to 1990, and was well above County and state rates. TABLE 3-12 POVERTY RA TES, 1980-1990 1990 1980 City of Negaunee Poverty Rate for All Persons 4.3 7.2 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 5.9 5.8 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 3. 1 5.8 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 25 .6 30.6 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 14.3 6.7 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 10.9 12 .2 9.8 12.6 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 13.3 19 .0 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 I 0.3 14.0 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 33.8 35.7 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 12.2 18.0 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 13 .9 13.5 Poverty Rate for All Persons 10.4 13 . 1 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 16.0 22.1 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 13 .3 18 .2 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 30 .7 35.8 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 13 .9 20 .6 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 12.2 10.8 Marquette County Poverty Rate for All Persons Michigan U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF3A, Income and Poverty Status. Chapter 3 - Page I 7 �3.9 Issues and Opportunities Significant increases in the number of women with children in the labor force affects the needs for child care, educational and recreational programs and related facilities. Changes in the working environment to accommodate family needs of both men and women, such as flexible days and hours of work, job sharing, etc., may in turn affect commuting and transportation patterns, shopping patterns, etc. The soon-to-be-vacated county airport will offer the opportunity to redevelop the area for possible commercial and industrial uses. This could increase the tax base in the urban corridor as well as provide increased employment for the area. The moving of the airport may result in a loss of trade for some local businesses, and will increase commuting time for local employees of businesses which move to Sawyer. Local unemployment rates are generally lower than the Upper Peninsula average, but are, in recent years, higher than statewide rates and always higher than the national rate. Although unemployment has declined in recent years, a slight increase occurred in 1994, and continued into 1995. With a declining labor force, the overall percentage of persons unemployed improved in 1996. Indications area that the unemployment rate will improve as the labor force adjusts itself to the loss of KI Sawyer AFB. Employment in Marquette County is concentrated in the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban center, which in turn affects commuting patterns as well as demand for residential development. Locally, most of the employment is centered on the retail and service sectors, as well as mining. Although the mining industry historically provided a large share of the City's employment, the local economy has diversified over the past two or three decades, reducing the reliance on mining. The Empire and Tilden mines will probably continue to provide employment for the foreseeable future, and the opportunity to develop new mines may exist if it becomes economically feasible to invest in new ore bodies which are known to exist. However, if market conditions worsen, cutbacks or closure of the existing mines could still have a significant effect on the local economy. The potential exists for the City of Negaunee to increase tourism-related development by taking advantage of the historical resources and natural beauty of the area. Incomes actually decreased in the City of Negaunee and Marquette County from 1980 to 1990, when adjusted for inflation, meaning that the buying powe,of local residents declined. This affects the ability to afford housing and other basic goods and services. Although the poverty rate for young children is lower than the state average, the number of children under 18 in poverty increased sharply over the past decade and is well above the state level. The poverty rate for persons age 65 and over also increased and is much higher than the County and statewide rates . This indicates that those who are generally least able to provide for Chapter 3 - Page 18 �themselves, and most in need of services such as health care, transportation, etc., are finding that their economic situation is worsening . A related issue with regards to children in poverty is the effect poverty may have on the ability to do well in school or obtain higher education, in tum affecting future earning ability. Chapter 3 - Page 19 �4.0 NATURAL FEATURES Natural features, including soils, geology, topography, water features. and other natural resources, have a profound effect on a community's development. These physical features directly or indirectly constrain or encourage growth; for example, soil types and geology often affect the ability of a community to provide high quality water and wastewater services. The natural resources, such as timber or minerals, which occur in certain areas are often a primary factor in the establishment and growth (or decline) of communities. For instance, many areas in the Upper Peninsula were settled as a result of logging or mining operations in the late 1800s. These natural features are often interrelated, and disturbance in one area can potentially affect other areas. From a planning standpoint, it is important to understand these interrelationships, and the role that natural features play in determining a community' s future development. 4.1 Topography The physical features of the landscape provide an area with its own unique character. Topography describes this character in terms of elevation above mean sea level. This defines the size and shape of watersheds as well as places to avoid with development because of grades in excess of recommended standards. Steep topography or slopes of 10 percent (a rise in gradient of more than 10 feet in a horizontal distance of 100 feet) or greater can be aesthetically attractive for residential development as well as some commercial establishments. However, the steep grade increases the likelihood of soil movement or slides, and the weight of structures is an added force which encourages this movement. Beside such dangers, there is an added expense if development occurs on the sloping surface itself Excavation of the hillside and/or building ofretaining walls can greatly increase construction costs. There is also the problem of erosion as the water rushes down the steep grades. Natural water courses provide the pathway for such water and should be maintained in this capacity. The City of Negaunee contains primarily rolling terrain, with some areas of steep slopes and very few level areas. The elevation in the City ranges from about 1,280 feet above mean sea level in the southeast corner of the City, where Partridge Creek leaves the City as it flows to Goose Lake, to 1,766 feet near the ski jump at the Superior Nordic Training and Recreation Complex (SUNTRAC), formerly known as Suicide Bowl. Steep slopes are located along the north shore of Teal Lake, in the area between U.S. 41/M-28 and CR 492, and in the southwest corner of the City near SUNTRAC. The SUNTRAC area offers a 300-foot change in elevation between the parking lot and the top of the ski jump. 4.2 Geology Both bedrock and surface geology have an impact on community development. Bedrock geology consists of the solid rock formations found below the soil, which were formed during the early Chapter 4 - Page I �periods of the earth's evolution. These formations have undergone extensive folding, uplifting, eroding, and weathering during the millions of years which have since passed, and are now overlain by surface geology and soil. One of the primary factors which makes geology important to a community's development is its ability to supply groundwater. The quality and quantity of groundwater is influenced by the types of bedrock in which it is found, and the layers through which the water passes before it is extracted. Certain types of bedrock increase the potential for groundwater contamination, particularly when such bedrock is close to the surface. Surface runoff is filtered through the soil, sand, and gravel which overlay bedrock, and many contaminants are removed through this filtering process. When bedrock is close to the surface, there is less opportunity to filter out contaminants, and the polluted runoff can enter the groundwater table. If the bedrock is highly permeable, contaminants can quickly enter the same layers of groundwater used for domestic purposes. The presence of commercially valuable minerals in bedrock is also a factor in land use and development of an area. In areas where minerals or ore are present, communities often exist which are dependent on mineral extraction at least to some extent. Such is the case in Negaunee, where the presence of iron ore was a major factor in the settlement and development of the area. All of the bedrock underlying the City of Negaunee dates back to the Precambrian era, generally believed to be over 600 million years ago. The oldest formation is made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, including mafic-volcanic and intruded felsic rocks that have been metamorphosed into schist and gneiss. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks are found under a small portion of the northwestern corner of the City. Rock formations underlaying the remainder of the City are somewhat younger, but still date to the Precambrian area. The majority of the City is underlain by the Negaunee Iron Formation (in the southwest portion of the City) and Siamo Slate and Abijik Quartzite in the southeast and central portion of the City. A small band of Chocolay Group is located in the northeastern comer of the City. These formations consist primarily of metasedimentary rocks like schists, quartzites, iron formations, and gneiss, and date back to the Middle Precambrian (Huronian) era. All Precambrian rocks found in the Negaunee area exhibit similar water-bearing characteristics. Water in these rocks fills fractures, joints and weathered zones at shallow depths, and often fills abandoned mine shafts or pits. In general, these formations do not provide significant amounts of groundwater. Yields may be greater in areas covered by 20 feet or more of glacial deposits, and in valleys. The surface geology of the City of Negaunee is primarily a result of glaciation which occurred 10,000-12,000 years ago. As the Wisconsin Continental Glacier moved over the area, existing landform features were obliterated under the weight of ice estimated to be about one mile thick. The surface character of the area has also been influenced by mining activities which have taken place since the area was settled. Chapter 4 - Page 2 ,,---...,_ .,,,. �Outwash, glacial till-bedrock and wetlands make up the surface geology of the City of Negaunee. Outwash consists of stratified sand and gravel, which was carried by glaciers and deposited as a result of meltwater flowing from glaciers. These deposits commonly are very permeable, and are a good source of ground water. Wells drilled into glacial outwash generally yield over 10 gallons per minute, providing water which is satisfactory for domestic use. Some areas of outwash contain groundwater with a high level of iron. Outwash is primarily located in the central portion of the City, with a small area of outwash along the northeastern boundary of the City. Glacial till-bedrock includes areas where the movement of the glaciers scoured all or most of the surface material away, leaving bedrock exposed. In some cases a thin layer of till may remain. Availability of groundwater depends on the type of bedrock but is usually poor. Glacial tillbedrock occupies most of the northern half and the southeastern and southwestern comers of the City. Wetlands are areas of poor drainage and high water tables where an accumulation of muck and peat overlay a glacial lake plain. A small area of wetlands is located in the east central portion of the City. 4.3 Mineral Resources The City of Negaunee owes its existence to the extensive deposits of iron ore found beneath the area, and many abandoned mines are located in the City. The two remaining active mines in Marquette County are located to the south and southwest, close to the City. Mines which formerly operated within the City included the Mather B Mine, Tracy Mine, Negaunee Mine, South Jackson Pit, Athens Mine, Maas Mine and Cambria-Jackson Mine. Several areas in the undeveloped portions of the City are characterized by caving and unstable ground as a result of past mining activities. Mining and processing methods have changed over the years in order to make it economically feasible to mine relatively low-grade ore. There are many mineral deposits remaining in areas of the Upper Peninsula and elsewhere which contain ores with such low concentrations of iron that mining is currently infeasible. Depending on future technology, demand, and prices, it may become feasible in the future to mine these low-grade ores. 4.4 Soils Soil occurs at the earth's surface, and generally has a finer texture than the bedrock or surface geology described in the previous section. Most soils in the U.P. have been formed as a result of glacial action, followed by accumulation of organic matter in some areas. An updated and detailed soil survey has just been completed for Marquette County by the U.S . Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (formerly the Soils Conservation Service). Soils throughout the County have been mapped based on aerial photo interpretation and extensive field work over the past several years. An interim report was issued in December 1997, with the final report expected in 1999. Digital soil maps were released in June 1999. Chapter 4 - Page 3 �Over 300 soil mapping units have been identified in Marquette County. These mapping units consist of a single soil type, or a complex containing more than one soil type which responds to development or use in similar ways. Some mapping units will also contain dissimilar soils, such as mapping units which contain areas of rock outcrop too small to be mapped separately. The documentation for the soil survey provides information on the suitability of each of these mapping units for various uses, such as woodland, agriculture, building site development, etc. Various properties of the soil, such as texture, depth to bedrock, permeability, stoniness, draughtiness, etc. influence a soil ' s ability to support various uses. This information is important to developers, foresters, planners, realtors, farmers, and anyone else concerned with the utilization and development of the land. From a planning standpoint, some of the most important features of soils have to do with the ability to support residential, commercial or industrial development. In areas not served by municipal water or sewer systems, suitability for septic tank drainfields is a major consideration. Limitations on local roads and streets, and limitations on building construction are also important. It should be noted, however, that although the soils survey is relatively detailed, site inspections should still be used to determine the suitability of a particular site for development. Within any particular mapping unit, areas will exist where limitations are more or less important as a result of terrain or other features too small to be included in this county-wide survey. The areas mapped as "variable" on the maps accompanying this plan are soil mapping units which contain complexes of different types of soils, or areas where the original soils have been significantly impacted by human use, through filling, compaction, leveling, or other means. The limitations on uses within these types will vary too greatly to allow them to be mapped as having slight, moderate or severe limitations. The large areas which are not rated generally include caving grounds and abandoned mines. Engineering and construction techniques can be used to overcome soil limitations, often at considerable cost. However, the long-term implications of such techniques should be carefully considered, since development in areas of marginal suitability may increase costs to local governments, and thence to taxpayers, in order to provide services to these areas. Limitations for Septic Tank Drainfields : Soil limitations affect the ability of septic tank drainfields to properly remove contaminants from effluent. Examples of such limitations include soils which are impermeable, and thus do not allow effluent to be filtered through the underlying soil; soils which are highly permeable, and allow effluent to pass through rapidly without proper filtering; areas of shallow bedrock, where there is insufficient soil to support a drainfield; and so on. Site-specific characteristics may mean that a particular site may be suitable for development, however. For example, very sandy soils are generally con~dered to have severe limitations due to the very rapid permeability of these soils. However, if the sand is very deep, adequate filtering will occur before the effluent reaches the groundwater, and septic systems will operate normally for many years. The majority of the developed areas of the City of Negaunee are rated as variable, as is typical of urban areas. Fill, paving and excavation have altered the original soils types in these areas to the Chapter 4 - Page 4 ~ ~ �point where conditions may vary widely from one site to the next. Since the developed portion of the City is served with municipal water and sewer, however, this is not significant from a planning standpoint. Of more importance is the nature of the soils in the more remote areas of the City, where scattered homes are served by on-site systems. Many of these areas contain severe limitations on septic tank drainfields. The primary limitations are poor filtration, slow percolation. wetness and slope. Although the soil survey would seem to indicate that there are few, if any sites suitable for development in these areas, the actual situation is that many suitable sites exist even in areas with generally severe limitations. Local health departments rely on sitespecific testing in determining whether to issue a permit for a septic system. The soils survey information represents a general guideline as to the extent of potential limitations, and should not preclude individual sites from consideration for development. Limitations for Building Site Development: Soil limitations for building site development include the presence of shallow bedrock which can make construction of basements difficult; wetness, which can result in wet basements or unstable support for foundations; or steep slopes, which increase the potential for structures to slide. Outside the developed areas of the City, the majority of the soils have severe limitations on building site development; however, there are some areas with only moderate limitations along existing roads and streets, such as Buffalo Road, Miller Road, and Rolling Mill Road. Some areas have differing limitations depending on whether or not basements are used; for example, a soil type characterized by shallow bedrock may be suitable for construction of a building without a basement, but the costs of constructing a basement may be prohibitive. As noted above, specific sites, even within areas mapped as having severe limitations, may be suitable for development. Limitations for Local Roads and Streets: Local roads and streets are those with an all-weather surface, designed to carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. Construction and maintenance of roads and streets is affected by a soil's shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, depth to bedrock or water table, and slope. The majority of the City contains soil types with severe limitations; however, significant areas with only moderate limitations exist. The largest areas with moderate limitations are in the southeast portion of the City, along Rolling Mill Road, Miller Road, Makinen's Road and Buffalo Road. Moderate limitations also exist along U.S. 41/M-28 southwest of Teal Lake, along Maas Street and Old Cemetery Road, and near BR M-28. As with other soil constraints, construction techniques are available to overcome many of the limitations of the underlying soils. However, such techniques are often costly, and roads which are built over unsuitable soils generally require more frequent maintenance. 4.5 Water Features The most significant water feature in the City of Negaunee is Teal Lake. Formerly used as the City's municipal water source, Teal Lake has remained largely undeveloped in order to protect water quality. A Teal Lake Park Master Plan has been completed, and the overall intent is to provide recreational opportunities and the opportunity for some development, while still protecting the unique visual character of the lake. The cities oflshpeming and Negaunee have received grant funds from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to acquire a large Chapter 4 - Page 5 �parcel of land encompassing the lake ' s north shore, and the City of Negaunee is planning to implement a 100-foot setback requirement around the lake to protect the character of the shoreline. Other water features in the City include Lake Miller, Gunpowder Lake, Rolling Mill Pond and some ponds that have formed in caved-in mining areas. The Carp River flows through the northeast corner of the City, and Partridge Creek flows through the southeast corner of the City on its way to Goose Lake. 4.6 Wildlife The area surrounding the City of Negaunee, as well as the undeveloped portion of the City, contains a large variety of wildlife species. Mammals found in northern Marquette County include whitetail deer, moose, black bear, fox, coyotes, wolves, and a variety of small game. Birds include game birds such as ruffed grouse and woodcock, waterfowl, raptors and songbirds. Within the developed portions of the City, small mammals and songbirds are the most frequently encountered species. Teal Lake supports populations of walleye, perch, bass and panfish, and many species of waterfowl and other birds stop at Teal Lake during seasonal migrations. 4.7 Climate The climate in and around the City of Negaunee is heavily influenced by Lake Superior, with long, cold winters and relatively cool summers. The lake helps keep temperatures cool in summer and is responsible for significant amounts of "lake effect" snow in winter. This "lake effect" snow results from cool air masses traveling over the relatively warm waters of Lake Superior. When these air masses reach the cooler land areas, the moisture picked up from Lake Superior is deposited in the form of snow. The average annual snowfall at the Marquette County Airport is 172.2 inches, although the last two winters have produced record snowfalls of 251 inches in 1995-96 and 272 inches in 1996-97. The mean monthly temperature ranges from 14 degrees Fahrenheit in January to 66 degrees Fahrenheit in July, with a mean annual temperature of about 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Total precipitation averages approximately 32 inches per year, with the wettest month in June and the driest month in February. The growing season averages about 109 days. The last frost in the spring usually occurs about May 31 , and the first frost in fall usually occurs about September 17. Incidence of thunderstorms is around 26 days per year. Michigan is located on the northeast fringe of the Midwest tornado belt. Between 1950 and 1987, only four tornadoes occurred in Marquette County. 4.8 Issues and Opportunities Areas of steep slopes within the City may limit certain types of development, but may also provide the opportunity for scenic views and recreational facilities. Chapter 4 - Page 6 �Many areas within the City are unsuitable for development due to caving which has occurred as a result of past mining activities. Although these areas are largely undeveloped and remain in mining company ownership, they pose a potential safety hazard, and limit the amount of land available for future development. The unique beauty and undeveloped nature of Teal Lake offer the opportunity to provide recreational opportunities for local residents and tourists, while enhancing the appearance of the area. Protection of the undeveloped character of the north shore of the lake is critical. Negaunee' s long, cold winters and relatively cool climate can make travel difficult at times, and limit the suitability of the area for various agricultural crops, home gardens, etc. The long winters and heavy snow provide excellent winter recreation opportunities, however, including skiing. snowmobiling, ice fishing, etc . • Chapter 4 - Page 7 �5.0 LAND USE 5.1 Historical Land Use Patterns The City ofNegaunee's land use pattern, along with the surrounding area, has been shaped by the presence and exploitation of natural resources, principally the iron ore which was discovered in 1844 by a party of government surveyors. Two years later, the Jackson Iron Company opened the first iron ore mine in present day Negaunee. The iron ore deposits were found in what is known as the Marquette Iron Range, which runs east-west through the central portion of Marquette County. The entire City lies within the Marquette Iron Range, and several mines were located wholly or partially within the City. These mines, which have been inactive for years, continue to influence land use in Negaunee. The communities of Negaunee, Ishpeming, Republic, Champion, and Michigamme were all founded around the mines of the Marquette Range, and provided housing and commercial services for miners and their families. e During the first hundred years of ore extraction within the Marquette Range, the iron content of the ore was relatively high; however, the supply of high grade ore in the range area began to decline rapidly in the late 1940s. As a result, the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. in the late 1940s and 1950s established a research facility in Ishpeming to determine the best way to pelletize low grade ore and how to upgrade the pelletized low-grade ore. The research paid off in July of 1965, with the world' s first shipment of pelletized underground iron ore. which gave new life to the iron ore industry in Marquette County. In Negaunee Township, from 1965 to 1979, the Pioneer Pellet Plant processed low grade iron ore. The only remaining iron mines in the Upper Peninsula are low grade iron ore mining operations at the Empire Mine in Richmond Township and the Tilden Mine in Tilden Township. A portion of the Empire Mine pit is located in the southeastern comer of the City of Negaunee. The general land use pattern in the City of Negaunee includes concentrations of residential and commercial development in the north central part of the City, surrounded by extensive areas of land owned by mining companies. The City contains 15 square miles, or about 9,400 acres ; of this area, only about three square miles contain development. Extensive caving has occurred on mined lands in the City, and in the past caving has caused houses or even whole neighborhoods to be moved to more stable areas. Commercial development in the City of Negaunee tends to be clustered close to the major transportation corridors. The corridor along U.S. 41/M-28 east of Teal Lake contains commercial uses which take advantage of the exposure to passing highway traffic, such as restaurants, gas stations, etc. Business M-28 and major downtown streets contain commercial uses which serve the concentration of population in those areas, as well as visitors to the community. Over the past 10 to 20 years, the downtown business district has become less active, while new development has occurred along U.S. 41 /M-28. However, since about 1995 downtown revitalization efforts have taken place, resulting in repairs to some buildings and other improvements. Despite the shift of some firms to the highway corridor, the downtown area has not become blighted. Chapter 5 - Page 1 �The area available for development in the City of Negaunee is limited by land ownership, and by the physical suitability of vacant lands for development. About 75 percent of the land area within the City is owned or controlled by mining interests, and a significant portion of this land has experienced caving or subsidence. The mining companies which own this land are generally reluctant to sell it, perhaps because of concern over future liability and/or the belief that mineral deposits may still underlie these areas. Factors Affecting Land Use The decision process regarding land use can begin almost anywhere -- with a home buyer, a developer. a land speculator, a business owner, or a governmental unit. The home buyer or potential business owner tends to base decisions on location, access. quality of surroundings. available public services. and personal satisfaction, among other factors. The land speculator makes decisions regarding selling land or holding it in anticipation of future profit. based largely on potential profit. The land developer makes decisions regarding the type and timing of development based on the supply and demand for housing, goods and services. or on industrial needs, as well as other factors. O\',iilers of business and industrial concerns make decisions to start, expand, or close their operations based on economic feasibility, which depends on a variety of factors. Many of these factors, such as supply and demand for the good or service produced, are beyond local control, while other factors, such as the availability of sites or adequacy of transportation, can be affected by local decisions. Decisions made at these levels are generally oriented towards a person's or organization's selfinterest, and generally do not consider the effects of development on surrounding land uses, utilities, services, etc. This decision-making process can potentially result in discontinuous or incompatible development, since it does not necessarily take into consideration the overall development pattern for a community. It is left primarily to units of government, then, to consider the overall compatibility and appropriateness of various land uses. Various laws and regulations have been enacted governing land use and development, and provide tools for federal, state, and local governments to use in dealing with land use issues. The federal government exercises a number of responsibilities that affect land use through various loan and grant programs for community facilities, water and wastewater systems, housing, economic development, and planning. Federal regulations also address environmental concerns, such as air quality, drinking water standards, etc. Although these programs and regulations do not usually directly affect land use and development, they have a significant Chapter 5 - Page 2 �indirect effect. For example, a community which lacks sufficient sewage disposal capacity to serve industrial uses may be able to obtain federal funding to assist with expansion of its sewage treatment plant, which in turn may lead to industrial development. The role of the state has traditionally been limited to providing enabling legislation for local units of government to regulate growth and development through planning and zoning. The State of Michigan does, however, regulate land use and development in wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and other areas of environmental concern. This can have a direct affect on local land use. The State also enforces standards for municipal water systems and wastewater treatment systems which are at least as strict as federal standards, which can affect a community's ability to provide such services. Local governments can probably exert the most effective influence on land use changes through zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and public investment in roads, water and sewer systems. parks, etc. Local planning efforts which seek to define the most desirable and appropriate uses for the various parts of a community, and anticipate and prepare for growth, can help guide future land use decisions. Other factors affecting land use include the existing transportation system, taxation and land values. natural features. changing technology, and market factors. Changes in lifestyles, family size, shopping habits, and consumer attitudes also affect land use decisions. The transportation system which serves a community determines how quickly and easily, and at what cost, raw materials and finished goods can be shipped in and out, a crucial factor to many industries. The expanding highway network in the U.S., together with the proliferation of private automobiles, has enabled residents of rural areas to commute to larger communities for employment and shopping, and has increased the accessibility of many areas to tourists. This increased mobility has in many cases facilitated development of strip commercial areas, "mega" shopping malls, and suburban residential development ("urban sprawl"), sometimes resulting in the conversion of land from agriculture or open space. Taxation and land values play a part in many land use decisions. Families may move from urban areas because they feel that they are willing to trade off lower taxes and/or user fees for the lack of municipal services and increased distance from employment, shopping, and schools. Land values in rural areas may also be lower, and thus more attractive to residents. Commercial and industrial enterprises are generally less willing to forego municipal services, such as water and sewer, and also tend to locate in areas of concentrations of population rather than in very rural areas; however, tax rates and land values may influence a company's decisiop. to locate in one community versus another. As a result of changing technology, including computer networking, cellular telephones, fax machines, voice mail, teleconferencing, and electronic mail, some business and industries are able to locate in rural areas which would have previously been considered isolated. In many cases. the quality of life associated with these rural locations is an additional attraction. Chapter 5 - Page 3 �Wetland areas can pose significant constraints on development in some areas, due to state and federal regulations and the general unsuitability of wetlands for many types of development. Wetlands are defined as those areas between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is at. near, or above the land surface for a significant part of most years, and include marshes, mudflats, wooded swamps, and wet meadows. Several different wetland categories are mapped in the inventory. Wetland categories include wooded (dominated by trees over 20 feet in height, seasonally flooded); shrub/scrub (dominated by woody vegetation less than six feet in height); aquatic beds (areas with 30 percent or more vegetative cover of submerged, floating-leaved or floating plants, and less than two meters [6.7 feet] deep); emergent (dominated by erect. rooted herbaceous plants, which are present for most of the growing season); and flats (level or nearly level deposits of sand, mud or organic sediments). See Table 5-1 for the acreage of each category. Urban and Built Up Areas: Areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures is classified as urban or built up. County-wide, this category comprises a relatively small proportion. totaling 37,473 acres, or 3 .1 percent. However, this land use category is important because it contains the majority of the residential, commercial, and industrial uses in the County, and because the density and type of uses within this category have the most potential to adversely impact the environment. Most of this cover type is located in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor, although all the townships in the County contain areas of residential development. Urban and built up is the third-largest category ofland use in the City of Negaunee, with 1,172 acres. or 12.5 percent. The City oflshpeming contains 22.9 percent urban and built up areas, and the City of Marquette has 50.4 percent of its land area in this category. Since extractive uses, which include gravel pits and mining activities, are included in this category, some areas with extensive mining show a disproportionately high percentage of urban and built up lands. The majority of the urban and built up land in the City of Negaunee is residential in nature. Most of this residential use consists of relatively old housing; the 1990 Census indicates that nearly 60 percent of the City's housing was built prior to 1940. Most of the housing consists of singlefamily residences, although there are some duplexes and multi-family structures in the City. As is typical of older neighborhoods, many of these homes are located on small lots, with little open space between homes. Other uses included in urban and built up lands are commercial; industrial; transportation, communications and utilities, such as airports, railroads, h~hways, etc.; open pit mining areas, such as gravel pits, quarries, mines, etc.; and parks, cemeteries and other forms of open space. Commercial uses in the City are primarily located along the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor or in the downtown. The traditional neighborhoods which provided the majority of residents' needs within walking distance are gone from most communities, including Negaunee. Chapter 5 - Page 5 �Market factors, and the ongoing shift to a more service-oriented economy, are factors which are beyond the capacity of an individual community to control. However, an awareness of such factors is important to planning and land use decisions at the community level. Finally, changing lifestyles have affected land use patterns throughout the nation. Americans live longer, have smaller families, and are more mobile than previous generations. As a whole, the population is growing older, and our housing preferences, shopping habits, and employment patterns have changed significantly. From a land use standpoint, some of the pertinent issues are the desire for larger homes on larger lots by many young professionals and families; the demand for housing suitable for elderly residents, including so-called "snowbirds;" and the wil.ingness to commute longer distances to work in order to live in certain residential areas. 5.3 Current Use Inventory This section will examine the current land use patterns for the City of Negaunee and Marquette County, based on the Michigan Resource Inventory System (MIRJS) Current Use Inventory. The inventory describes land use or cover according to seven broad categories, with numerous subdivisions within those categories. Forest: The majority of the City's land area is classified as forest, with 5,238 acres, or 55.8 percent. This reflects the large areas in corporate ownership within the City limits. By way of comparison. the neighboring City of Ishpeming has about 33 percent of its land area in forest. again because of corporate ownership. The City of Marquette has about 40 percent of its area in forest. but corporate ownership is less of a factor in Marquette. Forestland is defined as lands at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest uses. These lands are further broken down into several different types of forest cover. Predominant forest cover types in both the City of Negaunee and Marquette County are northern hardwood and aspen, birch and associated species. There is a significant amount of lowland conifer cover type in the City, as well. Other forest types are also present, and the relative proportions of the various cover types are shown in Table 5-1. Agricultural: Broadly defined as lands which are used for the production of food an<l fiber, this is the second-lowest land use category in the City of Negaunee. Only a total of 68 acres of cropland was identified in the Current Use Inventory, less than one percent of the City's land area. Wetlands: Wetlands represent the fourth-highest proportion of the City's land cover, at 753 acres or eight percent. These wetlands are primarily located in the western and southern portions of the City, in or near the caving areas. Chapter 5 - Page 4 �Nonforested: Nonforested lands make up 15.9 percent, or 1,489 acres of the City' s land area. This is the second-largest category ofland use in the City. These lands are open lands or rangelands, characterized by grasses and shrubs, but not including those lands showing obvious evidence of seeding, fertilizing, or other agricultural practices. As with the forested areas in Negaunee, most of the nonforested lands are located on corporate lands, often in caving areas . Water: Just over six percent of the City of Negaunee, or 582 acres, is classified as water. Areas of water in a community have an effect on adjacent land use, by supplying sites for waterdependent industry, water-based recreational sites, and residential or commercial development. Many inland lakes and rivers offer public recreational access. The largest water body is Teal Lake, located in the northwestern corner of the City. Other lakes include Lake Miller, Gunpowder Lake, and Rolling Mill Pond. Some of the caving areas in the central part of the City have also filled with water over the years. Barren: About one percent of the City is classified as barren. Barren lands include beaches, riverbanks, sand dunes, and exposed rock. Exposed rock makes up all of the 92 acres of barren land in the City, which occurs in scattered locations in the northwestern portion of Negaunee. 5.4 Public and Quasi-Public Land Use Public land uses in the City of Negaunee include parks, public buildings, schools and tracts of publicly-owned lands. Many of these uses are discussed in more detail in other chapters of this plan; however, the land use considerations associated with these uses will be discussed here. The City owns or leases and maintains several park and recreation sites, including Teal Lake Waterfront, Miner' s Park, Jackson Park, the Community Play Field, and several smaller parks throughout the City. There are also three schools in the City, the Negaunee High School, Negaunee Middle School, and Lakeview Elementary. A large tract of CCI-owned land lying in both Negaunee and Ishpeming is leased by the Ishpeming Ski Club, and contains the Superior Nordic Training and Recreation Complex (SUNTRAC), formerly known as Suicide Bowl. The City, together with the City oflshpeming, has applied for funding from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to acquire several hundred acres around Teal Lake. This property would be retained in public ownership for recreational uses, and would include the scenic north shore of Teal Lake. Other public land uses in the City include public buildings such as City Hall, which are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6, Community Facilities. As a general rule, these buildings do not occupy large tracts of land; their primary impact on land u~ is related to traffic and parking. Examples of quasi-public land uses include churches, golf courses, and similar facilities that are owned by private enterprise, but are open to the public. These uses generate increased traffic on a seasonal, occasional, or intermittent basis, by providing facilities and services which meet the needs of local residents and contribute to the quality of life of communities and neighborhoods. The presence of quasi-public facilities such as golf courses can also affect property values. Chapter 5 - Page 6 �TABLE 5-1 CITY OF NEGAUNEE & MARQUETTE COUNTY LAND USE PATTERNS City of Negaunee % Acres Urban and Built Up Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation , etc. Open pit mining Underground mining Open land, other Marquette County Acres % 1, 172 563 114 15 150 44 180 106 12 .5 6.0 1.2 0.2 1.6 0.5 1.9 I. I 37,473 14,076 3,063 850 4,031 13 ,068 936 1.448 3.1 1.2 0.3 0. 1 0.3 I. I 0.1 0. 1 68 0.7 17,603 1.5 Non forested 1,489 15.9 29,016 2.4 Forested Northern hardwood Central hardwood Aspen, white birch , assoc . spp. Lowland hardwoods Pine Other upland conifers Lowland conifers Christmas tree plantation 5,238 3,706 0 745 148 277 57 305 0 55.8 39.5 0.0 7.9 1.6 2.9 0.6 3.2 0.0 988 ,050 468 , 151 7 176,813 32,961 147,775 19,981 142,349 15 82.6 39 . 1 0.0 14.8 2.8 12.4 1.7 11.9 0.0 Water 582 6.2 29,663 2.5 Wetlands 753 8.0 87,323 7.3 92 1.0 7,627 0.6 9,394 100 .0 I , 196,754 100.0 Agriculture Barren Total Source: Michigan Resource Information System. Churches are located throughout the City, as well as in the City oflshpeming and surrounding townships. Negaunee residents may attend churches outside the City, while churches in the City draw from the surrounding communities. In addition to serving as places of worship, churches often serve as community gathering places, for social events and local meetings. The closure or consolidation of churches, as is currently being done within the Catholic Diocese of Marquette, can affect traffic patterns and the availability of gathering places; it can also have a less tangible effect on the character and cohesiveness of a community. 5.5 Land Ownership As discussed earlier, land ownership in the City of Negaunee is a significant issue. Currently about 75 percent of the City's land area is controlled by mining companies, either through outright ownership or through controlling mineral rights. The City leases land from these mining Chapter 5 - Page 7 �companies for a variety of uses, primarily recreation areas, but such leases are subject to a year's notice should the lands be required for mining. A significant portion of the mining companyowned lands are "caving grounds," which are unsuitable for development. The City of egaunee lacks the ability to significantly expand residential or commercial development because of the physical limitations of the caving grounds and Teal Lake. As long as the mining companies are unwilling to sell any of their lands within the City, the ability to develop is also limited by the availability of land. Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company has begun the process of evaluating all their holdings in Marquette County, including lands in egaunee, and some discussions with City officials have taken place regarding the City's long-term needs. The City has expressed an interest in acquiring additional property if it becomes available. 5.6 Contaminated Sites The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is required by state law to identify, evaluate, and rank all sites of environmental contamination in Michigan. For several years, the DEQ was required to submit an annual list of these "Act 307'' sites to the Michigan Legislature. However. recent changes to Michigan's environmental laws have changed this requirement to every five years. The most recent list of contaminated sites was submitted in April, 1995, and no sites of environmental contamination were identified in the City of Negaunee, although three leaking underground storage tank (LUST) sites were identified. From a land use standpoint, the presence of environmental contamination represents a constraint on future development, as well as a threat to human health and safety. In addition to affecting a specific site, some contaminants can enter groundwater and cause more widespread problems, such as water well contamination. It is desirable to identify and remediate contaminated sites in a timely manner, in order that potential hazards and land use constraints be removed. In terms of future land use decisions, it is important that decisionmakers are aware of the potential for certain types of land use to cause environmental contamination. Most of the sites of environmental contamination identified in Marquette County are the result of past land use practices, and this illustrates that even when legal and accepted land uses are undertaken, the possibility of future impacts exists. Leaking underground fuel storage tanks have become a concern throughout the country in recent years. Many fuel tanks which were in compliance with all installation guidelines at the time they were installed have deteriorated and allowed fuel to contaminate the surrounding soil. New guidelines for installing underground fuel tanks have been implemented, and efforts are underway to identify and clean up leaking tanks. The two LUST sites in the City of Negaunee as of April, 1995, were the Grade A-1 Stop on U.S. 41/M-28, and the Holiday Station at the intersection of U.S. 41/M-28 and Croix Street. Chapter 5 - Page 8 �5.7 Land Use Trends Although the City of Negaunee has suffered a population decline over the past 50 years, the community has not seen widespread physical deterioration of existing housing, or pronounced decline of the business districts. The most significant trends have been the reduction of the developable area of the City due to caving and an increase in commercial development along U.S. 41/M-28 at the expense of the downtown business district. Caving which has occurred throughout the history of Negaunee has necessitated actual relocation of buildings and sometimes entire neighborhoods. While the caving is no longer a common occurrence in residential neighborhoods, recreational areas and open space are still being affected. For example, Jackson Park in the late 1980s encompassed nearly 12 acres, but in the 1994 Recreation Plan is reported to be three acres in size due to caving and loss of usable land. Businesses which have been established along the U.S. 4 l/M-28 corridor over the past 20 years have succeeded in drawing some commerce away from the downtown area. However, the downtown has not seen substantial decline, and still retains a diverse base of commercial establishments. Recent downtown improvements have made the downtown area a more attractive place to shop and do business. The cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming have apparently not shared in the overall growth that has taken place in the urban corridor that stretches from southeast of Marquette to Ishpeming. The majority of the new residential development has taken place in the encompassing townships, including Negaunee, Marquette and Chocolay townships. Commercial development has also occurred at a rapid pace in Marquette Township, and to a somewhat lesser extent in Chocolay and egaunee townships. However, egaunee and Ishpeming cities are desirable locations for a number of reasons, and as a result the overall housing market has remained fairly strong. Some two-income families in the City have one wage-earner in the Negaunee-Ishpeming area and the other in Marquette, but choose to live in egaunee. Others who work in Marquette choose to live in Negaunee so that they can enjoy the amenities the City provides, such as municipal water and sewer, while enjoying the lower housing prices compared to Marquette. Two new subdivisions are currently being developed in the City, totaling about 60-65 singlefamily residential lots, which will be developed with housing ranging from affordable to upscale. The lack of new development in the past has been due to a lack of developable sites, rather than a lack of demand, and it is hoped that these two new subdivisions will be followed by other development. Both new developments are located on land purchased from mining interests, one along Teal Lake and the other near the former Maas Mine, at the intersection of Carr and Cherry streets. 5.8 Issues and Opportunities The land ownership pattern in egaunee severely constrains the City's ability to grow. The City is attempting to begin a dialog with CCI regarding the possibility of acquiring CCI-owned land Chapter 5 - Page 9 �within the City, which may lead to future opportunities for growth. The opportunity may also exist for future land sales to developers, as in the case of the two newly-platted subdivisions, allowing for future growth. Significant areas within the City have experienced caving as a result of past mining activities. In addition to being unsuitable for development. such areas can pose a safety hazard if access is not limited. Although caving is no longer common in residential areas, some recreational facilities are being adversely affected by caving. Some sites in the City may be suitable for industrial development, since there are properties which have access to rail and other infrastructure. The City of Negaunee contains a lower percentage of residential and commercial land use and a higher proportion of forested and open areas than any other city in Marquette County. This is primarily due to the ownership pattern within the City. The purchase of large parcels of land around Teal Lake provides the opportunity for the cities of egaunee and Ishpeming to offer their residents expanded recreational opportunities, and to protect the scenic north shore of the lake from development. The expansion of the Superior ordic Training and Recreation Complex, formerly known as Suicide Bowl, may result in development of a year-round, "destination" facility which will attract visitors from outside the area as well as provide opportunities for local residents. It may also trigger increased "spinoff' development in the area. such as new commercial development to serve the needs of visitors to the area. Acquisition of the north shore of Teal Lake provides the opportunity to protect a unique area from inappropriate development, while providing for recreational opportunities and open space. Chapter 5 - Page I 0 �6.0 PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY FACILITIES 6.1 Introduction Services and facilities provided by local government are often vital elements in the community's progress and well-being. Services include police and fire protection, municipal water and wastewater systems, and recreation programs. Community facilities include libraries, parks and recreational facilities, cemeteries, schools, and the infrastructure related to municipal water and wastewater treatment systems. As a part of the comprehensive planning program, the City's public and community facilities were reviewed and evaluated as to their present condition and adequacy to meet the present and future needs of the community. 6.2 Community Facilities and Services Water System: Municipal water is provided to City of Negaunee residents by the NegauneeIshpeming Water Authority. The Water Authority owns and operates the system, which includes wells, storage facilities and the distribution network in the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming. Funding for the wells is split between the two cities, with the City of Ishpeming responsible for 60 percent of the cost and 40 percent from Negaunee. Each city is responsible for the distribution network, which in the City of Negaunee totals about 20 miles of water main. The Negaunee-Ishpeming Water Authority is governed by a five-member board, with two members from each of the two cities and the fifth member representing the Marquette County Health Depm1ment. The Negaunee-Ishpeming Water Authority currently utilizes groundwater as a water source; prior to 1994, surface water from Teal Lake was used for drinking water. Stricter federal requirements which called for filtration of surface water caused several communities to switch from surface water to groundwater around this time. Groundwater is supplied by eight wells, six of which are located near the Carp River outside the City of Negaunee. The other two wells are located behind Snyder Drug in Ishpeming and east of Da Yoopers Tourist Trap in Ishpeming Township. The water is in compliance with all applicable state and federal standards with the exception that the standard for copper is currently being exceeded. The Water Authority has increased the pH of the water in an effort to reduce the level of copper. One elevated storage tank serves the City of Negaunee. This tank has a capacity of 300,000 gallons, and was built in 1961. The City has an ongoing inspection/maintenance program, and the tank has been well-maintained. The tank is in good condition and is adequate for current needs. As of January, 1998, there were 1,730 water customers in the City of Negaunee. Of these, 1,634 were residential customers, while 96 were commercial in nature. Some households in outlying areas of the City are not served by the municipal water system, but instead rely on private wells. Chapter 6 - Page l �It is not economically feasible to provide municipal service to these relatively isolated households. The City has received $5.5 million in funding from U.S.D.A. Rural Development for replacement of approximately 50-60 percent of the existing water mains. Of the $5.5 million project, $3.27 million is in the form of a grant, with the remaining $2.23 million as a long-term, low-interest loan. This two-year project, begun in 1997, will improve water pressure and help reduce freezeups by replacing undersized and deteriorated mains, looping mains, and lowering mains to provide protection from freezing. This will result in improved service to residential and commercial customers, and improved firefighting capabilities. The City has also indicated that residents will no longer be allowed to let water run during the winter months once this project has been completed. When Teal Lake was used as a water source, residents were allowed unlimited let-runs; since the groundwater supply has been used. let-runs have been limited to reduce demands on the system. The City continues to urge residents to lower or insulate service lines to prevent freezeups on private property. Additional water main improvements will be required following the completion of this project, and the City of Negaunee will continue to pursue funding opportunities for water main replacement. Wastewater Treatment System: The City of Negaunee Wastewater Treatment Plant is located in the east central part of the City, on the south side of CR 480. The plant was put in operation in December, 1953, and underwent a major upgrade in 1979, with the addition of new settling tanks and new digesters. The treatment system provides secondary treatment using the biodisc system. Service is provided to about 1,700 residential and less than 100 commercial customers; the service area includes the City of Negaunee and the existing Marquette County Airport in Negaunee Township. A few households in the outlying areas of the City use on-site septic systems, generally in the same areas which are not served by the municipal water system. The wastewater treatment plant currently has sufficient capacity for growth, and the ability to absorb potential future growth could be increased if the amount of groundwater infiltration into the sewer system could be reduced. Although the system is currently in compliance with all state and federal standards, the large amount of infiltration means that the plant is treating far greater volumes of effluent than are actually produced by customers. Old, deteriorated mains are allowing groundwater to infiltrate to the extent where the volume of effluent treated at the wastewater plant is more than twice the volume of water used by local customers. In 1995, the City received a $400,000 Community Development Block Grant which, together with $405,000 in City funds, was used to upgrade 5,300 fet:!t of sewer mains. The City currently budgets $100,000 to $150,000 per year for sewer improvements, together with about $10,000 per year for cleaning and televising of mains to identify problem areas. The current sewer interceptor crosses caving grounds in former mining areas. This puts the interceptor at risk of failure because of caving. As with much of the rest of the collection Chapter 6 - Page 2 F'- �network. the interceptor receives a high amount of groundwater in.filtration, but repairs to eliminate infiltration and inflow may not be a long term solution. Re-routing the interceptor to avoid caving areas would eliminate both the infiltration hazard and the risk posed by the caving grounds, but is estimated to require several million dollars to complete. Solid Waste Disposal/Recycling: Weekly curbside collection ofrefuse and recyclable materials is provided to City of Negaunee residents. Residents pay $6.50 per month for this service, and the City contracts with Northern Refuse, a private hauler, for pickup. Refuse collected in the City is hauled to the Marquette County Landfill, located in northern Sands Township about five miles east of the City. The City also has a dropoff site available for large items; only Negaunee residents who are garbage system customers may use the dropoff site. The following recyclable items are accepted for curbside pickup: Newsprint, corrugated cardboard, clear glass, plastic. computer or office paper, junk mail, magazines. metal cans, aluminum, and used motor oil. Recyclable materials must be separated by residents. Because of snow accumulation in narrow streets and alleys, collection of recyclables is more difficult in winter; however, the City has no plans to discontinue collection. Electrical Service: The City of Negaunee Electrical Utility purchases power from the Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPCO), and then distributes that power and resells it to City residents. 1998 is the second year of a 10-year contract with UPPCO. The City owns the distribution system, including poles, wires, etc. Utility poles are also used to carry the City's cable television lines. Cable Television Service: Residents of the City of Negaunee may choose to receive cable television service from one of two local providers. Bresnan Communications cable service is available to all residents, as is service from the City of Negaunee cable system. The City has operated a cable system since the mid 1980s, and offers 32 basic channels and two premium channels. There are about 1,450 customers on the City system, with the remaining households and businesses with cable served by Bresnan. As a result of an out-of-court settlement reached between the City and Bresnan Communications, the City is required to increase rates based on inflation. The most recent rate increase took effect in January, 1998, and included an increase above the amount of inflation to cover improvements to the system. Law Enforcement: The City of Negaunee Police Department is housed in the Negaunee City Hall, and consists of 11 officers, including the police chief. The department has three vehicles, two marked and one unmarked. The vehicles are taken out of service and replaced once they reach about 80,000 miles. Equipment is inspected regularly, with daily inspections of equipment in vehicles, monthly firearm inspections, and regular uniform inspections. Replacement of equipment occurs as needed based on inspection. Currently the in-car video equipment is in need of replacement. In 1996, the department's efforts resulted in 327 arrests; investigation of 2,299 complaints, 292 traffic crashes, 2,623 individuals and 1,502 vehicles; l 02 ambulance assists; 464 parking Chapter 6 - Page 3 �citations; and 502 traffic citations. The department assists other agencies, such as the Michigan State Police, Marquette County Sheriffs Department, etc, and provides assistance as needed. The City has no jail, and prisoners are housed at the Marquette County Jail. Marquette County has an "enhanced'' 911 dispatch system in operation throughout the County, including the City of Negaunee. Emergency calls for fires, medical emergencies, crimes, and other emergencies are accomplished by dialing the number 9-1-1; these calls go to the central dispatch location at the State Police Post in Negaunee Township, where the location of the call is displayed. The appropriate responding unit is then dispatched. Fire Protection: The fire station is located at 200 S. Pioneer Avenue, and was built in 1894. Although the building is adequate to serve current needs, some repairs are needed. These repairs include a new roof, cement work, paint, and door and window repair. The fire department is staffed by 30 paid on-call firefighters. Equipment includes the following vehicles: A 1976 Ford four-wheel-drive pickup, with a 50 gallon per minute (gpm) pumper; the pickup is in fair condition. A 1973 panel van used for transporting equipment. A 1968 International tanker with a 50 gpm portable pump and a LOOO gallon tank; the truck is in poor condition but runs, while the tank condition is fair. A 1993 Chevrolet Kodiak with a 1050 gpm pump and a 60-foot ladder snorkel, in excellent condition. A 1976 Ford with a 1,000 gpm pump; the pump is non-operative, but the truck runs. This last piece of equipment will be replaced with a new vehicle in the spring of 1998. In February, 1998, the City of Negaunee was awarded a grant/loan combination from U.S.D.A. Rural Development to purchase a new fire truck. Approximately 25 percent of the new truck will be paid for using grant funds, while the remainder of the cost will take the form of a 15-year, low-interest loan. As part of the regular maintenance and upgrading of the water system, the City replaces and adds fire hydrants as needed to insure continued fire protection. The City of Negaunee has an insurance rating of seven for its fire protection service, according to Insurance Service Office (ISO) Commercial Risk Inc. The adequacy of fire protection is evaluated by ISO through the use of the Grading Schedule for Municipal Fire Protection. The schedule provides criteria to be used by insurance grading engineers in classifying the fire defenses and physical conditions of municipalities. Gradings obtained under the schedule are Chapter 6 - Page 4 �used throughout the United States in establishing base rates for fire insurance. While ISO does not presume to dictate the level of fire protection services that should be provided by a municipality, reports of surveys made by its Municipal Survey Office generally contain serious deficiencies found, and over the years have been accepted as guides by many municipal officials in planning improvements to their fire fighting services. The grading is obtained by ISO based upon their analysis of fire department equipment, alarm systems, water supply, fire prevention programs, building construction, and distance of potential hazard areas. such as the central business district, from a fire station. In rating a community, total deficiency points in the areas of evaluation are used to assign a numerical rating of 1 to 10, with 1 representing the best protection and 10 representing an essentially unprotected community. Emergency Medical Services : Both the City oflshpeming Ambulance and Marquette General Hospital provide emergency medical services in the City of Negaunee. The City oflshpeming has two ambulances and 21 personnel available, while MGH has three ambulances with nine full-time and six part-time personnel. Both services are staffed by paramedics, providing the highest level of life support, with the ability to transport and treat patients. Recreation : Recreational facilities and programs will be discussed in detail in Chapter 8 of this plan. The City provides a wide range of recreational facilities to its residents and visitors, and the recently-approved grant from the Michigan DNR will enable the cities of egaunee and Ishpeming to greatly expand the amount ofrecreational opportunities available locally. Transportation: Transportation facilities include streets, roads, bridges, railroads, airports. public transit, etc. Chapter 9 of this plan presents a detailed discussion of the City· s transportation system, and the overall transportation system which serves the community. 6.3 Public Buildings City Hall: Negaunee City Hall was built in 1915-1920 at a total cost of$62 ,500. Located at 100 Silver Street, the building houses the police department, municipal library, utility billing office, and offices for city staff. Two meeting rooms and the former court room/City Council chambers are located on the second floor. A number of local boards and commissions, such as the Planning Commission, Cable Board/Library Board, Board of Review, etc. hold their regular meetings at City Hall. Although old, the building is in good physical condition. New double pane windows were installed throughout the building in the 1980s, the roof was repaired, and a new natural gas furnace was installed. A number of relatively minor maintenance items have been identified, including painting, patching of walls, new plumbing fixtures, drop ceilings, carpet, window blinds, etc. A complete list of needed repairs has been developed, and the City is budgeting several thousand dollars each year towards completion of the items on the list. It appears that most offices have adequate space; however, a concerted effort is needed to remove unneeded records and other items, and generally clean up all rooms in order to increase the amount of usable space. Chapter 6 - Page 5 �The main floor of City Hall is accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). as a result of a wheelchair ramp to the north side of City Hall (library entrance) which was added in 1994. Other improvements at this time included a unisex handicapped-accessible restroom in the library, and the addition of a door connecting the library to other City Hall offices on the main floor. This allows disabled persons access to the library, utility billing office, treasurer's office, and the clerk's and accountant's offices. A meeting room is also available in the library if needed for meeting with disabled individuals. City Council meetings are no longer held in the City Council chambers in the second floor of City Hall, due to lack of ADA accessibility on the second floor. City Council meetings are now held at the Negaunee Senior Center, with special Council meetings occasionally held at the Library. Municipal Library: Located in Negaunee City Hall, the library serves about 7,000 people from the City of Negaunee and Negaunee Township. The library has a collection of about 30,000 books. and shares a rotating collection of video and audio tapes through a library cooperative. At any one time, 30-40 videotapes and 50-80 audio tapes are available for loan. Three Pentium computers are available for Internet access, or other use, with a fourth computer ordered as of spring, 1998. A copier and fax machine are available for public use for a nominal fee. Books not available at the Negaunee Public Library are available through interlibrary loan. There is no charge for a Negaunee Public Library card, although there is a $2 charge to replace a lost library card. The library employs two full-time librarians and a part-time library assistant, and is open Monday and Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m., Tuesday, Thursday and Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., and Saturdays from September through May from 9 a.rn. to noon. Public Works: The current Public Works facility was built in the early 1960s, after the previous facility was abandoned due to caving. The facility is located at 600 Cherry Street, and includes a block building which houses the Department of Public Works Administrator's office, electric utility/cable office, water/sewer office, and the DPW clerk's office. A storeroom for tools and materials is located in the building, along with a sign painting area, and locker room/shower facility. Attached to this block building is the maintenance garage and vehicle storage area. Other buildings include a transformer storage facility, tar warehouse, Quonset-style building and mower building. A 30 x 80-foot pole building is scheduled for construction in 1998. This will provide additional vehicle storage space, especially in the winter. In 1996-1997, new vinyl siding was installed on the block building, and the maintenance garage was repainted. Three underground fuel storage tanks used were removed in 1996, and no leaks or presence of petroleum products have been discovered. The Public Works buildings are all in compliance with ADA. With the addition of the new pole barn in 1998, space for City departments will be adequate, and no further needs other than routine maintenance have been identified. Negaunee Senior Center: The Negaunee Senior Center is located at 410 Jackson Street. Built in 1982, the original building was 60 x 80 feet. In 1989 a 30 x 60 foot recreational room was Chapter 6 - Page 6 �added. and in 1996 a wall was added to create two offices. The building is used daily from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. for senior citizens' activities; Negaunee City Council meetings are held at the Senior Center due to lack of ADA accessibility at City Hall. The building is occasionally rented to seniors for private activities, and is used for card games and other social functions. Storage space is limited, and parking is inadequate for current usage. More handicapped parking is also needed. Negaunee Ice Arena: Built in 1986, the Negaunee Ice Arena is located at 141 Rail Street. It seats 800 people, and has a 200 x 80 foot ice rink. The building is used for youth and :1dult ice hockey, public skating, social events such as birthday parties and wedding receptions, meetings and conferences, and a supervised play area for children. The Ice Arena also serves as the polling place for Precinct No. 1. A new chiller/compressor system was installed in 1997, and there are plans to renovate the second floor mezzanine area to allow for additional seating, viewing and filming. The building is in compliance with ADA. Identified needs include expanding the locker rooms, installing shower facilities , adding a referee changing room, enlarging the parking lot and adding office space. An updated Zamboni will also be needed in the future. Band Shell: Built in the 1920s, the Negaunee bandshell is located at the comer of Case and Kanter streets. The building is no longer usable as a band shell. since the front doors can no longer be opened. In 1991, the City contracted with a local architectural/engineering firm for an analysis of the structure. At that time it was estimated that renovation of the structure would take just over $79,000. The building is currently used only to store band instruments and sheet music, and as a practice facility. Space is limited, and the building is not handicapped accessible. The City band and the City have begun to set aside funds for future construction of a new facility that would serve not only as a practice facility and venue for outdoor band concerts, but also for outdoor plays or other community events. Former Watenvorks Building: This building, located at the intersection of Croix Street and U.S. 41/M-28, formerly housed the pumping equipment for the City's water system. Although overall construction is solid, some repairs are needed. The structure is not handicappedaccessible. and the multiple levels inside the building make accessibility difficult. The Master Plan for the Teal Lake Park suggested that the building may be able to be used in connection with the park. The building is located on land purchased using recreation grant funds when Tea! Lake Park was developed, which restricts the City's ability to sell the property. Cemetery: The City of Negaunee Cemetery is located on approximately 80 acres of City-owned land in the northeast comer of the City, off CR 492. The area is fenced, and about 60 acres are in use or suitable for future use. This cemetery location was established in 1910 after the original cemetery, located in the general area of the Prince Street extension by the DPW garage/warehouse, was closed due to caving. Approximately 6,200 bodies were transferred to Chapter 6 - Page 7 �the present location; as of March, 1998, there were over 19,600 burials in the cemetery, including transfers. A building housing the sexton's office and equipment garage was built in 1990. The building contains a break room, workshop, and a large garage for equipment storage. The combination chapel, vault and storage facility was built in 1997, replacing a building that collapsed under heavy snow load. The vault area can hold 27 cadavers, and the vault and chapel are separated from the equipment storage area by a cement block wall. City officials feel there is a need to plat more of the fenced area, since existing planed sites are diminishing. The water system should have an ongoing replacement/maintenance program, and the roads in the cemetery should be signed and resurfaced or patched in places. Work is currently underway to computerize the burial records. The site is several miles from a gas station, meaning that equipment, such as a backhoe, must be refueled using 5-gallon containers. An above-ground fuel storage tank could alleviate this problem. Additional vehicle storage may be needed in the future, primarily for winter needs. An addition to the garage on the sexton' s building would be one potential solution. 6.4 Other Public Facilities and Services Educational Facilities: The City of Negaunee is a part of the Negaunee School District, which also includes Negaunee and Richmond townships. The total area of the district is about 109 square miles. with a population of about 8,000 people. Negaunee Public Schools operates four schools: egaunee High School, grades 9-12 ; Negaunee Middle School. grades 6-8; and Lakeview and Pineview elementary schools, grades K-5. Pineview Elementary also houses a preschool program for children from three months of age. All of these schools are located in the City of egaunee, except for Pineview Elementary, which is located in Palmer. Enrollment in the Negaunee Public Schools has dropped since K.I. Sawyer AFB closed, with the peak enrollment occurring in 1994. The district-wide enrollment trend since 1990 has shown generally increasing enrollment through 1994; from 1995 through 1998, enrollment dropped to below 1990 levels. The sharpest enrollment declines occurred between 1994 and 1995, and between 1996 and 1997, but the decline appears to have tapered off. Chapter 6 - Page 8 �TABLE 6-1 NEGAUNEE SCHOOL DISTRICT ENROLLMENT, 1990-98 Year % Change from Previous Year Enrollment 1990 1674 -- 1991 1663 -0.7 1992 1690 1.6 1993 1703 0.8 1994 1753 2.9 1995 1707 -2 .6 1996 1668 -2.3 1997 1625 -2.6 1998 1620 -0.3 Source: Negaunee Public Schools, 1998 School district officials have not identified any major needs or deficiencies with regard to educational facilities in Negaunee. Routine maintenance projects are carried out on an annual basis, with such projects as resurfacing and expansion of the high school parking lot and development of a pedestrian walkway planned for the future. An outdoor physical education facility may be developed on the north side of the high school in the future. Local residents looking for higher education opportunities can turn to Northern Michigan University, located about ten miles from Negaunee in the City of Marquette. Northern offers baccalaureate and masters ' degree programs, as well as technical training in a variety of fields . Other institutions of higher learning in the Upper Peninsula include Bay de Noc Community College in Escanaba, 65 miles away; Gogebic Community College in Ironwood; Michigan Technological University in Houghton; and Lake Superior State University in Sault Ste. Marie. Health Care: The City of Negaunee is located in close proximity to two hospitals, Bell Memorial in the City ofishpeming and Marquette General in Marquette. Marquette General Hospital has 397 beds, while Bell Memorial Hospital has 69 beds. Physicians in the area provide a broad spectrum of health care services, including cardiology, dermatology, urology, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, etc., along with family practice. Dentists, optometrists and ophthalmologists, and other specialties round out the range of choices for local residents, and home care and hospice services are available from offices located in Marquette. In February, 1998, the egaunee Medical Associates clinic, associated with Marquette General Hospital , opened in the City of egaunee. This is a family practice clinic. The Teal Lake Chapter 6 - Page 9 �r 7 Medical Clinic, affiliated with Bell Memorial Hospital, provides family practice and obstetrics services to local residents. Telephone Service: Ameritech provides local telephone service to the City of Negaunee and surrounding area. Local residents and businesses may choose from many long distance service providers which serve the area. There are also several providers of local access numbers for Internet service in the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban area. Natural Gas Service: Southeast Michigan Gas Company (SEMCO) provides natural gas service throughout the City of Negaunee and in the surrounding area. All area of the City have access to natural gas if they choose to hook up. 6.5 Issues and Opportunities Following the completion of the current water system improvement project, there will still be deteriorated or undersized water mains in need of repair or replacement. There is a significant amount of infiltration into the City' s sewer mains, greatly increasing the volume of effluent which must be treated by the wastewater treatment plant. These deteriorated mains can also provide the opportunity for untreated effluent to enter the groundwater under certain conditions. The existing sewer interceptor crosses caving grounds, and also experiences significant infiltration. Relocation of this interceptor could prove very costly; however, the current location poses a potential hazard. Some residents of the City are not hooked up to the municipal sewer and water systems. As long as private wells and septic systems continue to provide safe and sanitary facilities for these households, there is no need for concern; however, if wells or septic systems fail, there may be a need to extend municipal service in the future . The Negaunee Fire Hall is in need of repairs, including a new roof, cement work, paint, etc. An extensive list of needed repairs, most of them relatively minor, has been identified for Negaunee City Hall. The Negaunee Senior Center is in need of additional storage space, and current parking is inadequate for the Center' s needs. ' Several expansion and improvement projects are needed at the Negaunee Ice Arena, including locker room expansion, showers, parking, office space, etc . Chapter 6 - Page I 0 �The existing bandshell has experienced significant deterioration. and it is no longer usable as a site for concerts or other activities. It appears that the cost of repairing the structure would exceed its value. The Negaunee Cemetery has several needs. including additional platting. road repairs, water system repairs, etc. The Negaunee Public Schools have experienced a decline in enrollment over the past few years, although this decline appears to have leveled off. A further drop in enrollment could result in curtailment of programs, staff cutbacks, etc.; however, the development of new housing in the City and adjacent areas may bring an increase in students . • Chapter 6 - Page I I �7.0 HOUSING 7 .1 Introduction The housing characteristics of the City of Negaunee are important elements of the comprehensive plan. The physical location of housing determines the location and cost of many public services and facilities. Also, housing characteristics are related to the social and economic conditions of the community's residents. The information presented in this chapter will provide City officials with information about the current housing stock, and will help identify significant changes which have occurred in the housing needs. Information is presented about structural and occupancy characteristics. The goals. policies and objectives at the end of the plan address the City's housing needs, including priorities, activities to be undertaken, and sources of funding. 7.2 Housing Characteristics I I • Housing Unit Trends: According to the 1990 Census, there were 2,067 housing units in the City of egaunee. This represented a slight drop from the 1980 Census, when there were 2,143 housing units in the City. From 1970, when there were 1,896 housing units, to 1990, the number of housing units in the City increased by nine percent. Countywide, there was an increase of 41.8 percent in the housing stock, with the vast majority of this increase (39.4 percent) occurring during the 1970s. The CUPP AD Region also experienced significant housing growth over the 20-year period, with the majority of the growth occurring in the 1970s, as shown in Table 7-1. TABLE 7-1 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1970-1990 % Change, Area City of Negaunee 1970 1980 1970-80 1990 % Change, % Change, 1980-90 1970-90 1,896 2,143 13.0 2,067 -3.6 0.9 Marquette County 21,898 30,530 39.4 31,049 1.7 41.8 CUPPAD Region 61,798 80,271 29.9 85,650 6.7 38.6 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census of Housing, General Housing Characteristics, Michigan Occupancy and Tenure: Nearly all of the City ofNegaunee's housing units (93.4 percent) were occupied in 1990. according to the Census. This contrasts with figures for surrounding townships, where camps and other seasonal dwellings result in much lower occupancy figures in some cases. Countywide, 81. 9 percent of housing units were occupied in 1990, while the regional figure was less than 80 percent. Chapter 7 - Page 1 I �1 r Of the occupied housing units, two-thirds were owner-occupied, while the remainder were renteroccupied. This is typical of a city, where the availability of municipal services such as water, sewer and public transportation, combined with the proximity to shopping and services, make multiple-family dwellings more feasible. Multiple-family structures are rarely found in outlying rural areas. Marquette County as a whole has an even lower percentage of owner-occupied housing, at 64.2 percent. Statewide, 72.8 percent of occupied housing units are owner-occupied. Table 7-2 shows 190 figures for occupancy and tenure. TABLE 7-2 TOTAL HOUSrNG UNITS, OCCUPANCY AND TENURE, 1990 Marquette County City of Negaunee CUPP AD Region Units Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total Units 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Occupied 1,931 93.4 25,435 81.9 66,996 78 .2 Owner 1,286 66.6 16,332 64.2 48 ,760 72.8 Renter 645 33.4 9, 103 35.8 18,236 27 .2 136 6.6 5,614 18.1 18,654 21.8 For Rent 41 2.0 449 1.5 1,177 1.4 For Sale 16 0.8 237 0.8 837 1.0 Rented or Sold, not occ. 13 0.6 185 0.6 544 0.6 Seasonal, recreational or occasional use 10 0.5 4,079 13.1 13,547 15.8 Other 56 2.7 664 2.1 2549 3.0 Vacant Source: U.S . Bureau of the Census, STF IA, H003 and HOOS. In 1990 there were 136 vacant housing units in the City of Negaunee, representing 6.6 percent of the total housing stock. Of these vacant units, 57 were available for rent or sale, as shown in Table 7-2 . The remainder of the vacant units were rented or sold but not yet occupied, were held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use, or were vacant for other reasons. The proportion of seasonal housing units in the City is relatively low, especially when compared to the County as a whole and the Region. The presence of camps and other seasonal dwellings in more rural areas results in a figure of 13.1 percent of the County's housin~and 15.8 percent of the region's housing being used for seasonal or recreational use. The rental vacancy rate, computed by comparing the number of units for rent to the total number of rental units was 6.0 percent in 1990. In 1997, several developers leased housing at the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base near Gwinn, and began to rent housing units to the public. These Chapter 7 - Page 2 �housing units range from single-family structures to units in multiplexes, and rent generally includes all utilities. The rental rates at Sawyer are low enough in comparison to rents in the urban corridor that tenants are being drawn away from the urban area, and some landlords are experiencing higher than normal vacancy rates. The vacancy rate for available owner-occupied homes was only 1.2 percent in 1990. The local housing market appears strong; when houses are listed for sale, they do not remain on the market long. Mining company ownership of much of the land area in the City of Negaunee, combined with the presence of caving grounds, has limited the ability to develop new housjng in the City. As of early 1998, however, two new subdivisions are being planned, which will add about 65 new single-family homes to the City's housing stock. Units in Structure: About two-thirds of the City"s housing units are single-family homes. The vast majority of these are single-family detached, as shown in Table 7-3, while 19 are identified as single-family attached units. Attached units consist of dwelling units attached to nonresidential structures, such as the owner of a business living in the upstairs or an attached apartment, or structures containing two or more owners-occupied dwellings. Just over 13 percent of the City's housing stock is in two-unit structures, while another 82 units are in structures with three or four dwelling units. The number of housing units in the City which are located in multiple-unit structures reflects the relatively high proportion of rental units in the City and the more urban nature of the community. Whereas strnctures with more than three or four units are uncommon in rural areas, Negaunee contains units in structures with as many as 50 or more units. 13.6 percent of the City's housing units are in strnctures with five or more units. A new assisted living facility is planed for completion in 1999, adding 20 units for those persons requiring some level of assistance while still living in an apartment-like setting. Mobile homes make up two percent of the housing stock in the City, a much lower proportion than in adjacent townships or the County as a whole. The 1990 Census showed 41 units, or two percent of the housing stock in the City of Negaunee. as "other." This category refers to living quarters occupied as a housing unit that does not fit other categories; examples are houseboats, railroad cars, campers, and vans. Few, if any, of such units have been observed in the City, and it would appear that the number of "other" units reflects either a reporting error or a tabulation error. High numbers of "other" structures were also repo1ted in adjacent townships. The 1980 Census did not identify any "other" housing units. Chapter 7 - Page 3 �1 r TABLE 7-3 UNITS IN STRUCTURE, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Marquette County City of Negaunee Units Number Percent Number CUPP AD Region Percent Number Percent I, detached 1,333 64.5 20,005 64.4 61 ,240 71.3 l , attached 19 0.9 1,542 5.0 1,881 2.2 276 13 .2 2, 165 7.0 4,710 5.5 3 or 4 82 4.0 1,204 3.9 2,206 2.6 5 to 9 115 5.6 1,083 3.5 1,862 2.2 10 to 19 83 4.0 957 3. 1 1,514 1.8 :rn to 49 I 0. 1 542 1.7 1,032 1.2 50 or rrfore 80 3.9 537 1.7 1,152 1.3 Mobile home or trailer 37 1.8 2,330 7.5 7,344 8.6 Other 41 2.0 684 2.2 2,709 3.2 Total 2.067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85 ,650 100.0 2 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF IA , H041 Age of Housing: More than half of the City ofNegaunee's housing was built prior to 1940, according to the 1990 Census, making these houses at least 50 years old at the time of the Census. Since that time, the only decade which has seen significant housing construction has been the 1970s, with about 300 homes or about 15 percent of the total housing stock. As mentioned previously, the lack of available, suitable sites for new residential development has severely hampered the development of the City, and has been a major factor in the lack of newer housing in the City. The majority of the homes in the City of Negaunee were built in 1939 or earlier (median year built was 1939). Those homes are now nearly 60 years old or older. While the housing stock in the City of Negaunee appears to be generally well-maintained, it should be noted that older housing is more prone to deterioration if routine maintenance is neglected. Furthermore, older housing may not always meet the needs of an aging population, since many older homes are more than one story, with narrow doors, small bathrooms and other characteristics which may make them less desirable for older residents. The routine maintebance associated with older homes may be more than some older residents want to deal with as well. Table 7-4 shows the age of housing in the City of Negaunee compared to Marquette County and the region. As a whole, Marquette County's housing stock is newer (median year built 1970), Chapter 7 - Page 4 �although nearly 30 percent of the housing stock was built prior to 1940. Most of this older housing is concentrated in the three cities. Marquette County experienced a housing boom during the 1970s with 26 percent of the housing stock constructed in that decade. TABLE 7-4 HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR STRUCTURE WAS BUILT, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 City of Negaunee Number Marquette County Percent Number CUPP AD Region Percent Number Percent 1980 to March 1990 185 9.0 3,270 10.5 l l ,553 13.5 1970 to 1979 308 14.9 8, 110 26.1 20,048 23.4 1960 to 1969 167 8.1 4,160 I 3.4 9,606 11.2 1950tol95 9 .).) l"" 6.4 4, 152 13.4 9,740 11.4 1940 to 1949 93 4 .5 2, 146 6.9 7,319 8.5 1939 or Earlier I, 181 57.1 9,211 29.7 27,384 32.0 Total 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85 ,650 100.0 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Cen sus of Population and Housing. STF 3A, H25 Building permit information collected by Marquette County in the 1990s shows that few new homes have been constructed in the City since 1990. This is not surprising given the lack of available sites for new development. There has been significant investment in additions to and rehabilitation of existing housing, as shown in Table 7-5. Figures for new construction for 1999 and subsequent years should increase to reflect the development of two new subdivisions in the City, which will involve a total of about 65 residential lots. Both these subdivisions are located on land purchased from mining interests in the City. Chapter 7 - Page 5 �1 r TABLE 7-5 BUILDING PERMITS ISSUED, CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1991-1998 Addition/ Rehabilitation New Residential Construction Total Value Permits Total Value Year Permits 1991 7 359,500 2 4,500 1992 8 303 ,000 7 27,400 1993 5 250,000 4 65 ,000 1994 7 411,000 14 [61 ,400 1995 2 90,000 [5 113.000 1996 3 104.000 8 88,900 19Q7 6 722 ,000 6 24.600 [998 4 402,550 10 133.600 Source: Marquette County Resource Management & Development Dept. , 1991-1997 Household Type and Relationship: The U.S. Census categorizes households into three types: family households, non-family households, and group quarters. A family household is one containing two or more persons related by birth. marriage or adoption. A non-family household is a person living alone or with non-relatives only. Group quarters consists of living quarters such as prisons, dormitories, nursing homes, etc., where the individual units do not include all of the facilities for cooking, eating, etc. In 1990, all of the City's 4,741 residents lived in households, with none living in group quarters, according to the 1990 Census (Table 7-6). The percentage of persons living in households was higher than the region and the State. Approximately 87 percent lived in family households while the remaining 12.5 percent lived in non-family households. The proportion of persons in family households was higher than the County and region, while the proportion of people living in nonfamily households was lower. However, the proportion of persons living alone was higher than both the County and state. 6.4 percent of County residents and 3.5 percent of the region's population were in group quarters. Since the 1990 Census, the Eastwood Nursing Center has opened in Negaunee, which will result in about 100 persons in group quarters in future Censuses. It should also be noted that the relatively high proportion of the County's population in gr~mp quarters is influenced by the presence of the Marquette Branch Prison, Northern Michigan University, and K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. Several hundred military personnel lived in dormitories at K.I. Sawyer; the closure of the base will decrease the number of people in group quarters Countywide. Chapter 7 - Page 6 �TABLE 7-6 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND RELATIONSHIP, 1990 City of Negaunee Units Percent Number Percent CUPPAD Region Number Percent Total Persons 4,741 100.0 70 ,887 100.0 177 ,692 100.0 In Households 4,741 100.0 66,359 93 .6 171 ,279 96.-+ 4,147 87.5 57,073 80.5 150,475 84.7 Householder 1,346 28.4 18,054 25 .5 47 ,520 26.7 Spouse 1,109 23.4 15, 143 21.4 39,921 22 .5 Child 1,515 32.0 21 ,790 30.7 55 ,195 31.1 Grandchild 60 1.3 434 0.6 I , 165 0.7 Other Relatives 80 1.7 860 1.2 2,336 1.3 Non-Relatives 37 0.8 792 I.I 4,338 2.4 In Non-Family Households 594 12 .5 9,286 13 .1 23 ,141 13 .0 Householder Lives Alone 548 11.6 5,984 8.4 16,714 9.4 Householder Not Alone 22 0.5 1,397 2 .0 2,762 1.6 Non-Relatives 24 0.5 1,905 2 .7 3,665 2.1 0 0 4,528 6.4 6,303 3.5 Institution 0 0 1,528 2.2 2 ,986 1.7 Other 0 0 3,000 4.2 3,317 1.9 In Family • Number Marquette County In Group Quarters Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, P017 The most notable change in the household characteristics in the City of Negaunee between 1980 and 1990 is the increase in non-family households, particularly persons living alone (Table 7-7). While Negaunee mirrors a national trend toward fewer married-couple families, more singleparent households, etc., the number of one-person households and elderly persons living alone is high in comparison to other areas. In Marquette County, for example, 23 .5 percent of all households were one-person households, and 10.0 percent of all households consisted of a person 65 or over living alone . Statewide, these figures were 23.7 percent and 9.3 percent, respectively, while in the City of Negaunee 28.9 percent of households were one-person households, and 17.4 percent were a single person 65 or over. The number and proportion of single-parent families increased over the past decade, with female-headed households (no husband present) making up 9.4 percent of all households in 1990 compared to 7.9 percent in 1980. Male-headed households, no wife present, increased from 2.3 percent in 1980 to 2.5 percent in 1990. Chapter 7 - Page 7 �TABLE 7-7 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1980-1990 1980 Household Type Family Households Number 1990 Percent Number Percent 1,462 74.4 1,320 68.4 1,261 64. 1 1,089 56.4 156 7.9 182 9.4 -+5 2.3 49 2.5 504 25 .6 611 31.6 Householder Living Alone 449 22 .8 557 28.9 Householder 65 or Over 24-+ 12.4 335 17.4 1,966 100.0 1,931 100.0 Married-Couple Family Female Householder Male Householder Non-Family Households Total Households Average Household Size 2 .63 2.46 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF IA , P003 , P0I6, and HOl7A ; and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, STF I, 003 , 0 I 6, 022. and 035 . Household Size: The number of persons per occupied housing unit in the City decreased from 2.63 in 1980 to 2.46 in 1990, as shown in Table 7-8. The City's 1990 figure was less than the figures for the County and the CUPP AD region. The number of persons per occupied housing unit also decreased in the CUPP AD region, while it increased slightly in the County. The County figure was influenced by the presence of K.I. Sawyer AFB , where the average household size was larger due to the number of families with children at the former base. It would be reasonable to expect the County figure to drop in the 2000 Census. The decrease in household size in the City of Negaunee follows a nationwide trend towards smaller households, which is primarily a result of more one-person households and smaller family sizes. Chapter 7 - Page 8 ?, �TABLE 7-8 PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD, 1980 AND 1990 Persons Per Household Area 1980 1990 City of Negaunee 2.63 2.46 Marquette County 2.49 2.61 CUPP AD Region 2.78 2.64 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population & Housing. 1980 & 1990. Housing Values and Rents: The median housing value of owner-occupied homes in the City in 1990 was $38,400, according to the 1990 Census. This figure was lower than many of the surrounding townships, which could likely have been a function of the amount of older housing in the City versus the newer construction in the townships. The City 's figure was also lower than the County and regional median values of $44,800 and $40,050, respectively. It should be noted that the housing value information in the Census is based on the answers to Census questions, not actual sales data. The answers are therefore somewhat subjective; in 1990 this information was included only on the long form, so sampling error can become an issue in small communities. • The median contract rent for the City of Negaunee, according to the 1990 Census, was $239 per month. This figure was lower than the Countywide median of $273 per month, and slightly higher than the regional median contract rent of $236 per month. Table 7-9 shows that the majority ofrenter households in the City pay rent in the range of $200 to $299 per month. A relatively small proportion of the City ' s residents pay very low or very high rents. Chapter 7 - Page 9 �TABLE 7-9 CONTRACT RENT, SPECIFIED RENTER-OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS, 1990 City of Negaunee Number Value Marquene County Percent Number CUPP AD Region Percent Number Percent Less than $100 17 2.7 201 2.3 655 3.8 $100 to $149 70 10.9 601 6.7 1,529 8.8 $150 to $199 112 17.5 882 9.9 2,225 12.7 $200 to $249 141 22.0 1,474 16.6 3,339 19. 1 $250 to $299 153 23 .8 1,381 15 .5 3,027 17.3 $300 to $349 81 12.6 1,051 11.8 1,998 11. ➔ $350 to $399 34 5.3 783 8.8 1,320 7.6 S ➔ 49 3 0.5 627 7 .0 806 4.6 $450 to $499 3 0.5 318 3.6 386 2.2 $500 to $549 0 0.0 107 1.2 149 0.9 $550 to $599 2 0.3 86 1.0 95 0.5 $600 to $649 0 0.0 44 0.5 61 0.3 $650 to $699 0 0.0 ?"' _., 0.3 36 0.2 $700 or More 0 0.0 27 0.3 22 0.1 No Cash Rent 26 4.1 1,294 14.5 1,812 10.4 642 100.0 8,899 100.0 17,460 100.0 $400 to Total Source: U.S . Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, H032 . Public Housing: There is one public housing development in the City of Negaunee, which is administered by the City of Negaunee Housing Commission. Lakeview Annex, located at 98 Croix Street, contains 20 one bedroom apartments for elderly residents. 7.3 Financial Characteristics In 1989, about 13.6 percent of the population of the City o,fNegaunee was below the poverty level. About three quarters of the population in poverty was under 65 years of age. The number of residents in poverty was slightly higher than the proportion at the County and regional levels, but the proportion of persons at 200 percent of the poverty level was higher than the County or reg10n. These figures are summarized in Tables 7-10 and 7-11 below. Chapter 7 - Page I 0 �Table 7-10 PERSONS BY POVERTY STATUS BY AGE, CITY OF NEGAUNEE, 1989 Below Poverty Level Above Poverty Level Year Under 55 Years 55 Years & Over Total Total 3,362 472 3,834 726 172 898 4,088 644 4.732 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Poi;,ulation and Housing. STF 3A. Pl 17. Note: The figures shown in this and other tables including poverty statistics represent only those persons for whom poverty status is determined ; in the case of the City of Negaunee that number is 4,732. TABLE7-ll PERSONS BY POVERTY STATUS, SELECTED AREAS, 1989 City of Negaunee Number • Marquette County Percent Number CUPPAD Region Percent Number Percent Below 50% of Poverty Level 214 4.5 2,842 4.3 6,967 4. 1 Between 50% & 99% 430 9. 1 5,530 8.3 15,187 9.0 Between 100% & 149% 384 8. 1 7,250 10.9 19,445 11.5 Between 150% & 199% 490 10.4 7,854 11.8 20, 187 11.9 200% & Over 3,214 67.9 42,922 64.7 107,876 63.6 Total 4,732 100.0 66,398 100.0 169,662 100.0 Source: U.S. Bureau ofthe Census, 1990 Census ofPoi;,ulation and Housing, STF 3A, Pl21. Income levels in the City of Negaunee, according to the 1990 Census, were slightly below income levels Countywide and well below state median levels. The poverty level for all persons was slightly higher in the City than the statewide level, while the proportion of families below the poverty level was actually slightly lower than state and county levels. Chapter 7 - Page I I �1 TABLE 7-12 INCOME LEVELS , SELECTED AREAS, 1989 Median Income Income Below Poverty Level Household Family Per Capita Income City of Negaunee $ 23.345 $30,026 $ 10,692 13.6 9.8 Marquette County 25,137 30,249 11,025 12 .6 10.7 Michigan 31 ,020 36,652 14.154 13 . 1 10.2 Area % of Persons % of Families Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A; P080A, P 1 14A, P 107 A and Pl23. A common measure of the affordability of a community's housing stock is the percentage of income spent on housing related costs. Generally, no more than 25 percent to 30 percent of the household income should be used for these costs. In the City of Negaunee, approximately 46 percent of the renter-occupied households paid more than 25 percent of their income for rent in 1989, while 37 percent paid more than 30 percent. as shown in Table 7-13. In terms of owner-occupied housing units, nearly 20 percent of homeowners in the City paid more than 25 percent of their income for housing costs in 1989, as shown in Table 7-14. Fifteen percent of owner-occupied households paid more than 30 percent of the gross income for housing. TABLE 7-13 HOUSEHOLDS BY GROSS RENT, AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989, CITY OF NEGAUNEE Household Income < 20% 20-24% 25-29% 30-34% Over 35% 6 5 26 35 160 $10,000 to $19,999 56 26 26 12 16 $20,000 to $34,999 172 24 5 0 0 $35 ,000 to $49,999 32 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 268 55 57 47 176 Less than $ I 0,000 $50,000 or more Total Note: Gross rent is the sum of contract rent and utility costs. Source: U.S . Bureau of the Census, I 990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A , H050. Chapter 7 - Page 12 �TABLE 7-14 HOUSEHOLDS BY SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS, AS A PERCENT AGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989, CITY OF NEGAUNEE Household Income < 20% Less than $10,000 8 20-24% 25-29% 30-34% Over 35% 21 84 14 118 0 31 $10,000 to $19,999 144 39 ,.,,., ..,.., $20.000 to $34,999 209 48 7 5 4 $35,000 to $49,999 257 19 4 0 0 $50,000 or more 165 6 2 0 0 Total 783 ..,.., I"" 54 19 153 Source : U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, H059. Note: Selected owner costs is the sum of real estate, taxes, property insurance, utilities, and regular monthly mortgage payments. 7.4 Selected Housing Characteristics • According to the 1990 Census, there were no housing units in Negaunee which lacked complete plumbing facilities. This figure compared to 3.7 percent for Marquette County and 4.3 percent for the CUPP AD region. The higher percentage of units lacking complete plumbing facilities in the County and region probably reflects the large number of seasonal units in outlying areas. Four units, or 0.2 percent, were reported to lack complete kitchen facilities, which was also well below County and regional levels. TABLE 7-15 SUBSTANDARD HOUSING, SELECTED AREAS , 1990 City of Negaunee Characteristic Number CUPPAD Region Marquette County Percent Number Percent Number Percent Lacking Complete Plumbing Facilities 0 0.0 1,140 3.7 3,680 4.3 Lacking Complete Kitchen Facilities 4 0.2 966 3.11 3,211 3.7 23 I.I 427 1.4 1,042 1.6 Overcrowded Source : U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF IA: H021 , STF 3A : H064, H042 . Chapter 7 - Page 13 �1 Of the occupied housing units in the City of Negaunee, 23, or 1.1 percent contained more than one person per room. The proportion of units with more than one person per room is lower in the City than both the County and the region. Units with more than one person per room are considered to be overcrowded; overcrowded housing and housing which lacks complete plumbing and/or kitchen facilities is considered to be substandard. The data presented indicates a relatively low level of substandard units in the City of Negaunee. The large number of seasonal units"in the County and region as a whole probably account for the bulk of the substandard housing reported in those areas, making those figures deceptively high. In 1990, nearly all of the City' s housing units relied on the municipal water system as a source of potable water, as shown in Table 7-16. The remaining housing units in the City relied on private wells or other sources; these units are located in the outlying areas of the City, at some distance from the nearest water lines. The high proportion of housing units relying on public system reflects the availability of the municipal water system in the City, while figures for the County and region include units in outlying areas where no public water source is available. TABLE 7-16 SOURCE OF WATER FOR HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS , I 990 City of Negaunee Sot1rce Marquette County Percent Number Number CUPP AD Region Percent Number Percent 2,021 97 .8 19,991 64.4 45,494 53.1 26 1.3 9,205 29.6 34,872 40.7 Individual Dug Well 6 0.3 1,142 3.7 3,201 3.7 Some Other Source 14 0.7 711 __ _:,.., ? 2,083 2.4 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Public System or Private Company Individual Drilled Well Total Units Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, H023 . A similar situation exists with regard to the use of public sewer systems in the City (Table 7-17). The vast majority of the City's housing units are connected to the municipal sewer system. As with the water system, those units not located close to existing sewer mains are the ones served by on-site septic systems or other private systems. , Chapter 7 - Page 14 �TABLE7-17 SEW AGE DISPOSAL FOR HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS. 1990 City of Negaunee Source Public Sewer Septic Tank or Cess Pool Percent Number Number CUPP AD Region Percent Number Percent 2,011 97.3 18,457 59.5 41 ,993 -49.0 50 2.4 11 ,471 36.9 40,311 47.1 6 0.3 1,1211 3.6 3,346 3.9 2,067 100.0 31 ,049 100.0 85.650 100.0 Other Means Total Units Marquene County Source: U .S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, H024 . In 1990, 78 percent of the occupied housing units in the City used utility gas for heat. This figure was higher than the figures of 60.0 percent for Marquette County and 57.2 percent for the CUPP AD region. and reflects the availability of natural gas throughout the City. Fuel oil and electricity, as well as wood and bottled gas. were also used as heating fuel in the City. According to SEMCO. the natural gas utility serving the area, as of 1998 about 85 percent of the City is connected to natural gas. • TABLE 7-18 OCCUPIED HOUSING UNIT HEAT! G FUEL. SELECTED AREAS. 1990 City of Negaunee Source Number Percent Marquene County CUPPAD Region umber umber Percent Percent 1,507 78.0 15 ,267 60.0 38.324 57.2 34 l.8 1,715 6.7 6, 159 9.2 Electricity 102 5.3 1,999 7.9 3,912 5.8 Fuel Oil, Kerosene, etc. 220 11.4 3,735 14.7 8,758 13 . 1 0 0.0 4 0.0 8 0.0 68 3.5 2,544 10 .0 9,486 14.2 Solar Energy 0 0.0 3 0.0 11 0.0 Other Fuel 0 0.0 102 0.4 251 0.4 No Fuel Used 0 0.0 66 .3 87 0.1 1.931 100.0 25.435 100.0 66,996 100.0 Utility Gas Bonled, Tank, or LP Gas Coal or Coke Wood Total Units Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. STF 3A, H030. Chapter 7 - Page 15 �I 7.5 Issues and Opportunities The majority of housing units in the City of Negaunee are single-family detached units, although the City has a relatively high percentage of multiple-family structures. A slight drop in total housing units has occurred between the 1980 and 1990 Census; this drop is less than the rate of population decline. The vacancy rate for owner-occupied housing in 1990 was just over one percent, which indicates a scarcity of available units. The local real estate market appears fairly strong, with homes selling relatively quickly. The 1990 Census indicates 41 "other" housing units in the City, which is not consistent with local observations. It is unknown what this figure represents, but it is assumed to be a misinterpretation on the part of Census enumerators. More than half of the City's housing units were built prior to 1940, making them over 50 years old. Older housing is generally more prone to deterioration if routine maintenance is not performed. The number of building permits issued in the City for new construction has been relatively low in recent years. This reflects the lack of suitable sites for new development, as a result of caving grounds and ownership by mining interests. The City of Negaunee contains a relatively high proportion of one-person households, particularly with respect to households with a person 65 or over living alone. This figure has increased significantly between 1980 and 1990. As with many areas throughout the country, there has been a decrease in the average household size in the City of Negaunee. A relatively high proportion of local households are paying more than 25-30 percent of their gross income for rent or mortgage costs. This indicates a that many people may be having difficulty finding affordable housing; it also means that these individuals have less income remaining for other needs. There are very few units within the City of Negaunee which are potentially substandard, according to the 1990 Census data. Nearly all of the City's housing units are served by municipal water and sewer services. Those units which are not served are located at such a distance from the existing systems that service is not cost-effective. Chapter 7 - Page 16 �8.0 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES Existing parks and recreation sites, together with park and open space site facility recommendations for City of Negaunee are presented in this chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the City with a comprehensive and sound working guide that will direct the maintenance, acquisition and development of parks and recreational facilities needed or desired to satisfy the demands of the City residents. This chapter is intended to integrate the City of Negaunee Recreation Plan into this comprehensive plan. However, the Recreation Plan should remain the primary document used by the City for any current and future park and recreation endeavors. A community recreation plan prepared in accordance with Michigan Department of Natural Resources guidelines is a comprehensive recreation plan for a local unit of government, valid for a five-year period, and is required to participate in federal and state recreational funding programs. Annually, under these recreational funding programs, funds are made available to local communities by the MDNR through a competitive grant application process. The application deadlines for applying for these grants are April 1st and September 1st. If a community's recreation plan has expired, it must be updated by the community and approved by the MDNR at least a month before these application deadlines to apply for a recreation grant. The City's current recreation plan is valid until 1999. • The first portion of this chapter provides an inventory of existing parks, recreational facilities, natural resource assets, and historically significant places located within the planning area . Recreational facilities located in surrounding communities, which may be used by City residents, are also identified in this section. The second portion of this chapter details the City's current and future recreational needs, which have been identified as necessary or desired to increase the quality of recreation opportunities offered locally. These needs were identified during the recreation planning process; however, since the plan is already four years old, discussion of projects to be included in the next plan has already begun. The final section of this chapter describes the recreational needs of the community in relation to standards set by the National Recreation and Park Association and Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. 8.1 Existing Recreational Facilities From a recreation standpoint, it is important the City provide a broad range of recreational opportunities to local citizens, as well as tourists. When identifying existing facilities, it helps to understand the types of facilities present. The different types of facilities are described in general terms below. Mini-Park: A park containing specialized facilities that serve a concentration or limited population or specific group such as young children or the elderly. Chapter 8 - Page I �1 Neighborhood Park/Playground: An active recreation site incorporating one or more open space areas designed for field sport and providing play apparatuses. The open space areas should be able to serve the needs of both youths and adults. Community Park/Recreation Area: Area of diverse environmental quality. May include areas suited for intense recreational facilities such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. May be an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation such as walking, viewing, sitting, and picnicking. Regional Park/Recreation Area: Area of natural or ornamental quality for outdoor recreation, such as picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming. camping, and trail uses. It may include play areas. These types of facilities tend to attract individuals from outside the community. Within the City ofNegaunee·s boundaries, there are many publicly owned park and recreation sites. These sites provide a wide spectrum of recreational opportunities that City residents and individuals living outside of the City can enjoy year-round. However, the lack of suitable sites as a result of caving areas and mining company ownership has limited the ability to develop additional recreation areas. Some sites have been lost or reduced in size due to past caving, such as Jackson Park, once over 30 acres in size. Existing Recreation Facilities, City of Negaunee City-owned and/or maintained sites: Negaunee Ice Arena: A 3.5-acre site, located at 411 Rail Street, containing a full-sized ice arena with restrooms, lobby, and four locker rooms. The arena seats 800 people, and is used for youth and adult ice hockey, public skating, social events such as birthday parties and wedding receptions, meetings and conferences, and a supervised play area for children. The site also contains a summer volleyball court, and a surfaced parking area. LaCombe Field: This 3.3-acre site is leased from CCI by the City. It contains one lighted softball field, restrooms and storage facility. There is also an open field used for football practice and soccer. Lions Field: This 2.1-acre site contains one baseball field, six lighted horseshoe courts, a basketball court, playground equipment, restrooms, concession area and storage buildings. The baseball field , restrooms and concession area are located on land owned by CCI and leased to the City. The remaining facilities are locate~ on City-owned property. Iron Town Field: This 5-acre site contains one baseball field, a concession area, restroom and storage building. The City also leases this site from CCI. Chapter 8 - Page 2 �Jackson Park: This site is owned by CCI and leased by the City. The 5-acre site contains a picnic area with 12 tables, playground equipment, two tennis courts and six horseshoe courts. It is located just west of the intersection of Gold St. and BR 28. Miner's Park: A 5-acre site located at the intersection of Maas St. and U.S . 41 , this park contains a picnic area, two lighted basketball courts, playground equipment, two horseshoe courts, a green open area, historical markers, and a volleyball court. This park is located on City-owned land. Teal Lake Waterfront: Twenty-one acres of City-owned property make up this park, located at the east end of Teal Lake just north of U.S . 41/M-28 . The park has a picnic area with six tables, I 000 feet of water frontage, fishing, a swimming area, and a boat launch. No gasoline motors are allowed on Teal Lake; boats with electric motors, sails or oars may be used. City Park I: This 1-acre site at the comer of Case and Kanter streets is the site of the City Band Shell, which is now used only for band practice and for storage. The structure can no longer be used as a bandshell, and repairs would be very expensive. The City has discussed demolishing the band shell and building a new one at another location. • Eastwood Playlot: This site contains a basketball court, playground equipment and open space. It is made up of four lots totaling about one acre, two of which are City-owned and two of which are leased from CCI. The play lot is located on Sunset Drive in the northeast comer of the City. Buffalo Hills Park: This 1-acre site is leased by the City from CCI, and contains a basketball court, playground equipment and open space. The park is located along New Buffalo Road in the eastern part of the City. Ann Street Park: Located near the intersection of Ann and Alice streets, this I-acre site has a basketball court and playground equipment. The land is owned by CCI and leased by the City. City Park II : Playground equipment is located on this I-acre, City-owned site. This site is located on Tobin Street next to the Negaunee Senior Citizen Center. Naturbahn 800-meter Luge Run: This luge run is sanctioned by the International Luge Association, and contains warming shacks, start house, maintenance buildings, equipment rental area, and a parking lot. The site is owned by CCI and leased to the City, and is located in the southern portion of the City off the Tracy Mine Road. Chapter 8 - Page 3 �r I Senior Center: This 15,000 square foot building is owned by the City and located at 410 Jackson St. The building is used for a variety of activities by the area's seniors, including meals, medical services, recreational activities, classes, etc. Negaunee City Library: Located at City Hall, the library offers story hour, a Michigan room, and occasional speakers and arts and crafts demonstrations. Sites owned/maintained by others: Community Play Field: This park is located on 5.5 acres owned by Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company and leased to the Negaunee School District. The play field is used for middle and high school sports, as well as for recreational activities by people from throughout the community. The following facilities are located at this site: ► ► ► ► ► ► Playground/athletic field 5 tennis courts (3 illuminated) Open field area Playground equipment 1.800-person capacity stadium Concession building ► ► ► ► ► Running track Outdoor basketball court Volleyball court Tot lot Lavatory facilities Miner's Dry: Owned by Negaunee School District, this site is adjacent to the Community Play Field near the intersection of Hungerford and Prince streets, and contains wrestling and weightlifting rooms, restrooms and locker rooms. St. Paul's Playground : This church-owned site contains a hard-surfaced play area and basketball courts. Negaunee Schools: Negaunee Middle School has a gym, two outdoor basketball courts and open space. Negaunee High School has a 50' by 75' indoor swimming pool, an auditorium and a gym. Lakeview Elementary School has a playground, tot lot, two tennis courts, a basketball court, one open field, a multi-purpose room and a gym. Michigan Iron Industry Museum: This State-owned facility is located along Forge Road on a 30-acre parcel of land in both Negaunee Township and the City of Negaunee. The museum overlooks the site of the first iron forge in the Lake Superior Region. The facility has exhibits of early iron ore mining artifacts, audio-visual programs, and outdoor interpretive paths. In August, the museum is the site oflron Heritage Day, which includes concerts, lectures, and programs. The facility, with a 96-seat au~itorium, is available for club meetings, special events, and church groups. It is open to the public seven days a week from May 1 to October 31. Chapter 8 - Page 4 �Superior Nordic Training and Recreation Complex (SUNTRAC): Formerly known as Suicide Bowl, this extensive facility is located in both the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming, south of BR 28. The 631-acre site contains a ski area, 10-, 20-, 40-, 60- and 90-meter ski jumps, lighted cross-country ski trail, two unlighted cross-country ski trails, concession area and storage area. The site is owned by CCI; a portion of the area is leased to the Ishpeming Ski Club, and plans call for donation of 281 acres of CCI land to the City of Ishpeming. 49 Rod & Gun Club: Located at 341 North Rd., this privately-operated facility offers skeet and trap shooting, and ranges for rifles, pistols, muzzle-loaders, and archery. Horsesh.) e and basketball courts are also available. Knights of Columbus: Three horseshoe courts. Veterans of Foreign Wars: Three horseshoe courts. Vista Theater: The Peninsula Arts Appreciation Council provides youth theater in summer at this facility. 8.2 • Nearby Recreational Sites Following is an inventory of recreational facilities outside of City of Negaunee that may be used by City residents. Data was obtained from surrounding communities' current recreation plans . TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Description Acreage City Playground Two lighted ball diamonds, two unlighted ball diamonds, four lighted tennis courts, two unli ghted tennis courts, four lighted basketball courts, restroom/ locker room, warming shelter and restrooms, natural ice rink, playground equipment, stadium , bleachers, paved track, paved field event areas, lighted football area, concession area, storage building and restrooms, tot lot, four horseshoe courts, pavilion/concession area, and Little League baseball fields 56.0 Al Quaal Ball diamond, clubhouse, pavilion, restroom building, toboggan house/ slide, ski warming shelter, ski ticket and patrol shelter, ski tow building, basketball courts, tennis courts, picnic area, picnic equipment, playground equipment, 16 horseshoe courts, three downhill ski slopes, three cross-country ski trails, snowmobile trail, lighted sledding area, and playground equipment 260.0 National Guard Armory Gym and pi stol and rifle range Site City of Ishpeming Chapter 8 - Page 5 �I TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Description Site National Ski Hall of Fame Museum and display area Acrea_ge 1.0 Negaunee Township Negaunee Township Park Basketball court, two pavilions. warming building/ concession area, tennis court, cross country ski trail, playground, picnic tables, grills, volleyball court, snowmobile trail access, Little League baseball field, Babe Ruth baseball field. softball field 71 McClure Storage Basin Access Site Boat ramp, gravel parking area, vault toilets 1.0 Hoist Basin Access Site Boat ramp, gravel parking area, vault toilets 1.8 Softball field, Little League baseball field , tennis courts, pavilion, tot lot, restrooms, concession stands, playground, horseshoe court, shuffleboard, volleyball court, basketball court, picnic tables, and grills 7.0 Ishpeming Township Ishpeming Township City of Marquette Presque [sle Park Two picnic areas, cross-country ski trail , playground, two tennis courts, band shell, fishing, shuffleboard, horseshoes pits, gazebo, breakwall with lighthouse, outdoor swimming pool, and water slide Presque Isle Marina Boat launching and docking facilities on Lake Superior Marquette Mountain Downhill skiing, lodge, luge run, and picnic area Lakeview Arena Recreation and convention facility used for hockey, skating, concerts, shows, exhibits, etc. Superior Dome World ' s largest wooden dome containing football field , also used for trade shows, concerts, etc. Mount Marquette Lookout Lookout view of the City of Marquette and Lake Superior, snowmobile trail, and hiking trail 312.0 40.0 Marquette Township Sugar Loaf Mountain Area Nature trail and scenic overlook NMU Forest (Longyear Forest) Nature trail, cross-country s~ trail, and physical fitness trail Forestville Dead River Public Access Site Boat launch on Dead river Little Garlic River Public Access Fishing access site Source: Local Recreation Plans. Chapter 8 - Page 6 80.0 180.0 5.0 �8.3 Recent Developments Since the adoption of the Recreation Plan in 1994, the City has had the opportunity to accomplish several of the projects identified in the plan. The inventory of existing recreation sites in Section 8.1 reflects these projects, with one major exception. One project identified in recreation plans for both the City of egaunee and the City of Ishpeming was acquisition of land along Teal Lake. The area is located entirely within the City of egaunee, but is adjacent to the heavily-used Al Quaal Recreation Area in Ishpeming. Acquisition of Teal Lake shoreline was seen as beneficial to both communities because of the ability to extend activities from the Al Quaal area. The cities applied jointly to the Michigan D R's Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund for grant funding to acquire property on the north shore of Teal Lake. In late 1997, preliminary approval of a grant of $450,000 was announced. The grant will be combined with $150,000 in local funds to purchase 334 acres with 10,520 feet of frontage on the north shore of Teal Lake. The property will be jointly owned by the two cities. Since 1995, the City oflshpeming has acquired 160 acres of land adjoining Teal Lake, at the west end and on the south shore of the lake. This property has been added to the Al Quaal Recreation Area. • With these acquisitions ~f shoreline, the cities of Ishpeming and egaunee are now in a pos1t10n to formulate plans for development of the area. In 1994, the Teal Lake Study Committee presented a summary of recommendations developed over a period of months, which dealt with recreation and land use in the area around Teal Lake. This committee included representatives from the Negaunee City Council, Ishpeming City Council, Negaunee School District, various City commissions, the DNR, the egaunee/Ishpeming Chamber of Commerce, and other organizations. A copy of the committee's recommendations is included as Appendix A of this plan. In summary, the recommendations of the committee were to provide for aesthetic preservation, economic development and additional recreational uses. The committee recommended that development, if any, on the north shore of Teal Lake not be visible from the south shore; that commercial development be south of U.S. 41 or in the southwest comer of the lake between U.S. 41 and the lakeshore; that standards be set and enforced regarding setbacks and removal of vegetation in shoreline areas; that an overlay zoning district be established to regulate shoreline development; and that structural development be served by municipal sewer and water. 8.4 Local Recreation Needs The City of egaunee Recreation Plan, adopted by the Negaunee City Council and the Negaunee School Board in September, 1994, identifies needs and priorities for local recreation facilities and programs. Within the Plan, a specific recreation facility needs list and capital improvement Chapter 8 - Page 7 �I schedule were developed by the Negaunee City/School Recreation Commission. The needs list and capital improvements plan help to guide City officials when making decisions on improving existing park .a nd recreation sites and developing new sites. The Recreation Development Schedule in the current Recreation Plan identifies a number of needed projects to enhance the recreational opportunities available in the City. A number of these projects, such as acquisition of land around Teal Lake, and installation of a new chiller/compressor system in the Negaunee Ice Arena have been accomplished, or have been approved for funding. Other projects remain to be done, and may be carried over to the list of projects for the next five-year Recreation Plan. The following projects were listed in the Recreation Development Schedule in the 1994 Recreation Plan: Improve the Little League Complex a. Construct new practice field b. Install irrigation well Not completed Completed Negaunee Ice Arena a. Finish second floor viewing area b. Finish the equipment room 101, pro shop, referee and Jr. hockey offices c. Expand surfaced parking d. Finish the shower/lavatories within locker rooms e. Add outside extension building with snow melt pit f. Install new ice making compressor g. Install radiant heaters above bleachers in Arena 100 h. Main Arena 100 heating & ventilation 1. Main Arena 100 air conditioning Planned 1998-99 Not completed Completed Not completed Not completed Completed Not completed Not completed Not completed Construct a pavilion at Miner's Park Not completed Develop an area on Teal Lake for swimming Completed Develop a play lot in the Iroquois Drive area Not completed Improve LaCombe Field a. Construct a press box b. Establish a play lot c. Landscape entire area ' Upgrade playgrounds and equipment to Americans with Disabilities Act standards Chapter 8 - Page 8 Not completed Not completed Completed Partial completion in 1998 �t9 Acquire or develop Teal Lake open space Funded Develop boat ramp on Teal Lake Completed Dock or boardwalk improvements at Teal Lake Dock and handicapaccessible pier, 1998 Improve Suicide Bowl recreation facilities (land acquisition) Ongoing Construct a new softball field Not completed Breitung Park band shelter Not completed Now that the Teal Lake property acquisition has been funded, the development recommendations of the Teal Lake Study Committee must be considered and integrated into the project priority list. A Master Plan for the City-owned site on the east end of Teal Lake has been completed, -and the ambitious plans for the SUNTRAC facility will also be a factor in development of the updated recreation plan. • The Teal Lake Study Committee Final Report contained a variety of recommendations for development of the lake and its shoreline. With regard to recreational uses, the committee recommended that the lake should be open to fishing, but that gasoline-powered watercraft (including jet skis or personal watercraft) not be allowed. Boats with electric motors, canoes, sail boards and sailboats would be allowed. The committee felt that playground equipment was not suitable for the east shore of the lake, since such facilities are available at Lakeview School. They recommended that camping, if permitted, should be limited to the west side and southwest corner of the lake. Tobaggoning and ski sliding should be limited to the west side of the lake. Swimming areas should be allowed on the east shoreline, along with limited picnicking. The Committee felt that picnic shelters were more appropriate for the west side of the lake. Walking trails on the west and north sides of the lake were recommended, along with a boat launch and one or two fishing piers on the east side of the lake. The Committee felt that some sort of restroom facilities at the east end of the lake might be appropriate, perhaps in or near the waterworks building at the intersection of U.S . 41 and Croix Street. A public or quasi-public marina also might be acceptable, according to the Committee, but no recommendations were made as to when, where or how this could be accomplished. A Master Plan for the future development of the eastern end of Teal Lake was completed in January, 1997. Prepared by Sundberg, Carlson & Associates, the plan sets forth recommendations for development of City-owned lakefront. These recommendations in some cases echo recommendations of the Teal Lake Study Committee; some of the recommended projects were also included in the current Recreation Plan. • A barrier-free fishing dock and a boat launch are included in the Master Plan's recommendations. Both of these improvements would be located close to the old Waterworks building, along with a Chapter 8 - Page 9 �I small picnic area. Picnic tables would be placed at intervals along the City-owned portions of the shoreline to the north of the Waterworks building, along with a gazebo and benches. A new sidewalk would be constructed, and the existing lighting would be replaced with reproductions of historic light fixtures. Landscaping and signage would help to enhance the area. One alternative plan also calls for the relocation of a portion of Croix Street away from the shoreline to slow down traffic and separate recreational activities from the street. The Teal Lake Master Plan also recommends rehabilitation and reuse of the former Waterworks building. No specific use of the building is recommended, but storage and service of seasonal and transient watercraft, boat rentals, a small charter boat, marina sales, snowmobile service in the winter months, and restroom/shower facilities are mentioned. In May, 1996, the Superior Nordic Training & Recreation Complex Development Committee adopted a plan for development of the Suicide Bowl area, located in the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming. The committee included representation from the Ishpeming Ski Club, the U.S . Olympic Education Center, the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming, Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company and the Negaunee/Ishpeming Chamber of Commerce. The overall goal of the development plan is to tum the area into a year-round multi-activity recreation and sports facility. Highlights of the proposed improvements include: upgrading the existing ski trails to make them suitable for use by mountain bikers in the summer and fall ; constructing a 10-kilometer paved loop for roller skiing, biathlon and in-line skating; installing additional lighting on ski trails and installing lights on the 90-meter ski jump; adding snow-making capability; creating a biathlon range; installing plastic on the 60- and 90-meter ski jumps for summer training; and building a lodge/chalet to serve as a center for all SUNTRAC activities. The SUNTRAC Development Plan anticipates that 281 acres of land will be donated to the City of Ishpeming by CCI, and that an additional 360 acres will be leased from CCI. Administration and maintenance would be primarily the responsibility of the City of Ishpeming and the Ishpeming Ski Club. The City of Negaunee may provide force account labor to assist with maintenance, but the plan does not call for any commitment of funds from the City. However, the updated Recreation Plan should take into account the additional recreational opportunities provided by the expanded SUNTRAC Complex, part of which lies within the City ' s boundaries. 8.5 Recreation Needs Standards One method to assess community recreation needs is the standards system. Standards developed by the ational Recreation and Park Association (NRP A) provide a scale against which an existing recreation system can be measured so that guidelines for future needs can be created. Standards correlate the number of acreage needed to adequately provide land for recreational uses to the community's population. Standards for Recreation Open Space: Open space needs are usually assessed using space standards, the most common and widely used measure of a recreation system's adequacy. Total Chapter 8 - Page I 0 t;iJii' �~ park and recreation space is usually expressed as acres per population. These space standards are useful in assessing current and future open space needs and demand (Table 8-2). TABLE 8-2 LOCAL AND REGIONAL RECREATION OPEN SPACE STANDARDS Park Type • Service Area Size (Acres) Acres/1 ,000 Population Uses Mini Park < 1/4 mile radius I or less 0.25 to 0.5 Specialized facility that serves a concentratec or limited population or specific group such as tots or seniors citizens Neighborhood Park/Playground 1/4 to 1/2 15+ 1.0 to 2.0 Area for intense recreation activities such as field games, court games, crafts, play equipment, skating, picnicking, etc. Community Park/ Recreation Area Serving several neighborhood . I to 2 mile radius 25 -r 5.0 to 8.0 Area of diverse environmental quality. May include areas suited for intense recreational facilities , such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. May also be an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation, suer as walking, viewing, sitting, and picnicking. Regional Park/ Recreation Area 200+ Serving several communities I hr. driving time 5.0to 10.0 Area of natural or ornamental quality for outdoor recreation, such as picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, camping, and trail use; may include play areas. Source: Roger A. Lancaster, Ed . 1983 , Recreation, Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, Alexandria, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association. A community's park system under NRP A standards should have a minimum of 6.25 to 10.50 total acres of developed open space per 1,000 population. Based on a 1990 population of 4,741, the City of Negaunee should provide 1.2 to 2.4 acres of mini parks, 4.7 to 9.5 acres of neighborhood parks/playgrounds, 23.7 to 37.9 acres of community parks/recreation areas, and 23.7 to 47.4 acres of regional parks/recreation areas to meet this standard (Table 8-3). • Existing Public Open Space: Publicly-owned recreation sites and facilities in or partially within the City of Negaunee total 736 acres. The breakdown of this recreational land includes: 5 .0 acres of mini parks, 16.8 acres of neighborhood parks/playgrounds, 53 .2 acres of community parks/recreation areas, and 661.0 acres of regional parks/recreation areas (Table 8-3). These figures include the total acreage of the SUNTRAC complex and the Miner· s Museum, which are located partially within the City. Comparing the NRP A standards with the number of acres of recreational land found in the City, the City has more than adequate acreage of land in all types of recreational sites. However, many communities find that their need for recreational opportunities and open space can be met by facilities in nearby communities, while sometimes a community may be providing recreational opportunities and open space for neighboring communities. For example, regional recreation areas with many natural resource attributes are Chapter 8 - Page I I �r I usually not found in urban areas but in rural townships. These types of recreation areas usually accommodate beyond the needs of the local residents. Conversely, rural townships would typically not include more intensively-developed recreation facilities, such as large indoor sporting complexes, but residents of these townships could possibly access such facilities in nearby urban communities. In the City of Negaunee, this means that facilities such as the Ice Arena or the Naturbahn Luge are helping to meet the recreational needs of residents of other communities which do not have such facilities, while City resident's needs for fishing access which permits gasoline motors would be met by sites outside the City. The NRP A standards would indicate that the total acreage of recreation land in the City is adequate for the current population. However, other factors should also be considered when planning for future recreation developments. The ability to preserve unique sites or habitat for public use and enjoyment may well override such standards, for example, since these sites often meet the needs of a population far beyond a community's boundaries, or serve to protect resources not found elsewhere. 8.6 Park Accessibility The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) identified specific standards that would insure that all persons, including those with disabilities, have the same opportunities to fully participate, live independently, and be economically self-sufficient within society. The Act is comprised of five sections: Employment, Public Accommodations, Transportation, State and Local Government Operations, and Telecommunications. Title II of ADA, Public Accommodations, is relevant to the level of accessibility and equal provision of service at publicly owned outdoor recreation sites. This title states that discrimination against persons with disabilities is prohibited in all services, programs, or activities provided by public entities. The general requirements set forth under this section came into effect on January 26, 1992. Remodeling or new construction of facilities and buildings had the same deadline date to become accessible to the disabled. In existing buildings and facilities, nonstructural changes to improve accessibility were required by January 26, 1992, while all structural improvements of the facilities and buildings were required by January 26, 1995. The Americans with Disabilities Act requires that "reasonable accommodation" be made to the needs of the estimated one in five people in this country who are disabled. That is, all public and private goods and service providers and employers must remove all structural and communication barriers from facilities, or provide alternative access where feasible. Chapter 8 - Page 12 �TABLE 8-3 EXISTING PUBLIC OPEN SPACE, CITY OF NEGAUNEE Type of Park Park Land Area (Ac .) Land Area Standard (Ac .) Mini Parks City Park I Eastwood Playlot Buffalo Hills Park Ann Street Park City Park II 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Subtotal 5.0 1.2 to 2.4 Neighborhood Parks/Playgrounds 3.3 LaCombe Field Iron Town Field Jackson Park Miner' s Park Negaunee Middle School 2. 1 5.0 5.0 1.4 Subtotal 16.8 4.7 to 9.5 Community Parks • Negaunee Ice Arena Community Playfield Miner' s Dry Teal Lake Waterfront Negaunee High School Lakeview Elementary School Senior Citizen ' s Center 3.5 5.5 21.0 17.4 5.8 Subtotal 53.2 23.7 to 37.9 Regional Park Naturbahn 800-meter Luge Run Michigan Mining Museum* SLJNTRAC* 30.0 631.0 Subtotal 661.0 23 .7 to 47.4 736.0 53 .3 to 97 .2 Total Park Area * These facilities are located partially within the City of Negaunee Source: Roger A . Lancaster, Ed. 1983 , Recreation, Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelin es, Alexandria, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association . • Currently, there are no written standards for making outdoor recreation facilities totally accessible to the disabled. Many suggestions on outdoor recreation facilities accessibility have Chapter 8 - Page 13 �I r been made; therefore, recommendations regarding outdoor play equipment, picnic facilities, boat docks, pathways and trails. have been incorporated into this plan. Recommendations regarding buildings, restrooms, slopes of ramps, and parking stalls should be seriously considered. These types of facilities all have current standards set by ADA. The City of Negaunee Recreation Plan recognizes the need to make recreational facilities within the City accessible to all residents. The Recreation Development Schedule calls for upgrading playgrounds and equipment to ADA standards in 1995. This has not yet been fully accomplished; however, the City will install a fully-accessible playground structure in 1998. ADA Standards: Accessibility is a factor that should continue to be taken into account when determining recreational needs in City of Negaunee. Often, existing recreational sites are not completely accessible according to the ADA standards. Restrooms, pathways, parking, and general accessibility of all amenities must be examined closely over the next few years to assure that all people are given the same opportunities within the community. Following are some examples of improvements that would help in complying with ADA. Where more than one restroom facility exists, at least one must be accessible by persons with disabilities. In some cases, this would require minimal remodeling; in others, it could require substantial modification. At least one picnic table and one grill designed to accommodate persons in wheelchairs should be available at each park (if these types of facilities are not currently available). These facilities should be identified with a sign showing the universal symbol of accessibility. At least one in 25 parking stalls should be designated for disabled parking. These stalls must be the closest spaces to the park or facility entrance and have a direct route to and from the stalls. Spaces must be 96 inches wide with a clearly marked adjacent access aisle of 60 inches and an unobscured vertical sign that shows the universal symbol of accessibility. Slope of these spaces and aisles cannot exceed 1:50. Stable barrier-free pathways which provide linkages from one recreation amenity to another should be provided at outdoor recreation facilities. These pathways must be at least 36 inches wide, and a 60 x 60 inch passing space or turnaround must be provided every 200 feet. If a pathway level changes more than ½ inch, the pathway must be ramped. If the level changes is between ½ inch and ¼ inch, the levels must be beveled. Where water fountains are available, spouts should be no more than 36 inches above the finished floor. If the fountain is freestanding or built-in and does not have a clear space underneath, a clear floor space of 30 to 48 inches alongside the fountain for a parallel approach must be provided. Wall or post mounted fountains must have a clear knee space under the Chapter 8 - Page 14 �• fountain of at least 27 inches high by 17 to 19 inches deep by 30 inches wide. Controls must be located at the front edge of the fountain and operable with one hand without twisting the wrist. A complete guideline list based on standards set by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 for various types of facilities and recommendations established by the USDA Forest Service for improving the accessibility of recreational areas are detailed in Appendix B at the end of the plan. 8.7 Historical Resources The City of Negaunee contains a wealth of historic resources dating back to its founding as an iron mining community. Many downtown businesses and public buildings are historic in nature, including the majority of the downtown area and many residential neighborhoods. Local residents are proud of their historic community. • The Negaunee Historical Museum contains artifacts and exhibits which illustrate the community 's past. Located at 303 E. Main Street, the museum is open from Memorial Day through Labor Day, and is operated by volunteers from the Negaunee Historical Society. The museum is located in a home built by the Pellow family in the early 1900s; the property had previously been occupied by St. Paul's Church until the church burned. Thirteen rooms of the house have been restored and filled with exhibits, while several rooms in the basement remain to be completed . Following is a list of properties located within the City of Negaunee which carry an official historic designation. These properties are listed on the State Register of Historic Places, the National Register of Historic Places, or are identified by the Marquette County Historical Society as a historical place. Carp River Forge, Michigan Iron Industry Museum: This historical site is located along Forge Road, off CR 492, partially within the City of Negaunee. The Carp River Forge was constructed by the Jackson Iron Company at this location in 1847. The Jackson Iron Company was the first to establish an iron ore mining operation in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. They developed the forge because of the difficulty of transporting bulk ore around the rapids at Sault Ste Marie. It was thought the forge was the most economically feasible method of using the great reserves of iron ore. The forge converted ore directly into wrought iron without the usual intermediate step of smelting the ore into pig iron. Power for the forge and adjacent sawmill came from a dam built across the nearby Carp River; the first iron produced in the U.P. came out of this forge. The quality of the iron produced from the forge started the great Michigan iron boom, which economically and socially transformed the central U.P. However, because of the climate and difficulties in supply and shipment, the forge was never a financial success. In 1854 the newly-completed Soo Locks offered a cheaper, faster route for shipping iron ore to furnaces in the lower Great Lakes, and the forge was closed. The site stayed in ruins for many years. However, a 12-year crusade by local groups and politicians led to the construction of the Michigan Iron Industry Museum at the site of the forge operation in 1985 and 1986. It was Chapter 8 - Page 15 �I officially opened to the public in May of 1987. The Museum presents the history of Michigan's three iron ranges and the people who worked them through museum exhibits, audio-visual programs, and outdoor interpretive paths. The facility is administered by the Michigan Department of State, Michigan Historical Center, which has established a regional office at the facility for its museum programs in the Upper Peninsula. About 14,500 individuals visit the museum annually. The site of the forge was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1956 and a National historical place in 1975. Burt's Discovery of Iron Ore: The site of the first discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region is located near Jackson Park in the City of Negaunee. William Austin Burt and his party of surveyors discovered this site on September 19, 1844, while establishing township lines and making geological observations for the federal government. Iron Cliffs Company: This historical two-and-a-half story brick and sandstone structure is located at 101 Pioneer A venue in the City of Negaunee. Features of the structure include a mansard roof with cresting, polygonal bay, and tower. It was the structure that originally housed offices of the Iron Cliffs Company. The Negaunee Public Schools' administration offices are currently housed within the building. It was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1975. Jackson Mine: The historic site is located in the western portion of the City of Negaunee, south of Teal Lake. The oldest pit at the mine, the Pioneer pit, is located approximately½ mile west of the intersection of Cleveland and Iron streets, near the site where iron ore was first discovered in the U.P. In 1845, the newly formed Jackson Mine Company sent an explore party headed by Philo M. Everett to the Lake Superior region to investigate the mineral possibilities of the Lake Superior region. When they arrived at the Carp River, Narhu-gesucm a Chippewa chief, guided the members of the party in June of 1845 to this site where he showed them iron ore in the roots of a fallen pine tree. Because of this discovery, the Jackson Mining Company, of which Everett was a founder, began mining ore at the site in 184 7; this was the first iron mining operation established in the Lake Superior area. Between 1848 and 1924, the mine shipped 4,357,256 tons from the site. The Pioneer pit became inactive in 1924. The Jackson Mining Company merged with the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company in 1905 because of increasing costs and declining ore prices. The mine was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1956 and a National historical place in 1971. The historical marker dedicated to this mining site is located at Miner's Park in the City of Negaunee. Marquette Iron Range: The historical marker identifying the Marquette Iron Range as a significant part of the historical development of Marquette ~ounty is located in the north central portion of the City of Negaunee, at the intersection of U.S. 41/M-28 and Maple Street. The Marquette Iron Range was the first of the iron ore deposits in the Lake Superior region to be discovered and mined. Outcroppings of iron ore were first discovered by William A. Burt and his surveying party south of Teal Lake in 1844. The Jackson Mining Company began mining for iron ore near the area of the first discovery in 184 7. Most of the early mines were open pit operations; underground mining did not occur within the range until after the Civil War. The Chapter 8 - Page 16 �Jackson Iron Company built a forge on the Carp River for producing iron blooms in 1848. The first iron produced in the U.P. came from this forge. The Pioneer furnace at Negaunee, built in 1857-1858, was the first actual blast furnace. However, most of the iron ore from the range was shipped out of the region to be smelted. In 1857, the construction of the Iron Mountain Railroad meant that ore could be moved more easily to the Marquette ore docks. Once hauled to the docks, the ore was loaded on ships and carried through the Soo Locks to the iron and steel industries in the lower Great Lakes. The Marquette Iron Range was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1856. Negaunee City Hall: This historical structure is located at the comer of Silver and Jackson streets in the City of Negaunee. In 1873. Negaunee was incorporated as a city, which was influenced heavily by the iron ore mining boom occurring in the area at the time. Forty-one years later, a red brick and white limestone building with terracotta detailing was constructed as Negaunee·s city hall. The structure was designed by John D. Chubb, a Chicago architect widely known in the Midwest. in a style reminiscent of the Renaissance. The building· s clock tower with its baroque elements is the most significant feature of the structure. It currently houses all City offices. except public works, fire, water, and wastewater. It is also the location of the Negaunee Public Library. The building was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1979. • Union Railroad Depot: The depot is located at 420 Rail Street in the central portion of the City of Negaunee. In late 1800s and early 1900s. this wooden structure served as many as 18 trains a day. Negaunee was a booming community during this period. In the early development of the Negaunee area, there were few roads. Establishment of railroads in this area and other parts of the U.P. made it possible for supplies to be shipped in and out of these areas. The establishment of a railroad system also spurred development of the iron ore mining industry in the Marquette Iron Range. The depot is currently a privately-owned art gallery. The historic depot was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1981. Negaunee State Bank Building: This historical building is located at 331 Iron Street in the central portion of the City of Negaunee. This triangular two-story wood frame structure, faced with brick, was constructed in 1912 on the site of the Old Bank Building, a local landmark constructed during 1873 and 1874 that burned down in 1912. It was designed by architect Demetrius Frederick Charlton of Marquette, who designed many significant public buildings in the Upper Peninsula. The site served as a bank from 1873-1874, 1881-1908, and 1909-1933. The Great Depression was the downfall of the Negaunee State Bank. After the failure of the bank, the building continued to house a variety of businesses, primarily insurance agencies and professionals. including lawyers, doctors, and dentists. Today, the structure is an antique shop. The structure was officially recognized as a National historical place in 1995. • Discovery of Lake Superior Iron Ore: This plaque honoring the first discovery of iron ore within the Marquette Iron Range is located along Water Street, south of Teal Lake in the City of Negaunee. It was at this location on September 19, 1844, that a U.S . Government survey party led by William Austin Burt, inventor of the solar compass, encountered a highly magnetic area Chapter 8 - Page 17 �I r that rotated their compass to point south while running the line between Townships 26 and 27 West. After this incident, Burt directed his men to search for the cause, and they found lumps of high grade iron ore, thus discovering what was to become known as the Marquette Iron Range. These pieces of iron ore were first to be found in the Lake Superior region. Seven months later. the Jackson Mining Company acquired Section 1 and became the region' s first iron mining company. In 184 7, this company constructed the Carp River Forge, the first to make iron from Lake Superior ore. The Marquette County Historical Society plaque honoring the discovery of iron ore was officially erected in 1987. 8.8 Issues and Opportunities The City of Negaunee offers a wide range of recreational sites and facilities to local residents and visitors. The acreage in recreational sites is well in excess of minimum standards for a community of this size, but facilities in the City also serve those living outside the City in many cases. The City of Negaunee Recreation Plan will expire in 1999, and currently does not reflect the upcoming acquisition of property along the north shore of Teal Lake, or the planned expansion of SUNTRAC. Some projects listed in the current Recreation Plan have been accomplished, while others remain to be done. and may need to be carried over to the next plan. Recent approval of funding for acquisition of property on the north shore of Teal Lake provide the cities of egaunee and Ishpeming with the opportunity to protect over 10,000 feet of shoreline and several hundred acres. This property provides an opportunity to develop future recreational facilities. The Teal Lake Master Plan for the City-owned property at the east end of Teal Lake outlines proposed improvements to enhance recreational opportunities in that area. Some of the proposed projects have been accomplished, while other will need to be considered in the next Recreation Plan update. Plans for expansion of SUNTRAC, if realized, have the potential to attract more users to the facility on a year-round basis. SUNTRAC project should be included in the next recreation plan update if appropriate. Increased use of SUNTRAC may create demands for support facilities, such as improved transportation facilities, lodging, dining, etc. Some recreational sites and facilities in the City may not be fully accessible as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act. The City of Negaunee contains several designated historical places and many other structures that are potentially historic in nature . These historic buildings, if preserved, offer local residents and visitors a glimpse of the past, and may provide the opportunity to develop a historic district in Chapter 8 - Page 18 r �• part of the City. Historical tourism is becoming popular in many areas, and the opportunity may also exist to attract visitors to Negaunee based on its rich mining heritage . • Chapter 8 - Page 19 �• 9.0 TRANSPORTATION 9 .1 Introduction A good transportation network is necessary for the effective movement of people and goods within and between communities. Well-maintained roads, airports, railroads and ports, with adequate capacity for current use and future expansion, are crucial to local economies and development patterns. From a residential standpoint, a major determinant as to where people live is accessibility, i.e. the presence, adequacy and maintenance of roads and streets. One reason people tend to settle in cities, such as Negaunee, is the ease of access to services, such as stores, medical facilities, etc. , and to employment, recreational opportunities, and to other communities. While some individuals prefer to locate in relatively inaccessible areas, even the most rural of townships generally sees residential development clustered around transportation corridors. Availability of adequate transportation facilities is also a key determinant in the location of business and industry. Although today's technology has allowed business and industry to overcome many of the barriers formerly posed by distance, through teleconferencing, fax machines, satellite links and so on, most firms still require shipment of raw materials in and finished product out, and/or accessibility to retail customers. • This section of the plan presents an inventory of the existing transportation facilities in the City of Negaunee and the surrounding area, and discusses future transportation needs and concerns. Included in this section are descriptions of the various elements of the City' s street system, commercial port facilities, airport, railroad facilities, transit service, and inter-community bus service. 9.2 Use of Private Vehicles In rural areas such as the Upper Peninsula, private vehicles are the primary means of transportation to and from work, for recreational travel, or for routine trips to the grocery store, church, school, etc. Public transportation systems are often limited or lacking entirely in the outlying areas, and outside of urban areas such as Negaunee, distances are often too great for foot travel. Information from recent Censuses illustrates the dependence on private vehicles as a means of transportation. For example, in 1980, the Census showed that of the 1,878 Negaunee residents who reported their method of travel to work, over 53 percent, or 955 used private vehicles and drove alone, while 30.4 percent, or 544 carpooled in private vehicles. None reported using public transportation, while 217, or 12.1 percent, walked. Twenty-two, people, or 1.2 percent, worked at home, while 49, or 2.7 percent, used other means . In 1990, 75.9 percent of those reporting a travel method drove alone, while another 14.7 percent participated in carpools. Only • Chapter 9 - Page 1 �r I 1.3 percent reported using public transportation to get to work while 7.7 percent walked or worked at home and 0.3 percent used other means. ....._ The mean travel time to work for City of Negaunee residents in 1980 was 17.2 minutes, while in 1990 it was 16.0 minutes. This reflects the large number of City residents who commute to Marquette or to the mines. Census figures also show the number of households with vehicles available, and the number of vehicles per household. Table 9-1 shows the trend in vehicle availability for the City and County, and the relationship between the two units. Households with no vehicles present are more common in the City than in the county as a whole. probably because the density of development in the City allows people to walk or use public transit if they cannot afford to own a vehicle, or are not able or willing to drive. Even taking into account the relatively high number of households with no vehicles available. there was still a minimum of nearly 3,000 vehicles available to Negaunee residents in 1990. At the same time, there were 3,757 residents 16 years old and older, meaning that there was one vehicle for every 1.3 residents old enough to drive. This illustrates the dependence on private automobiles for transportation. even in a compact community where many residents are able to walk to school, work or to obtain services. TABLE 9-1 AVAILABILITY OF PRJV ATE VEHICLES , 1980 & 1990 Number of Vehicles Available per Occupied Household City of Negaunee 1980 ,,-----._ " Marquette County 1990 1990 1980 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent None 245 12.5 237 12.3 2,152 8.8 2, 143 8.4 One 728 37 .0 694 35 .9 9,204 37.5 8,588 33 .8 Two 792 40.3 762 39.5 9,404 38.4 10,545 41.5 Three or more 201 10.2 238 12.3 3,754 15.3 4,159 16.4 1966 100.0 1,931 100.0 24,514 100.0 25,435 100.0 Total Total Vehicles Available* 2,915 2,932 39,274 42,155 *Based on three vehicles per household for those households reporting three or more vehicles. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population & Housing. 1980 and 1990, STF-3A ------- Chapter 9 - Page 2 ' �9.3 Road System Michigan's Public Act 51 requires that all counties and all incorporated cities and villages establish and maintain road systems under their jurisdiction, as distinct from state jurisdiction. This act divides the road system into the following five categories (the legal systems of roads): state truckline, county primary, county local, city/village major, and city/village local. It also provides for the distribution of Michigan's road funds to counties and incorporated communities according to formulas that consider, among other things, the mileage in their respective legal system. The following are general descriptions of the Act 51 classifications. State Trunkline Highway: The state trunkline system is made up of state (M) and federal (U.S.) highways, which connect communities to other areas within the state and locations outside the state. These roadways provide the highest level of traffic mobility for the traveling public. In the City of Negaunee, U.S. 4 l/M-28 and Business M-28 are classified as state trunklines. U.S. 41 is an important north/south highway corridor in the central Upper Peninsula. It runs from Copper Harbor in the Keweenaw Peninsula, through the cities of Marquette and Escanaba, then to the City of Menominee and beyond, and connects the UP . to the Milwaukee and Chicago urban centers. M-28 is the major highway that links the City to the eastern and western portions of the U.P. It runs along the northern half of the U.P . from Interstate 75 (near the City of Sault Ste. Marie) to the City of Wakefield. The segment of M-28 from the community of Harvey to the intersection with U.S . 141 in Baraga County runs with U.S. 41. A multi-lane stretch of U.S. 41 /M-28 extends from the City of Marquette to just west of the City of Ishpeming, including its entire length within the City of Negaunee. While not located within the City, M-35 is an important north/south state trunkline that links the area with the cities of Menominee and Escanaba to the south. It runs along Lake Michigan from Menominee to Gladstone and then northwest through the com.J;I1unities of Rock and Gwinn to its intersection with U.S. 41/M-28 just east of the City of Negaunee. State trunklines are maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission under contract with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The only exceptions to the maintenance responsibilities include traffic-control considerations such as some signage and painting of centerlines and the like. All maintenance costs are funded by the State. Construction projects are also funded by the State with contracts given by MDOT to private contractors. City Street System (Major and Local): By law (Act 51 ), the city street system is separated into major and local streets. The major street system consists of those city streets of greatest general importance. These streets facilitate the movement of traffic from one part of the community to another, generally as arterial streets, and carry the highest level of traffic in a community. Major streets in the City of Negaunee include the following streets: Croix, Maas (CR 492), Arch (W. of Teal Lake Ave.), Peck from Kanter to Teal Lake Avenue, Case from Jackson to Teal Lake Chapter 9 - Page 3 �r I Avenue, Iron, Tobin from Jackson to Iron. Gold, Division, Pioneer from Peck to Lincoln, Kanter from Peck to Jackson, Tracy Mine Road, New Buffalo Road, Baldwin (S . of U.S. 41/M-28), Brown, Healy from Main to CR 480, Prince from Baldwin to Everett, Cherry, Main from Teal Lake Avenue to Healy, and Lincoln. There is a total of 9.95 miles of major streets in the City of Negaunee. All other streets not classified as major are considered local. These streets make up the majority of the City· s street system, and serve to move people within neighborhoods, or to link neighborhoods to the major streets. There are 27.55 miles oflocal streets in Negaunee. County Road System: County Road 480 within the city limits of Negaunee is a county primary road. and is not considered part of the city street system. The Marquette County Road Commission is responsible for maintenance of CR 480 both inside and outside the City. One county local road is located partially within the City. Cliffs Drive/Suicide Bowl Road is classified as a county local road, and is also under the jurisdiction of the Marquette County Road Commission, including the portions located within the City. The State has proposed the jurisdictional takeover of some county primary roads and city/village major streets throughout the State. In the Negaunee area, the state identified CR 480 and CR 492 as candidates for takeover. Most of the roads selected are important all-season roads. Under the plan, the State would be responsible for the maintenance and construction costs associated with these roads. which would be paid with the funds allocated annually for each road through the Michigan Transportation Fund (MTF). If enacted, the State would likely contract out to the lowest bidder for routine maintenance and construction work on the selected roads. The county road commissions and cities and villages throughout the State, including the Marquette County Road Commission, are generally opposed to this proposed takeover. Aside from the loss of control over selection and scheduling of improvement projects on these roads, road commissions, cities and villages would no longer receive funds for maintenance. While in theory the same amount of dollars should continue to be available for the state to direct towards these roads, projects in the local area would have to compete on a statewide, rather than a countywide, scale for funding . 9 .4 National Functional Classification of Roads The National Functional Classification is a planning tool developed by the Federal Highway Administration, which is used by federal , state, and local transportation agencies. It classifies streets and roads according to their function along a continuum that indicates the greatest mobility/greatest access to property. Roads that provide the greatest mobility are classified as principal arterials. Minor arterials, major collectors, and minor collectors follow in this continuum. Roads classified as local provide the greatest access to property. The placement of roads into these categories is determined by their relationship to traffic patterns, land use, land access needs, and traffic volumes, as described in Table 9-2. Chapter 9 - Page 4 ~ �Principal Arterial: The main function of a principal arterial road is to move traffic over medium to long distances, often between regions, as well as between major economic centers, quickly, safely, and efficiently. In the City of Negaunee, the only roadway that is classified as a principal arterial road is U.S . 41/M-28. Minor Arterial: Minor arterials are roads that move traffic over medium distances within a community or region in a moderate to quick manner. They distribute traffic between collector roads and principal arterials. In the City of Negaunee, Business M-28 is a minor arterial, including parts of Teal Lake Avenue, Main Street, Jackson Street, Silver Street and Reidy Street. Collector Roads: Collector roads provide access between residential neighborhoods and commercial/industrial areas. They should provide a more general "area to area" service rather than specific "point to point" function. Collectors usually serve medium trip lengths between neighborhoods on moderate to low traffic routes at moderate speeds. They distribute traffic between local and arterial roads, usually between home and the following: work, places of worship, school, or those places where business and commerce are conducted. • Urban collectors in the City of Negaunee include the following streets : Croix, Maas (CR 492), Arch (W. of Teal Lake Ave.), Peck from Kanter to Teal Lake Avenue, Case from Jackson to Teal Lake Avenue, Iron from Silver to Division, Kanter from Peck to Jackson, Division from Iron to Tracy Mine Road, Baldwin (S. of U.S. 41/M-28), Brown from Cherry to Main, Healy from Main to CR 480, Prince from Baldwin to Everett, Cherry, Main from Teal Lake Avenue to Healy, Lincoln from Division to Pioneer, and CR 480. Local Streets: The predominant function oflocal streets is to provide direct access to adjacent land uses. All streets that are not classified as arterial or collector are classified as local roads. Local streets should be designed to move traffic from an individual lot to collector streets that in tum serve areas of qusiness, commerce, and employment. Local streets are not intended to be used as thoroughfares . • Chapter 9 - Page 5 �'IABI.F 9-2 NATIONAi. FUNCT IONAi. C:I.ASSll·ICA'I ION Classification Principal Arteria l System Minor Arterial Road System Collector Road System Loca l Road System Charac1cris1ics Function Serve corridor movements having trip kngth nnd lravel density clrnractcrbties · indica tive of substantial statewide or 1111ersw1e travel. Serve all, or virtually al l, urban areas or 50,000 and over population and a large majonly of those with population of25,000 and over. Provide an integrated network without stub connections except where unusual geographic or 1rallic ll ow condi tions dictate otherwise I.ink cities and larger town and form an integrated network providing interstate and intercounty service. De spaced at such intervals, consistent wi th popu lation densi ty, so ihat all developed areas of the State are within a reasonable distance of an arterial highway. Provide service to corridors with trip lengths and travel density greater than those predominantly served by rural routes whose design should be expected 10 provide for relatively high overall travel speeds, with minimum interference to through movement Inter-community, Typical% or Surface System Miles Typical% of surface street vehicle mtlcs traveled Con1inui1v Direct Land Access 2 lo 4 30 10 55 Con tinuous Limited-major generators only 4 to 8 15 to 20 Continuous Restricted-some movements may be prohibi ted; number and spacini: of driveways controlled 20 lo 25 20 10 35 Nol necessarily continuous; should not ex tend across arterial Safety controls; limited regulation 65 to 75 5 to 20 None Safety controls only primary tranic rnovt:rncnt Secondary-land access Primary intercommunity, inlra-metro nrcn, traffic movement Seconda ry-land access Major: Provide service to any county seal 1101 on an arterial route, to the larger towns nol directly served by the higher systems, and 10 other consolidated schools, shipp111g points, county parks, important mining and agricultural areas; li nk these places with nearby larger towns or ci ties, or with routes of higher classification; and serve the more important intracounty travel corridor. Minor: Be spaced at intervals, consistent with population density, 10 collect traffic from local road and bring all developed areas within a reasonable dista'J'(! ofa collector road; provide service to the remai ning smaller comm unities; and link the locally important traffic generators with their rural hinterland. Primary• collcc1/dis1ribu1c lranic Serve primarily to prov ide access to adjacent land ; and provide service to travel over relatively short distances as compared to collectors or other higher systems Land access between loca l anti arteria l system Secondary-land access Tertiary interneighborhood trai1ic Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Functional Classification Concepts. Criteria and Procedures, 1989. Chap ter 9 - Page 6 J ~ > �• 9.5 Condition of Streets and Bridges The City of Negaunee's streets range from good to poor condition. Pavement restoration work in conjunction with the water main replacement project resulted in full or partial repaving of many streets in 1997; additional repaving will be done following the completion of the water main replacement project in 1998. Repaving associated with sewer work in 1995 and ongoing water and sewer projects has also led to repaving of various segments of streets. In 1998, the City completely reconstructed West Arch Street leading to the high school, including widening, new curb and gutter, new sidewalks, street lighting, buried electrical lines, water and sewer main replacement, and new pavement. Similar projects are planned for the future, including projects in the downtown and at the east end of town, as funding becomes available. 9.6 • Financing The City of Negaunee receives funding for the construction, maintenance and improvement of roads and streets from a variety of sources. The State of Michigan, through the Michigan Transportation Fund (Public Act 51 of 1951 ), provides funding to cities, villages and county road commissions throughout the state. Michigan Transportation Fund revenues come from motor vehicie registration fees and motor vehicle fuel taxes. Funds are distributed to local units based on a formula which takes into consideration road mileage, road classification and population. Funds are also allocated for snow removal. In the summer of 1997 a four cent per gallon increase in the gasoline tax went into effect, two cents of which goes into the Michigan Transportation Fund. Act 51 was set to "sunset" in September of 1998, but was extended for one year by the State Legislature. It is possible that the current proportions of funding distributed to road commissions and cities and villages may change, if new legislation is enacted to replace Act 51. Local units of government throughout Michigan have generally found themselves falling short of funds for road and street improvements. With the overall increases in fuel efficiency of cars, and the lack of any increase in the gas tax until 1997, revenues from the Michigan Transportation Fund have not been sufficient to keep up with demand. Local units have often found themselves borrowing from one fund to cover needs elsewhere; the City of Negaunee, for example, had to use money budgeted for street repairs to cover snow removal costs during recent winters with extremely high snowfall. This resulted in the deferral of needed street maintenance projects. The expiration of Act 51 and potential changes in the funding formula could have either a positive or negative effect on local units of government. Statewide, increased funding from road projects has been discussed, but it is unknown how this will affect the City of Negaunee. • An additional source of revenue from the State for road improvements is the Michigan Transportation Economic Development Fund (TEDF). This program was enacted in 1987 by the state to help in the funding of highway and road projects necessary to support economic growth . Chapter 9 - Page 7 �r It includes the following categories: Target Industries (Category A), State Trunkline Takeover (Category B), Urban Congestion (Category C), Rural Primary (Category D), Forest Road (Category E), and Urban Area (Category F). Negaunee is part of the Ishpeming urban area, which is eligible for Category F funds. Category A is used on a case-by-case basis for economic development projects. Category B has been eliminated, and Marquette County does not qualify for Category C funding. The TEDF program is a part of Act 51. Federal Funding: Federal grant funding was made available to the State of Michigan through the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), which was signed into law in December of 1991. The most recent extension ofISTEA expired in May, 1998; Congress has passed a new six-year transportation bill, known as the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, or TEA 21, which will reportedly increase the amount of funding to Michigan. At this time it is uncertain what effect the new federal legislation will have on the funding programs available to local units of government in general, or the City of Negaunee in particular. Local Funding: In addition to revenues from the Michigan Transportation fund, the City of egaunee budgets money from the general fund for street improvement projects. About $155,000 in general fund revenues was devoted to street projects in 1998. 9.7 Parking In 1993, the City of Negaunee retained ECI, a local engineering firm, to study traffic and parking in the downtown area and formulate recommendations. The study was undertaken to quantify the amount of parking available, whether that parking was sufficient, and what options might exist for increasing the amount of parking in the downtown area. The study identified 277 regular and eight handicap parking spaces in the downtown area, some of which were not in compliance with regulations concerning separation from crosswalks, intersections, fire hydrants etc. Several areas were identified where re-striping existing spaces or acquiring relatively small amounts of property could add a significant number of parking spaces. Other recommendations of the study included the development of additional parking areas for off-street employee parking and/or long-term parking, and the conversion of three streets in the downtown area to one-way traffic in order to increase the area available for parking. Restriping, relocation of crosswalks, and some other relatively minor work has increased the amount of parking in the downtown area. There continues to be a parking shortage, however, particularly during events or promotions which draw larg~ numbers of people to the downtown. 9.8 Sub-State Area Long Range Plan In January of 1995, the Michigan Sub-State Area Long Range Plan was developed by the Corradino Group, for the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), as a 20-year statewide plan that detailed suggested improvements to the State's transportation system and Chapter 9 - Page 8 �• created a funding priority list. In the Upper Peninsula, the two major transportation improvement recommendations in the plan were enhancement of north-south travel to the central and western U.P. and improvement of traffic flow along heavily traveled east-west highway corridors. For the first of the two above-mentioned major recommendations for the U.P., the Long Range Plan suggested road improvements, such as bypasses and passing lanes, along existing northsouth routes (M-95, M-35, or U.S. 41) in the central and western U.P., or the possible creation of a new route (U.S. 41 directly north from the Village of Powers to the community of Gwinn). The pressure for improving the north-south traffic flow through this region could become more of an issue once K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base is completely converted from military use to civilian use and the proposed improvements to north-south highways in northeastern Wisconsin become a reality. County Road 553 between Gwinn and Marquette will be an important future link in an improved central U.P. north-south highway corridor, if connection to K.I. Sawyer becomes economically significant. • In 1995, the Central U.P . Regional Transportation Committee took the lead in a region-wide study to determine the best option for a priority north-south corridor in the central U.P. MDOT provided the Committee technical support during the study period. The goal of the study was to get local consensus to identify a priority north-south corridor. The Committee established local focus groups in the four counties most impacted by the study, Menominee, Delta, Dickinson, and Marquette counties. These focus groups discussed the issues, concerns, and opportunities relative to a priority north-south corridor in a series of meetings. The outcome of these meetings was the establishment of local consensus from each of the focus groups on how a priority corridor should run through their respective counties. The Regional Committee used this local consensus to establish a primary route that went south to north from Menominee to Marquette using U.S. 41, M-35 , and Marquette CR 553, with a spur along U.S. 2 from Powers to Iron Mountain, and a secondary route from Iron Mountain to Marquette using M-95 and U.S . 41/M28. The study report and recommendations have been presented to MDOT, and a proposal is currently under consideration which would provide funding for more detailed study of the northsouth corridor. Thi? detailed study would identify specific improvements which would improve traffic flow and safety along this corridor. The inclusion of CR 553 in the north-south corridor may lead to designation of that road as a state trunk.line in the future. This designation, coupled with the relocation of the Marquette County Airport to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB near Gwinn, could have an impact on traffic patterns in the Negaunee area, particularly along CR 480. • The State Long Range Plan's options for improving the east-west corridor through the U.P., the second of the two major recommendations, involve either M-28 from Ironwood to Sault Ste. Marie or U.S. 2 from Ironwood to St. Ignace. These two east-west highways are heavily traveled commercial truck and tourist routes in the U.P., which have significant traffic congestion problems, especially within the urban centers along the routes. The development of passing lanes and bypassing of urban centers along one or both east-west highways is suggested for areas Chapter 9 - Page 9 �r known for bottleneck traffic. However, unlike the fast of the two major recommendations in the long range plan, no local or regional pressure has yet been put on MDOT and the State for further studies of east-west traffic flows across the U.P. 9.9 Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) The Michigan Sub-state Area Long Range Transportation Plan indicates the need for an allseason transportation network in Michigan. The integration of state, county, and city roads is very important to industries and communities throughout the State. The development of a State Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) has been proposed through a cooperative effort by MDOT, the County Road Association of Michigan, the Michigan Township Association, and the Michigan Municipal League. It is the intent of this effort to identify a network that will aid county road commissions and communities in determining priorities for maintaining and upgrading roads to all-season standards and to ensure that the best possible road system exists to deli ver goods from the source to market. This new road system would also benefit the growing tourism industry, which is a large part of the State's economy. The Secondary Commercial Network would compliment and coordinate with the state trunkline system. The east/west running CR 480, which connects the Negaunee/Ishpeming urban area to CR 553 and U.S. 41 in the eastern portion of Marquette County, would be an example of a potential Secondary Commercial Network. 9.10 Traffic Volume The analysis of present traffic volumes is beneficial for determining the traffic conditions within a community. Traffic counts are usually presented as an average daily traffic (ADT) figure, which is calculated for a particular intersection or stretch of roadway. The Michigan Department of Transportation provides highway volume counts for selected state roads and streets annually. Traffic counters have been placed in 14 locations along U.S. 41/M-28, Business M-28 , and M-35 within Negaunee and Ishpeming townships and the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming. The average daily traffic volumes for these locations in 1975, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1996 are shown in Table 9-3. The general trend on all but two traffic counters in the area is a fairly significant upward trend over 21 years. The most significant growth occurred on U.S. 4 l /M-28, while Business M-28 saw slight growth in some areas and decline in others. Within the period from 1975 to 1996, there have been fluctuations up and down at some locations, as shown in Table 9-3. These fluctuations can be caused by road construction which changes traffic ~attems, special events which draw additional traffic, construction of new businesses or other traffic generators, etc. Overall, however, the trend has been towards increased traffic in the area. Chapter 9 - Page I 0 �' - t TABLE 9-3 NEGAUNEE/ ISHPEMING AREA AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNTS , 1975 , 1983, 1990, 1993, AND 1996 Average Daily Traffic Route Counter Location 1975 1983 % . Chg. 1987 25 ,400 % 1990 Chg. % Chg. 1992 % Chg. U.S. 4 l/ M-28 Just W. of Negaunee Twp.'s E. limit 18,000 25 ,400 41.1 U.S. 4 l/ M-28 E. of M-35 intersection , Negaunee Twp. 11,000 14,200 29. 1 14,200 0.0 17,200 21.1 16,000 -7.0 U.S . 4 l/M-28 Just S. ofC. ofNegaunee's N. limit 11,000 14,200 29. 1 14,200 0.0 17,200 21.1 16,000 U.S. 4 I/M-28 W. of Baldwin Ave., C. of Negaunee 12,000 12,500 4.2 12,500 0.0 16,100 28 .8 U.S. 4I /M-28 W. of Croix St., C. of Negaunee 5,000 10,000 100.0 12,500 25 .0 15,900 U.S. 4I / M-28 W. of Deer Lake Rd ., C. of Ishpeming NA 13,600 NA 15,700 15.4 U.S. 4I / M-28 W. ofC. of Ishpeming, Ishpeming Twp. 7,000 8,700 24.3 14,600 U.S. 41 /M-28 W. of Bus. M-28 intersection, Ishpeming Twp . 8,000 8,500 6.3 M-35 S. of U.S . 4 I /M-28 intersection, Negaunee Twp. 1,500 1,600 Bus. M-28 N . of Main St. , C. of Negaunee 7,000 Bus. M-28 Just E. ofC. ofNegaunee ' s W. limit Bus. M-28 Bus. M-28 1996 % Chg. -13.4 39.4 16,800 5.0 52.7 -7.0 16,800 5.0 61.8 16,000 -0.6 15,700 -1.9 30.8 27.2 13 ,000 -18.2 17,600 35.4 252 .2 11 ,900 -24 .2 14,000 17.6 16,400 17.1 -- 67.8 I 1,600 -20 .5 15,000 29.3 12,700 -15.3 81.4 10,700 25.9 10,500 -1.9 10,000 -4.8 9,600 -4 ,0 20.0 6.7 1,600 0.0 2,400 50.0 2,000 -16.7 2,800 40.0 86.7 7,000 0.0 7,000 0.0 7,700 10.0 6,700 -I 3.0 7, 100 6.0 1.4 5,000 5,000 0.0 4,600 -8 .0 4,000 13 .0 3,200 -20.0 5,800 81.3 16.0 E. of Pine St., C. of Ishpeming 5,000 6,000 20.0 6,500 8.3 4,700 -27 .7 4,400 -6.4 4,300 -2 .3 -14.0 W. ofC. of Ishpeming, Ishpeming Twp. 4,500 4,700 4 ,4 4,000 -14.9 3,900 -2.5 3,500 -10.3 4,000 14.3 - I I. I 0.0 28 ,500 1.8 25,100 %Chg. , 1975-96 12 .2 29,000 Source: Michigan Department of Transportation , Annual Average 24-Hour Traffic Volumes, 1975, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1996. Chapter 9 - Page I I �r 9.11 Public Transportation Public transit service within the City of Negaunee is provided by Marquette County Transportation System (Marq Tran), which was established in 1982. From 1982 to 1985, Marq Tran served all areas in Marquette County that were outside the cities of Marquette and Ishpeming, which were served by Marquette Transit Authority (MTA) and Ishpeming Transit Authority. In 1985, the County's three transit operations consolidated into the current Marq Tran system. Marq Tran is a non-profit mass transportation service, which receives revenue for its operation from state and federal operation system funds (48 percent), fare box (20 percent). county-wide millage, contract fares, transit pool reimbursement and interest, and other income. Within Marquette County, Marq Tran has 27 vehicles available for service, 22 of which are equipped with wheelchair lifts. Marq Tran provides door-to-door service to residents of the City of Negaunee. Buses housed at the Marq Tran main headquarters facility in the City of Marquette and the senior center in the City of Ishpeming serve residents of the City. The buses from these locations operate seven days a week, with weekday hours from 6:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. and weekend hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Marq Tran has a zonal fare system setup for its door-to-door service, with half fares given to seniors, disabled, and students. The Ishpeming route is a fixed bus route that runs from the City of Marquette to the City of Ishpeming, with stops in Marquette Township, Negaunee Township, and the City of Negaunee. This fixed route runs seven days a week from 6:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., with 12 round trips Monday through Thursday, 15 round trips on Friday, nine round trips on Saturday, and four round trips on Sunday. Marq Tran charges a oneway fixed fare of $0.90 for the general public and $0.45 for senior citizens, disabled. and students. The Negaunee Shuttle operates from about 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., and serves 10 locations within the cities oflshpeming and Negaunee. The fare is $0.50 for the general public, with half fares for senior citizens, disabled and students. Tables 9-4 and 9-5 show the ridership levels along the Ishpeming route and Marq Tran as a whole from 1991 to 1996. During this five-year period, the total number of passengers along the Ishpeming route dropped from 51,547 to 50,100, a decline of2.84 percent. The passenger levels during this period peaked in 1992 and then steadily declined. The overall Marq Tran ridership levels followed a similar trend, with a 2.19 percent decline in the total number of passengers using the transit service between 1991 and 1996. The door-to-door and contract services saw substantial declines in passenger numbers during this period. The tremendous increase in ridership within the "other" category from 1995 to 1996 was primarily the result of Finn ~est held in the City of Marquette in the summer of 1996. Marq Tran buses are frequently used by college students, elderly, and commuters in the City as an alternative mode of travel. The bus service is also used by residents that are Mental Health clients and/or that are participating in the Special Service Program that helps senior citizens and disabled persons with unmet transportation needs. Chapter 9 - Page 12 �Marq Tran, Delta Area Transit Authority (DATA) and Alger County Public Transportation (AL TRAN) provide intercity public transit service to the City of Negaunee and Marquette County as part of a regional bus service funded through a Michigan Department of Transportation grant. Regional Transportation or RTRAN is a cooperative effort between DATA, Marq Tran, and AL TRAN to broaden the scope of bus service provided in the central U .P. RTRAN uses M-35 as the regional route connecting Marquette to Escanaba, with stops at various points along the route. Two round trips run per day, with a oneway fare costing $8.00. RTRAN has just begun a regional route along U.S. 41/M-28 and M-95 between Iron Mountain and Marquette, also with stops in several communities along the route, including Negaunee. RTRAN currently makes three round trips on M-28 between Munising and Marquette per day, with a $5.00 charge for a oneway trip. These routes use 22-passenger buses, with wheelchair lift equipment; the target customers for these regional bus routes are college students, the elderly, employees at various operations along the routes that commute long distances, and individuals seeking medical care. TABLE 9-4 RIDERSHIP LEVELS, ISHPEMING FIXED ROUTE Year Number of Passengers 1991 51,547 -- 1992 54,068 4.89 1993 52,200 -3.45 1994 50,700 -2.87 1995 50,300 -0 .79 1996 50, 100 -0.40 % Change I 991-1996 -2.84 Source: Marquette County Wide Transportation System, 1996 . • % Change from Prev. Year Chapter 9 - Page 13 �TABLE 9-5 MARQ TRAN RIDERSHIP LEVELS, 1991-1996 Specialized Serv. Contract Serv. Fixed Routes Door-to-Door 309,754 210,829 52,966 8,996 29,848 7,115 1992 330,146 233,639 49,495 8,464 30,719 7,829 1993 322,988 234,178 48,916 7,496 26,185 6,213 1994 307,983 225,811 44,757 8,701 23,317 5,397 1995 294,980 213,997 43 ,332 9,336 21,605 6,710 1996 302,970 209,137 42,746 9,853 23,054 21 , 18 0 % change 1991-92 6.58 10.82 -6.55 -5 .91 2.91 10.03 % change 1992-93 -2.17 0.23 -1.17 -11.44 -14.76 -20.64 % change 1993-94 -4.65 -3.57 -8.50 16.07 -10.95 -13. I 3 % change 1994-95 -4.22 -5.23 -3.18 7.29 -7.34 24.32 % change 1995-96 2.71 -2.27 -1.35 5.53 6.71 215.6 5 % change 1991-96 -2. 19 -0.80 -19.30 9.53 -22.8 197.6 8 Year Total 1991 Other Source: Marquette County Wide Transportation System , 1996. 9.12 Inter-Community Bus Service Inter-community bus service to and from the City of Negaunee is provided by Superior Transportation, which in 1997 took over routes previously operated by White Pine Company. Superior operates two fixed routes in the Upper Peninsula. The north-south route runs along U.S. 41 from Calumet to Milwaukee. The south bound bus along this .route stops at 11 :40 p.m. at Jim's Jubilee in the City of Negaunee, while the north bound bus along this route stops at 3:50 a.m. The east-west route runs along U.S. 2 from St. Ignace to Duluth, MN, and does not pass through Marquette County. To use the east-west bus route, residents in Marquette County would have to take the south bound bus to Rapid River in Delta County, or drive to Rapid River or Iron Mountain to catch either the east or west bound bus. 9.13 Port A deep-water port is located in the City of Marquette, approximately 10 miles east of the City of Negaunee. The port is an important shipping point for iron ore pellets from the Empire and Tilden Chapter 9 - Page 14 �e mines; pellets are transported from the mines by rail, and then shipped to steel mills in the lower Great Lakes region. Commodities such as coal and salt are shipped into Marquette via the port. An average of 10,066,833 tons of cargo each year was hauled out of the port during this period, with iron ore accounting for about 75 percent of this tonnage. Currently, nearly 50 percent of the iron ore mined in Marquette County is hauled by rail to the Escanaba port for shipping out. However, with Algoma Steel's recent announcement that it intends to take additional iron ore tonnage from the Tilden Mine beginning in 1998, the total amount of iron ore shipped out of the Marquette port should increase in the coming years. 9.14 Air Transportation The Marquette County Airport is located just east of the City ofNegaunee,just north of U.S. 41 /M-28 in Negaunee Township. This site became the County airport in 1957; previously it was a utility airport. The airport is one of six airports in the U.P. that provides commercial passenger air service. It is classified as a "transport airport" facility. Such airports have a primary runway of 4,500 feet or longer, and are capable of handling jet aircraft. The existing Marquette County Airpo1t occupies approximately 650 acres north of U.S. 41/M-28, just no1th of the northeastern comer of the City of Negaunee. Access to the airport is provided by U.S. 41/M-28 , which bisects the Marquette-Ishpeming-Negaunee urban corridor. • The current airport has two runways. The east/west runway is 6,500 feet in length, and the north/south nm way is 3,000 feet in length. The configuration of the runways is sufficient to handle many jet aircraft; however, the airport is currently used only by turboprop planes with a maximum capacity of about 40 passengers. As of early 1998, three commercial airlines serve the Marquette County Airport. Mesaba Airlines (Northwest Airlink) provides service to Detroit and Minneapolis, where Northwest Airlines maintains hubs that provide access to connecting flights. Midwest Express (Skyway) offers service to Chicago's Midway Airport and connecting flights. Great Lakes (United Express) offers service to Chicago O'Hare and Detroit. American Eagle (American Airlines) served the area until August 1996, when passenger service was discontinued due to a decline in passenger volumes. Skyway began serving Marquette County a few months after American Eagle discontinued service. Passenger, cargo and air-carried mail volumes at the Marquette County Airport have fluctuated over the past 20 years, as a result of several factors . The number of total scheduled passengers (both enplanements and deplanements) at the Marquette County Airport increased steadily from the 1950s through the 1970s, as shown in Table 9-6. With the advent of deregulation in the early 1980s, passenger volumes at all U.P . airports dropped significantly. Many smaller airports throughout the country lost jet service at this time, and service since the 1980s has been provided by smaller turboprop planes. Since 1980, the number of scheduled passengers at the Marquette County Airport has fluctuated, but the overall trend was upward until Chapter 9 - Page 15 �1993, when over 104,000 scheduled passengers passed through the airport. Since 1993, passenger volume dropped to near the 1990 level, but has since begun to increase again. The amount of air carried cargo and package freight handled at the Marquette County Airport peaked in the mid 1970s, and generally declined until 1990. Since then, the amount of cargo and freight has remained fairly constant at between 50,000 and 100,000 pounds per year, as shown in Table 9-7. The amount of incoming cargo and freight far exceeds outgoing cargo and freight in most years, with incoming (deplaned) freight averaging 65-80 percent of total volume. The amount of cargo and freight handled at the Marquette County Airport is significantly less than at other area airports; Delta County Airport handled over 1 million pounds in 1997, while Ford Airport in Dickinson County handled over 2.5 million pounds. The amount of air carried mail was, until 1980, a fairly significant factor at most U.P. airports. From the 1950s until 1980, the Marquette County Airport generally handled between 27,000 and 280,000 pounds of mail per year, averaging about 60,000 to 80,000 pounds per year. Since 1980, however, the amount of air carried mail has dropped to none in some years to a high of 6,951 pounds in 1990, as shown in Table 9-8. What mail is handled locally is almost entirely outgoing maiL with little or no incoming air carried mail in most years. This trend occurred at most U.P. airports; some airports have seen air carried mail cease entirely. Most air carried mail is now delivered by truck to larger airports, where it is then placed on airplanes, virtually eliminating the use of smaller airports for air carried mail. A base reuse plan for K.I. Sa\vyer AFB was prepared during the time the base \•;as being closed, and one of the recommendations of that plan was that the Marquette County Airport be moved to K.I. awyer. The County Board gave a tentative endorsement of that recommendation. passing a resolution to move the airport if such a move could be shov..n to be economically feasible. In August 1996. a new resolution was passed. stating that the airport would be moved. Greiner. Inc., the consulting firm who prepared the base reuse plan, was retained by Marquette County to prepare a reuse plan for the existing Marquette County Airport. The plan, completed in August 1996, examined issues related to reuse of the property. including environmental contamination, legal issues related to property ownership, the impact on current airport tenants, and potential alternatives for reuse. The study also makes recommendations regarding a marketing strategy for the property. Reuse options recommended by the study include housing development, office space, recreation, and limited commercial and industrial uses. The existing terminal and former terminal were identified as suitable for office space, while the portion of the property w~ch fronts directly on U.S. 41/M-28 would be most desirable for commercial use. Some hangars appear to be relocatable, and were recommended for relocation to Sawyer; hangars which are not relocatable could be used for storing vehicles or equipment. The study identifies a sports complex containing tennis courts, exercise rooms, weight training, etc. as a possible recreational reuse for the former Simmons hangar. Initial alternatiYes identified by Greiner included a golf course and correctional facility; the County Board directed the consultants not to consider these alternatives further. Chapter 9 - Page 16 �- ~ . e TABLE 9-6 PASSENGE RS AT U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS Airport 1980 1985 1990 199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Marq uette Co unty Total Schedu led Passe ngers Enplanements Dep lanernen ts 67,95 1 33,7 18 34,233 75,2 10 37,17 1 37,039 78, 11 6 39,094 39,022 88,520 44,050 44,470 103,575 52,223 5 I,352 104,537 52,500 52,037 95,925 48, 148 47,777 79,4 I2 40,01 5 39,397 83,205 42,052 4 1, 153 82,048 4 1,900 40, 148 Dc ltn County (Escanaba) Total Sched uled Passengers Enplanement s Dep lanemcn ts 40,269 21,464 18,805 2 1,442 10,865 10,577 26,094 13,476 12,6 18 28, 197 14,366 13,83 1 3 1,929 16,30 1 15,628 29,986 15, 163 14,823 37,895 19,055 18,840 35,9 13 18,270 17,643 42, 13 I 2 I,549 20,5 82 4 1,3 04 20,627 20,677 Ford (Iron Mou nt ain ) Total Schedul ed Passengers Enplanement s Dcp lane ments 38,247 18,676 19,57 1 17,396 8,683 8,7 13 2 1,2 16 10,634 10,582 16,735 8,288 8,447 20, 11 3 10,085 10,028 23,396 11 ,724 11 ,672 2 1,2 14 10,562 10,652 2 1,092 10,579 10,5 13 19,686 9,870 9,8 16 13,654 6,787 6,867 Houghton County Memori al Total Schedu led Passengers Enplanements Dep lanement s 49,330 24,796 24,534 4 1,6 15 2 1, 167 20,448 45,568 23,099 22,469 42,748 2 1,547 2 1,20 1 42,556 2 1, 165 2 1,39 1 37,888 18 ,9 17 18,97 1 40,969 20,558 20,4 11 40,762 20,484 20,278 45,468 22, 885 22,583 47,687 23,974 23,7 13 Twi n County (Menomi nee) Tota l Sched ul ed Passengers Enplanernents Dep lanements 20,098 10,2 1I 9,887 2, 11 8 1,056 1,062 3,224 1,624 1,600 3,534 1,8 11 1,723 3,597 1,834 1,763 2,999 1,49 1 1,508 2,927 1,297 1,330 1,525 704 82 1 182 110 na na na 23,990 11 ,533 12,457 5,889 2,996 2,893 10, 155 5,072 5,083 8,30 1 4, 194 4, 107 8,220 4,074 4, 146 9,727 4,870 4,857 8,702 4,330 4,372 6,4 13 3, I 83 3,230 5,34 1 2,670 2,67 1 3, 128 1,54 8 1,580 2 1,657 10,736 10,92 1 1,077 5,0 17 5,060 17,354 8,844 8,5 10 17,493 8,8 14 8,679 19,489 9,849 9,640 18,099 9, 139 8,960 17,947 9,244 8,703 13,826 9,545 9,281 17,409 8,82 1 8,588 10, 192 5,227 4,965 Gogeb ic Coun ty To la I Sched ul ed Passengers !2npl n11 c111 cnls Dcp lanements Chi ppewa Co unty In t'!. (Ki nross) Totnl Sched ul ed Passengers Enplanemcnts Dep lanernents Chap ter 9 - Page 17 72 �TAl3LE9-7 AIR CARRIED CARGO AND PACKAGED FREIGI IT AT U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS (POUNDS) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 288,200 74,600 213,600 69,565 24,642 44,913 73,534 22,864 50,670 79,819 26,871 52,948 61,128 21,323 39,805 82,688 21,268 61,420 77,851 28,730 49,121 54,978 21,417 43,561 53,683 16,264 37,419 305,800 93,060 212,740 50,600 21,000 296,000 956,088 248,559 707,529 949,206 316,153 633,053 1,084,357 539,605 544,752 1,542,412 770,625 771,787 I ,527,072 688,713 838,359 1,051,536 458,682 592,854 893,797 342,689 551,108 1,086,53 I 419,369 667,162 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 486,232 142,553 343,679 23,400 4,000 19,400 1,039,821 432,777 607,044 1,237,587 515,529 722,058 1,544,203 602,838 941,365 1,621,980 575,414 1,046,576 1,772,130 577,370 I, 194,760 1,767,087 558,079 1,209,008 2,040,446 709,929 1,330,517 2,548,43 I 950,734 1,597,697 Houghton County Memorial Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 265,579 100,696 165,063 94,000 48,000 46,000 194,394 99,110 95,284 223,292 99,174 124,118 271,098 I09,388 161,710 328,483 119,821 208,662 403,160 92,305 310,855 368,979 93,714 275,265 548,061 217,204 330,857 809,544 329, I 05 480,439 Twin County (Menominee) " Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 150,029 41,980 I08,849 1,800 400 1,400 240,324 148,152 92,172 303,903 162,762 141,141 303,227 164,172 139,055 372,002 191,473 180,529 388,966 219,507 169,459 508,996 276,649 232,347 704,307 394,910 309,397 659,415 367,090 292,325 62,555 15,432 47,123 6,092 562 5,530 142,721 61,664 81,057 158,140 60,545 97,595 171,340 73,824 97,516 189,522 78,623 110,899 230,176 97,011 133,165 170,443 68,972 101,471 304,226 125,072 179,154 356,313 177,499 178,814 I 03,550 40,421 63,129 22,800 5,600 17,200 5,708 2,018 3,690 3,791 1,803 1,988 7,937 2,906 5,031 4,731 1,074 3,657 7,190 753 6,437 6,682 2,468 4,394 2,987 1,340 1,647 4,206 2,403 1,803 Airport 1980 1985 Marquette County Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 495,648 101,447 394,20 I Delta County (Escanaba) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Gogebic County Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Chippewa County lnt'l.(Kinross) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Chapter 9 - Page 18 ~ �• - - TABLE 9-8 AIR CARR IED MA IL, U.P. AIRPORTS , SELECTED YEARS Ai rport 1980 Marquette County Tota l Air Carried Mai l Enplaned Deplaned 18,300 16,956 1,344 I, 117 1,11 5 2 6,95 1 6,95 1 0 5,929 5,929 0 5,666 5,666 0 2,995 2,99 1 4 3,747 3,733 14 7323 72 18 105 4933 4703 230 2,966 2,6 16 350 De lta County (Escanaba) Tota l Air Ca rried Mai l Enplaned Dep laned 16,92 1 15,339 1,582 14, 176 14, 176 0 3,304 3,304 0 3,0 10 2,979 31 2,809 2,809 0 3,547 3,547 0 2,887 2,74 1 146 2528 2524 4 2852 2852 0 4,192 4,136 56 Ford (Iro n Mountain) Total Air Carried Mai l Enplaned Dep laned 834,4 11 22,240 8 12, 17 1 24,272 19,8 IO 4,462 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Houghton County Memoria l Total Air Carried Mai l Enpl aned Dep laned 18,736 18,736 0 5,26 1 3,008 2,253 1,479 1,479 0 1,738 1,738 0 1,856 1,856 0 2,4 16 2,350 66 3, I 84 3,0 12 172 2529 2483 46 2978 2455 523 2,3 13 2,2 88 25 Tw in Co unty (Menom inee) Total Air Carried Mai l Enp laned Dep laned 25,653 25,483 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s 156 19 137 140 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 242 242 0 67 1 634 37 547 476 71 440 440 0 659 659 0 1,429 1,429 0 25 ,657 6,971 18,686 4,66 1 2,7 19 1,942 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Gogebic Co unt y (Ironwood) Total Air Ca rri ed Mai l Enplaned Dep laned Chi ppewa County Int' ! (Kinross) Tota l Air Carried Mai l En pl aned Deplaned 1985 1990 199 1 1992 Chapte r 9 - Page 19 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 �It is currently estimated that the Marquette County Airport will be moved to K.I. Sawyer in summer or fall, 1999. Marquette County solicited proposals for purchase and reuse of the airport property, and as of February, 1999, is negotiating with a local developer and the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community. The developer and KBIC propose to purchase the property for use as a casino and industrial/commercial development. Negaunee Township officials and others have expressed a desire to see airport operations continued at the Negaunee Township location, even if the County airport is moved. They believe that an industrial airpark may be feasible, and that a private entity may be willing to operate the facility without state or federal funding. The County Board has taken the position that airfield uses at the current site should not be permitted once the airport is moved. The Township submitted a proposal for airport reuse, which included maintenance of an airport at the site; this proposal was rejected by the County. 9 .15 Railroads Railroads were one of the dominant forces shaping early industry and settlement in Marquette County. Rail transportation was necessary to carry iron ore from the County's many mines to ports at Marquette and Escanaba, where it was then shipped to steel mills and smelters. Communities often formed near the mines and/or where railroads were established. Rail service in the Negaunee area is provided by the Wisconsin Central LTD (WC) and Lake Superior & Ishpeming (LS&I). An east-west rail line runs through the southeastern portion of the Township, just south of U.S. 41/M-28 . The portion of this line that runs from the City of Negaunee to Eagle Mills is Wisconsin Central owned but also used by LS&I. A fee is paid by LS&I each year to have the right to use this segment of track. Just east of Eagle Mills at Diamond Junction, the WC track continues to run east-west, while the LS&I separates from the jointly used track and runs north-south and then east-west through the northeastern portion of the Township. Within Eagle Mills, LS&I operates a rail yard facility, which is used for switching cars and storing cars and locomotives. Another segment of rail line runs southwest-northeast from Eagle Mills to the City ofNegaunee. This segment of track is owned and used jointly by WC and LS&l. In the City of Negaunee, it connects with the heavily used iron ore pellet rail line that links the Tilden and Empire mines to the ore docks in Escanaba. From this interchange, the iron ore line runs northwest-southeast right through where Negaunee Township, the City of Negaunee, and Richmond Township intersect. The profitable iron ore rail line was owned and operated by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Co. (C&NW) from the 1860s until April of 1995, when it was purchased by the Union Pacific Railroad Company, as part of a nationwide takeover of the entire C&NW system. About two years later, WC purchased this line along with rest of the old C&NW lines in the Upper Peninsula and Northern Wisconsin from Union Pacific. Wisconsin Central purchased the additional lines because it provided an opportunity to consolidate and more efficiently move freight. Chapter 9 - Page 20 �Within Marquette County, the Empire and Tilden mines are the main customers for both WC and LS&I. As mentioned above, the WC main iron ore line runs from the mines to the ore docks in Escanaba. The LS&I iron ore rail line, on the other hand, runs from the two mines to the ore docks in Marquette. The iron ore hauled to these docking operations is then loaded onto ships and transported to steel mills along the lower Great Lakes. In 1997, about 8 million tons of iron ore was hauled by LS&I, while WC hauled about 6 million tons. In addition to iron ore, WC hauls pulpwood, logs, iron scrap, fly ash, clay, and crushed limestone on its lines serving Marquette County. However, iron ore should remain the dominant commodity hauled by both WC and LS&I within the County in the foreseeable future. With the recent acquisition of the old C&NW lines, Wisconsin Central is currently proposing to abandon the east-west rail line that runs from where LS&I splits (Diamond Junction) in Negaunee Township to Munising. WC is currently not hauling any freight along this segment of rail line. All the freight from this line is being shifted to the newly acquired rail line that runs from Partridge Junction, just north of the Empire Mine, to Escanaba. Wisconsin Central's main reasons for proposing abandonment of the Diamond Junction to Munising line are that there are no customers along this stretch and that the old C&NW line better serves its existing customers in Marquette and Baraga counties because of the distance and time savings. 9. I 6 Issues and Opportunities The need exists for additional street improvement projects throughout the City. Future water and sewer projects offer the opportunity to couple street improvements with other infrastructure improvements. Potential changes in the distribution formula for the Michigan Transportation Fund could impact, either positively or negatively, the amount of funding available to Negaunee in the years to come. There is a shortage of parking in downtown Negaunee, particularly during special events or promotions. The recommendation to include CR 553 between Gwinn and Marquette as part of the priority north-south corridor through the central U.P., together with the County Board of Commissioners' decision to move the County airport to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB, will probably increase the traffic levels along CR 480. Thus, the County, the Road Commission, and the communities served by CR 480 should work together to assure that this County primary road is maintained to a satisfactory level. Traffic counts taken by the Michigan Department of Transportation at several locations along state trunklines within the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor indicates that traffic volumes have increased along almost all segments of trunklines within the corridor area from 1975 to 1996. MDOT and the communities within the urban corridor need to use this data in making any future decisions on improving the traffic flow through the corridor area. Chapter 9 - Page 21 �Ridership on the Marq Tran Ishpeming fixed rou~e, and on the Marq Tran system in general, has declined over the past few years. Continued declines may result in changes in the level of service in the future . The new Regional Transportation (RTRAN) system will provide residents of the City of Negaunee another alternative for medium distance intercity travel or commuting within the central U .P. The aging of the local population could result in future needs for additional transportation services for the elderly and/or disabled. The recent acquisition of the Union Pacific rail lines by Wisconsin Central has allowed WC to consolidate some rail lines within the U.P ., which has resulted in a more efficient freight moving rail operation. Reuse of the existing Marquette County Airport following relocation of the airport to K.I. Sawyer may result in changes in traffic and land use patterns, which may in turn affect transportation patterns in the City of Negaunee. The relocation of the airport to K.I. Sawyer will mean increased driving time for local residents departing or arriving by air, or who are picking up or dropping off passengers. Chapter 9 - Page 22 r' I �10.0 GOALS, POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES 10.1 Introduction Throughout the preceding chapters of this plan, detailed information has been presented defining the historical trends and current situation in the City of Negaunee. This background information has helped the Planning Commission to gain an understanding of the forces which have shaped the growth and development of the City to this point. In order for a community to have a sound plan for growth and development, it is essential that goals be set. Such goals are broad statements which reflect desired future conditions, and are based on the background information, assumptions, alternatives and policy variables presented earlier. More specific policies and objectives are then developed, which define actions which can be taken to implement the goals. The final stage of the planning process, which is implementation of the plan, begins once the goals, policies and objectives have been defined. The first step in plan implementation is the adoption of this plan by the Planning Commission following a public hearing and consideration of any public comments received. Plan implementation continues through adherence to the goals, policies and objectives set forth in this plan. It should be emphasized, however, that these goals, policies and objectives are not "cast in concrete." While the Planning Commission has developed these goals, policies and objectives based on the best information available, and the needs of the community at a point in time, changing needs and desires within the community, or changes in the local population or economy may mean that these goals, policies and objectives will need to be re-evaluated. This plan must remain flexible enough to respond to changing needs and conditions, while still providing a strong guiding mechanism for future development. The Planning Commission, City Council, and City staff, together with other groups, organizations and individuals, can use this plan as a dynamic decisionmaking tool, and should assure that the plan is referred to frequently and updated periodically. To assist in understanding the nature of the goals, policies, and objectives presented on the following pages, the following definitions are presented: Goal: A broad statement of a desired future condition, the generalized end toward which all efforts are directed. Goals are often stated in terms of fulfilling broad public needs, or alleviating major problems. Goals are generally difficult to measure and are idealistic. Policy: A statement of position or course of action which provides a means of obtaining a stated goal. Policies are factual in nature, and can be measured by the impact they have on existing conditions. Chapter I O - Page I �Objective: 10.2 A specific attainable end derived from a related goal or policy to be accomplished within a specific time. When attained, they represent significant and measurable progress toward a goal, thus providing a means of evaluating progress. Economy Explanation: The City of Negaunee is a part of the Negaunee-Ishpeming-Marquette urban corridor, the commercial and employment center of Marquette County. While historically dependent on natural resources, the economy in Marquette County is now heavily dependent on the service sector. Unemployment rates have declined overall since 1982, and the local economy is fairly diversified. Many City residents work in the City of Marquette, while taking advantage of the lower housing costs in the City of Negaunee. The City contains a compact, historical downtown area, and additional commercial development along U.S. 41/M-28 . Increase business and employment opportunities, and increase the City's tax base. Policies: Encourage economic diversification aimed at recreation/tourist traffic. Promote and market the Negaunee area, and promote recreational activities and events which draw both area residents and visitors into the community. Use cooperative marketing efforts with businesses and other organizations where possible. Encourage revitalization of and restoration of the downtown area as a diversified commercial area. Improve existing and develop new shopping areas in the downtown and Teal Lake corridor. Promote future industrial development which does not have an adverse effect on surrounding areas and the community as a whole. Provide increased employment opportunities through incentive programs which support entrepreneurial enterprises in the community. Consider acquisition of developable land along U.S. 41-~28 and Teal Lake for resale or lease to private developers, providing that public access to Teal Lake is maintained. Develop an overall plan for the downtown area, to help achieve consistent design and maintain the historical atmosphere of the downtown. Chapter IO - Page 2 �Objectives: Establish a theme for the City of Negaunee, such as capitalizing on the area's rich mining heritage, the historical buildings and visible reminders of the mining era; use this theme to guide marketing efforts, beautification, building and facade improvements, public improvements such as lighting and street furniture, etc. Historic preservation guidelines would be appropriate for this effort. Encourage development of businesses which will attract visitors as well as local residents to the community, such as lodging facilities, restaurants, microbreweries, specialty shops, art galleries, etc. Support development of bed and breakfast establishments where appropriate. Such establishments can encourage renovation of older homes, spur local construction activity, and will fit well with the historic character of the community. Establish a program for recognition of the efforts and success of downtown merchants, to let these businesses know they are a valued part of the community. Develop a strategic plan for the redevelopment of the downtown area, and pursue grant funds for implementation of the plan. - Build on the success of existing community events and attractions, such as the Negaunee Invitational Basketball Tournament, Pioneer Days, ski jumping competitions, etc.; explore other ideas for events and attractions to draw visitors to the area; promote Negaunee as a site for festivals and other family-oriented events. Capitalize on recreational opportunities in the area, such as luge, ski jumping, ice fishing, snowmobiling, hunting; market these opportunities, and insure that adequate facilities are in place to meet visitors' needs. Work with local organizations to develop walking and auto tours of the City, highlighting the historical attractions in the area. Establish a dialog with Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. seeking access to the Jackson Pit, to reestablish an overlook as a visitor attraction. Increase awareness of Native American activities in the area, dating back to 4-6,000 years ago according to recent artifacts discoveries. Investigate the feasibility of establishing an area of land on or near Teal Lake/U.S. 41 for use by local Native Americans to market native goods and provide visitors with information about Native American culture and history. Chapter IO - Page 3 �Encourage aggressive marketing of commercial real estate, especially historically significant buildings in the downtown district. Educate local real estate firms about the potential of the downtown area, using success stories from existing businesses as examples. Increasing community pride is critical to the success of any marketing efforts. Provide opportunities for local residents to participate in community promotion through cleanup and beautification programs, family-oriented activities such as seasonal flea markets, flower and garden shows, etc. . 10.3 Natural Features Explanation: The City ofNegaunee's location over significant iron ore deposits in the Marquette Iron Range has helped shape the current development pattern of the community. The area's steep slopes limit the suitability of some areas for development, but provide recreational opportunities in the form of ski jumping, cross-country skiing, luge, etc. Some of these areas, where caving from past mining activities is not a limiting factor, can provide attractive sites for development because of the views from these steep sites. One of the more visible natural features in the City is Teal Lake; the City has cooperated with the City oflshpeming in applying for and receiving grant funds to aid in purchasing significant portions of the north shore of the lake. Continue to capitalize on the opportunities associated with the area's steep terrain, climate and natural beauty, while at the same time recognizing the limitations that result from these factors. Policies: Development on the north shore of Teal Lake should be discouraged; the City should pursue acquisition of land where possible to preserve this unique area. Protect the unique character of the Teal Lake shoreline. Continue to work with other local governments, organizations, and individuals to establish and promote events which take advantage of the area's climate and natural features. Objectives: Work with the City oflshpeming, CCI, the U.S. Olympic ~ducation Center, and others to continue enhancement of the SUNTRAC area, and promote existing and new events which are possible because of the unique topography and climate of the area. Implement a 100-foot waterfront setback for development along the north shore and other undeveloped areas of Teal Lake. Chapter l O - Page 4 �10.4 Land Use Explanation: The land use pattern in the City of Negaunee is largely the result of past mining activities, and although these activities have largely ceased inside the City, the caving grounds which remain severely restrict the City's ability to grow. About 75 percent of land within the City is owned or controlled by mining interests, and much of this area consists of caving grounds. Of the City's 15 square miles, only about three square miles contain development. Commercial development has occurred in the downtown area, with a newer commercial "strip" along U.S. 41/M-28. Industrial development in the City is insignificant, and new residential development has been limited by unavailability of land. Two new developments are expected to provide 60-65 new housing units on property formerly not available. Utilize zoning and subdivision regulations, and other local regulatory tools, to implement this plan and guide future growth and development in Negaunee. Develop the downtown and portions of Teal Lake as activity centers and recreational attractions, and develop the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor as a tourist service area, while enhancing the traditional small town character of the community. Enhance the physical appearance of the City, to increase its appeal to residents and visitors. Policies: The existing zoning ordinance should be periodically reviewed to make sure it adequately addresses local issues, facilitates development goals, and protects the character of the community. Encourage revitalization of and restoration of the downtown area as a diversified commercial area. Improve existing and develop new shopping areas in the downtown and Teal Lake A venue corridor. Promote future industrial development which does not have an adverse effect on surrounding areas and the community as a whole. Encourage preservation of historic structures in the City, possibly including designation of a historic district. The City should adopt a sign ordinance, and develop regulations which will be consistent with the character of the community; will aid local residents and visitors in finding attractions and services; and will not detract from the visual quality of the area. Chapter IO - Page 5 �Objectives: Adopt where necessary and consistently enforce ordinances directed towards unsightly buildings, blight, junk cars, etc.; these ordinances will enhance Negaunee's image as a clean, familyoriented community. Develop special zoning language for the Teal Lake area, either through a new zoning district or an overlay district; consider inclusion of special setbacks from the high water line, limitations to height of structures and/or vegetation to enhance scenic views; visual easements at street intersections; buffers along district boundaries and/or adjacent to certain uses; minimizing bulk of structures and lot coverage ratios to maintain visual access. Various uses should be permitted or restricted based on their relationship to the water. Planned Unit Development provisions and incentive zoning language should be added to the current zoning ordinance. Innovative and flexible zoning techniques which allow for mixed uses and creative design should also be explored. Sign regulations should be revised as necessary to insure signs do not detract from the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor or the downtown character. Subdivision regulations should be adopted which establish design and construction criteria governing new streets and subdivisions. In cases where City-owned property is sold, leased or otherwise transferred to a developer, stipulations should be included requiring public access easements, design standards, and/or public facilities to be provided by the developer. The historical character of the downtown should be protected; development of regulations and/or some sort of official designation based on preservation of historic properties should be considered. Landscaping should be used to enhance the appearance of the downtown, using tree planting, shrubs, ground covers, and flowering plants. Enhance the appearance of the entrances to the City, and the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor, using landscaping, signage, visual enhancement of the railroad viaduct, removal or renovation of dilapidated buildings, cleaning up of vacant property, etc. Establish a theme for the City of Negaunee, such as capitalizing on the area's rich mining heritage, the historical buildings and visible reminders of the mining era; use this theme to guide marketing efforts, beautification, building and facade improvements, public improvements such as lighting and street furniture, etc. Historic preservation guidelines would be appropriate for this effort. Chapter IO - Page 6 �Encourage development of businesses which will attract visitors as well as local residents to the community, such as lodging facilities, restaurants, microbreweries, specialty shops, art galleries, etc. Identify potential sites for an industrial park, and define the development needs for these sites. 10.5 Public and Community Facilities Explanation: The City of Negaunee provides a wide range of community facilities and services, including municipal water and sewer systems, garbage collection, electrical service, cable television, municipal offices, library, etc. Other entities at the county, state and federal level, as well as some local organizations, also provide services or facilities used by local residents. Some services, such as higher education, are available in other nearby communities. Community facilities and services are an important part of a community's quality of life, and are also an important factor in economic development. Continue to provide all needed community facilities and services in a cost-effective manner, in accordance with the standards of regulatory agencies. Policies: Continue to provide existing services in a safe and efficient manner, in compliance with state and federal standards, and expand services as needed. Develop a multi-year Capital Improvement Plan for the City, to be used as a long-range planning and budgeting tool. Provide services and facilities which will improve community appearance and serve to attract visitors to the City. Objectives: Encourage pedestrian and biking activity in the community by adding historic-style lighting fixtures throughout the downtown area and Teal Lake corridor. Place and maintain street furnishings in the downtown area and Teal Lake corridor, to make the area more attractive and provide comfort to shoppers, tourists, employees, and pedestrians. Street furnishings include planters, benches, trash containers, drinking fountains, tree grates, and bicycle racks. Explore alternative uses for the former water works building along Teal Lake. Chapter 10 - Page 7 �Provide streetscapes and urban design improvements, such as landscaping, paving, street furniture, lighting, etc., which will add character to public areas. Develop a high-visibility visitor center to provide information to tourists and local residents. A cooperative effort with the Negaunee Historical Museum and other local organizations may be appropriate. Identify deteriorated and/or undersized water mains, identify potential funding sources for repairs, and complete repair or replacement projects as needed to achieve a water system which adequately serves all customers. Identify deteriorated sewer mains, identify funding sources for repair or replacement projects, and repair or replace mains as needed to eliminate inflow and reduce the volume of effluent treated. Identify funding sources for replacement and possible relocation of the sewer interceptor which currently crosses caving grounds ; complete repair and/or relocation . Identify funding sources for repairs to the Negaunee Fire Hall, Negaunee City Hall, and other municipal buildings. Use a Capital Improvements Program to budget for and schedule repairs over a period of several years, in order to insure that these buildings remain suitable for public use. Demolish existing bandshell, select location for new bandshell, identify funding sources, and construct new bandshell. Complete additional platting, road repairs, and water system repairs in Negaunee Cemetery. Continue to upgrade electrical service and TV cable system as needed . Evaluate the financial feasibility of continued operation of the City' s cable television system. 10.6 Housing Explanation: The City ofNegaunee's housing stock is generally relatively old, although most units have been well-maintained. Because of a lack of available sites for development, there has not been significant housing growth in recent years. However, two subdivisions are currently being developed on land that was purchased by developers from mining interests; these new subdivisions will add 60-65 housing units to the local housing stock. Construction began in 1998 on a new 20-unit assisted living facility in the City, which will provide housing options for elderly residents. Chapter IO - Page 8 �Encourage provision of an adequate supply of affordable, safe and sanitary housing, consistent with the needs of the local population. Policies: Encourage continued development and maintenance of a variety of housing types, in accordance with local ordinances and state laws. Through the zoning ordinance and other land use regulation tools, ensure that sufficient sites are available to develop new housing. Stabilize and strengthen existing residential environments through housing rehabilitation and improvement programs. Objectives: Sponsor annual Home Improvement awards. Encourage rehabilitation of existing homes through more active involvement in state and federal programs where available .. Explore the feasibility of elderly housing in the U.S. 41 corridor, where shopping and services are readily available. Be aware of state and county programs for housing rehabilitation, and encourage use of available programs by local residents to help eliminate deteriorated and unsafe housing. Continue to enforce local ordinances regarding blight and deterioration, to eliminate hazards to public health and safety. 10.7 Recreation/Historical Explanation: A wide variety of recreational opportunities are provided in and around the City of Negaunee. These recreational opportunities range from playgrounds and picnic areas used by local residents to intensively-developed facilities which attract visitors from a significant distance, such as SUNTRAC (Suicide Bowl) or the Iron Industry Museum. Some of these recreational opportunities are provided by the City, while others are provided by other agencies or organizations. The City also contains a wealth of historical sites, including many historical buildings in the downtown area. Negaunee is the site of the first discovery of iron ore in the U.P., which led to the development of a thriving iron mining industry throughout the Marquette Iron Range. Chapter IO - Page 9 �Goals (Recreation): Provide a wide range of recreational opportunities, including a variety of recreational experiences for all age groups and abilities, which attract visitors to the community as well as serving local recreation needs. Develop the downtown and portions of Teal Lake as activity centers and recreational attractions while enhancing the traditional small town character of the community. Develop the U.S. 41 corridor as a tourist service area. Capitalize on the historic character of the City and the rich iron mining heritage to attract visitors to the City. Policies: Maintain existing parks and recreational facilities, and implement improvements identified through the recreation planning process. Continue to update the City of Negaunee Recreation Plan every five years, in accordance with Michigan DNR guidelines. Cooperate with other units of government in encouraging maintenance and improvement of recreational facilities in the area, as well as development of new recreational opportunities. Maintain public ownership of Teal Lake shoreline areas to assure that inappropriate or incompatible development does not occur. Increase the value of existing public recreation areas by providing equipment, amenities and other improvements to accommodate multi-use throughout the year. Promote increased use of facilities already in place, such as the Ice Arena. Aggressively pursue grant funding opportunities for recreation improvements. Pursue acquisition of additional recreational sites where possible, using federal, state and private funding sources where available. Insure that local zoning and other land use regulations provide the opportunity to develop businesses which will enhance recreational opportunities il\the City. Utilize Teal Lake's full potential for public recreation opportunities, including parks, scenic viewing areas, boat launch and mooring facilities, etc. Encourage pedestrian and other non-motorized activity in the community by adding signage, historic-style lighting, bike lanes, etc. throughout the downtown area and the Teal Lake corridor. Chapter 10 - Page I 0 �Objectives: Build on the success of existing community events and attractions, such as the Negaunee Invitational Basketball Tournament, Pioneer Days, ski jumping competitions, etc.; explore other ideas for events and attractions to draw visitors to the area; promote Negaunee as a site for festivals and other family-oriented events. Capitalize on recreational opportunities in the area, such as luge; ski jumping; ice fishing; sailing, canoeing, rowing, windsurfing and other nonmotorized boating activities; snowmobiling; hunting; market these opportunities, and insure facilities are in place to meet visitors' needs. Establish a theme for the City of Negaunee, such as capitalizing on the area's rich mining heritage, the historical buildings and visible reminders of the mining era; use this theme to guide marketing efforts, beautification, building and facade improvements, public improvements such as lighting and street furniture, etc. Historic preservation guidelines would be appropriate for this effort. Encourage development of businesses that will attract visitors and local residents to the area, such as lodging facilities, restaurants, microbreweries, specialty shops, art galleries, etc. Support development of bed and breakfast establishments where appropriate. Such establishments can encourage renovation of older homes, spur local construction activity, and will fit well with the historic character of the community. Develop a historic walking tour for visitors to interconnect tourist attractions, historically significant features, and the ethnic neighborhoods of the City with Teal Lake and the downtown. Place placards on or in front of historic buildings throughout the City. Use grant funds in combination with local funds to improve City parks and recreational facilities. Support other local units' efforts to obtain grant funds for other recreational facilities in the area. Identify opportunities to make sites and facilities more accessible to people with disabilities. Implement Teal Lake Park Master Plan recommendations. Implement recommendations of Teal Lake Study Committee. Contact the DNR regarding the continued stocking of fish in Teal Lake. Acquire land, easement, or right-of-way to provide trail access to City-owned property on north shore of Teal Lake. Implement projects identified in the City's recreation plan. Chapter l O - Page l 1 �Explore the feasibility of establishing a campground or RV park in the City. Develop a high-visibility visitor center to provide information to tourists and local residents. A cooperative effort with the Negaunee Historical Museum and other local organizations may be appropriate. Goal (Historical): Restore and preserve the historical resources of the Negaunee area, and use the unique history of the area and many historical structures to attract tourists to the area. Policies: Encourage the protection and/or rehabilitation of historical structures wherever possible, rather than replacing with new structures. Seek the support of Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company in efforts to restore the mining heritage of the area. Objectives : Encourage owners and/or managers of historical sites to preserve and/or rehabilitate structures and sites. Support efforts of other agencies and local units of government to obtain funding to preserve, rehabilitate, and interpret historical sites. Capitalize on the downtown's historic integrity, drawing on the community's rich heritage, varied architectural styles, ethnic backgrounds, natural surroundings, recreation, sporting and cultural activities. Develop design standards to serve as guidelines for renovation of historic structures or new construction in historically significant areas. Explore the possibility of creating a historic district, perhaps using tax incentives, low interest loans, design assistance, etc. to encourage preservation and appropriate renovation of historic structures. Develop a historic walking tour for visitors to interconnect tourist attractions, historically significant features , Teal Lake and the downtown. Place placards on or in front of historic buildings and other significant historical sites throughout the City. Chapter IO - Page 12 �10.8 Transportation Explanation: The City of Negaunee is part of the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban area, located along U.S. 4 l/M-28. In addition to these and other state trunklines, the City maintains a network of streets within its boundaries. Traffic counts have shown significant increases in traffic over the past 20 years or so. Local residents are heavily dependent on private automobiles for transportation, with only limited access to public transit. Other forms of transportation which serve the City include rail, used primarily to transport iron ore from the mines south of the City to the Marquette ore docks; air, which is available at the Marquette County Airport; shipping, generally limited to the shipment of iron ore, coal, salt, etc. to and from Marquette. Air travel will require a longer drive on the part of City residents once the Marquette County Airport relocates to K.I. Sawyer in late 1999. Continue to provide a transportation network which provides for the safe and efficient movement of goods and people through, into and out of the City. Policies : • Evaluate city-wide traffic patterns, identify hazardous areas where unsafe traffic patterns exist, and develop strategies for elimination of those hazards . Maintain road surfaces and structures in good repair. Encourage non-motorized travel throughout the City. Objectives: Develop a historic walking tour for visitors to interconnect tourist attractions, historically significant features, Teal Lake and the downtown. Encourage pedestrian and other non-motorized activity in the community by adding a pedestrian overpass over U.S. 41, signage, historic-style lighting, bike lanes, etc. throughout the downtown area and the Teal Lake corridor. Coordinate with Marq Tran regarding the placement of bus shelters throughout the City. Enhance the appearance of the entrances to the City, and the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor, using landscaping, signage, visual enhancement of the railroad viaduct, removal or renovation of dilapidated buildings, cleaning up of vacant property, etc. Implement the recommendations of the Traffic/Parking Study conducted by ECI, Inc. in 1993. Chapter IO - Page 13 �Sand Dr J p Negaunee City: Pro osed Zonin 1 City of Ne aunee Zoning Classification - Central Business District (CBD) Commercial Light Industrial Mining Plan Unit Development (PUD) Recreation Residential Rural Residential 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 Cr Feet + l__:_ompiled By: CUPPAD, 1999 14 �Teal 36 Lake 35 p J? V 1City of Ne aunee ity of •see Reverse Sidl For Zoomed y;,,. Map Layers - -Road Network D eity Border -,........,~Railroads Rivers Lakes - -Section Tics 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 11 7 Cr Feet Lake Miller Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1999 L______:_:_- - - -=- -: c___O'-Jfde1=i =~=~==========--_jL___~~=========~-_J 14 Lake � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Negaunee_Comprehensive-Plan_1999 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CUPPAD Regional Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999-08-17 Title A name given to the resource City of Negaunee Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The City of Negaunee Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the CUPPAD Regional Commission with assistance from the City of Negaunee Planning Commission and was adopted on August 17, 1999. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource City of Negaunee Planning Commission, City of Negaunee, Marquette County, Michigan (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Negaunee (Mich.) Marquette County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e81e3a917729833a543e7b9637814914.pdf f8ddb26ceda82fd56f35a37c5da4ebc8 PDF Text Text \)\CKINso,t Q; L4,/ c.::, ..... cS: �TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 OVERVIEW & BRIEF DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction ........ . 1.2 Township Description POPULATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Population Trends . 2.3 Population Estimates 2.4 Age & Male/Female Composition 2.5 Racial Composition 2.6 Educational Attainment . 2.7 Household Characteristics 2.8 Population Projections 2.9 Population Density .... 2.10 Issues & Opportunities .. . . . . . 1 1 .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . ...... . . .. . . . .. ... 3.0 ECONOMIC BASE Introduction Area Economy Labor Force & Employment Employment by Sector ....•• Employment by Place of Work Major Employers Income 3.8 Poverty Rates 3.9 Issues & Opportunities 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 NATURAL FEATURES 4.1 Topography 4.2 Geology ••.•. 4.3 Mineral Resources 4.4 Soils .......... 4.5 Water Features Wildlife 4.6 4.7 Climate 4.8 Issues & Opportunities . . . . .. ... . .. ...... ... ... ..... 1 ..... 1 ......... 6 ...... ....... ...... ...... .7 12 13 15 16 17 20 ...... 1 .................. 1 1 6 . . . . . . .. .. . . .. ...... 10 ...... . . . . .. . 11 ...... 13 ... ... .. . .. . . . . .. . . . ...... 17 . . . . .. . ....... 19 . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 1 ... • 2 . .. .. . .. . . . ...... 3 3 . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . ........ .................. 5 ... . ... .... 6 .......... ...... 6 6 �• 5.0 Page LAND USE 1 5.1 Historical Land Use Patterns •2 5.2 Factors Affecting Land Use .4 5.3 Current Use Inventory ....... 8 5.4 Residential Land Use .. 10 5.5 Commercial Land Use 10 5.6 Industrial Land Use ... 11 5.7 Forestry & Agricultural Land Uses 12 5.8 Public & Quasi-Public Land Use 14 5.9 Land Ownership .... 14 5.10 Contaminated Sites 5.11 Wellhead Protection and Planning •••••...•.••••....••.•••......... 17 17 5.12 Land Use Trends 18 5.13 Issues & Opportunities 6.0 COMMUNITY FACILITIES & SERVICES 6.1 Introduction ................... . 6.2 Municipal Community Facilities & Services 6.3 Other Community Facilities & Services 6.4 Other Public Facilities & Services .• 6.5 Issues & Opportunities ...•..••••••••..•.. 7.0 8.0 HOUSING 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Housing Characteristics 7.3 Financial Characteristics 7.4 Selected Housing Characteristics . 7.5 Areas of Development 7.6 Issues & Opportunities ....... 1 1 3 •••••••• 7 8 1 1 13 15 18 19 PARK & RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Existing Recreational Facilities .•.......•.. Nearby Recreational Sites Historical Resources ... Local Recreation Needs Recreational Needs Standards Park Accessibility .••.• Issues & Opportunities ..••••. 1 5 8 12 15 18 20 �• 9.0 10.0 • TRANSPORTATION 9.1 Road System ..••••.. 9.2 Private Roads .•..••••.••.... 9.3 National Functional Classification of Roads 9.4 Condition of Roads in the Township .. 9.5 Condition of Bridges in the Township 9.6 Financing 9.7 Sub-State Area Long Range Plan 9.8 Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) 9.9 Traffic Volume ••..•.. 9.10 Public Transportation 9.11 Inter-Community Bus Services 9.12 Port ............ . 9.13 Air Transportation 9.14 Railroads ....... . 9.15 Non-Motorized Transportation Facilities 9.16 Issues & Opportunities ............. . MARQUETTE COUNTY AIRPORT 10.1 Introduction .............• 10.2 Existing Marquette County Airport 10.3 K.I. Sawyer Facilities 10.4 Airport Relocation •• 10.5 Issues & Opportunities ...... .. ... . ......... ...... 11.0 GOALS, POLICIES & OBJECTIVES 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Economy ......... . 11.3 Natural Features 11.4 Land Use. 11.5 Housing. 11.6 Transportation 11.7 Community Facilities & Services 11.8 Recreation/Historical ••••...•. Appendix A - ADA Requirements Appendix B - Maps Page 1 3 3 •• 7 ..... ... .... 11 11 17 18 19 21 24 25 26 26 ....... 27 28 ...... .......... ...... 1 1 7 9 12 1 2 •4 5 6 8 9 ••...• 10 �1.0 OVERVIEW AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction This Comprehensive Plan represents the culmination of months of discussion and study by the Negaunee Township Planning Commission, with technical assistance from the Central Upper Peninsula Planning and Development (CUPPAD) Regional Commission. The plan can be divided into two primary areas -- background information, and goals, policies and objectives which will guide Township future development. The first nine chapters (2-10) of the plan contain background information on the population trends, the local economy, land use, and community facilities, among other things. Such information is useful in forming a complete picture of Township growth and development over time as well as its potential. These chapters answer such questions as ''where do we want to go in the future and how can we achieve those goals. The last chapter of the plan (11) builds on the first nine, and provides a framework for guiding the Township's future development. In addition to providing a general framework for development, the goals, policies and objectives articulated in this plan will be used as a basis for reviewing proposed public improvement projects, in accordance with the Township Planning Act and redrafting of the township zoning ordinance. 1.2 Township Description Negaunee Township is located in the east central section of Marquette County, within the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming Urban Center. The Township lies along the Highway U.S. 41/M-28 corridor between the City of Marquette and the Cities of Ishpeming and Negaunee. The Township is bounded by the townships of Ishpeming, Marquette, Sands, Richmond, Tilden and the City of Negaunee. The Township incorporates approximately 44 square miles of total land area. The area is approximately one day's drive from the major midwest cities of Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit and Minneapolis. The current Marquette County airport is located within the Township on U.S. 41/M-28. The Marquette County Board of Commissioners made a decision in August 1996 to move the existing county airport location to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The airport is expected to be moved by mid- to late 1999. The historic development of the Township goes back to the days of iron ore exploration. In 1844, a survey party headed by William A. Burt made the first discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region within the present area of Negaunee. One year later, a Chippewa Indian Chief named Marji Gesick led Phil Everett and his party of explorers to an uprooted pine tree where they found an outcropping of iron ore. The explorers Chapter 1 - Page 1 �were from Jackson, Michigan and they founded the Jackson Mine at the pine tree site, the first property in the Lake Superior region to be worked for iron ore. Today a large monument marks the site of the first ore discovery. While iron ore extraction began early in the history of the Negaunee area, a number of efforts were also made to process this natural resource. In 1847 the Carp River forge was constructed on the Carp River at the present northeast limits of the city of Negaunee. The first blooms from this forge were hammered out in 1848. The site also housed the first Post Office in Marquette County. Further efforts to manufacture iron ore began with the construction of a charcoal blast furnace in 1847 near the present location of downtown Negaunee. The actual site is on Partridge Creek, some 1,000 feet south of the Teal Lake Avenue and Lincoln Street intersection. Pig iron production from this site began in 1858 and continued through 1893. A number of other early efforts to process iron ore were made in Marquette County, but they too eventually ceased due to economic difficulties. Because of the iron ore discovery of 1844, Peter S. White named the area "Negaunee", a word of Chippewa origin having the connotation of pioneer or first. The spirit of pioneering in Neguanee continued in July 1965, with the world's first shipment of pelletized underground iron ore. The ore was mined from the Mather "B" Mine and processed in the Pioneer Pellet Plant located in Negaunee Township. These technological advances in processing low grade iron ore gave new life to mining on the Marquette Iron Range. The processing of lowgrade ore continues to be a major economic factor in the area. The Empire Mine, started in 1962 with an annual capacity of 1.6 million tons of pellets, produced 8.35 million tons of magnetite ore in 1997. The Tilden Mine, which opened in 1974 with an annual production of 4 million tons, produced 6.0 million tons in 1997; the Tilden Mine produces both hematite and magnetite iron ore pellets. With the decision by Algoma Steel to purchase its source of iron ore exclusively from the Tilden Mine, annual pellet production will be increased to 7.8 million by 1999. An increase in households and demand for housing within the Township as well as development pressures in the Township and urban corridor are among the challenges facing Negaunee Township. While these trends can be viewed as positive changes, it is desirable for growth to occur in areas where services are adequate, where land use conflicts are minimized and where the physical environment is suitable for development. This plan will help identify Township strengths and w~knesses, and provide a framework for the future growth and development of the area. Chapter 1 • Page 2 ~ �2.0 POPULATION 2.1 Introduction Population change is the primary component in tracking a community's past growth as well as predicting future population trends. Population characteristics relate directly to Township housing, educational, community, and recreational facility needs, and to its future economic development. Fluctuations in the economy can greatly influence the population growth and characteristics in a community. 2.2 Population Trends The population of Negaunee Township from 1940 to 1990 increased by 1,800 persons, or 316.9 percent (Table 2-1). The only decline during this fifty year period occurred between 1980 and 1990, when the Township population declined from 2,443 to 2,368, a 3.1 percent decline. The decline during this decade mirrored a county-wide decline, probably due to employment losses in the mining industry. From 1940 to 1980, the Township population grew steadily, with an increase of 330 percent. During the 1940s, the Township experienced the greatest rate of growth of the 50-year time period, with a 60.0 percent increase, followed by a 52 percent increase in population during the 1950s. These two decades saw growth as a result of increases in the mining industry. Figure 2-1 gives a graphic comparison of the Township population trends to other civil divisions within Marquette County. The population of Marquette County from 1940 to 1990 increased by 23,743 persons, or 50.4 percent. Of the County civil or political divisions, the townships of Chocolay, Ely, Forsyth, Ishpeming, Marquette, Negaunee, Powell, Sands, Skandia, Tilden and West Branch and the city of Marquette were the only ones that experienced growth during this period, with the largest growth occurring in Sands. Countywide, a significant portion of the population growth is attributable to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, with large population increases in Forsyth, Sands and West Branch townships, which encompass the former base. Between 1950 and 1960, for example, Sands Township population grew by over 800 percent. The population of the two nearby cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming declined during this time period. The six county CUPPAD Region experienced some population decline in the 1940s, which was then followed by steady growth from 1950-1980, with a population increase of 22 percent; however, in the decade of the 1990s, the region lost 4,602 persons. The State of Michigan in each of the decades from 1940 to 1990 incurred growth in population, with a 50 year period increase of 76.8 percent. Chapter 2 - Page 1 �TABLE 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1940 1950 % Change, 1940-50 1960 %Change, 1950-60 1970 % Change, 1960-70 1980 % Change, 1970-80 1990 % Change, 1980-90 % Change, 1940-90 -3.1 316.9 346 -24.8 -50.1 72.3 6,025 6.0 583.1 1,955 74.6 1,946 -0.5 215.9 -21.1 163 -7A 156 -4.3 -49A 8,290 140.0 9,679 16.8 8,775 -9.3 339.2 5JJ 444 -5.7 577 30.0 500 -13.3 -4.2 8,857 -1.2 8,245 -6.9 7,538 -8.6 7,200 -4.5 .24.3 14.0 2,238 47.5 2,376 6.2 3,612 52.0 3,515 -2.7 164.1 17,202 8.0 19,824 15.2 21,967 10.8 23,288 6.0 21,977 -5.6 38.0 780 1,280 64.1 1,880 46.9 1,703 -9A 2,669 56.1 2,757 3.3 253.5 513 455 -11.3 410 ·10.0 436 6.3 383 -12.2 339 -11.5 -33.9 6,813 6,472 -5.0 6,126 -5.3 5,248 -14.3 5,189 -1.1 4,741 -8.6 -30A 644 623 .3.3 390 -37A 372 -4.6 667 79.3 660 -1.0 2.5 Republic Twp. 1,617 1,490 -7.9 1,417 -4.9 1,442 1.8 1,390 -3.6 1,170 15.8 -27.6 Richmond Twp. 1,225 1,197 -2.3 1,411 17.9 1,277 -9.5 1,246 -2A 1,095 -12.1 -10.6 Sands Twp. 172 179 4.1 1,657 825.7 2,164 30.6 2,437 12.6 2,696 10.6 1467A Skandia Twp. 793 634 -20.1 664 4.7 717 8.0 999 39.3 933 -6.6 17.7 Tilden Twp. 967 932 -3.6 922 1.1 883 -4.2 1,044 18.2 1,010 .3.3 4A 38.8 2,368 460 11A 47.6 5,685 1,120 26.7 -20.6 176 3,454 99.0 -148.0 471 8,962 -5.6 1,331 1,517 Marquette City 15,928 Marquette Twp. Michigamme Twp. Negaunee Twp. 568 Champion Twp. 694 557 -19.7 495 -11.1 519 4.8 Chocolay Twp. 882 1,205 36.6 2,235 85.5 3,299 Ely Twp. 616 674 9A 884 31.2 Ewing Twp. 308 281 -9.1 223 1,998 1,736 -13.1 Humboldt Twp. 522 445 Ishpeming City 9,491 Ishpeming Twp. Forsyth Twp. 909 60.0 1,383 52.1 1,760 27.3 2,443 I Negaunee City Powell Twp. Chapter 2 - Page 2 ; )J I )) )) �TABL.E 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1940 1950 % Change, 1940-50 1960 % Change, 1950-60 1970 o/o Change, 1980 1960-70 o/o Change, 1990 1970-80 % Change, 1980-90 % Change, 1940-90 Torin Twp. 353 217 -385.0 128 -410.0 101 -21.1 160 SSA 156 -2.5 -55.8 Wells Twp. 491 431 ·12.2 278 .35.5 277 -0A 351 26.7 281 -20.0 -42.8 West Branch Twp. 438 256 -41.6 807 215.2 2,195 172.0 2,806 27.8 2,998 6.8 584.5 47,144 47,654 1.2 56,154 17.8 64,686 15.2 74,101 9.9 70,887 -4.3 S0A 154,496 149,865 -3.0 157,257 4.9 165,744 SA 182,390 10.0 177,692 -2.6 15.0 5,256,106 6,371,766 21.2 7,824,965 22.8 8,875,083 13A 9,262,078 4A 9,295,297 0A 76.8 131,669,275 151,325,798 14.9 179,323,175 18.5 203,302,031 13A 226,542,199 11A 248,709,873 9.8 88.9 Marquette County CUPPAD Region Michigan United States Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census data for years cited. Chapter 2 - Page 3 �FIGURE 2-1 POPULATION 1940-1990, SELECTED AREAS 10,000 9,000 8,962 8,000 7,200 6,000 C 0 j ::, a. 5 5,248 5,000 8. 4,741 4,000 3, 12 3,000 3,515 2 757 ! 2,368 2,000 1,000 1,095 568 0 1940 1950 1970 1960 1980 Year -<>-Negaunee Township -o-1shpemlng Township -¥-Richmond Township ~ City of Negaunee ' -ll-Marquette Township -o-c1ty of Ishpeming Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census data for years cited. Chapter 2 - Page 4 1990 R �Population change is the result of a combination of natural increase or decrease and migration. When births within a community within a period of time exceed deaths, a positive natural increase occurs. If deaths exceed births, a negative natural increase is the result. Communities with a relatively young population tend to have a high natural increase, since the birth rate is relatively high. Those communities with a large number of older people tend to have a small natural increase; a negative natural increase is uncommon. Net migration is the difference between the number of people moving into a community and the number of people moving out. Net migration is positive when more people move into an area than move out. Economically depressed areas often experience significant out-migration as residents leave for real or perceived employment opportunities elsewhere. In Marquette County, births exceeded deaths in the 1960s, '70s and '80s. From 1960 to 1969, and from 1970 to '79 in-migration occurred, while out-migration was the rule between 1980 and 1989. The County's population increased from 1960 to 1980, as a result of in-migration combined with the natural increase in population. In the last decade (1980-89) out-migration exceeded the natural increase to result in a declining population for Marquette County as shown in Table 2-2. Significant out-migration appears to have occurred county-wide following the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in 1995. The 1996 population estimate for Marquette County was 62,017, down 12.5 percent from the 1990 Census figure of 70,887. Within the central U.P. from 1980 to 1989, Dickinson County was the only county in the central U.P. in which net in-migration occurred, and was the only county in the region to see its population increase during this decade. TABLE 2-2 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE, MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1960-1990 1960-69 Live births 1970-79 1980-1989 13,733 12,781 11,558 Deaths S,694 5,380 S,039 Natural increase 8,039 7,401 6,519 493 2,014 -9,733 8,532 9,415 -3,214 Migration Total population change Source: Michigan Information Center, Michigan Dept. of Management & Budget. Chapter 2 - Page S �2.3 Population Estimates Periodically, the Michigan Department of Management and Budget (DMB) along with the U.S. Bureau of the Census prepares population estimates between the decennial census. County estimates of population developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census are in turn used by DMB to develop the subcounty population estimates. These estimates are based on formulas which attempt to estimate migration, births, and deaths in a community and also respond in a certain extent to known local changes. An example is the closure of the K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base and activities associated with the mining industry. The population estimates for Negaunee Township from 1991 to 1996 reveal a downward trend beginning in 1994. The annual population estimates indicate that population had increased in the earlier part of the decade (1991- 1993), but in subsequent years the number of residents declined. Overall, the Township experienced a loss of 126 persons, or 5.3 percent drop, from April 1990 to July 1996. The current population estimate is 2,242. The population estimates for both the City of Negaunee and City of Ishpeming indicate a continued population decline. The current population for the Negaunee city of 3,559 is down 24.9 percent from 1990 and the current population for Ishpeming city is down 24.7 percent. Of the townships surrounding Negaunee Township, all had reported significant growth in their population base. Ishpeming, Richmond and Tilden Townships all are estimated to have experienced increases around 45 percent, as have many other smaller townships in the County. Marquette County population was estimated at 62,017 persons in 1996, which was a decrease of 8,870 persons or 12.5 percent from 1990. The majority of this decrease occurred in Forsyth, Sands and West Branch Townships, and can be related to the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. However, trends elsewhere in the county, including a decline of over 20 percent in the City of Marquette, appear to be inconsistent with local observations. In smaller townships with significant population increases, the rate of increase generally tends to be about 45 percent, indicating the population increase is the result of a formula used by the DMB and the Census Bureau. The county estimates are prepared utilizing data from a number of sources including federal income tax returns, Medicare enrollment data, birth and death records, and counts of persons in prisons, hospitals, college dormitoMes and other group quarters. The Department of Management and Budget also responds to a certain extent to known local changes in a community such as the construction of a new nursing home or the closure of an air force base. The population estimates are approximate and more Chapter 2 - Page 6 �accurate information will not be available until the 2000 Census. The estimates are prepared as annual estimates from July 1991 to July 1996. TABLE 2-3 POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR SELECTED AREAS, 1990-1996 1990 Census Area 1991 Est. 1992 Est. 1993 Est. 1994 Est. 1995 Est. 1996 Est. % Change 19901994 Negaunee Twp. 2,368 2,405 2,445 2,480 2,458 2,310 2,242 -5.3 Negaunee City 4,741 4,659 4,574 4,455 4,257 3,838 3,559 -24.9 Ishpeming City 7,200 7,073 6,944 6,764 6,464 5,839 5,420 -24.7 Ishpeming Twp. 3,519 3,934 4,311 4,716 5,031 5,023 5,lU 45.3 Marquette Twp. 2,757 2,955 3,154 3,132 3,068 2,861 2,742 -0.S Richmond Twp. 1,095 1,261 1,334 1,456 1,548 1,540 1,571 43.S Sands Twp 2,696 2,794 2,980 3,061 2,909 2,199 2,150 -20.3 Tilden Twp. 1,010 1,U8 1,242 1,361 1,450 1,443 1,474 45.9 70,887 71,308 71,844 71,748 70,068 64,716 62,017 -U.S Marquette Co. Source: Department of Management and Budget, Subcounty Population Estimates of Michigan, 1996. 2.4 Age and Male/Female Composition The median age of Negaunee Township residents in 1990 was 33.8 years (Table 2-3). This figure was over three years older than the figures for the County. The Township 1990 median age figure was lower than the nearby cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming. Between 1970 and 1990, the Township median age increased 8.1 years; the most significant increase occurred between 1980 and 1990, when the median age increased by more than five years. The Township older age structure is most likely the result of young adults (within the 20-29 age group) out-migrating to other areas with larger populations for educational and job opportunities. On the whole, the aging population of the Township is following state and national trends, which result from a combination of factors. The primary causes of this aging are increased life expectancies, combined with the fact that the largest segment of the population, the so-called "baby boomers," are aging. A trend toward smaller families, with many people choosing to delay childbearing or not to have children, also contributes toward this aging. Chapter 2 - Page 7 �TABLE 2-4 MEDIAN AGE, 1970-1990, SELECTED AREAS Area 1970 1980 1990 % Change, 1970-1990 Negaunee Twp. 25.7 28.7 33.8 31.S City of Negaunee 34.3 31.8 36.9 7.6 City of Ishpeming 33.S 32.7 36.2 8.1 Marquette County 24.2 26.1 30.7 26.9 Michigan 26.3 28.8 32.6 24.0 United States 27.9 30.0 32.9 17.9 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, Table 1; 1980 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 44; 1970 Census of Population, Characteristics of the Population, Table 33. Within Negaunee Township, the highest median age is found in northeastern portion of the Township, adjacent to Marquette Township. The youngest population area is located in the southeastern corner of the township. Map 2-1 shows the median age by census block group in the Township. Table 2-5 indicates the 1990 population distribution of Negaunee Township by age and sex. The age group of 35-44 years made up the largest portion of the total population at 416 persons, or 18 percent. The age group of persons between the ages of 25-45 is comprised of persons within the population commonly known as the "baby boomer generation", born approximately between 1945 and 1965. Persons of the "baby boomer generation" comprise one third of Negaunee Township population. The younger population of the Township, 5-14 years, also made up a substantial portion of the total population, accounting for 397 persons or 17 percent of the total population. A large portion of this group was likely children of baby boomers. The age groups with the least amount of influence in terms of numbers were the 55-64 years and 65 years and older age groups, who only accounted for 8.1 percent and 8.3 percent of the township total population, respectively. This scenario indicates that the number of elderly individuals within the township population is not that significant. Between 1970 and 1990, the population within the Township became older. The older population 65 years and older, increased 60.7 percent during this period. An analysis of the information in Table 2-5 by age cohort provides another perspective on age distribution within the population. An age cohort is made up of people born within a given time period, such as those born between 1970 and 1980 (10 years). Chapter 2 - Page 8 ~ �TABLE 2-5 MALE AND FEMALE DISTRIBlITION BY AGE GROUP, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1970-1990 Age Group 1970 Male Female I# #I% Under 5 83 5-14 219 4.7 12.4 Male I% 78 203 I# I% I# I% I# 4.4 i!:!!:l!!:if;;ii//i /!:;!Jjji:!/j ;;//jil/i/;1;:~/jJ,i./i;!! 111,i:1:lil/J!J:;!!J!l/i/j/!i!;I:i:::jll::: :1:1:J!!/J/!i!l i:/i!!ig1/:l/: 1 11.5 :1:!:itfiff.ililiI: /iB::i:: i:::::1!!i:i'Ii1[f!.l;:IIIII::1::i1:::1:::::::;,;,::11:iI/:;:~::::;::il!i::!!1=iI!l:: ii1 illl;;::::;~;.:;iI!~:1;;;ili!ii;;ifff~!:::;:r, i:iti~:1!1:::1::::;!i;il :ll: ii;l!;i;~]lf I;i!!~!:::::;i!1!illili::::: :i/:1:!1:::1::::::::1i1::::: :~~~lirl~f;ii!;ii)i:~;~ii1~1~ftii1!:/;ii ~!:;.1~: .: : 1111:; l!i~~:~; ;~:1:~~~;!i!i @lfar.Ji~l-l.I®i/ ~:rmii!i/:::::::::~i;j~~?,)i/ /!I~f~I!!)iif.1!.J.1::;: 211 8.9 203 8.3 215 203 Female Male Female 1 !.li!!I 1 1990 1980 I% I# 70 3.0 205 8.7 I% 69 2.9 192 8.1 11 8.8 :::::::::1:::1::;:::::::::;il!l!li.lJ; li:!:l::;IimI:/ ::1/11I:;:;~:il ! :i !:!l1i;i Il:;11l1/!l!!:1,el; 8.3 ;: : :1: : : : : : :1: 1:1: : : :1:~~1.:1;: : :1~:1:::~~i:::1:v~f::::: ::::::::ii f/JJ;i;l,~::i:1~:~qi/iji I:::1:::1:::i::~:~w.i' 1 35-44 109 6.2 97 5.5 ii!iiiiiili:::;i:;ili:i!i!::::t.11:::::: :::::::m;:::1::::;;:i:; Iii:::;;:iiii~!:iI;ii!!Jl,l;i!:! ::I!l!!iili,::::ii:l,;i/:: 214 9.o 202 8.5 4 5-54 81 4.6 84 4.8 11:::::::;~/Ilii;i!i;i!:!i.li;t :::::1:::::11t:l:i!i1ii ::/:i/ii~:i!i:l;i;lrl:i.lI!I::;:::;::1::~:I:ll!:ili 112 1.3 158 6.1 1 :I.BI:1!il;l11~[i;I;i!;:ii!];~iii/!;:;;1;Iilii iiii!;;i/!:ii!i/ii;l::/i;;/i;fl*:: l;!:i;t.l!1l1l1!: ::ii:t::i:1:1:l1!!t!ll!!i!/1i:::::; I!/ll ]r1:::::1~~!!~ Il!1il!ilil:;fi!ll!,1~!t1ll;l:111 !i;!!/i!!.lli1itliil!~lii!l !11iliililll!I: l!!f;ijl:f;ilil \1!1~111:::1 Iil!lill:/:!!!!lt~i!lI 1 "ifi;;lilf.i.lt.i1i;l!l~! ~ili,~;l:/l;j ~: ll;!ll!li!@f !i:l '!i!~l!i!i:i;:1111:1r .1:11~:1: 11:!;i)Ji.i.!! iitlii! i1!ili{lf Sobtbtal 49 1760 75 3.1 85 3.5 ::~::::~;illi;::::::;:i:t~!lili:;:: l:::;i::i:::1111 :1!!i1l:1::1::::::::li!!i!I:1i:1zi:::: !iii::::I;:::;::11:: 85 3.5 56 2.3 36 1.5 59 2.4 1252 51.2 1191 48.8 2443 1~: !!ll il!!tililili!lil/l:;;!ljil :11:::1 =iil l !:!~;!i~II,!::! ::::!;!i1l!ilil!i i:::l!!l!l:!!!llil l 1 !/:!:/:l:/!;~\ll:l !l1!: :1:1: :;!:r1:1: : Il1l!i!lil;iii~iill; :1: :1: :li!;: : 1!:ll l ili:::::111:::: : 1:i!ll1i /\::1:1m:! 1207 51 1161 2368 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, Characteristics of Population, Table 35; 1980 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 39a; 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Table 68. Note: The percentages in this table reflect the relationship of males to females to the total population. Chapter 2 - Page 9 49 �The age cohort of 5-14 years of age in the 1970 Census would have been 15-24 years in the 1980 Census. Looking at this age group in 1980, a slight increase of 10 persons occurred. Several older age groupings had more of an increase. The 15-24 age cohort from the 1970 Census increased by 123 persons who became the 25-34 age group in the 1980 Census. Another age group which saw an increase during this time period was the 25-34 age cohort from the 1970 Census who were aged 35-44 in 1980; this cohort had an increase of 105 persons. Taken together, the increase in these cohorts indicates that during the 1970s the in-migration to the township was higher than out-migration and deaths in these age classes. Families with children were moving into the township and many existing residents were remaining. During the 1980s, there was a decrease in population. The 15-24 age cohort of 1980 who were the 25-34 age group of 1990 had a 71 percent decrease. This scenario is related to the departure of young people as they reach their late teens and early twenties, and migrate to other communities for educational or employment opportunities. When the 24-34 age group moves into the 35-44 age group, an increase in the age cohort typically occurs, which happens because members of the cohort return to the community for employment following college, or to raise their families. During the 1980 decade, the older age cohorts lost population either as a result of outmigration or death. The age cohort of 45-54 in the 1980 Census who were 55-64 in 1990, had a decrease of 43 persons. The 65-74 age group of the 1980 Census which was the 75 & older of the 1990 Census had a decrease of 71 persons. The proportion of the population over 65 years of age decreased during the 1980s. While migration may be a primary factor influencing population change among the younger age groups, death rates become the primary factor in older age groups. Overall, there are slightly more males than females in Negaunee Township. The ratio of males to females varies by age group, with more males in all but the 15-24 years and 6574 years groups. Table 2-6 divides the population of Marquette County into three age groups, the school age group (5-17), the working group (16+), and the voting group (18+). In 1990, the school age group made up 21.9 percent of the Township population, which was lower than the County percentage (26.1 percent) but greater than the State percentage (20.5 percent). The working age group accounted for 75.7 percent of the Township total population. The percentage of individuals in this group dropped to 67.4 percent when considering retirement at age 65. This figure compares with 70.0 percent at the county level and 64.5 percent at the state level. The portion of elderly population (65 years and older) in the Township was three percentage points lower than the County and 3.6 percentage points lower than the State. Chapter 2 • Page 10 -------' �FIGURE2-2 AGE DISTRIBUTION Negaunee Township 1970 Aa• Under5 5.14 ]5.24 - ll.l 24.0 l6.l 25.34 126 35--« 117 45-54 9.4 55-64 9.0 ~-74 75 .t.Oldor 3.5 0 15 2 4 8 6 10 12 Pucent 16 14 18 3l 22 24 20 22 24 1980 Aa• .8 Under5 5-14 J.5..24 25--34 - 18.7 rl.7 16.6 113 35..« 9.6 45-54 6.5 55-64 65-74 5.8 75.t.Oldm 3.51 0 2 4 6 8 10 l2 l8 16 14 Perceut 1990 AF UD4er5 5.51 S.14 15-24 25-34 35--44 16.8 - 14.2 lS.2 rl.6 45-54 13.9 55-64 8.1 65.74 ~ S.3 .t.Oldor 3.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 :16 18 20 22 24 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1970 Cemus of Population, First Count; 1980 Census of Population, S1F 1, 010; 1990 Census of Population, S1F 1A, P014. Chapter 2 - Page 11 �TABLE 2-6 AGE GROUPS, 1990 Negaunee Township School Age Total Female Marquette County Male Percent 5-11 284 144 140 12-14 113 48 65 15-17 120 58 62 State Percent 17.9 11.1 4.8 4.2 4.7 S.1 4 4.7 12 IWorking, Voting & Retired Age I 16+ 1792 876 916 7S.7 76.8 76.4 16-64 1596 776 820 67.4 70 64.S 18+ 1712 840 872 72.3 74 73.S 18-64 1S16 740 776 64 67.3 61.6 196 101 95 11.3 11.9 6S+ 8.3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Tables 54 and STF 1A Table P14. 2.5 Racial Composition The racial make-up of Negaunee Township is primarily persons who are white. In 1990, the other race categories only accounted for 26 residents, or 1.1 percent of the total population (Table 2-6). The largest minority group was the American Indian (there were no reported persons of Eskimo or Aleut race) race with 16 persons, which was a decrease of 12 persons from 1980. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of minorities within Negaunee Township decreased by four persons, or 13 percent. Chapter 2 • Page 12 �TABLE 2-7 NUMBER OF PERSONS BY RACE, 1980 AND 1990 Race 1990 1980 Number Number Percent Percent Total 2443 100 2368 100 White 2413 98.77 2342 98.9 Black 1 0.04 5 0.21 American Indian, Eskimo & Aleut 28 1.15 16 0.68 Asian and Pacific Islander 1 0.04 2 0.08 Other Races 0 0 3 0.13 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census STF, 1A Table PS; and 1980 Census of Population STF 1, Table 007. 2.6 Educational Attainment The number of Negaunee Township residents over 25 years of age in 1990 with no high school diploma was 198 or 13.2 percent, which was 5 percentage points lower than the Marquette County, and 10.1 percentage points lower than the State (Table 2-8). Overall, 86.8 percent of residents over 25 years of age in the Township were high school graduates or higher, which was higher than the County (81.8 percent) and State (76.8 percent) averages. The percent of residents in the Township and County over 25 years of age with a bachelors degree or higher were also higher than the State. This may indicate that a higher percentage of jobs within the Township and County require higher education skills. Recent trends indicate that employers are now requiring their employees to have higher educational levels. Table 2-9 identifies the top ten employers in the County. Five of these ten top employers are in the health care and education sectors, which generally require a college degree or technical training beyond high school. Many positions associated with financial institutions and the state prison also require a college degree. Some of the major manufacturing industries have also started to require higher education background before hiring. Chapter 2 - Page 13 �TABLE 2-8 EDUCATIONAL ATIAINMENT OF PERSONS OVER 25 YEARS, 1990 Negaunee Township Educational Level Number Percent Marquette County Number Percent State of Michigan Number I Percent 102 6.8 2851 6.7 452,893 7.8 96 6.4 4875 11.S 902,866 15.S High School Graduate 674 45.1 15144 35.7 1,887,449 32.3 Some College, No Degree 246 16.S 8172 19.3 1,191,518 20.4 Associate Degree 88 5.9 2755 6.5 392,869 6.7 Bachelor's Degree 217 14.S 5707 13.S 638,267 10.9 72 4.8 2882 6.8 375,780 6.4 Less than 9th Grade 9th-12th Grade, No Diploma Graduate or Professional Degree Percent High School Graduate or Higher 86.8 81.8 76.8 Percent Bachelor's Degree or Higher 19.3 20.3 17.4 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P057. ' Chapter 2 - Page 14 �TABLE 2-9 MARQUETTE COUNTY'S TOP TEN EMPLOYERS, 1994 Location Employer Number of Employees Type Marquette General Hospital Marquette 1725 General medical and surgical hospital Northern Michigan University Marquette ll03 University Empire Iron Mining Partnership Palmer 1131 Iron ore mining Tilden Mining Company, LC. Ishpeming 824 Iron ore mining Marquette School District Marquette 576 Elementary and secondary schools Michigan Department of Corrections Marquette 421 Correctional Institution Gwinn Area Community Schools Gwinn 399 Elementary and secondary schools Simmons I.J Enterprises, Inc. Negaunee 385 Air transportation Alger-Marquette Community Mental Health Marquette 382 Public health programs MFC First National Bank Marquette 382 Commercial bank Total Employment of Top Ten Employers: 7,403 Source: Michigan Employment Security Commission, ES 202 Data, 1994. 2.7 Household Characteristics The U.S. Census defines a household as all persons who occupy a housing unit; e.g., a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any group of related or unrelated persons sharing living quarters. A family consists of a householder and one or more persons living in the same household who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. From 1980 to 1990 the population of Negaunee Township decreased by 3.1 percent; however the number of housing units (by definition a household is the same as a housing unit) increased by 18.7 percent during the same time period (Table 2-10). This scenario was caused by a decrease in the average household size, which was the result of an increase in single-parent families and non-family households. The number of singleparent family households increased by nearly a third between 1980 and 1990, while the number of non-family households, including persons living alone, more than doubled. The number of non-family householders living alone increased by 114.7 percent, from 68 to 146; almost a third of these households are elderly people living alone. The average household size during this period decreased from 3.08 persons to 2.80 persons between 1980 and 1990. Chapter 2 - Page 15 �TABLE 2-10 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FOR NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1980 - 1990 1990 1980 Household Type Number Percent Percent Number 627 88.1 668 79.1 568 79.8 591 70.0 Female Householder 23 3.2 52 6.2 Male Householder 36 5.1 25 3.0 85 11.9 177 20.9 Householder Living Alone 68 9.6 146 17.3 Householder 65 or Over 29 4.1 46 5.4 Family Households Married-Couple Family Non-Family Households Total Households 7U 845 Average Household Size 3.08 2.80 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, P003, P016, and H0l 7A; and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1, 003, 016, 022, and 035. 2.8 Population Projections Population projections are very useful for units of government like counties for projecting future residential demands for public services. However, the major component for making population projections, future in- and out-migration, is very difficult to predict. The main problem is this data depends heavily on the future economic trends of the locality and other areas. The other components of population projections, fertility and mortality data, have less of an impact on population change, particularly for smaller jurisdictions. In 1996, the Michigan Department of Management and Budget prepared baseline population projections to the year 2020 for counties of the state using a special formula that utilizes the three main components of population change; birth, death, and migration. These population projections assist counties in making predictions on future demographic trends. The 30-year population forecast for Marquette County reveals downward population trend, with an overall 5.96 percent decrease from 1990 to 2020 (Tables 2-11, 2-12 and Figure 2-3). Though anticipated to grow from 1995 to 2000, the county is projected to experience a drop in population in the ensuing years. Marquette and Menominee Counties are the only counties in the central U.P. with an expected decline in the next ,,,......_, Chapter 2 - Page 16 �three decades. Alger County to the east is projected to have the largest increase, at 13.74 percent during the 30-year time period. The populations of Delta, Dickinson and Schoolcraft counties are also predicted to grow during this time period. TABLEl-11 POPUIATION PROJECTIONS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990-2020 1990 Censua Area 1995 2000 2020 201S 2010 2005 Alger County 8,972 9,847 9,920 10,009 10,114 10,192 10,20S Delta County 37,780 38,582 38,741 38,906 39,004 39,244 39,400 Dicldnson County 26,831 27,161 27,416 27~7 27,746 27,942 28,096 Marquelle Counly 70,887 65,427 69,135 68,916 68,393 67,016 66,661 Menominee County 24,920 24,537 23,576 22,518 21,497 20,565 19,581 8,302 8,706 8,779 8,861 8,926 8,970 8,929 177,692 174,260 177,617 176,7'7 175,740 174,529 172,872 9,295,297 9,556,063 9,786,685 9,963,788 10,Ul,298 10,284,960 10,~,737 248,709,873 262,073,000 275,005,000 287,092,000 299,194,000 311,833,000 324,668,000 Scboolcnll County CUPPAD Region Michigan Unlltd States Source: Department or Management and Budge~ Population to Year 2020 In Micbipa, 1996. TABLE2-12 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, PERCENT CHANGE, 1990-2020 2015-2020 1990-2020 0.77 0.13 13.74 0.41 0.46 0.40 4.29 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.55 4.71 5.67 -0.32 -0.76 -1.14 -1.41 -5.96 -1.54 -3.92 -4.49 -4.53 -4.34 -4.78 -21.42 Schoolcraft County 4.87 0.84 0.93 0.73 0.49 -0.46 7.55 CUPPAD Region -1.93 1.93 -0.48 -0.69 -0.95 -2.71 Michigan 2.81 2.41 1.81 1.58 1.62 1.65 12.47 United States 5.37 4.93 4.40 4.22 4.22 4.12 30.54 1990-1995 1995-2000 Alger County 9.75 0.74 0.90 1.05 Delta County 2.12 0.54 0.30 Dickinson County 1.23 0.94 Marquette County -7.70 Menominee County Area 2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2015 -5.8 Source: Deparbnent of Management and Budget, Population to Year 2020 in Michigan, 1996. 2.9 Population Density With a 1990 population of 2,368 persons and a land area of 42.1 square miles, the Negaunee Township population density was 56.2 persons per square mile (Table 2-13). This figure compares with a density of 38.9 persons per square mile at the county level and 163.6 person per square mile at the state level. Negaunee Township has the second Chapter 2 - Page 17 �highest population density of the townships within the Marquette urban area. Wells Township, with 1.8 persons per square mile, is the least populated township in the county. The 1990 population density varies widely throughout the Township, as shown on Map 2-2. The highest population density occurs in the area near the US41/M-28 corridor and along Midway Drive. Closer to US41/M-28, and the southern portion of the township, much of the land is in small parcel and small tract ownership. Many of the smaller land parcels border, or are near, the City of Negaunee. Areas of low population density in the northern portion of the township include commercial forest reserve lands and larger private tracts. TABLE 2-13 POPULATION DENSITIES, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Place Land Area (Square Miles) Population Persons Per Square Mile Negaunee Township 42.1 2368 56.2 City of Negaunee 13.8 4741 343.6 City of Ishpeming 8.7 7200 827.6 Ishpeming Township 86.S 3515 40.6 Marquette Township 54.7 2757 50.4 City of Marquette 11.4 21977 1927.8 Chocolay Township 59.7 6025 100.9 1821.3 70887 38.9 56,809.2 9,295,297 163.6 Marquette County Michigan Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Summary of Population and Housing Characteristics, 1990, Table 15. ' Chapter 2 - Page 18 �FIGURE 2-3 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990-2020 80,000 70,000 68,916 68,393 67,616 66,661 ' 38906 39004 39 44 39,400 27, 28,096 65,427 60,000 50,000 C .2 J§ ::, c.. 40,000 37,780 38582 26831 27161 24,920 24,537 38741 ~ 30,000 20,000 27416 23,576 9, 10,000 8,302 22,518 21,497 10 0 8,706 8,779 8,861 8,926 8,970 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 8,929 0 1990 Year -❖- Dickinson Co. -o- Menominee Co. -1::r- Delta ~Marquette Co. ~Alger Co. ---<r- Schoolcraft Co. Co. Source: Department of Management and Budget, Population to Year 2020 In Michigan, 1996. Chapter 2 - Page 19 2020 �2.10 Issues and Opportunities Census data indicate that the Township had experienced a steady growth rate from 1940 up until 1980. During the 1980s the township population decreased by slightly over 3 percent. But at the same time, the number of households increased by over 18 percent. This growth in the number of homes may entail increased demands on services such as fire protection, sewer, water, garbage, police, and snow removal. The median age of Township residents in 1990 was 33.8 years. The age composition and distribution within the Township indicates an older population base than the State, the nation and county average. The population estimates for Negaunee Township indicate a steady increase in the number of residents, while county population projections indicate an overall population decrease into the 21st Century. The relatively high percentage of high school graduates or higher in the Township indicates that the Township offers a well-educated work force to potential employers within the area. The moderately large shift from family households to non-family households between 1980 and 1990 may indicate a change in the type of housing and other services demanded within the Township. Most significant is the sharp increase in the number of non-elderly persons living alone. The Township population density of 56.2 persons per mile is the second highest of the townships within the Marquette-Ishpeming-Negaunee urban area. The majority of the Township population is located near US41\M-28, Midway Drive and adjacent or near the City of Negaunee. It is likely that the densely populated areas within the Township will expand northward into more of the rural portions of the Township in coming years. ' Chapter 2 - Page 20 �3.0 ECONOMIC BASE 3.1 Introduction The Township of Negaunee is situated within the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban corridor. The Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban corridor is the primary trade and employment center, and statistics on a county level reflect trends in this area. Many residents in the county, including Negaunee Township, are employed in the urban corridor and purchase goods and services there. Economic trends and data presented in this chapter will be discussed in terms of Negaunee Township where such information is available, and on a county-wide basis where more detailed information is not available. 3.2 Area Economy Like the rest of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Negaunee Township economic history is closely related to its natural resources. Mining and logging were mainstays of the local economy 100 years ago. Logging and lumbering became a less important part of the economy as the white pine forests which covered much of the Upper Peninsula were cut. Some areas which had access to natural port facilities, such as Escanaba and Menominee, retained strong ties to the wood products industry, while in Marquette County the focus remained on iron ore mining. Mines in the Marquette Iron Range have provided thousands of jobs and vast quantities of iron ore to the steel mills of the lower Great Lakes region. Eventually, most of the mines in Marquette County closed as the ore bodies were exhausted or the costs of extracting and shipping the ore rose. In 1997, only two mines remain operational in Marquette County -- the Empire Mine in Richmond Township and the Tilden Mine in Tilden Township. County-wide, the economy has diversified beyond its original natural resource base. The service and retail trade sectors have become the largest employment sectors in the county, while manufacturing has diminished in relative importance. The county includes a regional health care facility, a state university, and a number of government offices. Between the mid-1950s and 1995, K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was a major employer in the county. The base closed officially on September 30, 1995. 3.3 Labor Force and Employment Unemployment data is collected at the county level by the Michigan Employment Security Commission, and unemployment and labor force information from MESC is available dating back to the early 1960s. Prior to that time, unemployment figures were based on data collected by the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. The information summarized in Table 3-1 and Figure 3-1 shows that unemployment in Marquette County has generally followed the same trends as the six-county central Chapter 3 - Page 1 �FIGURE 3-1 UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS SELECTED AREAS 25 20 15 10 5 0 ~ ....O> ,.._ I() .... 0) i::: m - O> ,.._ .... m ~ Marquette Co. .... ....O> (X) (") (X) ....O> I() (X) .... O> ,.._ (X) 0) .... O> (X) .... O> ....O> ....O> (") O> .... m I() O> ....O> Year -D-Central U.P. -6-U.P ~ Mic hlgan -¼-U.S. Source: MESC, 1965-1996. Chapter 3 - Page 2 .,, �region, the Upper Peninsula, and the state and nation. Unemployment rates rose during the late 1970s and 80s, peaking in 1982 at 22.5 percent. Since that time the unemployment rate has followed a fairly consistent pattern of decline until 1990, when an increase of 1.2 percentage points occurred. In mid 1990 the country encountered a moderate economic decline. The Upper Peninsula experienced a slowdown in employment growth, which was similar to the rest of the nation. The trend continued into 1991. Unemployment has generally been lower in Marquette County than in other counties in the central U.P. In recent years, both Menominee and Dickinson counties have had lower unemployment rates. The slight rise in unemployment in 1994 is contrary to regional and state trends, and probably reflects the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The sharp increase in unemployment in 1995 is probably also due to base closure, and is much more significant than the slight increase that occured region- and U.P.wide. The unemployment rates for 1996 and 1997 showed improvements. During 1996, the number of unemployed persons decreased by 600, as a result of people leaving the area as the total number of employed persons and the total civilian labor force decreased by 50 persons and 650 persons, respectively. From 1996 to 1997, the total civilian labor force increased by 275 persons; the number of unemployed persons dropped by 75 persons. Although the county population declined between 1980 and 1990, the labor force has grown during that time, as shown in Table 3-1. The labor force peaked in 1993, with an annual average of 33,550 persons. In subsequent years the average labor force has declined. In 1996 there were 31,300 persons in the civilian labor force. The downturn is reflective of direct and indirect loss of employment associated with the closure of the KI Sawyer AFB. It should be noted that the labor force and unemployment figures from MESC do not reflect military personnel. TABLE 3-1 MARQUETTE COUNI'Y LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1965-1997 Civilian Labor Force Employed Unemployed Unemployment Rates Total Marquette County Region U.P. Michigan U.S. 1965 18,700 1,100 19,800 5.6 6.2 7.7 3.9 4.S 1970 19,820 1,380 21,200 6.S 7.8 9.3 7.0 4.9 1975 29,775 2,275 27,050 8.4 10.S 12.3 12.S 8.S 1976 29,525 2,725 32,250 8.4 9.1 12.2 9.4 7.7 1977 28,750 2,750 31,500 8.7 9.3 11.8 8.2 7.0 1978 31,775 2,500 34,275 7.3 8.3 10.7 6.9 6.0 Chapter 3 - Page 3 �TABLE 3-1 MARQUETTE COUNTY LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1965-1997 Civilian Labor Force Employed Unemployed Unemployment Rates Total Marquette County Region U.P. Michigan U.S. 1979 27,950 2.825 30,775 9.2 9.1 10.4 7.8 5.8 1980 26,650 3,925 30,575 12.8 11.5 12.2 12.4 7.1 1981 26,650 3,675 30,225 12.1 11.8 13.3 12.3 7.6 1982 24,050 6,975 31,025 22.5 19.0 18.9 15.5 9.7 1983 24,575 4,775 29,350 16.3 16.3 17.4 14.2 9.6 1984 25,225 3,300 28,525 11.6 13.6 15.5 11.2 7.5 1985 24,900 3,575 28,450 12.5 13.6 15.1 9.9 7.2 1986 25,275 3,325 28,600 11.6 12.2 13.4 8.8 7.0 1987 26,475 2,350 28,800 8.1 9.1 10.5 8.2 6.2 1988 26,925 2,000 28,925 6.9 7.9 8.8 7.6 5.5 1989 27,550 2,000 29,550 6.8 7.2 8.2 7.1 5.3 1990 29,375 2,650 32,025 8.3 9.4 9.2 7.6 5.3 1991 29,700 2,800 32,500 8.6 10.0 10.7 9.3 6.7 1992 30,750 2,750 33,500 8.2 10.1 11.0 8.9 7.4 1993 31,200 2,350 33,550 7.0 8.1 8.7 7.1 6.8 1994 31,125 2,375 33,500 7.1 8.0 8.7 5.9 6.1 1995 30,000 2,625 32,625 8.1 8.3 8.9 5.3 5.6 1996 29,950 2,025 31,975 6.3 6.9 7.9 4.9 5.4 1997 30,300 1,950 32,250 6.0 6.6 7.3 4.2 5.0 Source: U.S. Census, 1940-1960 & MESC, 1965-1997. Increases in the labor force have been the norm on a nationwide basis, even in areas where the population has declined. Two factors have accounted for much of the increase; record numbers of young people entering the work force during the 1970s and 1980s as the "baby boomers" reached working age, and an ever-increasing number of women entering the work force. The proportion and number of women in the labor force has increased in both Negaunee Township and Marquette County, as shown in Table 3-2. Within Marquette County, women now make up approximately 55 percent of the county labor force, compared to about 35 percent two decades ago. For the Township, females comprised about 27 Chapter 3 - Page 4 �percent of the labor force in 1970 and more than doubled their participation rate in 1990 to 63.1 percent. A more drastic increase occurred for women with children, particularly those with children under six years of age, as shown in Table 3-2. Looking at Negaunee Township figures, in 1970, about 13 percent of the women with children under six in the Township were in the labor force; by 1980, a quarter of the mothers of young children were in the labor force and in 1990, 68.6 percent of the women with young children were either employed or unemployed/actively seeking work. Women with children between the ages of six and 17 also increased their participation in the labor force during the past decades, from 24.8 percent in 1970 to 92.7 percent in 1990. County-wide, a quarter of the mothers with young children were in the labor force in 1970 and by 1990 their participation has risen to over fifty percent. A similar trend can also be seen with women with older children; within that particular segment about 40 percent were in the labor force in 1970 and by 1990 almost three-fourths of the mothers with older children were either employed or looking for work. TABLE 3-2 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, 1970-1990 1970 No. 1990 1980 % No. % No. % Negaunee Township (Total) Women (16 years & over) In labor force 606 166 100.0 27.4 849 325 100.0 38.2 Women with children In labor force 265 52 100.0 19.6 361 148 100.0 41.0 316 230 100.0 74.9 Women w/children <6 In labor force 116 15 100.0 12.9 151 39 100.0 25.8 105 72 100.0 68.6 Women w/children 6-17 In labor force 149 37 100.0 24.8 210 109 100.0 51.9 206 191 100.0 92.7 Chapter 3 - Page 5 879 555 100.0 63.1 �TABLE 3-2 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, 1970-1990 1970 No. 1990 1980 % No. % No. % Marquette County 21,834 7,605 100.0 34.8 27,158 12,175 100.0 33.8 26,974 14,849 100.0 Women w/children In labor force 8,681 2,782 100.0 32.0 10,354 4,632 100.0 44.7 9,322 6,032 100.0 64.7 Women w/children <6 In labor force 4,416 1,058 100.0 24.0 S,239 1,843 100.0 35.2 4,521 2,SSS 100.0 56.S Women w/children 6-17 In labor force 4,265 1,724 100.0 40.4 S,115 2,789 100.0 54.S 6,857 4,660 100.0 68.0 Women (16 years & over) In labor force ss.o Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Fourth Count, 17,54,57,SS; 1980 STF3, 016,054,057,0SS; 1990 STF3a, P7 ,P70.P73. Another way of expressing the above trend is to note that in 1990, women with children (any age) made up 18.1 percent of the township labor force and 17.6 percent of the county's. About 40 percent of the fem ale labor force in the township are women with children, compared to 40.6 percent countywide. In addition to reflecting changes in values and in the family structure and the economic need for two-income families, the statistics on women in the labor force also point out potential impacts on employers and local service providers in terms of day care, health care costs, educational and recreational programs, etc. 3.4 Employment by Sector According to the U.S. Census, employment patterns in Marquette County have changed since 1970. The biggest change is the decrease in the relative importance of mining and manufacturing to the county economy. The percentage of local employment in these sectors has dropped by over half since 1970. The service sector has been the strongest sector of the Marquette County economy in recent years, and continues to grow in importance. The presence of Northern Michigan University and Marquette General Hospital, two large service sector employers, help to boost Marquette County's reliance on the service sector. This sector also includes those employed in educational services. Retail trade has become increasingly important to the local economy, with 20.6 percent of county residents employed in retail trade in 1990 compared to 16.4 percent in 1970. The construction sector has grown during the past 20 years. The growth in 1980 probably reflects the economic prosperity of the late 1970s, when a significant amount of Chapter 3 - Page 6 �new construction took place at the mines, universities/schools, paper/pulp mills and hospitals. During the recession of the early 1980s, this sector decreased, to rebound as economic conditions improved with a number of large construction projects. Transportation and public utilities have grown during the past two decades, as has finance, insurance and real estate. The public administration sector, which would include civilian employees at K.I. Sawyer, grew slightly during this period, but may drop over the next few years as a result of the closing of K.I. Sawyer. TABLE 3-3 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR, MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1970-1990 Number 1990 1980 1970 Sector Number % Number % % 227 0.8 1,987 6.7 4.6 1,462 5.1 1,430 5.2 1,613 5.6 6.3 1,733 6.3 2,192 7.6 744 3.6 687 2.5 715 2.5 3,383 16.4 4,889 17.8 5,948 20.6 597 2.9 1,109 4.0 1,317 4.6 Service 6,311 30.7 10,483 38.2 11,076 38.4 Public Administration 1,435 7.0 2,063 7.5 2,321 8.0 20,583 100.0 27,423 100.0 28,858 100.0 Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries 166 0.8 3,773• 3,210 15.6 * 748 3.6 1,256 Manufacturing 2,687 13.1 Transportation & Public Utilities 1,302 Mining Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Total 13.8 * Mining was combined with agriculture, forestry and fisheries in 1980 Source: U.S. Census, 1970-1990 When Negaunee Township employment is compared to Marquette County, it can be seen that the local economy is dependent upon mining interests. Employment within the mines is almost 11 percent of employed residents, as compared to 7 percent for the county and less than 1 percent for the state. Employment in manufacturing businesses is slightly more important locally with 7.5 percent of employed township residents working in that sector, as compared on a county-wide basis where employment is almost 6 percent. The local economy is also dependent on both retail trade and the service sector employment. It must be noted that these figures reflect the employment sector of Chapter 3 - Page 7 �persons living within the Township and County; the jobs held by these residents may actually be located outside of where they live. TABLE 3-4 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR, 1990 Negaunee Township Sector Number Marquette County CUPPAD Region State of Michigan % % % % 14 1.2 0.8 2.2 1.7 125 10.5 6.9 2.9 0.3 Construction 75 6.3 5.1 6.5 4.9 Manufacturing 89 7.5 5.6 17.6 24.6 Transportation & Public Utilities 135 11.4 7.6 6.7 5.4 Wholesale Trade 31 2.6 2.5 2.7 4.0 245 20.6 20.6 19.8 18.0 58 4.9 4.6 4.1 5.5 337 28.4 38.3 31.9 31.8 78 6.6 8.0 5.6 3.8 1,187 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, & fisheries Mining Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, & Real Estate Service Public Administration Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990, STF 3A, P077. Service sector employment has been the fastest-growing sector nationally and statewide, while local employment in this sector has been also increased. The decline in manufacturing employment is consistent with state and national trends, although some central Upper Peninsula counties have seen increases in manufacturing employment. The relative importance of manufacturing is greater in many other counties in the region; for example, 36.6 percent of Menominee County employment is in the manufacturing sector. The increase in retail trade emp1oyment is also consistent with broader trends, although greater increases have occurred statewide and nationally. Wholesale trade has generally increased in other areas, while in Marquette County it remained stable. Chapter 3 - Page 8 �TABLE 3.5 MARQUETTE COUNTY EARNINGS BY INDUSTRY, 1975-1990 (fHOUSANDS OF DOLLARS) 1980 1975 Earnings Earnings % 1990 1985 Earnings % Earnings % % 375 0.1 2,226 o.s 1,340 0.3 901 0.1 Nonfarm 289,489 99.9 461,229 99.S 534,234 99.7 705,382 99.9 Private 187,447 64.7 312,647 67.S 333,304 62.2 443,736 62.8 973 0.3 738 0.2 771 0.1 1,340 0.2 Mining 69,240 23.9 119,689 25.8 83,961 15.6 76,868 10.9 Construction 16,042 5.S 22,030 4.8 24,182 4.S 37,021 5.2 Manufacturing 11,228 3.9 14,236 3.1 11,267 2.1 17,076 ZA Transportation & Utilities 13,855 4.8 22,122 4.8 39,543 7A 56,931 8.1 9,018 3.1 13,423 2.9 11,670 2.2 16,782 2A 27,233 9A 42,801 9.2 52,924 9.9 61,200 8.7 6,168 2.1 11,472 2.S 12,414 2.3 23,339 3.3 33,690 11.6 66,136 14.3 96,5'12 18.0 153,179 21.7 102,042 35.2 148,582 32.1 200,930 37.S 261,646 37.0 Federal, Civilian 13,354 4.6 16,825 3.6 21,094 3.9 25,274 3.6 Military 41,653 14A 50,027 10.8 74,812 14.0 83,894 11.9 State & Local 47,035 16.2 81,730 17.6 105,024 19.6 152,478 21.6 Total Earnings 289,864 100.0 463,455 100.0 535,574 100.0 706,283 100.0 Farm Ag., Forestry & Fisheries Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insur. & Real Estate Services Government Source: U.S. Department or Commerce, Burean of Economic Analysis Although the service sector provides the greatest number of jobs in Marquette County, with 38.4 percent of the county employment, this sector provides only 21.7 percent of the county earnings. Public administration, which is the second-largest provider of jobs in the county, is responsible for 37.0 percent of the county earnings. Although mining provides only 4.5 percent of Marquette County employment, 10.9 percent of local earnings come from mining. Conversely, the 18.8 percent of the county employment provided by the retail sector supplies only 8.7 percent of local earnings. The above figures illustrate that although retail and service sector jobs are becoming less oriented towards minimum-wage, part-time jobs, jobs in manufacturing and mining Chapter 3 - Page 9 �are more high-paying. Government jobs also provide higher earnings levels. The flip side of this is that manufacturing employment is declining, or at best stable, in most regions of the country, and the job security once associated with mining, manufacturing and even many government jobs is no longer a reality. Marquette County has seen firsthand evidence of this with the closure of numerous mines, and the recent closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. Although attraction of new manufacturing jobs may seem to be the answer, the competition for such jobs is very stiff, and in some cases the incentives necessary to attract new industrial development may negate the economic benefit to a community. More significant is the need to develop a diversified economy, with less reliance on any single sector; when losses of jobs and income occur in one sector, it has less affect on the overall economy. When the earnings figures in Table 3-5 are compared against the U.S. Department of Commerce inflation figure for the years 1980-1990, it can be seen that most sectors provided less earnings in 1990 than in 1980 after adjustment for inflation. This follows the pattern discussed in Section 3.6 with regards to local incomes, which are based primarily on earnings from employment. The only sectors to increase over the rate of inflation were transportation and utilities, services, government, finance, insurance and real estate, and construction. Earnings from mining declined the most, down 61.7 percent after inflation; overall earnings declined by 8.7 percent over the decade after inflation. With the eventual move of the Marquette County airport operations to KI Sawyer, the "former airport" property could potentially be available for industrial or commercial ventures. Questions on ownership, needed and planned infrastructure improvements must be addressed. Proper development of these lands could provide for an increased tax base for Negaunee Township as well as increased employment opportunities for the area. 3.5 Employment by Place of Work The vast majority of township employed residents work within Marquette County. There is a slight number of residents who either worked outside of Marquette County or outside of the state. Chapter 3 - Page 10 ? �TABLE 3-6 WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY PLACE OF WORK. NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1990 Characteristics Percent Number Total Township Residents Employed 1,187 100.0 Worked in Michigan 1,161 99.1 Worked in Marquette County 1,149 98.1 Worked Outside of County u 1.0 Worked Outside of Michigan 10 0.9 Source: US Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P04S. 3.6 Major Employers Once Marquette County's largest employer, the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB resulted in the loss of about 4700 jobs (3,600 military and 1,100 civilian). Most major employers are located in the City of Marquette and, with the exception of the Tilden Mining Company, L.C. and the Empire Iron Mining Partnership, are generally service-related. Over the past century, the economy of the central Upper Peninsula has been dominated by mining, especially iron ore mining. The iron ore industry has been sensitive over the century to cycles of boom and bust. Much of the cycle has been related to the same cycles as the national economy. The iron mining industry reacted to the demand for high grade ore by developing pelletizing plants to turn low grade ore into high grade pellets. All mining is now done in open pit mines. The last underground mines were closed in the late 1970's. Chapter 3 - Page 11 �In 1997, the Empire Mine produced 8.35 million tons of iron ore pellets. The Tilden Mine produced 6.0 million tons. Initial production nominations for 1998 have Empire scheduled to produce 8.4 million tons with Tilden at 6.6 million tons. These are initial nominations and could change during the year, depending upon steel industry business conditions. Collectively, North American steel makers reported mostly positive earnings for 1997. Many steel-making companies forecast 1998 to be another solid year within the industry. Iron ore pellet demand remains fairly strong and, as a result, both Empire and Tilden are projected to produce at, or above, their rated capacity in 1998. The Tilden Mine continues to produce both hematite and magnetite iron ore pellets. Magnetite production was added in 1989 at considerable expense to the mine partners. Producing magnetite pellets utilizes different methods and equipment at the mine and, as a result, only one type of ore can be processed during any one period. Algoma Steel of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, a 45 percent owner of the Tilden Mine, has decided to source its iron ore exclusively from Tilden. As a result, Tilden's annual pellet production capacity will be increased to 7.8 million tons by 1999. The Empire Mine mines and processes only magnetite ore. Costs and quality continue to be of paramount concern at both mines due to the highly competitive iron ore industry. In 1976, 14.5 million tons of iron ore pellets were produced on the Marquette Iron Range. Production peaked at 15.5 million tons in 1981, with three mines, the Tilden, Empire and Republic operating in Marquette County. The following year, production dropped to 6.9 million tons as the steel industry hit a slump and the Republic Mine was idled. Production returned to nearly 15.2 million tons in 1989 as Empire produced a then record 8.1 million tons. Empire's 1997 production of 8.35 million tons of iron ore pellets set a new production mark for the mine. In 1997, total production in Marquette County was 14.35 million tons. On the Marquette Iron Range, there were 3,500 mining employees in 1968. By 1971, employment was at 2,800 but later increased to 4,000 in 1979. In 1997, there were about 2,000 employees, a slight decrease from the previous year. Most of the major employers within Marquette County are associated with providing a service. The ''top 25" employers in Marquette County are shown on Table 3-7. It should be noted the information presented is from the latest information from the Michigan Employment Security Agency. ' Chapter 3 - Page 12 ,.. :;:::::::; �TABLE 3-7 MARQUETIE COUNTY MAJOR EMPLOYERS, 1996 Employer Area Employees Type of Industry Marquette General Hospital Marquette 1,831 General Medical & Surgical Hospital Northern Michigan University Marquette 1,119 University Empire Iron Mining Partnership Palmer 1,020 Iron Ore Mining Tilden Mining Company, LC. Nat'l. Mine 848 Iron Ore Mining Marquette School District Marquette 574 Elementary & Secondary Schools MI Marquette Branch Prison Marquette 438 Correctional Institution l\.1FC First National Bank Marquette 367 National Commercial Bank Alger-Marq. Comm. Mental Health Marquette 366 Admin. Of Public Health Programs City of Marquette Marquette 289 Executive & Legislative Combined Simmons W Enterprises, Inc. Negaunee 268 Air Transportation, Scheduled Bell Memorial Hospital Ishpeming 266 General medical & surgical hospitals Alger-Marquette Comm. Action Marquette 257 Individual & Family Services Wal-Mart Stores Marquette 256 Department Stores Gwinn Area Community Schools Gwinn 250 Elementary & Secondary Schools Marauette Countv Marquette 245 Executive & Legislative Combined Source: Michigan Employment Security Agency, 1996 3.7 Income Examination of local income trends, and comparison of local income figures to state and national averages provides information about the amount of wealth that is available locally for expenditures on goods and services. Income figures also reflect the wages and salaries paid to local workers. Table 3-8 shows that incomes in Negaunee Township and Marquette County are generally relatively low when compared to state averages. Income is measured in three ways: per capita income, which is derived from the total income reported for a community divided by the total population; household income, the average income reported for all households, including families; and family income, which includes Chapter 3 - Page 13 �married-couple families and other households made up of persons related by blood, marriage or adoption, but does not include persons living alone, unrelated persons sharing living quarters, or other non-family households. Income for 1979 (from the 1980 Census) is shown in Table 3-8, as a figure that is "adjusted for inflation". The "inflation-adjusted" 1989 dollar figure uses the U.S. Department of Commerce inflation factor of 1.676 for the period of 1979-1989. A household with annual income of $12,450 in 1979 would require an income of 1.676 times that amount, or $20,866, in 1989 just to keep pace with inflation. The 1989 actual income is the income as reported in the 1990 Census. TABLE 3-8 INCOME LEVELS, 1979-1989 1979 Actual Income 1989 Income Adj. for Intl. 1989 Actual Income % of State % Change % of State After Adj. for Intl. Per Capita Income Negaunee Township $6,368 $10,672 82.8 $12,257 86.6 14.9 Marquette Co. 6,187 10,369 80.S 11,02S 77.9 6.3 Michigan 7,688 12,88S 100.0 14,154 100.0 9.8 $21,037 $35,258 109.4 $32,076 103.4 -9.0 Marquette Co. 16,517 27,683 8S.9 25,137 81.0 -9.2 Michigan 19,223 32,218 100.0 31,020 100.0 -3.7 $21,953 $36,793 99.3 $35,492 89.S -3.S 19,492 32,669 88.2 30,249 82.S -7.4 $22,107 $37,051 100.0 $~,6S2 100.0 -1.1 Median Household Income Negaunee Township Median Family Income Negaunee Township Marquette Co. Michigan Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P080A, Pll4A, and P107A and 1980 STF3, 069,074, 08S. Chapter 3 - Page 14 �Although per capita incomes locally are well below state averages, both the Township and the county showed an increase in per capita income after inflation. In terms of relative percentage of the state per capita income, the county lost ground, dropping from 80.S to 77 .9 percent; local income gained with 82.8 percent in 1979 to 86.6 percent in 1989. Both household and family incomes dropped when adjusted for inflation, and the decrease in all cases was greater than the drop at the state level, meaning that the local area also lost ground when compared to statewide averages. In summary, these income figures show that local residents make less money than the average Michigan resident (with the exception of household income), and for the most part their purchasing power decreased over the past 10 years. The incomes of Negaunee Township residents are also generally higher when compared to the county-wide averages. While the low incomes may be partially offset by lower costs of some items, such as land and housing in the local area compared to statewide averages, many consumer goods are priced at the same or even higher rates than the state as a whole. Comparing the number of households in the various income groups shows that Negaunee Township contains a lower percentage of households in the lowest income groups (less than $10,000 per year) than Marquette County or the state, and also fewer households in the high income groups. This information is displayed in Table 3-9. However, households with incomes between $10,000 and $24,999 per year are well above county-wide percentages. There are more households in the $25,000-$34,999 range at both the county and state level. On a percentage basis, Negaunee Township has more residents in the $50,000 - $99,999 income level than the county and the state. This is consistent with the relatively high household income figure for Negaunee Township, since about 40 percent of the township households have annual incomes of between $35,000 and $74,999, well above the county and state median household income. Chapter 3 - Page 15 �TABLE 3-9 HOUSEHOLDS BY ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, 1989 Annual Income Marquette County Negaunee Township No. % No. % Michigan No. % Less than $5,000 44 5.2 1,311 5.4 203,692 5.9 $5,000-$9,999 54 6.4 3,276 13.4 329,871 9.6 $10,000-$14,999 57 6.7 2,776 11.3 293,659 8.6 $15,000-$24,999 147 17.4 5,268 8.9 562,017 16.4 $25,000-$34,999 175 20.7 4,481 18.3 525,350 15.3 $35,000-$49,999 168 19.8 4,631 18.9 638,963 18.7 $50,000-$74,999 173 20.4 2,762 11.3 556,760 16.3 $7S,000-$99,999 21 2.S 519 2.1 185,137 S.4 8 0.9 376 1.S 128,673 3.8 847 100 24,500 100.0 3,424,122 100.0 $100,000 or More Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, Table P080. Table 3-10 shows the type of income for households in Negaunee Township, Marquette County and the state. The Township has a higher proportion of households with earnings from wage or salary than the county or state, while the number of households receiving income from Social Security, public assistance, or interest, dividends or rent is lower than county and state averages. Those receiving retirement income is slightly higher than that of both the county and state. ,,,..--..___ Chapter 3 • Page 16 ~ . �TABLE 3-10 HOUSEHOLDS* WITH INCOME BY TYPE OF INCOME, 1989 Income Negaunee Township No. Earnings % Marquette County Michigan % % 711 83.9 79.4 78.5 689 81.3 77.9 76.5 87 10.3 8.1 9.8 3 0.4 0.4 1.6 Interest, Dividend, or Net Rental 263 31.3 38.1 41.8 Social Security 201 23.7 26.1 26.7 41 4.8 7.1 9.6 Retirement Income 153 18.1 17.7 17.4 All Other 101 11.9 12.2 12.5 Total Occupied Households 847 Wage or Salary Non-Farm Self-Employment Farm Self-Employment Public Assistance *Households may be counted more than once according to number of sources of income. Individual sources of income does not equal "total occupied households." Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A. 3.8 Poverty Rates Another measure of local incomes is the poverty rate. Poverty levels are determined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census based on a complex formula including 48 different thresholds. The poverty level for a family of four in 1990 was $12,674. Poverty rates for most of the groups rose slightly between 1980 and 1990 in the township. The county also experienced a general increase in poverty levels. In 1990, the poverty rate for all persons in Negaunee Township was 7.2 percent, substantially lower than Marquette County's rate of 12.6 percent and the statewide rate of 13.1 percent. Poverty rates for children were also notably lower than both the countywide and state-wide averages. A higher percentage of residents over the age of 65 who were in poverty is greater than the state average, but lower than the county-wide level. The rate for children under five in the township remained about constant from 1980 to 1990, however the poverty rate for all children under 18 rose 87 percent. The rate for Chapter 3 - Page 17 �female-headed households, rose almost 20 percent from 25.6 in 1980 to 30.6 in 1990. More elderly persons were in poverty in 1990 than in 1980, contrary to county and state trends, which saw a slight decrease in the poverty rate for those over 65. TABLE 3-11 POVERTY RATES, 1980-1990 1990 1980 Negaunee Township Poverty Rate for All Persons 4.3 7.2 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 5.9 5.8 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 3.1 5.8 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 25.6 30.6 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 14.3 6.7 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 10.9 12.2 9.8 12.6 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 13.3 19.0 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 10.3 14.0 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 33.8 35.7 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 12.2 18.0 Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over 13.9 13.5 Poverty Rate for All Persons 10.4 13.1 Poverty Rate for Children Under 5 16.0 22.1 Poverty Rate for Children Under 18 13.3 18.2 Poverty Rate for Female Householder Families 30.7 35.8 Poverty Rate for Families w/Children Under 5 13.9 20.6 12.2 10.8 Marquette County Poverty Rate for All Persons Michigan Poverty Rate for Persons 65 and Over . U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF3A, Income and Poverty Status. Chapter 3 • Page 18 �3.9 Issues and Opportunities Significant increases in the number of women with children in the labor force affect the needs for child care, educational and recreational programs and related facilities. Changes in the working environment to accommodate family needs of both men and women, such as flexible days and hours of work, job sharing, etc., may in tum affect commuting and transportation patterns, shopping patterns, etc. The soon-to-be-vacated county airport will offer the opportunity to redevelop the area for possible commercial and industrial uses. This will most likely increase the tax base for the Township as well as provide increased employment for the area. Local unemployment rates are generally lower than the Upper Peninsula average, but are, in recent years, higher than statewide rates and always higher than the national rate. The unemployment has declined in recent years, indicating a resurgence of the local economy following the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB. With a declining labor force, the overall percentage of persons unemployed improved in 1996. The unemployment rate has improved as the labor force adjusted itself for the loss of KI Sawyer AFB. The closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB has caused business to adjust its marketing strategies and product lines. Employment in Marquette County is concentrated in the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban center, which in turn affects commuting patterns as well as demand for residential development. Locally, most of the employment is centered on the retail, service and mining sectors. Family and household incomes actually decreased in Negaunee Township and Marquette County when adjusted for inflation, meaning that the buying power of these families and households declined. This affects the ability to afford housing and other basic goods and services. The average household income for Negaunee Township exceeds the statewide average. Although poverty rates for children are lower than state averages, the number of children in poverty increased over the past decade. The poverty rate for persons age 65 and over also increased and is higher than the statewide rate. This indicates that those who are generally least able to provide for themselves, and most in need of services such as health care, transportation, etc., are finding that their economic situation is worsening. A related issue with regards to children in poverty is the effect poverty may have on the ability to do well in school or obtain higher education, in turn affecting future earning ability. Chapter 3 - Page 19 �4.0 NATURAL FEATURES Natural features, including soils, geology, topography, water features, and other natural resources, have a profound effect on a community's development. These physical features directly or indirectly constrain or encourage growth; for example, soil types and geology often affect the ability of a community to provide high quality water and wastewater services. The natural resources, such as timber or minerals, which occur in certain areas are often a primary factor in the establishment and growth (or decline) of communities. For instance, many areas in the Upper Peninsula were settled as a result of logging operations in the late 1800s. These natural features are often interrelated and disturbance in one area can potentially affect other areas. From a planning standpoint, it is important to understand these interrelationships, and the role that natural features play in determining a community's future development. 4.1 Topography Topography, or the physical features of a place, is an important planning consideration. Land use and required maintenance depend to a large degree upon slope. While steep slopes can provide attractive views and recreational opportunities, building development can be adversely impacted. Slopes of over 10 percent (a rise in gradient of more than 10 feet in a horizontal distance of 100 feet) can result in more expensive building construction due to utility connection difficulties and more elaborate foundation requirements. Additionally, the risk of erosion is increased with the steepness of slope due to faster runoff. This is especially the case with steeper slopes (above 25 percent). High density development should not be permitted to occur on moderate slopes of 10 to 25 percent. Slopes of less than 10 percent are generally easy grades for residential and less intensive uses, although slopes of less than one percent may not drain well without manmade intervention. Negaunee Township terrain is typical of Marquette County, in that it is varied and contains flat, gently rolling, and hilly areas. The southern half of the Township's topography is characterized with rolling to hilly areas interspersed with a few flat scattered spots. Valleys are common in the northern portion of the Township. The streams and rivers within this area formed these valleys by carving through loose glacial deposits and bedrock. The terrain in the central portion is mostly rolling. The highest point in the Township is situated in the northwest corner of the Township, just northwest of Reany Lake, with an elevation of approximately 1,615 feet above sea level, or 1,013 feet above Lake Superior. The lowest elevation in the Township is about 990 feet above sea level, or 388 feet above the level of Lake Superior, which is located in Chapter 4 - Page 1 �the eastern portion of the Township, along the Dead River. The steepest terrain found in the Township is located along the Dead River in the central portion of the Township. 4.2 Geology Both bedrock and surface geology have an impact on community development. Bedrock geology consists of the solid rock formations found below the soil, which were formed during the early periods of the earth's evolution. These formations have undergone extensive folding, uplifting, eroding, and weathering during the millions of years which have since passed, and are now overlain by surface rock formations and soil. One of the primary factors which makes geology important to community development is its ability to supply groundwater. The quality and quantity of groundwater is influenced by the types of bedrock in which it is found, and the layers through which the water passes before it is extracted. Certain types of bedrock increase the potential for groundwater contamination, particularly when such bedrock is close to the surface. Surface runoff is filtered through the soil, sand, and gravel which overlay bedrock, and many contaminants are removed through this filtering process. When bedrock is close to the surface, there is less opportunity to filter out contaminants and the polluted runoff can enter the groundwater. If the bedrock is highly permeable, contaminants can quickly enter the same layers of groundwater used for domestic purposes. All of the bedrock underlying Negaunee Township dates back to the Precambrian era, generally believed to be over 600 million years ago. The oldest formation are rocks made up of mafic-volcanic and intruded felsic rocks that have been metamorphosed into schist and gneiss, which are from the Archean period. These types of rock formations underlay most of the northern two-thirds of the Township, with Volcanic and Sedimentary rock formation making up the largest portion. Next in age are the rock formations underlying the majority of the southern one-third of the Township, consisting primarily of metasedimentary rocks like schists, quartzites, iron formations, and gneiss. These rock formations date back to the Middle Precambrian (Huronian) era. Siamo Slate and Ajibik Quartzite, is the largest rock formation within the Township from this era. The bedrock geology of Negaunee Township is depicted on Map 4-1. The surface geology of Negaunee Township is a result of glaciation which occurred 10,000-12,000 years ago. As the Wisconsin Continental Glacier moved over the area, existing landform features were obliterated under the weight of ice estimated to be about one mile thick. Outwash, glacial till, bedrock, and wetlands make up the surface geology of the Township, as shown on Map 4-2. Chapter 4 - Page 2 " I.I �Outwash consists of stratified sand and gravel, which were carried by glaciers and deposited as a result of meltwater flowing from glaciers. These deposits commonly are very permeable, and are a good source of groundwater. Wells drilled into glacial outwash generally yield over 10 gallons per minute, providing water which is satisfactory for domestic use. Some areas of outwash contain ground water with a high level of iron. The largest areas of outwash are found in the east central portion of the Township. In some areas the movement of the glaciers scoured all or most of the surface material away, leaving bedrock exposed. In some cases a thin layer of till may remain. Availability of groundwater depends on the type of bedrock but is usually poor. Large areas of Glacial Till-Bedrock are found in the western, northern, and far southeastern portions of the Township. Wetlands are areas of poor drainage and high water table where an accumulation of muck and peat overlay a glacial lake plain. Wetlands occur in the west central and southern portions of the Township, especially in areas adjacent to the Dead and Carp rivers. 4.3 Mineral Resources Although reminders of past iron ore-related mining operations are still noticeable within the Township, all of the current iron ore mining activities along the Marquette Iron Range occur in Tilden and Richmond Townships to the south. A gravel quarry located in the southeastern portion of the Township, along Morgan Meadows Road, is the only active gravel operation within the Township. The quarry is owned and operated by A. Lindberg and Sons, Inc. 4.4 Soils There are a couple of sandy areas within the Township that are being used or have been used as sand pits. One pit, owned by the Marquette County Road Commission, is located about ¼ mile south of the Township Hall on M-35. This sand pit is no longer being used as an active sand pit and has been closed by the Road Commission. Another sand area, located about 1/8 of mile west of the M-35\CR492 intersection is in private ownership and occasionally sand is removed. Most soils in the U.P. have been formed as a result of glacial action, followed by accumulation of organic matter in some areas. A modern soil survey is currently underway in Marquette County with the work being completed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) (formerly the Soils Conservation Service). To date, soils in much of the County have been mapped, a draft soil survey publication was completed September, 1997. Soils Chapter 4 - Page 3 �throughout Negaunee Township have been mapped with detailed descriptions of the various soil mapping units. Over 300 mapping units have been identified in Marquette County, and the completed soil survey contains descriptions of the suitability of the various mapping units for various uses. This information is invaluable to developers, foresters, planners, realtors, farmers, and anyone else concerned with the utilization and development of the land. Soils are grouped into associations based on common characteristics, such as drainage, slope, and texture. The soils in these associations respond similarly to the various uses to which they may be subjected. Development should be planned in such a way as to take into account the suitability of the soils for the type of development planned. For example, residential subdivisions outside of areas served by sewer systems should not be planned in areas of shallow and/or poorly drained soils, or in areas where the water table is close to the surface, since such soils are unsuitable for septic tanks and drain fields. Engineering and construction techniques can be used to overcome soil limitations, often at considerable cost. However, the long-term implications of such techniques should be carefully considered, since development in areas of marginal suitability may lead to high cost to local governments, and thence to taxpayers, in order to provide services to these areas. The NRCS has classified the soils of Marquette County into 25 soil associations, seven of which are found in Negaunee Township. These soil associations occur in scattered patterns throughout the County, deposited at random by glaciers. Sandy-loamy soils are predominant in Negaunee Township. Map 4-3 shows the soil associations in the Township, which are briefly described below. Four soil associations found in Negaunee Township are located on bedrock controlled moraines. The Keewaydin-Michigamme-Rock Outcrop Association (Map No. 4) is found in the western portion and northwest corner of the Township. This association is composed of nearly level to very hilly, moderately to very deep, well-drained soils. Woodlands is the major use of areas with this soil association, but also support agriculture uses in the Township. The Tilden-Michigamme-Rock Outcrop Association (Map No. 5) covers most of the southeastern portion of the Township. The makeup of this association includes gently rolling to very hilly, moderately to very deep, well drained loamy soils. The major use of this association is woodlands, with some areas in agricultural use within the Township. The Kalkaska-Ishpeming-Rock Outcrop Association (Map No. 7) is found in the central portion and the northern edge of the Township. It consists of nearly level to very steep, moderately to very deep, somewhat excessively drained sandy soils. The primary use is woodlands. The area within this Township with this soil association is the most developed, thus also supports residential, commercial, and industrial uses. An area of Pits-Pumps Mine-Slickens Association (Map No. 6) is found in the southeastern portion of the Township. This area is most likely the site of the former Pioneer (iron ore) Pellet Plant. An onsite investigation of the site is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Chapter 4 - Page 4 ~ \ �Negaunee Township also has one soil association found on outwash plains, terraces, and beach ridges. The Rubicon-Sayner Association (Map No. 9) is found in the north central portion of the Township. This association is composed of gently undulating to very steep, very deep, excessively drained sandy soils. It is used primarily for woodlands, but in the Township it's also used for residential developments. The Rubicon-Keweenaw Soil Association (Map No. 14) is found in a small area of the northwestern portion of the Township. It is a very deep, well drained and excessively drained sandy soils found on disintegration moraines. This soil association is principally used for woodlands. The Keweenaw-Kalkaska-Waiska Associations (Map No. 24) is found in northeastern and southern portions of the Township. It is made up of moderately sloping to very steep, very deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained sandy soils, which is found on dissected moraines and till floor lake plains. The areas in this association are primarily used for woodlands; however, in Negaunee Township these soils are used for residential developments as well. The Natural Resources Conservation Service is currently preparing a detailed soil survey of Marquette County, and preliminary maps have been obtained. When completed, this survey will list detailed soil characteristics for a wide variety of mapping units, and will assist local units of government in making community and economic development decisions. While this information will be far more detailed and updated than the soils association information presently available, site specifics should still rely on field work to determine site suitability. 4.5 Water Features The most significant water features in the Township are the Hoist Storage Basin and McClure Storage Basin, which are both formed along the Dead River. The Township has in excess of ten miles of shoreline along these two storage basins. Many permanent and seasonal homes are located along these storage basins. Several small inland lakes are located within the Township. Most of these, along with the storage basins, are accessible by boat. Some of the inland lakes are only suitable to smaller boats. Numerous streams and creeks are also found throughout the Township. Two drainage basins are found in the Township. The water features in the north-north central portion of the Township are located within the Dead River drainage basin, which flows toward Lake Superior. Within the central-southeastern part of the Township, the water features are within the Carp River drainage basin, which also flows toward Lake Superior. Both these drainage basins flow in a easterly direction. The Empire Iron Mining Partnership had planned to increase the size of wetlands in the area surrounding Morgan Pond as part of a wetland mitigation project. The Chapter 4 - Page S �remediation project did not receive state approval. 4.6 Wildlife An abundance of wildlife species thrive within the Township forest and water areas. Many fish species are found in the Township storage basins, rivers, inland lakes, and streams. The type of fish found in these bodies of water include various trout and salmon species, perch, pike, panfish, and rough fish species. Mammals found within the Township include muskrat, beaver, white tailed deer, black bear, fox, skunk, mink, and raccoon. Bird species that can be seen include a wide variety of songbirds, woodcock, ruffed grouse, geese, ducks, bald eagles, osprey, and owls. 4.7 Climate Negaunee Township has a humid continental climate that is heavily influenced by Lake Superior, with cold winters and humid cool summers. The lake helps keep temperatures cool in summer and generally moderate in winter. The Township mean monthly temperature ranges from 14 degrees Fahrenheit in January to 66 degrees Fahrenheit in July, with a mean annual temperature of about 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Total precipitation averages approximately 32 inches per year, with the wettest month in June and the driest month in February. The winter snowfall in the Township averages about 160 inches annually. The growing season averages about 109 days. The last frost in the spring usually occurs about May 31, and the first frost in fall usually occurs about September 17. Incidence of thunderstorms is around 26 days per year. Michigan is located on the northeast fringe of the Midwest tornado belt. Between 1950 and 1987, only four tornadoes occurred in Marquette County. The Township averages 142 days per year with one inch of snow or more on the ground. 4.8 Issues and Opportunities Scattered areas of steep slopes are located throughout the Township, which may limit certain types of development. Bedrock at or near the surface in areas located in the western, northern, and far southeastern portions of the Township may make these areas less suitable for certain types of development. Some areas of soils within the Township contain severe limitations for septic systems, dwellings, and roads, although site specific testing and the more detailed soil survey information, which is currently being prepared, may show some areas where there are fewer limitations on development. Chapter 4 - Page 6 �5.0 LAND USE 5.1 Historical Land Use Patterns Negaunee Township's land use pattern, along with the surrounding area, has been shaped by the presence and exploitation of natural resources, principally iron ore, which was discovered in 1844 by a party of government surveyors. Two years later, the Jackson Iron Company opened the first iron ore mine in present day City of Negaunee. The iron ore deposits were found in what is known as the Marquette Iron Range, which runs east-west through the central portion of the County. The southeastern portion of the Township is within the iron range area; however, the active mines from when iron ore was first discovered in 1844 to the current operations have been located outside of the Township boundary. The communities of Negaunee, Ishpeming, Republic, Champion, and Michigamme were all founded around the mines of the Marquette Range, and provided housing and commercial services for miners and their families. During the first hundred years of ore extraction within the Marquette Range, the iron content of the ore was relatively high; however, the supply of high grade ore in the range area began to decline rapidly in the late 1940s. As a result, the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company in the late 1940s and 1950s established a research facility in the City of Ishpeming to determine the best way to beneficiate low grade iron ore and how to pelletize the upgraded concentrate. The research paid off in July of 1965, with the world's first shipment of pelletized underground iron ore, which gave new life to the iron ore industry in Marquette County. In Negaunee Township, from 1965 to 1979, the Pioneer Pellet Plant processed low grade iron ore. Currently, in the County, low grade iron ore mining operations are occurring at the Empire Mine in Richmond Township and the Tilden Mine in Tilden Township. Land uses, like residential and commercial, in the Negaunee/Ishpeming area are still heavily influenced by the mining industry. Increased tourism has affected land use in this area during the past 20 years to some extent, which is relevant by the amount of commercial development along the U.S. 41/M28 highway corridor. The general land use pattern in Negaunee Township in 1997 includes considerable new residential development near the Township's two storage basins and in the eastern portion of the Township, just north and south of U.S. 41/M-28. Much of this development consists of large, high value homes on large lots, many of which probably sell for over $100,000 in the 1997 real estate market. Most of this development is occurring in areas not currently served by municipal water and sewer service, and relies on private wells and septic systems. In some cases, these new residential developments are served by gravel roads. Commercial uses in Negaunee Township are primarily concentrated in the areas near the City of Negaunee, especially along the U.S. 41/M-28 corridor. This highway corridor through the Township has been the site of significant development, with the addition of Chapter S - Page 1 �several new service oriented businesses. Many of these new businesses are catering to increased tourist traffic in the area. Several smaller industrial sites are also located along U.S. 41/M-28, including the Midway Industrial Park in the eastern portion of the Township. One of the most noticeable facilities located in the Township is the Marquette County Airport, which would be classified under the Transportation, Communication, and Utilities land use category. The airport is located in the central portion of the Township, just north of U.S. 41/M-28. Northwest Air Link, United Express, and Skyway are the commercial airlines currently serving the airport. The County is planning to relocate the airport to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base by mid 1999. 5.2 Factors Affecting Land Use The decision process regarding land use can begin almost anywhere -- with a home buyer, a developer, a land speculator, a business owner, or a governmental unit. The home buyer or potential business owner tends to base decisions on location, access, quality of surroundings, available public services, and personal satisfaction, among other factors. The land speculator makes decisions regarding selling land or holding it in anticipation of future profit, based largely on potential profit. The land developer makes decisions regarding the type and timing of development based on the supply and demand for housing, goods and services, or on industrial needs, as well as other factors. Owners of business and industrial concerns make decisions to start, expand, or close their operations based on economic feasibility, which depends on a variety of factors. Many of these factors, such as supply and demand for the good or service produced, are beyond local control, while other factors, such as the availability of sites or adequacy of transportation, can be affected by local decisions. Decisions made at these levels are generally oriented toward a person's or organization's self-interest, and generally do not consider the effects of development on surrounding land uses, utilities, services, etc. This decision-making process can potentially result in discontinuous or incompatible development, since it does not necessarily consider the overall development pattern for a community. The overall development pattern for a community is left primarily to units of government, then, to consider the general compatibility and appropriateness of various land uses. Various laws and regulations have been enacted governing land use and Chapter S - Page 2 •. �development, and provide tools for federal, state, and local governments to use in dealing with land use issues. The federal government exercises many responsibilities that affect land use through various loan and grant programs for community facilities, water and wastewater systems, housing, economic development, and planning. Federal regulations also address environmental concerns, such as air quality, drinking water standards, etc. Although these programs and regulations do not usually directly affect land use and development, they have a significant indirect effect. For example, a community that lacks sufficient sewage disposal capacity to serve industrial uses can probably obtain federal funding to help with expansion of its sewage treatment plant, which in turn may lead to industrial development. The role of the state has traditionally been limited to providing enabling legislation for local units of government to regulate growth and development through planning and zoning. However, the State of Michigan does regulate land use and development in wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and other areas of environmental concern. This can have a direct effect on local land use. The State also enforces standards for municipal water systems and wastewater treatment systems that are at least as strict as federal standards, which can affect a community's ability to provide such services. Local governments can probably exert the most effective influence on land use changes through zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and public investment in roads, water and sewer systems, parks, etc. Local planning efforts that seek to define the most desirable and appropriate uses for the various parts of a community, and anticipate and prepare for growth, can help guide future land use decisions. Other factors affecting land use include the existing transportation system, taxation and land values, natural features, changing technology, and market factors. Changes in lifestyles, family size, shopping habits, and consumer attitudes also affect land use decisions. The transportation system that serves a community determines how quickly and easily, and at what cost, raw materials and finished goods can be shipped in and out, which is a crucial factor to many industries. The expanding highway network in the U.S., together with the proliferation of private automobiles, has enabled residents of rural areas to commute to larger communities for employment and shopping, and has increased the accessibility of many areas to tourists. This increased mobility has typically facilitated development of strip commercial areas, "mega" shopping malls, and suburban residential development ("urban sprawl"), sometimes resulting in the conversion of land from agriculture or open space. Chapter 5 - Page 3 �Taxation and land values play a part in many land use decisions. Families may move from urban areas because they feel that they are willing to trade off lower taxes and/or user fees for the lack of municipal services and increased distance from employment, shopping, and schools. Land values in rural areas may also be lower, and thus more attractive to residents. Commercial and industrial enterprises are generally less willing to forego municipal services, such as water and sewer, and usually locate in areas of concentrations of population rather than in very rural areas; however, tax rates and land values may influence a company's decision to locate in one community versus another. Because of changing technology, including computer networking, cellular telephones, fax machines, voice mail, teleconferencing, and electronic mail, some business and industries can locate in rural areas that would have previously been considered isolated. Often, the quality of life associated with these rural locations is an additional attraction. Market factors, and the ongoing shift to a more service-oriented economy, are factors that are beyond the capacity of an individual community to control. However, an awareness of such factors is important to planning and land use decisions at the community level. Finally, changing lifestyles have affected land use patterns throughout the nation. Americans live longer, have smaller families, and are more mobile than previous generations. As a whole, the population is growing older, and our housing preferences, shopping habits, and employment patterns have changed significantly. From a land use standpoint, some pertinent issues are the desire for larger homes on larger lots by many young professionals and families; the demand for housing suitable for elderly residents, including so-called "snowbirds" and the willingness of individuals to commute longer distances to work in order to live in certain residential areas. 5.3 Current Use Inventory This section will examine the current land use patterns for Negaunee Township and Marquette County, based on the Michigan Resource Inventory System (MIRIS) Current Use Inventory. The inventory describes land use or cover according to seven broad categories, with many subdivisions within those categories. The broad categories are depicted on Map 5-1. A windshield survey was conducted to assess any land use changes within the Township since the MIRIS information was completed, and changes to the inventory have been made where necessary. Sections 5.4 through 5.8 contain further detail on key l~nd uses and trends in Negaunee Township. Forest: Although the majority (77.09 percent) of Negaunee Township's 27,819 acres is forested, according to the Current Use Inventory, this proportion is the fourth lowest of the nineteen townships in Marquette County. The County's three cities and Chocolay Chapter 5 - Page 4 l.l �Township have lower acreage in forest use. This scenario reflects the development occurring in areas of the Township that are within the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor area. Forestland is defined as lands at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest uses. These lands are further broken down into several different types of forest cover. Predominant forest cover types in both Negaunee Township and Marquette County are northern hardwood, aspen/birch, and pine. Other forest types are also present, and the relative proportions of the various cover types are shown in Table 5-1. Agricultural: Agricultural is broadly defined as lands that are used for the production of food and fiber. Only a total of 172.4 acres, or 0.62 percent of the Township is in agricultural production. The agricultural areas in the Township are located in isolated scattered areas. The largest area of agriculture is located in the western portion of the Township, along JA Road, just north of the power line. Wetlands: Wetlands represent the fourth highest proportion of the Township's land cover, at 979 or 980 acres, or 3.5 percent. Most of the wetlands in the Township are concentrated along the Carp River and its tributaries, such as Nealy Creek. Due to state and federal regulations and the general unsuitability of wetlands for development, wetlands can pose significant constraints on development in some areas. Wetlands are defined as those areas between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is at, near, or above the land surface for a significant part of most years, and include marshes, mudflats, wooded swamps, and wet meadows. Several different wetland categories are mapped in the inventory, although the maps included with this plan do not differentiate between the different types of wetlands. Wetland categories include wooded (dominated by trees over 20 feet in height, seasonally flooded); shrub/scrub (dominated by woody vegetation less than six feet in height); aquatic beds (areas with 30 percent or more vegetative cover of submerged, floatingleaved or floating plants, and less than two meters [6.7 feet] deep); emergent (dominated by erect, rooted herbaceous plants, which are present for most of the growing season); and flats (level or nearly level deposits of sand, mud or organic sediments). See Table 5-1 for the acreage of each category. Urban and Built-Up Areas: Areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures is classified as urban or built up. County-wide, this category comprises a relatively small proportion, totaling 37,793 acres, or 3.2 percent. However, this land use category is important because it contains most of the residential, commercial, and industrial uses in the County, and because the density and type of uses within this category have the most potential to adversely impact the environment. Most of this Chapter 5 - Page 5 �cover type is located in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor, although all of the townships in the County contain areas of residential development. ~ On a percentage basis, Negaunee Township contains the second greatest concentration of urban and built-up land of any township within the County, at 10.4 percent, or 2,880 acres. The County's three cities and Tilden Township contain the largest proportions of urban land, at 50.3 percent, 22.9 percent, 12.5 percent, and 10.7 percent, respectively. These four areas, along with Negaunee Township, represent about 40 percent of all the urban and built up land use within the County (Note: urban and built up includes extraction areas). Most of the urban and built-up land in Negaunee Township is residential in nature. The oldest residential areas in the Township are close to the City of Negaunee. New subdivisions have been established throughout the Township, with most of them occurring north of U.S. 41/M-28. This scenario reflects a trend of developing residential areas in the rural outskirts of urban areas. Most of these developments contain large homes on large lots, and many are along the two storage basins, offering water frontage or a view of the water. Other uses included in urban and built-up lands are commercial; industrial; transportation, communications and utilities, such as airports, railroads, highways, etc.; open pit mining areas, such as gravel pits, quarries, mines, etc.; and lands devoted to outdoor recreation, cemeteries and other forms of open space. All of the Township's industrial acreage is occupied by smaller manufacturing establishments that are mostly located within the U.S. 41/M-28 highway corridor. Nonforested: Nonforested lands make-up 4.7 percent, or 1,351 acres of the Township's land area. This is the third largest category of land use in the Township. These lands are open lands or rangelands, characterized by grasses and shrubs, but not including those lands showing obvious evidence of seeding, fertilizing, or other agricultural practices. Nonforested lands are not generally a significant factor in the land use patterns in most local units. Water: 3.2 percent of Negaunee Township, or 877 acres, is classified as water, in the form of streams, waterways, lakes, and reservoirs. These areas have an effect on adjacent land use, by supplying sites for water-dependent industry, water-based recreational sites, and residential or commercial development. Many inland lakes and rivers offer public recreational access. The high percentage of water in Negaunee Township reflects the portion of the Dead River lying within the Township, which forms the Hoist and McClure storage basins. Barren: The smallest category of inventoried land use or cover in the Township and County is barren lands, or beaches, riverbanks, sand dunes, and exposed rock. Exposed rock accounts for all of the 116 acres of barren land in the Township, which occurs in Chapter 5 - Page 6 ~ �scattered locations in the western portion of the Township near the Carp River, in the vicinity of the County airport, and just north of the Hoist Storage Basin. Chapter S - Page 7 �TABLE 5-1 NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP & MARQUETTE COUNTY LAND USE PATTERNS I Negaunee Township Acres I Marquette County Acres % % 2,880.0 1,374.3 88.2 123.4 642.6 578.4 0.0 73.1 10.35 4.94 0.32 0.44 2.31 2.08 0.00 0.26 37,792.9 14,410.0 3,054.0 834.7 4,043.3 13,057.5 936.3 1,457.1 3.16 1.20 0.26 0.07 0.34 1.09 0.08 0.12 Agriculture 172.4 0.62 17,603.3 1.47 Nonforested 1350.8 4.86 28,907.0 2.42 21,444.4 11,605.8 0.0 6,393.2 360.3 1,622.7 272.5 1,189.9 0.0 77.09 41.72 0.00 22.98 1.30 5.83 0.98 4.28 0.00 987,838.1 468,112.1 6.9 176,654.9 32,960.5 147,773.3 19,981.0 142,334.7 14.7 82.54 39.12 0.00 14.76 2.75 12.35 1.67 11.89 0.00 Water 876.8 3.15 29,662.7 2.48 Wetlands 978.9 3.52 87,323.0 7.30 Barren 115.8 0.42 7,627.2 0.64 27,819.1 100.00 1196754.2 100.00 Urban and Built-Up Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation, etc. Open pit mining Underground mining Open land, other Forested Northern hardwood Central hardwood Aspen, white birch, assoc. spp. Lowland hardwoods Pine Other upland conifers Lowland conifers Christmas tree plantation Total Source: Michigan Resource Information System. 5.4 Residential Land Use Residential land use in Marquette County occurs primarily in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor, with other concentrations of residential development located in small, unincorporated communities throughout the County. Additional residential development is located along highways and in scattered subdivisions outside these communities. Seasonal residential dwellings are found on both waterfront and inland properties; these seasonal dwellings range from relatively · primitive "camps" used primarily for fishing and hunting, to multi-bedroom units suitable for year-round habitation. Chapter 5 - Page 8 �Negaunee Township's rapid population growth from 1950 to 1980 reflected changes in residential land use patterns. Until the 1950s, most people who lived outside of cities and villages lived on farms and woodlots, and derived at least some of their income from the land. Most parcels were relatively large, and the density of development was very low. However, by the 1950s, people began to move out of cities throughout the country, seeking to escape the traffic, congestion, crime, and perceived high costs of urban life. Occasionally these individuals were interested in maintaining a somewhat rural lifestyle, with so-called "hobby farms" where they could raise a garden and perhaps keep a few animals. In many cases, families moving into the rural area continue to work and shop in the urban areas, and participate in the same activities they did when they lived "in town." ~ The potential concerns associated with this type of development are related to the expectations of people moving to these outlying areas. Often they expect to receive the same level of services they would enjoy in a more urban area, although the cost of providing those services may be much greater in rural areas. For example, most residents expect garbage pickup at their homes, expect roads to be plowed promptly, and take for granted that fire and other emergency services will be readily available. They also often want the rural character of the community to remain the same, not realizing that the cumulative effect of development in these outlying areas can create some of the same problems they hoped to escape when leaving the urban area. In areas where development exceeds the capacity of the site to support on-site wells and septic systems, groundwater contamination can occur, and septic systems can fail. In such cases, residents often look to local governments to help provide a solution in the form of public water or sewer systems. Such systems are very expensive, and may not be cost-effective to operate in areas of low density development. Land use conflicts are also possible when this new residential development locates in agricultural areas. The conversion of farmland to other uses is one concern, as is creating "landlocked" areas as a result of splitting a row of lots with road frontage along the edge of a large parcel. New residents in agricultural areas may not be prepared for the realities of rural life, such as the hours of operation, sounds, and odors associated with farming. In Negaunee Township's case, there are very few areas in agricultural use, and of the agricultural areas that do exist, it does not appear that significant conversion of this land has taken place. However, the scattered nature of development in the Township means that the cost of providing services is relatively high compared with more densely developed areas. New subdivisions in the past 10-20 years have been developed in scattered locations throughout the Township, especially in the vicinity of the Hoist and McClure storage basins. Chapter S - Page 9 �5.5 Commercial Land Use As with residential development, the highest concentration of commercial land use is located within the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor. The City of Marquette, the county seat, is the primary provider of commercial services to Marquette County and beyond. The Westwood Mall, anchored by K-Mart, JC Penney, and Younker's, and the Marquette Mall, anchored by Menards and Riverside Auto provide retail shopping, as do a variety of retail establishments located primarily along the U.S. 41/M-28 highway corridor. This corridor offers the best opportunity for businesses to take advantage of traffic patterns, and this is where most of the urban area retail and service establishments are found. The commercial development along U.S. 41/M-28 extends from the City of Marquette through Marquette Township, Negaunee Township, the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming, and Ishpeming Township. Most of the development outside the cities consists of businesses that need large lots, and benefit from highway exposure, such as recreational vehicle dealers, car dealers, etc. Within Negaunee Township, there are still sites available for commercial development along the U.S. 41/M-28 highway corridor. Through most of the Township, U.S. 41/M-28 is a 4-lane divided highway, with a 55 mile per hour speed limit. Development that results in a significant increase in turning incidents has the potential to increase the risk of accidents and result in a need for additional traffic controls, such as lower speed limits and/or traffic lights. 5.6 Industrial Land Use Within Marquette County, as with_commercial uses, industrial uses are generally concentrated in the urban corridor, although some industrial land uses exist in other areas of the County. Unlike the counties in the southern portion of the central U.P., Marquette County does not have a large industrial employer but instead has smaller type operations. Industrial facilities in Negaunee Township include a lumber mill, two wood product factories, and a construction company. Opportunities for additional industrial development exist within the Midway Industrial Park area, the former Pioneer Pellet Plant area, and at other sites within the Township that may either be zoned for industrial use or be considered for rezoning. Chapter S - Page 10 ~ l,I �In April of 1998, the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company (CCIC) announced that it plans to dismantle and remove buildings and equipment that remain at the former Pioneer Pellet Plant in Negaunee Township. A contractual agreement has been established between CCIC and Park Corporation (based in Cleveland, Ohio), for the sale of the buildings and equipment at the site. Under the terms of the contract, Park Corporation will be given three to five years to dismantle and sell any of the equipment and facilities remaining at the site. After this period, the only assets that will remain at the location of the former pellet plant are the items necessary for on-going reclamation or product removal. CCIC will retain ownership of the land and responsibility for overall reclamation. 5.7 Forestry and Agricultural Land Uses Table 5-1 and Map 5-1 show the predominance of forested lands in Negaunee Township. Almost all forested areas within the Township are privately owned, with both large and small parcels. These areas range from thousands of acres owned by area pulp and paper companies to small woodlots owned by private individuals. These lands are generally managed to provide raw material to local wood products industries. Agricultural uses are generally located in the southern and eastern portions of Marquette County. Negaunee Township, with 172.4 acres, makes up a very small portion of the County's agricultural land. The 1992 U.S. Census of Agriculture shows 84 farms in Marquette County, totaling 23,290 acres. Agricultural products from farms in Marquette County include field crops such as hay, barley, oats, and potatoes; dairy products; and livestock, including beef cattle, hogs, and poultry. As shown in Table 5-2, the number of farms in Marquette County is declining, while the average farm size has increased over the past 10 years. This mirrors a national trend away from the small "family farm." The total acreage devoted to farming has deceased by about 6,355 acres between 1982 and 1992. The average age of farm operators has stayed relatively the same during this period. Over 65 percent of the farmers in the County worked off the farm or listed a principal occupation other than farming. Several factors contribute to these trends nationwide and locally, including the increasing cost of land, equipment, and labor, which make it more difficult for young families to begin or take over agricultural operations; low and/or unstable prices for agricultural products; changing lifestyles that focus on a more urban environment; and demand for conversion of agricultural land to other purposes. However, in Marquette County, it can be seen that 18 years ago many farm operators worked off farm or listed a principal occupation other than farming, indicating that farming has historically not been a strong industry in the County. In parts of Marquette County, the climate is marginal for many agricultural products, adding further uncertainty to the industry. Chapter S - Page 11 �TABLES-2 AGRICULTURAL TRENDS IN MARQUETTE COUNTY, 1974-1992 1974 1987 1982 1978 1992 80 101 us 101 84 Total acreage in farms Average farm size in acres 24,761 310 27,814 275 29,645 237 24,484 242 23,290 277 Market value of products sold Total ($1,000) Average per farm $1,136 14,196 $1,594 15,787 $1,540 12,320 $1,783 17,651 $1,743 20,746 47 30 42 59 40 85 33 68 29 55 51.4 48.6 48.8 47.9 46.3 Number of farms Operator's principal occupation Farming Other Average age of farm operator Source: U.S Census of Agriculture, 1974-1992 5.8 Public and Quasi-Public Land Use Public land uses in Negaunee Township include parks, public buildings, the airport, schools, and tracts of publicly-owned lands. Many of these uses are discussed in more detail in other chapters of this plan; however, the land use considerations associated with these uses will be discussed here. The Township owns and maintains the following park and recreation sites: Negaunee Township Park, Kivela Road Recreation Area, and Midway Drive Recreation Park. Of these park sites, Negaunee Township Park, located along M-35, just south U.S. 41/M-28 interchange, is the largest and heaviest used. There is no state or federal owned forest land available for hunting and fishing; however, the Township does have large tracts of CFR (Commercial Forest Reserves) for these types of outdoor recreation actives. The state provides public access at both the Hoist and McClure storage basins. In terms of land use, local parks and public lands provide recreational facilities for residents, as well as maintaining green space and public space in areas that may otherwise be relatively densely developed. Large regional parks, while continuing to provide recreational opportunities and green space, also attract visitors from a wide area. Such areas have the potential to create more conflicts with adjacent uses, in terms of traffic, parking, hours of operation, noise, etc. The principal public building located in Negaunee Township is the Township community building/fire station, which is located adjacent to the Negaunee Township Park. The community building contains governmental offices, a gym, and a kitchen. The gym and kitchen facilities are regularly used by residents for community recreation activities. Chapter 5 - Page 12 J �The Township community building and other public buildings outside the Township, which serve Township residents, are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6, Public and Community Facilities. As a rule, these buildings are located in population centers, and do not occupy large tracts of land. Their primary impact on land use is related to traffic and parking. The Marquette County Airport occupies a large tract of land in Negaunee Township. The presence of the airport affects land use in adjoining areas in several ways. The need to maintain a clear zone around the runway restricts the siting of tall structures or industries that might produce emissions, which interfere with visibility for aircraft; noise, vibration, lights, and traffic associated with airport uses may affect the desirability of adjacent properties for residential development; and roads and streets must be routed around the airport proper, which may interfere with local transportation patterns. These effects all vary depending upon the number of takeoffs and landings, the size and type of aircraft that use the airport, and the overall airport size. In its present configuration, the Marquette County Airport appears to have little adverse impact on nearby residential development or on the siting of industrial operations, and transportation facilities are adequate to support traffic to and from the airport. However, expansion projects to the airport, like extending the north-south runway to serve larger commercial airplanes, must contend with the problem of available land and the presence of exposed bedrock in several areas within airport property. As the result of expansion constraints at the existing airport and the closing of the former Air Force base at K.I. Sawyer in 1995, the Marquette County Board in 1996 decided that the County airport should be moved to K.I. Sawyer. The complete relocation of the airport to K.I. is tentatively scheduled for the middle of 1999. Examples of quasi-public land uses include churches, golf courses, and similar facilities owned by private enterprise, but are open to the public. These uses generate increased traffic on a seasonal, occasional, or intermittent basis, by providing facilities and services that meet the needs of local residents and contribute to the quality of life of communities and neighborhoods. The presence of quasi-public facilities, such as golf courses, can also affect property values. Churches are located throughout the urban area, in the cities and in the surrounding townships. Many Township residents attend church in Negaunee or Ishpeming. Besides serving as places of worship, churches often serve as community gathering places for social events and local meetings. The closure or consolidation of churches, as is currently being done within the Catholic Diocese of Marquette, can affect traffic patterns and the availability of gathering places; it can also have a less tangible effect on the character and cohesiveness of a community. Chapter 5 • Page 13 �5.9 Land Ownership As discussed earlier, land ownership in Marquette County and Negaunee Township greatly affects land use. Land in public ownership mean that less land is available for private development. However, public lands often provide many of the amenities which attract residents to rural areas in the first place -- wildlife habitat, green space, scenic beauty, etc. While public lands are not available for private development, it should be pointed out that typically public lands are those that are less suited for intensive development. Some areas contain wetlands, unstable soils, or other environmental constraints. Unlike other townships in Marquette County, Negaunee Township does not have significant acreage of public-owned land; however, the Township does have large tracts of corporate owned land. Of the corporate-owned land in the Township, about 5,532 acres are designated as Commercial Forest Reserve under the Commercial Forest Act. To qualify for a lower tax rate on CFR lands, the landowner agrees to maintain these lands in their forested state, and to leave the lands open for public recreational use. When the timber is harvested, or if the owner wishes to build a camp or home on the property, the land must be removed from CFR status. Major corporate landowners within Negaunee Township include Escanaba Paper Co., Benson Forest, Ltd., and the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company. These large tracts of land, which are open for public use, provide hunting, fishing, and other outdoor recreational opportunities that attract visitors to the area, in turn providing potential customers for retail and service businesses and affecting transportation patterns. Therefore, although the use of these lands does not include intensive development, development in other areas may be encouraged because of the presence of public and CFR lands. A less tangible effect is the impact on the overall quality of life in Marquette County -- few would argue that the lakes and forests of the area make the County a more desirable place to live. 5.10 Contaminated Sites The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is required by Part 201 of the Michigan Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, Act 451 of 1994, to identify, evaluate, and rank all sites of environmental contamination in Michigan. For several years, the DEQ was required to submit a list of these sites to the Michigan Legislature. However, recent changes to Michigan's environmental laws have changed this requirement to every five years. The most recent list of contaminated sites was submitted in April 1995. As defined by Part 201, environmental contamination means the release of a hazardous substance, or the potential release of a discarded hazardo~s substance, in a quantity Chapter 5 - Page 14 �that is, or may become, injurious to the environment, or to the public health, safety, or welfare. From a land use standpoint, the presence of environmental contamination represents a constraint on future development, and a threat to human health and safety. Besides affecting a specific site, some contaminants can enter groundwater and cause more widespread problems, such as water well contamination. It is desirable to identify and remediate contaminated sites quickly, so that potential hazards and land use constraints may be removed. In terms of future land use decisions, it is important that decisionmakers are aware of the potential for certain types of land use to cause environmental contamination. Most of the sites of environmental contamination identified in Marquette County are the result of past land use practices, and this illustrates that even when legal and accepted land uses are undertaken, the possibility of future impacts exists. In the list prepared in April of 1995, a total of five impacted sites and five leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) were identified in Negaunee Township. These sites are shown in Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Leaking underground fuel storage tanks have become a concern throughout the country in recent years. Many fuel tanks that met all installation guidelines at the time they were installed have deteriorated and allowed fuel to contaminate the surrounding soil. New guidelines for installing underground fuel tanks have been set up, and efforts are underway to identify and clean up leaking tanks. Chapter 5 - Page 15 �TABLE 5-3 SITES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP SAM SCORE SITE NAME Res Well Negaunee Area 21 U.S. 41 and Midway Ind. Park 21 FABCO, Inc. 28 LOCATION CONTAMINANT CATEGORY Section 27; T48N, Dichloroethane, Benzene Toluene, Xylene 1 R26W Section 23; T48N, Gasoline 1 Lead, Chromium, Phthalates, Arsenic 3 PCE, TCE, Aviation Fuel 3 Benzene, Methylene Chloride 3 R26W Section 23; T48N, R26W Marquette County Airport 19 Negaunee Twp GW Contamination 19 Section 28; T48N, R26W Section 35; T48N, R26W Source: MI Sites of Environmental Contamination, Vol 1, April, 1995; Michigan DEQ, June 1997. NOTES TO TABLE 5-3: Site Name: The site name is assigned for identification purposes only and is not necessarily a party responsible for contamination. SAM Score: A numerical risk assessment model, known as the Site Assessment Model, is used to rank all Part 201 sites, except leaking underground storage tanks. The SAM has a scale of O to 48 points, with 48 points representing the highest level of contamination. Therefore, a site with a SAM score of 25 would present more risk to the environment, health, safety or welfare than a site with a score of 20. Contaminant: PCB - Polychlorinated Biphenyl TCE - Trichloro Ethylene Status: Part 201 sites are placed in one of seven categories, depending on the action, if any, which has been taken towards cleanup. These categories are: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 - Inactive, No Actions Taken Cleanup Actions Taken or in Progress - Evaluation/Interim Response - Fund Cleanup Actions Taken or in Progress - Evaluation/Interim Response - Potentially Responsible Party/Other Cleanup Actions Taken or in Progress - Final Cleanup - Fund Cleanup Actions Taken'or in Progress - Final Cleanup Potentially Responsible Party/Other Cleanup Complete/Long-Term Maintenance - Operation & Maintenance - Fund Cleanup Complete/Long-Term Maintenance - Operation & Maintenance - Potentially Responsible Party/Other Chapter 5 - Page 16 �TABLE 5-4 LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUSTS), NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP SITE NAME STATUS LOCATION Marquette County Airport 198 Airport Road Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad 311 M-35 Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Frost Moving & Storage U.S. 41 East Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Negaunee Public Schools Bus Garage U.S. 41 East Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Terex-Lakeshore, Inc. 75 U.S. 41 Cleanup Actions Taken or In Process Source: MI Sites of Environmental Contamination, Vol. 2, April, 1995 5.11 Wellhead Protection and Planning Wellhead protection is a planning and management approach for preventing contamination of public water supply wells. The objective of well head protection is to protect the area surrounding the public water supply wells by controlling potential sources of contamination within a designated zone - The Wellhead Protection Area. The Wellhead Protection Area is the surface and subsurface area surrounding a public water supply well through which contaminants, if spilled or deposited, will most likely pass and eventually reach the well or well field. Also known as the zone of contribution. On February 8, 1996, the Negaunee Township Board adopted a resolution to protect the zone of contribution to the wells or well field in compliance with the State of Michigan Wellhead Protection Program. This resolution is attached. The Planning Commission agrees to protect the Township's water supply by establishing zoning districts and regulations governing the use of land within and around the Wellhead Protection Area. The Township Water Department is in the process of developing a Wellhead Protection Plan. The Wellhead Protection Area will be incorporated into the Zoning Ordinance. 5.12 Land Use Trends Negaunee Township appears to be absorbing a substantial portion of the residential growth in the Marquette/Negaunee/Ishpeming urban corridor. Windshield surveys show Chapter 5 - Page 17 �,. RESOLUTION No. W H P-1 NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP COUNTY OF MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN FEBRUARY 8, 1996 BACKGROUND Groundwater is an essential source of fresh water for the municipal water supply system of NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP. Virtually any activity on the surface of the ground which involves hazardous substances may contaminate groundwater, Once polluted, groundwater is difficult and sometimes impossible to clean. The natural microorganisms which help break down some pollutants on the surface of the ground and top soil layers are not present (or not present in significant quantities) in groundwater. The slow rates of groundwater flow, ranging from one foot per day to one foot in fifty years, limit dilution or dispersal of contaminants. Groundwater contaminated by today's land uses and activities may remain contaminated for hundre_d s of years. RE1?0LUTION: WHEREAS, the TOWNSHIP OF NEGAUNEE recognizes the importance of its groundwater supply as a natural resource used for drinking; and WHEREAS, it is within the responsibility of the TOWNSHIP OF NEGAUNEE as a public supplier, to consider the health, safety, and welfare of its customers, and WHEREAS, groundwater contamination can and does occur as a consequence of a variety of land use activities; and · WHEREAS, it is desirable to preserve arid protect the quantity and quality of our groundwater resources to assure a continued safe, adequate, and useable . supply, now and in the future; and WHEREAS, the protection of current and potential future sources of groundwater is worthwhile from the standpoint of resource protection; and WHEREAS, state and county laws and regulations require certain land uses to obtain permits and approvals for construction and operation; and WHEREAS, local government officials, through adopted zoning ordinances, have the legal authority to review and/or approve land uses for the purposes of meeting the needs of the state's residents for natural resource protection and public services, including public water supply; NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that NEGAUNEE TOWNSIIIP does hereby agree to take action to protect their immediate wellhead area and to take steps to determine the zone of contribution to the wells or wellfield in compliance with the State of Michigan Wellhead Protection Program; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the TOWNSHIP BOARD request the establishment of a "budget line ilem" for determining the zone of contribution to their wells or wellfield at such time that funds become available. Adopted this Ayes Supervisor, Charles Prusi /../ . ., Nays Clerk, Mary Grobar V 17a () �that many new subdivisions have been developed in recent years, along with new residential development outside of subdivisions. The urban sprawl, which occurred in the 1970s, '80s, and early '90s in portions of Marquette, Sands, and Chocolay townships from the City of Marquette, is now moving into portions of Negaunee Township. In addition, the Township proximity to the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming and the presence of two storage basins help to make the area more desirable. While this development has added to the Township property tax base, studies in other parts of Michigan have shown that substantial new residential development does not generate enough new tax revenue to cover the cost of providing services. In the case of development in areas where sewer and water are not available, the costs of providing services may not be that high at this time; however, if additional services are needed in the future, the scattered nature of this development could make provision of municipal services very expensive. There are some areas with mixed land uses that potentially may result in land use conflicts. Examples include areas of mixed industrial, extraction, and residential use in the Eagle Mills area, and areas where residential subdivisions have been developed close to, or within, prime forested areas. If past trends continue, the number and total acreage of prime forested areas in the Township will continue to decrease, although much of these areas are currently protected as Commercial Forest Reserves (CFR) under the Commercial Forest Act. Because of the presence of these large tracts of CFR lands in the northern part of the Township, development will probably continue to be concentrated in the southern and central portions of the Township. The proximity to transportation corridors, shopping, and other amenities also influences this trend. Due to the nature of local employment and commuting patterns, future development will continue to be oriented toward the private automobile. 5.13 Issues and Opportunities Physical features can serve to constrain growth and development. In Negaunee Township, steep slope and bedrock areas are the primary physical features that affect development. The residential development in or next to areas currently in forestry use could lead to future land use conflicts; for example, nearby homeowners to a logging operation may find the equipment noise and continuous logging truck traffic a nuisance. The Township has the potential for some further commercial development along U.S. 41/M-28; however, suitable space along this highway corridor is running out. Chapter 5 - Page 18 �With the relocation of the County airport to K.I. Sawyer in 1999 and CR 553 designated as part of the priority north-south highway corridor through the central U.P., increased traffic will likely occur along CR 480 from the crossroads to the Negaunee/Ishpeming area. As a result, there is a potential for future commercial development along this stretch of road. The relocation of the County airport away from Negaunee Township will mean that the current airport land will need to be redeveloped for other uses. If new industrial and commercial facilities move to the existing airport site, the availability of infrastructure, such as roads, water, and sewer, will become an issue. The residential development within the Township should continue to expand northward from U.S. 41/M-28. South of this highway corridor there is not much suitable land available for further residential developments. Permanent and seasonal residential developments should continue in the northern portion of the Township near the Hoist and McClure storage basins. As residential developments in the Township continue to expand northward into the outlying areas, the cost of providing community services, like garbage collection and fire/police protection, will increase. There is the potential to redevelop the former Pioneer Pellet Plant and adjacent land for industrial use, especially with the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company's (CCIC) recent announcement that the remaining equipment and facilities at the site would be dismantle and sold within five years. CCIC has also indicated that the reclamation process at the site would continue. The Township park and community building are located on an 80-acre parcel, of which only a small portion is currently developed; thus, there is the possibility of developing new recreation facilities at the site in the future. Chapter 5 - Page 19 �6.0 COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES 6.1 Introduction Services and facilities provided by local government are vital elements of a community's progress and well-being. Services include police and fire protection, municipal water and wastewater systems, and solid waste disposal. Community facilities include local government buildings, libraries, and maintenance and storage facilities. As a part of the comprehensive planning effort, Negaunee Township community facilities and services were reviewed and evaluated as to their present condition and adequacy to meet the present and future needs of the community. These facilities are shown on Map 6-1. 6.2 Municipal Community Facilities and Services Township Office: The Negaunee Township Hall (Map No. 1) is at 42 M-35, just south of the junction with U.S. 41/M-28. The building was constructed in 1970. It houses offices for the Township, a kitchen, an overflow room, a gym, two conference rooms, a furnace room, a cloak room, and a janitor room. The Township employs a full-time office manager. Governmental business, including Township Board meetings, Planning Commission meetings, elections, etc. is conducted in the Township Hall. The building is also used for private social gatherings, meetings of local organizations, and recreational activities for both youth and adult programs. Other Township Buildings: Three Township-owned facilities are located within the vicinity of the Township Hall: Department of Public Works Storage/Garage: This facility is at 58 Forest Drive, just north of the Township Hall (Map No. 2). The vehicles housed in the facility include: three snowplows, a garbage truck, a pickup truck, and a backhoe tracker. The available space at the facility is inadequate for current requirements. Water Department Garage: This Water Department facility is located on the same parcel of land as the Township Hall, next to the elevated water tower (Map No. 3). It is used to store the vehicles and equipment used by the Department. It is also used to store any overflow equipment and vehicles. Building and Recreation Committee Facility: A garage is located behind the Township Hall (Map No. 4). Half the facility is used for storing vehicles and equipment and as a workshop, while the other half is used for concessions for ball games and social gatherings at the Township Park. The concession portion of the facility has indoor restrooms. Chapter 6 - Page 1 �Fire Protection: Negaunee Township Fire Department provides fire protection to all of the Township. The Department fire hall is located along M-35, connected to the Township Hall (Map No. 5). The Department is staffed by 29 volunteers, who are paid mileage for responding to fire calls. It operates two tankers (1990 and 1997), a pick-up (1986), and a fire unit vehicle (1986). Mutual aid agreements exist between the Township Fire Department and the fire departments in Ishpeming, Marquette, Richmond, and Sands townships, and the cities of Ishpeming and Negaunee. The adequacy of fire protection is evaluated by the Insurance Service Office (ISO) Commercial Risk Inc. through the use of the Grading Schedule for Municipal Fire Protection. The schedule provides criteria to be used by insurance grading engineers in classifying the fire defenses and physical conditions of municipalities. Gradings obtained under the schedule are used throughout the United States in establishing base rates for fire insurance. While ISO does not presume to dictate the level of fire protection services that should be provided by a municipality, reports of surveys made by its Municipal Survey Office generally contain serious deficiencies found, and over the years have been accepted as guides, by many municipal officials in planning improvements to their fire fighting services. The grading is obtained by ISO based upon its analysis of fire department equipment, alarm systems, water supply, fire prevention programs, building construction, and distance of potential hazard areas, such as the central business district, from a fire station. In rating a community, total deficiency points in the areas of evaluation are used to assign a numerical rating of 1 to 10, with "1" representing the best protection and "10" representing an essentially unprotected community. Class 9 usually indicates a community without effective public water supply and hydrant protection. The fire insurance rating for Negaunee Township is 6/9. Where classified areas have a split classification, the determination of the first listed protection class is five road miles or less to responding fire station and with hydrant within 1,000 feet, while the second listed class is five road miles or less to responding fire station, and with hydrant more than 1,000 feet. Municipal water: A portion of Negaunee Township is served by a municipal water system. The remaining areas of the Township use private wells. Negaunee Township provides municipal water service principally to residents living within the area one mile north and south of U.S. 41/M-28. The system consists of two wells and a 200,000-gallon elevated storage tank. The wells are located in an area north of CR 492 and east of M-35 (Map No. 6), while the sto?age tank is located on the same property as the Township Hall (Map No. 7). The wells at maximum use have the capability of pumping about 792,000 gallons per day. The current use is only about 85,000 gallons/day, which shows there is the capacity to expand the service area within the Township if needed. Chapter 6 - Page 2 �The Township would like to install a water main under U.S. 41/M-28 at Brebner Road and loop the line back to Midway Drive, which would improve the service of the system and reduce freezing problems. In the area next to the airport, the installation of a main water line under U.S. 41/M-28 would enable the Township to serve the water needs of future commercial or industrial developments. The Township would also like to construct a second water line from the wells, which would improve the flow and allow an additional 40 residential homes in the M-35 vicinity to connect to the system. Wastewater treatment within the Township is accomplished though on-site systems (private septic systems), except the airport. The airport is served by the City of Negaunee wastewater system. In 1992, a four-inch diameter sewer line was constructed from Negaunee's Sioux Court lift station to the airport, about a distance of 2.5 miles. The main reasons for this connection were the volumes of wastewater being produced at the airport and the types of materials that needed treatment (including various chemicals). The sewer line serves the airport's terminal building, hangers, fire truck building, and the former AMR facility. The line can handle up to 70,000 gallons per month. 6.3 Other Community Facilities and Services Law Enforcement: Negaunee Township residents depend on the Marquette County Sheriff Department and the Michigan State Police for police protection; the Township does not maintain its own police force. The Marquette County Sheriff Department operates out of a facility at 236 West Baraga in the City of Marquette. The department is staffed by 19 road patrol officers, two detectives, a lieutenant in charge of operations, an emergency services administration lieutenant, an undersheriff, and a sheriff. It also employs 27 correction officers, a jail service officer, a jail reimbursement officer, a community correction coordinator, a community relation coordinator, a community safety coordinator, and seven support staff. Eight marked cars, five unmarked cars, and seven four-wheel drive vehicles are available for road patrol and investigative work. The Michigan State Police Post/District Headquarters is located along U.S. 41/M-28 within the Township. Currently, the facility is staffed by 17 troopers and eight supervisory and investigative personnel. The Michigan State Police are in charge of enforcing state laws and investigating accidents and crimes. The cities of Negaunee, Ishpeming, and Marquette each maintain police departments that will respond to calls outside the city limits if requested by the Sheriff Department or State Police. However, their primary responsibility is to the cities, and when used it is generally in a backup capacity. Chapter 6 - Page 3 �Emergency Medical Services: Within Negaunee Township, the primary emergency medical service is provided by the Marquette County Sheriff Department Rescue Unit, whose facility is located along U.S. 41/M-28 within the Township. The Rescue Unit provides non-transporting Basic Life Support, which under the State Department of Consumer and Industry Services qualifications must have at least one EMT-B (Basic) accompany the rescue vehicle for each emergency response. The Rescue Unit is staffed with two Medical First Responders, eight EMT-B, 3 EMT-S (Specialist), and two EMT-P (Paramedic). A rescue truck is used for responding to emergencies. A typical rescue unit vehicle is outfitted with specialized rescue equipment including vehicle extraction equipment. Rescue Units are not licensed to transport patients, but must instead rely on other agencies for transport. Negaunee Township is in the primary service area of Marquette General Hospital. This transporting unit provides advanced life support care for patients being transported, which requires that at least one EMT-Paramedic and one EMT-Basic be on board each ambulance run. Secondary transporting service is provided by Richmond Township Emergency Medical Service. Individual First Responders must complete 117 hours of training, pass a state certification exam, and complete 30 continuing education credits during each three year period. First responders are trained in techniques that enable them to stabilize and treat a patient until more qualified medical personnel with transporting capabilities arrive on the scene. Persons with EMT-B certification complete 240 hours of training, and must also pass a certification exam and complete continuing education credits. EMT-Bs are trained to stabilize patients, and to immobilized and treat injuries. They are qualified to be part of an ambulance staff if the unit they serve has transporting capabilities. An EMT-S must be a licensed EMT-Band complete an additional 110 hours of training, which includes intravenous therapy and advanced air way management techniques. EMT -P is the highest level in the pre-hospital medical technician field. Paramedics must complete over 800 hours of training and clinical work to be licensed at that level. 911 System: Marquette County has an "enhanced" 911 dispatch system in operation throughout the County. Emergency calls for fires, medical emergencies, crimes, and other emergencies are accomplished by dialing the number 9-1-1; these calls go to the central dispatch location at the State Police Post in Negaunee Township, where the location of the call is displayed. The appropriate responding unit is then dispatched. The Marquette County Sheriff Department Emergency Rescue Unit, Marquette General Hospital, Richmond Township EMS, and other County Emergency Medical Service units are dispatched through central dispatch. Marquette County Airport: The Marquette County Airport is located just north of U.S. 41/M-28 in the central portion of Negaunee Township. The facility was established as the County airport in 1957; previously it was a utility airport. It is one of seven airports in the U.P. that provides local commuter and corporate charter service. The airport is served by Northwest Airlink, United Express, and Skyway. The County is planning to Chapter 6 - Page 4 .~ ? �relocate the airport to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base by the middle of 1999. The Township is trying to keep a general aviation airport at the site, if the county airport is moved. Road Commission: Roads and streets in Negaunee Township are discussed in more detail in Chapter 9, Transportation. The majority of roads in the Township are county roads, maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission. The Township is responsible for part of the cost of improvements to local roads, and improvement projects are scheduled by the Road Commission based on funding availability and the priority of requests submitted by townships. County primary roads, such as Midway Drive (CR 502) and CR 510, are the responsibility of the Marquette County Road Commission (except snowplowing), and state trunklines, such as U.S. 41/M-28 and M-35, are maintained by the Road Commission in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Transportation. Health Care: Residents of Negaunee Township must look outside the Township for health care services. However, two hospitals and a variety of medical professionals are located within a few miles of the Township. Marquette General Hospital, with 397 beds, is located in the City of Marquette, while Bell Memorial Hospital, with 69 beds, is located in the City of Ishpeming. Physicians in the area provide a broad spectrum of health care services, including cardiology, dermatology, urology, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, etc., along with family practice. Dentists, optometrists and ophthalmologists, and other specialties round out that range of choices for local residents, and home care and hospice services are available from offices located in the City of Marquette. Education: Negaunee Township, Richmond Township, and the City of Negaunee comprise the Negaunee School District, the second largest school district in the County in terms of enrollment at 1,620 students in 1997-98. The district has four schools: Lakeview (City of Negaunee) and Pineview (Palmer), which house kindergarten through fifth grade students; Negaunee Middle School (City of Negaunee), sixth through eighth grade; and Negaunee High School (City of Negaunee), ninth through twelfth. Enrollment in the school district has dropped since K.I. Sawyer AFB closed, with the peak enrollment occurring in 1993-94 school year. The district-wide enrollment trend is as follows: 1989-90, 1,674 students; 1990-91, 1,663 students; 1991-92, 1,690 students; 1992-93, 1,703 students; 1993-94, 1,753 students; 1994-95, 1,707 students; 1995-96, 1,668 students; 1996-97, 1,635 students; and 1997-98, 1,620 students. School district officials have not identified any major needs or deficiencies with regard to educational facilities in the school district. Routine maintenance projects are carried out on an annual basis. Local residents looking for higher education opportunities can turn to Northern Michigan University, located about ten miles from the Township in the City of Marquette. Northern offers baccalaureate and masters degree programs, as well as technical training in a variety of fields. Other institutions of higher learning in the Chapter 6 • Page 5 �Upper Peninsula include Bay de Noc Community College in Escanaba, 65 miles away; Gogebic Community College in Ironwood; Michigan Technological University in Houghton; and Lake Superior State University in Sault Ste. Marie. Library Facilities: Negaunee Township is served by the City of Negaunee Public Library within the city hall facility. The Township is also served by the Ishpeming/Carnegie Library and Peter White Library via the MICHICARD program. The MICIDCARD program allows individuals served by a library in Michigan that participates in the program to obtain a card that allows them to check out printed material from other participating libraries. The Negaunee Public Library is located at 319 West Case Street in the City of Negaunee. The facility serves the City of Negaunee and Negaunee Township. It has over 30,000 volumes available, with an annual circulation of approximately 35,000 volumes. The Ishpeming/Carnegie Public Library is located along Main Street in the City of Ishpeming. It has a service area that includes the City of Ishpeming and Humbolt, Ishpeming, Champion, Tilden, and Ely townships. The facility has about 69,000 volumes available, with an annual circulation of about 61,000 per year. The Peter White Public Library is located at 217 North Front Street in the City of Marquette. This facility is the largest public library in the County, with 126,000 volumes and an annual circulation of about 300,000. It serves the City of Marquette, and Ewing, Turin, West Branch, Sands, Chocolay, Wells, and Marquette townships. Solid Waste Landfill and Recycling: In Negaunee Township, weekly curbside pickup of residential and commercial solid waste is provided by Chic Sanitation of Champion Township. The Township finances this collection based on monthly fees charged to occupied residential dwellings and businesses. Residential dwellings are charged $8 per month for the service, while businesses are charged either $20 or $34 per month, depending on the size of the operation. Bills for the service are sent out quarterly. The Township receives about $34,000 per year from the fees collected for the service. In 1995, the Township generated a total of 1,470 tons of solid waste, which was an increase of 381.56 tons from 1992. The Marquette County Landfill is located on a 210-acre parcel of land in the northwestern corner of Sands Township. The landfill began operations in December of 1989. The landfill can handle Type II waste (residential/household waste) and Type III waste (demolition debris). The Marquette County Solid Waste Authority, organized in 1987, owns and manages the landfill. The appointed seven member authority includes: three representatives at large; three members designate4 by the Marquette City Commission; and one member designated by the Sands Township Supervisor, who serves as chairperson. The landfill receives about 50,000 tons of solid waste per year. The landfill has a life expectancy of 20 years. Waste entering into the landfill comes from all 23 units of government in the County. The waste collected from these entities is either Chapter 6 - Page 6 F' �directly hauled to the landfill or hauled to one of several transfer stations in the County and then brought to the landfill. With Negaunee Township, a voluntary recycling program began in October of 1997. Recycle items are sorted and placed on curbsides by Township residents for collection by Chic Sanitation twice a month. The following materials are collected for recycling: newspapers, magazines, catalogues, clear glass, tin and aluminum cans, plastic milk jugs, corrugated cardboard, and used motor oil. The recyclables are hauled to the City of Ishpeming Recycling Center. 6.4 Other Public Facilities and Services Besides community facilities and services provided by Negaunee Township and Marquette County, a variety of state and federal offices and some private providers offer services and facilities to residents of Marquette County and beyond. State and Federal Offices: Marquette County is the location of many state and federal agencies, especially district, regional, and U.P.-wide agency offices. State agencies located in the County include: the Office of Aging Services, Department of Agriculture, Department of Civil Rights, Department of Community Health, Department of Correction, Department of Environmental Quality, Lottery Claims & Regional Office, Department of Management & Budget, Michigan Employment Security Agency, Marquette District Court, Marquette Forensic Lab, Michigan Rehabilitation ServicesMichigan Jobs Commission, Department of Natural Resources, Secretary of State, Michigan Family Independence Agency, State Police, Department of Transportation, and Department of the Treasury. Federal agencies with offices in the County include: the Department of Agriculture, Department of Army-Corp of Engineers, Coast Guard, Department of Commerce, U.S. Courts, Department of Justice, Department of Labor Mine Safety & Health Administration, Department of Army 996 Engineer Co., Department of Transportation, District Court Magistrate, Drug Enforcement Administration, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Interior, Department of Labor, U.S. Marshal Office, Small Business Administration, and Social Security Administration. Electrical Service: Electrical service in Negaunee Township is supplied by Marquette Board of Light & Power and Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPCO). Marquette Board of Light & Power serves most of the Township. The company supplies power to residential, commercial, and industrial customers within the Township. The rate for electrical residential customers is 7.55 cents per kilowatt hour for the first 1,000 kilowatt hours used per month and 5.51 cents there after. Seasonal residential customers are charged 7.55 cents per kilowatt hour for the first 12,000 kilowatt hours used per year and 5.51 cents per kilowatt hour over 12,000 kilowatt hours per year. Electrical service monthly rate for small commercial and industrial operations (needing 25 kilowatts or more) is 6.47 cents per kilowatt hour for the first 1,500 kilowatt hours, 4.71 cents for the Chapter 6 - Page 7 �next 13,000 kilowatt hours, and 4.41 cents for over 15,000 kilowatt hours. Larger commercial and industrial operations demanding 200 kilowatts or more have rate of 4.54 cents per kilowatt hour. UPPCO provides electrical service to the northwestern portion of the Township, principally in the Hoist Storage Basin area. The company's rate for year-round and seasonal residential dwellings is 8.51 cents per kilowatt hour. Natural Gas Service: SEMCO Gas Company provides natural gas service to Negaunee Township. A natural gas distribution network makes gas available to the Township one to two miles north and south of U.S. 41/M-28 and along M-35 to CR 480. Most of the rural portions of the Township, however, do not have access to natural gas service. Residential customers pay 41.63 cents per 100 cubic feet of natural gas for service. Small commercial and industrial service is 41.19 cents per 100 cubic feet, while larger commercial and industrial is 40.89 cents per 100 cubic feet. Telephone and Cable Senice: Local telephone service in Negaunee Township is provided by Ameritech Corporation. The long distance service can be obtained from several carriers that serve the area. Bresnan Communication Company provides the Township with cable television service. Cable service is provided to a majority of the southern twothirds of the Township. 6.5 Issues and Opportunities The Township water system has significant excess capacity over current usage. As a result, the Township could extend this service to parts of the Township that are currently served by individual private wells. This may be especially beneficial for any future commercial or industrial developments in areas currently not served by water. The Township would like to increase the flow of its water system north of U.S. 41/M-28, which would allow it to better serve the households and commercial/industrial establishments currently using the system and provide enough flow for future extensions of the system. Most of the current growth in the Township is occurring north of U.S. 41/M-28. With the lack of space available at the Department of Public Works garage facility, the Township would like to construct a larger facility. Overall, Negaunee Township public and community facilities provide sufficient capacity and are in good repair. Chapter 6 • Page 8 ~ ~ �7.0 HOUSING 7.1 Introduction The housing characteristics of Negaunee Township are important elements of the comprehensive plan. The physical location of housing determines the location and cost of many public services and facilities. Also, housing characteristics are related to the social and economic conditions of the community residents. The information presented in this chapter will provide Township officials with information about the current housing stock as well as identify significant changes which have occurred in the housing needs. Information is presented about structural and occupancy characteristics. The end of the plan provides a housing strategy to address Township housing needs, including priorities, activities to be undertaken, and sources of funding. 7.2 Housing Characteristics Housing Unit Trends: The 1990 Census count of total housing units in Negaunee Township was 1,093. From 1970 to 1990, the number of housing units in the Township grew by 39.8 percent. The majority of this growth occurred between 1970 and 1980. In the 1970s, the housing stock grew by 326 units, or by 33.1 percent. Marquette County followed a similar trend with a majority of its growth, 39.4 percent, occurring between 1970 and 1980. The CUPPAD region also experienced a majority of its growth during the 1970s with a housing unit increase of 29.9 percent. TABLE 7-1 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1970-1990 Area 1970 1980 1990 Negaunee Township 658 984 1,093 Marquette County 21,898 30,530 31,049 CUPPAD Region 61,798 80,271 85,650 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 19701 19801 and 1990 Census of Housing, General Housing Characteristics, Michigan Chapter 7 - Page 1 �TABLE 7-2 PERCENT CHANGE IN OF HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1970-1990 1970-1980 1980-1990 1970-1990 Negaunee Township 33.1 10.0 39.8 Marquette County 39.4 1.7 29.S CUPPAD Region 29.9 6.7 38.6 Area Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 19701 19801 and 1990 Census of Housing, General Housing Characteristics, Michigan Occupancy and Tenure: In 1990, 77.3 percent of the housing units within the Township were occupied and 22.7 percent were vacant, representing 845 units and 248 units, respectively. An occupied housing unit is the usual place of residence of the person or group of persons at the time the Census is taken. The percentage of occupied units in the Township is lower than the percent of occupied housing units for Marquette County, which was 81.9 percent. The percentage of occupied housing units is slightly lower than the CUPPAD region, where 78.2 percent of the total units are occupied. Of the total occupied units, approximately 87.7 percent were owner occupied and 12.3 percent were renter occupied. TABLE 7-3 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS, OCCUPANCY AND TENURE, 1990 Negaunee Township Marquette County CUPPAD Region No. % No. % No. % 1,093 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Occupied 845 77.3 25,435 81.9 66,996 78.2 Owner 741 87.7 16,332 64.2 48,760 72.8 Renter 104 12.3 9,103 35.8 18,236 27.2 248 22.7 5,614 18.1 18,654 21.8 For Rent 6 2.4 449 8.0 1,177 6.3 For Sale 14 5.7 237 4.2 837 4.S Rented or sold, Not Occupied 1 0.4 185 3.3 544 2.9 16,096 86.3 Units Total Units Vacant•• ~ Other* 227 4,743 91.S 84.S ource: u.s. Hureau of the Census, :STJ.f 1A, HlJUj amt HUU5. *Includes seasonal, recreational, occasional use, migrant workers, and others. **Includes seasonal and recreational. Chapter 7 - Page 2 �FIGURE 7-1 TOTAL HOUSING UNIT TREND, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1970-1990 1,200 1,093 1,100 984 1,000 900 800 700 658 600 500-t---------------+---------------; 1970 1980 Year Sow-ce: U.S. Bureau of Census, for year cited. Chapter 7 - Page 3 1990 �A total of 22.7 percent of all housing units in the Township in 1990 were vacant. The vast majority of these are seasonal and recreational homes. Presently, the lands surrounding both the Hoist Basin and the McClure Basin are zoned Forestry, which allows for seasonal dwellings. A number of seasonal homes have been constructed in the area; but some are being used on a year-around basis. Use of a dwelling in the Forestry zoning district as a year around dwelling is a conditional use, requiring approval from the Negaunee Township Planning Commission. The rental vacancy rate, computed by comparing the number of units for rent or for rent or sale to the total number of available renter-occupied units was 6.3 percent. The vacancy rate for available owner-occupied homes was only 2.0 percent. Units in Structure: In 1990, of the Township's 1,093 total housing units, approximately 72 percent were one-unit detached or attached units. This figure is higher as compared to the City of Negaunee and Marquette County, but slightly less as compared to the central U.P. region. (There is only one reported "attached unit" which is commonly called row house, double house or house attached to a non-residential structure.) Mobile homes make up about 12 percent of the housing stock in the Township; this figure is considerably higher than the city of Negaunee, Marquette County and the region. TABLE7-4 UNITS IN STRUCTURE, 1990 I Negaunee Township Units # Negaunee City # % I CUPPAD Region Maniuette County # % # % % 1, detached 787 72.0 1,333 64.5 20,005 64.4 61,240 71.3 !,attached 1 0.1 19 0.9 1,542 5.0 1,881 2.2 2 8 0.7 276 13.2 2,165 7.0 4,710 5.5 3 or4 16 1.5 82 4.0 1,204 3.9 2,206 2.6 5 to 9 2 0.2 115 5.6 1,083 3.5 1,862 2.2 10 to 19 11 i.o 83 4.0 951 3.1 1,514 1.8 20 to 49 0 0.0 1 0.1 542 1.7 1,032 1.2 50 or more 0 0.0 80 3.9 537 1.7 1,152 1.3 Mobile home or trailer 129 11.8 37 1.8 2,330 7.5 7,344 8.6 Other 139 12.7 41 2.0 684 2.2 2,709 3.2 Total 1,093 100.0 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 ~ Source: U.S. Bureau o( the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF lA, H041 Chapter 7 - Page 4 �FIGURE 7-2 UNITS IN STRUCTURE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1990 80% 72.0% Vt:c"""' I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _:!_II 70% 60% I----------------jIl i \.?, 50% I 40% I 30% l I l 20% 11.8% 12 7'¾ 10% 0.1% 0.7% 1.5% 1.0% 1.0% Source: 1900 U.S. Bureau of the Census Chapter 7 - Page 5 l �According to the 1990 Census of Population, there were a reported 139 housing units classified as "other'' units in Negaunee Township. This category refers to living quarters occupied as housing units that do not fit other categories; examples are houseboats, railroad cars, campers, and vans. The Planning Commission feels this figure is in error. Comparing this figure to the number of "other'' units reported in the rural west end townships, the 139 figure seems quite excessive: Ely Township 116; Humboldt Township 31; Ishpeming Township 48; Michigamme Township 22; Republic Township 17 and Tilden Township 24. During the process of conducting the census, the census enumerator may have recorded seasonal or recreational units as "other''; there were a reported 188 vacant seasonal or recreational units for the 1990 Census. (According to the 1980 Census, there were no "other'' type units reported for the Township.) ~ Age of Housing: Almost 32 percent of the Township housing structures were built between 1970 and 1980. This period represents the largest housing construction period of the Township during the past 50 years. The median year that houses were constructed in the Township was 1970. The majority of the houses in the city of Negaunee were built in 1939 or earlier (median year built was 1939). Marquette County also experienced a housing boom during the 1970s with 26 percent of the housing stock constructed. The median year of houses built county-wide was 1970. However, almost 30 percent of the county housing stock was built in 1939 or earlier; the majority of these houses are found within the three cities as well as several mining communities. New house construction in Negaunee Township during the 1980s accounted for about 18 percent of the total housing stock; most of these houses were constructed between 1980 and 1984. Comparing construction activity to both the City of Negaunee and Marquette County, the Negaunee Township house construction figure is higher. According to building permits issued between 1991 and 1997, 141 new housing units were authorized to be built within Negaunee Township. All but two of the building permits issued were for single-family dwellings. If constructed, these new houses would account for about 11 percent of the total housing stock in the township. Chapter 7 - Page 6 •~ �FIGURE 7-3 HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR STRUCTURE WAS BUil T, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP 1939 or Earlier 8.7% 1980 - 1990 18.3% 1940 -1949 11.3% 1950 - 1959 13.2% 1970 - 1979 31.6% 1960 -1969 16.9% Source: 1990 U.S. Bureau of the Census Chapter 7 - Page 7 �" Table 7-5 HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR STRUCTURE WAS BUILT, SELECTED AREAS Negaunee Township # Negaunee City # % Marquette County # % # % CUPPAD Region % 1980 to March 1990 200 18.3 185 9.0 3,270 10.5 11,553 13.5 1970 to 1979 345 31.6 308 14.9 8,110 26.1 20,048 23.4 1960 to 1969 185 16.9 167 8J. 4,160 13.4 9,606 11.2 1950 to 1959 144 13.2 133 6.4 4,152 13.4 9,740 11.4 1940 to 1949 124 11.3 93 4.5 2,146 6.9 7,319 8.5 95 8.7 1,181 57.1 9,211 29.7 27,384 32.0 1,093 100.0 2,067 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 1939 or Earlier Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H25 Household Type and Relationship: The U.S. Census categorizes households into three types: family households, non-family households, and group quarters. In 1990, 100% of the 2,368 Township residents lived in households and none were in group quarters. The percentage of persons living in households was higher than the region and the State. Of the total household residents in the Township, approximately 90 percent lived in family households while 9.2 percent lived in non-family households. A family household is one where there are two or more persons related by birth, marriage or adoption. A non-family household is a person living alone or with nonrelatives only. TABLE 7-6 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND RELATIONSHIP, 1990 Negaunee Township Units Marquette County CUPPAD Region No. % No. % No. % Total Persons 2,368 100.0 70,887 100.0 177,692 100.0 In Households 2,368 100.0 66,359 93.6 171,279 96.4 In Family 2,150 90.8 57,073 80.S 150,47S 84.7 Householder 669 28.3 18,054 , 25.S 47,520 26.7 Spouse 597 2S.2 15,143 21.4 39,921 22.S Child 829 3S.0 21,790 30.7 SS,19S 31.1 Grandchild 10 0.4 434 0.6 1,165 0.7 Chapter 7 - Page 8 �TABLE 7-6 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND RELATIONSHIP, 1990 Negaunee Township Marquette County CUPPAD Region No. % No. % No. % 40 1.7 860 1.2 2,336 1.3 Non-Relatives s 0.2 792 1.1 4,338 2.4 In Non-Family Households 218 9.2 9,286 13.1 23,141 13.0 Householder Lives Alone 148 6.3 5,984 8.4 16,714 9.4 Householder Not Alone 30 1.3 1,397 2.0 2,762 1.6 Non-Relatives 40 1.7 1,905 2.7 3,665 2.1 0 0 4,528 6.4 6,303 3.5 Institution 0 0 1,528 2.2 2,986 1.7 Other 0 0 3,000 4.2 3,317 1.9 Units Other Relatives In Group Quarters Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing P0l 7 & STF 3A. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of female- headed families more than doubled (126% increase) from 23 families to 52 families. During the same time period, the number of male-headed households decreased from 36 households to 25 households (31% decline). The number of householders living alone more than doubled from 68 to 146 (114% increase). Overall, the number of households increased about 19% from 1980 to 1990; at the same time population decreased by 3.1 percent. This means that housing demand has remained steady despite a declining population. If population increases in the future, housing demand will be even greater. The type and cost of housing required in the future may be affected by the fact that much of the growth is occurring in oneperson or single-parent families. Chapter 7 - Page 9 �• TABLE 7-7 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FOR NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1980-1990 1990 1980 Number Household Type Percent Number Percent 627 88.1 668 79.1 568 79.8 591 70.0 Female Householder 23 3.2 52 6.2 Male Householder 36 5.1 25 3.0 Non-Family Households 85 11.9 177 20.9 Householder Living Alone 68 9.6 146 17.3 Householder 65 or Over 29 4.1 46 5.4 Family Households Married-Couple Family Total Households 712 845 Average Household Size 3.08 2.80 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, P003, P016, and HOl 7A; and 1980 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1, 003, 016, 022, and 035. Household Size: The number of persons per occupied housing unit in the Township decreased from 3.08 in 1980 to 2.80 in 1990. The Township 1990 figure was more than the County and the CUPPAD region. The number of persons per occupied housing unit also decreased in the CUPPAD region. The smaller household sizes within these areas followed a national trend. This phenomenon is the result of smaller family sizes and an increase in single parent families. TABLE 7-8 PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD, 1980 AND 1990 Persons Per Household Area 1980 1990 Negaunee Township 3.08 2.80 Marquette County 2.49 2.61 CUPPAD Region 2.78 ' 2.64 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population & Housing, 1980 & 1990. Housing Values and Rents: The median housing value of owner-occupied homes in the Township in 1990 was $48,200. This figure was $9,800 higher than Negaunee City, Chapter 7 - Page 10 �$3,400 higher than the County, and $8,150 higher than the CUPPAD region. With the exception of Marquette Township and Sands Township, the bordering localities have lower housing values than Negaunee Township. TABLE 7-9 COMPARATIVE MEDIAN OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING VALUES FOR VARIOUS AREAS, 1990 Area Median Housing Negaunee Township $48,200 Negaunee City $38,400 Chocolay Township $57,900 Ishpeming City $33,800 Ishpeming Township $44,800 Richmond Township $32,100 Sands Township $60,900 Marquette City $50,700 Marquette Township $51,800 Marquette County $44,800 CUPPAD Region $40,050 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A, Table H023B. The median rent for Negaunee Township in 1990 was $252 per month. This figure was lower than the figures for both the County and the CUPPAD region. The $300 to $349 rent category accounted for 22.3 percent of renter-occupied housing units in the Township, which was the largest category. This figure was higher than the median rent figures for both the County and the CUPPAD region. Chapter 7 - Page 11 �. TABLE 7-10 CONTRACT RENT SPECIFIED RENTER-OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS, 1990 Negaunee Township % No. Value CUPPAD Region Marquette County % No. % No. Less than $100 3 3.2 201 2.3 655 3.8 $100 to $149 8 8.S 601 6.7 1,529 8.8 $150 to $199 12 12.8 882 9.9 2,225 12.7 $200 to $249 20 21.3 1,474 16.6 3,339 19.1 $250 to $299 13 13.8 1,381 15.S 3,027 17.3 $300 to $349 21 22.3 1,051 11.8 1,998 11.4 $350 to $399 5 5.3 783 8.8 1,320 7.6 $400 to $449 2 2.1 627 7.0 806 4.6 $450 to $499 2 2.1 318 3.6 386 2.2 $500 to $549 0 0 107 1.2 149 0.9 $550 to $599 0 0 86 1.0 95 o.s $600 to $649 0 0 44 0.S 61 0.3 $650 to $699 1 1.1 23 0.3 36 0.2 $700 or More 0 0 27 0.3 22 0.1 No Cash Rent 7 7.S 1,294 14.S 1,812 10.4 94 100.0 8,899 100.0 17,460 100.0 Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF ~ H032. ~ H032B. TABLE 7-11 MEDIAN CONTRACT RENT, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Area Value Negaunee Township $252 Negaunee City $239 Marquette County $273 CUPPAD Region $236 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF Chapter 7 - Page 12 �7.3 Financial Characteristics In 1989, about 7.2 percent of the population of Negaunee Township was below the poverty level. Slightly more than 74 percent of this population was under the age of 55 years, and 25.7 percent was 55 years and older. Almost a quarter of township residents had incomes below 199 percent of the poverty level. This figure compares favorably to 35.3 percent for the County and 36.5 percent for the CUPPAD region. Table 7-12 PERSONS BY POVERTY STATUS BY AGE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP, 1989 Year Above Poverty Level Under 55 Years 55 Years & Over Total Total Below Poverty Level 1,853 127 1,980 344 44 388 2,197 171 2,368 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, Pll 7. TABLE 7-13 PERSONS BY POVERTY STATUS, SELECTED AREAS, 1989 Negaunee # Below 50% of Poverty Level Marquette County % # % CUPPAD Region # % 53 2.2 2,842 4.3 6,967 4.1 Between 50% & 99% 118 5.0 5,530 8.3 15,187 9.0 Between 100% & 149% 114 4.8 7,250 10.9 19,445 11.5 Between 150% & 199% 305 12.9 7,854 11.8 20,187 11.9 200% & Over 1,778 75.1 42,922 64.7 107,876 63.6 Total 2,368 100.0 66,398 100.0 169,662 100.0 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, P121. Negaunee Township median household and family income levels were $32,076 and $35,492 in 1990. These figures were higher than those for Marquette County and the CUPPAD region. The per capita income level in the Township was $12,257; this figure is higher than the county figure of $11,025 and $10,653 for the CUPPAD Region. Chapter 7 - Page 13 �. TABLE 7-14 INCOME LEVELS, SELECTED AREAS, 1989 Income Below Poverty Level Median Income Area Household Family Per Capita Income Negaunee Township $32,076 $35,492 $12,257 7.2 S.7 Marquette County $25,137 $30,249 $11,025 12.6 10.7 Michigan $31,020 $36,652 $14,154 13.1 10.2 % of Persons % of Families Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A; P080A, P114A, P107A and P123. A popular method used to gauge the affordability of a community's housing stock is the percentage of income spent on housing related costs. Generally, no more than 25 percent to 30 percent of the household income should be used for these costs. In Negaunee Township, approximately 37.4 percent of the renter-occupied households paid more than 25 percent of their income for rent. In terms of owner-occupied housing units, about 16.8 percent of homeowners in the Township paid more than 25 percent of their income on housing costs. TABLE 7-15 HOUSEHOLDS BY GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Household Income Less than 20% 20-24% 25-29% 30-34% Over 35% Less than $10,000 0 0 0 3 20 $10,000 to $19,999 3 7 0 0 8 $20,000 to $34,999 19 6 0 0 0 $35,000 to $49,999 14 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 39 13 0 3 28 $50,000 or more Total Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, BOSO. Note: Gross rent is the sum of contract rent and utility costs. Chapter 7 - Page 14 • J �TABLE 7-16 HOUSEHOLDS BY SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COST AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Less than 20% Household Income 20-24% 25-29% 30-34% Over 35% Less than $10,000 7 0 14 0 21 $10,000 to $19,999 Sl u s 0 s $20,000 to $34,999 75 28 30 7 4 $35,000 to $49,999 89 17 0 3 0 $50,000 or more 147 15 0 0 0 Total 369 72 49 10 30 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H059. Note: Selected owner costs is the sum for real estate, taxes, property insurance, utilities, and regular monthly mortgage payments. 7.4 Selected Housing Characteristics In 1990, 5.8 percent of the housing units in Negaunee Township lacked complete plumbing facilities. This figure compared to 3.7 percent for Marquette County and 4.3 percent for the CUPPAD region. The higher percentage of units lacking complete plumbing facilities in the Township was probably the result of the large number of seasonal units. Three point one percent of the Township units lacked complete kitchen facilities, which was equal to the County total of 3.1 percent and near the CUPPAD region total of 3.7 percent. TABLE 7-17 SUBSTANDARD HOUSING, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Negaunee Township Marquette County CUPPAD Region Characteristic # % # % # % Lacking Complete Plumbing Facilities 63 5.8 1,140 3.7 3,680 4.3 Lacking Complete Kitchen Facilities 34 3.1 966 3.11 3,211 3.7 Overcrowded 21 1.9 427 1.4 1,042 1.6 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 1A: H021, STF 3A: H064, H042. Chapter 7 - Page 15 �Of the occupied housing units in Negaunee Township, 21, or 1.9 percent contained more than one person per room. The proportion of units with more than one person per room is slightly higher in the Township than both the County and the region. Units with more than one person per room are considered to be overcrowded; overcrowded housing and housing which lacks complete plumbing and/or kitchen facilities is considered to be substandard. The data presented indicates a high level of substandard units in the Township and County, based on lack of complete plumbing or kitchen facilities; however, the high number of seasonal units in rural areas is responsible for these relatively high numbers. There are no overcrowded homes lacking complete plumbing. There are only nine year-round homes that lack complete plumbing facilities. In 1990, 35.7 percent of the housing units in the Township relied on a public system or private company for their water source. This figure compared to 64.4 percent for Marquette County and 53.1 percent for the CUPPAD region. Individual drilled and dug well systems were the most widely used in the Township with 60.4 percent of the housing units. This water source was not as common in the County or throughout the region with 33.4 percent and 44.4 percent, respectively. Drilled wells are usually less than 1-1/2 feet in diameter, while dug wells are larger than 1-½ feet wide and generally hand dug. TABLE 7-18 SOURCE OF WATER FOR HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Negaunee Township Source # Marquette County # % CUPPAD Region # % % Public System or Private Company 390 35.7 19,991 64.4 45,494 53.1 Individual Drilled Well 612 56.0 9,205 29.6 34,872 40.7 Individual Dug Well 48 4.4 1,142 3.7 3,201 3.7 Some Other Source 43 3.9 711 2.3 2,083 2.4 1,093 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Total Units Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H023. In Negaunee Township, 88.8 percent of the housing units used septic tank or cesspool systems for sewage disposal. This figure compared to 3i.o percent at the County level and 47.1 percent at the regional level. Only 4.6 percent of the Township was connected to public sewer. At the County and regional levels, this type of sewage disposal system was used by 59.5 percent and 49.0 percent, respectively. Chapter 7 - Page 16 �TABLE 7-19 SEWAGE DISPOSAL FOR HOUSING UNITS, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Source Public Sewer Septic Tank or Cess Pool Other Means Total Units # CUPPAD Region Marquette County Negaunee Township # % # % % 50 4.6 18,457 59.5 41,993 49.0 970 88.7 11,471 36.9 40,311 47.1 73 6.7 1,1211 3.6 3,346 3.9 1,093 100.0 31,049 100.0 85,650 100.0 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H024. In 1990, 34.9 percent of the occupied housing units in the Township used utility gas for heat. This figure was much lower than the figures of 60.0 percent for Marquette County and 57.2 percent for the CUPPAD region. Fuel oil and wood were also important heat sources in the Township. The rural nature of the Township accounts for having a large share of bottled gas users, as compared to the rest of the county. TABLE 7-20 OCCUPIED HOUSING UNIT HEATING FUEL, SELECTED AREAS, 1990 Negaunee Township Source # % # % # % CUPPAD Region Marquette County Utility Gas 295 34.9 15,267 60.0 38,324 57.2 Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas 137 16.2 1,715 6.7 6,159 9.2 59 7.0 1,999 7.9 3,912 5.8 205 24.3 3,735 14.7 8,758 13.1 0 o.o 4 0.0 8 o.o 149 17.6 2,544 10.0 9,486 14.2 0 o.o 3 0.0 11 0.0 17 2.0 102 0.4 251 0.4 0 o.o 66 .3 87 0.1 845 100.0 25,435 100.0 66,996 100.0 Electricity Fuel Oil, Kerosene, etc. Coal or Coke Wood Solar Energy Other Fuel No Fuel Used Total Units Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, STF 3A, H030. Chapter 7 - Page 17 �7.5 Areas of Development Several areas in Negaunee Township are currently being developed with new housing, are platted for housing, or are in the process of being platted. White Bear location in the north central portion of the Township, east of the Hoist Basin, is a location that is experiencing new residential growth. This new housing area is completely surrounded by land zoned for forestry use. Carlson Subdivision, in the northwestern portion of the Township, north of the Hoist Basin, has about 10-12 year around houses constructed. Access to the new subdivision is off North Basin Drive. There are a number of houses located on South Camp Road, off of South Basin Drive, that are used for year around residence. That section of South Camp Drive has been designated by the Marquette County Road Commission as a "seasonal road" and as such does not receive snowplowing services; to gain access to their houses the residents plow the road. New housing development is also starting to occur in an area along Kivela Road, just north of the City of Negaunee, with a few houses already constructed. Another area just north of the City of Negaunee is currently in the process of getting platted. This new subdivision, if approved, will be located along Heritage Drive, between the Marquette County Airport and U.S. 41/M-28. Dead River Storage Area: Longyear Realty Company owns a considerable amount of real estate within the Dead River system located within Negaunee Township, Ishpeming Township and Champion Township. Longyear Realty Company, for many years, has leased the lands to individuals through a licensing arrangement. There are about 375 licensees for a "camping site" within the three township area; about 150 are located within Negaunee Township at Hoist Basin. In 1995, when renewal of the licenses was being negotiated many of the "campers" began investigating the possibility of purchasing the lands from Longyear Realty Company. Longyear Realty Company has entered into a "Binding Purchase Agreement" with a newly formed company, Dead River Campers, Inc. to purchase about 4,500 acres. The final sale of the property is expected to be concluded in 1999. As part of the sale process, Dead River Campers, Inc. is surveying the individual camper sites in order to create individual lots, for which the "campers" will receive a property deed. The amount of land contained in each individual parcel will be used to determine the individual "camper's" share of the total ~rchase price; the "campers" will be purchasing their individual lot plus an interest in the vacant lands surrounding the areas where "camping sites" are located. There are about 500 acres within the three-township area on which the individual "camp sites" are located. The individual lots range in size from 1½ to 4 acres; the typical size is about 200 feet by 300 feet. Chapter 7 - Page 18 �There is a mix of housing types, some larger homes worth about $100,000 that could be used on a year around basis and a few dwellings that are basically two rooms used on a seasonal basis. Some of the "camping sites" are vacant land. There are about 4,000 acres that are vacant lands, that the members of the Dead Rivers Campers, Inc. will own. The camping association will be examining alternatives as to the use of these vacant lands. The association would like to keep the Basin area as pristine as possible and limit development. These areas are important to the Township in determining the amount of services (water, waste collection, etc.) needed in the future. 7.6 Issues and Opportunities The Township could be characterized as an area of owner-occupied single family houses generally built in the 1970s. One third of the housing stock were constructed during the 1970s. The value of owner-occupied houses is greater in the Township than the immediate adjoining communities, with the exception of Marquette and Sands Township. More than a third (37.4 percent) of renters within the township paid more than 25 percent of their income for rent, and 16.8 percent of the homeowners paid more than 25 percent of their income for housing costs. This may suggest that affordability may be a problem or issue within the township. The number of housing units within the township increased 10 percent from 1980 to 1990; during the same time period the population fell about 3 percent. The number of persons per household has also decreased during the past decade. With 18 percent of the housing stock constructed during the 1980s and approximately 141 housing units authorized for construction (representing 11 percent of the housing stock if all constructed) a strong demand for housing in the township is suggested. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of female-headed families more than doubled, while the number of male-headed households decreased. The number of householders living alone also more than doubled. The type and cost of housing required in the future may be affected by the fact that much of the growth is occurring in one person or single parent families. Approximately 12 percent of the housing stock in the Township are mobile homes. Though mobile homes offer an affordable form of housing to may residents, there are differences in the property tax assessments and other forms of housing. Generally, mobile homes to do appreciate over time and depending upon locations, are often Chapter 7 - Page 19 �. inconsistent with the surrounding neighborhood in terms of appearance and type of construction. Older mobile homes have also been found to be in need of repairs and rehabilitation work. There are some houses in the Township which are substandard, almost 6 percent of the housing stock lack complete plumbing facilities. These units may be for seasonal use now, but the possibility exists that over time, the houses may be converted to yeararound use. Housing growth is occurring in areas not presently served by the municipal water system. With the sale of the lands owned by Longyear Realty Company to an association, the property that was owned by one corporation may eventually end up in individual land ownership. There may be increased demand to allow year around residences in the area. Most of the area in the northern part of the Township is zoned as Forestry, which allows for seasonal dwellings with year-around homes as a conditional use. Several homes located in the Dead River Basin and McClure Basin areas were originally constructed for seasonal use, but over time they have become year around residences. To gain access to homes located on roads that have been designated as "seasonal roads" by the county road commission, residents are plowing the roads. This situation may pose problems for emergency vehicles as the roadway by not be wide enough. As more and more people convert homes into year-around use, there will be more demands for municipal services, such as garbage pick-up, school bus runs, snowplowing, etc. The Planning Commission, as part of the future process of updating and revising the zoning ordinance, needs to review and become aware of the changing and potential changing land uses occurring within the northern part of the Township. Chapter 7 - Page 20 r �8.0 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES The park and open space site facility recommendations for Negaunee Township are presented in this chapter. The purpose of the park and open space plan element is to provide the Township with a comprehensive and sound working guide that will direct the acquisition and development of parks and recreational facilities needed or desired to satisfy the demands of the Township residents. The chapter is intended to integrate the Negaunee Township Recreation Plan into this comprehensive plan. However, the Recreation Plan should remain the primary document used by the Township for any current and future park and recreation endeavors. A community recreation plan under the Michigan Department of Natural Resources regulation is a comprehensive recreation plan for a local unit of government, valid for a five-year period, and is required in order for the Township to participate in federal and state recreational funding programs. Annually, under these recreational funding programs, funds are made available to local communities by the MDNR through a competitive grant application process. The application deadlines for these grants are April 1st and September 1st. If a community recreation plan has expired, it must be updated by the community and then approved by the MDNR at least a month before these application deadlines to apply for a recreation grant. The Township current recreation plan is valid until 2000. The first portion of this chapter provides an inventory of existing parks, recreational facilities, natural resource assets, and historically significant places located within the planning area. Recreational facilities located in surrounding communities, which may be used by Township residents are also identified in this section. The second portion of this chapter details the Township current and future recreational needs, which have been identified as necessary or desired to increase the quality of recreation opportunities offered locally. Most of these needs were identified during the planning process when the Township current recreation plan was updated in 1995; however, some needs have been identified by the Township since that time. The final section of this chapter describes the recreational needs of the community in relation to standards set by the National Recreation and Park Association and Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. 8.1 Existing Recreational Facilities From a recreation standpoint, it is important that the Township provide a broad range of recreational opportunities to local citizens, as well as tourists. When identifying existing facilities, it helps to understand the types of facilities present. For convenience, the different types of facilities, in general, are explained below. Chapter 8 - Page 1 �.. Mini-Park: A park containing specialized facilities that serves a concentration or limited population or specific group such as tots or the elderly. Neighborhood Park/Playground: An active recreation site incorporating one or more open space areas designed for field sport and providing play apparatuses. The open space areas should be able to serve the needs of both youths and adults. Community Park/Recreation Area: Area of diverse environmental quality. May include areas suited for intense recreational facilities such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. May be an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation such as walking, viewing, sitting, and picnicking. Regional Park/Recreation Area: Area of natural or ornamental quality for outdoor recreation, such as picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, camping, and trail uses. It may include play areas. These types of facilities tend to attract individuals from outside the community. Within Negaunee Township boundaries, there are eight publicly owned park and recreation sites. These sites provide a wide spectrum of recreational opportunities that Township residents and individuals living outside of the Township can enjoy year-round. In August of 1997, an inventory of existing public-owned recreation areas and facilities was conducted. Some information in this section was obtained from the Township current five-year recreation plan, which was adopted and approved in 1995. Map 8-1 shows the location of each facility. Township-Owned Recreation Facilities 1. Negaunee Township Park: This regional park is located on a 71-acre parcel of land along M-35, about 1/4 mile south of U.S. 41/M-28. The Park is utilized yearround by local residents and individuals from surrounding areas. During the summer months, the baseball and softball fields located within the Park are used by local organized leagues for practices and games. These fields are often used by local residents when league teams are not playing or practicing. The Park picnic area is used for various parties and social gatherings. The Park crosscountry ski trail is a very popular attraction during the winter. It is used by local residents, ski organizations, out-of-town visitors, and the Northern Michigan University U.S. Olympic Training Center. Facilities at the Park include: • • • • • Basketball Court, Two Hoops Small Pavilion Warming Building/Concession Fenced-in Playground Area Slide Chapter 8 - Page 2 .,_ • • • • Tennis Court Cross-Country Ski Trail Storage Building Merry-go-Round Horse Swing Set �• 19 Picnic Tables • Two Grills • Four Dugouts • Two Lime Sheds • Seven Trash Cans • Wooden Multi Play Apparatus • Two Spring Play Apparatuses • Storage Garage • Volleyball Court • Snowmobile Trail Access • Five Bleachers • Two Benches • Fenced-in Regulation Size Little League Baseball Field • Fenced-in Babe Ruth Baseball Field • Fenced-in Softball Field • Cross-country Ski Trail (a new two-mile segment is located on adjacent corporate-owned land) 2. Negaunee Township Community Building: The Community Building is located next to Township Park on a two-acre parcel. The gym facility located within the building is used by local residents for playing basketball, shuffle board, table tennis, volleyball, and dancing. The following are facilities within the Community Building that are most likely used by individuals partaking in recreational activities within the structure: • Two Conference Rooms • Full Kitchen • Gym • Four Bathrooms 3. Kivela Road Recreation Area: This Township-owned community recreation area is located on a 40-acre parcel of land in the western portion of the Township, along Kivela Road. The ballfield at the site is used during the summer by local slow pitch softball leagues. Youngsters attending league softball games with their parents usually use the playground at the site. During the winter months, the Recreation Area's trail is used for cross-country skiing. Facilities at the Recreation Area include: • • • • • • • • 4. Baseball Diamond, with Fencing Restroom/Storage Facility Bleacher Basketball Hoop with Small Court Wooden Multi Play Apparatus Slide Swing Set Fencing Between Parking Area & Playground • • • • • • • Offstreet Parking Area Three Picnic Tables Two Benches Rotating Play Apparatus Swing Set for Toddlers Merry-go-Round Cross-Country Ski Trail Midway Drive Recreation Park: This one-acre neighborhood park is located along Midway Drive (CR 502), about ½ mile northeast of U.S 41/M-28. The Park is mostly used by local neighborhood children as a play area. Facilities at the Park include: Chapter 8 - Page 3 �• • • • • • 5. Basketball Court, Two Hoops Picnic Table Three Spring Play Apparatuses Small Swing Set Climbing Play Apparatus Rotating Play Apparatus • • • • • Small Grassy Area Trash Can Wooden Multi Play Apparatus Merry-go-Round Large Swing Set M-35 Property: Currently, the Township is proposing to develop a 20-acre parcel of land into a neighborhood park in the southern portion of the Township. The parcel is located on the east side of M-35, just north of CR 480. Facilities planned for the new park include a playground, basketball court, and tennis court. In 1998, the Township is planning to survey the site and construct an access road. The Township is actively looking for funding sources to complete the development of the new park. State-Owned Recreation Sites in the Township 6. McClure Storage Basin Access Site: The access site, located off CR 510 on a 1.03 acre parcel of land in the northern portion of the Township, is owned and maintained by the Michigan DNR. Public access is provided to the McClure Storage Basin and the portion of the Dead River between the Hoist and McClure storage basins. Facilities at the site include: • Hard-Surface Launch Ramp • Gravel Parking Area 7. Hoist Basin Access Site: The access site on the Hoist Storage Basin, located on a 1.82 acre parcel in the northern portion of the Township off CR 510, is owned and maintained by the Michigan DNR. The access site is located next to an Upper Peninsula Power Company hydroelectric dam. Facilities at the site include: • Hard-Surface Launch Ramp • Gravel Parking Area 8. • Vault Toilets • Vault Toilet Michigan Iron Industry Museum: This State-owned facility is located along Forge Road on a 30-acre parcel of land in both Negaunee Township and the City of Negaunee. The museum overlooks the site of the first iron forge in the Lake Superior Region, which spurred the Michigan iron industry that is still an important segment of the area economy. The facility interprets Michigan's rich iron mining heritage through exhibits of early iron ore mining artifacts, audiovisual programs, and outdoor interpretive paths. In August, the museum is the site of Iron Heritage Day, which includes concerts, lectures, and programs for the gifted and talented and Junior Historians. The facility, with a 96-seat Chapter 8 - Page 4 ,.-,_ ,........ �auditorium, is available for club meetings, special events, and church groups. It is open to the public seven days a week from May 1st to October 31st. 8.2 Nearby Recreational Sites The following is an inventory of recreational facilities outside of Negaunee Township that may be used by Township residents. The data was attained from recreation plans of communities that surround Negaunee Township. TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Description Site Acreage City of Negaunee Negaunee Ice Arena (City-owned) Full Sized Arena, Restrooms, Lobby, Four Locker Rooms, Summer Volleyball Court, and Hard Surface Parking Area 3.5 Community Play Field (leased to the school district by CCIC) Playground/Athletic Field, Running Track, Five Tennis Courts, Outdoor Volleyball Court, Playground Equipment, Totlot, 1,800-Person Capacity Stadium, Lavatory Facilities, and Concession Building 5.5 Miner's Dry (school districtowned) Wrestling and Weight Lifting Room, Lavatory Facilities, and Locker Room LaCombe Field (leased to the City by CCIC) Illuminated Softball Field, Lavatory, Storage Facility, and Open Field used for Football Practice and Soccer 3.3 Lions Field (leased to the City by CCIC) Baseball Field, Six Illuminated Horseshoe Courts, Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, Lavatory, Concession, and Storage Building 2.1 Baseball Field, Concessions, Lavatory, and Storage Building 5.0 Jackson Park (leased to the City by CCIC) Picnic Area, 12 Picnic Tables, Playground Equipment, Two Tennis Courts, and Six Horseshoe Courts 5.0 Miner's Park (City-owned) Picnic Area, Two Illuminated Basketball Courts, Playground Equipment, Two Horseshoe Courts, Green Open Area, Historical Markers, and Volleyball Court 5.0 Teal Lake Waterfront (City-owned) Picnic Area, Six Picnic Tables, 1000' Water Frontage, Boating with Electric Motors or Oars, and Fishing 21.0 Iron Town Field (leased to the City by CCIC) I 1. Chapter 8 - Page 5 �TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Description Site Acreage City Park I (City-owned) Band Shell 1.0 Eastwood Playlot (Two lots Cityowned, two lots leased to the City by CCIC) Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, and Open Space 1.0 Buffalo Hills Park (leased to the City by CCIC) Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, and Open Space 1.0 Ann Street Park (leased to the City by CCIC) Basketball Court, Playground Equipment, and Open Space 1.0 City Park Il (City-owned) Playground Equipment 1.0 St. Paul's Playground (churchowned) Basketball Court and Hard Surface Play Area 1.0 Negaunee Middle School (school district-owned) Gym, Outdoor Basketball Court, and Open Space 1.4 Negaunee High School (school district-owned) Indoor Pool, Auditorium, and Gym Lakeview Elementary (schooldistrict owned) Playground Equipment, Totlot, Two Tennis Courts, Basketball Court, Open Field, Multi-Purpose Room, and Gym Senior Citizen's Center (Cityowned) 15,000 sq. ft. Building Negaunee City Library (Cityowned) Michigan Room, Occasional Speakers, and Art and Craft Demonstrations Naturbahn 800 Meter Luge Run (leased to City by CCIC) Warming Shacks, Maintenance Building, Starting House, Equipment Rental, and Parking Lot Superior Nordic Training & Recreation Complex (leased to the Ishpeming Ski Club by CCIC) Ski Area, Five Jumping Hills, Lighted CrossCountry Ski Trail, Two Unlighted Cross-Country Ski Trails, Concession, and Storage Area (A portion of the ski trail is located in the City of Ishpeming) Chapter 8 - Page 6 17.4 5.8 60.0 �TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Site Description Acreage City of Marquette Presque Isle Park Two Picnic Areas, Cross-Country Ski Trail, Playground, Two Tennis Courts, Band Shell, Fishing, Shuffleboard, Horseshoes Pits, Gazebo, Breakwall with Lighthouse, Outdoor Swimming Pool, and Water Slide 312.0 Presque Isle Marina Boat Launching and Docking Facilities on Lake Superior 40.0 Marquette Mountain Downhill Skiing, Lodge, Luge Run, and Picnic Area Lakeview Arena Recreation and _Convention Facility used for Hockey, Skating, Concerts, Shows, Exhibits, etc. Superior Dome World's Largest Wooden Dome Containing Football field, also used for Trade Shows, Concerts, etc. I Mount Marquette Lookout Lookout View of the City of Marquette and Lake Superior, Snowmobile Trail, and Hiking Trail Marquette Township Sugar Loaf Mountain Area Nature Trail and Scenic Overlook NMU Forest (Longyear Forest) Nature Trail, Cross-Country Ski Trail, and Physical Fitness Trail Forestville Dead River Public Access Site Boat Launch on Dead River Little Garlic River Public Access Fishing Access Site City of Ishpeming City Playground I Two Lighted Ball Diamonds, Two Unlighted Ball , Diamonds, Four Lighted Tennis Courts, Two Unlighted Tennis Courts, Four Lighted Basketball Courts, Restroom/Locker Room, Warming Shelter and Restrooms, Natural Ice Rink, Playground Equipment, Stadium, Bleachers, Paved Track, Paved Field Event Areas, Lighted Football Area, Concession Area, Storage Building and Restrooms, Totlot Area, Four Horse.shoe Courts, Pavilion/Concession Area, and Little League Baseball Fields Chapter 8 - Page 7 80.0 180.0 5.0 56.0 �TABLE 8-1 SELECTED RECREATIONAL SITES IN NEARBY AREAS Site Description Acreage 260.0 Al Quaal Ball Diamond, Clubhouse, Pavilion Area, Restroom Building, Toboggan House and Slide, Ski Warming Shelter, Ski Ticket and Patrol Shelter, Ski Tow Building, Basketball Courts, Tennis Courts, Picnic Area, Picnic Equipment, Playground Equipment, 16 Horseshoe Courts, Three Downhill Ski Slopes, Three Cross-Country Trails, Snowmobile Trail, Lighted Sledding Area, and Playground Equipment National Guard Armory Gym and Pistol and Rifle Range National Ski Hall of Fame Museum and Display Area 1.0 Softball Diamond, Little League Diamond, Tennis Courts, Pavilion, Tot Lot, Restrooms, Concession Stands, Playground, Horseshoe Court, Shuffleboard, Volleyball Court, Basketball Court, Picnic Tables, and Grills 7.0 Ishpeming Township Ishpeming Township Sands Township Blueberry Ridge Pathway Trail System (Cross-Country Skiing, Mountain Biking, and Hiking) Marquette County Fairgrounds Exhibition Building, American Legion Building, 4H Building, Horse Show Arena, Two Cattle Show Rings, Horse Barn, Poultry and Small Animal Building, Large Live Stock Building, Office Building, Barrier-Free Restroom/Utility Building, Two Storage Structures, Power Outlets, Two Wells, Large Lighted Parking Area, Outside Speaker System, ½ Mile Oval Race Track, Mud Drag Strip, Paved Go-Cart Track, Large Carnival Area, Outside Horse Stall, Two Outdoor Pavilions, and Portable Bleachers 60.0 Source: Local Recreation Plans. 8.3 Historical Resources Below is a list of ten properties located within Negaunee 'Township and the City of Negaunee considered historical places. These properties are listed on the State Register of Historic Places, the National Register of Historic Places, or are identified by the Marquette County Historical Society as a historical place. Chapter 8 - Page 8 �1. Carp River Forge, Michigan Iron Industry Museum: This historic site is located along Forge Road, off CR 492, just north of the City of Negaunee's northeast limit. The Forge was constructed by the Jackson Iron Company at this location in the 1847. The Jack.son Iron Company was the first to establish an iron ore mining operation in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It developed the forge because of the difficulty of transporting bulk ore around the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie. It was thought the forge was the most economically feasible method of using the great reserves of iron ore. The forge converted ore directly into wrought iron without the usual intermediate step of smelting the ore into pig iron. Power for the forge and adjacent sawmill came from a dam built across the nearby Carp River. The first iron produced in the U.P. came out of this forge. The quality of the iron produced from the forge started the great Michigan iron boom, which economically and socially transformed the central U.P.. However, because of the climate and difficulties in supply and shipment, the forge was never a financial success. In 1854, the forge ceased operation, which was initiated by the construction of the Soo Locks. Once the locks were in operation in 1855, the ore could be shipped easier to the furnaces in the Lower Great Lakes. The site stayed in ruins for many years. However, a twelve-year crusade from local groups and politicians led to the construction of the Michigan Iron Industry Museum at the site of the forge operation in 1985 and 1986. It was officially open to the public in May of 1987. The Museum presents the history of Michigan's three iron ranges and the people who worked them through museum exhibits, audio-visual programs, and outdoor interpretive paths. The facility is administered by the Michigan Department of State, Michigan Historical Center, which has established a regional office at the facility for its museum programs in the Upper Peninsula. About 14,500 individuals visit the museum annually. The site of the forge was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1956 and a National historical place in 1975. 2. Lewis Henry Morgan: A plaque honoring early Marquette County resident Lewis Henry Morgan is located along CR 492 in the southeastern portion of the Township, near Morgan Creek. Morgan was a lawyer, anthropologist, biologist, and industrialist who came to the Marquette Range in 1855. He initially came to the area to help the Ely family with its plan to develop the first railroad. In July of 1863 he organized the Morgan Iron Company, which established an iron works, furnace, and village for workers near Little Carp River (Morgan Creek) and the Marquette & Ontonagon Railroad. In the company's first ten months of operation, it netted a profit of 200 percent, which enabled it to pay its indebtedness for land and machinery and declare a 100 percent dividend for the investors. In 1868, Morgan completed a book called "The American Beaver," which was the result of years of studying the animal. Morgan's greatest fame came from his studies of primitive societies, starting with his undergraduate studies on the Iroquois tribes at Union College. He wrote the following books on primitive societies: "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Chapter 8 - Page 9 �Family," in 1871 and "Ancient Society," in 1876. He is recognized as the Father of American Anthropology. The Marquette County Historical Society's plaque honoring this famous County resident was officially dedicated in October of 1992. 3. Burt's Discovery of Iron Ore: The site of the first discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region is located near Jackison Park in the City of Negaunee. William Austin Burt and his party of surveyors discovered this site on September 19, 1844, while establishing township lines and making geological observations for the federal government. 4. Iron Cliffs Company: This historical two-and-a-half story brick and sandstone structure is at 101 Pioneer Avenue in the City of Negaunee. Features of the structure include a mansard roof with cresting, polygonal bay, and tower. It was the structure that originally housed offices of the Iron Cliffs Company. The Negaunee Public Schools administration offices are currently housed within the building. It was officially recognized as a State historical place in 1975. 5. Jackson Mine: The historic site is located in the western portion of the City of Negaunee, south of Teal Lake. The oldest pit at the mine, the Pioneer pit, is located approximately ½ mile west of the intersection of Cleveland and Iron Streets, near the site that iron ore was first discovered in the U.P.. In 1845, the newly formed Jackson Mine Company sent an exploration party headed by Phil M. Everett to the Lake Superior region to investigate the mineral possibilities of the Lake Superior region. When it arrived at the Carp River, Narhu-gesucm a Chippewa chief, guided the members of the party in June of 1845 to this site where he showed them iron ore in the roots of a fallen pine tree. Because of this discovery, the Jackson Mining Company, of which Everett was a founder, began taking out ore at the site in 1847, which was the first iron mining operation established in the Lake Superior area. Between 1848 and 1924, the mine shipped 4,357,256 tons from the site. The Pioneer pit became inactive in 1924. The Jackson Mining Company became a part of The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company in 1905 because of increasing costs and declining ore prices. The mine was official recognized as a State historical place in 1956 and a National historical place in 1971. The historical marker dedicated to this mining site is located at Miner Park in the City of Negaunee. 6. Marquette Iron Range: The historical marker identifying the Marquette Iron Range as a significant part of the historic development of Marquette County is located in the north central portion of the City of Negaunee, at the intersection of U.S. 41/M-28 and Maple Street. The Marquette h-on Range was the first to be discovered and mined of the ore deposits in the Lake Superior region. Outcroppings of iron ore were first discovered by William A. Burt and his surveying party south of Teal Lake in 1844. The Jackson Mining Company began mining iron ore near the area of the first discovery in 1847, which was the first Chapter 8 • Page 10 " ..;., �mining operation in existence within the iron range. Most of the early mines were open pit operations. Underground mining did not occur within the range until after the Civil War. The Jackson Iron Company built a forge on the Carp River for producing iron blooms in 1848. The first iron product in the U.P. came from this forge. The Pioneer Furnace at Negaunee, built in 1857-1858, was the first actual blast furnace. However, most of the iron ore from the range was shipped out of the region to be smelted. In 1857, the construction of the Iron Mountain Railroad meant that ore could be moved easier to the Marquette ore docks. Once hauled to the docks, the ore was loaded on ships and carried through the Soo Canal to the iron and steel industries in the lower great lakes. The Marquette Iron Range was officially recognized as a State historic place in 1856. 7. Negaunee City Hall: This historical structure is located at the corner of Silver and Jackson streets in the City of Negaunee. In 1873, Negaunee was incorporated as a city, which was influenced heavily by the iron ore mining boom occurring in the area at the time. Forty-one years later, a red brick and white limestone with terra cotta detailing building was constructed as the Negaunee city hall. The structure was designed by John D. Chubb, a Chicago architect widely known in the Midwest, in a style reminiscent of the Renaissance. The building clock tower with its baroque elements is the most manifest feature on the structure. It houses all of the City departments, except public works, fire, water, and wastewater. It is also the location of the City public library. The building was officially recognized as a State historic place in 1979. 8. Union Railroad Depot: The depot is located at 420 Rail Street in the central portion of the City of Negaunee. In late 1800s and early 1900s, this wooden structure served as many as 18 trains a day. Negaunee was a very booming community during this period. In the early years of the development of the Negaunee area, there were few roads. The railroad development in this area and other parts of the U.P. made it possible for supplies to be shipped in and out of these areas. The establishment of a railroad system also catapulted the iron ore mining industry in the Marquette Iron Range area. In Negaunee, this and one other depot are the only depots that remain from this period when rail was the king of transportation. The depot is currently used by North Jackson Company, a scientific consulting business. The historic depot was official recognized as a State historic place in 1981. 9. Negaunee State Bank Building: This historic building is located at 331 Iron Street in the central portion of the City of Negaunee. This triangular shape two-story wood frame structure, faced with brick, was constructed in 1912 on the site of the Old Bank Building, which was a local landmark constructed during 1873 and 1874, and burned down in 1912. It was designed by architect Demetrius Frederick Charlton of Marquette, who designed many significant public buildings Chapter 8 - Page 11 �in the Upper Peninsula. The site served as bank from 1873-1874, 1881-1908, and 1909-1933. The Great Depression was the downfall of the Negaunee State Bank. After the failure of the bank, the building continued to house a variety of businesses, primarily insurance agencies and professionals, including lawyers, doctors, and dentists. Today, the structure is an antique shop. It was a very important part of the growth and development of the City of Negaunee. The structure was officially recognized as a National historic place in 1995. 10. Discovecy of Lake Superior Iron Ore: This plaque honoring the first discovery of iron ore within the Marquette Iron Range is located along Water Street, south of Teal Lake. It was at this location that on September 19, 1844 that a U.S. Government survey party led by William Austin Burt, inventor of the solar compass, encountered a highly magnetic area that caused a compass to point south while running the line between Townships 26 and 27 West. After this incident, Burt directed his men to search for the cause, and they fund lumps of high grade iron ore, thus discovering what was to become the Marquette Iron Range. These pieces of iron ore were the first to be found in the Lake Superior Region. Seven months later, the Jackson Mining Company acquired Section 1 and became the region's first iron mining company. In 1847, this company constructed the Carp River Forge, the first to make iron from Lake Superior ore. The Marquette County Historical Society plaque honoring the discovery of iron ore was officially erected in 1987. 8.4 Local Recreation Needs The Negaunee Township Recreation Plan (prepared by Sundberg, Carlson and Associates, Inc.), adopted by the Township Board in March of 1995, identifies needs and priorities for local recreation facilities and programs. Within the Plan, a specific recreation facility needs list and capital improvement schedule were developed by the Township Building and Recreation Committee, which are used by Township officials for making future decisions on improving existing park and recreation sites and developing new sites. Specific Recreation Facility Needs When the current Township recreation plan was updated, the Building and Recreation Committee and Township Board reached a consensus on the following facility needs for improving recreational opportunities within the Township, which were expressed through personal observation of Township residents using the TcJwnship park and recreation facilities, review of informal survey results, discussions with citizens and civic groups, and the holding of workshops and public meetings: Chapter 8 - Page 12 �• Negaunee Township Park • The existing Babe Ruth baseball field does not meet the requirements for sanctioned/tournament use. It is located in an area that would be best suited as a playground/picnic area. Relocate Babe Ruth Field and design to regulation/sanctioned size. • Existing playground is undersized with outdated equipment and there is insufficient room for expansion at the existing site. A picnic area should be located next to the play area, particularly one that would better accommodate young, elderly, and physically challenged. Relocate existing playground equipment to accommodate young, elderly, and physically challenged. • Existing and proposed ballfields cannot be properly maintained without irrigation facilities. Install water line to the baseball fields and new relocated park/playground to serve restrooms and provide field watering. • The cross-country ski trail for beginners is insufficiently lighted to safely allow skiing after dark, which arrives early in winter months. Provide lighting for the cross-country beginner's trail. • The community building has insufficient space to house a sizeable game room which is in high demand. Expand the existing community building northward to accommodate a game room wing. • Not all of the existing playground facilities can accommodate the physically challenged. Most were constructed before ADA requirements. To the extent possible, upgrade all existing playgrounds to facilitate persons with disabilities. Both the Kivala Road Recreation Area and the Negaunee Township Park have disabled accessible toilets. • Negaunee Township enjoys the unique advantage of beautiful inland shoreline. The preservation of that shoreline for future generations, as well as for the recreational benefit of Township residents and visitors, is of primary importance. The Township Planning Commission should review zoning and other land management tools that could be used to protect shoreline and/or create public access. The Township Board should encourage and endorse MDNR improvements to the two existing MDNR public access sites. • The Township has limited funds for recreation improvements. As a means of conserving scarce funding resources and to afford a variety of opportunities, develop a multi-use, all season, recreation trail system. Chapter 8 - Page 13 �• Snowmobiling is becoming popular throughout the region and is gaining wide appeal in the Township. The County has an excellent trail system, a main segment of which cuts east-west through the Township between Marquette and Negaunee near CR 492. Particular attention should be given to upgrading the trail that provides access between the CR 492 trail and the U.S. 41 area where commercial services are found. Actively participate in the continuing effort of the local snowmobiling organizations to develop permanent and safe trails. • The Township's only tennis court is located south of U.S. 41/M-28 at Township Park. The highway acts as a barrier, separating the Township into north and south segments. There is a need for a court north of the highway. Study the feasibility of constructing a court at Midway Park and Kivela Road Park to serve neighborhoods located north of the highway. • Some geographic areas in the Township do not have any park facilities, particularly the neighborhoods in the southern part of the Township. To meet this urgent need, develop the M-35 park on Township-owned land in the south part of the Township. • The existing Kivela Park cross-country ski trail is laid out for intermediate to advanced use, which discourages and/or results in unsafe use by beginners and youngsters. Reconfigure certain trail segments to reduce the number and/or radius of the curves to accommodate beginners. • The many homes along Midway Drive coupled with relatively heavy traffic volumes and shared use of roadway by motorists and bicyclists have resulted in an unsafe situation. There is the need to provide a safe means to cross U.S. 41/M-28 and provide bicycle accessibility to the Township Park/Community Center. A bikeway along Midway Drive with a connection to the Township Park/Community Center will decrease bicycle - motor vehicle conflict and increase safety. • To protect park users from the elements, construct a pavilion designed to house a variety of activities. • The Township does not currently have an ice rink. Increasing use, cost, and harder to schedule ice time at other facilities has resulted in more demand for a Township facility. Develop an outdoor ice rink to meet this need. • The existing habitat complex around Morgan Pond is in danger of being altered with a significant loss of wetland acreage and deterioration of the existing impoundment. Support the proposed mitigation project sponsored by Empire Iron Mining Partnership that will improve environmental characteristics to increase the quality and variety of recreation experiences in the area. Chapter 8 • Page 14 �Recreation Development Schedule The Township Building and Recreation Committee used the above list of specific recreation facility needs to formulate the following capital improvement program or development schedule for implementing the Township's current recreation plan. The Township Board approved this development schedule and agreed that it should be followed as nearly as possible, unless extraordinary circumstances develop. TABLE 8-2 RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Project Status Year Kivela Road Park ski and nature trail improvement. 1995-96 Completed Plan and design portions of Morgan Pond. 1995-96 Abandoned* Design and develop improvements at Township Park, which includes relation of playground and new equipment, baseball field relocation/upgrade, ski trail lighting, water line, and environmental remediation. 1996-97 Planned Develop safe and permanent snowmobile access trails from the existing trail system along CR 492 to the Township's commercial area on U.S. 41 to allow provision of services used by the sport. Design trails for multi\year-round use where possible. 1996-97 Planned New neighborhood park including construction of a playground area, parking lot, basketball court, and picnic area at the south M-35 Recreation Area. 1998-99 In Progress Develop a bike path along Midway Drive to Township Park/Community Center. 1998-99 Planned Construction of year-round multi-purpose pavilion including roof, slab, and removable wall panels at Township Park. 1999 Planned Develop multi-purpose tennis court at Midway Drive Park. 1999 Planned Develop outdoor ice rink. 1999 Planned • The project was abandoned because Empire Mine could not get approval from the State. Source: Negaunee Township Recreation Plan, 1995. 8.5 Recreation Needs Standards One method to assess community recreation needs is the standards system. Standards developed by the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) provide a scale Chapter 8 - Page 15 �I against which an existing recreation system can be measured so that guidelines for future needs can be created. Standards correlate the amount of acreage needed to adequately provide land for recreational uses to the community population. Standards for Recreation Open Space: Open space needs are usually assessed using space standards, the most common and widely used measure of a recreation system's adequacy. Total park and recreation space is usually expressed as acres per population. These space standards are useful in assessing current and future open space needs and demand (Table 8-3). A community park system under NRPA standards should have a minimum of 6.25 to 10.50 total acres of developed open space per 1,000 population. Negaunee Township with a population of 2,368 would have to provide between 0.59 to 1.18 acres of mini parks, 2.37 to 4.74 acres of neighborhood parks/playgrounds, 11.84 to 18.94 acres of community parks/recreation areas, and 11.84 to 23.68 acres of regional parks/recreation areas to meet this standard (Table 8-4). Existing Public Open Space: Negaunee Township possesses over 146.85 acres of publiclyowned recreational land. The breakdown of this recreational land includes: 0.0 acres of mini parks, 1.0 acres of neighborhood parks/playgrounds, 42.0 acres of community parks/recreation areas, and 103.9 acres of regional parks/recreation areas (Table 8-4). Comparing the NRPA standards with the number of acres of recreational land found in the Township, the Township has excess acreage of land in community and regional parks/recreation areas, but is lacking in neighborhood park/playground and mini park acreage. However, many communities find that their need for recreational opportunities and open space can be met by facilities in nearby communities, while sometimes a community may be providing recreational opportunities and open space for neighboring communities. For example, regional recreation areas with many natural resource attributes are usually not found in urban areas but in rural townships. These types of recreation areas usually accommodate beyond the needs of the local residents. Conversely, rural townships would typically not include more intensively-developed recreation facilities, such as large indoor sporting complexes, but residents of these townships could possibly access such facilities in nearby urban communities. The NRPA standards would indicate that the total acreage of recreation land in the Township is adequate for the current population. However, other factors should also be considered when planning for future recreation developments. Chapter 8 - Page 16 - �TABLE 8-3 LOCAL AND REGIONAL RECREATION OPEN SPACE STANDARDS Park Type Service Area Size (Acres) Acres/1,000 Population Uses Mini Park < 1/4 mile radius 1 or less 0.25 to 0.5 Specialized facility that serves a concentrated or limited population or specific group such as tots or seniors citizem Neighborhood Park/Playground 1/4 to 1/2 15+ 1.0 to 2.0 Area for intense recreation activities such as field games, court games, crafts, play equipment, skating, picnicking, etc. Community Park/Recreation Area Serving several 25+ neighborhood. 1 to 2 mile radius 5.0 to 8.0 Area of diverse environmental quality. May include areas suited for intense recreational facilities, such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. May also be an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation, such as walking, viewing, sitting, and picnicking. Regional Park/Recreation Area Serving several Communities 1 hour driving time 5.0 to 10.0 Area of natural or ornamental quality for outdoor recreation, such as picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, camping, and trail use; may include play areas. 200+ Source: Roger A. Lancaster, Ed. 1983, Recreation, Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, Alexandria, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association. Chapter 8 - Page 17 �I TABLE 8-4 EXISTING PUBLIC OPEN SPACE, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP Type of Park Land Area Standard (Acres) Park Land Area (Acres) Mini Parks No Site Found Within the Township 0.0 Subtotal 0.0 0.59 to 1.18 Neighborhood Parks/Playgrounds Midway Drive Recreation Park 1.0 Subtotal 1.0 2.37 to 4.74 Community Parks Negaunee Township Community Building 2.0 Kivela Road Recreation Area 40.0 Subtotal 42.0 26.64 to 23.68 Regional Park Negaunee Township Park 71.0 McClure Storage Basin Access Site 1.03 Hoist Basin Access Site 1.82 Michigan Iron Industry Museum I Subtotal ITotal Park Area 30.0 I 103.85 I 146.85 I I 11.84 to 23.681 61.69 to 115.281 Note: Does not include lands or facilities in State or National Forests or Parks Source: Roger A. Lancaster, Ed. 1983, Recreation, Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, Alexandria, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association. 8.6 Park Accessibility The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) identified specific standards that would insure that persons with disabilities have the same opportunities to fully participate, live independently, and be economically self-sufficient within society. The Act is comprised Chapter 8 - Page 18 �of five sections: Employment, Public Accommodations, Transportation, State and Local Government Operations, and Telecommunications. Title II of the ADA, Public Accommodations, is relevant to the level of accessibility and equal provisions of service at publicly owned outdoor recreation sites. This title states that discrimination against persons with disabilities is prohibited in all services, programs, or activities provided by public entities. The general requirements set forth under this section came into effect on January 26, 1992. Remodeling or new construction of facilities and buildings had the same deadline date to become accessible to the disabled. In existing buildings and facilities, nonstructural changes to improve accessibility were required by January 26, 1992, while all structural improvements of the facilities and buildings were required by January 26, 1995. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 requires that "reasonable accommodation" be made to the needs of the estimated one in five people in this country who are disabled. That is, all public and private goods and service providers and employers must remove all structural and communication barriers from facilities, or provide alternative access where feasible. Currently, there are no written standards for making outdoor recreation facilities totally accessible to the disabled. Many suggestions on outdoor recreation facilities accessibility have been made; therefore, recommendations regarding outdoor play equipment, picnic facilities, boat docks, pathways and trails, have been incorporated into this plan. Recommendations regarding buildings, restrooms, slopes of ramps, and parking stalls should be seriously considered. These types of facilities all have current standards set by the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. ADA Standards: Accessibility is another factor that should be taken into account when determining recreational needs in Negaunee Township. Often, existing recreational sites are not completely accessible according to the ADA standards. Restrooms, pathways, parking, and general accessibility of all amenities must be examined closely over the next few years to assure that all people are given the same opportunities within the community. Where more than one restroom facility exists, at least one must be accessible by persons with disabilities. In some cases, this would require minimal remodeling; in others, it could require substantial modification. At least one picnic table and one grill designed to accommodate persons in wheelchairs should be available at each park. These facilities should be identified with a sign showing the universal symbol of accessibility. Chapter 8 - Page 19 �I At least one in 25 parking stalls should be designated for disabled parking. These stalls must be the closest spaces to the park or facility entrance and have a direct route to and from the stalls. Spaces must be 96 inches wide with a clearly marked adjacent access aisle of 60 inches and an unobscured vertical sign that shows the universal symbol of accessibility. Slope of these spaces and aisles cannot exceed 1:50. Stable barrier-free pathways which provide linkages from one recreation amenity to another should be provided at outdoor recreation facilities. These pathways must be at least 36 inches wide, and a 60 x 60 inch passing space or turnaround must be provided every 200 feet. If a pathway level changes more than ½ inch, the pathway must be ramped. If the level changes is between ½ inch and ¼ inch, the levels must be beveled. Where water fountains are available, spouts should be no more than 36 inches above the finished floor. If the fountain is freestanding or built-in and does not have a clear space underneath, a clear floor space of 30 to 48 inches alongside the fountain for a parallel approach must be provided. Wall or post mounted fountains must have a clear knee space under the fountain of at least 27 inches high by 17 to 19 inches deep by 30 inches wide. Controls must be located at the front edge of the fountain and operable with one hand without twisting the wrist. A complete guideline list based on standards set by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 for various types of facilities and recommendation established by the USDA Forest Service for improving the accessibility of recreational areas are detailed in Appendix A at the end of the plan. 8.7 Issues and Opportunities Negaunee Township offers sufficient recreational opportunities in terms of outdoor recreation activities. In addition, within a short distance of the Township, other units of government offer facilities that provide opportunities that may be lacking within the Township. The Township park and recreation sites offer local and out-of-town outdoor enthusiasts a wealth of opportunities. Some playground equipment at the Township-owned parks is deteriorating and unsafe. A list of current and future needs has been developed by the Township Building and Recreation Committee using input from Township residents and organizations. The Committee used this data in the development of the To\Mship's current recreation plan five-year capital improvement program, which identifies long-range needs. The Township should follow this improvement program as closely as possible and if necessary, make changes via an amendment to the Plan. Chapter 8 - Page 20 ~ �Some parks and recreation facilities may not be fully accessible in accordance with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. The Township should continue pursuing the development of a neighborhood park on the 20-acre parcel of Township land along M-35 in the southern portion of the Township. The parcel is located within the vicinity of a large residential area. Currently, residents living in this area have to travel over two-miles to the nearest park facility. A few historically significant sites are located within the Township. These sites offer a link to the community's past for current and future residents. There is considerable amount of shoreline along the McClure and Hoist storage basins. In the near future there will be increased pressures for purchasing these lands for residential development as year round or seasonal dwellings. There is the need to preserve and protect some lands around the basins as park lands for future generations to enjoy. The Township should investigate the possibility of purchasing lands along the shorelines. Chapter 8 - Page 21 �9.0 TRANSPORTATION Transportation is necessary for the effective movement of people and goods within and outside an area. It plays a vital role in the facilitation of an area's economy, land use, and development. This section of the plan presents an inventory of the existing transportation facilities in Negaunee Township and the surrounding area, and discusses future transportation needs and concerns. Included in this section are descriptions of the various elements of the Township road system, commercial port facilities, airport, railroad facilities, transit service, and inter-community bus service. 9.1 Road System Michigan Public Act 51 of 1951 (Act 51) says that all counties and all incorporated cities and villages must establish and maintain road systems under their jurisdiction, as distinct from state jurisdiction. This act divides the road system in counties into the following five categories (the legal systems of roads): state trun~ine, county primacy, county local, city/village major, and city/village local. It also provides for the distribution of Michigan road funds to counties and incorporated communities according to formulas that consider, among other things, the mileage in their respective legal system. The following are general descriptions of the Act 51 classifications. Map 9-1 depicts roads according to Act 51 classification, with the addition of private roads. State Tnmkline Highway: The state trunk.line system is made-up of state (M) and federal (U.S.) highways, which connect communities within a county to other areas within the state and locations outside the state. These roadways provide the highest level of traffic mobility for the traveling public. In Negaunee Township, U.S. 41/M-28 and M-35 are classified as state trunk.lines. These trunk.lines account for 9.3 miles, or 15.1 percent of the Township public road system. U.S. 41 is an important north/south highway corridor in the central Upper Peninsula. It runs from Copper Harbor in the Keweenaw Peninsula, through the cities of Marquette and Escanaba, then to the City of Menominee and beyond, and connects the U.P. to the Milwaukee and Chicago urban centers. M-28 is the major highway that links the Township to the eastern and western portions of the U.P. It runs along the northern half of the U.P. from Interstate 75 (near the City of Sault Ste. Marie) to the City of Wakefield. The segment of M-28 from the community of Harvey to the intersection with U.S. 141 in Baraga County runs with U.S. 41. A multi-lane stretch of U.S. 41/M-28 extends from the City of Marquette to just west of the Chapter 9- Page 1 �• City of Ishpeming in Marquette County, including its entire length within Negaunee Township. r--.....I M-35 is an important north/south state trunkline that links the Township to the cities of Menominee and Escanaba to the south. It runs along Lake Michigan from Menominee to Gladstone and then northwest through the communities of Rock and Gwinn to the U.S. 41/M-28 intersection in Negaunee Township. Within the Township, the highway runs from U.S. 41/M-28 to the Richmond Township northern limit, about one mile south of CR 480. The portion of M-35 within the Township serves as an important link between U.S. 41/M-28 and CR 480, especially for commercial traffic. This segment of highway is characterized as winding, steep in some locations, and having surroundings that are mostly residential in nature. State trunklines are maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission under contract with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The only exceptions to the maintenance responsibilities include traffic-control considerations such as some signage and painting of centerlines. All maintenance costs are funded by the State. Construction projects are also funded by the State with contracts given by MDOT to private contractors. County Road System (Primacy and Local): By law (Act 51), the county road system is broken into primary and local roads. As a result, all functions related to the county road network, such as financing and road commission activities, are based on the primary/local road classification. The primary road system consists of those county roads of greatest general importance. These roads facilitate the movement of traffic from smaller to larger population centers within a county in areas not served by state trunklines. The primary system also serves as an important supportive road network for the trunkline system. Currently, primary roads make up 13.4 miles, or 21.8 percent of the public road system within Negaunee Township. The roads in the Township classified as primary are CR 480, CR 492, CR 502, and CR 510. These roads are maintained by the Marquette County Road Commission (except snowplowing), whose primary funding source is the Michigan Transportation Fund. ~ All other roads not classified as primary are considered local. The local road system contains the most miles of road in a county road system, but has the lowest level of traffic. The roads in this system are typically considered township roads. A total of 38.8 miles of roads within Negaunee Township are classified as local, which make up 63.1 percent of the public road system. Ten miles, or 26 percent of the local road system in the Township are unpaved or gravel roads. The Road Commission is responsible for all the routine maintenance on these roads, except snoWJ11owing. This task is done by the Township public works crew. The State has proposed the jurisdictional takeover of some county primary roads and city/village major streets throughout the State. Within Negaunee Township, the state Chapter 9- Page 2 ... �~ identified CR 480 and CR 492 as candidates for takeover. Most of the roads selected are important all-season roads. Under the plan, the State would be responsible for the maintenance and construction costs associated with these roads, which would be paid with the funds allocated annually for each road through the Michigan Transportation Fund (MTF). If enacted, the State would likely contract out to the lowest bidder for routine maintenance and construction work on the selected roads. The county road commissions and cities and villages throughout the State, including the Marquette County Road Commission, are generally opposed to this proposed takeover. A large portion of the revenue that these units receive annually through the MTF for maintenance and construction work would be taken away. Many road commissions and cities and villages rely on funds allocated through MTF for roads in the primary/major system to offset the lack of funds received for roads in the local system. 9.2 Private Roads Within Negaunee Township, a few residential areas are currently being served by private roads. The maintenance of these roads (snow plowing, grading, dust control, drainage ditch maintenance, etc.) is the responsibility of the residents living along these roads, who usually either accomplish these tasks on their own or through a contract agreement with a private entity. The Road Commission will not provide any maintenance service to privately owned roads. The presence of private roads may affect some services provided to the residents living along these roads, such as fire protection and emergency services. Access for fire and emergency vehicles on private roads can be difficult, especially if the roads are badly maintained, narrow, and/or lack enough space for turning around. As further development occurs along private roads, the possibility of conflicts between residents living along these roads and the community in which they live is more likely. To remedy these problems in the future, a community can stipulate in its zoning ordinance or land division ordinance that private roads serving new residential areas conform to certain dimensional and maintenance standards. 9.3 National Functional Classification of Roads The National Functional Classification is a planning tool developed by the Federal Highway Administration, which is used by federal, state, and local transportation agencies. It classifies streets and roads according to their function along a continuum that indicates the greatest mobility/greatest access to property. Roads that provide the greatest mobility are classified as principal arterials. Minor arterials, major collectors, and minor collectors follow in this continuum. Roads classified as local provide the greatest access to property. The placement of roads into these categories is determined by the relationship to traffic patterns, land use, land access needs, and traffic volumes (Table 9-1). Map 9-2 shows the National Functional Classification Road System for Negaunee Township. Chapter 9- Page 3 �I The major difference between the functional classification scheme and the one established by Act 51 is that the functional classification breaks down a county road system into more categories. All roads in the functional road classification that are arterials (principal and minor) and collectors (major and minor) are considered either state trunk.lines or primary roads in a county road system under Act 51. The main reason for breaking a county road system into functional classifications is to provide a more useful tool for planning purposes. Principal Arterial: The main function of a principal arterial road is to move traffic over medium to long distances, often between regions, as well as between major economic centers, quickly, safely, and efficiently. In Negaunee Township, the sole roadway that is classified as a principal arterial road is U.S. 41/M-28 (Map 9-2). As mentioned previously, U.S. 41 and M-28 are two vital highways that run through portions of Negaunee Township, Marquette County, and the Upper Peninsula. M-28 is an east/west link across the entire U.P. that serves as an important route for visitors. U.S. 41 is an important north/south highway corridor in the central U.P., used heavily by businesses and industries in this portion of the U.P. and northeastern Wisconsin for hauling raw materials and finished products by truck. Minor Arterial: Minor arterials are roads that move traffic over medium distances within a community or region in a moderate to quick manner. They distribute traffic between collector roads and principal arterials. Within Negaunee Township, M-35 is the only segment of road classified as a minor arterial. Collector Roads: Collector roads provide access between residential neighborhoods and commercial/industrial areas. They should provide a more general "area to area" service rather than specific "point to point" function. Collectors usually serve medium trip lengths between neighborhoods on moderate to low traffic routes at moderate speeds. They distribute traffic between local and arterial roads, usually between home and the following: work, places of worship, school, or those places where business and commerce are conducted. Map 9-2 shows the location of Negaunee Township collector roads. These roads serve to funnel the rural traffic from outlying areas of the Township into the urban portion of the Township and the City of Negaunee, while facilitating the neighborhood to neighborhood traffic. Within Negaunee Township, CR 480, CR 492, and CR 510 are classified as major collector roads. The Township has no roads designated~s minor collectors. Rural Local Roads: The predominant function of roads classified as local is to provide direct access to adjacent land uses. Local roads serve as the end for most trips within a Chapter 9- Page 4 �~ community. All streets that are not classified as arterial or collector are classified as local roads. Local roads should be designed to move traffic from an individual lot to collector streets that in turn serve areas of business, commerce, and employment. Local roads should not be designed or located in such a manner that they would or might be used by through traffic. Chapter 9- Page S �■ TABLE9-1 NATIONAL FUNCI1ONAL CLASSIF1CATION Classlncallon Principal Arterial System Minor Arterial Road System Cha racteristlcs Function Serve corridor movements having trip length and travel denslly characteristics Indicative or substantial statewide or Interstate travel. Serve all, or virtually all, urban areas or 50,000 and over population and a large majority of those with population or 25,000 and over. Provide an Integrated network without stub connections except where unusual geographic or traffic now conditions dictate otherwise Link cities and larger town and form an integrated network providing Interstate and lntercounly service. Be spaced at such intervals, consistent with population denslly, so that all developed areas or the State are within a reasonable distance or an arterial highway. Provide service to -corridors with trip lengths and travel density greater than those predomlnantly served by rural routes whose design should be expected to provide for relatlvely high overall travel speeds, with minimum Interference to through movement lnter-conimunlly, primary traffic movement Typical% or Surface System Miles 'Iyplcal % of surface street vehicle miles traveled Continully Direct Land Access 2 to 4 30 to 55 Continuous Limited-major generators only 4 to 8 15 to 20 Continuous Restricted-some movements may be prohibited; number and spacing or driveways controlled 20 to 35 Not necessarily continuous; should not extend across arterial Safely controls; limited regulation Secondary-land access Primary Intercommunlly, Intrametro area, traffic movement Secondary-land access Collector Road System Major: Provide service to any county scat not on an arterial route, to the larger towns not directly served by the higher systems, and to other consolidated schools, shipping points, county parks, Important mining and agricultural areas; llnk these places with nearby larger towns or cities, or with routes or higher classlncatlon; and serve the more Important lntracounly travel corridor. l\,Pnor: Be spaced at Intervals, consistent with population density, to collect traffic from local road and bring all developed areas within a reasonable distance or a collector road; provide service to the remaining smaller communities; and link the locally important traffic generators with their rural hinterland. Primarycollect/distribute traffic between local and arterial sysl.em Secondary-land access Tertiary inter• neighborhood traffic 20 to 25 Local Road System Serve primarily to provide access to adjacent land; and provide service to travel over relatively short distances as compared to collectors or other higher systems Land access 65 to 75 5 to 20 None Safety controls only Source: U.S. Department or Transportation, Federal ffighway Administration, mghway Functional Classincatlon, Concepts, Criteria and Procedures, 1989. Chapter 9- Page 6 ~ ~ ~) �9.4 Condition of Roads in the Township The Marquette County Road Commission uses the Paser System for evaluating and rating the surface condition of the paved roads under its jurisdiction. This system rates road surfaces from a scale of 1 to 10, with "1" indicating very poor condition and "10" indicating excellent condition.* It gives communities and road commissions an indication of the appropriate maintenance method for each road segment under its jurisdiction. The following details the proper road surface maintenance method based on the Paser System rating scale: rating 9 & 10, no maintenance required; rating 7 & 8, routine maintenance, cracksealing, and minor patching; rating 5 & 6, preservative treatment (sealcoating); rating 3 & 4, structural improvement and leveling (overlay or recycling); and rating 1 & 2, reconstruction. Tables 9-2 and 9-3 show the surface condition of all of the paved primary and local public road segments within Negaunee Township. Under the Paser System, the condition of the paved roads in the Township would average a score of "5", which would indicate that the Township paved road system overall is in fair condition. Twenty-one miles, or 49.6 percent of the Township paved road system rated less than a "5", which indicates a substantial portion of the road system needs to be either repaved or totally reconstructed. None of the primary or local road segments within the Township were given a rating better than "7". Besides the paved road system, the Township has 10.1 miles of roads surfaced with gravel or dirt; these are generally seasonal roads or roads that receive very low levels of use. * Paser System rating for paved road surfaces 10: Excellent 9: Excellent 8: Very Good 7: Good 6: Good 5: Fair 4: Fair 3: Poor 2: Very Poor 1: Failed Chapter 9- Page 7 �TABLE 9-2 CONDffiON OF PAVED PRIMARY ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Local Name Location Miles Surface Rating CR480 Negaunee City limit to Sands Township limit 2.98 4 CR492 Negaunee City limit to M-35 1.09 3 CR492 M-35 to Marquette Township limit 2.39 4 U.S. 41/M-28 to U.S. 41/M-28 2.23 4 CRSlO CR 502 to Hoist Road 1.76 4 CRSlO Hoist Road to CR JW 0.76 s CRSlO CR JW to Basin Drive 1.76 3 CRSl0 Basin Drive to end of pavement 0.49 6 CRS02 Midway Drive Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1997. Currently, no segments of county primary roads within Negaunee Township are scheduled for improvements in the next few years. However, the Road Commission has indicated that the segment of CR 492 from M-35 to the Township eastern limit is part of its long range list of road segments that need to be improved. In addition, the Road Commission has indicated that the heavily traveled CR 480 will need to be scraped down and repaved within the next ten years, so that the structure of the base of the road does not deteriorate. TABLE 9-3 CONDffiON OF PAVED LOCAL ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Local Name Location Miles Surface Rating CRJAE Club Road CR JA to Gun Club 0.15 s CRJRC Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JR to end of pavement 0.11 4 CRJPD Industrial Park Road U.S. 41/M-28 to Midway Rental Gate 0.19 s CRJAA Acocks Drive CR 492 to end of pavement 0.33 7 ~ CRJAC South Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.96 6 CRJAD Heritage Drive CR JB to Township line 1.11 6 CRJB Sandy Drive M-35 to CR JQ 0.30 s Chapter 9- Page 8 �TABLE 9-3 CONDITION OF PAVED LOCAL ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Local Name Location Miles Surface Rating CR JB Forge Road CR JQ to U.S. 41/M-28 0.37 4 CRJB Airport Circle U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JC 1.17 5 CRJB Airport Circle CR JC to CR JBU 0.40 6 CRJB Cedar Lane CR JBU to CR JD 0.26 5 CR JB Wilderness Road CR JD to end of pavement 0.43 4 CRJBU Cedar Lane CR JB to end of pavement 0.19 6 CRJC Kivela Road CR JA to CR JB 1.29 7 CRJF East Buffalo Road CR JJ to Township Line 1.00 5 CRJG Jarvi Road CR JRE to end of pavement 0.41 3 CRJH Hoist Road CR 510 to end of pavement 1.56 5 CRJI Mapleridge Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.51 7 CRJJ Annex Road M-35 to CR 480 0.37 5 CRJJG Grimes Road M-35 to end of pavement 1.27 6 CRJJK Valley Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.70 5 CRJJL Mattson Road CR JA to end of pavement 0.25 7 CRJJN Snowfield U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JJO 0.58 3 CRJJN Carrie Road CR JJO to end of pavement 0.62 7 CRJJO Snowfield Road CR JJN to urban boundary 0.57 4 CRJJO Snowfield Road Urban boundary to end of pavement 0.04 4 CRJM Meadows Road CR 492 to township line 0.70 2 CRJP Link Road CR JB to U.S. 41/M-28 0.10 5 CRJP Airport Road U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JPA 0.18 6 CRJPB Perala Court U.S. 41/M-28 to end of pavement 0.16 7 CRJQ Forge Road CR JB to township line 0.52 4 Brebner Road CR 502 to U.S. 41/M-28 0.07 4 Pond Road U.S. 41/M-28 to CR JRA 0.11 3 CRJR Chapter 9- Page 9 �TABLE 9-3 CONDffiON OF PAVED LOCAL ROADS, NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP County Road Name Location Local Name Miles Surface Rating CRJR Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JRA to CR JRC 0.31 4 CRJR Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JRC to end of pavement 0.07 7 CRJRA Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JR to end of pavement 0.03 4 CRJRB Horseshoe Lake Circle CR JR to Auto Glass Parking 0.06 4 CRJRD Pumphouse Road CR 492 to gate 0.09 6 CRJRE Old 480 Road CR 480 to end of pavement 0.57 3 CRJW Necjec Road CR 510 to end of pavement 1.87 7 Longyear Drive CR 502 to Longyear Drive 0.73 6 CRJX Mitchell Road CR JA to private drive 0.35 2 CR JAB North Basin Drive CR 510 to end of pavement 1.86 4 CRJA North Road Negaunee Township to CR JX 2.91 5 CRJA North Road CRJX to CRJK 0.26 6 CRJA North Road CR JK to CR JAC 0.36 5 CRJA North Road CR JAC to CR JI 0.39 4 CRJA North Road CR JI to end of pavement 0.24 3 Pine Run CR JR to Pine Run 0.57 6 Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1997. Each year the Township Board develops a priority list of local roads in the Township with the most crucial need of repair, which is based on requests and complaints that members of the Board receive from residents. The following road segments are currently on this list: CR JA (North Road) from CR JK south 0.11 miles; CR JA (North Road) from CR JK north 0.20 miles; CR JQ (Forge Road) from the southern terminus north 1,000 feet; CR JF (East Buffalo Road) from CR 480 west 1.0 miles; CR JRE (Old 480) from CR 480 north 0.53 miles; and CR JG (West Jarvi Road) from CR JRE west 0.40 miles. All these projects call for repaving, with so~e of them possibly requiring some reconstruction. Chapter 9- Page 10 r �9.5 Condition of Bridges in the Township Three public bridges are located on county roads in Negaunee Township. These bridges are located on CR 510, CR JAD, and CR JA, as shown in Table 9-4. All these bridges are over 50 years old, with the bridge along CR 510 over the Dead River the oldest at 77 years. The CR 510 bridge is currently listed fourth on the Road Commission's top ten priority list of bridges in most crucial need of repair or replacement. It scored a 44.0 under the federal bridge rating system. This rating system determines the condition of bridges using a scoring scale of 1 to 100, with a score of "100" indicating the bridge is in perfect condition. The federal government uses this rating system as one of the determining factors for its deficiency bridge fund. A bridge must score less than "80" to be eligible for this fund. TABLE 9-4 NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP BRIDGES Name/Location ADT 1921 51 tons 1,256 44.0 44 1946 - 100 58.2 22 1934 - 550 77.7 Width (feet) 271 20 CR JAD over the Carp River, 0.02 miles north of U.S. 41/M-28 49 CR JA over the Carp River, 1.5 miles north of U.S. 41/M-28 37 CR 510 over the Dead River, 2 miles north of U.S. 41 Federal Rating Posted Rating Length (feet) Year Built Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1996. 9.6 Financing The Marquette County Road Commission bears the major responsibility for construction and maintenance on all the roads in the County, except within the jurisdiction of the incorporated communities. The road commission's funding sources are the State of Michigan through the Michigan Transportation Fund (Public Act 51 of 1951); Federal funding (ISTEA) various state and federal grant programs; local units; and miscellaneous sources. Figure 9-1 shows the breakdown of the road commission's sources of revenue, while Figure 9-2 shows the expenditures. State Funding: State funding for roads is based on Public Act 51 of 1951. This Act established the Michigan Transportation Fund, which allocates these funds from motor vehicle registration fees and motor vehicle fuel taxes. The state uses a special formula to distribute funds to all county road commissions (Figure 9-3). A formula based upon road classification, road mileage and population is used to determine the amount of funding received by each road commission. A percentage of the funding received by each road commission is also set aside for engineering, snow removal, and urban roads. In Chapter 9- Page 11 �1996, the Road Commission was allocated a total of $4,214,785 from the Michigan Transportation Fund. The breakdown of the proceeds from the additional four cents per gallon gas tax that was levied by the State in the summer of 1997 goes as follows: one cent goes for debt reduction, one cent goes into the state critical bridge program, and two cents go into the Michigan Transportation Fund (MTF). Of the amount going into MTF, 39 percent goes to the State's county road commissions. The current Act 51 will "sunset" in September of 1998. It is possible that the current proportions of funding distributed to road commissions and cities and villages may change. Additional sources of revenue from the State for road improvements in the County come from the Michigan Transportation Economic Development Fund (TEDF). This program was enacted in 1987 by the state to help in the funding of highway and road projects necessary to support economic growth. The mission of this program is to enhance the State's ability to compete in an international economy, promote economic growth in the State, and improve the quality of life in the State. The fund is divided into the following categories: Target Industries (Category A), State Trunkline Takeover (Category B), Urban Congestion (Category C), Rural Primary (Category D), Forest Road (Category E), and Urban Area (Category F). The Marquette County Road Commission uses category D and E funds, while the County urban areas receive Category F funds. Category A can be applied for on a case-by-case basis if appropriate economic development projects exist. Category B has been eliminated, and Marquette County does not qualify for Category C funding. The Marquette County Road Commission usually draws from TEDF Category D and E, while working with the cities of Marquette, Negaunee, and Ishpeming in utilizing the Category F funds for urban area improvements. The Category D fund is used to complement the existing state trunkline system with improvements on connecting local routes that have high commercial traffic, to minimize disruptions that result from seasonal load restrictions, and to increase the interchange potential between modes. Counties wanting to draw from this fund must have a population of under 400,000 and submit roads that are Rural Primary. The funds obtained through the Category D program must be used on projects that bring road segments up to all-season standards. The revenue in the Category E fund is used for road projects that aid the safe and efficient collection of forest products. Counties that are eligible for this fund must contain a National Lakeshore, National Park, or have 34 percent or more of its land in commercial forest. Marquette County meets all the criteria for Category D and E funds. The Category F fund is available to cities and villages that have a population of 5,000 to 400,000. In Marquette County, the Marquette and N~unee/lshpeming urban areas qualify for this fund. The revenue source for the TEDF program comes from state fees for license plates and driver licenses, except category C and D funds, where 55 percent of the revenue source comes from the federal ISTEA fund. In 1996, the Road Chapter 9- Page 12 �Commission received $305,196 from the state through the TEDF program. Like Act 51, the TEDF program sunsets in September of 1998. Federal Funding: Federal grant funding was made available to the State of Michigan through the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), which was signed into law in December of 1991. This new vision for surface transportation in the United States was established by Congress to maintain and expand the transportation system in the nation; promote a strong financial base for transportation, so industries stay competitive and strong; emphasize safety; protect the environment; improve the quality of life; and advance technology and expertise. Over half of the revenue for the State TEDF Category D funded projects comes from the ISTEA program. The TEDF Category D fund is the largest source of grant money used by the Marquette County Road Commission for improvements to its primary road system. The Road Commission also receives money from the ISTEA-funded Surface Transportation Program (STP). This program is mostly used by the road commissions in the state for meeting the required 20 percent local match for TEDF Category D funds. In 1996, the Marquette County Road Commission received $740,231 from federally funded programs. Congress is currently considering several options for either replacing or reauthorizing ISTEA. The extension of ISTEA will expire in 1998, and new legislation will be required to continue federal funding for transportation activities. Local Funding: The Marquette County Road Commission can contribute up to 50 percent of the funding necessary for construction or reconstruction projects on County local roads, primarily using monies from the Michigan Transportation Fund. The remaining portion is contributed by the township in which the road is located or by other sources. In 1996, the Road Commission received $106,514 from townships in the County for improvements to the local road system. In Negaunee Township, a millage has been established for covering the Township's share for improvements to roads within the local system. This one mill millage assessment was approved by Township voters in 1978 for a ten-year period and renewed in 1988 for another ten-year period. In 1998, the millage was again renewed. In fiscal 1996/1997, the Township road fund accumulated $36,922 from taxes collected through the millage. From fiscal 1991/92 to fiscal 1996/97, the Township spent on average $31,338 per year from its road fund for various local road improvement projects. Annually, the Road Commission receives funds for the upkeep of its local road system, which primarily comes from the State Transportation Fund. In 1996, the Road Commission spent $2,502,495 for the upkeep of the local road system, which was $563,894 over what was allocated to it. As a result, it bad to transfer money from the primary road fund and other sources to pay for the excess local road expenditures. Winter maintenance cost (snow removal, salting and sanding costs, etc.) alone on the County local road system in 1996 was $982,715. Chapter 9- Page 13 �FIGURE 9-1 MARQUETTE COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION REVENUES, 1996 Other 3.8% l&R CS 16.5% FF 3.6% TEDF llMTF □ CLu •cs BIOther Note: MTF, Michigan Transportation Fund; TEDF, Transportation Economic Development Fund; FF, Federal Sources; CLU, Contributions from Local Units; CS, Charges for Services; l&R, Interest and Rents; NP, Note Proceeds; and Other. Source: Marquette County Road Commission, 1997. Chapter 9- Page 14 �FIGURE 9-2 MARQUETTE COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION EXPENDITURES, 1996 NCO HMPR NEE 5.3 % •• ~~~~· •• AE ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ 3.6% STNM 2.5% HMLR STM11.4% •••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••• 23.9% MPR ••••••••• MLR ■ HMPR iiMLR IIISTM ■ STNM 1111 NCO Note: HMPR, Heavy Maintenance, Primary Roads; HMLR, Heavy Maintenance, Local Roads; MPR, Maintenance, Primary Roads; MLR, Maintenance, Local Roads; STM, State Trunkline Maintenance; STNM, State Trunkline Nonmalntenance; AE, Administrative Expense; NEE, Net Equipment Expense; and NCO, Net capital Outlay. Source: Marquette county Road commission, 1997. Chapter 9- Page 15 �F1GURE 9-3 BASED ON ACTUAL COLLECTIONS INCLUDING LOCAL ROAD PROGRAM FOR PERIOD OF 8/04 • 7/95 COUNTY ROAD COMMISSIONS AVERAGE UNIT VALUES AMOUNf FOR DISTRIBUTION LESS: ENGINEERING SNOW REMOVAL 10% URBAN ROAD 4%LOCAL RESIDUE MILEAGE TRANSFERS NET FOR DISTRIBUTION 416,575 $382,881,444 WEIGHT TAX COLLECTIONS LAST 4 QUARTERS $491,589,424 $450,980,664 811,519 3,733,833 45,098,066 18,039,227 0 COUNTY MILEAGE AS OF 7/31/95 PRIMARY Ml LOCAL MI URBAN MILEAGE AS OF 7/31/95 PRIMARY Ml LOCAL Ml 26,327.99 62,561.98 3,497.79 6,927.56 3,497.79 $33,905,969 $45,098,066 6,927.56 10% URBAN ROADS URBAN LOCAL SHARE URBAN LOCAL MILEAGE I $491,589,424 = = $382,881,444 75% TO PRIMARY ROADS 10% PRIMARY ROAD MILEAGE NET FOR DISTRIBUTION $95,720,361 $43,074,162 25% TO LOCAL ROADS 15% EQUALLY TO EACH COUNTY $0.44 PER DOLLAR COLLECTED I $28,716,108 $1,616 PER MILE 75% WEIGHT TAX COLLECTIONS $287,161,083 $9,694 PER MILE URBAN PRIMARY SHARE ratio: 6x Primary mileage to lx Local mileage $11,192,097 $215,370,812 = 26,327.99 = PRIMARY MILEAGE I 83 $1,091 PER MILE = 1/83 EACH COUNTY $518,966 PER COUNTY $18,039.227 4% LOCAL $113,759,588 TOTAL LOCAL I $73,943,732 I 35% ON POPULATION Chapter 9- Page 16 ) •) = LOCAL MILEAGE 165% LOCAL ROAD MILEAGE $39,815,856 62,561.98 3,840,521 POPULATION $1,182 PER MILE = $10.37 PER CAPITA �9.7 Sub-State Area Long Range Plan In January of 1995, the Michigan Sub-State Area Long Range Plan was developed by the Corradino Group, for the Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT), as a 20year statewide plan that detailed the suggested improvements to the State transportation system and created a funding priority list. In the Upper Peninsula, the two major transportation improvement recommendations in the plan were the enhancement of north-south travel to central and western U.P. counties and improving the traffic flow along the U.P.'s heavily traveled east-west highway corridors. For the first of the two above-mentioned major recommendations for the U.P., the Long Range Plan suggested road improvements, such as bypasses and passing lanes, along existing north-south routes (M-95, M-35, or U.S. 41) in the central and western U.P., or the possible creation of a new route (U.S. 41 directly north from the Village of Powers to the community of Gwinn). The pressure for improving the north-south traffic flow through this region could become more of an issue once K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base is completely converted from military use to civilian use and the proposed improvements to north-south highways in northeastern Wisconsin become a reality. County Road 553 between Gwinn and Marquette, may become an important future link in an improved central U.P. north-south highway corridor, if connection to K.I. Sawyer becomes economically significant. In 1995, the Central U.P. Regional Transportation Committee took the lead in a regionwide study to determine the best option for a priority north-south corridor in the central U.P. MOOT provided the Committee technical support during the study period. The goal of the study was to get local consensus to identify a priority north-south corridor. The Committee established local focus groups in the four counties that the study impacted the most, which included Menominee, Delta, Dickinson, and Marquette counties. These focus groups discussed the issues, concerns, and opportunities relative to a priority north-south corridor in a series of meetings. The outcome of these meetings was the establishment of local consensus from each of the focus groups on how a priority corridor should run through their respective counties. The Regional Committee used this local consensus to establish a primary route that went south to north from Menominee to Marquette using U.S. 41, M-35, and Marquette CR 553, with a spur along U.S. 2 from Powers to Iron Mountain, and a secondary route from Iron Mountain to Marquette using M-95 and U.S. 41/M-28. A document that described the planning process undertaken to come up with a priority corridor was then sent to MOOT and the State Transportation Commission for review. It is hoped that this process motivates MOOT and the Transportation Commission to commit to detail studies on improving traffic flow through segments of the chosen priority corridor. The decision in the above-mentioned planning process to include CR 553 from Gwinn to Marquette as part of the priority north-south corridor in the central U.P. may persuade the State to change CR 553's classification to a state trunkline. If this happens, the Chapter 9- Page 17 �State will probably change the classification of the stretch of M-35 from Gwinn to the U.S. 41/M-28 intersection (Negaunee Township) to a county primary road, which would likely be opposed by the Marquette County Road Commission because of the additional responsibility that would result from the turnover. The State Long Range Plan options for improving the east-west corridor through the U.P., the second of the two major recommendations, involve either M-28 from Ironwood to Sault Ste. Marie or U.S. 2 from Ironwood to St. Ignace. These two east-west highways are heavily travelled commercial truck and tourist routes in the U.P., which have significant traffic congestion problems, especially within the urban centers along the routes. The creation of passing lanes and the bypassing of urban centers along one or both east-west highways is suggested for areas known for bottleneck traffic. However, unlike the first of the two major recommendations in the long range plan, no local or regional pressure has yet been put on MDOT for further studies of east-west traffic flows across the U.P. 9.8 Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) The Michigan Sub-State Area Long Range Transportation Plan indicates the need for an all-season transportation network in Michigan. The integration of state, county, and city roads is very important to industries and communities throughout the State. The development of a State Secondary Commercial Network (SCN) is being proposed through a cooperative effort by MDOT, the County Road Association of Michigan, the Michigan Township Association, and the Michigan Municipal League. It is the intent of this effort to identify a network that will aid county road commissions and communities in determining priorities for maintaining and upgrading roads to all-season standards and to ensure that the best possible road system exists to deliver goods from the source to market. This new road system would also benefit the growing tourism industry, which is a large part of the State's economy. The Secondary Commercial Network will compliment and coordinate with the state trunkline system. The east/west running CR 480, which connects the Negaunee/Ishpeming urban area to CR 553 and U.S. 41 in the eastern portion of Marquette County, is an example of a link in a Secondary Commercial Network. Within Negaunee Township, because of its geographical location within the County, there are very limited opportunities to connect to roads from other counties; however, at the county level efforts should be made to develop such a network by working with local business interests and governments. The County should make sure that roads designated are not subject to any restrictions for commercial vehicles. The Michigan Department of Transportation should be contacted for mapping and technical assistance during the development process. MDOT will also be useful in promoting continuity during the development of the SCN, especially where roads in the system pass through different governmental jurisdictions. Chapter 9- Page 18 �9.9 Traffic Volume Traffic Counts: The analysis of present traffic volumes is beneficial for determining the traffic conditions within a community. Traffic counts are usually presented as an average daily traffic (ADT) figure, which is calculated for a particular intersection or stretch of roadway. The Michigan Department of Transportation provides highway volume counts for selected state roads and streets annually. The traffic counters have been placed in 22 locations along U.S. 41/M-28, Business U.S. 41, Business M-28, and M-35 within Negaunee Township and the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor. The average daily traffic volumes for these locations in 1975, 1983, and 1995 are listed in Table 9-5 and are shown on Map 9-3. The traffic counters located along Business M-28, west of the City of Ishpeming western limit (Ishpeming Township) and Business U.S. 41, south of the Washington Street/Front Street intersection (City of Marquette), were the only counter locations within Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor that saw a decrease in average daily traffic from 1975 to 1995, with a decline of 11.1 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively. The largest growth in average daily traffic in the urban corridor during this period occurred along U.S. 41/M-28, west of Croix Street (City of Negaunee), and U.S. 41/M-28, west of the City of Ishpeming western limit (Ishpeming Township), which experienced increases of 240 percent and 100 percent, respectively. Twelve out of the 22 trunkline counter locations within the urban corridor experienced an increase of 30 percent or greater from 1975 to 1995. All three of the counter locations within Negaunee Township saw an increase in traffic during this period; however, the traffic levels at the counter located along U.S. 41/M-28, just west of the Township eastern limit, declined by 17 percent from 1983 to 1995. Besides this location, significant declines in traffic volumes within the urban corridor occurred during this U-year period along U.S. 41/M-28, east of Grove Street (City of Marquette); Business U.S. 41, south of the Washington Street/Front Street intersection (City of Marquette); Business M-28, west of the City of Ishpeming western limit (Ishpeming Township); and U.S. 41/M-28, west of Grove Street (City of Marquette). These declines in traffic volumes may have been the result of construction activities occurring along these segments of highway. The trend over the past 20 years i.n the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor has seen a fairly significant increase in traffic levels along U.S. 41/M-28, while the other trunklines either have experienced a slight increase or stayed relatively the same. The moving of the County airport to the former K.I Sawyer AFB should affect the future traffic patterns in the corridor area. Highway segments like M-35 from U.S. 41/M-28 to CR 480 will likely see a significant increase in traffic when the airport moves, while other segments like U.S. 41/M-28 from Marquette to Negaunee may experience a decline in traffic. Chapter 9- Page 19 �TABLE 9-5 MARQUETTE/ISHPEMING/NEGAUNEE URBAN CORRIDOR, AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNTS, 1975, 1983, AND 1995 Average Daily Traffic Route Counter Location 1975 1983 1995 % Change % Change % Change 1975-1983 1983-1995 1975-1995 U.S. 41/M-28 Just N. of the City of Marquette S. limit 10,000 15,800 19,000 58.0 20.3 90.0 U.S. 41/M-28 S. of Division St., City of Marquette 20,000 18,900 23,000 -5.S 21.7 15.0 U.S. 41/M-28 E. of Grove St., City of Marquette 10,000 18,900 13,000 89.0 -31.2 30.0 U.S. 41/M-28 West of Grove St., City of Marquette 10,000 14,900 13,000 49.0 -12.8 30.0 Bus. U.S. 41 S. of Washington St./Front St. 18,000 20,300 17,000 intersection, City of Marquette 12.8 -16.3 -5.6 Bus. U.S. 41 W. of Washington St./Front St. intersection, City of Marquette 12,000 12,100 12,000 0.8 -0.8 0.0 Bus. U.S. 41 E. of U.S. 41/M-28 intersection, City of Marquette 11,000 16,000 15,000 45.S -6.3 36.4 U.S. 41/M-28 Just E. of the City of Marquette W. limit 18,000 25,400 32,000 41.1 26.0 77.8 U.S. 41/M-28 Just W. of Negaunee Twp. E. limit 18,000 25,400 21,000 41.1 -17.3 16.7 U.S. 41/M-28 E. of M-35 intersection, Negaunee Twp. 11,000 14,200 18,000 29.1 26.8 63.6 2,100 6.7 31.3 40.0 11,000 14,200 17,000 29.1 19.7 54.S U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Baldwin Avenue, City of 12,000 12,500 16,000 Negaunee 4.2 28.0 33.3 Bus. M-28 N. of Main St., City of Negaunee 7,000 7,000 7,QPO 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bus. M-28 Just E. of the City of Negaunee W. limit 5,000 5,000 5,700 0.0 14.0 14.0 M-35 S. of the U.S. 41/M-28 intersection, Negaunee Twp. U.S. 41/M-28 Just S. of the City of Negaunee N. limit 1,500 1,600 Chapter 9- Page 20 �TABLE 9-5 MARQUETTE/ISHPEMING/NEGAUNEE URBAN CORRIDOR, AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNTS, 1975, 1983, AND 1995 Average Daily Traffic Route % Change % Change % Change 1975-1983 1983-1995 1975-1995 Counter Location 1975 1983 1995 5,000 10,000 17,000 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Croix St., City of Negaunee NA 13,600 16,000 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Deer Lake Rd., City of Ishpeming 100.0 70.0 240.0 NA 17.6 NA 6.7 28.0 Bus. M-28 E. of Pine St., City of Ishpeming 5,000 6,000 6,400 20.0 Bus. M-28 W. of Pine St., City of Ishpeming 5,000 5,000 NA 0.0 NA NA Bus. M-28 W. of the City of Ishpeming W. limit, Ishpeming Twp. 4,500 4,700 4,000 4.4 -14.9 -11.1 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of the City of Ishpeming W. limit, Ishpeming Twp. 7,000 8,700 14,000 24.3 60.9 100.0 U.S. 41/M-28 W. of Bus. M-28 intersection, Ishpeming Twp. 8,000 8,500 11,000 6.3 29.4 37.S Source: Michigan Department of Transportation, Annual Average 24-Hour Traffic Volumes, 1975, 1983, and 1995. 9.10 Public Transportation Public transit service within Negaunee Township is provided by Marquette County Transportation System (Marq Tran), which was established in 1982. From 1982 to 1985, Marq Tran served all areas in Marquette County that were outside the cities of Marquette and Ishpeming, which were served by Marquette Transit Authority (MTA) and Ishpeming Transit Authority. In 1985, the County's three transit operations consolidated into the current Marq Tran system. Marq Tran is a non-profit mass transportation service, which receives revenue for its operation from state and federal operation system funds (48 percent), fare box (20 percent), county-wide millage, contract fares, transit pool reimbursement and interest, and other income. Within Marquette County, Marq Tran has 27 vehicles available for service, 22 of which are equipped with wheelchair lifts. Marq Tran provides door-to-door service to residents of Negaunee Township. Buses housed at the Marq Tran main headquarter facility in the City of Marquette and the senior center in the City of Ishpeming serve residents of the Township. The buses from Chapter 9- Page 21 �these locations are operating seven days a week, with weekday hours from 6:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. and weekend hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Marg Tran has a zonal fare system setup for its door-to-door service, with half fares given to seniors, disabled, and students. The Ishpeming route is a fixed bus route that runs from the City of Marquette to the City of Ishpeming, with stops along the route in Marquette Township, Negaunee Township, and the City of Negaunee. This fixed route runs seven days a week from 6:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., with 12 round trips Monday through Thursday, 15 round trips on Friday, nine round trips on Saturday, and four round trips on Sunday. Marg Tran charges a oneway fixed fare of $0.90 for the general public and $0.45 for senior citizens, disabled, and students for the route. Tables 9-7 and 9-8 show the ridership levels along the Ishpeming route and Marg Tran as a whole from 1991 to 1996. During this five-year period, the total number of passengers along the Ishpeming route dropped from 51,547 to 50,100, a decline of 2.84 percent. The passenger levels during this period peaked in 1992 and then steadily declined. The overall Marg Tran ridership levels followed a similar trend, with a 2.19 percent decline in the total number of passengers using the transit service between 1991 and 1996. The door-to-door and contract services saw substantial declines in passenger numbers during this period. The tremendous increase in ridership within the other category from 1995 to 1996 was primarily the result of Finn Fest held in the City of Marquette in the summer of 1996. Marg Tran buses are frequently used by college students, elderly, and commuters in the Township as an alternative mode of travel. The bus service is also used by Township residents that are Mental Health clients and/or that are participating in the Special Service Program that helps senior citizens and disabled persons with unmet transportation needs. Marg Tran has a contractual agreement with the County to make three runs per day, Monday through Friday, to the Community Mental Health Work Center located along Midway Drive in Negaunee Township. Marg Tran, Delta Area Transit Authority (DATA) and Alger County Public Transportation (ALTRAN) started providing intercity public transit service to Negaunee Township and Marquette County in early 1998, which is part of the regional bus service funded through a Michigan Department of Transportation grant. Regional Transportation or RTRAN is a cooperative effort between DATA, Marg Tran, ALTRAN and Schoolcraft County Public Transit to broaden the scope of bus service provided in the central U.P. The three public transits will connect the cities of Escanaba, Iron Mountain, Marquette, Munising, and Manistique. Marg Tran and DATA use M-35 as the regional route connecting Marquette to Escanaba, with stops in Marquette, CR480/553 Crossroads, Kountry Komers near Gwinn, Little Lake, Rock, Perkins, Gladstone, and Escanaba. Three round trips run per Chapter 9- Page 22 �day, with a oneway fare costing $8.00. Marq Tran runs a regional route along U.S. 41/M-28 and M-95 between Iron Mountain and Marquette, with stops in Marquette, Negaunee, Ishpeming, Channing, Sagola, and Iron Mountain. Two runs are made each day with a way-fare of $8.00. ALTRAN operates a route along M-28 from Marquette to Munising, with stops in Sand River, Deerton, Shelter Bay, AuTrain, and Christmas. Three runs are made each day, with a one-way fare of $5.00. The public transit authorities each received a 24 passenger capacity bus to be used for the RTRAN route. The public transit authority's goal is to have at least seven or eight passengers per trip use the service, which means the buses will be running at about 30 percent capacity. The target customers for the regional bus route are college students, the elderly, employees at various operations along the route and individuals seeking medical care at one of the facilities along the routes. TABLE 9-7 RIDERSHIP LEVELS, ISHPEMING FIXED ROUTE, 1991-1996 Year Number of Passengers 1991 51,547 1992 54,068 1993 52,200 1994 50,700 1995 50,300 1996 50,100 % change 1991-1992 4.89 % change 1992-1993 -3.45 % change 1993-1994 -2.87 % change 1994-1995 -0.79 % change 1995-1996 -0.40 % change 1991-1996 -2.84 Source: Marquette County Wide Transportation System, 1996. Chapter 9- Page 23 �TABLE 9-8 MARQ TRAN RIDERSHIP LEVELS ; 1991-1996 Fix Routes Other Total 1991 309,754 210,829 52,966 8,996 29,848 7,115 1992 330,146 233,639 49,495 8,464 30,719 7,829 1993 322,988 234,178 48,916 7,496 26,185 6,213 1994 307,983 225,811 44,757 8,701 23,317 5,397 1995 294,980 213,997 43,332 9,336 21,605 6,710 1996 302,970 209,137 42,746 9,853 23,054 21,180 % change 1991-1992 6.58 10.82 -6.55 -5.91 2.91 10.03 % change 1992-1993 -2.17 0.23 -1.17 -11.44 -14.76 -20.64 % change 1993-1994 -4.65 -3.57 -8.50 16.07 -10.95 -13.13 % change 1994-1995 -4.22 -5.23 -3.18 7.29 -7.34 24.32 % change 1995-1996 2.71 -2.27 -1.35 5.53 6.71 215.65 % change 1996-1997 -2.19 -0.80 -19.30 9.53 -22.8 197.68 Door-toDoor Specialized Services Contract Services Year Source: Marquette County Wide Transportation System, 1996. 9.11 Inter-Community Bus Service Inter-community bus service in Negaunee Township is provided by Superior Transportation, which in 1997 took over routes previously operated by White Pine Company. Superior operates two fixed routes in the Upper Peninsula. The north-south route runs along U.S. 41 from Calumet to Milwaukee. The south bound bus along this route stops at 11:40 p.m. at Jim's Jubilee in the City of Negaunee, while the north bound bus along this route stops at 3:50 a.m. The east-west route runs along U.S. 2 from St. Ignace to Duluth, MN, and does not pass through Marquette County. To use the eastwest bus route, residents in Marquette County would h~ve to take the south bound bus to Rapid River in Delta County, or drive to Rapid River or Iron Mountain to catch either the east or west bound bus. Chapter 9- Page 24 �9.12 Port A port is located in the City of Marquette, approximately 10 miles to the east of Negaunee Township. The port is an important shipping point for iron ore pellets from the Empire and Tilden mines. Pellets are transported from the mines by rail, and then shipped to steel mills in the lower Great Lakes region. Commodities such as coal and salt are shipped into Marquette via the port. The iron ore from the Empire and Tilden mines that is bound for the Marquette port is transported by rail along lines that run across Negaunee Township. Table 9-9 lists the tonnage of commodities by type that were received through the Marquette port for each year from 1990-1995. An average of 10,066,833 tons of cargo each year were hauled out of the port during this period, with iron ore accounting for about 75 percent of this tonnage. Currently, nearly 50 percent of the iron ore mined in Marquette County is hauled by rail to the Escanaba port for shipping out. However, with Algoma Steel's recent announcement that it intends to take additional iron ore tonnage from the Tilden Mine beginning in 1998, the total amount of iron ore shipped out of the Marquette port should increase in the coming years. TABLE 9-9 WATERBORNE COMMERCE, PORT OF MARQUETTE, 1990-1995 Commodity CoaVcoke 1995 1991 1,556,000 1,332,000 1,547,000 1,584,000 1,894,000 1,934,000 - - - - - 1992 1993 1994 1990 Petroleum 8,000 Chemicals 250 1,000 868,000 689,000 603,000 855,000 874,000 1,069,000 5,873,000 6,413,000 9,041,000 8,022,000 8,245,000 7,933,000 - - - - - - Stone/sand/salt Iron ore/scrap Other crude material Primary manufactures 57,000 1,000 250 250 - - - - - 1,000 - - - - Other cargoes 250 - - - - - Total tonnage 8,364,750 8,435,250 11,191,000 10,461,000 11,013,000 10,936,000 Food products Equipment/machinery Source: Michigan Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Planning, Freight Transportation Planning Section. Chapter 9- Page 25 �9.13 Air Transportation The Marquette County Airport is located in the central portion of Negaunee Township, just north of U.S. 41/M-28. This site became the County airport in 1957; previously it was a utility airport. The airport is one of seven airports in the U.P. that provides commercial passenger air service. It is classified as a ''transport airport" facility. Such airports have a primary runway of 4,500 feet or longer, and are capable of handling jet aircraft. The Marquette County Airport maintains two paved runways: the east/west runway is 6,500 feet in length, and the north/south runway is 3,000 feet in length. The airport provided passenger jet service before the airline industry was deregulated in the early 1980s. Deregulation made it unprofitable for many airport facilities in the country the size of Marquette County to provide jet service. The scheduled passenger levels at the Marquette County airport would have to dramatically increase for jet service to be profitable. The Marquette County Board of Commissioners has decided to relocate the County airport to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The date of the relocation has not yet been finalized, but it is believed that it will occur sometime in the middle of 1999. The next chapter will give more details on the relocation of the County airport to K.I. Sawyer and the future of the existing airport and property in Negaunee Township. 9.14 Railroads Railroads were one of the dominant forces shaping early industry and settlement in Marquette County. Rail transportation was necessary to carry iron ore from the County's many mines to ports at Marquette and Escanaba, where it was then shipped to steel mills and smelters. Communities often formed near the mines and/or where railroads were established. Rail service in Negaunee Township is provided by the Wisconsin Central LTD (WC) and Lake Superior & Ishpeming (LS&I) Railroads. An east-west rail line runs through the southeastern portion of the Township, just south of U.S. 41/M-28. The portion of this line that runs from the City of Negaunee to Eagle Mills is Wisconsin-Central owned, but is also used by LS&I. A fee is paid by LS&I each year to have the right to use this segment of track. Just east of Eagle Mills at Diamond Junction, the WC track continues to run east-west, while the LS&I separates from the jointly used track and runs northsouth and then east-west through the northeastern portion of the Township. Within Eagle Mills, LS&I operates a rail yard facility, which is used for switching cars and storing cars and locomotives. Another segment of rail line runs southwest-northeast from Eagle Mills to the City of Negaunee. This segment of track is owned and used jointly by WC and LS&I. In the City of Negaunee, it connects with the heavily used iron ore pellet rail line that links the Tilden and Empire mines to the ore docks in Escanaba. Chapter 9- Page 26 �From this interchange, the iron ore line runs northwest-southeast right through where Negaunee Township, the City of Negaunee, and Richmond Township intersect. The profitable iron ore rail line was owned and operated by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Co. (C&NW) from the 1860s until April of 1995, when it was purchased by the Union Pacific Railroad Company, as part of a nationwide takeover of the entire C&NW system. About two years later, WC purchased this line along with rest of the old C&NW lines in the Upper Peninsula and Northern Wisconsin from Union Pacific. Wisconsin Central purchased the additional lines because it provided an opportunity to consolidate and more efficiently move freight. Within Marquette County, the Empire and Tilden mines are the main customers for both WC and LS&I. As mentioned above, the WC main iron ore line runs from the mines to the ore docks in Escanaba. The LS&I iron ore rail line, on the other hand, runs from the two mines to the ore docks in Marquette. The iron ore hauled to these docking operations is then loaded onto ships and transported to steel mills at Soo, Ontario and along the lower Great Lakes. In 1997, about 8 million tons of iron ore was hauled by LS&I, while WC hauled about 6 million tons. In addition to iron ore, WC hauls pulpwood, logs, iron scrap, fly ash, clay, and crushed limestone on its lines serving Marquette County. However, iron ore should remain the dominant commodity hauled by both WC and LS&I within the County in the foreseeable future. ~ With the recent acquisition of the old C&NW lines, Wisconsin Central is currently proposing to abandon the east-west rail line that runs from where LS&I splits (Diamond Junction) in Negaunee Township to Munising. WC is currently not hauling any freight along this segment of rail line. All the freight from this line is being shifted to the newly acquired rail line that runs from Partridge Junction, just north of the Empire Mine, to Escanaba. Wisconsin Central's main reasons for proposing abandonment of the Diamond Junction to Munising line are that there are no customers along this stretch and that the old C&NW line better serves its existing customers in Marquette and Baraga counties because of the distance and time savings. 9.15 Non-motorized Transportation Facilities In the past decade, a push around the country has been going on for the construction of facilities that serve non-motorized modes of transportation. This movement has been mainly fueled by the recent increase in the desire of individuals to be more physically active and the oil crises that occurred in the past. Non-motorized transportation facilities, such as bike lanes and walkways, provide individuals a safe alternative mode of transportation to vehicle and transit. Within Negaunee Township, the only example of a non-motorized facility is the wide shoulders provided along CR 480. The wider shoulders make bicycling, walking, and other non-motorized activities easier and safer along this heavily used county primary road. Currently, residents living along Midway Drive and North Road are requesting the Township and Road Commission to construct Chapter 9- Page 27 �wider shoulders along their respective roads. However, the roads would have to be entirely repaved in order to add wider shoulders, which the Road Commission has indicated is not financially feasible with its current budget. 9.16 Issues and Opportunities Negaunee Township should continue to prioritize local road improvement projects and work with the Marquette County Road Commission to schedule these projects as local and road commission funds become available. The renewal of the Township's road millage assessment will provide continued township funding is available for local road improvement projects. The townships around the State are lobbying the state legislature to include them in the Act 51 formula, which if changed will have a substantial impact on the future distribution of funding available for improvements to local roads. The new residential developments occurring in the northern portion of the Township, near the Hoist and McClure storage basins, will likely increase the level of traffic on CR 510, which will have an impact on the surface condition of the road. The recommendation to include CR 553 between Gwinn and Marquette as part of the priority north-south corridor through the central U.P., together with the County Board of Commissioners' decision to move the County airport to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB, will most likely increase the traffic levels along CR 480. Thus, the County, the Road Commission, and the communities served by CR 480 should work together to assure that this County primary road is maintained to a satisfactory level. Traffic counts taken by the Michigan Department of Transportation at several locations along state trunklines within the Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee urban corridor indicate that traffic volumes have increased along almost all segments of trunklines within the corridor area from 1975 to 1995. MDOT and the communities within the urban corridor need to use this data in making any future decisions on improving the traffic flow through the corridor area. An increasing amount of commercial traffic along M-35 between CR 480 and U.S. 41/M28 may become a significant issue in the Township in the near future, especially since this segment of road is winding, crosses a major railroad and travels through residential areas. Based on the Paser System analysis of the current surface conditions of paved road segments within the Township, about 50 percent of the paved road mileage within Negaunee Township is in need of resurfacing or reconstruction. The condition of roads in other townships in the County are either similar or worse. The Marquette County Chapter 9- Page 28 �Road Commission's current sources of funding for making improvements to the County road system, especially the local system, are just not adequate. As a result, the Road Commission and local communities need to continue to pressure the state and federal governments to increase revenues to improve the County road system. The Township needs to address potential problems and conflicts with residents who live on private roads. The Township needs to adequately provide notice to residents concerning the level of community service that will be provided, such as snowplowing, school bus pick up, road maintenance, law enforcement road patrol, and emergency services. If ridership continues to decrease on the Ishpeming fixed route that runs from the City of Marquette to the City of Ishpeming, Marq Tran may consider reducing the frequency of these services, thereby reducing the service potentially available to local residents. The new Regional Transportation (RTRAN) system will provide residents of Negaunee Township an alternative to the automobile for medium distance intercity travel or commuting within the central U.P. The aging of the local population could result in future needs for additional transportation services for the elderly and/or disabled. The recent acquisition of the Union Pacific rail lines by Wisconsin Central will likely improve the rail service provided to industries within Marquette County using rail to transport freight, especially the industries in the County that were clients of WC before the acquisition. The acquisition allowed WC to consolidate some rail lines within the U.P., which has resulted in a more efficient freight moving rail operation. With the County decision to relocate the County airport from Negaunee Township to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB, the Township and the County should coordinate their efforts with the Township Planning Commission for the reuse of the existing airport property. The development of non-motorized transportation facilities within the Township, such as bike lanes and walking paths, will promote non-motorized forms of transportation as a vital part of a community transportation system. · The Township, along with the Road Commission, should look for funding sources, like the Michigan Transportation Enhancement Program, for repaving Midway Drive and portions of North Road with wider shoulders to accommodate non-motorized forms of transportation. With Algoma Steel's recent announcement that it plans to take additional tonnage of iron ore from the Tilden Mine in the coming years, the levels of iron ore transported to the Marquette port by the LS&I railroad should increase. Chapter 9- Page 29 �10.0 MARQUETIE COUNTY AIRPORT 10.1 Introduction The Marquette County Airport has been located at the present site in southern Negaunee Township since the 1950s. Prior to that time, the airport was in southern Sands Township, at the location of the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. The airport was moved to Negaunee Township in 1957, when the military base was established, and has undergone a series of improvements and expansions since that time. Following the closure of K.I. Sawyer AFB in September 1995, the Marquette County Board voted to relocate the Marquette County Airport to K.I. Sawyer. 10.2 Existing Marquette County Airport The existing Marquette County Airport occupies approximately 650 acres north of U.S. 41/M-28, just north of the northeastern corner of the City of Negaunee. Access to the airport is provided by U.S. 41/M-28, which bisects the Marquette-Ishpeming-Negaunee urban corridor. The area around the airport contains a variety of commercial and industrial uses along the highway, with residential uses and forest to the north and west. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the current airport has two runways. The east/west runway is 6,500 feet in length, and the north/south runway is 3,000 feet in length. The configuration of the runways is sufficient to handle many jet aircraft; however, the airport is currently used only by turboprop planes with a maximum capacity of about 40 passengers. Buildings at the existing airport include the current passenger terminal, a former terminal building used by the Federal Aviation Administration and by the Fixed Base Operator(FBO) for the airport, and several industrial-type buildings and hangars. The buildings previously occupied by the Simmons Airlines Maintenance Facility have been vacated as a result of the move to the new AMR Eagle Regional Aircraft Maintenance Center at K.I. Sawyer, and will revert to County ownership once the move is complete. The existing terminal contains passenger check-in and baggage handling facilities, rental car counters and a gift shop downstairs, with a restaurant and office space in the second floor. The former terminal also contains office space. As of early 1998, three commercial airlines serve the Marquette County Airport. Mesaba Airlines (Northwest Airlink) provides service to Detroit and Minneapolis, where Northwest Airlines maintains hubs that provide access to connecting flights. Midwest Express (Skyway) offers service to Milwaukee and connecting flights. Great Lakes (United Express) offers service to Chicago O'Hare and Detroit. American Eagle (American Airlines) served the area until August 1996, when passenger service was discontinued due to a decline in passenger volumes. Skyway began serving Marquette County a few months after American Eagle discontinued service. As of February 1998, Chapter 10 - Page 1 �there have been reports that American Eagle may be interested in resuming passenger service to Marquette County. ,,--...,. I Passenger, cargo and air-carried mail volumes at the Marquette County Airport have fluctuated over the past 20 years, as a result of several factors. The number of total scheduled passengers (both enplanements and deplanements) at the Marquette County Airport increased steadily from the 1950s through the 1970s, as shown in Figure 10-1. With the advent of deregulation in the early 1980s, passenger volumes at all U.P. airports dropped significantly. Many smaller airports throughout the country lost jet service at this time, and service since the 1980s has been provided by smaller turboprop planes. Since 1980, the number of scheduled passengers at the Marquette County Airport has fluctuated, but the overall trend was upward until 1993, when over 104,000 scheduled passengers passed through the airport. Since 1993, passenger volume dropped to near the 1990 level, but has since begun to increase again. The drop in passenger volume from 1993 to 1995 may be largely attributable to the closure of K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base. During this time the County experienced a decline in population, an increase in unemployment, and an atmosphere of uncertainty as to what the future might bring. However, the last couple of years have seen a decrease in unemployment to the lowest level in over 25 years, and while base closure has certainly affected the local economy, the impact so far has not been as severe as many feared it would be. This may be at least partially responsible for the recent increase in air travel. It is interesting to note that the Marquette County Airport has experienced more enplanements (departures) than deplanements (arrivals) in most years. Several factors may be responsible, including cancellation of flights or diversion to other airports, causing persons to return to an airport other than Marquette; one-way air travel, with passengers returning by other means; and one-way travel with no return trip. This trend of enplanements exceeding deplanements is also found at other U.P. airports. In addition to the scheduled passenger service available at the airport, charter services are available, and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources keeps a plane at the airport for use by state employees needing travel to Lansing or other areas. A number of local pilots also keep planes at the Marquette County Airport. The number of passengers on charter flights varies significantly, with data available only since 1988. In 1989 charter passenger volume (enplanements and deplanements) peaked at 8,754; in 1992, only 683 total passengers used charter flights. From 1993 to 1996, charter passenger numbers were fairly stable, ranging from 1,16°'in 1996 to 1,453 in 1995; in 1997 there were 824 total charter passengers. In the late 1980s and 1990, charter passengers equaled about 11 percent of the total scheduled passengers; during the last few years, charter flights have accounted for less than 2 percent of passenger volume. Chapter 10 - Page 2 �.--- ~ ,,[ 0 f) TABLE 10-1 PASSENGERS AT U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS Airport 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Marquette County Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 67,951 33,718 34,233 75,210 37,171 37,039 78,116 39,094 39,022 88,520 44,050 44,470 103,575 52,223 51,352 104,537 52,500 52,037 95,925 48,148 47,777 79,412 40,015 ·39,397 83,205 42,052 41,153 82,048 41,900 40,148 Delta County (Escanaba) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 40,269 21,464 18,805 21,442 10,865 10,577 26,094 13,476 12,618 28,197 14,366 13,831 31,929 16,301 15,628 29,986 15,163 14,823 37,895 19,055 18,840 35,913 18,270 17,643 42,131 21,549 20,582 41,304 20,627 20,677 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 38,247 18,676 19,571 17,396 8,683 8,713 21,216 10,634 10,582 16,735 8,288 8,447 20,113 10,085 10,028 23,396 11,724 11,672 21,214 10,562 10,652 21,092 10,579 10,513 19,686 9,870 9,816 13,654 6,787 6,867 Houghton County Memorial Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 49,330 24,796 24,534 41,615 21,167 20,448 45,568 23,099 22,469 42,748 21,547 21,201 42,556 21,165 21,391 37,888 18,917 18,971 40,969 20,558 20,411 40,762 20,484 20,278 45,468 22,885 22,583 47,687 23,974 23,713 Twin County (Menominee) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 20,098 10,211 9,887 2,118 1,056 1,062 3,224 1,624 1,600 3,534 1,811 1,723 3,597 1,834 1,763 2,999 1,491 1,508 2,927 1,297 1,330 1,525 704 821 182 72 110 na na na Gogebic County Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 23,990 11,533 12,457 5,889 2,996 2,893 10,155 5,072 5,083 8,301 4,194 4,107 8,220 4,074 4,146 9,727 4,870 4,857 8,702 4,330 4,372 6,413 3,183 3,230 5,341 2,670 2,671 3,128 1,548 1,580 Chippewa County International (Kinross) Total Scheduled Passengers Enplanements Deplanements 21,657 10,736 10,921 1,077 5,017 5,060 17,354 8,844 8,510 17,493 8,814 8,679 19,489 9,849 9,640 18,099 9,139 8,960 17,947 9,244 8,703 18,826 9,545 9,281 17,409 8,821 8,588 10,192 5,227 4,965 Chapter 10 - Page 3 �FIGURE 10-1 TOTAL SCHEDULED PASSENGERS, U.P. AIRPORTS, 1970-1997 120,000 D 100,000 D □ D □ 80,000 D □ . Ill Cl) CII C m 60,000 (V 0. 40,000 20,000 ,,r . . -"::(. I I 1976 1978 0 1970 1972 1974 ~ r===t I , - I t---1 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 I I I 1992 1994 1996 Vear -<>- Chippewa County -a- Delta County -tr-ford _._ Hougton County -0- Marquette County -+-Twin County ~ Gogebic County Source: MDOT, Bureau of Transportation Planning, lntermodal Section, 1997. Chapter 10 - Page 4 ) ) ) �D t) TABLE 10-2 AIR CARRIED CARGO AND PACKAGED FREIGHT AT U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS (POUNDS) Airport 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 288,200 74,600 213,600 69,565 24,642 44,913 73,534 22,864 50,670 79,819 26,871 52,948 61,128 21,323 39,805 82,688 21,268 61,420 77,851 28,730 49,121 54,978 21,417 43,561 53,683 16,264 37,419 305,800 93,060 212,740 50,600 21,000 296,000 956,088 248,559 707,529 949,206 316,153 633,053 1,084,357 539,605 544,752 1,542,412 770,625 771,787 1,527,072 688,713 838,359 1,051,536 458,682 592,854 893,797 342,689 551,108 1,086,531 419,369 667,162 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 486,232 142,553 343,679 23,400 4,000 19,400 1,039,821 432,777 607,044 1,237,587 515,529 722,058 1,544,203 602,838 941,365 1,621,980 575,414 1,046,576 1,772,130 577,370 1,194,760 1,767,087 558,079 1,209,008 2,040,446 709,929 1,330,517 2,548,431 950,734 1,597,697 Houghton County Memorial Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 265,579 100,696 165,063 94,000 48,000 46,000 194,394 99,110 95,284 223,292 99,174 124,118 271,098 109,388 161,710 328,483 119,821 208,662 403,160 92,305 310,855 368,979 93,714 275,265 548,061 217,204 330,857 809,544 329,105 480,439 Twin County (Menominee) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 150,029 41,980 108,849 1,800 400 1,400 240,324 148,152 92,172 303,903 162,762 141,141 303,227 164,172 139,055 372,002 191,473 180,529 388,966 219,507 169,459 508,996 276,649 232,347 704,307 394,910 309,397 659,415 367,090 292,325 Gogebic County Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 62,555 15,432 47,123 6,092 562 5,530 142,721 61,664 81,057 158,140 60,545 97,595 171,340 73,824 97,516 189,522 78,623 110,899 230,176 97,011 133,165 170,443 68,972 101,471 304,226 125,072 179,154 356,313 177,499 178,814 103,550 40,421 63,129 22,800 5,600 17,200 5,708 2,018 3,690 3,791 1,803 1,988 7,937 2,906 5,031 4,731 1,074 3,657 7,190 753 6,437 6,682 2,468 4,394 2,987 1,340 1,647 4,206 2,403 1,803 1980 1985 Marquette County Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned 495,648 101,447 394,201 Delta County (Escanaba) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Chippewa County International (Kinross) Total Cargo and Freight Enplaned Deplaned Chapter 10 - Page 5 �FIGURE 10-2 TOTAL AIR CARRIED CARGO & PACKAGE FREIGHT (LBS.), U.P. AIRPORTS, 1970-1997 3,000,000 ...--- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----, 2,500,000 2,000,000 Ill -g 5 1,500,000 a. 1,000,000 500,000 0 1910 19n 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Year -<>- Chippewa County -o- Delta County --ts- ford ~ -o- Marquette County -+- Twin County Houghton County ~ Gogebic County Source: MOOT, Bureau of Transportation Planning, lntermodal Section, 1997. Chapter 10 - Page 6 ~ ) ) �The amount of air carried cargo and package freight handled at the Marquette County Airport peaked in the mid 1970s, and generally declined until 1990 (Figure 10-2). Since then, the amount of cargo and freight has remained fairly constant at between 50,000 and 100,000 pounds per year, as shown in Table 10-2. The amount of incoming cargo and freight far exceeds outgoing cargo and freight in most years, with incoming (deplaned) freight averaging 65-80 percent of total volume. The amount of cargo and freight handled at the Marquette County Airport is significantly less than at other area airports; Delta County Airport handled over 1 million pounds in 1997, while Ford Airport in Dickinson County handled over 2.5 million pounds. The amount of air carried mail was, until 1980, a fairly significant factor at most U.P. airports. From the 1950s until 1980, the Marquette County Airport generally handled between 27,000 and 280,000 pounds of mail per year, averaging about 60,000 to 80,000 pounds per year. Since 1980, however, the amount of air carried mail has dropped to none in some years to a high of 6,951 pounds in 1990, as shown in Table 10-3. Mail that is handled locally is almost entirely outgoing mail, with little or no incoming air carried mail in most years. This trend occurred at most U.P. airports; some airports have seen air carried mail cease entirely. Most air carried mail is now delivered by truck to larger airports, where it is then placed on airplanes, virtually eliminating the use of smaller airports for air carried mail. 10.3 K.I. Sawyer Facilities K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was established during the 1950s, and during nearly 40 years of existence was home to fighter planes, bombers, and tankers. The location of the base, with access to polar routes to the former Soviet Union, was considered critical during the Cold War years. With the end of the Cold War, the U.S. government began to reassess the need for military facilities. Legislation was adopted calling for review of military facilities by an independent panel known as the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission, and reviews were conducted in 1991, 1993 and 1995. The 1993 closure list, which was signed by the President in June, 1993, included K.I. Sawyer. At the time closure was announced, B-52H Stratofortress bombers and KC-135A Stratotankers were based at K.I. Sawyer. Military employment at the time closure was announced was approximately 3,600, with an additional 1,100 civilian and contract employees. Over the next two years, personnel and equipment were transferred to other Air Force facilities, and the process of conversion to civilian uses was begun. When the base officially closed on September 30, 1995, four businesses were already located at the base, providing a handful of jobs for area residents. Chapter 10 - Page 7 �TABLE 10-3 AIR CARRIED MAIL, U.P. AIRPORTS, SELECTED YEARS 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1980 Marquette County Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 18,300 16,956 1,344 1,117 1,115 2 6,951 6,951 0 5,929 5,929 0 5,666 5,666 0 2,995 2,991 4 3,747 3,733 14 7323 7218 105 4933 4703 230 2,966 2,616 350 Delta County (Escanaba) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 16,921 15,339 1,582 14,176 14,176 0 3,304 3,304 0 3,010 2,979 31 2,809 2,809 0 3,547 3,547 0 2,887 2,741 146 2528 2524 4 2852 2852 0 4,192 4,136 56 Ford (Iron Mountain) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 834,411 22,240 812,171 24,272 19,810 4,462 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Houghton County Memorial Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 18,736 18,736 0 5,261 3,008 2,253 1,479 1,479 0 1,738 1,738 0 1,856 1,856 0 2,416 2,350 66 3,184 3,012 172 2529 2483 46 2978 2455 523 2,313 2,288 25 Twin County (Menominee) Total Air Carried !\jail Enplaned Deplaned 25,653 25,483 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Gogebic County (Ironwood) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 156 19 137 140 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 242 242 0 671 634 37 547 476 71 440 440 0 659 659 0 1,429 1,429 0 25,657 6,971 18,686 4,661 2,719 1,942 0 0 0 n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s n/s Chippewa County International (Kinross) Total Air Carried Mail Enplaned Deplaned 1985 1991 Airport Chapter 10 - Page 8 ~ ) >i) ) �K.I. Sawyer encompasses about 5,200 acres, containing a 12,300-foot airstrip, associated taxiways and approach aprons, two control towers, over 300 industrial and commercial buildings, and over 1,600 housing units. Some of the buildings are currently occupied by industrial or commercial enterprises, or by individuals and families; over 300 housing units were occupied as of February 1998. Buildings and facilities not owned or leased by private companies or individuals are still owned by the U.S. Air Force, and a "caretaker'' agreement provides for operation of certain facilities and protection from deterioration. The Air Force, under the caretaker agreement, operates the water and sewer systems, and provides for resource and fire protection and general maintenance of the unleased portions of the base. Unoccupied buildings have been "pickled," with plumbing systems drained and winterized. The primary focus of the caretaker agreement, with regard to unoccupied facilities, is to prevent significant deterioration. Industrial and commercial firms located on the former base include the following: a sawmill with over 100 employees and utilizing 90 million board feet of timber per year; a regional aircraft maintenance facility employing over 200; a manufacturer of electronic switches that employs over 50; several smaller manufacturing firms, contractors, etc.; and a golf course, veterinary clinic, medical clinic, day care center, and bank. The aircraft maintenance facility at Sawyer represents an expansion and relocation of the former Simmons Airlines facility located at the existing airport. Now known as the AMR Eagle Regional Aircraft Maintenance Center, Inc., the facility occupies four buildings at Sawyer. A Memorandum of Understanding negotiated between the County and AMR Eagle in 1996 calls for improvements to these buildings and the airfield to be made by the County, as well as a County buyout of the remaining balance due on the Simmons buildings at the County airport. Grant funds from the state and federal government have covered the majority of the cost of the building improvements. 10.4 Airport Relocation A base reuse plan was prepared during the time the base was being closed, and one of the recommendations of that plan was that the Marquette County Airport be moved to K.I. Sawyer. The County Board gave a tentative endorsement of that recommendation, passing a resolution to move the airport if such a move could be shown to be economically feasible. In August 1996, a new resolution was passed, stating that the airport would be moved. Greiner, Inc., the consulting firm who prepared the base reuse plan, was retained by Marquette County to prepare a reuse plan for the existing Marquette County Airport. The plan, completed in August 1996, examined issues related to reuse of the property, including environmental contamination, legal issues related to property ownership, the impact on current airport tenants, and potential alternatives for reuse. The study also makes recommendations regarding a marketing strategy for the property. Chapter 10 - Page 9 �Environmental contamination is known to exist at six locations at the airport. These sites include the former VORTAC/Fire Training Area, the former bulk fuel storage facility, two sites associated with the Simmons Airlines facility, and the two septic fields. The recommended course of action is to conduct further sampling to identify the extent and nature of the contamination, and identify remediation measures. The property on which the airport is situated consists of several parcels which were acquired at various times during the development of the airport. Several of these parcels were acquired from The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company (CCIC), which retains repurchase rights in the event the property should be offered for sale by the County. CCIC has indicated that it is not interested in repurchasing these parcels. Parcels which were acquired with funding from the Federal Aviation Administration typically require reinvestment of the federal share if those parcels are sold. However, Marquette County is working with the FAA to waive the reinvestment provisions in this case. All tenants utilizing space at the airport in 1996 were contacted with regard to their willingness to move to Sawyer. The majority of the commercial tenants, including Northern Michigan Aviation, the rental car companies serving the airport, WLUC-TV and others, expressed willingness to relocate if the airport is moved. Some tenants, however, such as Northern Michigan Aviation, said they would prefer to remain at the present location. Several of the tenants who keep private airplanes at the airport expressed concerns, or indicated they would be unwilling to relocate. Concerns were primarily based on uncertainty regarding cost, according to the reuse report. Reuse options recommended by the study include housing development, office space, recreation, and limited commercial and industrial uses. The existing terminal and former terminal were identified as suitable for office space, while the portion of the property which fronts directly on U.S. 41/M-28 would be most desirable for commercial use. Some hangars appear to be relocatable, and were recommended for relocation to Sawyer; hangars which are not relocatable could be used for storing vehicles or equipment. The study identifies a sports complex containing tennis courts, exercise rooms, weight training, etc. as a possible recreational reuse for the former Simmons hangar. Initial alternatives identified by Greiner included a golf course and correctional facility; the County Board directed the consultants not to consider these alternatives further. Although the airfield facilities at K.I. Sawyer are in good condition and were wellmaintained, extensive modification is required to make the airfield suitable for use as a civilian airport. The single most costly item is the construction of a new passenger terminal, estimated to cost over $3 million. Other improvements include relocation and upgrade of runway lights, installation of new instrument landing (ILS) and automated weather observation (AWOS) systems, fuel farm improvements, runway approach lighting, and other relatively minor improvements. Chapter 10 - Page 10 �The County has been awarded grants from the Economic Development Administration and the FAA to cover the cost of many airfield improvements at K.I. Sawyer. Relocation and upgrade of runway lights, the new ILS and AWOS systems, design of the new passenger terminal, fuel farm improvements, and a portion of terminal construction are included in these grants. A second grant is being applied for to cover the remaining cost of the new terminal, as well as other airfield and non-airfield items. Delays in the application process for this grant have resulted in pushing back the target date for moving airport operations. Original projections were to have the airport operational at Sawyer by the end of 1998; current expectations are that the airport will move in mid to late 1999. Since the decision to move the airport was finalized in August 1996, occasional concerns were expressed regarding this decision. The level of concern appeared to increase in the fall of 1997, with questions being raised about the cost of the move, weather conditions at Sawyer, the lack of a crosswind runway at Sawyer, and the increased distance from the urban corridor. Some groups and individuals are also concerned about the potential effect of the move on the local tax base, and the impact on the economic health of the urban corridor. A group of local physicians has expressed concern regarding the distance from Marquette General Hospital, and have asked that the Negaunee Township location be available for air ambulance use. Negaunee Township stands to lose tax revenues as a result of the move, and there is concern that there will be a loss of businesses at and around the airport. Negaunee Township officials and others have also expressed a desire to see airport operations continued at the Negaunee Township location, even if the County airport is moved. They believe that an industrial airpark may be feasible, and that a private entity may be willing to operate the facility without state or federal funding. The County Board has taken the position that airfield uses at the current site should not be permitted once the airport is moved. Although many of the questions now being asked with regard to airport relocation should perhaps have been addressed to a greater extent during the decision process, it would appear that the Marquette County Board is unwilling to reconsider the decision. The grants which have been obtained from EDA and the FAA are predicated upon the airport moving, and a significant amount of funding from those grants has been obligated. The AMR Eagle maintenance center move to Sawyer is nearly complete, and several hundred thousand dollars in grant funds have been expended for that project. At the very least, continued operation of the maintenance facility at Sawyer would require maintenance of airfield operations at Sawyer even if the airport does not move, resulting in a financial burden to the County. In summary, it appears unlikely that the decision to move the airport will change. Chapter 10 - Page 11 �10.5 Issues and Opportunities A decline in scheduled passenger volumes occurred since 1993, although most recent figures indicate that this decline may be turning around. The possible return of American Eagle passenger service to Marquette County could increase options for local air travelers. The amount of cargo and freight handled at the airport has declined considerably since the mid 1980s, but has stabilized in recent years. There are several sites of environmental contamination at the existing airport, which may affect the ability to reuse the property for other uses. The proposed move of the airport to K.I. Sawyer would result in a loss of tax base in Negaunee Township, as personal property is moved from the site. The airport relocation could offer a long-term opportunity to increase the local tax base and diversify the local economy by developing the existing airport property for residential, commercial, industrial and recreational uses. If redevelopment is unsuccessful, however, the long-term issue could be one of blight and deterioration of the former airport facility. The relocation of the County airport may affect the traffic pattern in and around Negaunee Township, with increased use of CR 480 and M-35 to travel to the Sawyer location. The potential loss of traffic on U.S. 41/M-28 could have a negative effect on businesses in the urban corridor, particularly in the area near the existing airport. It is uncertain what effect the airport relocation may have on freight and cargo volumes and passenger volumes. The increased distance form the urban corridor may mean that alternate means of shipping or travel will be used, or that other airports outside the County will be utilized more by local residents and businesses. · As businesses associated with the airport, such as the AMR maintenance facility, move to K.I. Sawyer, local residents who work at these businesses may move from the Township in order to be closer to their place of work. Chapter 10 - Page 12 �11.0 GOALS, POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES 11.1 Introduction Throughout the preceding chapters of this plan, detailed information has been presented defining the historical trends and current situation in Negaunee Township. This background information has helped the Planning Commission to gain an understanding of the forces which have shaped the growth and development of the Township to this point. In order for a community to have a sound plan for growth and development, it is essential that goals be set. Such goals are broad statements which reflect desired future conditions, and are based on the background information, assumptions, alternatives and policy variables presented earlier. More specific policies and objectives are then developed, which define actions which can be taken to implement the goals. The final stage of the planning process, which is implementation of the plan, begins once the goals, policies and objectives have been defined. The first step in plan implementation is the adoption of this plan by the Planning Commission following a public hearing and consideration of any public comments received. Plan implementation continues through adherence to the goals, policies and objectives set forth in this plan. It should be emphasized, however, that these goals, policies and objectives are not "cast in concrete." While the planning commission has developed these goals, policies and objectives based on the best information available, and the needs of the community at a point in time, changing needs and desires within the community, or changes in the local population or economy may mean that these goals, policies and objectives will need to be re-evaluated. This plan must remain flexible enough to respond to changing needs and conditions, while still providing a strong guiding mechanism for future development. The Planning Commission, Township Board, and Township staff, together with other groups, organizations and individuals, can use this plan as a dynamic decision-making tool, and should assure that the plan is referred to frequently and updated periodically. To assist in understanding the nature of the goals, objectives and policies presented on the following pages, the following definitions are presented: Goal: A broad statement of a desired future condition, the generalized end toward which all efforts are directed. Goals are often stated in terms of fulfilling broad public needs, or alleviating major problems. Goals are generally difficult to measure and are idealistic. Chapter 11 - Page 1 �Policy: A statement of position or course of action which provides a means of obtaining a stated goal. Policies are factual in nature, and can be measured by the impact they have on existing conditions. Objective: A specific attainable end derived from a related goal or policy to be accomplished within a specific time. When attained, they represent significant and measurable progress toward a goal, thus providing a means of evaluating progress. 11.2 Economy Explanation: The Township is located in the Marquette-Negaunee-Ishpeming urban area. Expansion of the urban area from the Marquette area bas and will continue to come into the Township. The Planning Commission should carefully review the zoning ordinance in order to accommodate future economic growth. Service and retail jobs are the largest employment sector county-wide, as well as for Township residents. The mining industry is an important part of the local economy. Redevelopment of the soon to be vacated County airport will offer the opportunity for possible commercial and industrial uses as well as an increase in the tax base and employment levels. The former Pioneer Pellet Plant facility is also an area for possible industrial use. A private industrial park is located within the township. Provide a diversified and stable economy within Negaunee Township. Policies: 1. Encourage businesses and industries already located in the area to remain in the community, and encourage the expansion of these firms, except in cases where such uses are nonconforming, or where those uses do not comply with state and federal standards. 2. Where nonconforming uses and/or violations of state or federal standards exist, encourage firms to become conforming and come into compliance, in order to retain the existing economic base while reducing land use conflicts and potential for negative impacts on the environment. 3. Insure that adequate sites are available for new developments or expansions of existing firms. Considerations of the adequacy o~a site should include the types of municipal services that could be provided. Chapter 11 - Page 2 �c::,., 4. If and when the Marquette County Airport vacates its present Negaunee Township location, encourage the reuse of the airport property for commercial, industrial and residential uses. 5. Encourage the appropriate and orderly commercial development along US41/M28. 6. Encourage the development and maintenance of the infrastructure and services which support the orderly development in the township. 7. Encourage the cleanup of sites of environmental contamination so that contaminated sites can be made available for development and potential health hazards can be eliminated. Cleanup for commercial or industrial reuse may be easier, due to less stringent requirements compared to sites for residential development. 8. New developments should be encouraged to occur in so-called "brownfield" sites rather than creating new developments in previously undeveloped areas. 9. Development served by private roads should be built to County road standards. The Township should not recommend roads for inclusion into the County road system unless they are already built to County Road Commission standards. 10. Encourage commercial developments in areas that can be served by the municipal water system. ~ ,,-----..._ Obiectives: Work with the Marquette County Economic Development Corporation and the Lake Superior Community Partnership along with governmental units to promote economic development throughout Marquette County. 2. Examine the present zoning designations of the area where the present County airport is located to determine if areas should be rezoned to encourage an compatible mix of commercial, industrial and residential uses. 3. Continually examine and identify areas within the Township that would be suitable for industrial and commercial use. 4. Expand the existing water service area to serve existing and planned commercial establishments. 5. Actively promote and expand the industrial and commercial base of the township. Chapter 11 - Page 3 �11.3 Natural Features Explanation: The natural features of the township can both inhibit and encourage development. Bedrock outcroppings, areas of steep slope and certain soils can limit development. Water features, especially the Hoist and McClure Basins, attract new residential development. Goal: Preserve and enhance the natural environment of Negaunee Township. Policies: 1. Protect the ground and surface waters from contamination from improper sewage disposal practices. 2. Ensure that the use of the land and the intensity of the use is suitable to the natural environment. 3. Encourage the reuse of existing industrial sites rather than creating new developments in previously undeveloped areas. 4. Encourage the cleanup of environmentally contaminated sites in the Township, to remove potential threats to human health and safety and to the environment. 5. Define areas where the natural environment may constrain land use, such as areas of shallow bedrock, high water table, etc. 6. Discourage inappropriate development in areas which are vulnerable to future onsite septic system failure and groundwater contamination. 7. Identify development constraints within waterfront areas, where pressures for development may be the highest and the environment is potentially more fragile. Objectives: 1. Work with the various agencies to protect ground and surface waters from contamination caused by point and non-point sources of pollution. 2. Utilize detailed soil survey information, and wetlnd maps when making rezoning decisions, in order to insure that lot sizes, setbacks and other requirements are sufficient to protect the natural environment. Chapter 11 - Page 4 . �3. Using zoning and other land use controls, encourage a pattern of land use which minimizes environmental impact, encourages economic growth in appropriate areas, and maintains the natural features of the community. 11.4 Land Use Explanation: Historically, land use in the area has been influenced by the mining industry. Commercial development has occurred along the US41/M28 highway corridor. Newer residential development is also taking place around the two storage basins. Though the majority of the lands in the Township are forested, the Township contains the second highest concentration of urban and built up lands of any township in the county. New subdivisions are occurring north of US41/M28, reflecting the trend of developing residential areas in rural outskirts of urban areas. Known areas of contamination may adversely affect development; sites need to be remediated. Establish a land use pattern in Negaunee Township which minimizes land use conflicts, provides for development in areas where adequate facilities exist or can be provided, and protects the health, safety and welfare of Township residents. Policies: 1. Access from both commercial and residential developments onto state trunklines and other heavily-traveled roadways should be limited in order to avoid traffic congestion problems and alleviate safety hazards. 2. Encourage commercial developments to utilize shared driveways to limit the number of access points onto busy roadways. 3. Encourage the preservation of open spaces and the rural character in the outlying portions of the Township. 4. Discourage the spot zoning of commercial and industrial areas within the Township. 5. Ensure that the zoning ordinance is consistent with the physical limitations of the environment, such as soil suitability, slope, etc, and with the ability to provide municipal services, such as water and sewer. 6. Coordinate land use activities with the adjacent municipalities of City of Negaunee and the Townships of Ishpeming, Marquette, Sands and Richmond. Chapter 11 - Page S �7. Protect both the ground and surface waters from contamination caused by improper or failing septic systems 8. Encourage greater density in areas that are served by or have the potential of being served by the Township water system. 9. Encourage the preservation of open space for the enjoyment of Township residents. 10. Encourage new and expanding industries to locate in areas where appropriate services are available and surrounding uses are compatible. 11. Encourage new and expanding retail and service firms to locate in areas which are easily accessible. Objectives: 1. Review the existing zoning ordinance to ensure that the ordinance provides for the proper, and orderly development of commercial and industrial areas within the Township. 2. Review the existing zoning ordinance to ensure consistency with physical characteristics of the environment. 3. Strongly enforce the zoning ordinance to ensure that land use is consistent with the land capability and suitability, the ability to provide services and the desired future condition of the Township. 4. Eliminate the use of privies and holding tanks as a means of on-site sewage disposal. 5. Where possible, new and existing commercial developments should construct a frontage road along US41/M-28 to serve their establishments. 11.5 Housing Explanation: The predominate housing type is the single family, owner-occupied home. Seasonal homes have been constructed in the northern area of the Township, especially around the Hoist and McClure Basin area. With the sale of the Longyear Realty lands to private individuals, there will be increased demands fQJ" year round residences and other development. Other housing developments are taking place in areas not served by municipal water. Housing demand in the Township will likely remain strong in the future. Chapter 11 • Page 6 �Encourage the creation of an adequate supply of affordable, safe and sanitary housing, offering a choice of housing types. Policies: 1. Encourage new housing developments to locate in areas zoned for residential developments which have the capability to provide needed services. 2. Mobile homes offer an affordable housing option for many people. 3. Educate the public regarding federal and state grants and loans that are available to the public for rehabilitation of single and multi-family housing and for the purchase of homes. 4. Private roads serving residential developments should be constructed to County Road Commission standards. 5. Encourage the orderly and appropriate development of the waterfront lands and areas in the northern area of the Township. 6. Encourage continued development and maintenance of single-family houses, in a variety of sizes, styles and settings. 7. Encourage the rehabilitation and maintenance of existing housing stock to provide safe living conditions and prevent deterioration and blight. Objectives: Establish minimum lot sizes that do not degrade the environment. 2. As seasonal homes become year-around homes, the Township should establish reasonable standards including wells, permanent septic systems, suitable access roads, sufficient right of way and type of road surface. The zoning ordinance should indicate that the Planning Commission is the body to grant such a request through the conditional use permit process. 3. Residential zoning districts should provide for a variety of densities; denser development should be in areas where utilities and natural features are suitable for such development. 4. Continue to enforce local ordinances regarding blight and deterioration, to eliminate hazards to public health and safety. Chapter 11 - Page 7 �11.6 Transportation Explanation: Two highways (US41/M28 and M35) serve the Township, along with a network of county roads. The private automobile remains a primary means of local transportation. With about 50 percent of the paved roads in the township in need of resurfacing or reconstruction, continued maintenance and improvements should be of prime concern. There are a number of private roads that have been constructed that provide access to existing or newly created subdivisions or lot splits. Ridership on the Marg Tran Ishpeming route has declined in recent years. At present the County airport is located in the township, but will soon be relocated to the former K.I. Sawyer AFB. The relocation will have an impact on the transportation patterns of those using the new airport. Goal: Provide a transportation network which provides for the safe and efficient movement of people and goods throughout the township. Policies: 1. Encourage the Marquette County Road Commission to consider local priorities when funding and scheduling road projects throughout the county. 2. Encourage the improvement of inadequate and substandard roads in the township. 3. Private roads serving residential developments should be constructed to County Road Commission standards. Objectives: 1. Continue working with the Marquette County Road Commission in setting road improvement priorities. 2. Improve and upgrade the inadequate and substandard roads within Negaunee Township. 3. Communicate to MDOT and State legislators concerns the Township has regarding the impacts to the Township regarding any state takeover of local roads. Chapter 11 - Page 8 �4. Develop a connector road between Midway Drive (CRSlO) and US41/M-28 to alleviate traffic congestion problems. 11.7 Community Facilities and Services Explanation: The Township provides a number of municipal services to its residents, including fire protection, refuse collection, and road repairs. Municipal water is provided within a limited area one mile north and south of U.S. 41/M28 and; the current system capacity is adequate to expand the service area. Other services are provided by other levels of government, such as the City of Negaunee for library, County sheriff for law enforcement and emergency medical/rescue services. The availability of such services are a critical part of community quality of life and also play a role in economic development. Goal: Provide public services as desired by Township residents at the least possible cost and, at the same time, protect the health and well-being of Township residents. Policies: 1. Make needed improvements to the Township public water system. 2. Provide adequate fire and police protection to all areas of the Township. 3. Continue to work with the Marquette County Landfill Authority and other agencies to solve the solid waste problems. 4. Provide sanitary sewers within the Township as dictated by growth. 5. Utilize state and federal grants and/or loans to secure funding to expand and/or provide municipal water and sewer services. 6. Develop a multi-year Capital Improvement Plan for the Township, to be used as a Jong-range planning and budgeting tool. Objectives: • 1. Install sanitary sewer service to the more densely populated areas of the Township. 2. Work with the City of Negaunee in utilizing its wastewater treatment plant to provide sanitary sewer services to Township residents . Chapter 11 - Page 9 �3. Expand the water service area to include the US 41 corridor. 4. Install a second outlet from the well field and along County Road 492 to provide water to LS&I railroad property and businesses and households on M-35. 5. Install a water main under U.S. 41/M-28 at Brebner Road and loop the line back to Midway Drive, which would improve the service of the system and reduce freezing problems. 6. Construct a second water line from the wells, which would improve the flow and allow an additional 40 residential homes in the M-35 vicinity to connect to the system. 7. Budget and construct a new Department of Public Works garage facility. 11.8 Recreation/Historical Explanation: There are eight publicly owned park and recreation sites within the township which provide a wide spectrum of recreational opportunities. There are a variety of recreational facilities located in communities adjacent to the Township. Many of the historic sites in the area are directly related to the early iron mining industry. Several of these properties are listed on the state or national register of historic/ places. Establish a community-wide system of parks, open space and recreational facilities that will provide adequate, convenient, and high quality recreational opportunities on a yearround basis. Policies: 1. Ensure that existing and newly developed residential areas are provided with adequate and accessible park and recreational facilities. 2. Correlate new recreational development with land capability and suitability. 3. Provide safe and adequate accessibility to all community park and recreational areas for pedestrians and bicyclists as well as motorists. 4. Develop multi-use and/or year-round use recreatk>nal facilities when such uses are compatible or seasonal in nature so that the benefits from expenditures for recreation can be maximized. Chapter 11 - Page 10 �5. Design recreational areas and facilities that eliminate deficiencies set forth in this Plan. 6. Make full use of State and Federal assistance programs to develop recreational areas and facilities. 7. Promote the development of bicycle paths and snowmobile trails in appropriate areas. Develop a snowmobile trail system so as not to disturb existing residences. Objectives: 1. Develop facilities at existing park sites to meet community park and recreational needs. 2. Develop Township-owned land to serve "Neighborhood Park" recreational needs. 3. Construct bike paths on Midway Drive (County Road 502) and on North Road (JA). Goal: Provide a system of recreational opportunities in Negaunee Township which will adequately accommodate all of the Township age groups and target populations, including handicapped and physically impaired. Policies: 1. Develop active and passive recreational areas and facilities which serve needs of elderly, minority, or special populations. 2. Ensure that minimum levels of recreation services are provided to all Township residents. Utilize standards, surveys, and other methods to determine needs. Objectives: 1. Develop recreational facilities to provide for barrier-free access and conformance with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 and other applicable State and Federal regulations. Goal: Encourage the preservation and expansion of recreational shoreline and other waterbased opportunities for water-oriented recreation . • Chapter 11 - Page 11 �Policies: 1. Promote and endorse efforts to improve or maintain the water quality of the McClure Basin and the Hoist Basin, as well as the other Township recreational lakes and streams. 2. Encourage efforts directed at improving both the visual and physical characteristics of shoreline areas through sound environmental and engineering practices. 3. Take advantage of opportunities to expand and develop public access and other facilities which further encourage boating, fishing, and other water-related uses of the reservoirs and streams as deemed appropriate. 4. Improve the environmental characteristics of the Morgan Pond area including the preservation/creation of wetland acreage, to increase the quality and variety of recreational experiences. Conserve, protect, and beautify other natural resources in the Township. Policies: 1. Ensure that environmental and aesthetic qualities of the Township are considered when planning for park and recreational development. 2. Preserve and maintain natural drainageways and other natural resource areas in and around the Township. 3. Encourage the preservation of sites with historic or architectural value. 4. Preserve and enhance the diversity of the ecosystem and historic integrity of the Morgan Pond area. Encourage cooperation and coordination with the school district and other recreational service providers. Chapter 11 - Page 12 �Policies: 1. Coordinate recreational planning and implementation of activities to avoid duplication of services and effort so as to make optimal use of financial and other resources. 2. Encourage cooperative or joint development of facilities by adjoining communities. 3. Encourage cooperation with the MDNR Forest Management Division regarding mutual planning concerns for the Hoist Basin and support improvements to the public access sites. 4. Encourage cooperation with the Marquette County Natural Resources Commission and Planning Commission regarding mutual planning concerns. 5. Encourage cooperative community/school projects to improve and expand recreational facilities at the public schools. 6. Encourage recreational opportunities consistent with this Plan which fill deficiencies indicated in City, County and State recreational plans. 7. Encourage review of Township plans by the County, regional planning agencies, and surrounding local governmental units. Goal: Encourage continued involvement of Township residents in planning for park and recreational development. Policies: 1. Develop greater community involvement in current and future recreational plans. 2. Conduct public meetings to encourage citizen input in developing the Township Recreation Plan. 3. Encourage participation of elderly and handicapped citizens at park and recreational meetings. 4. Hold annual public meetings to review, revise, and maintain a realistic and workable Township Recreation Plan. 5. Promote positive attitudes towards recreation in the Township. Chapter 11 - Page 13 �6. Encourage volunteer efforts by citizens and/or service clubs whenever feasible in all aspects of recreational area development, operations, and maintenance. Upgrade existing, and develop new, tourist-oriented areas and facilities. Policies: 1. Encourage greater involvement of the private sector in recreational development including financing. 2. Encourage major landowners to consider the potential in the recreational use of their holdings; such as conservation easements, or developing recreational facilities. 3. Encourage the development of tourist service facilities (i.e., grocery stores, laundries, and similar facilities) in areas which have high concentrations of tourists but are remote from permanent population centers. 4. Encourage further development of the State and Federal lands within the Township for tourist use. 5. Encourage improvement of the Township, County, and the regional transportation network to accommodate the increasing tourist traffic. 6. Encourage improvement of the Township's attractiveness to vacationers. 7. Encourage the development of snowmobile and hiking trails in appropriate areas in such a manner as not to disturb existing residences. Chapter 11 • Page 14 �APPENDIX A The guidelines in this appendix are based on the federal requirements for the compliance with the ADA of 1990 and suggestions from the USDA Forest Service for accessible outdoor recreation. Local codes may vary and should be reviewed before any new construction or remodeling is undertaken. They contain only a portion of the accessibility guidelines necessary to be in compliance with the ADA. and should not be used as the only source when analyzing accessibility needs. (Source: Accessible Design Handbook, CashCallahan & Company, 1991; and Design Guide for Accessible Outdoor Recreation, USDA Forest Service, 1991). Space Allowances & Reach Ranges The minimum clear width for single wheelchair passage must be 36 inches continuously and 32 inches at any one point (e.g., doonvays). The minimum width required for two wheelchairs to pass each other is 60 inches. Where the floor space allows only forward approach to an object, the maximum high fonvard reach allowed is 48 inches above the finished floor and the minimum low forward reach must be no less than 15 inches above the finished floor. There must be no obstructions. Where the clear floor space allows parallel approach by a person in a wheelchair, the maximum high side reach allowed is 54 inches above the finished floor and the low side reach must be no less than 9 inches above the finished floor. There must be no obstructions. Although people with walking aids (e.g., canes, crutches, walkers, guide dogs) can maneuver through a clear width opening of 32 inches, they require 36 inch wide passageways for comfortable gaits. Crutch tips extending down at a wide angle are a hazard in narrow passageways where they might not be seen by other pedestrians. A width of 36 inches provides a safety allowance for both the disabled person and for others. A person with a seeing eye dog or a semi-ambulatory person requires the same passing widths as a person in a wheelchair. Accessible Routes Accessible routes within the boundary of the site must be provided from public transportation stops, accessible parking, accessible passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance they serve. Accessible route(s) must connect buildings, facilities, and spaces that are on the same site. The minimum clear width of an accessible route must be 36 inches except at doors where the minimum clear width must be at least 32 inches. Where an accessible route has less than 60 inches clear width, passing spaces of at least 60 by 60 inches must be located at reasonable intervals that do not exceed 200 feet. The intersection of two corridors or walks is considered a passing space. Accessible routes serving any accessible space or element must also serve as a means of egress for �emergencies or connect to an accessible place of rescue. These areas of rescue must comply with the requirements established by the administrative authority having local jurisdiction. Changes in levels along an accessible route which are greater than 1/2 inch must be ramped. Changes in levels along an accessible route which are between 1/4 and 1/2 inch must be sloped 1:2. Changes in levels along an accessible route 1/4 inch or less can remain. Protruding Objects Protruding objects must not reduce the clear width required for an accessible route or maneuvering space. Objects protruding from walls (telephones, etc.) with their edges between 27 and 80 inches above the finished floor must protrude no more than 4 inches into walks, halls, corridors, passageways, or aisles. Objects protruding from walls with their leading edges at or below 27 inches above the finished floor may protrude any amount; provided the minimum requirements for accessible routes are met. Free standing objects mounted on posts between 27 and 80 inches above the finished floor may overhang a maximum of 12 inches. All walks, halls, corridors, passageways, aisles, or other circulation paths must have 80 inches clear headroom. Where vertical clearance of an area adjoining an accessible route is reduced to less than 80 inches, a guardrail or other barrier must be provided. Parking Each parking lot provided for employees or visitors is required to have accessible parking spaces. Accessible parking spaces must be the closest spaces to the building's accessible entrance. Check with the municipal zoning department for the total number of parking spaces required in your lot. The rule of thumb is as follows: ii 11:...' �Total Parking in Lot 1 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 75 76 to 100 101 to 150 151 to 200 201 to 300 301 to 400 401 to 500 501 and above 1001 and above >:, Minimum # of Accessible Spaces 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 percent of total spaces 20 plus 1 for each 100 over 1000 Accessible parking spaces must be at least 96 inches wide with a clearly marked adjacent access aisle of 60 inches. Two spaces may share a common aisle. The access aisle must connect directly to the accessible route. Spaces and aisles must be level with no slope greater than 1:50. All accessible parking spaces must have an unobscured vertical sign that shows the universal symbol of accessibility. ' Provide one in every eight accessible spaces, but not less than one, for van parking. This space(s) must have a minimum of a 96 inch wide access aisle and a minimum of 98 inches vertical clearance. Signage designating the spaces as "van accessible" must be provided below the symbol of accessibility. Passenger Loading Zones Where passenger loading zones are provided, at least one must be accessible. The accessible passenger loading zone should be the closest to the accessible entrance and have a minimum vertical clearance of 114 inches. The international symbol of accessibility must be displayed at the passenger loading zone. The pull up space must be level with a slope no greater than 1:50. A pedestrian aisle must be adjacent to the passenger loading zone and it must be at least 5 feet wide and 20 feet long. A curb ramp must be provided where a curb occurs at the passenger loading zone. The pedestrian aisle and parking surface must be firm and slip resistant. The slope of the accessible route adjoining the ramp must be no greater than 1:20. The width of the curb ramp, not including the flared sides, must be at least 36 inches. The slope of the flared sides of the curb ramp must be 1:10 or less. iii �Curb ramps must have flared sides or must be protected by a band rail. Provide detectable warning on curb ramps that contrast with the walkway. The material used must be an integral part of the surface and consist of raised domes with a nominal diameter of 0.9 inches, a nominal height of 0.2 inches and center to center nominal spacing of 2.36 inches. Where grate opening occur, openings must be 1/2 inch or less and openings must be placed perpendicular to the usual direction of travel. Ramps Any part of an accessible route with a slope greater than 1:20 will be considered a ramp. The maximum slope of a ramp in new construction should be 1:12 or less. The maximum rise of any run should be 30 inches or less. The cross slope of the ramp should be no greater than 1:50. The ramp surface must be non-slip. All grating openings must be 1/2 inch or smaller and must be placed perpendicular to the usual direction of travel. The clear width of the ramp must be at least 36 inches. A level landing must be provided at the top and bottom of each run. The landing must be at least as wide as the ramp and at least 60 inches long. Where ramps change direction, the landing must be at least 60 by 60 inches. A handrail on either side must be provided if the ramp rises more than 6 inches or is longer than 72 inches. The handrails must be continuous and fixed so they do not rotate or rack. The top of the handrails must be between 34 and 38 inches above the ramp surface. At the end of the handrails there must be at least 12 inches of level handrail beyond the top and bottom of the ramp segment. All handrail ends must be rounded and returned smoothly to the floor, wall, or post. The diameter of the handrails must be between 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 inches. All wall-mounted handrails must be mounted with exactly 1-1/2 inches between handrail and wall. ' Where ramps or landings have drop-offs, provide a 2 inch curb, wall, railing or projecting surface to prevent people from falling off ramp. Design ramps with proper drainage so that water will not accumulate on surfaces. iv �Stairs All steps must have uniform height and tread width in any one flight. All risers in accessible routes must be closed. Treads should be a minimum of 11 inches measured from nosing to nosing. osings must not project more than l•l/2 inches. Where nosings project, bevel undersides to prevent tripping. Stairways must have continuous handrails on both sides of all steps. Handrail should continue at the top and bottom of stairs. At the top, the handrail must continue on a level plain for a minimum of 12 inches; at the bottom, the handrail must slope for a distance of at least the tread width and then continue on a level plane for a minimum of 12 inches. All wall-mounted handrails must be mounted with exactly 1-1/2 inches between the handrail and the wall. Handrails must be secure and not rotate. The diameter of the handrail must between 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 inches. Outdoor stairs must be designed so that water does not accumulate on walking surfaces. Doors and Gates Where revolving doors occur along the accessible route, provide an accessible door or gate. A doorway with two independently operated door panels must have at least one active door panel with 32 inches clear opening maneuvering space. An accessible door must have a 32 inch clear opening measured between the face of the door and the door stop on the latch side. Provide 18 inches or more of clear space on the operable side of the door. Floor must be level at all doors in the accessible route. Where two doors occur in a series, provide a vestibule of at least 48 inches plus the width of the opened door swinging into the space. All thresholds should be level or have a bevel of not more than 1:2. All door handles, locks and latches must be operable with one hand and without twisting the wrist. Hardware should be mounted no higher than 48 inches above the finished floor. The door closer must take at least three seconds to move from 70 degrees open to a point 3 inches V �form the latch. Interior doors must have an opening force of 5 pounds or less. r The opening force of exterior doors must be determined by the appropriate administrative authority. Entrances The accessible entrance must not be a service entrance unless the service entrance is the only entrance. The accessible entrance must be connected to accessible parking, passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks. Where vertical level changes between 1/4 and 1/2 inches occur along the route, the edge must be beveled with a slope of 1:2 or less. Where vertical level changes at the entrance are greater than 1/2 inch, provide a ramp, curb ramp, or platform lift. Drinking Fountains Fountains that are free standing or built-in and do not have clear space underneath must have a clear floor space alongside the fountain for a parallel approach of at least 30 by 48 inches. Fountains that are wall or post mounted must have a clear knee space under the fountain apron of at least 27 inches high by 17 to 19 inches deep by 30 inches wide. The spout of the fountain must be no higher than 36 inches above the finished floor. The water stream must be at least 4 inches high to allow the insertion of a cup under the stream. Spout must be at the front of the unit with the water flow parallel or nearly parallel to the front edge of the fountain. Controls must be located at the front edge of the fountain. Controls must be operable with one hand and without twisting the wrist. Restrooms Toilet Stalls Accessible toilet stalls must be on an accessible route. ' The stall must be at least 60 inches wide. Where toilets are wall mounted, stall must be at least 56 inches deep. Where toilet stalls are floor mounted, stall must be at least 59 inches deep. A clear opening of 32 inches measured between the face of the door and the edge of the partition vi t:,.._' �on the latch side must be provided when the stall door is open 90 degrees. Where the door swings into the stall, provide at least 36 additional inches in the depth of the stall. Where stall door opens out and at the end of an aisle, provide at least 18 inches of maneuvering space at the latch side of the stall door. Install grab bars 33 to 36 inches above the finished floor. Grab bars must be secure and not rotate in their fittings. Mount toilet paper dispenser no more than 36 inches from the back wall and at least 19 inches above the finished floor. Toilet paper dispenser must allow continuous paper delivery. The centerline of the toilet must be 18 inches from the wall or partition which has the grab bar location. The top of the toilet seat must be between 17 and 19 inches above the finished floor. Flush controls must be mounted no higher than 44 inches above the finished floor and on the wide side of the toilet area and be automatic or operable with one hand. Urinals Urinals must have elongated rims mounted no more than 17 inches above the finished floor. Provide 30 by ~8 inch clear space for forward approach to the urinal. Urinal shields which do not extend beyond the front of the urinal rim may be provided by 29 inches clearance between the two panels. Flush controls must be automatic or operable with one hand. Controls must not be mounted higher than 44 inches above the finished floor. Lavatory The lavatory rim or counter surface must be no higher than 34 inches above the finished floor. A clearance of at least 29 inches from the finished floor to the bottom of the apron must be provided. Provide a clear floor space of at least 30 by 48 inches in front of the lavatory for a forward approach. Provide a clear floor space of a least 17 inches under the lavatory. Hot water and drain pipes must be insulated or covered. The faucet must be operable with one hand and without twisting the wrist; self closing type valves vii �must remain open at least 10 seconds. Where valves are self closing, provide that the valve remain open for at least 10 seconds. l\Iirrors Provide at least one mirror with the bottom edge of the reflecting surface no higher than 40 inches above the finished floor. Dispensers Provide at least one of each dispenser type on an accessible route. Provide at least 30 by 48 inch clear space to allow either a fonvard or a parallel approach to the dispensers. Where a fonvard approach is provided, the highest operable part must be no higher than 48 inches above the finished floor. Where a side approach is provided, the highest operable part must be no higher than 54 inches above the finished floor. All dispensers must be operated with one band and without twisting of the wrist. Pathwavs There must be an accessible route linking accessible parking and passenger loading zones with the accessible building entrance. The accessible pathway must be free of steps and stairs. The accessible pathway must be at least 36 inches wide. If the pathway is less than 60 inches wide provide passing spaces at least 60 inches ,tide and 60 inches long at inten'als not exceeding 200 feet. Provide at least 80 inches of clear bead room along pathway. Objects mounted to the wall between 27 inches and 80 inches must not protrude more than 4 inches into the space. The accessible pathway must be 36 inches wide alongside the protruding object. Accessible pathways must be firm and slip resistant. The slope of the accessible pathway must be no greater than 1:20. Where walkway levels change, the vertical difference betweeil- them must be less than 1/4 inch. Changes in level between 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch anywhere on the accessible route must be beveled with a slope of 1:2. Changes greater than 1/2 inch must be ramped. viii �The transition from the curb ramp to the walkway, road, and gutter must be flush and free of abrupt changes. \ Boating and Fishing Facilities Piers Adjacent to Boat Ramps The pier should have nonslip materials on surface to aid in transfers. Access to pier site should be across a barrier-free path. The access ramp to a dock should have a slope no greater than 1:20. A 60 inch turn-around area should be provided on the pier. Fishing Piers Railing should be provided along one side of the structure with sections at 32 inches high for sitting and 42 inch high for standing. A 2 inch high curb should be in place around the perimeter of the pier; 4 inch curb is recommended where no railing is provided. Access to pier site should be across a barrier-free path. The access ramp to a dock should have a slope no greater than 1:20. ' A 60 inch turn-around area should be provided on the pier. Picnic Area At least one disabled accessible table and grill should be provided within the picnic area. Picnic tables should be placed on level hard surface. Grills and picnic tables should have a clearance of 36 inches. Grills should rotate and have a paving texture around them. Plavground Area Plenty of space between play apparatuses should be provided for proper maneuvering of wheelchairs. Playground areas should have play apparatuses that can be used by youngsters with poor coordination and slow muscular action and reaction. Surfaces under play equipment should provide adequate protection from injury but still allow for barrier free access to the equipment. ix �APPENDIX B NEGAUNEE TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN MAPS ' Map 2-1 Map 2-2 Negaunee Township 1990 Median Age Negaunee Township 1990 Population Density Map 4-1 Map 4-2 Map 4-3 Negaunee Township Bedrock Geology Negaunee Township Surface Geology Negaunee Township Soil Associations Map 6-1 Negaunee Township Community Facilities Map 8-1 Negaunee Township Recreation Sites Map 9-1 Map 9-2 Map 9-3 Negaunee Road System Negaunee Township Functional Classification of Roads Marquette/Ishpeming/ egaunee Urban Corridor, Average Daily Traffic, 1975, 1983 and 1995 �Map 2-1 Negaunee Township: 1990 Median Age :_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_ ·:···············. · Legend N t ~30-31.9 32-33.9 34-35.9 ~36-37.9 ~38-39.9 -40&over ::::::::::::::::::;jNo Population Water Bodies .50 1 1.5 __J 0 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 12 ■ �Map 2-2 Negaunee Township: 1990 Population Density ., -t,._., • • • • . • , .•.. • • • • • •• •• • • ' ... • •. ~- • • • ..•. • • •I • . • • • • • • • • • . •• • • • • • • •• ''• • . • . • • • • • .. • • • • • •• •• • • • • • .1 ••• • • • ,e • • • • • I • •11 Je • • • • "IC"\ ~· ' • •• • •• • ••••• • • • • •• .·t.. . I I • . • ':l... ...... . .• • • • • • •. . • •• . • • .. .•• • • . . •• • • • •• •• ••• • •• • • I . .... t • • , • • • • . • • • • • ••• • • .• • • •• • ... . . • • .·:r·~ ... ... • ,•' ' ,.. •• t • - .. -• • • • •• • • •• • •••• •• •• •• • • • • , •• • • • • • •• • • • .• -.,r• • • • •• • • • • •• •• ,• - • • . ..• . - •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • , .... • 0 =5 People 1 .so Miles Compiled By: C PPAD, 1998 . • •• • • • ·, •• • • •• • • . . • ~ . Density Ratio • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • •• • .. . . . ... • Pj.· .. •t • • • - . .• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• •• •• •• '•• •• • • . • , .• •1 • • • • • I .. • • • •• • • • •• N • 1.5 • �Map 4-1 Negaunee Township: Bedrock Geology I \ N i ocolay Group Granitic & Gneissic ~ Michigamme Formation Siamo Slate & Ajibic Quartzite L J Volcanic & Sedimentary 0 .50 I 1.5 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �Map 4-2 Negaunee Township: Surface Geology Classification Outwash ~Wetlands Glacial Till-Bedrock .50 1 1.5 ~ Compiled By: CUPPA D, 1998 Miles �Map 4-3 Negaunee Township: Soil Associations 7 N i *See Text for Descriptions 0 .40 .80 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 1.2 �Map 8-1 Negaunee Township Recreation Sites .., LS"! Lunt !..Ale ll•h.lw1nK1ln L:il:c ---F CurpRin:r Miles 0 .5 Numbers Cited in Text N A Produced By CUPP AD Regional Commission 1997 �) ) ) Negaunee Township Base Map re:.•~------ .., =-:c:.:.:=:.::=·· ,. "' +-~ N l -\ i I ~ ~ ---"- ~ I , __ ~-F.t-OFag cClure~ 0__ " · I' '15+. \...~~ ) . :/ I / Clue!). ~ Rd. ,, k· ii I\ ' Snowt1e1d. •·_J---c_ ~do- r._ .. .. ,1111/ ,. , ~ , ~ b__ ,<CV " - ~ - /~ • ·~ ' : - - '-•=-• -• ?'"" -1>1r-.:- - - i i ._9 I -~ ~ (Jl\J) ·1 ... '-~ r !1\__ r-"I _J Heartwood Subdivision Area Legend c=:]Township Border ! ]City Border ----Rivers · -Water Bodies ++-+ Railroads -State Trunkline --County Primary - -County Local ···Private Roads 0 .4 .8 1.2 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �) Map 6-1 I Negaunee Township Community Facilties ;· N l ~ -:.8..~-y•~j~ .r-1 / ~ RU. East (JD) _,,._r- -~I / J}lf -------, ,ss I ~~<-' ( \ S 41 < ' ------ . --------- ---------- ---------- '""'------ 1/ ~ --- - - ____,, / ) I )_ - --------- ~ / ,:;,/ © - 1.) 'L, CQ,pR~ • ''- _ • - ~ d ~it~ • ~ ---.) ____,,--- :?i,,,, I .\ ~,'- --¼~ ,.., '-._ Ca1p!!_i,•er - Conummity Facility l = Township Hall 2= Dept. of Public Works Storage Garage 3= Water Dept. Garage 4= Buildi11g am! Recreation Committee facility 5= fire I Tall 6= Water Wells 7= Water Storage Tank 0 --- Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 .4 .2 Miles ---- .6 - �) l ) ) Map 9-1 Negaunee Road System . '-- ... +-~ ' - N -\ I ' ---------i"('~ ~-- ~ ' !lo~, . "- ~ - I s/?'c___ ~ l o a : a g, ;I ,,•< ,:)' i; r>'' '/5 ~'!,....~ ( I "- f.i )Ql!.SbRd. ?- II i ~ • / ~ ~~-~--~ !, lb _ )"' )' i:i. L. ,=o ,~=. =- ~ '~ D :-f +--"-'- __ vv,'\..r..... , -,,.., I --_,, • ' - ....._ ~ fS/.-/ ~ ~ I ._____ ;> ◄ -11,'.-----'' «a I ~mvmill l?H ._, - T'YY L/J - ~1 , \I . (_JJl)) -, Buffalo &! (If '- r ~ ,, :1'. Ji_ · - - - _J Heartwood Subdivision Area Legend -State Trunk.line --County Primary - -County Local -· · Private Roads 0 .4 .8 1.2 Miles Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �7 Map 9-2 Negaunee Township Functional Classification of Roads ;r- - - - ... +-~ '- ~ ~ .._.,\'..'le _ N / Sooth ,, r., ~ ,~~ -\) ~ ! -i• ~ ~ "~· ----~.r· cOure~torag .. -(l ' !'"-{, ~ 'lS l _ ~~ ( \_~ s1 7~ ~ ~~ · ~ / ' <iJL&L(JJOJ _,,i-: ) ~ ·-,~--~ '.d . E ' - -~ I ~ ~ U\1. {M\ct•·•~ 0( ~ -' 1 ~ ~ I' ~, I i Heartwood Subdivision Area Legend Principal Arterials - -Minor Arterials ......... ·Major Collector - - - Minor Collector - -Local Roads 0 .4 .8 1.2 Miles ompiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 �Map 9-3 Marquette/Ishpeming/Negaunee Urban Corridor Average Daily Traffic, 1975, 1983, and 1995 Ishpeming N Negaunee I Ely 8000 [8500] {11000 Sands ' Tilden Compiled By: CUPPAD, 1998 Richmond � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Negaunee-Twp_Comprehensive-Plan_1998 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CUPPAD Regional Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998-11 Title A name given to the resource Negaunee Township Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Negaunee Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the CUPPAD Regional Commission in November 1998. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Negaunee Township (Mich.) Marquette County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b37c20fbdfda8aca71b95a3df2c4d259.mp4 fa0023d3419a92df5502f0c412992bb5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/916466f5ea298ced70fe5ed99e5f7371.pdf 288884a0c92b00bffefe333aa8986074 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Randy Curry (02:38:00) (43:00)Washington D.C. • Born November 19, 1944 • Father was in the military for 23 years. He was the head dietician at Walter Reed Hospital • When he was two he spent 3 years in Bettelheim Germany where his father was stationed • (2:50) He began school in Germany. He took the bus to school. • He had a maid in Germany named Elsa • His parents took him for a walk and his dog was ran over by a truck • Came back on a ship to the states • (4:36) Remembers the ship was big and he was seasick • Went to Sandia Base in New Mexico • They lived in Albuquerque where he took his first communion • He started first grade here and remembers it was really hot (6:40) Fort Riley, Kansas • They lived in Junction City for 6 months before being given base housing • His father was an officer here so they lived in the officer quarters • Randy remembers that he had to eat salt tablets daily • (8:25) Remembers going to Manhattan, Kansas, close to Fort Riley • Stayed here for about 2 years (9:23) Raymond, Washington • Father was sent to Korea. They stayed with the Nevitts in Washington who had two daughters and a son • Lived here for 6 months • The school was at the end of the block. He remembers being a crossing guard for the school. (12:30) Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Randy’s dad decided to retire while in Korea, so when he came home they moved to Wisconsin • St. Peter and Paul Elementary School 1955-58 �• • • • • • Randy went to the seminary his freshman and sophomore year. His parents moved to Lacrosse, Wisconsin, during the same time. He decided that being a priest wasn’t right for him so he went back home and his dad was transferred back to Milwaukee. Started school at Pius High School and graduated in 1962. He wrote a few articles that were published in the school newspapers (17:50) Remembers at graduation having a picnic and it was hot His father retired from the Army as a Major Randy was anxious to leave home and join the service (19:00) Randy joins the Navy--Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Randy’s father signed for him to join the Navy at 17 years old even though he had apprehensions. Because he was in the military, his father was able to swear him into the Navy. His father also swore 2 of Randy’s friends in since they went in under the buddy program (20:37) San Diego California-Boot Camp • Randy and 11 other guys went first class on an airplane to California • Chief Petty Officer Pierson was his Commanding Officer • Randy became a squad leader right off the bat because of his history with the military • Remembers boot camp was vigorous: fire safety drills, procedure to wash and dry your clothes aboard a ship, drills on the blacktop, rifle training, • (23:40) After 5 weeks they go over to a camp called Camp Nimitz where they live out of cement buildings and hand wash and dry there own clothes and basically rough it • After 4 weeks they go back to main base and are allowed freedoms • At graduation they did the manual at arms and all the divisions and companies came together in a great stage • Randy put in to be in A school- torpedo man • Went home for two weeks on leave. He took a train home • (27:58)The Zephyr train had a car that you could climb upstairs in and look out at the sky through a glass dome • Randy took a plane back to San Diego (28:50) Torpedo Maintenance School • Randy attended classes teaching you the basics of electronics and electricity • Was allowed to look at the insides of dummy torpedoes but wasn’t much training on them �• • Randy passed school with an A after twelve weeks and put in for submarine school Went home again for a two week leave (29:39) New London, Connecticut--Submarine School • They had a nuclear submarine called the Nautilus • Went on board conventional submarines and learned what tight quarters are • Randy decided that he did not want to be on a submarine and that he wanted to see daylight a little more often. • He said you slept in the torpedo room and the mess hall consisted of two tables with a few chairs; you couldn’t eat with anyone since they took turns rotating • (32:00) Their training consisted of swim training, depth training from 50 to 100ft depths • Randy dropped out after 2 months (33:20) Port Mayfield, Florida • Randy was assigned to a destroyer • Randy had to request permission before boarding the ship and then he was shown his quarters in the ASW [anti-submarine warfare] compartment • His division consisted of Torpedo men and Sonar men • There was 25 men in his compartment with a 3 tier rack of beds • The beds were tubular frames with a canvas stretched over them with a 2 inch mattress that you slept on. Once on the bed there was a 6 to 7 inch space between you and the bunk above you • In the morning the guys would always say the same thing. “Heave out, Heave out…” (35:20)Aboard Ship • Each rack would turn their bed at a forty five degree angle so they could get underneath to get into their locker. • Randy was a Seaman Apprentice at this point • Up the ladder was the ‘head’-toilets, sinks, and two showers • When they woke up they had to shower, shave and clean the area for an hour before breakfast which was at 7:00a.m. • (38:00) Chow line went passed the kitchen where you ordered your eggs how you liked them, then you went to the mess hall where you were given grits or chipped beef on bread �• • • • • • • • • • Usually the new guy got mess duty where you would have to clean up the tables after people ate. You were given this duty for two weeks to a month before a rotation was done If not on mess duty you would do chores for eight hours with lunch in the middle (41:30)They had a Mark 15 and a Tripod on board and his job as a torpedo man was to maintain the 4 torpedoes inside the tripod on each side of the ship They had to undo the hatches three times a day and record the temperature, check the straps on the torpedoes so they didn’t come loose, maintain the decks by painting and repainting the boards Navy gray. They painted once every 6-7 months. They corroded quickly There was a helicopter hangar that they also had to maintain. It had mesh netting that was over the hangar, which they would have to scrape and paint black. It was a continuous process. (44:55)The sonar men had a better job and were up in the sonar room which was air conditioned. They traced sonar that reverberated off of anything in the area. There was a rubberized area that would receive those receptions. They could plot what it was, where it was going, and how close to them it was. The guys in the torpedo room would man the torpedoes and let the sonar men know that the torpedoes were ready so they sonar men could fire at targets in the area that they were in fear of either hitting or were a threat to the ship They had tests they would perform with the torpedoes where they had a submarine in the area and they would fire a torpedo at the ship, track its movements and at the point of impact it would shut down and rise to the surface for a tracking team to locate and recover with a motor whale boat. Once recovered they would have a recording ship check the torpedo to see where it went and how close it came to impact. Randy said they lost more than they recovered because of treacherous waves. (48:05) Once found they were refurbished and ready to go back out to the ships. Not necessarily the ones you sent out. They would dock at ‘GitMo” (Guantanamo Bay) for leave and go to gentlemen’s clubs and drink a lot and came back on cars called camel bars. Many times there were fights on the cars. The beaches were nice there and Randy said you could feed the iguanas popcorn and they were friendly. There were areas you couldn’t go beyond because it was under Cuban government and was hostile with Fidel Castro in power. (51:30) Port-Mayfield Florida • Randy was on the ship for approximately three years. �• • • • • • His home port was Mayfield, Florida. They got liberties here at night but had to be back by midnight. Weekends had 48-72hour leave unless holiday where you could get 96 hour leave. They hung out at the beaches in Florida on leave. They wore civilian clothes while they were off the ship and kept them in lockers in Florida. Sometimes they bought their civilian clothes on credit. (53:45) Randy and two other guys had an apartment in Jacksonville Beach for them to sleep at on their liberties. Only a mile to the center of town where the bars and restaurants were. Randy remembers while on leave a house behind his was on fire and it woke him up. He went to help with a garden hose and climbed up on a shed to reach the roof of the house adjacent to the house to keep it from burning down. Randy was seen by an officer in the military who wrote a letter to his superiors who gave him a commendation for doing what he did with the fire. (56:55) Randy’s compartment was just above the frozen food compartment. People were unloading turkeys for Thanksgiving dinner. Randy was going on liberty and took a frozen turkey to his apartment and had a Thanksgiving party complete with Bloody Marys to serve. Randy said the day he got out of the military he went around to the officers aboard ship and the chief cook told him he knew where that missing turkey went to. Randy finished his duty on this ship. (1:00:00) Stops out at sea • He made a cruise to the Mediterranean which took 37 days to get there. He was in the 5th Fleet and went to Sicily, the island of Malta, and Naples. He was a driver for officers who went into town for shopping or work. In France he took his captain to Normandy where they saw the landing sites. • (01:02:45)There were a lot of plaques at Normandy but not remnants. Overwhelming feeling of pride with Randy as he walked on the shores. • Randy said 10 guys who originally jumped off a plane in 1944 on Normandy shores re-qualified in 1998 for a 50th anniversary of Normandy where they jumped again and landing on the shores. One of the guys was Roger Williams. • Went to Nassau, St. Thomas, Guantanamo Bay, Key West (1:04:35) Midshipman Cruise • They went across the east coast picking up guys who were going to become officers in the Navy. They were treated very well, did work aboard ship, but were a class above enlisted crewmen. Went to Oslo, Norway, on the cruise. Randy said it was beautiful. Had to be on the ship by 11:00p.m. There were no real bars in Oslo. �• • • • (01:06:45) From there they went to Le Havre, France. Then off to Antwerp, Belgium, where the tides were 12-17 ft every day. Portsmouth, England, was the next stop. They got an overnight liberty here. The locals did not often see men off ship here. Randy went to a restaurant called Wimpy’s while they were there. (01:09:00) Florida Due to get out on November 18 1965, the day before his 21st birthday. Unfortunately, he was involuntarily extended for 4 months because of Vietnam. He received a notice telling him. Randy got out on March 16 1966 and signed out with the officers. The captain told him that if ever in a war he wanted him by his side but he wasn’t much of a peace time sailor. (1:10:45) Released from the Navy • Randy headed back to Halo Michigan where he had met a friend’s younger sister and had corresponded with her while he was aboard ship and asked her to marry him. • On April 2 he married Connie Stoll. He then phoned his parents and told them that he was home and had got married. (1:12:04) Ionia, Michigan • Lived here for a year and worked for his father at Gibson’s in Greenville, Michigan • He took parts off a line and painted them • His brother worked for Pesky Packaging Company so he left to here for better money. He put up orders for Petal Trucks to head to stores around Michigan • Worked here for about a year • Put in to go to school in Wisconsin (1:13:30) Milwaukee Wisconsin June 1967 • Lived in an apartment working for Dictaphone phone company repairing instruments making $50 dollars a week • Went to night school with the GI Bill to become an architect • Starts working for Western States Envelope Company as an engineer making envelopes in Sept 1967 making $80 dollars a week • (01:15:36) They had their first son in January 1969 • Lived on 76th and Morgan • Randy was offered a job as a salesperson in Inside Sales in the office • Promoted to Outside Sales in Michigan-January 1970 �• • (01:18:30) Randy increased sales 40% but was on the road 90% subsequently was separated from his wife Randy resigned from his job to try to patch things up with his wife (1:19:50) Enterprise Envelope, Grand Rapids Michigan • Randy returned to sales after 1 ½ years • Randy did end up getting a divorce (1:20:25) Western States Envelope Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Returned to Inside Sales with the company • Randy could not get an Outside Sales job with the company so he quit (1:20:45) Continental Envelope Minnesota • Salesman here • Met Nancy Goldwasser and married after a year in May 1978 • Randy seen an ad for sales manager in Idaho and applied (1:22:20) Porter Printing Company, Rexburg, Idaho • Department manager for the company • Lived for 2 years here in a Mormon community (1:23:45) William House Incorporated, Denver, Colorado • Randy took a job here as plant manager • Moved here in February 1981 • Worked her for 3 years • Lived in Aurora • Worked here till 1986 till company closed down (1:25:38) American Fiber Envelope Company, Gurnee, Illinois • Randy took a job as a 3rd shift plant manager • Worked here for a year before being offered a job in Milwaukee (1:26:38) Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Took over a plant in Toledo, Ohio, and one in Kentucky • Randy turned over the company in a year before it started making money • Moved his wife and him down to Kentucky and bought a 30 acre farm (01:28:30) Union, Kentucky • Randy took over plant here and was supervisor over it �• • • His job was to make sure the plant made money Lived here for 8 years Moved to St. Louis to take care of his mother-in-law (01:30:20) St. Louis Missouri • Randy started his own distribution company here printing and packaging supplies • His mother-in-law passed away 2 years later and ultimately divorced his wife in 2001 • Stayed here till 2003 (01:31:45) Grand Rapids Michigan • Randy had three of his children living in Lake Odessa • He got a job as a telemarketer in Grand Rapids for two years before moving (01:32:10) Lake Odessa Michigan • Randy moved here to be near his kids • Worked for a liquidation company and a bean and vegetable processor • He ran out of money and moved in with son for 6 months • (01:36:00) Randy checked himself into the Veterans facility in Battle Creek because of severe depression in Ward 39 • Randy learned here that he could go to the Veterans Home in Grand Rapids • July 24th he moved to the Veterans Home in Grand Rapids • (01:38:30) Randy is very happy that he found a home here where people understand his situation and care about what happens to him • (01:41:15) Randy said he is determined to recover by taking part in all the activities at the home • Randy is 62 years old now and is planning on moving on out of the facility • Randy wants to move down to San Jose Costa Rica in July of 2007 and has the encouragement of his children (01:46:30) Randy’s children • Son Sean (39) has Megan who has two children, Lindsey, Tyler, in Schuyler, Michigan • Daughter Shannon (34) Colleen lives in Woodland, Michigan with daughter Macy • Son Kevin (32) lives in Michigan with wife Marcy and son Caleb and daughter Anna • His son Kevin owns K&M Concrete in Lake Odessa • Shannon and his ex wife own a restaurant in Lake Odessa called C&R and she waitresses here �• • • Kevin lives in St. Louis, Missouri sells cell phones and is divorced from wife (01:51:00) Randy had no children from his second wife (01:54:45) Randy has a sister named Sandy married to Mike Dolak, sister Karen was killed in a auto accident, brother Doug married Ann live in Florida, brother Mark married to Lori in Wisconsin � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Curry, Randall Lee (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curry, Randall Lee Description An account of the resource Randy Curry enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1962 when he was 17 years old. He served on a destroyer as a torpedo man. His ship sailed to the Caribbean, Mediterranean and Norway. He spent an extra 4 months in the service due to Vietnam and signed out after that. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-01-22 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CurryR Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/818177f0379d171570ca16593fed9529.jpg 5cec6446ce0a47f3aa6f9bf029a39924 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Aseries_0001 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource Greetings from Saugatuck Postcard Series Description An account of the resource Series of four postcards celebrating the scenic locations of Saugatuck, Michigan. The postcard at the top reads "Big Pavilion and Yachts, Saugatuck, Mich." featuring the dance hall overlooking the water. The two postcards found in the middle feature Mt. Baldhead with views of the stairs and a bird's eye view of the treetops overlooking the Kalamazoo River. The bottom postcard features a colorful artist's palette and reads "Greetings from Saugatuck Mich." Circa 1955. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Outdoor recreation Boats Dance halls Sand dunes Stairs Aerial views Postcards Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/77793adbbe8010f213e1b354ec78757a.jpg 89d7e9ab6fc163833ce7a93acecbb196 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Aseries_0002 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource Big Pavilion and Yachts of Saugatuck Postcard Description An account of the resource Postcard of Saugatuck, Michigan featuring the Big Pavilion dance hall along the waterfront and boats in the harbor. The postcard is brightly colored and appears to be an illustrated backside view, as it features a blank area for a stamp and address. The description at the bottom reads: "Big Pavilion and Yachts." Circa 1955. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Outdoor recreation Boats Dance halls Postcards Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e05d7abf1df7abd4a9627aaef1781f98.pdf cbacd1aefeb1d8ff1d369b604995babd PDF Text Text SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN The year was 1830, but the name Saugatu ck ("ri ver's mouth" from the Indian language) came many years later. A schooner in Lake Michigan unloaded bales of goods, household furn itu re and utensils. and ferried them up Kalamazoo River to a big bend where a broad lake had been form ed. William G. Butler a nd his wife. Emily, had a rrived from Hartford, Connecticut, to become th e first permanent white settlers and to establish a trading post for the Pottawattamie Indians. Other settlers came, cleared land for farms a nd orchards a nd entered into the lumber, tanning and flour business. Q 3 h e o Wilder came from No"W York i n 10 34 and built the town of Singapore near Lake Mi chiga n. Singapore was a lumber town, comple te with wildcat bank and Astor House. The thriving ind ustry which built the town later relegated it lo a "ghost town" and it now lies buried beneath the shifting sands of Lake Michigan. Shipbuilders established yards and their fine craftsmanship became known in every port of Lake Michiga n. Fruit trade was increasing and Sauga tuck was one of the busiest ports on Lake Michigan during the warm months. The fur hunters had been crowded out by industry. The bee hun te rs, who made the story of "Oak Openings" by James Fennimore Cooper, were long g one. From the days of the first vaca tioners in the 1880's, Mount Baldhead was the big attraction and-- .uO ;.~.;;t -wa5 complete without a climb to its s ummit for a view of Lake Michigan and the s urrounding countryside. The entertainment and housing of vaca tioners was becoming the main business of Saugatuck, Boarding houses, GEH UJ N E CU RTE ICH · CH I CA GO ·· c. hotels and restaurants became more plentiful. The Saugatuck beach and Baldhead Pork were lined with the tents of vacationers. A sign of the advancing times are the new motels and hotels with their luxury accommodations in and just outside of Saugatuck. For those persons without cars, bus service to the village is available and entertainment and accommodations within the village ore excellent. Here is one of the most beautiful and diversified vacation spots in all the country. Nothing is locking to assure on enjoyable vacation for any guest. Dance spots with name bands; o m unicipal beach comple te with a new beach house and oval for the parking of hundreds of ca rs; theaters with the la test in motion pictures and a summer playhouse that attracts visitors from a large section of West Michigan; two golf courses that are sporty a nd well-kept; a batlery of shuffleboard and tennis courts; dockage a nd anchorage facilities fo r yachts a nd cruisers; a variety of water sports a nd fishing; miniature golf; planned cruises to Lake Michigan and up Kalamazoo River and a limitless round of summer activities. Art schools attract many persons each s ummer to combine a vacation w ith study . The Summer School of Painting at Oxbow is in its fo rty-fifth season and is noted throughout the world of art. During the s ummer, art exhibi ts are held at the Saugatuck village hall. Throughout a ll of the changing eras of Saugatuck. Mouni Baidheae1 has looked dow n upon the quiet little village and has seen thousands of vacationers finding relaxation, fun and beauty through more than four-score years. T . AA T -COLO RT ON [ '" CREAT IO N ( REG . U . S . PA T . OFF . ) D-IOI ZI � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Aseries_0003 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource History of Saugatuck, Michigan Description An account of the resource Interior of a postcard series describing the history of Saugatuck, Michigan. The page features a detailed description of the founding of Saugatuck and the industries which categorize the area such as lumber, shipbuilding, and later tourism, art, and entertainment. Circa 1955. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/39c31febee463f2a7e29e519bee46764.jpg bebd579967bfd76e01b64c141256bd35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Aseries_0004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource Scenes of Saugatuck Postcard Series Description An account of the resource Series of four postcards highlighting some of the prominent recreation spaces in Saugatuck, Michigan. The postcard at the top features tennis courts next to a flower garden, while the two postcards found in the middle feature a dock overlooking the Kalamazoo River and the interior of the Big Pavilion dance hall. Saugatuck's main street is the subject of the postcard located at the bottom of series and it illustrates a quiet intersection in the center of town. Circa 1955. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Tennis courts Kalamazoo River (Mich.) Docks Dance halls Automobiles Postcards Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc91a77c9b5b6179dead16424ccea132.jpg 5514167ce36120d24859cb86ac0f72d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Aseries_0005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource Water scenes of Saugatuck Postcard Series Description An account of the resource Series of four postcards featuring the prominent bodies of water enjoyed in Saugatuck, Michigan. The two postcards located at the top feature Oval Beach overlooking Lake Michigan: one features a crowded beach of sunbathers and the other a crowded parking lot overlooking the beach. The two postcards located at the bottom feature the Kalamazoo River: one highlights the bridge crossing the river over to Douglas, Michigan and the other illustrates people enjoying water sports while water skiing on the Kalamazoo River. Circa 1955. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Automobiles Michigan, Lake Kalamazoo River (Mich.) Bridges Water skiing Postcards Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/489dfb081add82bcb1d597d7444a7f93.jpg 969cf9fd0d4f97a70b535d8903a73459 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Aseries_0006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource Outdoor scenes of Saugatuck Postcard Series Description An account of the resource Series of four postcards highlighting the natural beauty found in Saugatuck-Douglas, Michigan. The postcards feature the Big Pavilion on the riverfront, the Saugatuck Country Club, a yacht approaching the Saugatuck harbor, and Lake Shore Drive in Douglas, Michigan. All of the postcards are drawings with saturated and vibrant colors. The pictures are primarily of greenery and areas along the water. Circa 1955. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Douglas (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Dance halls Kalamazoo River (Mich.) Golf Sailing Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d60b9f6d41c5ee70575eee781a345fd.mp4 3a7dc7b4d18e50321e9edacce735b77c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/187c5e15a432523b38f7abe76172e3bc.pdf ee54d0699a1a874edb4586aa10b96cb6 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Norman Curtis Vietnam War Total Time: 33:25 Pre-War (00:10) • • • Born in Albion, MI in 1946. Joined the Air Force in March 1966. Joined the Air Force because his older brothers were in the Air Force and he wanted to get away from school. Training (02:22) • Remembers basic training as being rough, but the instructors were fair. Active Duty (03:25) • • • • • • • • • • Served at Tan Son Nhut Air Force Base in Saigon. (3:45) Also worked as an instructor for a survival school at Eglin Air Force Base in Fort Walton Beach, FL. Remembers how hot Vietnam was when he got off the plane. He worked in Vehicle Maintenance for all of the branches of the Army. He had to check the vehicles before he performed maintenance on for booby traps that the Vietcong would place. Stayed in touch with his family through recorded tapes and letters. Most of the time, he ate off base because the two times he did eat on base he got food poisoning. He, for the most part, liked his officers. He had one friend that was injured and lived, but he never saw him again. He was given the option to re-enlist, finish his service (he had 23 days left), or leave then. He chose to leave. Post-Service (19:30) • • • • He was in San Francisco when he got discharged. He went to school on the GI bill when he got back, and worked part time. He didn’t stay in contact with many of the men whom he served with. Joined the American Legion when he returned. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Curtis, Norman (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curtis, Norman Description An account of the resource Norman Curtis served in the Air Force during the Vietnam War. During his time in Vietnam, he worked at Tan Son Nhut Air Force Base in Saigon. His job was vehicle maintenance and recovery, which kept him for the most part on base but he did spend some time retrieving disabled vehicles. He also worked for a time at a survival training school at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida as an instructor. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brenner, Allison (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Air Force Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-12-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CurtisN Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e6e7096e3c131bb6ece4a029d2def46d.pdf c229a3e1c80ed47ed13de62438f54bcb PDF Text Text .~~fl- . . / ~ , - . ~ ~ f a Lu~ ~ ~~ . .U ,, / Hc ~ c-~ - c.J' . ~d- ~~, ~ J- ~~ • d,- 4;-·~ - ~~> ~~, ~ Jr __, C-,#-t-, , ;_. ~ - $..±-, ~ a.?-&:.·...... 7 /. , -:y ../ .,,:i---~ / ~ ~ L /,._ _ ~ L ~ · ~ A, .· ,e-~ " ~ 47 .£ ' "'~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~ µ..... ~ . .ro/ ~ #LL..a!-9'<k- ~ ~4--~/. -r~-~ -:4: ~~ . A ~ J ~ /L ~ ~ ~ , aL.L . 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(A/ ~ · • /..Lw(_, fo ~ � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a98401683555ec4b237983244def5d1.pdf ad71eb7d471769291680d9db22f0cc64 PDF Text Text [Page 1] Washington Feb. 28. 1838 Dear Sir: I owe you many apologies for having so long delayed replying to your letter. When I received it, my first impulse was to answer it affirmatively, provided I should be able to find any convenient time to visit Philadelphia. Afterwards, exigencies of business occurred, rendering it desirable that I should visit Massachusetts, in which case, it was my plan to stop in Philadelphia either in going or returning. But, unfortunately, towards the end of January, I was seized with a slow fever, which has disabled me for actions exertion ever since, & indeed confined me to my bed for several weeks of its progress. This circumstance will render it impossible for me to undertake at present anything of the kind you �[Page 2] suggest. If, at some future time, as frequently happens, I should be in Philadelphia, & the service you request should continue to be desirable to yourself or your friends, I shall be happy to oblige you in the matter. You would scarce pardon me, if I should omit to say a few words on public affairs; which I do for your own simply; not for publication. It is easier to say what will not be done by congress, than what will; and it may be confidently predicted that M. Wright’s Treasury Bill, or anything of that general description, will not pass. The contest being a trilateral one, between the friends of the subtreasury scheme, a national bank, & the state bank deposite system the chances are against [combining?] a majority in favor of either plan. It is the misfortune of the Whigs to have no common rallying point, except that of opposition to the plans of �[Page 3] the Administration. We need some taking popular cry, - grits, as the Spaniards call it. Nevertheless, it is evident, I think, that Mr. Van Buren is losing his hold upon the people; & that the sentiment of disapprobation of his policy daily increases. Meanwhile, the current of opinions seems to be setting very strongly in favor of Mr. Clay as the Whig candidate for the Presidency. There is a good deal of smothered feeling in Washington on the subject of the late duel. Whatever may be said of the practice of dueling, the contrarieties of public sentiment regarding it are full of injustice in this operation upon a member of congress. If he flinches from a duel, his character is gone in one part of the country; if he engages in a duel, he is denounced in the other part. I fear that an attempt will be made to use the public sympathies for political effect; but I hope, without success. At any rate, as the whole subject is under investigation �[Page 4] before a committee of the House, we ought to wait the result of it, instead of hastily condemning any of the parties upon imperfect & one sided rumors. Pray excuse the desultoriness of this letter. Indeed, neither my head nor my hand is yet steady enough to enable me to write with much reflection or care. I am, Very respectfully yours, C Cushing, N. Sargent Esq. [Docketed as] Caleb Cushing to N. Sargent Feb: 28 - 1838 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15451 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Caleb Cushing, February 28, 1838 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1838-02-28 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cushing, Caleb, 1800-1879 Description An account of the resource Letter regarding Cushing's health, the likelihood of a treasury bill passing, the need for the Whigs to have grit, Martin Van Buren's decreasing popularity, and a recent duel. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Everett, Edward, 1794-1865 Harrison, William Henry, 1773-1841 Ritner, Joseph, 1780-1869 Whig Party (U.S.) United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees Boston (Mass.) Philadelphia (Pa.) Pennsylvania Massachusetts Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c376671714cf5155da18e1d9cefdaea9.pdf a110dc98c3b5774f0a0f1a984ea22963 PDF Text Text ~7 ;... ~ uu.,.,n, ~ d-- µ . ../~ # / ~/2-~ d!c- · '~_, o-, _ ~ .., ,.,/4__._. c-, ~ d° /4_,, -z:;--·h-, / wL d , f LJ· J'- J ~ ~ pt'~~- /LL, / d- 7 .d- ~ - ~ , , , : , . a,_,~...L.., /7-~ ' ~ ~ u-r £.._, ~ ~,.d::,·~ ,L., ~ ,a,-~ - ~:-h., ~ ~ ~ ~ ,,( ~ ~ ~~; 7 _,~ 1/.,. -r--- ;./ ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ' ~ .- z.- z6-, ~ ,,_£:; ,4 a_e~~ ~ / J ~ ~ ~ - ,£ A,~ IC ft.=~ Lr ~"',,_ / - - .k ~ , J 4/L . . / ~ /fa- 2...~, ,/ 7 /&,/ ~ ' ,,<~.L/4- _;?. ~ /- x µ ,__L ~ J r-~/~ ,/r-/-r,d:.. ;,e- ~ft~ . . ~ -'"~L~ / r __k/~, / · · ¥- ,d,L__~ - -L Lf- - ,(1<./t, 7 ~ ~~ ~ #---' . $7-· . ~ ~ ~,,_/.,_~ ~ ~ ~~ 7--....... ..... 7 /4~ ~~ , ~ ~ --....fu · ~I ~ ~ ~- ~ d ~ /~~ ·~ ~~ -& -./L' ~ ~ d Q_.,CJ ~ ~ ~J k- ' ~ o e ~-. ~ a.- ~~ ,,· of ' ~ - ~ ' �. L.d- /Le- $ ,r,(J ,._ r---- ~~1 d; ~ °' ~ A1-- a.--L r .,~~ ,d-... ,r. 7 r- ,d ,/4,., / -:.. ,d ~ "' .. N~J ;/' ~ ~ ~~ ~ ,/L;. f ~ ~~ ~ ~ ,,Lr~~ ;Z'r/ _rM;fu. . l . ~kr--=,±~7-r7~~ ~~?-~ c,? ~~- ~ ,~ ~ 7 c0~ ~~ ~~-~ ~~ J~ ,,/ ~ ,, h, ~ - . a_ ~ ~- AA ~ ~ · . �f ' I � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1229aa6d613befcd178d5a80225d7ee2.pdf 1ed5b5bf83dd7d82c7cc2a965b2d39ae PDF Text Text [Page 1] /Private/ Washington Dec.13. 1835 Dear Sir: Considering the character of your paper, there is much in your views of the correspondence it should possess for this place; but I fear it is not easy to obtain. It requires, I do not say high, but peculiar qualifications, that is, accuracy, access to authentic sources of information, & business habits & expressions. I speak now of the business letter for which you ask. I will think of it. Perhaps in consideration of their brevity & absence of men party speculation, in a word, their matter of past character, I may undertake their letter myself; but as to this I will reflect further & let you know the result. The other class of letters may be more readily compressed a few weeks hence, when the portion & qualities of different members came to be generally understood; but as this second class of letters would of necessity be persona, & so of a more questionable nature, it ought distinctly to appear that they emanate from a different source Perhaps the way to arrange it will be, to have a regular business letter weekly, with an extra where occasion requires; & to take �[Page 2] heed that this shall exhibit & maintain the stability & accuracy of a price current; and this to be your stated correspondence, distinguished by its location & style of printing. And then place the other by itself, to go for what it may be worth, as desultory personal sketches. I will write to you in the course of a few days. Very truly & respectfully C. Cushing N Sargent Esq P.S. I do not know your first name; it is unsafe to deal with initials merely, in case of so curious a surname as yours. �[Cover] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15452 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Caleb Cushing, December 13, 1835 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1835-12-13 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cushing, Caleb, 1800-1879 Description An account of the resource Letter regarding a series of business letters. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Clay, Henry, 1777-1852 Ritner, Joseph, 1780-1869 Webster, Daniel, 1782-1852 Calhoun, John C. (John Caldwell), 1782-1850 Whig Party (U.S.) Antimasonic Party United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees National Intelligencer Office (Washington, D.C.) Washington (D.C.) Vermont Rhode Island Boston (Mass.) Pennsylvania Philadelphia (Pa.) Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0eca021af38f9e9cc796492c9e5680c8.pdf f8b76ebf0afd421e2143fc565a0e42ee PDF Text Text .· 7"'&- 1-~- ~ ./ ~ - J /,.,,,._., ~ 4- ~ #a/~·. &.. o/ ~ ?-, _oL .&{.;z-?- ~ ~ ~ ;Cd ~ ~ ee9- ; t· ~ ~ ~ ~ ft,,,.tl . . ..,,,._· u- P<.. H-~ ~ - ' ~ -fa ~ L ~ . : . J Z : ~ ~ ~ ~d-~ ,, ~ / 6vfa- ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ . .L....., ~ · L .A'.Ld ~ ~ J d:;-~ ~ > - ~ . ~ - 6- ~ c...--, ~ ~ ~- f u - 7 7 ~ 72/'s-- ; . _ ~ : ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~~ _,,. . ~~ _/46 ~ ~ -&.~-- ~ M ~ ~ ~ r---~ / ~ 6) ' - ~ ~ ;/ ~ - 4,4==- ~ ~ ~ ,._r-~A ?'"r---.:, ~ L ~ ~~, ,._~ ~ ~ ;~~~ ~ - ~· - ~ .,, /h=ed... ~ ;;i£ -~ 7 - / ~ k.,.__ ~ L'-,. ._ ~ ~ ~ - c..--- ~ G.. ~ ~4£7 .:;.L ~ ~ fa-~~ • -~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l'... ~9..., 7 ~~ - u::::~, ~ ~ ~ · ~~~~ -;/'~~Y-.6:L /- ~ - ~. ,4'; .,JC'#z;;- ;,~ L ,.__ ~ - . /4 ~~ ~ µu--, ~ ~..,~., .· -. . . . . . ~ °'-/ ~ ~ -:: ~ II « . 7 cG ., ~a-~~- ~ --./ �·. \ . ~ J � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7a087175e8cbbd2cd755c965c92fa80a.pdf 46b20b847eb758759ea3e61fd7d8e0d4 PDF Text Text [Page 1] Washington 22 Dec. 1840 Dear Sir: I have yours of the 19th, which I showed to Mr. Nelrites[?] He says that he has not the least unkind feeling towards you, & that you need feel no uneasiness on that score. There cannot fail to be removals. The very suppositions upon which rumor excludes them, in fact works the other way. Admit, that there be none except in cases where the present incumbent shall have been very actively engaged in politics. This very exception would cover three quarters of the men in office. It is notorious that tho persons holding lucrative office in the Custom House & elsewhere, at present, nearly have electioniered [electioneered] night & day. In addition to this, nearly the whole body of deputy portmasters have made themselves the tools of Mr. Kendall & his Extra Globe [?], in plain violation of law & of the instructions of the Department itself. NO. The Whigs have been proscribed men for twelve years. They have expected nothing better than their adversaries. But can they admit to be proscribed by an administration of their own creation? To do so, they must be either more or less than men. I am yours truly C Cushing N. Sargent Esq. �[Cover] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15453 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Caleb Cushing, December 22, 1840 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1840-12-22 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cushing, Caleb, 1800-1879 Description An account of the resource Letter discussing removals from office, and Cushing's opinion that postmasters are the tools of Amos Kendall, former editor of the Washington Globe and US Postmaster General under Andrew Jackson. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Stuart, Alexander H. H. (Alexander Hugh Holmes), 1807-1891 Whig Party (U.S.) Constitutional Union Party (U.S.) American Party (N.Y.) United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees Staunton (Va.) Virginia New York (State) Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d12d02120b0e3f325b91af27940c6782.pdf f2d6348ff5c4835f67ac77ee8a868a9a PDF Text Text ��� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8dfc2dc963df5f7205509f3f06943c18.pdf 941e933b494656c58678299046620934 PDF Text Text Mount Washington 24th of June Sir I have to acknowledge the receipt of your last enclosing Returns for May & a List of Negroes &c together with appropriate remarks. I have to thank you for the observations you have made which throw much light upon the subject. I am aware of the enormity of the rent but what can a man do when he can do no better. I was much surprised at George coming to me the other day & soliciting to be sent to the White House saying he would rather suffer with his family than to be without them. I shall send him down by Larry the moment my Harvest is finished when you can bestow on him an ample correction & thus the affair will end. The rascal vexed me the more [&] I had determined to put myself to some trouble in getting him a good master. I wish you to put me up two Beeves in time for the Winter as I shall have to trouble you to salt them for me since I have none at this place. We are all washed away here by incredible rain, such never were known before & have done vast injury. I am pleased to see you have so fine a stock of hogs. I shall send �you a Boar of [?] breed as soon as I can make it convenient. Had I a vessell or could I afford to buy one I could supply you with many usefull things, but at present it is so hard to get a Skipper to go up the River unless it is for a full load of grain I would advise selling the Mare & two Colts for 300$ if it can be obtained & I send you the pedigree accordingly. I Remain Sir Your Very Obt George W. P. Custis Pedigree Atalanta was gotten by Rockingham, dam by Old Fearnaught, gran dams by Jolly Roger out of the thoroughbred Imported Mare Lady Kingston I certify that this pedigree was given me by Wm Thornton the original proprietor of the said mare. Signed George W. P. Custis of Mt Washington �[Circular postmark] ALEXa Va June 28 Mr James Anderson White House near New Kent Co Virginia (seal) [Handwritten docketing written sideways on fold] Letter 24 June 1804 Major Geo W. P. Custis advising his going to send George to New Kent with Pedigree of the Bay Mare � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CWS000011 Title A name given to the resource Letter to James Anderson from George Washington Parke Custis, June 26, 1806 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1806 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857 Subject The topic of the resource African Americans Slavery--United States Slaves Slaveholders Plantations Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) Anderson, James Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857 Thornton, William, 1759-1828 Virginia New Kent County (Va.) Virginia White House on the Pamunkey (Va.) Alexandria (Va.) Description An account of the resource Letter to James Anderson, manager of the White House Plantation from George Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, from Mt. Washington. The letter concerns the management of the properties, sale of livestock, and the behavior of one of the slaves. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c78104f2e74b83d091cbddb45b3cffc0.mp4 78fb2d47b22c16f45ecacb2a3012286a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/175d619efd1f64d4421e3cc1b2c80e10.pdf 6da96e1dfb7ddfdb8285dba0cf7c85dd PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project Air Force, Korean War Darwin Cutler Length of Interview (00:10:30) Background Born in St. Louis, Missouri Father was a CPA and a farmer; mother was a school teacher His older brother was also a school teacher and farmer Had family that served in different branches of military Enlisted into the Air Force  Everyone was either being drafted or enlisting Training (00:01:27) In September 12, 1950, sent for training  Had to get evaluated and medically examined  Training involved running obstacle courses, gun training, etc.  It rained often where he was training  Didn’t have any specialized training at this time Adapted pretty well to the military lifestyle  Learned a lot about mechanics and honed his problem-solving skills Served in numerous bases: Lackland AFB for basic, Mather Field in California  Mather Field: operated a library  Went to Texas, Sheppard AFB, for mechanical training  Then sent to a Duty Station near Washington to work on four-engine military air transports � Sent to the field in West Palm Beach, Florida o Would walk on the beach often Did transports to Europe; were often in the air for long periods of time  Would sit behind the Co-pilot as Flight Engineer Primarily worked as a Specialized Mechanic and would do inspections and repairs for airplanes Sometime would operate as a Flight Engineer  Always flew with different people  Operations would inform them who they were flying with Met quite a few people in the service, didn’t stay in touch with most of them afterwards After Service After the military, was glad to be home Didn’t have much to readjust to, job in the service was much like a civilian job Had to go through a lot of training after basic (00:07:00)  Learned aircraft mechanics, basic mechanical work  At his duty station, always attending school to advance his grade After the Air Force, took a four-year course in being a machinist for railroads His time in the military gave him the ability to solve problems and handle stressful situations Uses a lot of the things he learned in the service in everyday life Kept in touch with his family through letters Took trips to Alaska, delivered troops (to Korea) and merchandise � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cutler, Darwin (Interview outline and video), 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cutler, Darwin Description An account of the resource Darwin Cutler enlisted into the Air Force in September 1950 and trained as a Specialized Mechanic and sometimes operated as a Flight Engineer. His job was to work on aircraft engines and transportation during the Korean War. He was based in the United States. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Clark, Mackenzie (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American United States. Air Force Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06-06 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CutlerD Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dbef41daca832137fb832d918eabce24.jpg 54c52b8dd651e85d97b81032e14d72d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Regional Historical Collection. PS3525.E7187 R63 1901 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0064 Title A name given to the resource The Road to Frontenac Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cx (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The Road to Frontenac, by Samuel Merwin, published by Doubleday, Page & Co., c.1901. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1901 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a175db7213273a60e5127d2c88be8711.jpg 8efd4b18beca21a76ede5ad6bc24eea0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS3545.E362 B36 1900 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0241 Title A name given to the resource The Banker and the Bear Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CX (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of The Banker and the Bear, by Henry Kitchell Webster, published by The Macmillan Company, 1900. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1900 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/75a8005c635247bd9f4fa31134ae1b04.pdf 6febaf545dd97e69f9d58e8819dccd2b PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Opera [folium 160] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_160Cyprianus1486 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cyprian, Saint, Bishop of Carthage Description An account of the resource One leaf from Opera by Cyprianus. Printed in Stuttgart by the Printer of the “Erwählung Maximilians” circa 1486. Illustrated with red rubricated initals. [GW 7887; ISTC ic01014000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stuttgart: Printer of the “Erwählung Maximilians" Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1486 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bd9a113d5c0d2ed36ad640ed61388412.jpg 10c540941559d460060d93ccac8dcf28 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1980s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000380 Title A name given to the resource Aerial view of campus along Grand River Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Czetli Photography Description An account of the resource Color photograph featuring an aerial view of Grand Valley's Allendale campus looking southeast from Lubbers Stadium and the Living Centers toward the Lakes buildings. The photograph was taken circa sometime between 1982 and 1987, and shows the campus nestled among the wooded ravines of the Grand River. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives color photo